CLASS V ADDENDUM
   UIC  INSPECTOR TRAINING
US-. EtWIRONMENITAL PROTECTION AGENCY
            DENVER. COLORADO



            MARCH 5-6, 1991

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I
WHAT IS A CLASS V WELL ?
o Class I Inject hazardous and non—hazardous wastes
beneath the lowermost formation containing
an USDW within one—quarter mile.
o Class II Used in conjunction with oil and gas
production (e.g., salt water disposal,
enhanced recovery)
o Class III Used in conjunction with solution mining
(e.g., stopes leaching)
o Class IV Inject hazardous or radioactive waste into
or above a formation within one—quarter
mile of an USDW (PROHIBITED)
o Class V All injection wells not included in Classes
I — IV and wells specifically named as
Class V Wells

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§ 14&5 § 146.6
40 Cfl Cli. I (7-1-85 Edition)
reasonably expected to supply a public
water system.
ideas Water Act. Sale Dnnkrn Waler ACt,
Clesn Air Act. Resource Con.servatiofl and
RecoverY Act 42 U.S.C. 6905. 691 6925.
6921. 6974)
(45 FR 12500. June 24. 1980. as amended at
41 FR 4998. Feb 3. 198:: 48 FR 1493. Apr.
1. 1983)
§ 116.5 Cla.saufic3uon of Injection WC IIL
Injection wells are classified as (01-
Jgws:
ta)_C7a.ssL(l) Wells used by genera-
tors of hazardous waste or owners or
operators of hazardous waste manage-
ment facilities to inject hazardous
waste beneath the lowermost forma-
tion contairung. within one quarter
(¼) mile of the well bore, an under-
ground source of drinking water.
(2) Other industrial and municipal
disposal wells which inject fluids be-
neath the lowermost formation con-
- taming, within one quarter mile of the
,ell bore, an underground source of
rinkin g water.
CIa-is ft . Wells which inject
flwds:
(1) Which are brought to the surface.
In connection with conventional oil or
natural gas production and may be
commingled with waste waters from
gas plants which are an integral part
of production operaUons. unless those
waters are classified as a hazardous
waste at the time of injection.
(2) For enhanced recovery of oil or
natural gas: and
(3) For storage of hydrocarbons
which are liquid at standard tempera-
‘,u.re and pressure.
C) C7as It! . WelLs which inject for
extraction of minerals including:
(1) MIning of sulfur by the Frasch
process:
(2) In situ production of uranium or
other metaLs. This category includes
only tn-situ production from ore
bodies which have not beer, conven-
tionally rruned. Solution mining of
conventional mines such as stopes
leaching is Included in Class V.
(3) Solution mining of salts or
potash.
d) C!as IV.(1 ) Wells used by gen-
erators of hazardous wa-ste or of radio-
active waste, by owners or operators of
hazardous waste management facili-
ties, or by owners or operators of ra-
dioactive waste disposal sites to dis-
pose of hazardous waste or radioactive
waste into a formation which within
one quarter “ mile of the well con-
ta.mns an underground source of drink-
ing water.
2) Wells used by generators of haz-
ardous waste or of radioactive waste.
by owners or operators of hazardous
waste management facilities, or by
owners or operators of radioactive
waste disposal sites to dispose of haz-
ardous waste or radioactive waste
above a formation which within one
quarter (¼) mile of the well contains
an underground source of drinking
water.
(3) Wells used by generators of haz-
ardous waste or owners or operators of
hazardous waste management facili-
ties to dispose of hazardous waste.
which cannot be classified under
4 146.05(a)C1) or 146.05(d) (1) and (2)
(e.g.. wells used to dispose of hazard-
ous wastes into or above a formation
which contains an aquifer which has
keen exempted pursuant to 4146.04).
- 3t’(e) Class V. Injection wells not In-
‘ c Uded in C1i s I. II. L I I. or 1V. Class V
wells include:
(1) Mr conditioning return flow
wells used to return to the supply aq-
uifer the water used for heating or
cooling in a heat pump:
(2) Cesspools including multiple
dwelling, community or regional cess-
pools, or other devices that receive
wastes which have an open bottom
and sometimes have perforated sides.
The U’IC requirements do not apply to
single family residential cesspool.s nor
to non-residential cesspools which re-
ceive solely sanitary wastes and have
the capacity to serve fewer than 20
persons a day.
(3) Cooling water return flow wells
used to inject water previously used
for cooling:
4) Drainage wells used to drain sw-
face fluid. primarily storm runoff, into
a subsurface formation:
(5) Dry wells used for the injection
of wastes into a subsurface formation:
(8) Recharge wells used to replenish
the water in an aquifer.
CT) Salt water intrusion bamer wells
used to inject water into a fresh water
aquifer to prevent the intrusion of salt
water into the fresh water
(8) Sand back.flll and other backfill
Wells used to inject a mixture of water
and sand, mill t.amlings or other solld
Into mined out portions of subsurface
mines whether what is injected is a ra-
dioactive waste or not.
(9) Septic system wells used to inject
the waste or effluent from a multiple
dwelling, business establishment, corn-
rnunity or regional business establish-
ment septic tank. The UIC require-
ments do not apply to single family
residential septic system wells, nor to
non-residential septic system wells
which are used solely for the disposal
of sanitary waste and have the capac’
ity to serve fewer than 20 persons a
day.
(10) Subsidence control wells (not
used for the purpose of oil or natural
gas production) used to inject fluids
into a non-oil or gas producing zone to
reduce or eliminate subsidence assoCi-
ated with the overdraft of fresh water
(11) RadIoactive waste disposal wells
other than Class IV:
(12) Injection wells associated with
the recovery of geothermal energy for
heating, aquaculture and production
of electric power.
(13) Wells used for solution mining
of conventional mines such as stopes
leaching:
(14) Wells used to inject spent brine
Into the same formation from which it
was withdrawn after extraction of ha-
logens or their salt.s:
(15) Injection wells used in experi-
mental technologies,
(16) InjectIon wells used for in situ
recovery of lignite. coal, tar sands. and
oil shale.
(45 PR 42500. June 24. 1980. as amended at
46 FR 43161. Aug. 21. 1981: 47 FR 4999. Feb.
3. 1982)
I 116.6 Area of rrview.
The area of review for each injection
well or each field, project or area of
the State shall be determined accord-
ing to either paragraph (a) or (b) of
this section- The Director may solicit
input from the owners or operators of
injection wells within the State as to
which method is most appropriate for
each geographic area or field.
654

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AN OVERVIEW OF CLASS V INJECTION WELLS
By
Lorraine C. Council and John S. Fryberger
Engineering Enterprises, -Inc.
1225 W. Main, Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Sep+em 6 4r N87

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper and the research work it represents were
supported by the U.S. Environmental protection Agency (USEPA)
Office of Drinking Water under Contract Nos. 68—01—7011 and 68—
03—34l6. Under a work assignment for USEPA Headquarters,
Engineering Enterprises, Inc. (EEl) prepared the Report to
Congress on Class V Injection Wells. The support and guidance of
Mr. L. Lawrence Graham, USEPA Work Assignment Manager, were
instrumental in completing the work assignment. Many other
individuals in the Office of Drinking Water and the Regional
Offices made significant contributions. Several state agencies
and other agencies provided much of the information summarized
herein. Completion of this paper and related work would not have
been possible without the invaluable assistance of the UIC
technical staff and support staff at EEl. Thanks!
ABSTRACT
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 mandates U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and primacy state
regulation of underground injection wells. USEPA has and is
currently developing regulations for five classes of injection
wells. Class V wells are those which do not fit into Classes I —
IV and typically inject into or above underground sources of
drinking water (USDW). Types of Class V injection wells include,
but are not limited to: agricultural drainage; storm water
drainage; improved sinkholes; special drainage; geothermal
electric power generation and direct heat reinjection; heat
pump/air conditioning return flow; aquaculture waste disposal;
sewage waste disposal; mine backfill; non—Class III solution
mining; in—situ fuel recovery; spent brine return; non—Class II
oil field production waste disposal; cooling water return;
industrial waste disposal; automobile service station waste
disposal; aquifer recharge; salt water intrusion barrier;
subsidence control; non—Class IV radioactive waste disposal;
experimental technology; aquifer remediation; and abandoned
drinking water wells for waste disposal.
Inventory and assessment of Class V wells have essentially
just begun in the last few years. The present count of 170,000
Class V wells is believed to be only a fraction of the true
number. The assessment of Class V wells entails evaluation of:
nature and volume of injected fluids; well construction,
operation, and siting; hydrogeology; water usage; overall
groundwater contamination potential; and legal and jurisdictional
considerations. Because of the lack of definitive inventory and
assessment information, the full magnitude of the Class V well
contamination potential is not yet fully recognized; however,
information to date strongly suggests that both the magnitude and
seriousness of the Class V wells groundwater contamination
problem is far greater than originally imagined. Continued work
iil1 undoubtedly lead to additional regulatory requirements.
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INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
On December 14, 1974, Congress enacted the Safe Drinking
Water Act (PL 93-523) to protect the public health and welfare
and to protect existing and future underground sources of
drinking water (USDW). To achieve this end, the USEPA has and is
developing regulations for the protection of tJSDW from
contamination by the subsurface emplacement of fluids through
wells. The underground injection control (UIC) regulatfons are
administered either by the USEPA or by federally approved state
UIC programs. States where USEPA administers the UIC program are
known as direct implementation (DI) states. Primacy states are
those which administer their own program (as approved by the
USEPA).
The TJIC regulations define and establish five classes of
injection wells:
* Class I wells inject hazardous and non—hazardous
waste beneath the lowermost formation containing,
within one—quarter mile of the well bore, an USDW.
* Class II wells are used in conjunction with oil
and gas production, primarily to inject the salt
water coproduced with crude oil and gas.
* Class III wells are used in conjunction with
solution mining of minerals.
* Class IV wells inject hazardous or radioactive
wastes into or above a formation which is within
one—quarter mile of an USDW (Class IV wells are
banned nationally).
* Class V wells include any wells that do not fall
under Class I — IV and typically inject non—
hazardous fluids into or above USDW.
In 1980, USEPA chose to defer establishing technical
requirements for Class V wells. Instead, these wells were
authorized by rule. That is, injection into Class V wells is
authorized until further requirements under future regulations
are promulgated by USEPA. However, Class V wells are prohibited
from contaminating any USDW or adversely affecting public health.
The regulations also contain minimal inventory reporting
requirements for Class V well owners/operators.
As part of developing technical regulations for Class V
wells, the state UIC program directors were required to prepared
and submit to USEPA an inventory and assessment report on Class V
wells in their state. The reports were to also contain
recommendations for the most appropriate regulatory approaches
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and for remedial actions where appropriate. The 1986 AmendmentS
the Safe Drinking Water Act require USEPA to prepare and
bmit to Congress a report on Class V wells summarizing the
results of the state reports and noting recommendations for the
design, siting, construction, operation, and monitoring of each
Class V well type. This paper summarizes the Report to Congress
on Class v injection wells. Conclusions and recommendations
(which have not been reviewed or approved by USEPA) are also
presented.
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
The UIC regulations define a “well” as a bored, drilled, or
driven shaft, or dug hole, whose depth is greater than its
largest surface dimension. “Well injection” is defined as the
subsurface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or
driven well, or through a dug well where the depth of the dug
well is greater than its largest surface dimension. A “fluid” is
any material or substance which flows or moves, whether in
semisolid, liquid, sludge, gas or any other form or state. In
all, the Report to Congress recognizes 8 general and 32 specific
types of Class V injection wells. Each well type has been
assigned a code for inventory database tracking. The well types
and their respective codes are introduced in Table 1, and are
i sed throughout the text of this paper.
The Class V injection well grouping is large and diverse.
This is due to the broad definition of Class V wells. If a well
does not fit into one of the first four classes and meets the
definition of an injection well, it is considered a Class V well.
Class V injection wells can be divided into two general types of
wells based on construction. “Low—tech” wells (1) have no casing
designs or have simple casing designs and welihead equipment and
(2) inject into shallow formations by gravity flow or low volume
pumps. In contrast, “high—tech” wells typically (1) have
multiple casing strings, (2) have sophisticated well equipment to
control and measure pressure and volume of injected fluid, and
(3) inject high volumes into deep formations.
Low—tech well types include agricultural drainage wells
(5F1) , storm water and industrial drainage wells (5D2, 5D4) ,
improved sinkholes (5D3), heat pump/air conditioning return flow
wells (5A7), some aquaculture return flow wells (5A8), raw sewage
disposal wells and cesspoo].s (5W9, 5WlO), septic systems (5Wll,
5W31, 5W32), some mine backfill wells (5X13), some industrial
process water and waste disposal wells (5X20), automobile service
station waste disposal wells (5X28), and abandoned water wells
(5X29)
High—tech well types include geothermal electric power
generation and direct heat reinjection wells (5A5, 5A6), some
aquaculture return flow wells (5A8), domestic wastewater (sewage)
treatment plant disposal wells (5W12), mining, sand, or other
backfill wells (5X13), solution mining wells (5X14), in—situ
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fossil fuel recovery related wells (5X15) , spent brine return
flow wells (5X16), air scrubber and water softener regeneration
rine disposal wells (5X17, 5x18), cooling water return flow
wells (5A19), some industrial process water and waste disposal
wells (5W20), some aquifer recharge wells (5R2l), salt water
intrusion barrier wells (5B22), subsidence control wells (5X23),
radioactive waste disposal wells (5N24) , experimental technology
well’s (5x25), and aquifer remediation wells (5X26).
- RYDROGEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
Half of the population of the United States currently is
served by groundwater, and studies show that demand for this
resource is increasing at a rate of 25 percent per decade. The
use of groundwater is increasing at a faster rate than is the use
of surface water. The degree to which the states depend on
groundwater ranges from less than one percent of total water
withdrawals (District of Columbia) to 85 percent (Kansas).
The largest single use for groundwater is irrigation, and
the major areas of usage are the southwestern, midwestern, and
southern states. The second largest use for groundwater in the
United States is as a drinking water supply. Forty—eight percent
of the population relies on groundwater as a drinking water
supply. Roughly two—thirds receive their drinking water through
public supplies, and the remainder are supplied through domestic
wells.
Groundwater aquifers are of two primary types, unconfined
and confined. Unconfined, or water table, aquifers are the most
common. Under unconfined conditions, the water table is exposed
to the atmosphere such that the upper surface of the saturated
zone is free to rise and decline through openings in the soil
matrix. Available data suggests that most CLass V injection is
into or above unconfined aquifers. Confined, or artesian,
aquifers are isolated from the atmosphere at the point of
discharge by impermeable strata. The confined aquifer is subject
to higher hydraulic pressure than atmospheric pressure, and
certain high—tech Class V wells inject into these aquifers.
Waste disposal or other fluid emplacement through injection
wells are potential causes of contamination to USDW. The
distribution of contaminants within an aquifer can occur as
discrete bodies, or “slugs”, resulting from low volume or short
term incidents or waste disposal/fluid injection. Cumulative
effects of numerous slugs, or continual disposal of highly
concentrated waste/injection fluid from a single facility can
cause widespread contamination. The degree of contamination can
range from slight deterioration in natural quality to the
presence of toxic levels of heavy metals, organic compounds,
inorganic contaminants, and radioactive materials.
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Generally, Class V injection is into or above USDW. An USDW
is defined as an aquifer or its portion which supplies any public
water system or contains a sufficient quantity of groundwater to
supply a public water system and currently supplies drinking
water for human consumption and contains fewer than 10,000 rng/l
total dissolved solids and is not an exempted aquifer. Certain
special Class V facilities are known to inject fluids below USDW.
Potential for contamination to USDW varies and is dependent upon
where injection occurs relative to USDW, well construction,
design, and operation, injectate quality, and injection volumes.
Class V injection practices which discharge directly into TJSDW
are potentially more harmful to tJSDW than C1as V injection above
or below USDW because some protection of USDW may be provided by
injection above or below USDW.
CLASS V INJECTION WELL INVENTORY
INVENTORY EFFORTS
Although the UIC regulations require owners/operators of
Class V injection wells to submit certain basic inventory
information to the state UIC program director, most Class V
owners/operators are not aware of this requirement and, more
likely, are not even aware of the DIC program itself. To combat
this problem, most state program directors initiated Class V well
inventory building projects. Several methods were used to gather
inventory data. Some inventory methods were common to several
states. For example, inventory efforts often were initialized by
publishing notices about the UIC program in the local newspapers.
Generally they requested only the minimal facility inventory
information required by the federal regulations. Another
commonly used method entailed mailing questionnaires to county
health departments and sanitarians, registered water well
drillers, and public facilities such as schools, churches, etc.
In addition, visits to various government agencies were made to
question personnel who might be knowledgeable about current Class
V activities and to search various files for existing Class V
well registrations and permits. Also, mailing lists and
telephone contacts were compiled from local telephone directories
and directories of related professional organizations and trade
associations.
It should be noted that because the inventory efforts
undertaken by the state directors were not consistent with each
other, such as synchronous efforts under a specially designed
study would be, the inventory figures and distributions should be
interpreted cautiously. One major factor has influenced both the
inventory efforts and results more than any other factor (except
funding). When the Class V inventory work first began, the USEPA
had identified only 16 types of Class V wells and the USEPA
database contained only 11 broad categories in which to store the
resulting inventory data. The Class V well group is an open—
ended one and has expanded significantly since the first
inventory efforts began. The USEPA has recently updated and
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expanded the listing of Class V well types accordingly. However,
considerable work would have to be done for the states which
conducted early inventory efforts to take advantage of the
expanded well type listing and improved inventory methods now
available.
INVENTORY RESULTS AND DISTRIBUTION
According to the most recent inventory figures reported by
the USEPA, there are approximately 170,000 Class V injection
wells in the United States, its territories, and possessions.
Table 2 lists the number and shows the distribution of wells
reported to date for each state, territory, and possession. Also
provided is a total for each well type and for each USEPA Recjion.
It must be emphasized that the reported inventory figures
should be interpreted cautiously. The inventory collection is an
on—going process, and figures are subject to change frequently
and dramatically. There are always questions about what disposal
practices constitute a Cla ss V well as opposed to other classes
of wells. There is also, from time to time, confusion about what
subcategory (1—32) to which a particular injection practice
should be assigned.
Furthermore, it should be emphasized that many of the
numbers included in Table 2 are estimates and that records are
not necessarily available for each well listed. For example, the
estimated number of storm water and industrial drainage wells in
Arizona ranged from 25 ,O00 to 100,000 wells. Based on verbal
communication with various state and local agencies, the range
was narrowed down to between 40,000 and 60,000 wells. For the
sake of simplicity, Table 2 indicates 50,000 drainage wells in
Arizona.
The geographical distribution of the wells inventoried to
date is difficult to accurately describe. The distribution would
very likely change significantly if actual inventory figures were
compiled under a study conducted to produce comparable data.
State totals range from 0 wells in American Samoa and Trust
Territories of the Pacific Islands to more than 25,000 wells in
Florida and over 50,000 wells in Arizona. To date, USEPA Region
IX reports the largest inventory with over 64,000 wells. The
bulk of Region FX’s inventory, however, lies in the estimated
number of drainage wells in Arizona. Figure 1 shows the
distribution of Class V wells by state and by well type. The
states are also broken out to indicate the ten USEPA Regions.
INVENTORY DATABASE EVALUATION
The Class V injection well inventory, at present, is
characterized by extreme variations in database completeness and
quality. In general, inventories for high—tech wells •are more
accurate than those for low—tech wells. Because high—tech Class
V injection wells are typically associated With special
6

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industries or large scale remediation and disposal projects, they
--‘-stitute a small proportion of all Class V wells. They also
to be localized and are easier to inventory and monitor. In
- ition, several agencies may be involved with these operations
for drilling and waste discharge permitS at local and state
levels.
It has also been found that, in general, operators of high—
tech wells are more informed about existing regulations and more
responsible in reporting activities than are owners/operators of
some types of low—tech wells. As a result, files maintained by
high—tech well operators tend to be more complete, whereas no
such files may exist for many low—tech wells. The high—tech well
database is relatively good; however, it is certain that some
uninventoried facilities exist and more data could be obtained
for the facilities that have been inventoried.
Several well types have very incomplete inventories. In
general, the well types which have been most difficult to
inventory are those for which records are kept only at a local
level or registration or permitting of the wells has not been
required (mostly low—tech wells) . The well types most seriously
impacted by these limitations are: drainage wells (5F1, 5D2,
5D3, 5D4); domestic (sewage) wastewater disposal wells (5W9,
5W10, 5W11, 5W3l, 5W32); industrial waste disposal wells (5W20);
tomobile service station disposal wells (5X28); and, abandoned
inking water wells used for waste disposal (5X29)
CLASS V INJECrION WELL TYPES AND UNDW 1’ER CONTAMINATION rENTIAL
EVALUATING GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL
In order to assess the groundwater contamination potential
of each Class V well type on a national basis, EEl and the USEPA
developed a rating system which is presented in “Report to
Congress, Class V Injection Wells” (USEPA, 1987). The objective
of the rating system is to qualitatively assess the consequences
of Class V injection practices with regard to current or
potential beneficial uses of any USDW in communication with
injection zones. The rating system uses a variety of data for
evaluation, including: hydrogeologic and well/reservoir surveys
(to determine the groundwater classification of USDW and
injection zones); general knowledge of aquifer characteristics;
typical well construction, operation, and maintenance; chemical
composition of injected fluids; and injected fluid rates/volumes
and water budgets.
The rating system utilizes four criteria to assess each well
type’s contamination potential. First, the injection zone must
be identified as either being or not being an USDW. All
‘ydrau1ically connected aquifers also must be identified.
cond, a determination must be made as to whether or not typical
ell construction, operation, and maintenance for each well type
will allow injection or fluid migration into USDW. Third, the
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typical fluids injected must be characterized with respect to the
National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Regulations and the
— Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Regulations. Finally, the
degradation potential of typical injected fluids must be
determined with respect to existing water quality in the
injection zones and hydraulically connected aquifers.
The rating system consists of a series of questions based on
the four major criteria. Ultimately, a well type is designated
as having a high, moderate, or low contamination potential or
where data are insufficient, an unknown potential to contaminate
USDW. Table 3 presents the rating system in brief tabular form.
The first step in the rating system is to determine if the well
type in question has a high contamination potential. At least
three of the four conditions for high contamination potential
must be met to rate a particular well type as having a high
potential. If the well type does not have a high potential, then
the conditions for moderate contamination potential must be
considered. If at least two of the four conditions are met, then
the well type should be designated as having a moderate
potential. If less than two conditions are considered typical,
then the low contamination potential conditions must be
addressed. For a well type to rate a low contamination
potential, all three low potential conditions must be true. If
the data needed to evaluate contamination potential are not
available, then the well type should be recognized as having an
unknown potential for contaminating USDW. It should be noted
that any given well type could have a range of contamination
potentials if more than one “typical” scenario exists for that
well type (resulting from different hydrogeologic conditions,
well construction, etc.).
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
The following sections of this paper present some basic
information concerning each of the Class V well types recognized
to date. Some of the 32 well types are discussed together
because of their similarities. Information reported for the well
types includes: well name, description, and purpose; well code;
location and number of wells; well construction, operation, and
siting; injected fluids; and contamination potential, based on
the USEPA rating system described above.
Drainage Wells
Agricultural Drainage Wells
Agricultural Drainage Wells (5F1) — receive irrigation
tailwaters, other field drainage, and animal yard, feedlot, or
dairy runoff. Most of these wells are used by farmers to provide
adequate drainage of surface runoff and subsurface flow so the
crop root zone can be well aerated, allowing optimum crop growth.
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Location and Number of Wells — 1,338 wells reported to date: NY—
150, PR—?, WV—?, FL—?, GA—43, KY—?, IL—6, IN—72, MI—15, MN—54,
)K—?, TX—lOB, IA—230, MO—?, NB—5, CO—?, ND—i, ID—572, OR—16, WA—
6. potentially many times this figure in areas typified by
irrigation.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells.
Shallow well completions dominate. Wells may be designed to
receive surface and/or subsurface drainage. Large capacity wells
drain 80—640 acres while small capacity wells drain less than 80
acres. Casing diameters range from 3 — 8 inches for small
capacity wells to 9 — 24 inches for large capacity wells. Large
wells in ID generally have screened or inverted inlets, settling
ponds, and surface seals. Small wells may not have these
features. Agricultural drainage wells inject into or above USDW.
Systems are susceptible to corrosion, incrustation, and plugging.
These wells are usually sited in areas with low soil permeabili—
ties, shallow water tables, and insufficient natural surface
drainage.
Injected Fluids — Fluid constituents vary depending upon differ-
ing farming practices and soil types. Potential agricultural
contaminants include sediment, nutrients, pesticides, organics,
salts, metals, and pathogens.
Contamination Potential - High.
Storm Water and Industrial Drainage Wells
Storm Water Drainage Wells (5D2) — receive storm water runoff
from paved areas, including parking lots, streets, residential
subdivisions, building roofs, highways, etc.
Industrial Drainage Wells (5D4) — include wells located in
industrial areas which primarily receive storm water runoff but
are susceptible to spills, leaks, or other chemical discharges.
Location and Number of Wells To date, numbers for 5D2 wells are
estimated at 80,000 — 100,000 wells in 38 states. Numbers for
5D4 wells are reported to be 3,802 wells in 23 states. Many more
wells potentially exist.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells. Wells
are usually simply constructed and are relatively shallow. Most
wells have large diameter settling basins or other “treatment”
devices above or attached to the well bore or casing. Casing may
or may not be used; sometimes the well bore is filled with rocks
or other Cuter material. Wells are sited in topographically low
spots in areas that do not drain well or within facility or
property boundaries if ordinances require retaining storm water
on site. Wells often inject above USDW and less frequently into
USDW.
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Injected Fluids — For 5D2 wells, fluids may contain herbicides,
pesticides, fertilizers, deicing salts, asphaltic sediments,
gasoline 1 grease and oil, tar and residues from roofs and paving,
rubber particulates, liquid wastes and industrial solvents, heavy
metals, and coliform bacteria. Similar constituents are found in
5D4 wells but in generally higher concentrations. Heavy metals
such as lead, iron, and manganese and organic compounds are often
found in 5D4 wells.
Contamination Potential — Moderate (could be high locally).
Improved Sinkholes
Improved Sinkholes (5D3) — receive storm water runoff from
developments located in karst topographic areas. These wclls”
may also receive other fluids such as sewage and industrial
wastes, in which case, these wells should be reclassified to the
appropriate well type such as 5W9 raw sewage waste disposal
wells.
Location and Number of Wells — Nationwide, 479 wells are
reported: NH—3, PR—lO, KY—76, TN—5, IN—26, MI—103, MN—6, MO—250,
VA—?, WV—?, FL—?, OH—?. Potentially located in all areas with
limestone and dolomite lithologies at relatively shallow depths.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low-tech wells.
Sinkholes can be improved in a number of ways, such as placing a
‘pipe or casing down into the sinkhole throat or paving a cement
pad to improve drainage or injection. Many sinkholes have a
grate or screen at the opening to prevent rapid clogging and must
be routinely maintained to prevent total clogging. Concentrated
usage of some sinkholes has caused flooding or rapid caving in
other sinkholes which are connected by large fracture solution
networks to the improved sinkholes. Improved sinkholes inject
directly into or above USDW.
Injected Fluids — Improved sinkholes may take runoff from paved
areas containing lead and petroleum products from automobiles,
pesticides from horticulture and lawn care, nitrates from
fertilizers, fecal material from wild and domestic animals, and
normal fallout from air pollutants. These wells may also receive
other fluids such as sewage or industrial wastes, in which case,
these wells should be reclassified. Carbonate aquifers, in which
sinkholes occur, provide little, if any, filtration or other
means of attenuating contaminants.
Contamination Potential - High to moderate.
Special Drainage Wells
Special Drainage Wells (5G30) — are used for disposing water from
sources other than direct precipitation. Examples of this well
type include: landslide control drainage wells; potable water
tank overflow drainage wells; swimming pool drainage wells; lake
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level control drainage wells; and municipal and construction
dewatering drainage wells.
Location and Number of Wells — 1,557 wells are reported: FL—
1,385, LA—i, MT—55, HI—i, ID—7, WA—108. Special drainage wells
are potentially present in all USEPA Regions.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells. Most
wells are shallow, injecting into or above shallow USDW.
Construction varies with purpose and siting. Casing and screens
are often used. Most wells are swimming pool drainage wells and
are finished in the bottom of pools located in FL.
Injected Fluids — Constituents in injected fluids are highly
variable depending on the system design. For landslide control
wells, groundwater is usually the fluid drained. For swimming
pool wells, the fluids may contain lithium hypochiorite, calcium
hypochlorite, sodium bicarbonate, chlorine, bromine, iodine,
cyanuric acid, aluminum sulfate, algaecides, fungicides, and
muriatic acid.
Contamination Potential - Moderate to low.
Geothermal Reinjection Wells
Electric Power and Direct Heat Reinjection Wells
Electric Power Reinjection Wells (5A5) — reinject spent
geothermal fluids which were used to generate electric power.
Direct Heat Reinjection Wells (5A6) — re.inject spent geothermal
fluids which were used to pføvide heat for large buildings or
developments.
Location and Number of Wells — 89 wells are reported nationwide:
TX—?, CA—65, NV—16, ID—4, AK—4.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells.
Wells typically have surface and conductor casing strings
cemented in place. Injection zones are usually deep and are
geothermal reservoirs or margins of such reservoirs. Wellhead
equipment is sophisticated. Designs are location and project
specific. Production wells may be converted to injection wells;
construction is similar. Wells are maintained regularly. 5A5
wells are monitored constantly or regularly by operators. Wells
inject below or into USDW. Many geothermal reservoirs are USDW
but may naturally exceed some Drinking Water Regulation
standards.
Injected Fluids — For 5A5 wells, at vapor dominated resources,
fluids may contain heavy metals (arsenic, boron, selenium),
sulfates, and dissolved solids. For 5A5 wells, at hot water
dominated resources, fluids may contain heavy metals (arsenic,
boron, selenium), chlorides, dissolved solids, and have an acidic
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pH. For 5A6 wells, fluids may contain arsenic, boron, fluoride,
dissolved solids, sulfates, arid chloride.
Contamination Potential - Moderate.
Beat Pump/Air Conditioning Return Flow Wells
Beat Pump/Air Conditioning Return Plow Wells (5A7) — reinject
groundwater used to heat or cool a building in a heat pump or air
conditioning system.
Location and Number of Wells — To date, 10,028 wells are
reported. These wells are potentially present in all USEPA
Regions; however, more are expected in areas characterized by
climatic extremes. Wells are reported in all states except: ME,
RI, VT, PR, VI, WV, AL, AR, HI, AS, TTPI, Guam, CNMI.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells. These
wells are generally shallow and are completed in the same aquifer
as the production well. Average depth is 200 feet and ranges
from 19 — 930 feet according to inventory data. Construction
varies across the nation. Casing and cement for surface seals
are often used and sometimes injection tubing is used to prevent
aerating injected fluids.
Injected F1uids — Fluids are primarily thermally altered
groundwater with additives designed to inhibit scaling,
corrosion, and incrustation (used when groundwater is high in
metals and salts or has a high or low pH).
Contamination Potential — Low.
Aquaculture Return Flow or Discharge Wells
Aquacu].ture Return Plow or Disposal Wells (5A8) — reinject
groundwater or geothermal fluids used to support aquaculture.
Non—geothermal fluids are also included in this category (e.g.,
marine aquariums in Hawaii use relatively cool ocean water which
is injected into wells for disposal).
Location and Number of Wells — All 5A8 wells are reported to
exist in Hawaii which has 7 active wells, 3 standby wells, and 15
proposed wells. These wells are potentially located wherever
marine or fresh water organisms are cultured in large quantities
for sale, experiment, or display.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting - Low or high-tech
wells. Most wells are shallow and are relatively simply designed
with only surface casing in place. Cement may or may not be
used. Wells must be maintained regularly to prevent total
clogging. Lightweight steel or PVC casing is used and a
perforated casing or liner may be used opposite the injection
zone. Most wells inject into or beyond USDW along the coast in
Hawaii.
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injected Fluids — Aquaculture wastewater in Hawaii is composed of
salt or brackish water with added nutrients, bacteriological
growths perished animals, and animal detritus. Effluent
typically contains nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, high BOD, and
orthophOsphate.
Contamination Potential — Moderate.
Domestic Wastewater Disposal Wells
Raw Sewage Waste Disposal Wells and Cesspools
Raw Sewage Waste Disposal Wells (5W9) - receive raw sewage wastes
from pumping trucks or other vehicles which collect such wastes
from single or multiple sources. Abandoned mines which receive
raw sewage, raw sewage wastes, or sludges are included.
Cesspools (5W10) — include multiple dwelling, community, or
regional cesspools, or other devices that receive wastes and
which have an open bottom and sometimes have perforated sides.
To be regulated under the Class V program, USEPA has specified
that cesspools must serve more than 20 persons per day if
receiving solely sanitary wastes.
Location and Number of Wells — For 5W9 wells, a total of 980
wells are reported: PR—5, PA—?, IL—9l6, IN—22, MI—il, MN—].0, TX—
10, HI—3, Al—3. For 5W10 wells, a total of 6,622 .wells are
reported: N7—l, NY—?, PR—67, IN—22, MI—lB, MN—25, NM—14, TX—16,
NB—?, WY—3, AZ—17, CA—46, HI—57, AK—79 (or greater), and OR—
6,257.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells. For
5W9 wells, construction may simply include access to a lava tube,
cavern, abandoned mine, etc. Wells may be covered by a manhole
cover. For 5W10 wells, precast concrete rings or cesspool blocks
are often used. Wells are typically very shallow. Wells may
require periodic maintenance. These wells inject above or
directly into USDW.
Injected Fluids — Raw sewage wastes are generally poor quality
and include high fixed volatiles, BOD, COD, TOC, nitrogen
(organic and ammonia), chloride, alkalinity, and oil and grease.
Pathogens are a major health concern in raw sewage wastes.
Contamination Potential — High.
Septic Systems
Septic Systems — Undifferentiated Disposal Method (5Wll) — inject
the waste or effluent from a multiple dwelling, business
establishment, community, or regional business establishment
septic tank via an undetermined disposal method. To be regulated
under the Class V program, these wells must serve more than 20
persons per day if they receive solely sanitary wastes.
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Septic Systems — Well Disposal Method (5W31) - inject the waste
or effluent from a multiple dwelling, business establishment,
community, or regional business establishment septic tank via a
well. Examples of wells include actual wells, seepage pits,
cavitettes, etc. To be regulated under the Class V program,
these wells must serve more than 20 persons per day if they
receive solely sanitary wastes.
Septic Systems — Drainfield Disposal Method (5W32) — inject the
waste or effluent from a multiple dwelling, business,
establishment, community, or regional business establishment
septic tank via a drainfield. Examples of drainfields include
drain or tile lines and trenches. To be regulated under the
Class V program, these wells must serve more than 20 persons per
day if they receive solely sanitary wastes.
Location and Number of Wells — For 5W11 wells, 26,700 wells are
reported in 31 states. For 5W31 wells, 4,435 wells are located
across the nation in 13 states. For 5W32 wells, 3,785 wells are
located in 9 states. The inventory database is considered to be
greatly underestimated.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting - Low—tech wells.
Septic tanks consist of a baffled tank specially designed for
primary treatment of sewage wastewater. Septic tanks may
discharge to a variety of subsurface disposal devices such as
simple dry or drainage wells, cesspools, or seepage pits. These
types of wells often are crude without casing or surface seals.
Septic tanks also often discharge to tile or leach lines,
commonly referred to as drainfields, or to trenches. These wells
inject above or directly into USDW. Periodic maintenance is
required for properly designed systems. Improperly designed
systems often fail and discharge wastes to the surface.
Injected Fluids — Fluids vary with the type of system used.
Typical septic tank effluent contains 99.9 percent water (by
weight) and .03 percent suspended solids (including nitrates,
chlorides, sulfates, sodium, calcium, and fecal coliform and
other pathogens).
Contamination Potential - High (can be low locally where systems
are properly designed, sited, and operated).
Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent Disposal Wells
Domestic Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment Plant Effluent Disposal
Wells (5W12) — dispose of treated sewage or domestic effluent
from various types of plants, ranging from small package plants
to large municipal sewage treatment plants. Treatment is usually
of secondary quality and sometimes is capable of producing highly
treated tertiary effluent.
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Location and Number of Wells — At least 1,099 wells have been
reported in 19 states. These wells are potentially present in
all, of the USEPA Regions.
IJell Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells.
These wells are specially designed and sited to meet the
hydrogeologic and operational considerations. Most wells have
multiple casing cemented in place. Injection fluids or
groundwater are often monitored. Most wells inject directly into
USDW although some inject above them.
injected Fluids — The injected fluids, after secondary or
tertiarY treatment, are believed to be generally compatible with
receiving formation waters. However, the fluids may contain high
nitrates and pathogenic contaminants if improperly treated.
Contamination Potential — High to low, depending on the treatment
provided to the injected fluids and the type of injection zone
soil matrix present, among other factors.
Mineral and Fossil Fuel Recovery Related Wells
Mining, Sand, or Other Backfill Wells
Mining, Sand or Other Backfill Wells (5Xl3) — are used to inject
a mixture of fluid and sand, mill tailings, and other solids into
mined out portions of subsurface mines including radioactive
mining wastes. Also included are special wells used to control
mine fires and acid mine drainage wells.
Location and Number of Wells — The number of wells reported
nationwide is estimated at 6,500 wells: MD—l, PA—811, WV—258, AL—
?, KY—61, TN—?, IL—5, NM—il, TX—65, MO—4,326, CO—2, MT—lO, ND—
300, WY—74, NV—i, ID—575. There are probably other mine backfill
wells in other mining districts.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells.
Backfill wells are usually simply constructed. Conductor casing
may or may not be used; cement is sometimes used to seat the
casing firmly in the well bore. Sometimes abandoned mine shafts
are used as injection wells. By definition, backfill wells are
sited in mined out areas. Wells may be used for only a few days
at some sites if the void space is entirely filled. Other wells
may be used for several months. These wells often inject into or
above USDW, though at some sites, injection may be below or
beyond USDW.
Injected Fluids — Fluids are injected as either hydraulic or
pneumatic slurries. The solid portion of the slurries may be
sand, gravel, cement, mill tailings or refuse, or fly ash.
Slurry waters may be acid mine water or ore extraction process
wastewater.
Contamination Potenti 1 - Moderate.
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Solution Mining Wells
solution Mining Wells (5x14) — are used for in—situ solution
mining in conventional mines, such as stopes leaching (these
wells are non—Class III wells).
Location and Number of Wells — 2,025 wells are reported
nationwide: NY—48, MI—iS, NM—l,073, WY—14, AZ—870, CA—5.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells.
Plastic piping is used for casing in most cases, although light-
weight steel casing is sometimes used. Diameters range from 2 —
8 inches and injection well depths range from about 200 feet to
more than 1,000 feet, depending on the depth of the ore body.
The annular space is cemented from depth to surface. Injection
is by gravity flow. Siting is project specific but is primarily
situated to enhance mineral recovery. Injection is usually in
areas where USDW occurrence is rare or USDW are of poor quality.
Injected Fluids — Injected fluids are typically weak acid
solutions (sulfuric and hydrochloric), ammoriiurn carbonate, sodium
carbonate/bicarbonate, or ferric cyanide.
Contamination Potential — Low.
In—Situ Fossil Fuel Recovery Wells
In—Situ Fossil Fuel Recovery Wells (5X15) — are used for in—situ
recovery of coal, lignite, oil shale, or tar sands.
Location and Number of Wells - Only 66 wells have been reported:
CO—23, IN—l, MI—i, WY—41. In—situ fossil fuel recovery related
wells are potentially located in other areas with relatively
shallow, organic rich substrata.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting - High—tech wells. In—
situ fossil fuel recovery related wells are specially designed to
withstand high variations in temperature and pressure. Most well
designs are site specific and confidential. In addition to high
temperatures and possible melting, the well materials (casing,
cement, welihead and surface valves) are subjected to sulfidation
and oxidation from combustion, thermal expansion and contraction
forces, and cement shrinking and parting due to overburden drying
or volatilization. Subsidence is also likely. Carbon or high
strength stainless steel is used for casing. Injection may be
above, into, or below USDW.
Injected Fluids — For underground coal gasification, air, oxygen,
steam, water, or igniting agents such as ammonium nitrate fuel
oil may be injected. For in—situ oil shale retorts, injected
fluids include air, oxygen, steam, water, sand, explosives, or
igniting agents (generally propane). The purpose in both cases
is to initiate and maintain combustion. Combustion products
include polynuclear aromatics, cyanides, nitrites, and phenols.
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contaminati01 1 potential - Moderate.
Spent Brine Return Flow Wells
S ent Brine Return Flow Wells (5X16) — are used to reinject spent
brine intO the same formation from which it was withdrawn after
extraction of halogens or their salts.
Location and Number of Wells — The current count of these wells
is 121: NY—?, WV—2, IN—8, MI—33, AR—70, 0K7, ND—i. Spent brine
return flow wells-may potentially be located in regions having
commercially recoverable halogen deposits.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting - High—tech wells.
These wells are constructed and operated like Class II salt water
disposal wells. Siting is dependent upon location of the halogen
deposit. Injection is below USDW and is typically greater than
5,000 feet below land surface. Mechanical integrity tests used
for Class II wells would be appropriate for spent brine return
flow wells.
injected Fluids — Injected fluids are limited to brines from
which halogens or their salts have been extracted. There is a
potential for addition of other undefined constituents into the
waste stream illicitly.
ontamination Potential — Low.
Oil Field Production Waste Disposal Wells
Air Scrubber and Water Softener Waste Disposal Wells
Air Scrubber Waste Disposal Wells (5Xl7) — inject wastes from air
scrubbers used to remove sulfur from crude oil which is burned in
steam generation for thermal oil recovery projects. If injection
is used directly for enhanced recovery and not just for disposal,
it is a Class II well.
Water Softener Regeneration Brine Disposal Wells (5X18) - inject
regeneration wastes from water softeners which are used to
improve the quality of brines used for enhanced oil recovery. If
injection is used directly for enhanced recovery and not just for
disposal, it is a Class II well.
Location and Number of Wells — All air scrubber and water
softener regeneration brine waste disposal wells are located in
California. For 5X17 wells, CA reports 30 active, 5 idle, and 20
proposed wells. For 5x18 wells, CA reports 1]. active and 11
idle wells. As provided for in a July 31, 1987 memorandum from
tJSEPA, CA has elected to regulate these wells as Class II
injection wells (state’s option).
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-Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. All
wells in CA are located within or adjacent to currently active
oil fields. Some wells were drilled solely for injection
purposes, but must have been converted from poor or marginal
production wells to injectors. As such, construction designs are
consistent with standard oil production or Class II injection
well design. Injection is almost always into an oil producing
zone although some facilities inject into non—oil bearing tJSDW.
Injected Fluids — For air scrubber wastes, injected fluids may
have high TDS, nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides. These scrubber
wastes are commingled with excess produced water and water
softener regeneration brine wastes. For water softener wastes,
injected fluids may have high TDS, calcium, and chlorides, and
often have high nitrates. These wastes may be commingled with
excess produced water.
Contamination Potential — High to moderate depending on location
of the injection zone with respect to USDW.
Industrial, Commercial, and Utility Disposal Wells
Cooling Water Return Flow Wells
Cooling Water Return Flow Wells (5A19) — are used to inject water
which was used in a cooling process, including open—loop, closed—
loop, and contact systems. These wells are classified separately
from heat pump or air conditioning return flow systems.
Location and Number of Wells — The current inventory of wells
reported is 291. There are potentially many times more than this
number which could be located in all USEPA Regions.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. Well
construction varies greatly throughout the nation. Most wells
are relatively shallow, often less than 600 feet deep. Wells may
be cased to depth, cased at the surface, or open hole for the
entire depth. Wells are often completed in the source aquifer
and injection is usually into or above USDW. Cooling water
systems are often closed, meaning the groundwater used in cooling.
does not become exposed to the air at any point between
withdrawal and reinjection. Open systems expose groundwater to
the air at some point before injection. Contact systems run
groundwater used for cooling directly over the product to cool
it.
Injected Fluids — Injectate quality is dependent upon the type of
system, type of additives, and temperature of water. Open pipe
and contact systems may expose groundwater to accidental
introduction of surface contaminants or unauthorized disposal of
wastes.
Contamination Potential - Moderate to low.
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Industrial Process Water and Waste Disposal Wells
industrial Process Water and Waste Disposal Wells (5W20) - are
used to dispose of a wide variety of wastes and wastewaters from
nduStriai1 commercial, or utility processes. Industries include
refineries, chemical plants, smelters, pharmaceutical plants,
).aundromats and dry cleaners, tanneries, laboratories, electric
power generation plants, car washes, electroplating industries,
etc.
Location and Number of Wells — 1,989 wells inventoried in 33
states nationwide. Many more such disposal wells are thought to
exist.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low or high—tech
wells. Well construction varies greatly, ranging from simple dry
wells with no casing and rock filled well bores to sophisticated
relatively deep wells with multiple strings of casing cemented in
place. Wells are usually sited on facility property and
injection is into or above USDW. Some periodic maintenance is
required for most wells. Some industrial wells have operators
which control injection operations.
Injected Fluids — Potentially any waste fluid produced by various
industries, utilities, and commercial ventures can be injected by
Class V industrial disposal wells. Fluids may have high total
dissolved solids, alkalinity, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, and
may include spent solvents or other organic compounds.
Contamination Potential — High.
Automobile Service Station Waste Disposal Wells
Automobile Service Station Waste Disposal Wells (5X28) — receive
wastes from repair bay drains and floor drains at gasoline
stations, garages, automobile dealers, motorpool divisions, etc.
Location and Number of Wells — 99 wells have been reported to
date: CT—l, RI—3, VT—1O, NJ—18, NY—3, VA—i, FL—?, IL—5, IN—2,
MI—27, NM—?, IA—i, MO—5, UT—2, NV—?, ID—21. Potentially many
more unreported wells nationwide.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Low—tech wells. Wells
are usually constructed very simply and may be similar to
cesspools or dry/drainage wells. Wells are usually very shallow
and injection is above or into USDW. Specific construction
features will vary from site to site. Some pretreatment may be
provided by oil—water separators, catch basins, or grease traps
if installed and maintained properly. Wells are sited on
facility property.
Injected Fluids — Injected fluids can contain waste oil,
antifreeze, floor washings (including detergents, organic and
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inorganic sediment), and other petroleum products. Waste oils
may contain heavy metals such as lead, chromium, and cadmium.
Contamination Potential — High.
Recharge Wells
Aquifer Recharge Wells
Aquifer Recharge Wells (5R2l) — are used to recharge depleted
aquifers and may inject fluids from a variety of sources such as
lakes, streams, domestic wastewater treatment plants, other
aquifers, etc.
Location and Number of Wells — 3,558 recharge wells are reported:
NH—l, NY—3,000, FL—349, IL—i, MN—i, NM—30, TX—44, KS—4, NB—4, WY—
32, AZ—51, CA—52, ID—7, WA—7. Recharge wells may potentially be
found in areas where groundwater withdrawals for drinking water
or irrigation exceed natural recharge.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High-tech wells. Most
recharge wells are specially designed and sited to accomplish
recharge objectives and are under control of an operator. Wells
may have one or more casing strings cemented in place and some
wells may use injectio.n tubing. Wells inject directly into USDW
in most cases but some facilities may inject above aquifers.
Some wells may serve a dual or secondary purpose such as sewage
effluent disposal, water production, or drainage of surface water
or groundwater.
Injected Fluids — Injected fluids are dependent on the water
source. Water quality changes which can take place in injected
fluids or in the mixing zone between injected and aquifer fluids
include adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation and dissolution,
chemical oxidation, biological nitrification, aerobic or
anaerobic degradation, mechanical dispersion, and filtration.
Contamination Potential - High to low depending on site specific
injected fluid quality, hydrogeology, and other factors.
Saline Water Intrusion Barrier Wells
Saline Water Intrusion Barrier Wells (5B22) — are used to inject
water into fresh water aquifer to prevent -intrusion of salt water
into the fresh water aquifers.
Location and Number of Wells — 157 wells are reported to date:
CA—l55 and FL—2. These wells may potentially be located in
coastal areas typified by abundant fresh water withdrawals for
irrigation and/or drinking water.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. Most
wells are sophisticated and have multiple casing strings cemented
in place. Wells are usually sited in lines parallel to coast
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• s to form a hydraulic barrier against salt water intrusion.
inject directlY into USDW under control of an operator.
ected Fluids — A large variety of fluids are used in salt
, ter barrier projects, much like aquifer recharge wells. Fluids
are site specific.
Contamination potential — Low.
Subsidence Control Wells
Subsidence Control -Wells (5S23) — are used to inject fluids into
a non—oil or gas producing zone to reduce or eliminate subsidence
associated with overdraft of fresh water and not used for the
purpose of oil or natural gas production.
r ocation and Number of Wells — Four wells have been reported to
exist in Wisconsin. The inventory database is believed to be
incomplete. These wells are potentially located in desert and
coastal areas typified by large long—term groundwater
withdrawals. Areas having carbonate aquifers are especially
susceptible to subsidence.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. Well
construction is similar to aquifer recharge and subsidence
control wells. Wells are sited to stop or improve subsidence due
overdraft of groundwater on a site specific basis.
‘njected Fluids — A variety of injected fluids may be used and
are site specific. See aquifer recharge well section above since
potential fluids are similar.
Contamination Potential — Low.
Miscellaneous Wells
Radioactive Waste Disposal Wells
Radioactive Waste Disposal Wells (5N24) — include all non—Class
Iv radioactive waste disposal wells. Class IV wells inject
radioactive wastes into or above LJSDW and •Class V wells inject
radioactive wastes below all USDW.
Location and Number of Wells — No confirmed numbers of wells
exist yet. Wells may potentially be used at sites in NY, TN, NM,
ID, and WA.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — Presumably high-tech
wells. No details are available on construction of these wells.
Wells are generally sited on federal property such as DOE, NRC,
DOD facilities and arsenals. Inventory data are notably lacking
for these wells.
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Injected Fluids — A variety of radioactive materials may be
injected including Beryllium 7, Tritium, Strontium 90, Cesium
137, Potassium 40, Cobalt 60, beta particles, Plutonium,
Americium, Uranium, and radionuclides.
Contamination Potential — Unknown and presumed to be high,
however, data are not sufficient to support any rating.
Experimental Technology Wells
Experimental Technology Wells (5X25) — include wells used in
experimental or unproven technologies such as pilot—scale in—situ
solution mining wells, secondary water production, tracer
studies, thermal storage, and a number of projects already named
as being Class V such as oil shale retorting, aquifer
rernediation, and underground coal gasification.
Location and Number of Wells — 225 wells have been reported t
exist. These wells are potentially located in each USEPA Region.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. Well
construction, operation, and siting vary greatly from site to
site. See sections above on underground coal gasification and
oil shale retorting and solution mining, and see section below on
aquifer rernediation. Wells may inject into, above, or below
USDW.
Injected Fluids — Due to the diversity of experimental technology
wells, a wide variety of fluids may be injected including: highly
acidic or basic lixiviants for solution mining; domestic
wastewater effluent containing high total suspended solids, fecal
coliform, ammonia, BOD, pH; and air for secondary recovery of
water from unsaturated zones.
Contamination Potential — Moderate to low.
Aquifer Remediation Related Wells
Aquifer Remediation Related Wells C5X26) — include wells used to
prevent, control, or remediate aquifer pollution, including but
not limited to Superfund sites. These wells also include wells
used for disposal of treated groundwater. Some wells serve
secc’ndary purposes such as aquifer recharge.
Location and Number of Wells — 353 remediation related wel]s have
been reported: NJ—9, PR—i, AL—i, NC—12, IN—4, MI—59, MN—7, WI—17,
NM—50, OK—60, Tx—37, KS—iS, MO—?, NB—?, CO—81. These wells may
be located anywhere aquifer contamination has occurred and is
being remediated.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting — High—tech wells. Well
construction, operation, and siting are site specific and vary
widely. Most wells have one or more casing strings cemented in
place. Wells are specially designed to aid in aquifer
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ediat Ofl and may be an active or passive component of the
rediation project. siting is also site specific. Most wells
rem under control of a designated operator and may be regulated
ea federal, state, or local agency. Most wells inject into or
above tJSDW.
in ’ected Fluids — Injected fluids are dependent upon
h rogeolOgic regimen, parameters of the contamination plume, and
sign of the remediation program. For aquifer remediation
rojects at refineries, typical injectate constituents are oil
nd greases phenols, toluene, benzene, lead and iron.
contamination Potential — Unknown and dependent on site specific
considerati0 . Most operations should improve aquifer quality
.f designed and operated properly.
Abandoned Drinking Water Wells Used for Waste Disposal
Abandoned Drinking Water Wells Used for Waste Disposal (5X29) -
include any abandoned drinking water wells used or converted for
waste disposal.
Location and Number of Wells — 3,050 wells are reported; however,
many of these wells have not been confirmed as being used for
waste disposal. These wells may be present in almost all places.
Well Construction, Operation, and Siting - Low—tech wells. Many
states have improperly abandoned drinking water wells and some of
‘these wells may have been converted or may be used for waste
disposal. Well ‘construction is usually identical to or
deteriorated from standard drinking water well construction.
Injection is directly into USDW. Land owners may maintain or
“operate” such wells.
Injected Fluids — Abandoned drinking water wells used for waste
disposal could potentially receive any kind of fluid,
particularly brackish water, dangerous chemicals, pesticides, and
sewage.
Contamination Potential — Moderate (best assessed on a site
specific basis)
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INVENTORY DATABASE
Conclusions
The USEPA’s report to Congress, submitted in final form
September, 1987, reports over 170,000 Class V injection wells are
esimated to exist throughout the nation. This well class, by
definition, is a large and diverse group of injection wells.
-Class V wells can be divided into two general types of well,
high—tech wells and low tech—wells.
23

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The low—tech well inventory is relatively poor and thought
to be substantially underestimated, mainly because these wells
have not previously been under regulatory oversight.
Additionally, most Class V injection wells are low—tech wells;
about 57 percent are drainage wells and 26 percent are sewage
disposal wells.
The high—tech well inventory database is considered to be
fair to good. In comparison to low—tech wells, high—tech wells
are fewer in number, tend to be more localized, and are easier
for regulatory agencies to inventory and monitor. Additionally,
several agencies at the local, county, and state levels may be
regulating these operations through drilling and waste discharge
permits. Furthermore, owners/operators of high—tech wells
generally are more informed about existing regulations, such as
reporting requirements, than owners/operators of some types of
low—tech wells. As a result, files maintained by high—tech well
operators tend to be more complete, whereas no such files may
exist for many low—tech wells.
The inventory of Class V wells is a dynamic inventory and is
expected to increase in number because of new well installations
and discoveries of previously uninventoried wells. Continued and
improved inventory—building efforts will inevitably locate
additional Class V injection wells. The distribution of Class V
wells would likely become more even across the ten USEPA Regions
if more and better—designed inventory work was conducted.
Recominendat ions
If USEPA determines that building and maintaining an
accurate Class V injection well inventory is to be an Agency
objective, then a series of guidelines or rules for continued
inventory database development and maintenance should be
developed for the state and JSEPA Regional UIC program directors
to follow. Further database development will require improved
and multifaceted inventory techniques. Study should be devoted
to understanding and further developing several of the more
successful inventory techniques that some of the states used in
their inventory and assessment projects.
Once guidelines are provided and additional funding is
allotted, the inventory/registration regulation already in place
should be enforced. There currently is little incentive or
funding provided for regulating Class V wells compared with other
classes of wells or other types of facilities which may impact
aquifer quality or endanger human health or the environment
(e.g., landfills, underground storage tanks, etc.).
The current computer database reporting system is in great
eed of improvement. Many state UIC programs have instituted PC
:omputer networks in house to help manage the Class V program,
along with other regulatory programs. Some consistency is needed
24

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all, these database programs if a national inventory of
arnofl v wells is to be maintained. The guidelines proposed above
Clld be collected and kept on record for the various types of
sb 5 V wells. If all state programs were maintaining the same
cla of data, then advanced networking with a national database
tYPid be achievable. Packaged database programs such as dBase
d rBaSe could still be used by the state programs if they were
rmatted and programmed to interchange with a national database
system.
ASSESS NT OF CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL
Conclusions
In general, assessment data for all types of Class V wells
nationwide are lacking. Some types are well understood, but
these are only a few of the types of Class V wells and they are
located in specific parts of the country. The kind of
information which needs to be gathered or generated first
includes: 1) the appropriate characterization of injected fluids;
2) data regarding injection zone interactions for wells which are
part of an in—situ retort or other process; 3) the transport and
fate of the multitudinous substances injected by Class V wells;
and 4) the effect of varying hyrogeologic environments on
similar injection practices.
In general, the construction, operation, and siting of Class
V wells are known for most well types. Much of the needed
information regarding transport and fate may be under study or
documented in the literature and will have to be applied to Class
V well operations in order to fully understand the groundwater
contamination potential of Class V wells. However, a certain
amount of data will have to be generated by special studies,
especially the adequate characterization of injected fluids and
injection zone interactions. It appears that the overall
contamination potential estimated to date is greater than
originally anticipated. As more is understood, the contamination
potential of some Class V well types may turn out to be even
greater than originally envisioned. It may be, too, that some
well types actually present only a small threat to groundwater
quality.
.After preparing the Report to Congress and reviewing the
state reports, it is apparent that additional UIC regulations
will be necessary for most of the well types in order to comply
with the federal endangerment standard and not degrade
groundwater quality. This conclusion is supported by the fact
that many states have developed and implemented technical
regulations for many Class V well types. Whether or not the
additional requirements are all implemented at the federal level
or whether only federal guidelines are issued remains to be seen.
It is evident that many state, local, and other federal agencies
are currently involved to some degree in the regulation or
oversight of the various Class V wells. These early efforts will
25

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have to be assessed and incorporated in a national regulatory
program.
Recoinmeridat ions
To adequately assess the groundwater contamination potential
of Class V injection wells, the concept of endangerment (to
groundwater, human health, or the environment) will have to be
better defined. The great diversity and number of Class V
practices presently operating make this determination a difficult
task. A numI er of endangerment scenarios could logically be
envisioned, and so it appears that this concept must be broadly
defined so that compliance with the endangerment standard is not
unreasonable for many Class V situations or operators.
The numerous state, local, and other federal regulatory
programs and statutes should be investigated in detail before
additional federal regulations are developed. Many of the
regulatory programs may be very effective in preventing
groundwater contamination from Class V wells. It is also
possible that some programs may not be effective in this regard.
Class V wells probably will be best regulated at the local or
state levels following USEPA guidelines and regulations. It will
be important to establish and/or maintain inter— and intra—agency
relationships in developing and carrying out Class V regulatory
programs.
Serious consideration should be given to regulating Class V
radioactive waste disposal wells as Class I injection wells
rather than Class V wells. The information needed to determine
the contamination potential of these wells would then be
presented in the form of detailed permit applications.
Perhaps the greatest need at this time is for transfer of
the knowledge about Class V wells gained in the last few years
during the inventory and assessment phase. USEPA Regional
offices, State and Local agencies, and the regulated community
all need a uniform knowledge base in order to foster an effective
and coordinated approach to the Class V problems. A series of
seminars could be presented and printed materials could be
developed and distributed to the various groups which may have an
interest in Class V wells, thereby providing a greater public
awareness of these wells. Many other technology transfer
techniques will have to be developed and implemented to
effectively convey information on the contamination potential of
Class V wells.
In conclusion, work to date on the Class V well program has
opened yet another “Pandora ’s box” of groundwater pollution
sources that certainly justifies an increased level of action.
26

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SELECTED REFERENCES
USEPA, 1987, Report to Congress, Class V Injection Wells; Current
Inventory, Effects on Ground Water, Technical
RecOU1fl endati0flS, USEPA Office of Water, Washington, D.C.,
EPA 570/9—87—006.
USGS, 1984, National Water Summary 1984: Hydrologic Events, Water
Quality Trends, and Groundwater Resources, USGS Water Supply
Paper No. 2275.
- LIST OF TABLES
1 Class V Injection Well Types
2 Reported Class V Injection Wells (5/87)
3 Rating Contamination Potential
LIST OF FIGURES
i Total Number of Class V Wells by State
27

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
Lorraine C. Council is currently Director of the Class V
Injection Well Program at Engineering Enterprises, Inc. in
Norman, Oklahoma. Ms. Council was principal editor/author of the
“Report to Congress, Class V Injection Wells,” prepared for the
USEPA Office of Drinking Water. She earned a B.S. in Geology
from the University of Oklahoma in 1982. Upon graduation, Ms.
Council worked for the U.S. Geological Survey in their
Comprehensive Slimmer Field Training Program. She has been with
Engineering Enterprises, Inc. for the past five years, working on
a variety of projects including RCRA monitoring system design and
implementation, municipal landfill siting and monitoring, oil
recovery from large spills and leaks, and, most recently,
underground injection control technical assistance to the USEPA.
John S. Fryberger is the Senior Vice President and Co—
Founder of Engineering Enterprises, Inc. Mr. Fryberger earned a
B.S. in 1957 and an M.S. in 1959, both in .geology from the
University of Oregon. Mr. Fryberger is the Director of
Groundwater Consulting Activities at EEl including: underground
injection control, groundwater pollution studies, water supply,
expert testimony, hydrocarbon recovery, environmental
hydrogeology, teaching, and foreign consulting. He is a
Certified Professional Geologist and a Registered Engineering
Geologist and has authored numerous papers concerning groundwater
contamination and related topics.
28

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TABLE 1
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
DRAINAGE WELLS (a.k.a. DRY WELLS)
Agricultural Drainage Wells — receive irrigation
tailwater , other field drainage, animal yard, feedlot,
or dairy runoff, etc.
5D2 StorTfl Water Drainage Wells — receive storm water runoff
from paved areas, including parking lots, streets,
residential subdivisions, building roofs, highways,
etc.
5D3 Improved Sinkholes — receive storm water runoff from
developments located in karst topographic areas.
5D4 Industrial Drainage Wells — include wells located in
industrial areas which primarily receive storm water
runoff but are susceptible to spills, leaks, or other
chemical discharges.
Special Drainage Wells — are used for disposing water
from sources other than direct precipitation. Examples
of this well type include: landslide control drainage
wells, potable water tank overflow drainage wells,
swimming pool drainage wells, and lake level control
drainage wells.
GEOTHERMAL RE INJECTION WELLS
5A5 Electric Power Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal
fluids used to generate electric power — deep wells.
5A6 Direct Heat Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal
fluids used to provide heat for large buildings or
developments — deep wells.
5A7 Heat Pump/Air Conditioning Return Flow Wells — reiriject
groundwater used to heat or cool a building in a heat
pump system — shallow wells.
5A8 Groundwater Aquaculture Return Flow Wells — reinject
groundwater or geothermal fluids used to support
aquaculture. Non—geothermal aquaculture disposal wells
are also included in this category (e.g. Marine
aquariums in Hawaii use relatively cool sea water).
29

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TABLE 1 (cont.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL WELLS
5W9 Untreated Sewage Waste Disposal Wells — receive raw
sewage wastes from pumping trucks or other vehicles
which collect such wastes from single or multiple
sources. (No treatment)
5W10 Cesspools — include multiple dwelling, community, or
regional cesspools, or other devices that receive
wastes and which have an open bottom and sometimes have
rerforated sides. Must serve greater than 20 persons
per day if receiving solely sanitary wastes. (Settling
of solids)
5W11 Septic System (Undifferentiated disposal method) — are
used to inject the waste or effluent from a multiple
dwelling, business establishment, community, or
regional business establishment septic tank. Must
serve greater than 20 persons per day if receiving
solely sanitary wastes. (Primary treatment)
5W31 Septic Systems (Well Disposal Method) — are used to
inject the waste or effluent from a multiple dwelling,
business establishment, community, or regional business
establishment septic tank. Examples of wells include
actual wells, seepage pits, cavitettes, etc. The
largest surface dimension is less than or equal to the
depth dimension. Must serve greater than 20 persons
per day if receiving solely sanitary wastes. (Less
treatment per square area than 5W32)
5W32 Septic Systems (Drainfield Disposal Method) — are used
to inject the waste or effluent from a multiple
dwelling, business establishment, community, or
regional business establishment septic tank. Examples
of drainfie.lds include drain or tile lines and
trenches. Must serve more than 20 persons per day if
receiving solely sanitary wastes. (More treatment per
square area than 5W31)
5W12 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Disposal
Wells — dispose treated sewage or domestic effluent
from facilities ranging from small package plants up to
large municipal treatment plants. (Secondary or
further treatment)
30

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TABLE 1 (cont.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
MINER-AL AND FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY RELATED WELLS
3 Mining, Sand, or Other Backfill Wells — are used to
5X]. inject a mixture of fluid and sand, mill tailings, and
other solids into mined out portions of subsurface
mines whether what is injected is a radioactive waste
or not. Also includes special wells used to control
mine fires and acid mine drainage wells.
5X 14 Solution Mining Wells — are used for in—situ solution
mining in conventional mines, such as stopes leaching.
5x 15 In—Situ Fossil Fuel Recovery Wells — are used for in—
situ recovery of coaF, lignite, oil shale, and tar
sands.
5X16 Spent—Brine Return Flow Wells — are used to reinject
spent brine into the same formation from which it was
withdrawn after extraction of halogens or their salts.
OIL FIELD PRODUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS
5X17 Air Scrubber Waste Disposal Wells — inject wastes from
air scrubbers used to remove sulfur from crude oil
which is burned in steam generation for thermal oil
recovery projects. (If injection is used directly for
enhanced recovery and not just disposal, it is a Class
II well.)
5X18 Water Softener Regeneration Brine Disposal Wells —
inject regeneration wastes from water softeners which
are used to improve the quality of brines used for
enhanced recovery. (If injection is used directly for
enhanced recovery and not just disposal it is a Class
II well.)
INDUSTRIAL/COMNERCIAL/UTILITY DISPOSAL WELLS
5A19 Cooling Water Return Flow Wells — are used to inject
water which was used in a cooling process, both open
and closed loop processes and contact systems.
31

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TABLE 1 (cont.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AMD DESCRIPTION
5W20 Industrial Process Water and Waste Disposal Wells — are
used to dispose of a wide variety of wastes and waste-
waters from industrial, commercial, or utility
processes. Industries include refineries, chemical
plants, smelters, pharmaceutical plants, laundromats
and dry cleaners, tanneries, laboratories, petroleum
storage facilities, electric power generation plants,
car washes, electroplating industries, etc.
5X28 Automobile Service Station Disposal Wells — inject
wastes from repair bay drains at service stations,
garages, car dealerships, etc.
RECBARGE WELLS
5R2l Aquifer Recharge Wells — are used to recharge depleted
aquifers and may inject fluids from a variety of
sources such as lakes, streams, domestic wastewater
treatment plants, other aquifers, etc.
5B22 Saline Water Intrusion Barrier Wells — are used to
inject water into fresh water aquifers to prevent
intrusion of salt water into fresh water aquifers.
5S23 Subsidence Control Wells — are used to inject fluids
into a non—oil or gas producing zone to reduce or
eliminate subsidence associated with overdraft of fresh
water and not used for the purpose of oil or natural
gas production.
MISCELLANEOUS WELLS
5N24 Radioactive Waste Disposal Wells — include all
radioactive waste disposal wells other than Class IV
wells.
5X25 Experimental Technology Wells — include wells used in
experimental or unproven technologies such as pilot
scale in—situ solution mining wells in previously
unmined areas.
5X26 Aquifer Remediation Related Wells — include wells used
to prevent, control, or remediate aquifer pollution,
including but not limited to Superfund sites.
32

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TABLE 1 (cont.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
ELL
CODE NAME OP WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
5X29 Abandoned Drinking Water Wells — include those
abandoned water wells which are used for disposal of
waste.
5X27 Other Wells — include any other unspecified Class V
wells.
33

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TABLE 2 REPORTED CLASS V INJECTION WELLS
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. 0
I S
I 15
0 I
I 0
A A
— I
I
—1
I
21
I 5
I 5
I
I
0
3
I
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
5
I
0
0
I
I
Il
p
I0
U p p
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
II
IS
0
0
p
0
ID
0
IL
i

S
A
0
0
. I
— I I
‘V
I,
1
6
V
30 2
21
4 I
V
I
I
46,
I
— — I
I, 1073
I
I
I
I
0
I
H
1W3
S
0
I
V
p
p
0
0
S
0
0
5
I
I
0
0
0
I
:
I
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A
0
•
2
0
0
5
—II
20
0
S
7
A
1l 21S
0
I
4 i
4
a
p
0
2
0
1 1301
I
—-- I I I
I I
1
I
4
0
S
S
I
S
2
I
0
I
S
19111
0
I
I
0
I
I
S
0
S
J
I
S
0
30
0
0
0
0 0
I I
— .F.IL
—
I
Ifl
p
p
•
0
0
S
0
0
S
0
0
2
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
I
p
p
o
S
0
5
0
A
0
3
,
4
0
0
S
I
i
3
0
I
0
0
5
.u
.- 1w
0
I S
0
A I I
I
I
21 I
60 I
7
Is
5
U
73
I
p
*0
0
0
0
301
0
0
3
S
0
0
I
I
0
I
0
- -
—I
0
0
0
4
0
I
0
ip
S
A
1
0
0
p
—.
I
M_
p 5
A
0 I
I
0 I
I 0 I
3 I 2
I
I
ill
t J
l
0
*1
I
0
4e
3*60 I I *271 27
3
57
S 7 0
0
0
3 p
•
0
0
0 0 0
I
5
0
0
A p
p
0
0
0
A
0

0
I
V
0
I
7
I
I
Is
I
S
- - I
7
0
—
0
A
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
I VS
g
S
570
0
S
S
S
0
0
S
S
0
S
I
0
0
0
I
p
p
5
I
S
0
0
0
0
0
I
p
iv
ii
0
2
Ii
0
0
S S
0
0
S
0
0
0
I
0
S
—
30*
0 72
30
,5
S
S
44
Ii
0
0
S
0
5
0
0
I
0
0
S
— .—-—-— • F
: V
373 ! 0
I
I
I
I
I
i
21
*21
0
0
0
0
0
2 0
I
0
0
0
1 0
I
0
0
0
5
5
0
S
0
0
01
0
0
P I
S
0
Si
0
0
S
I
31 36 21
•1
• A
-—I F
U
-
-

-------
TABLE 3
RATUG W flQ fl1 L
,aIiF IJ
IDIl .’FWlCM f
WIlL
OpIl rla . AU)
MA1M 1j2
1NJ}rnQ
FUJ ID
QIARACI ] L rIC
lNThETlcI EUJID
w zicu
la) Injection into or above
2)
Typical well
IOIUI IAL
Class I or II U d
construction,
operation, ard
3) Injection fluids typically:
4)
Basal on injectate charac-
OR
naintenance
alla., injection or
a) contain CCIIStitUentS in
teristics ard ponsibilities
b) Injection belov lowercost
migration
into uninterded
carenc.rations occealing
for attenuation/dilution.
x U J , potential cists
za en con-
taming Class I
ii
National Priirary or
injection orcurs in sufficient
0 for fluid migration into
or
USM.
Secordary Drinking Water
voluires/raten to cause
x Class I or Ii U .
Regulations,
OR
contanJnat on of groird aterz
a) beyord the facility peruieter
.
b) echibit characteristics
or contain constjtuent.s
listed as hazaxdcus per
& Regulations.
OR
b) regionally cm a graip/area
basis.
la) Injection into or above
2)
Typical hell construction,
•
any LJ 4
operation, ard
3a) Injection fluids typically
4)
Basal on injectate charac-
OR
ally injection
are of poorer quality
teristics aid pcssibilltjes
b) Injection bela.., lover-
or migration
into uninteixied zon
(relative to National
for attenuationjdilutjon,
ecst U I, potential
con-
taming USW.
Primary or Sccordary Drinking
injection eccurs in sufficient
cists for fluid migration
Water Reguluticns or A
volunies/rates to cause
into u ..
Regulations) than fluids
within any U d in camuna-
cation with the injection
zone,
OR
b) In the event that WIter quality
is us-Jcnyn for any IJ J In
cawunicacjon with the injec-
tion zone, injection fluids
typically contain constituents
in cacentrations cccecding
National Primary or Secoxdary
Drinking Water Regulations or are
listed or chibit characteristics
included in .__ Regulations.
cc ntanination of grainiweters
a) beyoid the facility
perineter
OR
b) regionally on a grcxip/
area basis
.
la) injection into or above
2)
Typical well construction,
any IJ D,J
operation. aid snaintenazce
3) Injection fluids typically:
OR
ensure that fluids
a) are of a uiva1ent or better
b) Injection belov lovermDst
are
injected into ard renain
quality (relative 1.0 National
USIW, with little or o
in intenied
Primary or Sccordary Drinking
potential for fluid
z es.
Water Regulations or RO A
migration into any UIlY.I.
Regulations) than fluids
within any U Yd in cannini-
cation with the injection zone
OR
b) are of poorer quality (relative
to National Primary Or Secordary
Drinking Water Regulations or
A Regulations) than fluids
i
i

I


within any USM in canninication
with the injection zone...
BUt are injected in
insufficl it vohgies/rates
aid contaminant correntra-
ticns to change current or
potential beneficial uses
of any UWii in camunicat on

-------
TOTAL NUMBER
OF CLASS
BY STATE
LEGEND
vE Ls Jr STr4TE
0 :o ‘00
0O :o 500
500 ..o 0O0
O0() to 0OUO
.0000 :o 6QQQQ
V WELLS
rx
m
m
mm
-4c,
•am
m
- (no
C)
V ••. :
- . . .-.
II
PUERTO RICO &
VtRGIN ISLANDS
* Some numbers are estimates.

-------
CATEGORIES OF CLASS V WELLS
- — --
o Drainage Wells
o Geothermal Wells
o Domestic Wastewat.er Disposal Wells
o Mineral and Fossil Fuel Recovery Related Wells
o Oil Field Production Waste Disposal Wells
o Industrial, Commercial, Utility Disposal Wells
o Recharge Wells
o Miscellaneous Wells

-------
TYPCAL SIESLflCE RE 1URN
ccu..Ecllcn SYSTEM
Row

-------
AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELLS (5F1)
Varies dte to differing fanning
act.iCes aid soil types, poten-
tial agricul tLwai contaninants
include sedin t. nutrients.
pesticides. orgenics. salts.
rietals. aid pethog is in sane
cases.
- Inpr iw’ent of invent y efforts
is essential. (PR. GA. D l. MI.
4l. . OR)
- t.OQte ard properly plug all aban-
doned wells near ?gricultural
Drainage Wells. (IA)
- use settling pords to raicve
sedinent aid bacteria. ( V)
- Raise the inlets above rnaxinttn
ponding levels. (IA)
- Re uire that injection fluids
neet all or sane drinking .eter
st dards. (IA. Pit. OR)
- Surrourd wells with a vegetative
filter strip. (ID. 1983)
— R nre irrigetion tailweter
recovey aid punçback. (OR)
- Use only necessery ato.mts of
irrigation water aid applied
d enica.ls. ( t V)
— R ui re f r t nt noel toring of
drinking weter wells in sizraird-
ing areas.
- Design wells with oierflov devices
to renove ficetable neterial.
- R uire detailed nap with all
well lo tiaas. (NE)
- R uire diagran of injection well
lstruction. (NE)
— R uire siting of wells at least
2.000 ft. &45y fran any stork.
nsithcipal • or danes tic well • (NE)
- Discourage use aid enoourage
elintination of agricultural
drainage wells by developing
alternate nethofs. (IN
1 P
D4J
MUc,rwide (frau
1.102 ‘ ts) ’ all states
•ti t ç(Xt& potentiallY
t2 I figuxe in
, typif1 irrigation.

-------
Inlet
EXPLANATiON
(Os wface Flow
©Ouasj Surface Flow
©S4ibsurface Flow
TfPC.AL ADW I’4 N TH—CENTRAL IOWA
SHOW!J(3 ThREE SOLRCES OF FLOW
EEl
Road
0
astern
AOW

-------
STORMWATER DRAINAGE WELLS (5D2)
INDUSTRIAL DRAINAGE WELLS (5D4)
Herbicide.. ticidee . ferr.i—
lizers. deicing selts. aa al—
tic sedljients. gesol the. geeaae
oil, tar aid rseidt s frau roofs
aid ving. n.bber rticulates.
Liquid usates aid irduatrial
solv its. heavy uetala aid
coliforin bacteria.
Similar constiti ts to those
fowd in St nwater Drainage
Wells. tl 4 ierally esene
in ltt er cvncentratioma.
Heavy macala auth as lead.
iron. ard mangenese.
gen.lc c .irds.
ply to both Storni.eter aid Irdus-
trial drainage wells:
— struceion of nav irdustria.l
drainage wel is should be 1 united
or discoi.waged; stornuater se .erg.
detention pords. or vegetative
basins are preferred. (OR. )
— Limit future construction to resi-
dential areas. (U..)
— Irdustr al aid com rola.l sites
aid higli.iays with isting wells
should maintain on-site spi.Ll pre-
vention aid conta nnent progrens.
(PR. IA. OR)
- Nav conatruction of wells In areas
served by ston ter s rs should
be prthibited. ( . draft: AZ. draft)
- Drainage wells should not be con-
structed within 200 ft. of water
supply wells which tap I r
water-bearing uifers. (D.. draft)
- Depth to water thea should be made
available to well drillers.
(AZ. draft)
- ? i tienel studies including use of
eoriitoring wells should be corducted
to study possible pollution sonces
aix) prolonged of fect of irdustrial
drainage wells on grow ater.
(EL. WI. I )
- An assesanent of the of facts of
atcon drainage wells should be
corducted prior to coapleting an
inventory because the inventory
ild be tine-consuning a id costly.
( 1r. OR)
— Sedirenes ctracted frau drainage
wells. autdu basins, or sediiT t
traps should be disposed in an
ap . ziate landfill. (AZ. draft)
Welhs
5t 8. 879 wells in
not all
jve r,Crt
D 2 )
Draulage Wells
34 well9 reported for
• .,tatesl .ll states have

(3D 4 )
t rate

-------
/
- —‘—‘ .p
‘ Y ;z !:
___ — • . .: . : : . — •
- -
- •.....
‘-: 4.
r r t i,

-
- . • . •• -
• •.
• ;:: - .


CAL DRAJNI GE WELL D6K3s’ S
0
-
il
ru L _-
—;—_. I lIPul

_________ : i -•
—
: -.<
:: -::.. —:; -:..
______ ‘1
— 1’ I —
EEV ei
I a i
I

-------
fl ’ROVED SINKHOLES (5D3)
250 wellS (9tate
103 wells
I1elia 26
ii (state r xrt)
:e 1 j 3 pd 0i 3 wells
rX ’ PUSZtO Rico:
10 well9 (state rep t)i
I well (state
geOrgia: 3 wells
(state r ort)1 .ljr ,esota:
6 . .ell (state report)i
noC cort jsred.
in all areas with
li aid dolanite 11th—
t relativelY ial1o’
deP 5
moff. frau paved areas, con-
taining leid ard petx leuu
alucts fran autancbiles. pae-
ticidee fr an horticu1t e aid
lawn re. nitrates fran ferti—
lizers. aid fecal material frau
wild aid danestic animals,
nanu l fallout fran air pol l v-
tantS may also be esent:
- Training should be r uired far
engineers aid drillers in the
struction of wells with special
euçi is an sanitary sealing ard
protection ageinst corrosion.
Training should be slanted torard
str ctton in Rarst or lijuestone
formations. (PR)
- ref Ui dye trace studies should
be r m on any dst.tng or inpro, ed
sinkhole drainage systeue. aM
orcasiorel ncni toring of both
entering aid citirw fluids should
be run after the systen is in
oparatian. (PC)

-------
DRAINAGE WELL A DRAINAGE WELL B
_____ 10 ft Stee$ Csa lng Steel Casing
K MANTLE OF UNCONSOLIDATED flOCK
- FRAGMENTS
_ __
— 1 ” - i ’T T T’F ’ ‘— ——-----— —
I x _ I x I I I I I
‘ iiii\ x i x I
___ __ ___ H __
- ‘ t LIMESTONE_ ‘ ‘-z- ‘ i’zz ______
___ _ = i= I ___
________ ___ T1 11 _______
‘ — I I I I I
)I 1 j IhesIzeddoveIopment of arches under and near drainage wells.
Waler flows out of drainage well A along a crack where the casing is testing on bedrock
and saliuates lila surrounding mantle . As the waler level In the well drops below the crack,
channeing of saturated mantle mb lbs wefl creates an arch.
DraInage well B was only cased to a boulder above bedrock. D ing floods,
as water flows Irom the perched water above lbs bedrock mb this well.
channeing creates an arch.

-------
SPECIAL DRAINAGE WELLS (5G30)
-
crwU at
i.383 wells (state
uiBiflST 1 Well
rcc’ rePQt) s
S el1 5 (state rep t)
weils (state r t)
105 wells (state
t all etat have
tially eS It
&ll rei ’ 5
Highly variable. deperding on
systan design, f lardslide
control • gx’ irdwa t is n —
ally usedi e’dimting pool
drainage fluid i’ y contain
lithiira hpochl ite. calciun
hyp hlorite. s Liun bicar-
bonate. thl the. bran.the.
ioiine. cyant ic acid. alu-
tn.inun sulfate. al ecides.
fungicides. azxi nuriatic
acid.
— Pardon s ipling ard analysis
9. i2TTning pool waste water for
possible coneaninanta. (FL)

-------
PRa’.E AR TO DEWATER LANDSLIDE
EEl
11
—
V , 4 12 & rerae D ...
Lk, to 100
—
Cof*ed ,A jter
A Ccrrbn jon c Vertic and Haizontaj Drainage ( oy j n L w & Cta
- __
4 to 12
Di&, Lb to 250’
WT ER
B. Vert c j Drai ’ ____
‘ (wUoy. In Dm iu.r

-------
IaM urt e
. .LD J St QL — —-
5f —
Pam co Sar i (n rU
.-. Oo e
6 O.D. Steel Casing
C Tent
Fort T1tnvson Forn tbn
- TRt.Crn DE ALS OF A TYPCAL
SW1 vMNG POOL DR AP WELL N
SOUTH DADE CCLNrY
I
I
- - =.

-------
ELECTRIC POWER GEOThERMAI R.EINJECTION WELLS (5A5)
DIRECT HEAT GEOTHERMAI REINJEC’rIoN WELLS (5A6)
(5A5)
L IW & tUB
W LS
T s: nuv ers : t cor ivsed
.liforniaz 65 wells (state
Ne,ada: 4 wells (state rep t)
I ho: 4 we_us (state r t)
(5A6)
Ie Ilocico: 2 wells (state
r t), T as: 1 well (state
rep t): Col ado: 2 wells
(state r at)s lifcrnia :
1 well (state rep t):
tI ada: 6 wells (state r ort)
Ithho 2 wells (state report)
‘regon: 6 wells (state report)
$L heavy setals (az eidc.
boron. selenius) • sulfates. aid
dissolved solids.
Hot t ter-Oo,tim ted Rasource
HI heavy setals (arsei c.
box . seleniun) • d lorj s.
dissolved solids, aid acidic
pH.
Hi arsenic. b o.. . fluoride.
dissolved solids, sulfates.
d lorjde.
Ho zste
Apply to both electric poser aid
direct heat reirijection wells:
— Rogul red e’u ual ned anical
integrity tests. ( . draft:
WI, aft)
— Initial analysis irdectate ar
in ect.ton zone ‘eter oniducted
ior to f Ui 1-some injection
C rationsg .raveters id con-
cern are teilperature. tn .. njc
stit nes id Primazy aid Seco .
dazy Drinldng Water Regulations,
alkalinity, her ees silice,
boron. aid . .rn. . . .La nitrogen.
( . aft: M I. aft)
pcroaninated Resojrce ttderate

-------
15 314
10 5 /8’ 3lank
Concrete
Shoe
Fgure
‘K.
Hole
Surface Casing
Packers
9r18 Bore Hole
518’ Blank k ectiofl Casing
Johnson Rgure ‘ K Packer
150 Double Extra
250 LCS HiCap
Johnson Screen
Strong
ccz GTRucnob4 D61 A V(PICAL
DQ 1 E$T1C DF T SPP 1-EATWG
JThERMAL U na WaL
1T fl IC.
Bore
Drive
Shoe

-------
i PIQAL. DQ €STIC s a HEAliNG
f 4JECflCN waL l -Eta
I ___
_ _ — I aarps
BunorC Circular
Flow Meter
Pressure Meter

-------
— -
133,8.54.5#
Li
Concuctor Pipe
9 5 i .36#.K-55
Surface Casing
T.26#.K-55
ijection Casing
_________ 1/V Steel Plate
S
(c&frD & PerVd Casing)
S
S
I.
I-
U
S.
S
I
a
U
-U
I
.
‘S
a —
I
U
S
. 5
i P .AL B AflC FU
I ThERMAL &ECfl wai AS
aEcrRIc.AL PG ER ERATK ’4
I
I ENTED’P 1tIb
Cement
_____ 101
To
Surface
Cement
To
Surtace
1010
83’4 Ho4
@ 4506
T.D.-4515tt.

-------
HEAT PUMP/AIR CONDITIONING RETURN FLOW WELLS (5A7)
&
W L9
7.909 weLl. (FURS)
) 6.805 wells (state r ort
-not all eta tee rWUr1 ).
Potentially eaent in all
regions, more e cted in
areas tharect ized ‘
cli1TetiC Ctrevee.
TII FW
Priserily thonnally altered
grousshia t , additives de—
sl ,ed to ir*%ibit scal Ing.
L ,eLofl and Li rustation
when weter hi t in setals and
selts. or deaonetrating hi i
or loi pH. is used.
Lw
- F e researth is needed on the
theoretical ervizonnental
ed heat puips. DO; AZ. deaft)
- N regulatory prograie should
directed at large-scale syste
rather than at systee. for ejn
innily d. el 1 legs. (LA. . flC)
- The state pennitt.tng agercy sho
eat astruction standards and
ena re that wells are conotruc
aid operated properly. (FL. cs.
PD. NE)
— Return wells should be cased
throu top injection zone. CL
- A viular spece should be cenent
or grouted. ( IA . P3. NE)
— deq te spacing beb..een produ-
tion wells should be acticed.
( KS. PIE)
- Disd arge should be into or aboje
the supply ui fer. (L.A. IA. KS)
- Distharge should be to the 5wfac
rather than to an injection well.
(LA)
- The waste product should contain
no additives or only appro#ed
additives (LA. KS. NE)
- Volunes and teT raetses ol injec
tion fluids should be sonitored.
- Analyses ol receiving fluids sicuj
be conducted periodically. ( KS)
- A lionised bater well di iller
should be eiplcyed to install.
r rk. aid/ar plug aid neal the
well. (LA. U.)
- A five-year inspection an
should be isple ented. (IA)

-------
Heat Pun
SWL ,
Gravel Pack
Welt Screen
\, tn;ection Water Level
Heat Purr
SKALLGN W LS
A. HCRIZCNTAL
B. LARGE D I
1 BaT ‘c

-------
- r
Casrng
Open
Stone
Well Screen
Sand, Gravel Aqt.ifsr
DEEPER SMALL OIAf ETER WELLS
CcP PtETBD P4 STCF’E
B. CCWt uV’1S NO
_ e 1 : :IiLe
r
SWL
1
Hole
Formation
Injection Tube
Casing
I ,

-------
j
Large Dr%llhcie _______ S
\SS \•
‘Clay Loam
S 25
F N
-
Pol J1O Water -

= - H
: :. d!e _ cLay_grf: :  :
--Xement Grout------fl --:-:-:-:-:-:-:—:-:
-:—:—:—:—:-:—x-:—:—:-:-:—:—:—:—:—:— —I-:-:—:—:—:—:—:—:-:
-- CasIn P ,De -
§ E E E :
Screen -
OUThG CR cEMENTA11ON
OF A 1 JU. Afi SPPcE I

-------
AQUACULTURE RETURN FLOW WELLS (5A8)
W LS
1 IN I LLi
Hawaii2 7 aCtive wells
st bg wells
15 .eed wells
Potentially foux wherever
eer ne er fre water
orgenioTe are culttued
in large q ntities.
Large volufes waste water
caiçosed essentially selt
water with edded nutrients.
bacteriological oith.
rished anthials, ard arthnal
detritus. fluent typically
italns nitrates, nitrites.
serór a. M B , aid
ertlsØ ate.
— Regular 1irq aid analysis
injection fluid aid injection
fluid uld be repd.red (seni ..
am ally). (Mt. draft)
- ter to be disposed should be
filtered aid a iately tre.t
prior to injection. (Mt. draft)
- ReO.ira waters should be carafull
gvonitored at a point before aid
after treaonent to ensire the
seas es being eiiployed are .
cient to allo the water to be
i@ ected. (RI. draft)
Fw s

-------
metal c .asing
30 Solid Casing. Steel
16 Diameter
10 Rock Packing
24 Hole Diameter
16
Hole Diameter
r waL CCNSTRWT FOR
GRQJ IDWATER AQUAOJJ1.PE REThPN
FLGN WEI..L
I
EE
1 BIT 4 ‘c.
10. Cement Grout
10 Screen, Steel
16 Diameter
10 Open hole
50 Total Depth

-------
UNTREATED SEWAGE WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS (5W9)
Lo axo4 &
W Z$
rrI w
FW
D w w
Ql.iie 1I)
x irx* .

-

P rto Rico, 5 (state r t)
p i uy1vsida, nur ere r t
cart toted, 1inais,
916 (state rep t)p t ianai
22 (state r czt) HidLt n:
11 (state rspc*t), MJm esotas
10 (state r t)g ?,rkazz sz
3 (state rq t) Tot s
10 (FURS)i r t all states
have rsp ted
Ger ly po quality. i , u-
din hi fLx volatile ., E .
. VC. nita n (or zdc.
ard free dil jc ,
a1I 1irdty ard eese.
iu i
,
disposal e arided i n
state rsparts. Na eier. the ua
rt disposal sethols has
baiv rd in several states.

-------
CESSPOOLS (5W10)
F!n
rta & I1JB
c? W $
======
York! ‘ ‘
, p rto aicot 67 (State
V i i iflLaI 6 (FURS)
22 (et.ste rep t)
lB (state r t)
25 (state rep t)
,, jiexicOS 14 (state r t)
3 (state r t)
7 (state r t)
,i Øi1daZ 46 (state r t)
..iaLi 84 (state r t)
q 5( I fl iD CIS fCt O3T iVD
) 7.9 (state r t)
e n: 6.257 (state r t)
Oiapoeal
f DOfl St1C Waate at
Wells.
‘

-------
COAL HQLE FRAME
AND COVER.
LINE OF
EXC 1 VATION
V.
REINFO R CEb,4ENT
BARS AS REQUIR .
L
....
— - -- --
- 24 — - .
, LF %/
A ‘ .
000
0
I Oo
...
>ko°C
=
EFFECTIVE
DIAMETER iQOJ !
1Q 0 OO ! r-
I cc l —
J oi c0 1
r
‘v .1
c C
Cat&
BRICXS SET IN OO
• I:Z ZMENT MORTAR .


C - - . .— (_)Ot
r )
icCi r - iii — ----—-c_.,4 4
\ r--

o
—- - A

- —.
I: T
EARTH ______
FIL
9ACXF1LL WITH
8f IC 8ATS, LOOSE...
STONE,OR GRAVEL.
CUlT NO SRICXS
IM FOOTING.
cmcN AL ViEW A CESSPOOL
OMIT
BRICX
OTHER
EVER’? 41)4.
IN EVERY
C 0 UR SE.
L 16J
LJSRJ

-------
SEPTIC SYSTEMS (SW11, 5W31, 5W32)
Varies with type of systea,
fluids typically 99.9% wator
(by wei it) aid .03 suspended
edida, ma3or cor titueflt5
include nitrates. dundee.
sul. fates. sediuii. calciun. anl
fecal coLif m.
— Ftnther study is recailTerded.
(Pt. CR)
— Proper istruction aid installa-
tion guidelines should be devel-
oped. ( P C)
— Ongoing training graTe for
Sanitarians is recounerded, should
include hydrogecIo ’. graudiater
flo. theory of septic systeuu
operation. aid potential r sks to
Huuuan health. (PR. tO. Pill
- siting should be conducted so as
not to endan r water wells. (KS. N!)
- All systaT%S should be sited aid
desi ied individually. (TX)
— L.oral planning groups should be
enco aaqed to establish septic tank
density limits. (N!)
— Sewage disposal wells far pivate
facilities should be pl ased out
aid replaced by alternete rietheds
of rrea i’ent aid dispoesi. (TX)
- Well ietr.ictiai8 should be ir ’cs-
tigeted. (KS) -______________
DU
—
wg2.Sal
j tnied
state
j 736 wells in state
rto gjco-63 wells
5 a e r ts Plas) —
i33 wells in state rep t.
z1rE: Ml states have not
Lo.-Hida

-------
TREATMENT/DLSPOSAL
CONVENTIONAL SEPTIC TANK
—
9 aiu#1 EK
SEPTC TANK
TO SUBSURFACE
SYSTEM
RAW WASTEWATEfl

-------
SE 11CT 1 NK
- -
G SSCCVE NSP!CT CNAC Z5S
- - -. - - Z.. , — 3UILDING PAP!R -
E T UE”4T -- - - —
-- - -z -,
- :- - - - — —- — -.
- - -
— ----- oq : -T -
n:;?z.,
SE GEPrr___
- LCOSENED ATTVE SCI*.
EPAGE PIT D PCSAL SYSTEM E EI

-------
Perforated Pipe
3oz
cNvEN11c, LAL OR jN FELD
IISPCSAL SYSTE
- I
Distributior, Box
A
VIEW
A
Oi rtbwion
,D.
8 arrlsq
6—12 , t
3I —2 tI
dia. oc*
EPAGE BED DESIGN SECTION A-A
TRENCH DESIGN SECTION $
3arr ‘ ,
‘ Ian ac*

-------
- - —
EEl
G SS C VE —
3thLDINC
SH UB- 7
SILTY LOAM TOPSOiL
PLOWED NATIVE
SOIL_ 7
TREAThD EFFLUENT
SSORPT1CX J MO’J D DSPOSAL. SYSTEM

-------
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT DISPOSAL WELLS (5W12)
L -ajj4 &
‘ W LS
Pw
1 Iw I
1.091 wells iijr n i in
state rep ts, all states
have r t ted, poten-
Injected fluid, after sew. ry
tertiazy waste treathent.
believed to be ieral ly cos-
La’-Hi
-
O ration s uld s e
injection is restricted to rate
ard ess es dictated by si .
tially esent in
regions.
all
patible with receivthq f ne-
tion, may itath hl t nitrates
aid fe l colifoTm if thprop-
erly treated.
—
s cif Ic bydt ologic coidjti
( cu1d irwalve nonit ing).
(WY, ?L., M X. draft).
Alterrative ret s djuposa
aid feasibility gradin
ecisting plants s culd be evai ..
ated. (VA)

-------
12 X 30 Slaliloss
Steel Saeon
5 — 12
5 - 15
F— 1
28 - 60
No Above-Siglaco
Tioatrnent Speclllod
TYPICAL R6 HARGE IWLL
TYPICAL MONITOR V EU
i I W cusn iv
Sar tasy Seal
Gauge
6
—
Cement
G1OL 1
— - SLdaco
14 X 15 Steel
Casing
9 — I3
_____ 4 PVC Sch. 80 CasIng or
6-518 Stool Casing
8ontonlto Seal
Packer
_______ 4 PVC Sch. 80 CasIng
Wll U8 holes 6 *, Row.
Rows 6 Apart
OR
42 - 49’
6-518 Stool Casing Ytith
r X l- 112 M l Slots.
3 g r Fool
_________ 12 X Blank
Stool Casing

-------
0
p
I
II
m
I-IS

-------
MINING, SAND, OR OTHER BACKFILL WELLS (5X13)
rJX’t & ?XJ
a 81lf 5tat0
West virvinia 258
?1tha1%a 23
piRS)1 61 (state
MiSSOh1 1 4.326
r crt)1 l ttana 10
xxt ) C 1ora ot 3
1 ,VRS)’ w,crdn 74 (state
Idalo: 260 (FURS)
tent.i Y other i tining
jsr.riCtS.
Hydraulic or pneuiiatic slurries
- Solid portion slurries
esy be wd. grwel. ceient,
mill tailings/refuse. or fly
ath.
- Slurzy .aters may be acid
mine wat or ore ctract.ton
ocess waste eter.
— Siting, design. conatruction. ard
operation alculd be specified in
pe nit r uirenanta. (fl )
- Slurty injection volu es s)culd
be iordtored aid ca ,ared to
lcu1ated mine vo1u e to pee#ent
cat txo *iic failure. (WV)
— Cronid ter gronitoring in areas
containing potthle wator. ( i C)
— Site-specific study is neces zy
to determine the nature aid
ct de adetien fran mine
bacI il1 wells. (t’W)
pw
D w
? erate

-------
—
C rrent
Surface
AHuvium
To of Rock Stra
ROck Strata
Coal Bed
rfPcftL Iv1NE BS C F!U.. WELL CCNSTRIC11CN
ri
r r
Con jcor Casing ‘4
4.
Rock Strata
Co Bid
E _______
I 81T 4 J$I I

-------
Slockplls 7 High School 1 I 1 °

qli q’i4 ) y I ‘ I
- . L. •••
_____ ___ - - : ____ I I I
_ -I 1 __ II L _I I
Flush Hopp.,
I I I I - T
Wooden 6 si ieiy O s Dull hoed - ‘ H ‘ ,Thi I ‘ ____________ —
— - 1
_____________ — ______ ______
Wslei Pool ____ l ’ s 110 2 Dod
t lu. I 1J 0 J
i I
1 _______J . I
i i i i
w.
C l
a
0

-------
SIc m W&*si
DIOP Shift
Ws si W.
t..:)
GtACIAL D(POSI1S
bi iicçii,I 1 pkiggid
I.s1 ho4
i sie
G II IA SJ 5á I4
Dug WiM
DiIlied
(
m
m

-------
SOLUTION MINING WELLS (5X14)
Y1 !WX
1 1 & IU
-
LO d
j is (state r ort).
o,t.jal ly other mining

-
.
-
-
-
st-c1os re recl etion plans
thould be rt of pennit specif 1-
cetions. (?Z. draft)
Ilydrol ogic noni toring to deterTlune
a weter budget. ( AZ. draft)
Gr szdwater monitoring prograim
abould be initiated. (AZ. draft)

-------
Flow Control Valve
- 600’
- 800’
- 1000.
18 in. dia. Steel Surface Casing
6 in. dia. Fiberglass Reinforced
Plastic Tubing
14 in. dia., 304 Stainless Steel
Below 900’
LARGE DIAMETER, 1-IGH VOLLt%4E, CLASS V
SCLLTflCN M 1NG NJEC11CN WELLS
PROPOSED BY KOCZDE CHEMICAL CORPORATION
EEI
R 9VTb45
• 200
- 400’
Cement
14
ire.
dia.
Steei Casing
L.
Caved Copper Ore
Top Of Old Works

-------
BLOQ< DIAGRAM LLLSTRAThJG
APPLiCATiON N C COLLECTION
OFL.E- FLUD
EE’ E__
Oxide Sr att
Distance
Perforated Pipe
In Ore Zone
Hatiage Drift

-------
IN SITU FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY WELLS (5X15)
--
--
& PU
OUO ( )
nu
-
wells (fURS)
U rruarxf coal sifioations
)& . te
-
t uct caiçlete ologic az
eix)oned)
- air. oaygen. steen. wat .
hydrcgeolngic iweetigntia,a io.r
wspecifL
igniting agnits sud as
to ten üup )er itation. (WY)
.Lun nitrate-fuel oil
-
Runedjation of zone fluids
other areas with
(?I1fO) c ne.
mininize fut e tanizntion. (WY)
rball . organic-
In situ oil shale retorting,
— air. cygan. ateei . ater.
eard, ecplosives. igniting
a its (garerally prcç ne)
P cee in th ses is to
initiate ard maintain ca bjs-
tion.. rbuaticn educts
include pelynuclear aroi tics.
cyanides. nitrites. g* e ts.
4

-------
S
0
I
I
— Shsl.
A P,oduciion will $0
I istnovi 95$
1
.
-—-- -
= = = =
lnJ.ctlon will to supply Si ’ S f
o*’ygsn lo combustion
1 VAPORIZAtION
ZOi1E.’
: w -
-.-‘--.---- I.
N—
I 1 Mom soulss ol giound-wslsr flow (i.giai.l
I gioundw.ss, Sow ii horn light to lilt)
IX PLAN A rio N
Ol,•cdon ol movement
ol fluids an gauss;
Fssciuiss
(I)
U
E
BURNED our zori
fl
ii

-------
SPENT BRINE RETURN FLOW WELLS (5X16)
L W &
oua ( )
W LS
Th -
1 Iw I
c za
went Virginia 2 wells
(state rW t)
Linited to brines fras whith
ha1oger lts have been
Lay
-
Ted ii 1 r pdr ents s fie
pennits should be similar to those
Ix,diana: B wells
etracted,
f oilfield brine injection wells
Michigani 33 wells
? r ) n sI 70 wails
Potential f a tion of oth
ur ofined iatit ents into
-
sdution mining wells. (WJ• AR)
stxuction re nira’ents should
daicnaz 7 wells
weste st n.
be de”elo d based en well r—
Potentially in regiais
ating rmveters. CM)
ha”thg coTirercially reco’-
-
P chanical integrity tents should
erable halogen daçoaits.
-
be r red. CM)
SenL-anrnal ehe mive seI Tpling
ar analysis of fluid aid cosger—
teen of profu d vs. injected
fluid should be rm tdred. CM)

-------
Cement To Si.n’tace
Mnulw Space
Injection TLbng
Cement To S sface
Packer Set Above
Injection Zone
Pertorations
(C en Hole In Some Cases)
T.D. 8148=
S stac. ection
Pressure Gauge
S snt Brine
Conductor Casing
Set At 60’
urface Casing
Set A l 1022’
Annular Space
Long String Casing
Set At 8240
ScaJs N
EXSThJG CLASS V BRPE D6POS. L
I ECT1CN WELL
PEAT LAI S O-EM1C.AL 1VRATCN JI U
Annulus Pressure Gau

-------
9—518. X 4—l/Z ”
13—3/8. £8#. K—55.
ST&C 0. - 1161. camemed.
LT&C 0’ - 2240’. cemented
1 9—5/8’, 400. K—55,
67 ”
7r
216Y
2240’
0. - 10’ - KB
10’ - 14’ - L ndrng ripcl.
14’ - 1966’ - 5-1/2, 170. K-55, ST&C
1966’ - 1967’ 5-1/2 X 4—1/V X 0
1967’ — 1977’ - 9—5/8 X 4—1/V
G áberson Ur —Pkr. VI
Pert pranons
4CM, 54R 6’C. 2” Slots 2183’ — 2640.
Liner:
.7’ 230. K-55. SF4. 2169’ - 2642’. g . .
TYPC L WELL C UC D6 FOR
AN F SCRt .8881 WASTE O P( AL WELL
13-
5—1/V
Cas’no
9—5/8
7.
2642’

-------
I
Surf ee ing :
8—5/8. .1—55.
28# & 36# 0. - 1100.
Pr .i tion
5—1/2. N—80. 23#. 900 - 2435
Cemented : 950 — 1760
biection Tt in
2—1 2. J—55. 6.5# 0 - 1399
Packer :
Baker Lock Set @ 1395
Perforations :
4 holesltt 1450 — 1640
I holeIft 1900 — 2150
I holelft 2270 — 2435
TYPIC.4L WDL CQ STRUCTCN DESIGN F
A WAt bi SOFTB’ER RE ERA1 J BRt’E
I D OS LWB.L.
BU

-------
1/2’ NeeøJe Valve
/2 X 3• SCH 80 t ’Upp e
3 UnbOlt
Range Gaskets For 4 Range i
Flange Bolts 718’ X 5-1/2’
For 4 Flanges
3’ 500 Weld Range
Swage opIe 12’ Long
5-112 Female 3 Rd. LT&C
APT ping Gasket
T i.óng Read 1V-2000#
V Th uble Box Bia2 ng
C L WELLHEAD DESIGN FOR INJECTKN
WEL S RU88EF S
. OFERS
4 X 3• X S Weld Re .zcer
Sample CØck in Feed Water Un.
Ranged 600
Center Guided Check
4 600 Weld Ranges
Valve
2-71 8 apple and Valve
Offset Head
Head Bolts 1—1/4’ X 9 (16 reg)
Top Flange 11’ 2000#
5—l/2 Internal
8 Rd. LT&C (P
2 X 3 Sch 80 Moples
13—3/8’ X 9—518 Pacxotf lJmt
E I’

3 X 12. SCH 80 Weld Mpple
3 600 Range
Gaskets (2 rep)
3’ 600
Flanged Gate Valve
With Stainless Thm
4 XS Weld Tee
500 Flangeø Gate Valve
rn Stau less Trim
• 600 Screwed Flange
Z ’-2000#Theadad
(2 req I eacn Side)
Gate Valve

-------
COOLING WATER RETURN FLOW WELLS (5A19)
LC X I &
W Z3
265 wells inventoried
z tiom,ide, not all states
have r orted, potentially
maT/ three this tnr er. ard
wo id be located Lit all
regions.
TZ
D w
Peperdeir. upon type of systeil.
type of edditives. aid tw er—
aâ re of wat : open pipe
systere may e ose graardt.ater
to actidental intxnduction of
siaf ace ttaninants, irdustrial
spells, or w uthorized disp l
of wastes.
Lo to ? erate
- ?flnisun bocatiri r irenerits f
the injection well relative to arid
near nzinicipal supply wells
should be established. (NE)
- Wells should be grouted fra n at
least 20 feet bela’ lard surface
to lard surface or to the water
table. (NE)
- Wells should be cased fran staface
to the top of the upçerwost supp ly
aid injection zone. (AR)
- vented annulus fran surface to
s y/ijection zone. (AR)
- R ulre minimun of 2 wells: supply
well aid renirn well. (AR)
- Wells should be istructed su
that spent flu.ids are in,ected
thto source aquifer. (AR)
- n loop rebirn fio wel is should
be gxdtibited. (FL AR. NE)
- Plug wells with cetent upon than-
deiTTent. (AR)
- Permit specifications needed:
Detailed sep sho4ng all area wtllL
Diagran of injection well design.
Diagr n of entire systen.
Detailed d enical aid physical
analyses of injectate. (AR. NE)
- Five—year inspection pe ogran should
be impleicnted. (ZAI

-------
SUPPLY WELL
RETURN FLOW WELL SYSTEM
(Closed loop)
RETURN WELL
— PACKER
WELL PUMP
10 6PM
PACI
-------
WHAT IS A 5W20 WELL ?
o 5W20 Industrial Process Water and
Waste Disposal Well
Inject a wide variety of waste from
industrial, commercial
or utility processes
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS WATER AND WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS (5W20)
caa 4 & ‘U
u’ W LS a
LOC7w
j•538 jiw itcried wells
r ,orts)
jj. states have r xzted.
t tially any fluid disposed
by various iedtatriee; n have
high d.tae ived solids. a apen-
ded solids, aihalinity,
thioride. rI eØ ate. aul fate.
total vole tiles.
- In tozy efforts should tthuo
with high priority on identifying
irdustrial disposal facilities.
(PR. D l. ?JC. WY)
- Msuie all irdustr ial waste
dis .l has a deleterious effect
on USD4. warranting iinnediate
action. (PA)
— cteraive grourdwater e’alustian
studies should be corthicted to
identify ar s which would be
vulnerable to taiiimtion by
irdustrial waste disp l. (PR. AS).
— Drainage areas s rouriding irdus-
trial facilities should be stu ed
aid all possible pollution sources
noted. () )
— Inspection of th e facilities
should be manthtory. ard corducted
by teaT ls bacbed by chailical or
irduetrial engineers. (PR)
- Ptmtormnq progrars should be
r tnrcd aid sampling sçecifica-
tions should be tightened. (FR.
M), FL. XS)
— SaTple analysis. adthessing
rational thinking water regulations.
should be raiuiral periodically.
(AZ. theft)
- Grourdwater cord tormnq should
be coiducted using a minimuii of
one uogradient a id two de.’ngradlent
wells. (AZ. deaf t)
- Practice of injecting irdustrial
peu...- ss water aid waste should be
discouraged. aid wastes routed
to on-site treaei it facilities
or surdcipal sanitary sawer
systens. (FL)
- Discharge of irdustrial proress
wastes to septic systera should
be discouraged. (PR. NE)
- these wells should be peanitted
only when injection Is Into grourd—
water taini eater than
rn EWI
-------
TYPICAL
FEATURES
OF A 5W20
WELL
To Isach Fisid
OR
PotintiSi
S.n iing Point
CI.sn
Potintisi San’ iinQ Point
Manhois Acc.u
DRAINAGE SUMP/
SETTLING TANK
Potsnti& SamplinQ Point
SEPTIC TANK /
SEPARATION CHAMBER
Seepag. Pit I
w.II
tnspiction Aces..
Polsntisl
SarrpNng Point
LEACH FIELD SYSTEM
SEEPAGE PIT I WELL
-------
WHO USES 5W20 WELLS ?
o Electroplating Facilities 0 Circuit Board Manufactures
o Meat Processing Plants 0 Hospitals
o Printers 0 Silkscreening Shops
o Furniture Refinishers 0 Dry Cleaners
o Mortuaries 0 Photoprocessing Plants
o Commercial Laundries 0 Petroleum Refineries
o Laboratories 0 Beauty Salons
0 Plus Many More
-------
WHERE ARE 5W20 WELLS LOCATED?
STATE RTC NEW*J STATE RTC NEW*I STATE RTC NEW*
o Connecticut 6 0 Pennsylvania 19 80 0 New Mexico 2
o Maine 15 0 Virginia 2 22 0 Texas 2
o Massachusetts 1 0 Alabama 98 0 Utah 4
o New Hampshire 13 0 Florida 20 0 Wyoming 32
o Rhode Island 59 0 South Carolina 200 0 Arizona 72 223
O Vermont 5 0 Illinois 16 0 California 93 348
o New Jersey 20 0 Indiana 30 72 0 Hawaii 44
ONew York 350 719 OMichigan 9 36 OAlaska 230 251
o Puerto Rico 28 0 Minnesota 1 34 0 Idaho 46
o Virgin Islands 3 0 Ohio 487 0 Oregon 20
o Maryland 9 0 Wisconsin 4 0 Washington 69
* Resulting from inventory efforts in D.I. States (thru 12—31—88)
-------
WHAT IS THE INJECTATE ?
CONTAMINANTS PRESENT IN 5W20 WASTE STREAM OF SOME REPRESENTATIVE INDUSTRIES
Printing
Silkecreening . Meat
Electroplating Photoprocese ing Processing
Metals: Cadmium Cadmium None in excess
Chromium Chromium concentration.
Nickel Silver
Silver
Zinc
Inorganics: Cyanide
Nitrate (as N)
Nitrite (as N)
Sulfates
Volatile Acetone Acetone *Ch1orofo
Organic •Benzene 2-Butanone (MEK)
Compounds: Bromod ichioromethane *Chloroform
*Chlorform Ethylbenzene
*Formaldehyde •Methylene Chloride
*Methylene Chloride axylene
*Tetrach l or oethene
(PCE)
*To luene
•Tr ichioroethene
(TCE)
Biological: Biological Oxygen
Demand
Chemical Oxygen
Demand
Total Organic
Ca hon
-------
WHAT IS THE INJECTATE? (Cont. )
Furniture Commercial
Stripping Laundry and
Ref iniahing Mortuary Dry Cleaning
Metals: Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Phoapha tea
Inorganics: Sulfa tea
*Benzene Acetone Ethylene glycol
aChiorof arm Achioroform Possibly others
Volatile *Methylene Choride Dichlorobenzene
Organic apetrachioroethane Ethylened ichioride
Compounds: Tetrachloroethene Ethyl acetate
(PCE) Ethyl alcohol
*Toluene Ethylene glycol
*Trjch loroethene Ethylene glycol
(TCE) monoethylene
Possibly many more •Formaldehyde
Isopropyl Alcohol
•2-Butanane (MEK)
*Methylene chloride
Phenol
aTrichioroethane
(TCE)
Tol ue n e
Possibly many more
* Indicates RCRA Listed Hazardous Conntituent
-------
TABLE 4-55
FORMALDEHYDE DATA
a.iming Process Sample
195 mg/i
Lavender Funeral Home
Rocko Funeral Home
750 mg/i
Septic Tank Sample
< .1 mg/1
O’Bryant apel
Williams Funeral Home
.15 mg/i
Nichols Funeral Home
2.4 mg/i
TABLE 4-56
T ICAL
Substance
LAUNDEHETTE WASTE
Range (mg/i)
Mi r
Average Ma.xixni.
ABS
3.0
44.0 126.0
Suspended Solids
15.0
173.0 784.0
Dissolved Solids
104.0
812.0 2,064.0
COD
65.0
447.0 1,405.0
A.Lkalini.ty
61.0
182.0 398.0
lorides
52.0
57.0 185.0
Phosphates
1.4
148.0 430.0
pH
5.1
— 10.0
Nitrates
—
( 1.0 —
Free Ammonia
-
3 • 0 -
Sulfates
200.0 —
TABLE 4-57
TYPICAL POLLUTANT CON TRATIONS Th WASTE WATER
FROM SBLF-SERVICE AUTO WASHES
(10 MONTH PERIOD)
Substance Range (mg/i)
Minim
Average
Mucim
Total Solids 729
2,006
3,334
Total Volatile Solids 207
456
871
Suspended Solids 95
386
840
Volatile Suspended Solids 25
72
116
BOD (5) 15
57
166
Oil and Grease 38
86
200
4 — 419
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WHY REGULATE 5W20 WELLS ?
o EPA’s Analytical Process
— Screen Universe
— Analyze Environmental Effects
— Determine Restrictions and Forms They Take
— Determine Method of Imposing Requirements
— Determine Methods for Assuring Compliance
— Determine Who Should Impose and Assure
Requirements Are Met
-------
WHY REGULATE 5W20 WELLS? (Cont. )
Exceeds MCLs, Contains
Hazardous Constituents
Usually Oil—Water Separator
and some recycling
Exceeds health—based limits
Above or into 1JSDW, soil
horizon
Likely for metals, less
likely for volatiles
Typically in high—use areas,
could be anywhere
High
_____ 9
0 St ep 2:
Process for Analyzing Class V
Environment a1 Impacts
— Quality of Raw Fluid
— Treatment Before Injection
— Quality of Injectate
— Injection Zone
— Probable Attenuation
— Proximity to Groundwater Use
— Probability that Aquifer Will
be Affected
— Can Injection be Allowed?
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WHAT IS A 5 X 28 WELL?
o 5 X 28 Motor Vehicle Repair and Maintenance
Waste Disposal Well
Inject wastes from repair bay
drains, etc. at service stations,
garages, car dealerships, etc.
-------
AUTOMOBILE SERVICE STATION DISPOSAL WELLS (5X28)
york: 3 wellS (state
Fl01id nuT ers
0 dirIn&.
5 wellS (state
i ana 2 wellS
rw t)1 MiChi n$
i well 5 (state rep t)I
: ‘ ‘ well (state r t)t
r rot ron-
1d ’ 21 wells.
tenti Y es it at any
.tOfl in the
states.
Iwl
Waste oil, antifreeze.
M.(
-
Inventozy t te is vital.
f1o waahiz (including
Guid ines f cer .ton .
tergenes. ar nic. aid
inozguiic sedinent) aid
raeiaa. a id o eral1 regulation
th e wells neui to be estth-
otber oleuii ucta.
( 1ff. R)
-
—
R dre a pezmit o inq construc-
tion featt es. a plan to utilize
separat s aid )oiding tanks, aid
a plan to rple aid analyze
injectid fluids. ( I A)
-------
SOME
TYPICAL
FEATURE S
OFA
5 X 28 SYSTEM
Pot.nti.i Sampling Point
Manho , Acc.u
OR
Sup. 9 . Pit I
SEPTIC TANK!
SEPARATION CHAMBER
well
To leach Fleld
Inspction Access

• . .. Nstl Soil
SEEPAGE PIT I WELL
Potential
Poisnilsi Sampling Point
TLt 5 ,
(not typicall
I f —
. • leach Lines : - •
LEACH FIELD SYSTEM
- q. . • . - - • •.‘ . .• - ..
-------
INLET ORA
CAST I
6” INLET DRAIN PIPE
FROM CATC I BASIN
10.5’ TO TOP OF
BOTTOM SEDIMENT
A
SECTION 33’
REINF0Rc:NG t ESH
STAUCARD PRE-CAST
c SSPOc* RINGS
(SLOTTED)
10.13’
OIL LAYER
DISPOSAL FLUIDS
BOTTOtI SEDIMENT
CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEVATION &A ’
DETAIL OF A DRYID PCSAL WELL
SP4MP ..ED AT A GASOUT E SERVCE STATiON I EE

J, Q [ SI3iDd 1 N.Y,
-------
6 INLET DRAIN
P!PE FROM DRAIN
A
£
LED
SECTION BB’
DISPOSAL FLUID
DETAiL CF A CATQ-J BASIN
‘ ATA GASCUE SERVCE STATION
EEI
U
T
4’
2’
A’
B
2.2’
1” OIL LAYER
BOTTOM SEDIMENT
CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEVATION AA ’
-------
WHO USES 5 X 28 WELLS?
o Auto Body Shops - 0 Paying Contractors
o New & Used Car Dealerships 0 Trucking Firms
o Transmission Shops 0 Marinas
o Full Service Gas Stations 0 Aircraft Painting Shops
o Agricultural Implement Mfrs. 0 Retail Stores
(Sears, Wal—Mart, etc.)
0 Plus Many More
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5 X 28 WELLS LOCATED?
STATE
RTC
NEW*_j
STATE
RTC
NEW*
0
Connecticut
1
0
Alaska
0
23
0
Rhode Island
3
0
Illinois
5
0
Vermont
10
0
Indiana
2
36
0
New Jersey
18
0
Michigan
27
15
0
New York
3
409
0
Minnesota
0
23
0
Virginia
1
14
0
Iowa
1
0
Pennnsylvania
0
70
0
Missouri
5
0
California
0
251
0
Utah
2
0
Arizona
0
114
0
Idaho
21
WHERE
ARE
‘ . Resulting from inventory efforts
in D.I. States (thru
12—31—88)
-------
WHAT IS THE INJECTATE?
— Common Fluids (often mixed with water)
o Waste oil 0 Degreasing Solvents
o Antifreeze 0 Transmission Fluid
o Paints 0 Detergents
0 Thinners 0 Gasoline
-------
WHAT IS THE INJECTATE? (Cont. )
— Contaminants in the Fluids
RCRA Hazardous Nature Metals
16% of samples Cadmium
were ignitable Chromium
Lead
-------
WHAT IS THE INJECTATE? (Cont. )
— Contaminants in the Fluids (cont.)
Volatile Organic Compounds
Benzene* Tetrachioroethene (TCE)*
2—Butanone (MEK)* Toluene*
Ethylbenzene Trichioroethene (TCE)*
Methylene Chloride*
* Listed RCRA Hazardous Constituent (Appendix VIII)
-------
WHY REGULATE 5 X 28 WELLS?
0 EPA ’s Analytical Process
— Screen Universe
— Analyze Environmental Effects
— Determine Restrictions and Forms They Take
— Determine Method of Imposing Requirements
— Determine Methods for Assuring Compliance
— Determine Who Should Impose and Assure
Requirements Are Met
-------
WHY REGULATE 5 X 28 WELLS? (Cont. )
Exceeds MCLs, Contains
Hazardous Constituents
Usually Oil—Water Separator
and some recycling
Exceeds health—based limits
Above or into USDWI soil
horizon
Likely for metals, less
likely for volatiles
Typically in high—use areas,
could be anywhere
High
0 Step 2:
Process for Analyzing Class V
Environmental Impacts
— Quality of Raw Fluid
— Treatment Before Injection
— Quality of Injectate
— Injection Zone
— Probable Attenuation
— Proximity to Groundwater Use
— Probability that Aquifer Will
be Affected
— Can Injection be Allowed?
9
-------
Underground
Storage Tank
/
Service Station
Repair Bay
Ins
I
rn
rn
Gasoline
T1d1k 8 Split
/ :f - — — ln islrIaI
Facilities
Th w
Cesspool
Disposal Well
. 1
‘i
UPPER GLACIAL
Se p1 h
Tanks -
Shallow De.p
Pilvele Public
Waler Water
Supply Supply
Well Well
tSfl 5:
_________ Ground Water flow PLUME OFCONTAK NAT N
MAL3OTHY A (JIFER :
NOT TO 8CALE
-------
AQUIFER RECHARGE WELLS (5R21)
& P&Pe
p
izgielat 5 wells (state
rwcrt)t El idas 349 wells
(state r t), ttfm ctas
7 wells (state rep t),
I St 26 wells (state
rep t)s Kan s, 6 wells
(state r t): Nshraskaz
4 wells (state rep t):
aning 3 wells (state
rep t)s Arizonai 51 wells
(state r t): liforitta
52 wells (state rep t),
potontially fcw in ar s
&aracterizes by large
wjt)dra.ials
.ater irri tlon far in
cCeSS recharge.
TZ
Deperdent sojz e, wet
quality dianges i trd Include
ads pt.ion. ion e—
ecipitaticn aid dissolution,
theitical. cidati on, biological
nitrification ard denitrifica—
Uon, a thic ca anaer bjc
degradetion. med anical dis—
persion. aid filtration.
erate-f(id
— Injection fluid should be
generally e uivalont — better
quality that injection zone
fluid. (NE)
- Stardards for injectate quality
nuat be on a case by case basis.
(PZ. draft)
- Regular in7ectate ser liog should
be ourducted. (NE)
- Use design. stzucticn
aid c ratjon is essential • (FL. ME)
-------
t
5.5.
13.5
Collection Head
xsmwn injection Head
Sa-4EMATK OF ESNO
____ _____ Pond Surface
? 1 . ound Surface
:: Corruçared
I Culvert Pipe(4 jamJ
. —Grout Seai
LI
-
Drain Row
20 I
: I
‘
I1
RECHAR WELL CCNSTRUCflCN
———Well Inflow
Control Valve
Start of Perforations
Pre— Injection
Water Table
EEI ’ ’
U e ic - . u’J
Casang(16 amJ
Gravel Pack Fiiter(1.5 Rock)
-------
SALINE WATER INTRUSION BARRIER WELLS (5B22)
& MJ•
P W LS
155 well. (atate
waahth t %I 17 welle
1 te reP t 1 1 Elorida, 2
e1l (atate r ort),
p,tentiallY f,.3rd In eetal
ar typified by aburdant
fred ‘.ater wit1 ’ala for
j i ti aid/or thinkir
a ter.
.
Varlea with ty
of e xves
-
Pilot at diee to dofine 1itho1o ie
c Tç1ee L t d uc
advanced
a id ogic rwet 9
LtItrUBL t
treated
surface urben
ioflurnciog salt ter
aid agricul tural
LIT -ted surface
nu f. aid
.tera.
should be ourducted ou
eped.fic basis. ( . aft)
-
Dofiniti of U 4 in areea
is necessazy. aft)
-------
Extraction e1d
in Ba ri
Extraction Reid
in Ba n
IN A COt FThED OLR WATER BASIN
HYDRQ.O( C CCIOmCNS WITh A
FRESH WATER ROGE ACTING AS
A SEA WAi tti BARRER
E 9 IG
. 9 IT fl C.
I
GroLu &rf ace
1 AN U CQ4FU OUNDWATE BASIN
4JECTION WELL
IMI i --
-------
SiNGLE INJECTiON WE
/ _
. ______
L
- .1 F
J .
9
1o
EXPLANATiON
1 Grout 7 Gravel Pack
2 ProtectIve Casing 8 Perlorated Casing
9 Packer Pressure Line
4 sank Casing 10 Pneumatic Packer
5 Sand Packer 11 Measuring Pipe
DUAL INJECTION WELl.
......a .
• I
. 1
• • 1 L
I
:
•
6 Tr Th. Pipe
SALT WATER NTRLSKN BARR WELLS
LOS ANGELES. C ALJFCR 4A
- Intake [ III
=
=
•1
5
6
7
Aqufer
S
T
I
U
3 Conductor Pipe
Aquifer
EE _
_______________ 1 IT 5ES %C.
-------
SUBSIDENCE CONTROL WELLS (5S23)
u’a io &

r 1rxN. I L(J.I
T I

c )
T 1rxM.

4 wells iiwent ’ied f
See
‘?quifer
RecI ar e Well&
? erate-Hi
See
‘q 4fer Pachar e Wells’
wjg isjn fros state r ts
it is believed trwent y is
.
thcai lete entially
pr ent in desert ard aatal
areas ty Z Led ty large.
Lorq-te n ajrdwater with—
awals, areas having
cathor te a uLfer are r—
ttcularly susccpt le to
sthsiderre.
-------
SO- 11C DL RAM OF S2SDEN E NrRcL
(w — WB L D OL WELL
W Tir Re L31gBeact CA
f--- 7
-------
RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS (5N24)
Loaa u4 &
W LS
m1 ftI LGOdlQl
PW

f I
.

Uri)aiø’m nu±er. but ecist ce
rtirmed f . 1 eseee. New
• dco. a Ida1 o in state
rW t3.
Variety r Uoactive mate —
iala, I 1uding 8ezy11iui 7.
Triti n . Stzontiun 90. si zn
137. taaatun 40. e1t 60.
beta srtic1es. P1ut iuii .
kierjciu t. Uraniun. ard
rrd.tciwlides.
Un) o n
No r . i aUcns re i d
in the state r orta, beiever, the
authors r oiv errf the folloiingz
— Th diate1y corduct irwesti ti a
into rrdicectiv, ate dispc 1
acticee.
- Iiwe ti te canpietenens of the
reported inventory.
-------
241-Z BLDG.
WELL DRILL RIG
SLK1 STCRA3E TANK
(LENGTH - 12.19 m)
BACKFILL
Z PLANT
SLUFIIIY PUMP ACCESS
0.91 m CLAY IlL.
INLET PIPES
FRENCH DR JN•
CONCRETE SLAB
MANI IOLE
2.54 cm
GRAVEL
VENT PIPES
TO 67.62
FILL
cm
TLET PIPE
BACKFILL
THE 216—Z--8 FRENCH DRAIN FACILITY
(Marratt, Van Ltik
and Kasijer. 1985)
-------
BASALT FCRMA11C
SETTLiNG TANK
216—8-5
REVERSE WELL
(NOT TO SCAW
GAGELJNE
TELESCOPING CASING
WATER TABLE
(8 6.5m)
216-B—5 REVERSE WELL DiSPOSAL SYSTEM
SURVEILLANCE WELL
DRILLING RIG
WASTE DSTRIBUTION UNE—\
B PLANT
20cm DIA. 18m
PERFc ATED WELL SECTKJN
(Smith, 1981)
-------
EXPERD(ENTAL TECHNOLOGY WELLS (5X25)
DU
W I S a
==-
‘12 wellS in state r tsi Wide variety injected
all stat have r ted, cenatituentet hi ily acidic
estiallY le ted in every ce basic ca v n s ice solu-
t.tcei mthinqt doitestic veste-
ter taining hi t total
susperded solids. fecal
colifons. €. nia. D . H,
air is used in certain vet
rec ’ery ojects.
La -I4 ate
-
-
-
-
-
Wells should not be sited a
operated so as to pen it injection
into aas I fere. ( . *aft)
Detailed ) ogeologicel studies
s uld be cerducted ice to ary
o aed injectIon. (G.. aft)
thonical analysis ed ste streai
periodically. ( . draft)
t*d anical inte ity tests s) ald
be developed ard corr3ucted regularly.
(C.. draft, ?Z. draft)
Post-clos ae plans should be devel-
oped pelor to pennit issue e.
(. Z . draft)
-------
EXAMPLES OF PROJECTS USING
iNJECTION WELLS ASSOCIATED WITH
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
• IN SITU SOLUTION MINING OF MINERALS
• TRACER STUDIES
• SECONDARY WATER RECOVERY
• ThERMAL STORAGE
• AQUIFER REMEDIATION
• UNDERGROUND COAL GASIFICATION
• IN SITU OiL SHALE RETORTING
-------
AQUIFER REMEDIATION WELLS (INCLUDING OIL R.ECOVERY
INJECTION WELLS) (5X26)
w I 1 & M.H3
‘ W 2$

257 wells r€t I f 10
all statse hive
c r ted.
o lor&Ot 81 well. (FURS)
Mi&i Z 59 wells (F S)
60 wells (FURS)
De en t ‘. ) olog c
reinen. r et i the
t zinetLon pluiie. aid
the reiiediatlon pragr vts f
ref ine!y graject.. typical
irij ectate conetituents are
oil/ ease. gIi ols. toit e.
bez ene. lem . izvn.
)
— Ia,lei itatjon reqisterin aid
n r t irig graY . ( )
- ietruction stan rda etculd be
smiler to those eet li .h f
dtediar wells.
sed frau s xface thro 4u the top
ef the injection zone.
Scre ’iaI intezvale through sazds
aid gravels.
Annulue should be grauit&. ( )
- Injected fluid qtmlity aheuld be
better th that ef the fluid in
the itauiir ted aquifer but r t
neceo rily ef ii,kirig weter
.tan rda. (FL)
Tfl S
U n
-------
Recharçe Wells
O ter CeLl
A. SINGLE-CELL
B. DOUBLE-CELL
SINGLE CELL A DCLSLE CR L
HYDRIAJJUC CCNTANvENT SHOWING R..OW LU
E 9U JC
L. R B E gNc.
I
w
Pro jcUon Well
Pollutant Plume
Groundwater Row
Pro jc on Wells
Polk ant PkuT
Inner C.ll
-------
xer thc r
Pro t Stora
EM 1C OF TWO-P M’ SYSTEJ 1 U1]UZ ’JG.
C E F OVERY WBi FG CUFER REIv IA11G’4
E ______
I B i d½
Ptgrp Contro
Seai(as
B nn
Pa
Pro ct tection Probe
octct Detecb, Probe
P p
Coriirwt Slot Saeen
-------
ABANDONED DRINKING WATER WELLS USED
FOR WASTE DISPOSAL (5X29)
L O 4 & tU’ PR
W L3 CR
L JB W
Jo n
2.098 wells iiwent i
fro t state r ts, all
states have t t rt .
Potentially enent in all
areas ha”ing shalloi fresh
Potentially any kird of fluid.
g rticu1arly brackish .line
water. hazaxdaas dienicals and
sewage docunentation of
nitrate aid colifonu it n-
P da ste
- Mrnt eatabli& a better inventoiy
of weji . (PR. W. I . ttl)
- wells should be 1wper1y plugqnd
using cenent. ( ti)
•
water aquifere.
ination docunentid in 1direnka
(D r and Spalding. 1985),
Donestic ae.age dispoenl via
these veils doc zi ited f 75
) res in Mienesota, also docu-
irentation foc disposal of
pesticides within agricultural
runoff (Jones. 1973, er aid
Spelding. 1985).
-------
INJECTION WELL
_ II: : J I i: 1
ABANDONED HOLE
- - - -
—.— ——--— ——--————
A. t:
-
INJECTION ZONE-
— ___________
(SOURCE: ALLER, 1984)
SI,
-------
INJECTION WELL
_


INJECTION ZONE
--- ...
- —
I
(SOURCE: ALLEfl, 1984)
D1AC 1 AM OF THE RELATIONSHIP
rWEEN AN INJECTION WFI.I.
• r • •
A
-------
HOW TO DIVEN’rORY A 1D INVESTIGATE V INIECZION WEtLS
Lorraine C. Council and Denise A. Lant
Engineering Enterprises, Inc.
1225 W. Main Street, Norman, OK 73069
Abstract
With the enactment of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 and the
implementation of the Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) • many regulatory agencies are
faced with inventorying and investigating Class V injection wells. USEPA’s
kass V injection well category is a catch—all group of wells and encompasses
iy diverse types of injection wells ranging fron drainage wells and sewage
sposal wells to geothermal reinjection wells and deep radioactive waste
disposal wells. Over 173.000 Class V injection wells are thought to exist. Most
Class V wells are very simple arid inject into or above underground sources of
drinking water (USDW). Many Class V well owners and operators are not
restricted to specific industry groups as with the other classes of injection
wells; they may not even know that they have an injection well.
Because it is likely that many Class V wells introduce contaminants into
USDWs, regulators must take action to prevent degradation of groundwater. Many
techniques exist and have been specially developed to assist with finding and
investigating Class V injection wells. Once goals or priorities have been
established, agencies can assemble the appropriate suite of techniques and
implement an active inventory and investigation program. The specific program
developed by an agency may need to be evaluated and adjusted periodically to
maintain effectiveness. This is enhanced when a networking system is
established and used by the associated agencies and organizations regulating
Class V injection wells. As more work is conducted on Class V practices and new
regulations promulgated, these agency programs will become more numerous and
effective, affording much needed protection to our groundwater resources.
Introduction -
Over the last 200 years the United States of America has grown and
rospered. changing fron a predominantly agricultural economy to a diverse
dustrial nation. Villages have grown into towns, cities, and giant
1-Au ust I 8B
-------
metropolitan areas. The country in between La dotted with ccm 1nities, farms
and ranches, military reservations, research institutes, and industrial
complexes. National and State parks, monuments, wildlife preserves, and scenic
areas have been established, away from the mainstream of htt, ,i ’ activity. One
suit of our nation’s prosperity and advancement baa been the inadvertent
ilution of air, soil, surface waters, and groundwater. The American people
- d their congressional representatives began actively addressing this difficult
problem in the 1960’s with legislation and programs to halt and reverse smog and
other air pollution. In the 1970’s, pollution of our surface waters was extreme
and again. Congress responded by enacting the Clean Water Act. Giant leaps in
the reversal of air and water pollution were made. Our problam was under
control, it seemed, at least on the surface.
Although Congress enacted the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) in 1974 and
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) in 1976, groundwater
protection programs were not actively initiated on a national basis until the
early 1980’s. (The National Water Well Association has termed the 1980’s the
decade for groundwater awareness and protection.) Many acts, statutes,
programs, and regulations have been promulgated since these two landmark acts.
and many more are currently being proposed by national and state congresses.
Some like the SDWA are resource protective, while the majority are similar to
R RA and are source—control in nature.
As required by the SDWA. US!PA .as developed the UIC Program to protect
USDWs from contamination by the subsurface injection or emplacement of fluids
through wells. The Program includes regulations which were promulgated in 1980
and which specify minimum standards and technical requirements for proper
siting, construction, operation, monitoring, and plugging of injection veils.
he Agency divided the I own universe of injection wells into five classes,
ásed on use and type, to facilitate regulation. Class I wells inject hazardous
and non—hazardous wastes and fluids beneath the deepest USDWs. Class II wells
are used in conjunction with oil and gas production. Class III wells are used
in conjunction with solution mining of minerals. Class IV wells inject
hazardous or radioactive waste into or above U Ws a d are prohibited. Class V
includes all injection wells not included in Class I — IV and certain wells
specifically named as Class V injection wells.
Faced with a large number of potentially problematic injection wells which
required development of extensive regulations (Classes 1 — III), USEPA chose to
defer acting on Class V wells. Since 1980, USEPA has placed most of the UIC
resources toward developing complex programs for these generally deep, industry—
operated Class I — III injection wells. At the same time, USEPA began studying
the catch—all Class V group of wells to determine if møre extensive regulation
beyond rule authorization was needed to protect USDWS from any Class V wells.
USEPA required Directors of the State UIC Programs to submit a report to the
Agency containing an assessment of Class V wells. In addition, the 1986
amendments to the SDWA required USEPA to prepare and submit a report to Congress
stm marizing the State Class V reports and noting State reco .nm ndationg for
design, siting, construction, operation, and monitoring of Class V wells. The
report was submitted to Congress in September of 1987.
Class V Injection Wells
USEPA’s report to Congress indicated that at least 173,000 Class V wells
were thought to exist and that many more may not be discovered yet. They
-------
recognized that most of these wells were “low—tech” type wells. That Is, these
wells were shallow, of simple design, and were not operated like the Class I —
III injection wells. Some wells, referred to as “high—tech” did exist in Class
V and had complex construction, sophisticated well equipment to control and
asure pressure and volume of injected fluid, and injected high volumes into
ep formations. The Congressional report also divided Class V injection wells
- to eight major categories and further subdivided Class V into 32 distinct
subcategories.
By far the most numerous, drainage wells are widely used, very shallow, and
simply constructed. When used on agricultural lands to drain surface and
subsurface fluids, these wells are termed agricultural drainage wells. The
majority of drainage wells receive storm water runoff, either from residential
and r ural . lands or fr m commercial and industrial properties. In some areas,
naturally occurring sinkholes (iCarst terrain) have been used to drain storm
water, among other fluids. Some special drainage wells are used to discharge
groundwater from municipal dewatering projects, redistribute groundwater from
high water tables in landslide prone areas, drain municipal water tanks, and
lower water levels in lakes and shallow aquifers.
Class V wells also include geothermal reinjection wells. Reinjection wells
are often used in large operations such as electric power generation systems to
return spent geothermal fluids to the subsurface. These are some of the aost
sophisticated injection wells in Class V. Large direct heat systems and small
heat pump/air conditioning systems also reinject geothermally heated groundwater
into the subsurface, among other disposal methods. Some aquaculture operations
use groundwater or geothermallly heated fluids, although very few inject the
effluent; surface discharges are more common.
Also numerous and widely distributed, certain Class V wells are used to
dispose of sewage wastewater, whether highly treated effluent or totally raw
sewage. Wells which accept raw sewage wastes are few in number, but often
poorly located, close to potential or known water supplies. Most sewage
disposal wells discharge effluent treated in large septic systems, either
through drainfields or through wells. Drainfields have the capability of
providing additional trea ent to septic system wastes since the soil is an
integral component of the system. Wells discharging septic system wastewater do
not provide additional treaent like drainfields do. Some sewage trea ent
plants. ranging in size from small package plants to large municipal facilities.
discharge effluent to Class V injection wells, often serving the dual purpose of
recharging depleted aquifers. These wells are generally considered to be high—
tech wells and may be used more extensively in the future.
Class V injection veils are also used to perform a variety of services to
the mining industry. Some wells are used to backfill mined out areas to prevent
or halt subsidence or to dispose wastes rather than stockpiling them at the
surface (with the potential for contaminating rain water and other surface
waters). Injection wells are a crucial, component of in situ coal gasification
operations and oil shale and tar sands retorting projects. Certain types of
solution mining, including experimental projects, utilize Class V wells; many
solution mining projects employ Class III solution mining injection wells.
Brine or halide extraction processes produce spent brine which must be
reinjected back into the deep formations from which the brine originated.
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Although all inventoried Class V oil field production waste disposal wells
have been reclassified as Class II injection wells, some air scrubber waste or
water softener regeneration brine disposal wells (outside of California) may be
“nstructed and allowed as Class V wells. These wells dispose of special wastes
ierated from enhanced oil recovery projects which are often commingled with
field brines and reinjected into the subsurface.
Several industries, commercial businesses, and utilities dispose of waste
fluids with the use of Class V injection wells. Although most of these
companies are small businesses or industries, some larger industries, such as
electric power generation plants, petroleum refiners, and synthetic natural gas
plants use Class V waste disposal wells or cooling water return flow wells.
Automobile or vehicle servicing facilities also have made use of Class V waste
disposal wells to drain repair bay wastes or floor wash down fluids. Some of
these industr .al, comnercial, and utility disposal practices may actually be
illegal if hazardous wastes are determined to be injected (since the injection
zone is most often into or above USDW). Others may inject non—hazardous
components which could also endanger an USDW or human health, but not be
considered a Class IV injection practice.
Groundwater recharge wells have been employed in the last several years to
replenish depleted aquifers. Most of these wells are used in the coastal areas
of the United States and may also prevent intrusion of salt water into aquifers.
Some :echarge wells are used to prevent or halt ground subsidence occurring as a
result of dewarering groundwater reservoirs to the extent of mining the water
resource. Cf special note is the practice of reusing highly treated sewage
treatment plant effluent as the injectate for aquifer recharge wells. The
ited States Geological Survey and many cities and local organizations have and
e experimenting with tertiary treated effluent. With special constraints,
tnis may yet prove to be a viable and efficient water management practice,
especially in the water—poor western United States.
A variety of miscellaneous uses of Class V wells also exists, including
wells used in conjunction with aquifer remediation projects and experimental
tecI iologies. Abandoned water wells converted for waste disposal are considered
to be Class V wells. Also, radioactive waste disposal wells injecting below the
deepest USDWs are considered Class V wells, although very little is known about
these practices. Other miscellaneous uses way exist for Class V wells which
have not been fully documented.
Reasons to Inventory, Investigate, and Otherwise Regulate Class V Wells
By definition, most Class V injection wells discharge wastes and other
fluids into or above groundwater used or potentially used for drinking water.
Investigation programs and other studies are shoving that a variety of
contaminants are present in the injection stream with the potential to affect
USDWs. Very few studies, however, have looked to see the affect on groundwater
quality or drinking water wells nearby, as this is more expensive and occurs
later in the sequence of investigation steps. Until this is done and to
facilitate these investigations. Class V injection wells should be inventoried,
since they are potential sources of contamination. -
USEPA Region IX has been actively inventorying, inspecting, and sampling
.njected fluids from various industrial and automobile service station repair
facilities. Initial findings show that some of these facilities have injection
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streams which are hazardous or are otherwise environmentally dangerous. The
investigations are ongoing and hope to determine the potential. effect on nearby
groundwater resources. Other USZPA Regions and Stare agencies are beginning to
conduct similar investigations.
With this new understanding of the effects of Class V injection practices.
can be done to reduce, control, or eliminate the contamination threat to
groundwater resources. Alternatives to injection, changes to current practices.
and more effective regulatory controls will be facilitated by continued
inventory and investigation efforts. Information transfer networks will need to
be established and strengthened so all regulators and other entities can work
from this new database of Class V related information.
Many State agencie s are incorporating their Class V program into existing
multi—purpose programs which include both resource protection and contamination
source control elements. Over the last few years. some agencies have
i2plenented Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a foundation of their multi-
purpose programs. Resource related information can be placed into the GIS
system in both static (location, construction, type of facility, etc.) and
dynamic (water quality data, water level data, etc.) information formats. Data
can then be entered for all of the various contamination sources such as
injection wells, landfills, RCRA facilities, underground storage tanks, etc.).
All of this data is digitized so that combinations of data can be observed
sirnultaneously. After a series of periodic water çuality data has been entered
for, say, all water wells, then trends in water quality can be studied in
conjunction with contanination source data to determine if any relationship
exists. Although this type of system is resource intensive to implement
initially, it affords the agency an efficient way of tracking multiple items
‘er time and serves to help integrate the various elements of multi—purpose
ograms. Map and map overlays representing different elements can be produced
or reporting or study purposes.
A limited amount of Federal funding is currently available for regulation
of Class V injection wells. Some States have effectively used this resource in
combination with other program resources to implement and administer multi-
purpose programs. It is quite likely that the Federal Class V funding will
increase as agencies report increasing injection well inventories, results of
investigations, and relay the regulatory burden Class V programs present.
Information generated to date suggests that actively regulating Class V
injection wells is worthy and that regulatory actions have continued to afford
protection to drinking water resources and human health.
Inventory Techniques
A variety of inventory techniques for Class V injection wells have been
developed and other techniques have been borrowed from related programs. Most
agencies have found that a suite of inventory techniques used together and in
series provides the best results. As each agency’s program and jurisdiction is
unique. inventory programs must be designed to meet individual, needs. The first
step is to delineate the individual needs and to establish priorities.
Priorities may be based upon the type and location of the drinking water source
(e.g.. sole source aquifer, groundwater recharge areas, wellhead protection
areas • etc.) and upon the types and severity of potential contamination sources
which exist (e.g.. various injection well types, landfills, underground storage
tanks, RCBA facilities, etc.). The priorities that are set will need to be
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periodica.lly evaluated and adjusted accordingly. Many factors affect priorities
such as political constraints, amount of resources, educational level and
adaptability of personnel, computer capabilities, etc.
Once the agency’s priorities have been determined, an inventory program caxi
be developed. Several different inventory methods which have been successfully
used by agencies across the U.S. are discussed in the following paragraphs. As
additional work is done by the Class V programs, the number and effectiveness of
inventory techniques will likely increase. Just as priorities change, inventory
programs must be periodically assessed and adjusted to ramain effective. New
inventory methods can also be incorporated into the program as they become
available.
The first inventory technique that many agencies use often is placing some
kind of notice in newspapers, trade journals, special newsletters, or airing a
spot on the television or radio. The notice may present basic facts about the
Class V injection well program and requirements or it may be nore educational in
nature. Notices are often directed to potential well owners and operators, but
with Class V wells, can be directed to the general public as well.
Probably the most crucial element of an inventory program is an educational
or public outreach program directed toward regulators, owners and operatots.
related agency or organization personnel, or the general public. Educational
opportunities can take several formats such as special seminars, videotapes.
slide shows, special speakers at func:icns or scheduled neetings, and written
material such as fliers and pamphlets. The subject matter can center on the
Class V regulatory program and requirements, how to recognize Class V wells,
inventory and investigation techniques, case histories, computer database
development and networking systems. etc. Educational programs for Class V veils
can often be effective when presented along with or in context with related
environ entai. programs such as groundwater protection, underground storage
tanks, monitoring and reporting, etc. This is a good approach to use when
presenting material to State or local groups since these levels usually deal.
with multi—purpose programs.
Once suitably educated, local organizations can be approached and enlisted
in the inventory program. Since many Class V injection wells are owned or
operated by “mom and pop” and the general public rather than by distinct
industry groups, local people may best know where Class V wells are used and by
whom. Groups or organizations such as the American Association of Retired
Persons. Lions Club, Rotary Club, and even the Boy and Girl Scouts can take an
active role with Class V inventory projects. More formal organizations such as
the National Guard and the Fire Fighters can also be approached. To effectively
use these organizations, a communication network or forum must be established so
the appropriate information is relayed to the appropriate agencies. A chain of
command and periodicity of reporting must also be established.
A large amount of Class V injection well inventory information may exist at
the various State and local agency or organization offices. File searches and
personal interviews can be arranged with entities such as county health
departments, geologic and soil survey extensions, university research
facilities, State water control. or environmental protection boards, and city or
county public works, transportation. and engineering departments. Sometimes the
desired information is difficult or nearly impossible to access or transfer. At
this point it may be wise to evaluate the type and quantity of data potentially
available in conjunction with the resources available. Other inventory methods
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may be more fruitful and cost effective. If it is not possible to extract the
precise inventory information sought, it may be possible to at least get an idea
of how much, what type, and how extensive the potential inventory information is
that can be found. Personal interviews may provide indications of “what’s out
here” and how hard the information may be to retrieve or generate. This is
en useful during pre—inventory pilot studies when specific techniques are
kluated and selected.
One of the most effective inventory methods used to date is the specially
designed questionnaire survey. An unlimited number of possibilities exists with
mailed questionnaire surveys and surveys can be tailored precisely to the
agency’s needs. The ability of mailed surveys to provide the desired
information is dependent on a number of factors: source, type, and quality of
the mailing lists: educational. and interest level of the target audience; level
and clarity of wording of the cover letter and questionnaire: tone of the cover
letter and questionnaire; length and format of the survey; incentives or
disincentives of the survey; follow—up efforts expended; time frames for
preparation and submittal; type and availability of information solicited; and
several other elements. Preliminary studies and careful planning are crucial to
successfully obtaining the desired information. The more quality work done up—
front, the easier the survey program is to undertake. With proper training.
data clerks and secretaries can conduct the majority of the survey work.
Often, survey recipients call in for help in completing the survey and they
submit margins -i or cryptic responses. nailing services are essential if several
thousand questionnaires are to be sent. Computerization of as many steps as
possible is critical and can save tremendously in costs and labor hours
expended. Several. com rcially available database programs exist which can be
tailored to the specific program.
When a specific type of Class V injection well is known to be used
extensively, such as storm water drainage wells or sewage waste disposal wells,
it may be feasible to implement a walking survey or reconnaissance—level
inspection program to locate these wells. In Washington State, the agency in
charge of the UIC Program has actually completed an extensive walking survey of
several c n tnities to physically locate and record information on storm water
drainage wells. To date they have aver 14,000 Class V injection wells on
record, most of which are storm water wells located as a result of the walking
survey. USEPA Region IX has conducted similar surveys in Arizona and California
in conjunction with more in—depth inspection programs. Since these inventory
methods are usually resource intensive, preliminary studies are conducted to
gather as much data as possible and to direct the walking survey efforts. Data
such as city or county storm and sanitary sewer locations, water well locations
(if the survey must be prioritized to look at only certain areas), geographic.
climatological. and geologic data, etc. must be collected and organized.
Interviews of city and county engineers, water resource specialists, and other
knowledgeable persons should be conducted. Maps with these data should be
prepared and base maps must be provided to the survey workers. Interim progress
reports should be made and evaluated to further shape the survey.
Similar to walking surveys, reconnaissance inspections can be made of
certain industries and industrial or comm rcia]. areas known to generate liquid
wastes and potentially use Class V wells for disposal. These type of
reconnaissance surveys are resource intensive and often are used when other
survey techniques such as mailed questionnaire surveys have failed. Again.
preliminary studies must be made to successfully conduct reconnaissance
inspection programs. One interesting trend has been discovered from the current
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Class V programs. If sanitary sewer systems are not in place or if municipal
sewer systems do not have the capability to treat certain industrial wastes and
sewer access is denied, industries and businesses will use their on—site sewage
disposal systems to discharge industrial wastes along with their sewage wastes.
spine facilities even have separare systems to dispose of these two types of
;tes. Even if these facilities respond to mailed questionnaire surveys, they
.1 not necessarily admit that industrial, wastes are discharged, calling their
system a sanitary waste disposal unit. In this situation, only actual
inspections of the facilities will uncover such practices.
Invest igat ion Techniques and En.forcement Considerations
Although the national Class V injection well program is relatively young, a
number of investigation techniques and enforcement approaches have been
developed and taken from related programs. Investigation techniques range from
simple requests for additional, information to enforcement—level inspections and
remedial, investigations. Enforcement options range from establishing guidelines
and performance standards through Administrative Orders to civü and criminal
penalties. As Class V regulatory and investigative work continues,
investigation techniques will become more numerous and effective. At the same
time, however, regulatory and enforcement actions that are being taken will be
establishing precedents and should be approached with caution. Information
networking is especially crucial so that all current and future participating
agencies will be kept abreast of decisions made, case law established, and
precedents set.
The simplest investigation technique available is the request for
additional. information made to facility owners and operators. Requests may take
te form of telephone calls or written letter. Requests are usually made
llowing submittal of inventory information or after a routine or assessment
. ,evel inspection. The main difficulty with this technique is obtaining useful
and reliable data; considerable trust is placed in the facility contact to
provide the necessary data. Good data is often supplied if the operator does
not believe he will be inviting further investigations. Sometimes the data is
sent at the facility’s convenience, months after the request was made. Since it
is usually inexpensive, this technique is worth trying.
Another technique which is gaining in popularity is the request for permit
application from a facility owner or operator. Some States such as Nebraska,
New Jersey, and Texas have implemented permit programs for some or all Class V
wells. Permits may be in the form of a letter permit or may be more extensive.
If a company has several Class V injection wells at properties across the
country, a general permit may be issued. Tacility or project specific permits
may be issued for several wells on a single property. Perhaps the most resource
intensive permit is the individual well permit with conditions set specifically
for that well. To defray some of the administrative costs associated with
permit programs, some States have instituted a permit application fee collected
at the time the permit application is received. In addition to permit
application processing and public hearings, inspections are often used to verify
compliance with the permit conditions.
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Many of the USEPA Regional offices and some States employ routine and
asSeSSlflentlevel inspection programs to collect information on injection
practices. Although no formal training has been established to date, inspection
procedures have been more or less established which provide not only useful but
rcement—quality data (to be used if an investigation continues toward an
rcement case). Routine inspections are used like reconnaissance—level
.., ectious to gather data and to verify any information which a facility has
previously submitted to the regulatory agency. More detailed information is
usually sought in a routine inspection than a reconnaissance inspection and
facility contacts are directly interviewed to obtain data not readily
accessible. If a Laciity is thought to present more of a threat to groundwater
quality, based on initial inventory information, then an assessnent—level
inspection is usually conducted. The facility is usually given prior notice of
the visit and asked to compile certain data for the inspector. Types of
information desired include injectate characteristics, well constri.iction and
history, operational data, location and proximity of groundwater resources,
wells, and springs, and any past problems experienced by the operator. Follow—
up work may be necessary, even with assessment—level inspections, especially
with regard to groundwater resource data.
If previous inspections or inventory data suggest potential violation.s or
groundwater contamination, then an enforcement—level inspection may be
conducted. These inspections often include activities such as sampling and
analysis of injected fluids, sediments, soils, and groundwater. Sometimes
plugging and abandonment of injection wells, mechanical integrity testing, and
other well tests may be witnessed or performed. ata is collected to determine
the need for enforcement or other appropriate actions and the investigation mist
carefully planned and conducted to obtain representative and enforcement—
lity data. At this point, the facility contacts may become difficult to deal
tn, call in legal assistance, or generally become uncooperative. The
experience of other Federal. or State programs which have been in affect longer
than the UIC Class V Program may be quite useful.
Some investigations may progress to the point where potential groundwater
contamination is delineated, feasibility studies are undertaken, and actual
remediation is required. These are often the result of some kind of enforcement
action, since few facilities voluntarily conduct such investigations.
Enforcement actions range from issuance of guidelines and performance standards
to more severe options such as Administrative Orders. Administrative Orders
CÁO) are flexible and may contain provisions for further investigations, orders
to cease injection, levies for fines, and many other actions. Probably the most
severe form of enforcement is a complaint or lawsuit including civil and/or
criminal penalties. Since the Class V Program is relatively young and Federal
regulations are not extensive yet, any enforcement actions taken will set
precedents and may establish what is known as case law. This is a potentially
dangerous route for an interim national Class V Program to follow. Even though
future regulations would not have intended to severely restrict owners and
operators of certain well types, case law may rule flexible regulations out.
Conversely, precedents may be set which weakly define what “endangerment to
human health or the environment (including USDWs)” means and more strict
enforcement options may be effectively eliminated.
Aside from enforcement related investigations, long—term and/or area-wide
;tudies may be conducted to determine the net effect of certain injection
,ractices. The U.S. Geological Survey has undertaken nnmerous such studies
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across the nation (not necessarily on injection practices). W wn . p:es of data
which could be generated include: the long—ter effect on an area from storm
water drainage wells where numerous injection wells are employed; computer
modeling of contaminant transport and fate when injected directly into
groundwater supplies; the effectiveness of large septic systems to remove or
legrade non—septic wastes such as synthetic organic chemicals from various
Many such studies may have been done or are currently being
conducted; however, the information may not be readily available. Technology
transfer mechanisms or networking must be established and used before the
information can be useful to the various regulating agencies.
The last major area of investigation which will be critical to Class V
practices and programs is the development of alternative methods, best
mana e ent practices; pretreatment technologies, and performance standards
protective of grounthiater resources. Some of this research is currently being
conducted by other agencies and organizations; the findings must be obtained by
the 1.IIC regulatory agencies so that this experience can be built upon and the
data will not have to be “reinvented.” The UIC Programs will undoubtedly need
to recommend or have available to them potential alternatives or modifications
to certain injection practices. Simply banning some injection practices may not
be entirely feasible, even if contamination of U Ws occurs from the original
injection practice. Political, economic, and social constraints must be taken
into consideraticn with the findings of these types of studies in prescribing
appropriate injection practices and future regulations.
Smmn ry and Conclusions
Each Class V injection well program is unique with respect to inventory and
investigation components. Geographic, geologic, and demographic constraints
naturally vary from location to location. Injection practices also vary along
with individual State requirements. Inventory and inspection programs will need
to be evaluated and adjusted periodically, especially when further requirements
are implemented at both the ederal and State levels.
The inventory of Class V wells is constantly changing and requires constant
efforts to effectively maintain. A variety of methods or techniques may be used
depending on the specific program needs. Computerization of the database and
inventory techniques (where applicable) is infinitely helpful. A number of
commercially available programs are available and can be tailored to the
individual program’s needs.
Networking and technology transfer mechanisms between agencies and other
organizations is crucial to program success. This allows for development of a
great foundation for all participants to use and prevents “reinventing the
wheel.” If at all, possible, work being done on Cl.ass V investigations should be
made available to other regulators so that others may benefit from this
1 owledge gained and become aware of any precedents set.
Investigations of Class V injection wells and well types range from simple
information requests to enforcement—level sampling and legal actions. Resource
requirements vary accordingly. At some point, formal inspection training
programs (including other related investigations) should be developed and
implemented. Consistency of investigation techniques is paramount to obtaining
enforcement—level and quality information.
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Since the national. Class V injection well program is relatively young and
, forma.l requirements have been established, investigations arid resulting
legal actions may be precedent setting. Future regulations and re4uirements
•..tjl.l undoubtedly be affected by precedents and any case law which develops.
Little extra funding currently exists to support permit and investigation
programs arid some inventory programs for Class V injection wells (at both the
Federal and State levels). If warranted, additional funds should be requested
and appropriated. This will likely be difficult and may take grassroots efforts
like contacting and educating congressmen so they can raise funding levels for
US A and State agencies. -
As more work i’ s conducted on Class V practices and new re;ulations
promulgated, these agency programs will become more numerous and effective.
affording much needed protect.on to our groundwater resources.
References
Council. L.C., arid J.S. Fryberger, 1987, “An Overview of Class V Injection
Wells,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Class V Injection
Well Technology , Underground Injection Practices and USEPA. Washington.
D.C.. September 22 — 24, 1987, pp. 20 — 56.
Stein. R.J., 1988 unpublished. Observations arid Comments on the 1987
Questionnaire for Class V injection Practices, USEPA Region II . unpublished
consultant Report to Engineering Enterprises, Inc., 9 p.
USEPA. 1987. Report to Congress, Class V Injection Wells: Current Inventory,
Effects on Ground Water, Technical Recommendations . USEPA Office of Water,
EPA 570/9—87—006. Washington, D.C.. September 1987.
Biographical Sketches
Lorraine C. Council is a Project Coordinator at Engineering Enterprises.
Inc. (EEl) in Norman. O K and supervises all Class V injection well projects.
Ms. Council was the principal editor and project manager (at EEl) of the “Report
to Congress. Class V Injection Wells,” prepared for the USEPA Office of Drinking
Water. She earned a B.S. in Geology from the University of Okla ma in 1982.
Upon graduation. Ms. Council worked for the U.S. Geological Survey in their
Comprehensive Summer Field Training Program. She has been with EEl for the past
six years. working on a variety of projects including RCBA monitoring system
desfgn and implementation, municipal. landfill siting and monitoring, oil
recovery from large spills arid leaks, and most recently, underground injection
control technical assistance to the USEPA. She is a Certified Professional
Geologist (No. 7443) with the American Institute of Professional Geologists.
Denise A. Lant is a Project Geologist at EEl in Norman, OK and manages
several Class V injection well projects for EEl’s USEPA UIC contract. Ms. Lant
also provides technical information to a n mzber of other injection well projects
for the USEPA contract. She has been actively involved in inventory.
inspection. and sampling projects in USEPA Regions II and V. along with
providing policy development advice to Headquarters in Washington. D.C. She
obtained her B.S. in Geology from Gustavus Adoiphus College. St. Peter, !2l, in
1982. Before her employment with EEl in 1986. Ms. Lant provided geological
consulting services to several oil and gas exploration companies. Certification
with the American Institute of Professional Geologists is currently pending.
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DRAFT - FOR REVIEW AND COMMENT
INSPECTION TIPS FOR
CLASS V INJECTION WELLS
Prepared for USEPA Region V
Chicago, Illinois
Under Contract No. 68-03—3416
Work Assignment No. 5-12
Respectfully Submitted By
Engineering Enterprises, Inc.
Norman, Oklahoma
August, 1987
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
3ECTION PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION........................................ 1— 1
PURPOSE......................................... 1— 1
BAC GROUND..................................... 1— 1
CONTENT OF REPORT.............................. 1— 9
TYPES OF INSPECTIONS........................... 1— 9
2 INSPECTION TIPS BY CLASS V WELL TYPE................ 2— 1
GENERAL........................................ 2— 1
DRAINAGE WELLS................................. 2— 2
GEOTHERMAL WELLS............................... 2— 7
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL WELLS.,........... 2—11
MINERAL AND FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY
RELATED WELLS...... .... . . . .. ... .. . .. .. ..... ... . 2—15
OIL FIELD PRODUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS...... 2-19
INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/UTILITY DISPOSAL WELLS .. • 2-21
RECHARGE WELLS................................. 2—25
M ISC JLA.NEOUS WELLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2—26
3 GENERAL CLASS V WELL INSPECTION TIPS................ 3— 1
4 VARIOUS CLASS V INJECTION WELL INSPECTION
CHECKLISTS..........’......................,.......... 4— 1
RECONNAISSANCE-LEVEL INSPECTION CHECKLISTS..... 4- 2
Field InspectionReport................... 4—3
USEPA Region IX UIC Program
Reconnaissance—Level Field
Inspection Report...... . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . .4— 5
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Table of Contents
Page Two
SECTION PAGE NO.
VERIFICATION, ASSESSMENT, OR ENFORCEMENT-
LEVEL INSPECTIONCHECI ISTS...,......, . .,,,, . . . 4—7
USEPA RegiOn IX UIC Program In-Depth
Inspection Report Low Tech Wells...........4— 8
USEPA Region IX UIC Program In-Depth
Inspection Report High Tech Wells..........4—12
UIC Program Site Inspection
(Low Tech Wells) . . . . . . . . •1 • • • • • • . . . . . . . . .4—18
.UIC Program Inspection Report
(High—Tech Wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4—27
LIST OF TABLES
1 CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES.,.........,...........,,1— 4
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
The following information has been compiled to assist
underground Injection Control (UIC) field inspectors with Class V
injection well site investigations. Because the Class V
injection program is relatively new and field efforts have not
been extensive, this information package should not be considered
absolute or exhaustive. As new information is accumulated, well—
type specific guidelines can be developed along with United
States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) approved
inspection practices. The USEPA will also be developing federal
regulations and designating regulatory programs for many types of
Class V wells in the coming years (after reporting to Congress in
September 1987).
This guide should only be used as a supplement to previously
developed operating procedures for inspections. It is not
intended to and does not encompass all aspects of inspection
protocol.
BACKGROUND
On December 14, 1974, the Safe Drinking Water Act became law
(PL-93-523). Part C of the Act mandates development of
regulations for state and federal UIC programs. The intent of
these regulations is to provide protection of underground
source(s) of drinking water (USDW) from contamination resulting
1—1
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from underground injeátion or emplacement of fluids through
wells. The USEPA has promulgated regulations which are published
in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The UIC regulations
establish requirements for five classes of injection wells.
These well classes are:
Class I: Class I wells are municipal, hazardous, and
industrial disposal wells which inject below the
lowermost formation containing, within one-quarter
mile of the well bore, an underground source of
drinking water.
Class II: Class II wells inject fluids associated with oil
or gas production or liquid hydrocarbon storage.
These wells include brine waste injection,
enhanced oil or gas recovery wells, and wells for
storage of liquid hydrocarbons.
Class III: Class III wells inject fluids for the extraction
of minerals and are used in conjunction with
solution mining of minerals.
Class IV: Class IV wells inject hazardous or radioactive
wastes into or above an underground source of
drinking water (banned nationally).
Class V: Class V wells are wells which do not meet the
criteria listed for Classes I — IV.
1—2
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precise definitions of the five injection wells classes are found
in 40 CFR 144.6. A complete list of Class V injection well types
is presented in Table 1.
Class V injection wells can be divided into two general
types of wells based on construction. “Low-tech” wells 1) have
simple casing designs and well head equipment and 2) inject into
shallow formations by gravity flow or low volume pumps. In
contrast, “high-tech” wells typically 1) have multiple casing
strings, 2) have sophisticated welihead equipment to control and
measure pressure and volume of injected fluid, and 3) inject high
volumes into deep formations.
Low-tech well types include agricultural drainage wells
(5F1), storm water and industrial drainage wells (5D2, 5D4),
improved sinkholes (5D3), heat pump/air conditioning return flow
wells (5A7), some aquaculture return flow wells (5A8), raw sewage
disposal wells and cesspools (5W9, 5W10), septic systems (5W11,
5w31), 5W32), some mine backfill wells (5X13), some cooling water
return flow wells (5A19), sane industrial process water and waste
disposal wells (5W20), automobile service station waste disposal
wells (5X28), and abandoned water wells (5X29).
High-tech well types include geothermal wells used for
electric power or for direct heat (5A5 , 5A6) , some aquaculture
return flow wells (5A8), domestic wastewater treatment disposal
wells (5W12), mining or backfill wells (5X13), solution mining
wells (5X14), in—situ fossil fuel recovery wells (5X15). spent
1—3
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TABLE 1
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
DRAINAGE WELLS (a.k.a. DRY WELLS)
5F1 Agricultural Drainage Wells — receive irrigation
tailwaters, other field drainage, animal yard, feedlot,
or dairy runoff, etc.
5D2 Storm Water Drainage Wells - receive storm water runoff
from paved areas, including parking lots, streets,
residential subdivisions, building roofs, highways,
e tc.
5D3 Improved Sinkholes - receive storm water runoff from
developments located in karst topographic areas.
5D4 Industrial Drainage Wells - are wells located in
industrial areas .which primarily receive storm water
runoff but are susceptible to spills, leaks, or other
chemical discharges.
5G30 Special Drainage Wells - are used for disposing water
from sources other than direct precipitation. Examples
of this well type include: landslide control drainage
wells, potable water tank overflow drainage wells,
swimming pool drainage wells, and lake level control
drainage wells.
GEOTHERMAr ., REINJECTION WELLS
5A5 Electric Power Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal
fluids used to generate electric power — deep wells.
5A6 Direct Heat Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal
fluids used to provide heat for large buildings or
developments — deep wells.
5A7 Heat Pump/Air Conditioning Return Flow Wells — reinject
groundwater used to heat dr cool a building in a heat
pump or air conditioning system - shallow wells.
5A8 Groundwater Aquaculture Return Flow Wells — reinject
groundwater or geothermal fluids used to support
aquaculture. Non—geothermal aquaculture disposal wells
are also included in this category (e.g. Marine
aquariums in Hawaii use relatively cool sea water).
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TABLE 1 (CONT.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES (CONT.)
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
DOMESTIC WAST VJATER DISPOSAL WELLS
5W9 Untreated Sewage Waste Disposal Wells — receive raw
sewage wastes from pumping trucks or other vehicles
which collect such wastes from single or multiple
sources. (No treatment)
5W10 Cesspools - including multiple dwelling, community, or
regional cesspools, or other devices that receive
wastes and which must have an open bottom and sometimes
have perforated sides. Must serve greater than 20
persons per day if receiving solely sanitary wastes.
(Settling of solids)
5W11 Septic Systems (Undifferentiated disposal method) — are
used to inject the waste or effluent from a multiple
dwelling, business establishment, community, or
regional septic tank. Must serve greater than 20
persons per day if receiving solely sanitary wastes.
(Primary Treatment)
5W31 Septic Systems (Well Disposal Method) — are used to
inject the waste or effluent from a multiple dwelling,
business establishment, community or regional septic
tank. Examples of wells include, actual wells, seepage
pits, cavitettes, etc. The largest surface dimension
is less than or equal to the depth dimension. Must
serve greater than 20 persons per day if receiving
solely sanitary wastes. (Less treatment per square
area than 5W32)
5W32 Septic Systems (Drainfield Disposal Method) - are used
to inject the waste or effluent from a multiple
dwelling, business establishment, community or regional
septic tank. Examples of drainfields include drain or
tile lines and trenches. Must serve more than 20
persons per day if receiving solely sanitary wastes.
(More treatment per square area than 5W31)
5W12 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Disposal
Wells — dispose of treated sewage or domestic effluent
from small package plants up to large municipal
treatment plants. (Secondary or further treatment)
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TABLE 1 (CONT.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES (CONT.)
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
MINERAL AND FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY RELATED WELLS
5X13 Mining, Sand, or Other Backfill Wells - are used to
inject a mixture of fluid and sand, mill tailings, and
other solids into mined out portions of subsurface
mines whether what is injected is a radioactive waste
or not. Also includes special wells used to control
mine fires and acid mine drainage wells.
5X14 Solution Mining Wells - are used for in-situ solution
mining in conventional mines, such as stopes leaching.
5X15 In-situ Fossil Fuel Recovery Wells - are used for in—
situ recovery of coal, lignite, oil shale, and tar
sands.
5Xl6 Spent—Brine Return Flow Wells — are used to reinject
spent brine into the same formation from which it was
withdrawn after extraction of halogens or their salts.
OIL FIELD PRODUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS
5X17 Air Scrubber Waste Disposal Wells — inject wastes from
air scrubbers used to remove sulfur from crude oil
which is burned in steam generation for thermal oil
recovery projects. (If injection is used directly for
enhanced recovery and not just disposal it is a Class
II well.)
5Xl8 Water Softener Regeneration Brine Disposal Wells —
inject regeneration wastes from water softeners which
are used to improve the quality of brines used for
enhanced recovery. (If injection is used directly for
enhanced recovery and not just disposal it is a Class
II well.)
INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL/UTILITY DISPOSAL WELLS
5A19 Cooling Water Return Flow Wells — are used to inject
water which was used in a cooling process, both open
and closed loop processes.
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TABLE 1 (CONT.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES (CONT.)
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
5W20 Industrial Process Water and Waste Disposal Wells — are
used to dispose of a wide variety of wastes and waste-
waters from industrial, commercial, or utility
processes. Industries include refineries, chemical
plants, smelters, pharmaceutical plants, laundromats
and dry cleaners, tanneries, laboratories, petroleum
storage facilities, electric power generation plants,
car washes, electroplating industries, etc.
5X28 Automobile Service Station Disposal Wells — inject
wastes from repair bay drains at garages, service
stations, new car dealerships, motorpools, etc.
RECHARGE WELLS
5R21 Aquifer Recharge Wells — are used to recharge depleted
aquifers and may inject fluids from a variety of
sources such as lakes, streams, domestic wastewater
treatment plants, other aquifers, etc.
5B22 Saline Water Intrusion Barrier Wells - are used to
inject water into fresh water aquifers to prevent
intrusion of salt water into fresh water aquifers.
5S23 Subsidence Control Wells — are used to inject fluids
into a non—oil or gas producing zone to reduce or
eliminate subsidence associated with overdraft of fresh
water and not used for the purpose of oil or natural
gas production.
MISCELLANEOUS WELLS
5N24 Radioactive Waste Disposal Wells — include all
radioactive waste disposal wells other than Class IV
wel 1 S.
5X25 Experimental Technology Wells - include wells used in
experimental or unproven technologies such as pilot
scale in—situ solution mining wells in previously
unmined areas.
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TABLE 1 (CONT.)
CLASS V INJECTION WELL TYPES (CONT.)
WELL
CODE NAME OF WELL TYPE AND DESCRIPTION
5X26 Aquifer Remediation Related Wells - include wells used
to prevent, control, or remediate aquifer pollution,
including but not limited to Superfund sites.
5X29 Abandoned Drinking Water Wells - include abandoned
drinking water wells which are used for disposal of
waste.
5X27 Other Wells — include any other unspecified Class V
wells.
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brine return flow wells (5A26), air scrubber and water softener
regeneration brine disposal wells (5X17, 5X18), some cooling
water return flow wells (5A19), some industrial process water and
waste disposal wells (5W20), sane aquifer recharge wells (5R21),
salt water intrusion barrier wells (5B22), subsidence control
wells (5S23), •radioactive waste disposal wells (5N24),
experimental technology wells (5X25), and aquifer remediation
wells (5X26).
CONTENT OF REPORT
Section 2 of this report contains inspection tips for each
type of Class V injection well. After the well—type listing and
description, potential inspection contacts or information sources
are presented. Also given are well—type specific questions and
peculiarities or potential programs associated with each well
type.
Section 3 provides general questions and information which
could be used when an inspector has no knowledge of site
activities or of the type(s) of Class V injection wells on site.
Section 4 contains several inspection checklists which could be
used (or modified for tailored use) during site inspections.
TYPES OF INSPECTIONS
Several types of injection well inspections can be
conducted, depending on the Agency’s objectives: enforcement,
routine, witness mechanical integrity testing, witness plugging
and abandonment, reconnaissance, assessment—level, etc. The
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primary types of inspections conducted at Class V facilities have
historically included: reconnaissance-level inspections (basic
information gathering); verification-level (verify info given in
state or local permit applications); assessment—level (gather
info necessary to assess groundwater contamination potential);
and enforcement-level (gather info necessary to prove Class IV
hazardous waste injection or Class V endangerment).
The simplest type of inspection is the reconnaissance-level
inspection. Very few details about the injection operation are
recorded at this type of investigation. These inspections are
conducted when the purpose is to find out “what’s out there.”
Examples include initial (multi-purpose/multi—program)
inspections at federal• facilities and area—wide drainage well
surveys (primarily to build inventories and look for potential
misuse). The first two inspection checklists in Section 4 of
this report are examples of reconnaissance—level forms and
present the types of data which should be collected. Also note
that both forms have space for the inspector to note if a follow-
up inspection is necessary.
An intermediate level of data are collected at verification-
level inspections. This type of investigation is possible when
the injection facility is operating under a permit (e.g. state
agency permit) and considerable dat a is on file with the facility
permit application. Similar to routine Class II well
inspections, the inspector should review the facility permit
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application information prior to inspecting the facility. The
am intent of inspection would then be to verify the previously
submitted information and look for compliance with permit
specifications. Although inspection checklists have not been
developed specifically for verification level investigations the
third and fourth checklists in Section 4 (one for low—tech wells
and one for high-tech wells could be used (may need some
modification). The inspector should fill out the form to the
degree possible before inspection and complete the form during
inspection, noting any differences in the application information
and the actual facility operation.
Both assessment and enforcement—level inspections entail
collecting, verifying, or generating extensive information about
Class V facilities during inspections. Assessment-level
inspections are conducted when nothing is known about a certain
well type or facility and the impact of the well’s or well type t s
discharges on groundwater quality must be determined.
Enforcement-level inspections are conducted when a facility is
suspected of injecting hazardous waste (Class IV enforcement) or
may present endangerment to USDW (although hazardous waste is not
injected). Injectate (or groundwater or soil) sampling and
analysis may be necessary to determine the impact of such
injection practices on groundwater quality. Site investigations
at this level, and especially those including sampling, must be
well prepared and coordinated in advance, including preparing
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sample and safety plans, planning with legal counsel, etc. The
last four checklists in Section 4 of this report are examples
(for both high and low-tech wells) which present the type and
amount of data needed during an assessment or enforcement-level
inspection. Depending on the facility, it may not be possible to
obtain all listed information, at least not from the facility.
It may be necessary to gather missing data from state or local
agencies or through’extensive site investigations.
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SECTION 2
INSPECTION TIPS BY CLASS V WELL TYPE
ENERAL
This section presents several general questions or tips
which are applicable to most or all of the Class V well types.
These should be asked at each inspection site. In addition,
tips, questions, and problems are presented for each specific
well type.
General Questions/Tips - Are there any nearby potable water,
industrial, or irrigation water supply wells, (including
abandoned wells)? [ If so, determine if they are completed in the
same formation as any identified Class V wells.] Are there any
kind of injection wells nearby? Is the facility connected to
sanitary and/or storm sewers? If so, is the use of sewers
available for all wastes generated? Are septic systems or
cesspools used? How is storm water handled? (Obtain all
available details concerning well construction including depth,
date of construction, casing and screen type, all logs, etc.]
What are injection rates and volumes? How often does injection
occur? Is injectate treated or filtered prior to injection? (If
yes, obtain a description of the treatment or filtration
process.] Have there been any problems with the wells (clogging,
caving, etc.)? If yes, please describe. What type of
maintenance, if any, does the owner/operator perform or performed
on the wells? At what frequency? What is done with any debris
removed from the well(s) during maintenance? Are any of the
injection wells permitted? If so, by what agency?
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DRAINAGE WELLS
5F1 Agricultural Drainage Wells — receive irrigation tailwaters,
other field drainage, animal yard, feedlot or dairy runoff,
etc.
Inspection Contacts — Farmer (Owner/Operator), SCS County
Agent, County Health Department Sanitarian or Inspector,
State Agriculture Department, State University (A&M).
Well-Type Specific Questions/Tips — Does the agricultural
drainage well receive surface and/or subsurface drainage
(subsurface drainage is collected by a buried tile field)?
How deep are the supply wells, if present? What kind of
nutrients and p sticides are used, and what are the
application rates? Do surface drainage waters flow over
land which could contribute high levels of microbial
contaminants (e.g., feed lots, barnyards, dairies, etc.)?
Has the drainage well ever been used for direct disposal of
wastes (such as pesticide rinsate, etc.)? Are septic
systems or cesspools used? If yes, continue questions for
septic systems and cesspools since effluent from these wells
could enter a nearby agricultural drainage well.
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Finding an inspection
contact may be difficult if not impossible. Getting
information from the inspection contact may be difficult.
Because these wells are often shallow, owners/operators may
not consider them “real wells”. These wells are also known
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as dry wells, pits, s mtps, drains, and other local “pet”
names. Construction and operation details along with other
specific information may not be readily available.
502 Storm Water Drainage Wells — receive storm water runoff
from paved areas including parking lots, streets, highways,
residential subdivisions, building roofs, etc.
Inspection Contacts — city engineer or planner, highway
department or department of transportation, building
inspector, maintenance supervisor, developer, land owner or
tenant, well driller.
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Are storm water
drainage wells utilized? May I inspect the storm water
drainage wells? (Note location of wells (with respect to
sources of contamination such as chemical storage and
handling areas, note condition of wells, figure apparent
drainage area and land use, tag bottom of well.] Is the
measured depth equivalent to total depth of the well, or is
the well backfil].ed with rock or gravel below casing? (Look
for inflow or outflow pipes and associated settling chambers
(catch basins) or wells hooked up in series (overflow), look
for evidence of illicit disposal or disposal of materials
other than storm water.] Have any spills or leaks flowed
to the storm water drainage wells? Is there a spill
containment/contingency plan?. What done with the debris
collected after cleaning/maintaining the wells?
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Peculiarities/potential Problems — Finding an inspection
contact may be difficult. Getting information from the
inspection contact may be difficult. Shallow wells like
these may. not be considered “real wells” and are also known
as dry wells, pits, sumps, and drains. Construction and
operation details and other specific information may not be
readily available. If you don’t already know that this is a
storm water drainage well, it may look just like a storm
sewer from the surface. Look for inflow/Outflow pipes and
riser pipes (top of injection casing) in the settling
chamber under the grate or manhole cover and nearby
connected chambers. Depending on what has drained into the
well, materials collected in the settling chamber or.the
well may be dangerous or toxic. If the well does not drain
properly, mosquitoes and other insects may be thriving in
the well or settling chamber. •Access to the well may
require special grate or lid removal tools; these can
usually be obtained from the city maintenance division.
5D4 Industrial Drainage Wells — are located in industrial areas
and primarily receive storm water runoff but are susceptible
to spills, leaks, or other chemical discharges.
Inspection Contacts — see description above for 5D2 wells.
Well Specific Questions/Tips — see above for 5D2 wells.
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — see above for 5D2 wells.
Industrial operators or land owners may be reluctant to
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provide information, especially if they have discharged
materials other than storm water runoff to the well.
5G30 Special Drainage Wells — are used for disposing fluids from
sources other than direct precipitation. Examples of this
well type include landslide control drainage wells, potable
water tank overflow drainage wells, swimming pool drainage
wells, lake level control drainage wells, and construction
dewatering drainage wells.
Inspection Contacts — city engineer, planner, construction
department (potable water tank overflow or construction
dewatering), developer, owner/operator, maintenance super-
visor (pool drainage), highway department or department of
transportation (landslide control or construction dewater-
ing).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Specific questions are
difficult to list due to the variable nature of this well
type. During inspections the inspector must initially
determine use of wells, type and volume of injected fluids,
and construction details of wells to correctly subcategorize
well (see examples of well types listed above).
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — The inventory database
for these wells is very limited at present and needs to be
developed further. Because of this, inspection tips other
than routine procedures are limited — use common sense!
intuition. Use and location of these wells will not gener-
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ally be obvious or often talked about. Swimming pool owners
may not know whether their pool drains to the sewer system
or a well.
5D3 Improved Sinkholes — receive storm water runoff from
developments located in karst terrain and may also receive
any other fluid (e.g. agricultural drainage, industrial
waste fluids, etc.)
Inspection Contacts — city engineer or planner (and others
listed for 5D2 wells), farmer or county SCS agent (and
others listed for 5F1 wells), local sanitariari or land owner
(and others listed for 5W9—11, 31, 32 wells), plant manager,
environmental coordinator, or maintenance supervisor (and
others listed for 5W12 and 5W20 wells).
Well-Type Specific Questions/Tips — What has been done to
improve the sinkhole(s) (e.g. put pipe in sinkhole throat,
installed grate to restrain debris, etc.)? What fluids are
disposed in the sinkhole? Are there any interconnected
sinkholes in the area (other sinkholes may back up and flood
due to this sinkhole’s improvements)? Has there been any
rapid development of other sinkholes or further development
of this sinkhole since it has been improved? Are any nearby
surface water bodies connected to the sinkhole or sinkhole
sys t em?
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peculiarities/Potential Problems — the Agency has not
defined precisely what constitues an improved sinkhole. The
inspector should be aware of this but still maintain keen
observation for intentional discharge of fluids into
sinkholes. Hopefully, this gray area will be better defined
as more site, specific data is gathered and reported. The
owner or operator may not consider the improved sinkhole to
be a well and, thus, without direct questioning, may not
provide useful information. For more information on
improved sinkholes, please contact Ms. Lorraine Council at
Engineering Enterprises, Inc.’s Norman, Oklahoma office.
GEOTHERMAL REINJECTION WELLS
5A5 Electric Power Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal
fluids used to generate electric power — deep wells.
Inspection Contacts — operator, company environmental
coordinator, state agency (e.g., Division of Oil & Gas),
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (operations on federal
land), department of minerals and energy (state level).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What type of electric
power generation process is used at this facility (e.g.,
binary method, dry steam, or dual flash system)? Could a
synopsis of the operation be provided, especially with
regard to the injection facilities and what changes the
geothermal fluids are subject to before injection? Is
injection into the same geothermal reservoir as production?
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Note: This line of questioning could be continued to cover
many more aspects of geothermal injection. For more
specific guidance, please contact Mr. Gary Cipriano or Mr.
Mike Quillin at Engineering Enterprises, Inc.’s Norman, OK
office.
peculiarities/Potential Problems — Chances are that there
will not be many, if any, 5A5 wells in EPA Region V because
it is not a thermally active area (most wells are in the
western U.S.). Many operators (and state regulatory
agencies holding records) will claim confidentiality of
information, especially geologic data. Most injection wells
are regulated, along with rest of the facility, under state
programs or the BL 1 M (federal leases). Regulation and
information required by permits will vary from agency to
agency (so will cooperation). A considerable amount of data
and information should generally be available for 5A5 wells
where they exist.
5A6 Direct Heat Reinjection Wells — reinject geothermal fluids
used to provide heat for large buildings or developments -
deep or shallow wells.
Inspection Contacts — operator or maintenance supervisor,
utility representative or state utility board, developer or
local planner/engineer, BLM (federal leases).
Well-Type Specific Questions/Tips — Does the direct heat
system use dowrihole or surface heat exchangers? Is the
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geothermal fluid piped to a central facility or to many
buildings! facilities? Is information available on analyses
of geothermal fluids, etc? Note: As for 5A5 wells, this
line of questioning could be continued to cover many more
aspects of geothermal injection. Please contact Mr. Gary
CipriarlO or Mr. Mike Quillin at EEl’s Norman, OK office.
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Some direct heat facili—
•ties are considered by the state to be utilities. Regula—
tiori of these wells varies from state to state and may be
dependent on volumes of heat-spent fluid injected. Where
these wells are actively regulated (e.g., permitted), a
large information database should exist. None of these
wells has been inventoried in EPA Region V yet, and future
use of these wells in Region V is expected to be limited or
non-exis tent.
SAl Heat Pump/Air Conditioning Return Flow Wells - reinject
groundwater used to heat or cool a building by a heat pump
or air conditioning system.
Inspection Contacts — home owner (residential systems),
developer, local planner or engineer, maintenance supervisor
(large systems like in shopping malls), heat pump installer
or contractor.
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Does the groundwater
pump utilize an open-loop system or a closed-loop system?
(Note that some heat pump systems are installed with
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subsurface closed—loop circulation sys tems. Inj ection wells
are not utilized with systems such as this, since water is
recirculated.] Does the system have an injection well for
fluid discharge (as opposed to surface discharge or drain
tile systems)? Are additives used in the system? Is
injection into the same formation as withdrawal?
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Closed-loop, earth-
coupled heat pumps are not injection wells. The closed-loop
exchanger is filled just one time with water or some other
fluid which is continuously circulated in the buried
vertical loop. Many states may have well construction
standards such as requiring surface grouting around both
production and injection wells. Water may be injected into
a zone other than the supply zone.
5A8 Aquaculture Return Flow Wells — reinject groundwater or
geothermal fluids used to support aquaculture. Non—
geothermal aquaculture disposal wells are also included in
this category (e.g., marine aquariums in Hawaii use rela-
tively cool sea water).
Inspection Contacts — owner/operator (fish farms and
hatcheries), state department of land and natural resources
or health department (many facilities are state operated —
DNR in Indiana owns/operates fish hatcheries), state fish
and game or recreation departments. The U.S. Fish &
Wildlife Service also owns and operates fish hatcheries.
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Well-TYPe Specific Questions/Tips — What is the source of
water used in the aquaculture operation? Is the water
system a continUOUS once—through system or is the water
recycled several times before disposal? What is the
specific disposal method (via injection wells, surface
disposal, or- sewer system)? Are additives used in the
aquarium water and, if so, what is used, how much, etc.?
peculiarities/Potential Problems — Conune rci al aquacul ture
facility owners may be leery of inspectors and may think you
are a competitor trying to find out his operational secrets
(this has happened before). Surface water disposal is much
easier than injection because the wastewater can easily clog
the injection well and/or formation. In the absence of
surface water, aquaculture wastewater may be injected to the
subsurface or percolated in ponds. The only inventoried 5A8
wells are located in Hawaii where the injection zones are
extremely permeable.
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER DISPOSAL WELLS
5W9 Untreated Sewage Waste Disposal Wells — receive raw sewage
wastes from pumping trucks or other vehicles which collect
such wastes from one or more sources; also receive wastes
directly injected from facilities (e.g., injection into
abandoned mines, lava tubes, cavern systems).
5W10 Cesspools — include multiple-family dwelling, community, or
regional cesspools, or other devices which receive wastes
and which must have an open bottom and sometimes have
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perforated sides. Must serve more than 20 persons per day
if receiving solely sanitary wastes.
5W11 Septic Systems (undifferentiated disposal methods) — receive
waste or effluent from a multiple-family dwelling, business
establishment, community, or regional establishment septic
tank. Must serve more than 20 persons per day if receiving
solely sanitary wastes.
5W31 Septic Systems (Well disposal method) — include, for
example, actual wells, seepage pits, cavitettes, etc. which
inject effluent from septic tank(s). The largest surface
dimension of the well is less than or equal to the depth
dimension. Must serve more than 20 persons per day if
receiving solely sanitary wastes.
5W32 Septic Systems (drainfield disposal method) — include, for
example, drain or tile lines, absorption mounds, and
trenches. Horizontal dimension(s) are greater than vertical
dimensions. Must serve more than 20 persons per day if
receiving solely sanitary wastes.
Inspection Contacts — Owner or property manager, maintenance
supervisor, city or county sanitarians (health department),
plant manager, maintenance supervisor, or environmental
coordinator (if large industrial facility).
Well-Type Specific Questions/Tips — How are sewage wastes
disposed? (If a septic system is used, ascertain what kind
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of disposal system is used (e.g., drainfield, cavitette,
etc.).] Is the septic tank or cesspool pumped out
periodically? Who pumps out the facility, and where do the
pumping wastes go? Are any chemicals used to “treat” the
septic system? Does the system receive any wastes other
than sanitarY wastes? (Find out all sources of waste, e.g.,
lab drains, toilets, etc.] Have there seen any problems
with the system? What is the capacity of the system?
peculiarities/Potential Problems — Many owners may not have
a clue as to what kind of sewage disposai system they have,
and any records may have “disappeared.” Sewage waste
disposal wells may receive wastes other than sanitary
wastes, especially at industrial or commercial facilities.
Owner/operators may be hesitant to tell you about this or
may even lie about it (this has happened). Access to the
wellS may be difficult or impossible without exhuming the
systems. Sampling to detect wastes other than sanitary
wastes may be difficult because of construction features.
If cesspools or septic systems are exhumed for sampling,
dangerous levels of gases such as methane or hydrogen
sulfide may be present.
5W12 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Disposal Wells
— dispose of treated sewage or domestic effluent from small
package plants up to large municipal treatment plants
(treatment should be secondary or further).
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Inspection Contacts — plant operator or manager, city public
works department, local or state health department.
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Please describe the
plant’s treatment process and operation. (Try to get a tour
of the plant as the contact describes the processes.] What
level of treatment is provided and does the plant
consistently achieve this treatment level? Are effluent
analyses available? Have any problems occurred injecting
this volume? (Continue on with questions as per the high—
tech inspection checklists (Section 4 of this report).]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Sewage treatment plant
(STP) effluent disposal wells may serve a secondary purpose
of recharging depleted aquifers or acting as a hydraulic
barrier to salt water intrusion. In some cases, disposal
may be the secondary purpose and recharge may be the primary
purpose. Sewage treatment plants generally experience
periods where treatment processes are not adequate to treat
wastes as designed. Many such injection facilities may hold
monitoring data on the injectate and possibly on the
groundwater quality; these data should be obtained if
possible. Some STP disposal wells need periodic maintenance
(e.g., acidizing wells). Maintenance records and descrip-
tions should be noted.
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MINER-AL AND FOSSIL FUEL RECOVERY RELATED WELLS
5X13 Mining, Sand, or Other Backfill Wells — inject a mixture of
fluid, sand, mill tailings, or other solids into mined out
portions of subsurface mines. Also includes special wells
used to control mine fires and acid mine drainage wells.
Inspection Contacts — mine operator/supervisor, environ-
mental coordinator or mine engineer, plant supervisor (sand
and gravel quarries).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What is the composition
of materials injected? How are the wells plugged and
abandoned? Does the state mining, minerals, or energy
department permit the wells, perhaps as part of an overall
mining project permit? (Obtain permit application data, or
note type of information and where it is available for
review.]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Some backfill wells have
a very short lifetime (2 — 3 days). Backfill wells can be
used for subsidence control, mining waste disposal, acid
mine drainage, and mine fire control.
5X14 Solution Mining Wells — are used for in situ solution mining
of conventionally mined areas, such as stopes leaching.
Inspection Contacts — mine operator, supervisor, or process
engineer, company environmental coordinator, state bureau of
mines, BL.M (federal leases).
2 — 15
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Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What minerals are you
producing and what is the lixiviant used in the mining
process? What zones are being mined? How many wells are
used to inject lixiviant? Are analyses of injected fluid
available? What percent of fluids are recovered (e.g.,
90%)? Are there any aquifers in the mining vicinity, and is
there a groundwater monitoring network? If so, are analyses
available? [ Proceed with questions from the high-tech well
inspection forms in Section 4 of this text.]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Solution mining opera-
tions may use both Class III and V injection wells. Class V
wells are those used in previously mined areas (by conven-
tional methods) or pilot—scale experimental projects.
Solution mining operations typically use several injection
wells, on the order of hundreds of wells. Often, these
operations will recover over 100% of fluids injected, which
indicates the mine is acting as a groundwater sump. Opera-
tors generally know exactly what they are injecting (part of
the process) and will reuse the lixiviant until it is
totally spent. Lixiviant chemistry will vary with the
mineral product to be mined but is typically a very acidic
or basic solution.
5X15 In Situ Fossil Fuel Recovery Wells — are used for in situ
recovery of coal, lignite, oil shale, and tar sands.
2 — 16
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Inspection Contacts. — plant supervisor or operator, company
environmental coordinator or process engineer, state depart-
ments of energy or minerals, BLM (federal leases).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What energy-related
product is the operation producing, and by what method is it
produced? [ If the operation is confidential or patent-
pending status, ask for at least a brief overview. Items to
note are: 1) what is produced, 2) what is injected, 3) how
many wells over what three-dimensional area are used, 4)
what is left in the burn zone, 5) whether the project has a
groundwater monitoring network in place, 6) whether the
project (as a whole) is permitted or regulated by some
federal or state agency and 7) what was required for a
permit application (should review permit material).]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Very few, if any, of
these type of projects are currently operating, due to the
economic situation. Other federal agencies, such as the
Department of Energy (DOE) or Bureau of Land Management
(BLM) may be more involved in regulating projects such as
these; however, these agencies probably are regulating the
entire project and not just the injection well part of the
project. Development of coal and lignite appears to be more
likely than developnent of oil shale or tar sand in Region V
(in situ processing).
2 — 17
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5X16 Spent Brine Return Flow Wells — reinject spent brine into
the same formation from which it was withdrawn after extrac-
tion of halogens or their salts.
Inspection Contacts — operator or company environmental
coordinatot, state agency (e.g., oil and gas division,
corporation commission).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Which halogens or salts
are being extracted? Is injection into the same horizon
from which production is occurring? (Examine production
volumes and injection volumes. Be wary of high injection
volumes which would indicate other fluids (e.g., process
wastewater) may be injected in the spent brine stream.
Proceed with either the high—tech well inspection form
(Section 4 of this text) or with a verification—type Class
II inspection (once the permit application data has been
examined).]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — These wells are very
similar in construction and operation to Class II wells and
most are permitted by state agencies. Some states regulate
5X16 wells as either Class I, II, or III wells and require
permits for operation. In such a case, permit application
records should be reviewed before inspection, and the
inspection should be verification or routine level. Some
Arkansas 5X16 operators have been discovered to dispose of
other process wastewater along with the spent-brine, a
practice which, according to USEPA HQ, is illegal.. Casing,
2 — 18
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tubing, and other construction features are susceptible to
corrosion from the briries disposed.
OIL FIELD PRODUCTION WASTE DISPOSAL WELLS
5X17 Air Scrubber Waste Disposal Wells — inject wastes from air
scrubbers used to remove sulfur from crude oil which is
burned in steam generation for thermal oil recovery
projects. (If injection is used directly for enhanced
recovery and not just for disposal it is a Class II
injection well.)
5X18 Water Softener Regeneration Brine Disposal Wells — inject
regeneration wastes from water softeners which are used to
improve the quality of brines used for enhanced oil
recovery. (If injection is for enhanced oil recovery and
not just disposal it is a Class II injection well.)
Inspection Contacts — well operator or company environmental
coordinator, state oil and gas regulatory agency.
Well-Type Specific Questions — For air scrubber wells, what
are the approximate relative percentages of scrubber liquor,
regeneration brine, and produced water that are commingled
for injection? Are injectate analyses available? Similar-
ly, for regeneration brine disposal wells, what are the
approximate relative percentages of regeneration brine and
produced water? Is cogeneration a part of the overall oper—
ation? If so, what processes are involved? (This is impor-
tant primarily for inventory purposes.) Is the system fired
2 — 19
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by crude oil or natural gas? (This will aid in determining
air scrubber waste constituent types and Concentrations.)
Is the injection zone hydrocarbon productive? (This may be
important for future aquifer exemptions.) What is the
cation exchange medium used in the water softener, and how
of ten is it replaced? Is there a plot available showing
origins and holding facilities for all wastes that are
commingled prior to injection?
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Reclassification of 5X17
and 5X18 injection wells to Class II wells is currently
being considered by USEPA Headquarters. However, these
wells will be treated as Class V wells until notification
otherwise by USEPA HQ. Waste streams will be commingled
either at the wellhead or at a central storage facility.
This is important to note if waste stream sampling is
anticipated. If wastes are commingled at a central holding
tank, sampling can be conducted under low pressure
conditions. However, if commingling occurs at the welihead,
accurate characterization of the waste stream will require
sampling at the welihead. This may involve the use of high
pressure welihead sampling equipment. One strategy behind
injection of these wastes may be for enhanced oil recovery
purposes, which would make such injection Class II. It is
important to identify the operator’s intentions so that
differentiation between Class II and V disposal practices
can be made.
2 — 20
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INDUSTRIAL/COM14ERCIALIUTILITY DISPOSAL WELLS
5A19 Cooling Water Return Flow Wells — inject water which has
been used in a cooling process and include contact systems
and open- and closed—loop processes.
Inspection Contacts — plant manager, supervisor, or environ-
mental cooxdinator (large industries), plant maintenance
supervisor, owner/operator, building safety inspector.
Well-Type Specific Questions/Tips — What products are
manufactured at this facility? What processes are employed
to make the products? What wastes are generated from each
process? What is done with the wastes? Which processes
require the use of cooling water? Are any of the waste
streams commingled with the spent-cooling water? What type
of cooling water system is used (e.g., contact, open—loop,
or closed-loop)? What is the source of supply water? Are
any chemical additives used? Is there a scale problem and,
j so, how is it removed? If so, what is used, for what
reason, and how much is used? (Inspect the entire cooling
system and return flow well(s). Look for any pipes which do
not originate from the cooling system but lead to the
circulation system or return flow well, and ask for the
source of each pipe. Ask to see all waste handling/storage
areas.] Does the facility have a spill containment/
contigency plan?.
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Wastes other than spent
cooling water may be injected along with cooling water. If
2 — 21
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a contact system or open-loop system is used, there is a
Possibility that contaminants may enter the spent cooling
water. The type of system and its integrity should be
checked during inspection. Water may be injected into a
zone other than the supply zone.
5W20 Industrial Process Water and Waste Disposal Wells — dispose
of a large variety of wastes and wastewaters from industri-
al, commercial, and utility processes. Examples of indus-
trial, commercial, and utility facilities include ref in—
eries, chemical plants, smelters, pharmaceutjcai plants,
lauridromats, dry cleaners, tanneries, laboratories, petro-
leum storage facilities, electric power generation plants,
car washes, electroplating shops, funeral homes, etc.
Inspection Contacts — plant supervisor or manager, environ-
mental coordinator (large industries), plant supervisor or
owner/operator (small industries), maintenance supervisor,
building safety inspector.
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What products are made
or what services are provided? What processes are employed
to make the products? What wastes are generated from each
process? What is done with these wastes? May I see the
waste storage/handling areas? Is there a spill containment!
contingency plan? Are there any floor drains in the process
areas or waste handling/storage areas? Are any wastes,
other tha•n sanitary wastes, discharged into the sewage
2 — 22
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disposal system (e.g. lab chemicals, etc.)? Are any wastes
scharged into or could any waste potentially enter the
storm water runoff drainage wells? Is equipment (such as
trucks, heavy machinery, etc.) washed at the facility? If
so, what types of cleaners are used, and how is the rinsate
disposed? Are any storm water drainage wells susceptible to
injection of rinsate? Is there an aquifer remediation
project on site? If so, does it utilize injection/recharge
wells as part of the system? Is a cooling water system
used? If so, is the spent cooling water injected? Is there
a groundwater or vadose zone monitoring system on site? If
so, is any monitoring data available? Is any waste
discharged to pits, wells, or leach lines? Are any
injectate analyses available?
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Many owner/operators will
be hesitant to provide such information on their waste dis-
posal wells. Many industries mix their waste streams. Many
industries use dual purpose wells (e.g., sewage waste dis-
posal or storm water runoff wells). Some of these wells may
actually be Class IV hazardous waste disposal wells.
Appropriate sampling and analysis is required to determine
if Class IV waste disposal is practiced. Keen observation
is warranted at all industrial site inspections. This is
especially important for facilities where the inspection
contact is hesitant to provide information.
2 — 23
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5X28 Automobile Service Station Disposal Wells — inject wastes
from repair bay drains or other floor drains at service
stations, garages, car dealerships, etc.
Inspection Contacts — manager of station (gas stations and
garages), maintenance or repair supervisor (automobile
dealers).
Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — Does the facility have
a recycling/reuse or waste management system in place? If
so, please describe. How are the repair bay wastes managed
or disposed? Is an oil/water separator, or other grease
trap device used to remove oils before disposal of wastes
into the injection well? What type of injection well is
used (e.g., dry well, septic system, cesspool. drainage
well, etc.)? Are there any plunibing plans for the disposal
system? May I see the plans? Does the facility have a car
wash? If so, how is the car wash effluent disposed and what
cleaners are used? Is the station area hosed down? If so,
where does the floor/lot drainage water go? How many cars
are serviced daily? Specifically name all wastes and
describe the associated disposal practice. (Observe setting
and determine if any other wastes can be or have been
injected into the on—site disposal well(s).]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Many gasoline station
and garage owners may not have knowledge or records on their
disposal systems. Intensive detailed questioning may pro-
vide some answers which were not easily answered before.
2 — 24
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Many facilities may use dual purpose wells (e.g., cesspools ,
septic systems, and storm runoff drainage wells). The
inspector may have to check city records to determine if the
station is sewered or not. This may be a tedious task. All
legal implications of inspecting such facilities, especially
at stations é’wned or leased by major oil companies, should
be reviewed before any inspections are conducted. Some
wastes injected by such facilities may be Class IV hazardous
wastes. All such sampling and analysis must be carefully
undertaken, especially if enforcement actions are anticipa-
ted.
RECHARGE WELLS
5R21 Aquifer Recharge Wells — recharge depleted aquifers and may
inject fluids from a variety of sources such as lakes,
streams, domestic wastewater (sewage) treatment plants,
other aquifers, etc.
5B22 Saline Water Intrusion Barrier Wells — inject water into
fresh water aquifers to prevent intrusion of salt water into
fresh water aquifers.
5S23 Subsidence Control Wells — inject fluids into a non-oil or
gas producing zone to reduce or eliminate subsidence
associated with overdraft of fresh water.
Inspection Contacts — owner/operator (e.g., flood control
district), state agency (e.g., Water Resources Division),
consulting engineer.
2 — 25
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Well—Type Specific Questions/Tips — What is the source and
quality of injected fluids? Do these wells serve a
secondary purpose such as sewage treatment plant effluent
disposal? Which aquifer is being recharged? What is the
injection zone? Please present an overview of the recharge
project including specific details on the injection portion
of the project. Is there a groundwater monitoring and/or
injectate monitoring system on site? If so, may I review
the periodic/continuous analyses? Is this project regulated
by a local or state agency?
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Define the purpose of the
injection project (e.g., recharge, salt water barrier, or
subsidence control). Determine any secondary uses of
system. Many of these projects are under jurisdiction of a
local or state agency. This is primarily due to the fact
that most such projects inject directly into USDW. Some of
these projects may be operated irresponsibly with regard to
injectate water quality.
MISCELLANEOUS WELLS
5N24 Radioactive Waste Disposal Wells — include all radioactive
waste disposal wells other than Class IV wells (Class V
radioactive disposal wells include those injecting deeper
than the lowermost USDW).
Inspection Contacts — environmental coordinator, company
process engineer, or waste disposal supervisor, Department
2 — 26
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of Energy (DOE), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), or
Department of Defense (DOD) official.
Well—type Specific Questions/Tips — What specifically is
injected and what is the fluid quality and quantity? Please
delineate all aquifers (USDW) nearby with respect to the
injection zone (to determine if this is a Class IV or V
well).
peculiarities/Potential Problems — Very little is currently
known about 5N24 wells. Any 5N24 site inspection should be
conducted only after careful planning and coordination with
USEPA and the facility owner/operator or other
representative.. Although USEPA ’s motive would be to obtain
all site specific assessment level information, the health
and safety of field inspectors is paramount. Coordination
with other regulatory agencies such as DOE and NRC is
crucial. More details on inspecting 5N24 wells will be
developed as more is understood about these wells.
5X25 Experimental Technology Wells — are used in experimental or
unproven technologies such as pilot scale in situ solution
mining wells in previously unmined areas, tracer studies,
secondary water recovery, thermal storage, etc.
Inspection Contacts — site specific (will have to play by
ear), project supervisor or environmental coordinator.
2 — 27
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Well—type Specific Questions/Tips - Please explain project
and the specific usage of injection wells. What type and
quality of fluids are injected? Does the facility have a
groundwater or injectate quality monitoring system on site?
(Proceed with assessment level inspection questions (see
checklists in Section 4 of this text).)
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — This is an unlimited,
diverse class of injection wells which require specific
questioning to determine use and purpose, threat to
groundwater quality, etc. If the wells are associated with
in situ solution mining, aquifer remediation, underground
coal gasification, or in situ oil shale/tar sands retorting,
proceed with reviewing tips presented for these well types,
respectively. Some owner/operators may consider these
associated technologies as experimental. Very little is
known about other experimental technologies using injection
wells; thus, assessment level inspections are warranted.
5X26 Aquifer Remediation Related Wells — inject fluids to
prevent, control, or remediate aquifer pollution, including
but not limited to wells at Superfund sites.
Inspection Contacts — company environmental coordinator,
plant manager, or project engineer, state agency (e.g.,
Departments of Water Resources, Health, etc.).
Well—type Specific Questions/Tips — What contaminant(s)
is(are) being recovered by the reinediation system? Please
2 — 28
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detail the remediation system specifics. Are any treatments
used before the recovered groundwater is reinjected? If so,
please detail. What is the source, quality, and quantity of
injected fluids? Is there a groundwater or injectate
monitoring system on site? May I review the system reports
and periodic .analyses? How effective has the system been to
date? Is the project under regulatory authority of any
federal, state, or local agency? If so, please detail. (A
tour of the system and each component, complete with
explanation, is in order.]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Each system is site
specific. Inspection questions should be developed for each
facility to compensate for site specific conditions. Any
federal, local, or state regulatory agency overseeing the
remediation system should be identified and coordinated with
during site investigations. Depending on the site and the
stage of rernediation in place, it may not be practical or
necessary to treat recovered groundwater before injection.
This is true for facilities where hydrocarbon contamination
is being remediated; at such sites, the “free hydrocarbon”
(source) is first removed before further groundwater
treatment can effectively be conducted.
5X29 Abandoned Drinking Water Wells - include those abandoned
water wells which are used intentionally for the disposal of
wastes.
2 — 29
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Inspection Contacts — owner/operator (including land owner),
SCS county agents, local or county sanitarians.
Well—Specific Questions/Tips — Are there any other abandoned
water supply (potable, irrigation, or process water) wells
on site? Are the wells properly plugged and abandoned? If
not, are any wastes, intentionally or unintentionally,
discharged to the wells? If so, please specify type,
quantity, and quality of fluids injected. How long and by
whom has this injection been occurring? Have any nearby
water wells have been affected or have had any water quality
changes? (Inspect all wells, including the abandoned water
wells, on or near site.]
Peculiarities/Potential Problems — Finding out about such
wells is difficult. Most cases of abandoned wells being
used for waste disposal come from citizen complaints or
anonymous telephone calls. The state or local water
resources agency or health departments may be aware of such
practices.
5X27 Other Wells — any other unspecified Class V wells. Well
type/purpose and injected fluids must be specified. Use
your best judgment on inspections, based on above listed
suggestions.
2 — 30
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SECTION 3
GENERAL CLASS V WELL INSPECTION TIPS
This section is intended to provide some guidance for
inspection situations where the inspector has no prior knowledge
of the type of Class V well(s) which might be present and little
or no information about the type of activities or manufacturing
processes occurring at a given inspection site. In this case the
initial step in the inspection process is to obtain a description
of the type of activities occurring on—site from the contact
person. This should include descriptions of processes and
wastes generated from each process. The inspector should ask the
general questions listed below to help determine what wastes or
fluids are generated on site, keeping in mind what the facility
business is.
What is the nature of business at this facility? What
L)hat strcans praJuc.cJ # f .11.h
products or services are provided?fl (Have contact person list
each waste stream and its ulitmate fate (e.g., well disposal,
sewer disposal, recycled, etc.).] How is storm water handled on
site (e.g., by storm sewer disposal, by drainage well disposal,
etc.)? Is this facility connected to a sanitary sewer system?
Does the facility dispose of sewage wastes in the sewer or by an
on—site system like a cesspool or septic system? Is the use of
sewers available for all wastes generated? If not, are wastes
other than sanitary wastes disposed in the on—site systems or by
some other means? Please specify for each waste stream. Is an
aquifer remediation (clean—up) project operating at the facility?
3—1
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If so, are injection wells used in the system? Does the facility
heating/air conditioning system utilize groundwater and, if so,
oes the system have reinjection wells associated with it? Are
there any nearby potable water, industrial, or irrigation water
supply wells (including abandoned water wells)? [ At this point
it may be worthwh-ile to review the listing of Class V injection
well types.] Are there any other kind of injection wells known
to operate nearby?
Once this information has been obtained and as many of the
general questions have been answered, the inspector should ask
for a tour of the facility and to see the wells. A facility tour
is very important. During this tour, the inspector has the
opportunity to see any waste management facilities, examine
eneral site conditions, and to look for possible violations such
as sinks or floor drains plumbed into the wells. The inspector
should ask about anything that appears to have any potential to
contaminate the wells including chemicals stored nearby, floor
drains, catch basins, waste disposal practices, etc. It is not
uncommon to discover information that changes a well’s
classification during a facility tour (e.g., presence of floor
drains connected to a septic system which might result in
reclassification to a 5W20 industrial waste disposal well). It
is also not uncommon to discover additional wells, particularly
drainage wells, which were not originally declared by the
inspection contact.
3—2
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After all wells have been located and classified by type,
the inspector should attempt to obtain the information specific
to each well type identified (see Sections 2 and 4).
3—3
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SECTION 4
VARIOUS CLASS V INJECTION WELL INSPECTION CHECKLISTS
Six example inspection checklists are presented in this
section. The first two inspection forms could be used or
modified for us during reconnaissance—level inspections. The
last four checklists could be used or modified for use during
verification, assessment, or enforcement—level inspections and
reflect the generally greater amount of details needed for such
inspections. The third and fourth checklists (one for high-tech
and one for low-tech wells) ask for relatively less detail than
the fifth and sixth checklists and could be used for
verification-level inspections.
4—1
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RECONNAISSANCE-LEVEL INSPECTION CHECXLISTS
4—2
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FIELD INSPECTION REPORT
Field Inspectors irc ______________ Previous r.nspections yes — rio
________________ If yes, date Cs) __________
‘I ype of Inspection:
Date of Inspection: ________________ rrective action _____
Tine: ___________ - Caiplaint ____________
Type of Well: _______________________ CaTpliances ____________
Location of Well: ________________ Mech. mt. __________
NL ther of Wells: _________________ nstruction _________
Re—Work ________________
Reconnaissarxe _________
P&A ___________
Misc. C cplain) _______
c IP DA
F? LITf INPD1 ? I’ION L L QIJNER
rR r_____ ___
aT’I/sr,zIP _______________________ a T’i isr/zip _____________
PHOI€ MD: ________________________ PHO E NO: ______________
N1 AC P SON: __________________ NI’AC1 P SON: ________
LOCATED D4 T NS} P _____,_RMGE _____, S ION _____, arR SEX TION
______ ;r FR 4 ______ L,fl E MD
__ r PR i __
OR LATflWE _____ LO I’fl]DE
•1
‘l s
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TYPES ?ND NT3.’BERS OF C ?SS V D JECr N w y.r..g OPERATED :
DRA GE WELLS
A icult al Drainage Wells
St n Water Drainage Wells
Irn oved Sinkholes
Ithustria3. Drainage Wells
Special Drainage wells
(specify) ___________________
‘r -E AL REThUEC ION WELLS
ectric Po r Reinjection Wells ____
Direct Heat Reinjection Wells _____
H t iup/AC Return FlQ i Wells ____
acuiture Return Flcw Wells ____
€STIC WASTBIATER DISFOSAL WELLS
itreated Sewage Waste Disposal
Cesspool S
Septic Syst ns
(Ur i fferentiat 1) _____
Septic Systeus (Well Disposal) ____
Septic Systens
(Draix ield Disposal)
Wastewater ‘ ea rent Plant
fluent
ER? L ND FOSSIL FUEL RELATED
Mining, Sath, or Other BacJ il _____
Solution Mining Wells _____
In Situ Fbssil Fuel Recovery Wells ____
Spent Brine Return Flc.qr Wells
OIL FIELD E IXJC ION WASTE DIS SAL
Air Scz’. bber Waste Disposal
Water Softener Regeneration Brine
mws’rRI.AL/
Cooling Water Return ____
Ithustrial Process Water/Waste _____
(specify) ___________________________
Autan ile Seivice Station Waste
R.EQ A E WELLS
_____ uifer Rechar9e Wells
Saline ter Intrusion Barrier
Subside!re Control Wells
ffsc LLANEaJs
Radioactive Waste Disposal
cperiuental Technol o ’
(sped. fy) ______________
?quifer Ranediation
PM. Drinking ter
Other
(sped. fy) ______________
Fa.Jnq-uP NE SSARY (YES/NO):
? 2 Y NON- IPN E NO1 ED :
E p iros TA
L Nt BER WI DES IP ION OF
SI AWRE OF JSPECrOR:
F
4—4
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USEPA REGION IX
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM
i EcoNNAIssANcE LEVEL FIELD INSPECTION REPORT
FACILITY INFORMATION
Inventory/Pe it ID: ________________ Other ID ________
Facil].tY Naire: ____________________ Contact Person: ______
_______________________________ Title: ____________
Facility Address: _________________ Contact’s Address: ___
Inspection 1 te (M, D, CY): ____ - -
NaxtEs arxl Affiliations of Field Inspector(s): ________________
WELL CLASSIFIC iTION D IA:
Ntm ber ________ ‘pe ________ *StatI.. s ________ Years of Cper. ____ to ____
N m ber ________ ‘pe ________ *Sta ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ____
N m er _________ !I ype ________ *Status ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ____
Nutiber ________ Type ________ t Status ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ___
*l=Proposed 2=Urxier Constxuction 3=E,cisting/Active 4Tazporarily Abarxioned
5=Pexrnanently Abax ed 6=Pexinanently Abazx cnsi ath N t Approved
Any I’bn-Canpliarxe Noted? (Y/N) _______ (List possible violations on back)
Folla ’-Up Needed? (Y/N) _______
Recaim er ed Fol la i-up Action*: _________________________________________
*ENF=nhlergerx:y Response/ forcezent 1P=S pl ing Plug Well
RTN=Routine/Periodic Inspections RFIi=R uest for Additional Inf tion
P1 to(s) Taken? (YIN) _______ Roll. No. ________ Fr Nos. _______
Attac xEnts? List: __________________________________________________
4—5
(Comments on Reverse Side)
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GENERAL COMMENTS
(Operator comments, weather, surrounding land use, susceptibility
to spills, appearance of wells, security, etc.)
Signature(s) of Inspector(s): —
4-6
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VERIFICATION, ASSESSMENT, OR ENFORCEMENT-LEVEL
INSPECTION CHECKLISTS
4—7
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USEPA, REGION IX
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM
IN-DEPTH INSPECTION REPORT
LOW TECH WELLS
GENERAL FACILITY INFORMATION
Inventory/Permit ID ______________ Other ID No. —
Operator/Facility: Name __________________________
Address:
City: __________ C inty: _________ State: — Zip: ____ Phone:
Legal Contact: Name ______________________________
Company:
Address:
City: __________ Ccunty: __________ State: — Zip: _____ Phone:
Owner: Name __________________________________
Company:
Address:
City: __________ Co nty: __________ State: — Zip: _____ Phone: ________
Parent Company: ________________________________________________
inership Status: 1 = FED 2 = STATE 3 = PRIVATE 4 = EUBLIC 5 = OTHER
(Cixcie One)
Nature of Business: __________________________________________
R A Facility? (Y/N/M) Y = Yes N = tb M = MAYBE, P DIIG ADDITIO L
D ORMPia’ION
Inspection Date: (N, D, CY): ____/ /____
Nanes aixi Affiliations Inspectors : _____
ignature (s) of Inspector(s): ______
Date Inspection R ,ort Carpleted: —
4—8
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Inventory/PerXfll.t ID — Operator/Facility __________
Inspection Type: _________________, Z’WI’ = Witness )CT
= fl ergexry Response/ forcanent
= Withess struction
PLG = Witness Plugging
R’flJ = Rcutine/Periodic Inspection
SMP = Sanpling
EPA Project Officer: __________________________________________________
dditior l Participants: _______________________________________________
Well .assificatiai ta
N xnber _______ Type ________ *Sta s ________ Years of Oper. ____ to _____
N nber _______ Type ________ ________ Years of Oper. ____ to _____
Nt rber _______ Type ________ *Status ________ Years of Oper ____ to _____
N ±er _______ Type ________ t St b s ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ____
*1= Proposed 2=UnIer Construction 3=Existirig/ ctive 4=T zporarily Abandoned
5=Pennanentiy Abarx1oned 6=Pexinanently Abar oned ard 1’bt approved
Well cr Lc:to3 :tion
btal
D th (ft) Dia. (in) casing? (Y/N)
Well Type ____ _______ _______ _________
Well Type ____ ________ _______ __________
Well Type ____ ________ _______ __________
Well Type ____ _______ _______ _________
Describe any previais prthl with the wells: ________________________
Describe injection ll pezinits that this facility has applied for or thtained:
List substances stored on—site: ______________
List possible R A Hazaxxicxzs Waste(s) on—site:
1.
-------
D E 2I J FLUID D IC I
scribe Inj ectate Source/Pre-trea rent Pr esses: —
Inj ectate CarpositiOn:______________________________________________________
rcssible Q,ntaninaflts:____________________________________________________
Average Voh e mi ectei:______________________________ (gallons/day/well)
specify period.icity of injection vol e ath of injectate carposition: _________
Describe potential sarrpling points: ____________________________________
n rxa s
General C z nts (appearance of ll (s), susceptibility to spills, security,
etc.): _____________________________________________
My bn-Carpliance N3t01? (Y/N) ____ Foll -Up Ne ed? (Y/N) ____
Recar rei ed Fol l i Up ?ction: ________
PW=Plug Well I 1!4=Routine/Pericdic Inspections 4P=Saupling
E2 = rgency Response/ forc ent RFI=R uest for Mditional Infor iation
4-10
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LIS’P — Note as follQvs:
x if at’ . A if available I it r t att 4 i 4, if z t available
o Map of Facility Grounds: ____
o Well or S pling Point PIx,tos: (YIN) Roll No. ____ Fr No.
o Well Log(s) for Injection Well Cs): _____
o As-built Diagran of Injection Well(s): _____
o sultant Rq orts for Injection Well (s): _____
o R orts on Well Construction/Workovers: _____
o nitoring Data for Injection Well:
- records of inj ectate analysis (es): _____
— records of injection vol me Cs) Irate Cs): _____
o Nonitoring Well Data:
- Ninrber of bnitoring Wells: ____
- Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and Direction
of Zbnitoring Well Cs) Fran Injection Well: _____
- D th of Carpletion and Sazxpling Interval: ____
— ienical and Physical Analyses: _____
o Water Supply Wells (within a one-quarter mile raitus of
the injection well):
- Nurber of walls: ____
- Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and Direction of
Supply Well(s) fran Injection Well: ____
— ienica1 w Physical Analyses: _____
- Status of Wells (operating, abarx3oned, etc.): ____
- Status of Any Nearby Surface Waters (possibly affect by
injection well operation): ____
- 1a i Diagran of p .cesses, waste generation and disposal: ____
o Cperator Intexview Notes: ____
o Manifests: ____
o R orts on Site Hydrogeology: ____
4—11
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us A, XbJ Ic I
WD IW D rIQI fl L 1
fl -DEPrH ric i RE r
W TL.
G AL IT
TxwentOrY/Pe t ____________ Other ________
operator/FacilitY: Naire ________________________________
? ddrez 5: _________________________________________________
City: __________ CcX1nty: __________ State: — Zip: _____ Plx ne: ________
Legal Contact: Na.me ______________________________________
Company:
Address:
City: __________ C nty: __________ State: — Zip: _____ Pk ne: ________
Owner: Name _______________________________________
Company:
Address:
City: _________ Ccunty: _________ State: Zip: ____ PI ne: ________
Parent Coinparry: _______________________________________________
nership Status: 1 = FED 2 = S TE 3 = PRIV 4 = PUBLIC 5 = O’I
(Circle One)
Nature of Business: _________________________________________
R A Facility? (Y/N/M) Y = Yes N = No M = M 1BE, PE1 IXDG ADDITIO! ThL
flFO1 TION
Inspection Date: CM, D, C ): ____/ /____
Names and Affiliations Inspectors: -
Signature Cs) of Inspector Cs): _______
Date Inspection R ,ort Ccxzpleted: ___
4—12
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Inspection lype: _________________• CT = Witness Tr
= rergerxy Respone/Lifox’cet nt
CX)N = Witness Construction
PLG = Witness Plugging
R’I J = Routine/Periodic Inspection
SMP = Saupling
A Project Officer: _________________________________________________
Additional Participants: _______________________________________________
Well CLa.ssificatiai I ta
N rber _______ Type ________ *St fl1S ________ Years of Cper. ____ to ____
_______ Type ________ ________ Years of Cper. ____ to ____
Niirber _______ Type _______ *StatIJs ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ____
N nber _______ Type ________ *Staths ________ Years of Oper. ____ to ____
*1= Proposed 2=tither Construction 3= cisting/Active 4=Tenporarily bai oned
5=Permanently ?.bar oned 6=Perxnaneritly Abarx1oned ar 1 bt Approved
Describe injection well permits that this facility has applied for or thtained:
List substances stored on-site: __________________________________________
List possible R A Hazardous Waste Cs) on-site: ______________________________
IKJE PIZ FWTh I U
Describe Inj ectate Srxrce/Pre-treatirent Prccesses: ___________________________
m i ectate Cczxposition _________________________________________________
ssible itaninai ts ______________________________________________________
Average Vol Irxj ectsi ____________________________ (gallons/day/well)
Specify periodicity of injection voh e ax of injectate ccltposition: _________
Describe potential sanpling points: —
4—13
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- — ——.——J
PI Number: ________________________
Date Drilled: _______________________ Surface .ev: _______
Date Converted: ____________________ Plugged Back To:
Date Abardoned: ____________________
Well Status*: __________________
*1 = Proposed 2 = Ux er Construction 3 = E cisting/? 1 ctive
4 = T rporarily Abarxloned 5 = Permanently Abar onei
6 = Pe nently barxioned bt Approved
Role, Casing/Liner, C m nt, Packer. Tubing Infoiiuaticxi
Hole Casing Wt./ Ca ent p of
Size Depth (W) Grade Depth C.ass kid. Sacks CeTent
Packer T ype: _______________ Tubing SizelWt.: ____________
Packer Depth: _______________ Tubing Depth: ______________
Annular Fluid: _____________ Inhibitors:
FluidSeal: Yes/Z
( ipl eticxi Type
Perforations (s1 ts/ft) Depth _________ to _____
- Depth _________ to _____
Depth _________ to _____
Screened Interval
(Sq. in/LF) ‘ Depth ___________ to _______
Depth to___
Depth _________ to _____
Open Hole Depth _________ to _____
ote: If the facility has nore thai one injection ell,
attach a ca pleted Page 3 for each.
4—14
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. nven oryi eermi. ii) Operator/Facility
iv o ’ i DATA
Geologic
Nan (s) of m i ectiorl FuVinteival Cs):__________________
Geologic Age of Injection Fm(s):___________________
Depth Cs) to ‘I p of Formation: _______________________
Depth Cs) to Base of Foxx ation: ______________________
Depth(s) of Injection Zone(s): _________________
Fran ________to ________ Lithology __________ ‘I r iS
Fran ________to ________ Litbology _________ ‘Iris
Fran ________to ________ Lithology _________- ‘IriS
Fran ________to ________ Litbology _________ ‘iris
Conf inirig Formation Nane (s): __________________________
Geologic Age of Corif ining Fm(s): ________________________
Depth of First Confining Zone(s): ____________________
Above fran ________ to _________ Litbology _______
Below fran ________ to _________ Litbology ________
? h mcal Integrity st iTl
Date of Last T: ____________ Type of IT!: ____
Results:
Cperati(Ylal It iitaring of Injecticzi 1 U
Izij ection Rate _____ Injection Pressure _____ Anx lar Pressure _____
Fluid T iperature _____ An ient Temiperature _______ pH ___________
Daily VOltnTe (average) __________ Daily Voluzze (niaxixrun) __________
thly Vol m (avg) _____________ thly Volune (max) __________
Pressure Gauge Type Pressure Range _______ Ir rerent _______
Calibration Date ________ Recorder Type _______ Location __________
Any Previous Prthlem with ‘ell (s)? Describe: _______________
4—15
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VpeLa’-UL/ r c L1. y
DG
List Records Maintained ar Reviewed. Also, Describe any Inad uacies in Record
Ke ing:
List Results:
? riy sbn-Cat liance Zbted? (Y/N) Follow-Up Needed? (Y/N) ____
List Recaiirerx ations:
ReCcIm rXIed Follow-Up ctiazi: *
*PLG= Plug Wel]. R 1=Raitine/Periodic Inspections SMP=Sazpl ing
‘=fltErgency Repanse/fl iforc r nt RFI=R uest for Mditional Info.
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— - —— — —.— —J
LIST — Ibte as follairis:
X if attac , A if available but t att! 1 d, a if i t available
o Map of Facility Gro .irds: ____
o Well or Saii ling Point Pi tos: (Y/N) Roll b. _____ Frane lb. _____
o Well Log(s) for Injection Well(s): ____
o As-bu.il t Diagran of Inj ection Well Cs): _____
o Consul. tant Reports for Injection Well Cs): ____
o Reports on wel]. Constlctjorkovers: ____
o frbnitoring Data for Injection Well:
— records of inj ectate analysis (es): _____
— records of injection volu e Cs) /rate Cs): _____
o ? nitoring We].]. Data:
- Nuither of Z bnitoring Wells: _____
- Location Map or Coordinates: ____
- Depth of Ca pletion ath Sanpling Interval: _____
— enical and Physical Analyses: _____
o Water Supply Wells (within a one—quarter mile radius of
the injection well):
- Ni rberofwells: ___
- Location Map or Coordinates: _____
- thanical az Physical Analyses: _____
- Status of Wells (operating, abardoned, etc.): _____
- Status of Any Neaxby Surface Waters (possibly affected by
injection well operation): _____
- Flc Diay - of processes, waste generation ai disposal: ____
o C’peratoi Interview Notes: _____
o Manifests: _____
o Reports on Site Hydrogeology: ____
4 —17
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UNDERGROtTND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAIl
SITE INSPECTION
SECTION I — General Information
Name of Facility:
Address:
Telephone:
Owner Address and Telephone (if different from above):
Nature of Business:
Ose of Injection Well Cs) (drainage, direct disposal, etc.) :
Identification, Permit or EPA Number Cs):
ijection Well Cs) Location (township, range and section,
iatitude and longitude, verbal description, land marks, etc.):
Type of Injection Well Cs):
Industrial Drainage:
Storm—runoff:
Agricultural Drainage:
Improved Sinkhole:
Beat Pump Air Conditioning Return:
Aquaculture:
Cesspool
Septic Tank:
Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent:
Sand/Mining Backfill:
Cooling Water Return Flow:
Industrial Waste Disposal:
Service (Gas) Station:
Other (specify):
Injection Well Cs) Currently Operating: Yes _______ No _______
If No, Last Date of Operation:
Date of Construction of Injection Well Cs):
ars Injection Well in Operation:
4—18
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SECTION II — Eydrogeo].ogjc Information
Injection Formation — Name:
— Description:
— Extent of Injection Zone Cs) Below Land Surface (or
elevation above Mean Sea Level):
— Minimum Distance from Injection Well to Underground Source
of Drinking Water (U.S.D.w.):
Location (depth below land surface, area], extent, etc.) and
description (thickness, lithology, etc.) of Any Relatively
Impermeable Strata (aquitard Cs)) Present:
Underground Sources of Drinking Water:
Confined:
Unconfined:
Depth to Perched Water Table (if present):
Depth to Water:
Saturated Thickness:
Description and Characteristics:
Extent of Use of U.S.D.W. (extensive, moderate, municipal,
domestic, potential, etc.):
Comments:
4—19
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SECTION II — Bydrogeologic Information, Continued
tach the Following Information (note if unavailable):
— Map of Facility Grounds:
— Well Log Cs) for Injection Well Cs):
— As—built Diagram of Injection Well Cs) (may use attached
general schematic if necessary):
— Consultant Reports for Injection Well Cs) and/or Site
Hydrogeology:
— Monitoring Data for Injection Well:
— Monitoring Well Data:
— Number of Monitoring Wells:
— Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and
Direction of Monitoring Well (s) From Injection Well:
— Depth of Completion and Sampling Interval:
— Chemical and Physical Analyses:
— Downgradient Water Supply Wells (up to a two mile radius
of the injection well):
— Number of wells:
— Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and
Direction of Supply Well Cs) from Injection Well:
— Chemical and Physical Analyses:
• — Status of Wells (operating, abandoned, etc.)
— Status of Any Nearby Surface Waters (possibly
affected by injection well operation):
4-20
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SECTION III — Operating Data
Injection Rate, Frequency, and Volume (drainage area,
precipitation, etc, for drainage wells):
Description of Injection Operation (including brief history):
Fluid Source: -
Fluid Composition/Characteristics (including any treatment
process):
Contaminant Cs) and Potential Source (s) of Contamination:
Method of Disposal (transport to well):
Previous Problems with Well (clogging, overflowing, etc.):
No
Yes Description of Problem:
Operating Records Attached: Yes ________ No ________
Injection Fluid Analyses Attached: Yes _______ No ________
4—21
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SECTION IV — SITE INSPECTION SPECIFICS
ime and Affiliation of Inspectors:
Name and Affiliation of Facility Contact:
Date: Time:
Reason for Inspection:
Number of Injection Wells:
imber of Injection Wells Inspected:
Site Conditions:
Inspection Comments:
4—22
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SECTION V
Primary Contact Information Sheet
Name:
Phone:
Address:
Affiliation (local, state, federal, etc.):
Notes:
4—23
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ELL COMPLETION SKETCHES
WELL CLASS
FACILITY TYPE
ORIGIN AL
______________________ FIELD COMP DATE
CONVERSION
________________________________________ D I E
HYDROGEOLOGIC WELL COMPLETION
DATA DATA
4—24
-------
NOTES
4—25
-------
NOTES
4—25
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Cover Page
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL PROGRAM INSPECTION REPORT
FACILIT! NAME:
NAME AND PERMIT/ EPA NUMBER OF INJECr ION W .L CS): ______________________
NATURE OF BUSINESS: ________________________________________________________
DATE(S) OF INSPECTION: ___________________________________ TIME: ______________
INSPECTOR(S):
Name(s):
Affiliation(s)
Phone Number(s):
ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS:
Name(s): _______
Affiliation(s)
Phone Number(s):
GENERAL SITE CONDITIONS DURING INSPECTION (weather; well(s) operational status,
ease of entry, general housekeeping etc.]
PURPOSE OF n4sPEcrION: _____________________________________________________
INSPECTION RESULTS (SUMMARIZED). COMMBNTS AND RZMAPXS:
I certify that I conducted the inspection described in the attached report and
that, to the best of my knoviedge, this report is accurate. -
Signature of Inspector
Name. Title and Affiliation of Inspector
Date of Completed Report
4—27
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UIC INSPECTION REPORT
SECTION I - GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Facility Name, Address and Telephone Number:
Name
Address
Telephone Number -
2. Facility Contact:
Name
Title/A.ffiljatjon
Telephone Number
3. Injection Well(s) Identification:
Injection Well(s) Identification
4. Location of Injection Well(s):
Latitude/Longitude ________________________________________________________
Township/Range. Section
Street Address
Other
5. Name and Address of Legal Contact (if different from above): _____________
6. 1 ypes of Permits Issued for this Facility (inc3 ude permit numbers and names
of federal, state and local agencies and programs which regulate the
facility): ____________________
7. Number and Operational Status of Injection Well(s):
Jell Class/Type Active Under Abandoned Idle Other
Const ruct.
Comments/Remarks (include reasons for abandonment):
8. Visual. Appearance of Injection Well(s) (Attach photographs if available):
4—25
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DXC D SPECTION R ORT
CTION III — OP ATDG DATA
Description of Injection Operation (including brief history):
2. Surface Facilities/Treatment Processes:
3. Industrial/Wastewater Sources (processes by which the injected fluid is
produced):
Generalized Fluid/Waste Category (ies) /Co nposition:
5. Method of Delivery of Fluid to the Injection Well(s):
4—29
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UIC INSPECTION REPORT
;ECTION II — HYDROGEOLOGIC ENVIRONI T AND INJECTION W L INFORMATION
i. Well(s) Construction Details (complete attached diagram for simple Class V
well(s) and/or provide sketch of well(s); sketch or provide photograph of
well, head):
a. Total Depth __________________________________________________________
b. Casing:
Diameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. (#/ft) _____ Depth: _____ to ________
Di ameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. CD/fr) _____ Depth: _____ to ________
Diameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. (0/fr) _____ Depth: _____ to ________
Diameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. (9/f t) _____ Depth: _____ to ________
Diameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. (#/ft) _____ Depth: _____ to _________
c. Tubing:
Diameter: _____ Grade: _____ Ut. (9/fr) _____ Depth: _____ to ________
d. Cement (also indicate drilling mud):
Depth ______ to ______ Grade _______ Additives _______________________
Depth ______ to ______ Grade _______ Additives ______________________
Depth ______ to ______ Grade _______ Additives ______________________
Depth ______ to ______ Grade _______ Additives _______________________
Depth ______ to ______ Grade _______ Additives _______________________
e. Annular Fluid Type: ____________________ Ithibitors: _________________
f. Packer Type: __________________________ Depth: _____________________
g. Fluid Seal: Yes No
h. Completion Type:
Perforated Openings (holes/f t) Depth ______ to ___________
Depth to ___________
Depth ______ to ___________
Screened Openings (sq in/LP) Depth ______ to ___________
Depth ______ to ___________
Depth ______ to ____________
Open Hole _______________________________________________________
4—30
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UIC INSPECTION REPORT
SECTION II — KYDROGEOLOGIC D(FORMAZION (continued)
2. GeologiC Environment:
a. Name of Injection Formation/tntezval ____
Geologic Age of Inj ect ion Formation _____
Depth (Subsea) to top of Formation ______
Depth (Subsea) to 3ase of Formation _____
Depth (Subsea) of Injection Zone(s): ____
From __________ To __________ Lithology ____________ TDS ________
From __________ To __________ Lithology ____________ TDS ________
From __________ To __________ Lithology ____________ TDS ________
From To Lithology ____________ TDS ________
Additional Information: ______________________________________________
b. Confining Formation Name(s): ____________________________________
Geologic Age of Confining Formation: __________________________________
Depth of Confining Zone(s):
From To __________ Lithology ___________________________
From To _________ Lithology ________________________
Additional Information: ________________________________________________
c. Recent Geologic History Including Sei ic/Volcanic Activity
3. Subsurface Geology and Hydrology for Well. Site:
Attach the following information or note that the information is to be
requested at the time of inspection. Where applicable, information on an area
within a 1/2 mile radius of the well bore should be included.
a. Map of facility grounds with well locations shown.
b. Indicate the depth to the base of the lowest USDW.
c. Well logs on Injection Wells.
d. As—built diagram of injection well(s).
e. Location (horizontal. and vertical) and data (water quality and
availability) for public drinking water supply wells and for
monitoring wells which are part of the injection project.
f. Geologic cross section(s) through injection well(s) down to at least
the base of the lowest injection zone.
g. Regional hydraulic gradient within the injection zone (direction and
quantity).
h. Bibliography of information used in preparing Section II. parts 2 and
3.
4—31
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UIC INSPECTION REPORT
SECTION III — O2 RATDIG DATA (continued)
6. Mechanical Integrity Testing (include copy of pressure recording
charts/records)
Date of Last MIT Type of MIT _____________________________________
Results ___________________________________________
7. Operational Monitoring of Injection Well (at time of inspection):
Injection Rate Injection Pressure _______ A.nnular Pressure
Fluid Temperature Ambient Temperature pH
Daily Volume (average) Daily Volume (maximum)
Monthly Volume (aye) Monthly Volume (max)
Pressure Gauge Type Pressure Range Increment
Calibration Date ________ Recorder Type Location ___________________
8. Any Previous Problems with Well(s):
If yes, describe
9. Attach the following information (note if unavailable):
1. All Appropriate Analyses of Injectate
2. All Appropriate Operating Records
3. Date and Report of Last Major Workover
SECTION IV — S&XPLDG INPORNAIION (if applicable)
1. Sample Data
Sample ID ________________________________ Date ____________________________
Time Sampling Point
Sample Type
Analyses Requested
- Preservatives Used
Name(s) of Collector(s)
2. Field Data
.Temperature pH
Specific Conductance
3. Chain of Custody
Identify Analytical Laboratory to be Used
Indicate Chain of Custody Form and field data form are attached to
sample(s) by circling YES
4—32
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UIC INSPECrION REPORT
CTION V — REcORD PDG
1. List Records Reviewed and Reasons for their Review (reference all documents
that were borrowed or copied):
2. Describe any Inadequacies in Record Keeping Procedures (Note if any
required information was unavailable or incomplete or inaccurate with
special attention paid to pressure and flow measurement records and
construction schedules if relevant):
[ ECrION VI - FDWDGS M cONaJUSIONS
Describe all Findings and Remarks:
2. List Conclusions:
3. List Recommendations:
4—33
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NELL
COMPLETION SKETCHES
yE U.
)P
R
HYDROGEOLOG IC
D T
FACftITY
FIELD
WELL CLASS
T cPE
ORIGINAL
COMP DATE
CON VERS ION
DATE
WELL
COMPLETION
DATA
4—34
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NOTES
4—35
-------
NOTES
4—36
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DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING
-------
______ ENGiNEERING
P21 ENTERPRISES, INC. WATER RESOURCES SPECL4L/STS
5 We Main Norman. OWahoma 73069 Phonu (405) 329-3300 Tqlex 333668 (ENC ENT INC) FAX. 140 5 366-37
March 15, 1989
Mr. Dennis Minnick
Stauffer Chemical Company
2300 S. Pennsylvania Avenue
Morrisville, PA 19067
Re: Confirmation of Inspection Arrangements
Dear Mr. Minnick:
As I indicated to you during our telephone conversation, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and/or Engineering
Enterprises, Inc. plan to conduct an inspection of Class V
injection wells at the above mentioned facility on March 21 or
22, 1989.
EPA and its contractors are authorized to inspect records
and facilities under Section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water Act.
Requested information cannot be withheld from EPA on the basis
that it is considered proprietary or confidential. For any
portions of the information submitted during the inspection which
you believe are entitled to confidential treatment, please
indicate during the inspection that you consider the information
to be confidential. If EPA determines that the information
designated as confidential meets the criteria set forth in 40
C.F.R. 2.208, the information will be disclosed only to the
extent, and by means of the procedures specified in 40 C.F.R.
Part 2, Subpart B. EPA will construe the failure to indicate
confidentiality as a waiver of confidentiality claim, and the
information may be made available to the public by EPA without
further notice.
Please inform your facility manager or other on-site
representatives of this notice. If any authorized representative
will not be available at the facility during regular business
hours, please contact me at 1—800—777-8300, or Mark Nelson,
Region III EPA, at (215) /97—9031.
Sincerely,
it ; / . 1, /o c _._ . -’
Sharron B. Moore
Class V Specialist
SBM: kh
Enclosure
Norman. Oklahoma Long Beach. California Marnnez. California Philadelphia. Pennsylvania
-------
MEW
ENCLOSURE
The following items may be reviewed by an EPA inspector or EEl
personnel during the inspection of your facility. This enclosure
is intended to prevent confusion and wasted time during the
inspection. Please prepare the following information for review
during the forthcoming inspection.
1. Facility map showing well locations,
2. Flow diagram showing flow of waste fluids and their
final destination,
3. As—built diagrams of the injection veils (if
available),
4. Material safety data sheets,
5. Waste disposal manifests (if applicable), and
6. Any permits obtained for operation of the Class V
system (dry well, drainfield, etc.) on site.
-------
Us
UND CRC1JND INJECFI )lrROI. PROGRAM
CLASS V W L 1NSPEC ION AND SAMPLING REPORT
UIC Inventory/Permit No.: __________________ ____
Facility Name: —— —
__________________________________________ _____________ Ti tie: _______
___________________ Contact’s Address:
Facility Telephone; —______________________________
Nature of Susineas: —_______________________________
0 )
• SIC Code(s), ______ ______________________
I-
0
“I
a .
Number of Wells — Well Types Inspected (D—type): ________________________
Any Non—Compliance Noted? (YIN) ________ Photo(s) Taken**?
Follow—Up Needed? (Y/N) ________ Roil No. ________
Recommended Follow—Up Action 5 : _________________________________________
5 ENFEmergency Response/Enforcement SHPSampling PLCP1ug Well
RTN Routine/Periodic Inspection RllRequeat for Additional Information
**DescrIptjOn of photographs should be included on the photo log.
FACILiTY INFORMA F ION
____ Other ID No. (SPDES. RCRA. etc.);
- Contact Person:
Facility Address:
Inspection Date (N. D, CY): _____ — —
Names and Affiliations of Field Inspector(s): —
Contact’s Telephone: _______________________________
No. of Employees: _______ ____________________
- Ownership (circle): FED STATE PRIVATE 1IJDLIC Yt1IER
INSPECTION INFORMAi’ION
_____ Inspection Report Completed (Date):
(YIN)
Frame Nos.
-------
Inve iPermit No.: _________________________ rator/Facility:
W L (LASSIFICATION AND CONSTI JCTION DATA
Well
Well Location (or Number Years of Oper. Total Gravel Pack/ Casing Cement/ Tubing!
Type Well No.)** of Wells Status* From To Depth (ft) Dia (in) Backfill (YIN) Mud Packer
5 1=Proposed 2IJnder Construction 3Fzisting/Active 4 Temporarily Abandoned
5Peraanently Abandoned 6=Permanently Abandoned and Not Approved
SCAttach map or sketch of facility grounds with well locations, floor drains, plumbing
m associated with wells, and chemical/waste storage areas.
INJECFION FLUID INFORMATION
Average Volum. and
Well Frequency of Injection
Type Injectate Source/Composition Possible Contaminants (e.g., gal/day)
-------
Inve y/Permit No.:
!rator/Facility:
Water Supply Wells (on—site):
— Number of wells: ______
— Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and
Direction of Supply Well(s) from Injection
Well (to include well seal depth and screened
interval): _____ __________________________
— Ch ical and Physical Analyses Available?:_____
— Depth of Completion and Sampling (screened)
Interval: ______
— Ch lcal and Physical Analyses Available?:
HYDROGFOLOGI C I NFORHAT I ON’
General Composition of injection zone: ________
Depth to currently used USDW: __________________
Distance to nearest public water supply: ____—
Distance to nearest private water supply: ______-
Distance to nearest surface water: —
Other notes: _______ _____________________
•0
S
Aa described by the facility representative.
0
o .
PROXIMITY TO GRWNDWMER USE’
(check all that apply)
Area Remote to Groundwater Use: —
Class I or II Recharge Area: ______
Sole Source Aquifer Recharge Area:
Karat Area: _____________
High Density Use Area: —
Zone Contribution of PWS:
Other (describe):
Note here if source of information differs.
ADDITIONAL W .L DATA (as available)
Monitoring Wells (on—site):
— Number of Monitoring wells: ______
— Location: Vertical and Horizontal Distance and
Direction of Monitoring Well(s) from Injection
Well (to include well seal depth): ____________
— Status of Any Nearby Surface Waters (possibly
affected by injection well operation): —
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In y/Permit No.:
erator/Facility:
LIST OF ATTAQIHERrS — Note as follows:
X if attached, A if avaiable but not attached, NA if not available
______ o Well Log(s) for Injection Wel-l(a): ______
o As—built Diagram of Injection Well(s), ______
o Consultant Reports for Injecti9n Well (a): ____
______ o Reports on Well Construction/Workovers, ______
o Monitoring Data for Injection Well:
— records of injectat. analyais(es) : ______
— records of injection volume(s)/rate: —
o Reporta on Site Hydrogeology: ______
INSPECI’ION R ULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Inspector’s comments (appearance of well(s), pretreatment processes, susceptibility to spills, security.
involvement of other agencies, etc.):
Recommendations (including description of potential sampling points):
Other
notes:
o Location flap: ______
o Hap of Facility Grounds: ——
o Well or Sampling Point Photos: (YIN)
Roll No. Frame No. ______
o Flow Diagram of processes, waste generation and
disposal: ___—
o Op.rator Interview Notes: ______
o Manifests:
SI
I D
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Invei .ry/Permlt No.:
rator/Facility:
SAMPL1I 1NFOR}IA 1ON
(Complete one sheet for each Sample Station and/or Sample Matrix)
Data Samples Collected (N. D, CY): — — Date Samples Sent to Lab: — —
Names and Afflillations of Samplers: ——
—— Drainage Sump/
Catch aain
_____ Leachfield/
Drainf ield
Other (describe):
_____ Ai r
Water
Laboratory Name:
Contact Person:
Address:
Telephone:
p
UQ
ID
UI
0
0 .
Statute(s) Under Which Sample Was Collected:
Sample Station:
(Check only one)
Sample Matrix: _____
(Check only one)
Analyses Requested: _____
(Check all that apply)
Septic Tank/
Oil/Water Separator
Monitor Well
Seepage
Raw Injectate
— Liquid
Sediment/sludge/soil
Other (describe):
•
— Total Metals
(Series 200)
Ignitability
(Method 1010)
EP Toxicity
(Method 1310)
Conductivity (Note results
here if measured in the field)
Reactivity
.
Corroalvity (pH) (Note results
here it measured in the field)
_____ VOA
(Method 624)
_____ VOA
(Method 8240)
S emi-VOA
(Method 625)
_____ Other (describe):
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‘—-—ntory/Permit No.: ___________________________ Operator/Facility: _________
SAMPLING R IJLTS*
(Complete one eheet for each Sample Station and/or Sample Hatrix)
Sample Station: __________________________________ Sample Matrix: _____________
Value RCRA Haz. Value RCRA Haz.
Parameter (unit.) M . Subatance Parameter (unit.) M L Subatance
( ) (YIN) (______ (Y/N)
VOLAT ILE ORCANI cs MEFALS
Acetone _____ ____ _____ Araenic
Benzene _____ ____ _____ Barium
2—But anone (Mix) _____ _____ Cadmium
N—Butylbenzene _____ _____ _____ Chr ium
Chloroform _____ _____ _____ Lead
Ethylbenzene Mercury
Hathylene Chloride _____ ____ . Selenium
4—Methyl 2—Pentanone (HIBIC) _____ ____ _____ Silver.
Tetrachioroetbene (PCE) _____ ____ _____
o Toluene _____ ____ _____
Trichioroethane (TCA) _____ ____ _____ HEI’ALS (EP TOX) ( )
Trichloroethylene (TCE) _____ ____ _____ Araenic _____ ______
Trimethylbenzene Barium _____ ______
(1.3.5 ii 1.2.4) . Cadmium _____ _____
Xylene Chromium _____ ______
_______________________ Lead _____ ______
Mercury ______
Selenium _____ ______
Silver _____ ______
SUII VOLATILE ORGANICS (- ) _____________ ____ _____
Aidrin . . MISCaLANEcJJS. ( )
D leldrin ____ _____
Endrin ____ _____ Nitrate _____
Napthalene ____ _____ Sulfate ______
TDS _____
Pentach lorophenol pH ______
Ignitability _______
Reactivity ______
Conductivity ______
additional sheeta for parameters not listed.
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NOTICE OF INSPECTION
Inspection Contractor
E
a
--
H.-
1225 west Main P4orvnsn. OK 73069
(405) 329-9300
______________ FAX_(405)_366-8722
.1 Notice of inspection is hereby given according to Section 1445(b) of the
L__Safe_Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. §300 f et seg.).
nFor Inspection - __________________________________________
For the purpose of inspecting records, files, papers, processes, controls and facilities,
and obtaining samples to determine whether the person subject to an applicable
underground injection control program has acted or is acting in compliance with
the Safe Drinking Water Act and any applicable permit or rule.
Firm To Be Inspected
CtIOfl 1445(b) of the SDWA (42 U.S.C. §300 -4 (b) is quoted on the reverse of this fovm.
e
‘us
Notice of Inspection is hereby acknowledged.
irm Mepresentative
—
Date Inspector
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Section 1445
(b) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Administrator, or representatives of the Administrator
duly designated by him, upon presenting appropriate credentials and a written notice to any supplier of
water or other person subject to (A) a national primary drinking water regulation prescribed under
section 1412, (B) any applicable underground injection control program, or (C) any requirement to
monitor an unregulated contaminant pursuant to subsection (a), or person in charge of any of the
property of such supplier or other person referred to in clause (A), (B), or (C), is authorized to enter any
establishment, facility, or other property of such supplier or other persons in order to determine whether
such suoplier or other person has acted or is acting in compliance with this title, including for this
purpose, inspection at reasonable times, of records, files, papers, processes, controls, and facilities, or in
order to test any feature of a public water system, including its raw water source.
(c) Whoever fails or refuses to comply with any requirement of subsection (a) or to allow the
Administrator, the Comptroller General, or representatives of either, to enter and conduct any audit or
inspection authorized by subsection (b) shall be subject to a civil penalty of not to exceed $25,000.
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toll tl°• —
yi)ffi Type_
A$A Number_
i 0
7
8
— -
I L
16
17
18
19
20
1
21
I
22
21
24
25
- (1) Express Time in 24 hour clock notation; (2) Focal Length is of lens used.
Signature of Photographer_________________________
or Witness
RECORD OF PHOTOGRAPHS
DAT
TTJE -
FOCAL
LENGTH
WEATHER
CONDITIONS
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION OF PHOTOGRAPH
Project Code
-
2 —-
iQ —-
11 —
12 —
EE
U INC.
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t g t
USEPA
CLASS V INJECTION
FOLLOW-UP (EVIFOB
REGiON V
RATING SYSTEM FOR
IT) INVESTIGATIONS
FACILITY NAME:
CITY. STATE: —
INSPECTOR:
DATE: ____
NUMBER. TYPE, & STATUS OF CLASS V WELL(S):.
Points
(1) Does/did the well(s) discharge into,
above. or below (with potential for
fluid migration into) a currently
used USDW?
(2) Approximate vertical distance between
the injection zone and currently used
USDW.
(3) Approximate horizontal distance to the
nearest public or private water supply
well or surface discharge.
(4) General permeability (composition) of
the injection ions.
(5) Probability that this is/was a Class
IV hazardous waste kniection well(s).
— Into 15
- Above 10
— Below
— Unknown 5
— 0.— 25 ft 15
— 25 — 75 ft 10
— 75—150 ft s
— > 150 ft 0
— Unknown 5
— ( 1/4 mi 15
— 1/4 — 1/2 mi 10
— 1/2 — 1 m l. 5
— ) lmi 0
- Unknown 5
- High (e.g.. karat,
basalt, coarse gravel,
highly fractured bed-
rock, etc.) 15
- Moderate (e.g.. fine
to coarse sand/sand-
stone. highly frac-
tured shale, etc.) 10
- Low (e.g., clay, silt-
stone, shale, igneous
and metamorphic rocks,
etc.) 0
- Unknown 5
- High 45
- Moderate to High 30
- Low to Moderate 15
- Low 0
Response
Score
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Pg
(6) Probability that the injectate
exceeds/exceeded the Safe Drinking
Water Act maximum contaminant
levels or poses/posed signficant
endangerment to USDW.
(7). Volume, of f1uid currently injected
(or frequency of injection if the
volume is unknown).
Response Points
- High 45
- Moderate to High 30
- Low to Moderate 15
- Low 0
- ) 1500 GPD (or ) 2.5
hrs per day injection
at 10 gprn) 25
- 6 ø01500GPD(orj-
2.5 hrs per day
injection at 10 gpa)....15
- I6 0 0GPD(orupto
1 hr per day injection
at 10 gpm) 5
— Incidental. 5
- 0 GPD - not operating... 0
— > 20 yrs 15
— 5 20 ’yr ’s 10
— 0 — 5 yrs • 5
- Discretionary 0 - 10
Indicate ease or ability to sample:_
TOTAL POIRITS _____
Describe involvement of
any
other agency:
Evaluator’s recommendations
and comments:
2
Score
(8) Years of operation.
(9) Additional itema:_
I .
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AMPLING
-------
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR
- INJECTATE AND SEDIMENT SAMPLING
AT
CLASS V FACILITIES
IN REGION II
FOR
U.S. EPA REGION II
UNDERGROUND INJECTION CONTROL SECTION
NEW YORZ, NEW YORE
SUBMITTED BY
ENGINEERING ENTERPRISES, INC.
UNDER EPA CONTRACT NO. 68—03—3416
WORE ASSIGNMENT 2-32
FEBRUARY 1989
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
OBJECTIVEOFSAMPLINGEFFORTS.................. 1
II BACKGROTflTD. . . . . . . . • • • • • • • , • • • , • • , • • , • • • • • i
III LABORATORYSELECTION........................... 3
IV SAMPLINGSITESELECTION........................ 3
V SAIIPLING EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . 6
VI METMODSANDPROCEDUR.ES......................... 10
Preliminary Activities.................... 10
Site Reconnaissance... . .. ... . ............. 10
SamplingOperationsSet—Up .......... 11
Equipment Decontamination.... . . . . . ........ 12
Quality Assurance/Quality Control......... 12
Trip Blanks. ...... . ... . . . . . . . ..... . . . 12
Equipment Blanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Duplicate Samples.................... 13
Sample Collection/General Analyses!
Preservation Techniques.. .. . . . .. . . ........ 14
Volatile Organics.................... 18
Semi—Volatile Organics............... 20
Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Extraction Procedure Toxicity
(EP Tox) . . .. ........ . . . . . ........... . 27
I gnitability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reactivity........................... 30
B0D/COD.............................. 32
Corrosivity (pM), Temperature,
and Conductivity...... . . .. . ........ . 32
SedimentSampling.................... 34
Other Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Sample Documentation and Shipment......... 35
Disposal of Contaminated Materials........ 40
Field Modifications...................... 40
SiteHealthandSafetY.............. -.. . 41
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE TWO
LIST OP FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Generic Diagram of a Typical Class V
Disposal System............................,... 5
2 Water Sample Volume Requirements............... 8
2A Soil/Sediment Sample Collection Requirements... 9
3 Extraction Procedure Flowchart.........,..,..,. 29
4 EEl Sample Tag and Custody Seal................ 36
5 38
6 EElChalnofCustodyRecord.................... 39
LIST OP TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Potential Contaminant Check List..........,,,,. 15
2 Analytical Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Summary of Methods, Standards, and Detection
Limits for Certain Organic Analytes............. 21
4 Summary of Methods, Standards, and Detection
Limits for Inorganic Analytes.................. 26
5 Concentration of Contaminants for Character-
istic of EP Toxicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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05 JECTIVE OF SAMPLING EFFORTS
Analytical results of fluids and sediments sampled are used
to better characterize effluent discharged through Class V
5 ystems. These results are used for enforcement purposes to
identifY injection activity which may pose a potential threat to
USDW and/Or to identify injection of hazardous waste (i.e.,
operation of a Class IV well). Analytical results also provide
EPA with information which will be useful during the regulatory
devel0Pm t process for Class V wells.
II. BACKGROUND
on December 14, 1974, Congress enacted the Safe Drinking
Water Act (PL 93-523) to protect the p .thlic health and welfare of
persons and to protect existing and future underground sources of
drinking water (USDW). In Part C of the Act, Congress directed
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to
develop regulations for the protection of USDW from contamination
by the subsurface injection or emplacement of fluids through
wells. In 1980, USEPA promulgated these regulations under 40 CFR
Parts 144 through 146 and Part 124. The regulations specify
minimum standards and technical requirements for the proper
siting, construction, operation, monitoring, and plugging and
abandonment of injection wells.
The UIC regulations define and establish five classes of
injection wells. Class I wells inject hazardous and non
hazardous waste beneath the- lowermost formation containing,
within one—quarter mile of the well bore, an USDW. Class II
1
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wells are used in conjunction with oil and gas production. Class
iii wells are used in conjunction with the solution mining of
minerals. Class IV wells inject hazardous or radioactive wastes
into or above a formation which is within one-quarter mile of an
USDW. (Class IV wells are prohibited by 40 CFR 144.13.) Class V
wells include any wells that do not fall under Classes I through
iv. Typically, Class V wells are used to inject non—hazardous
fluids into or above underground sources of drinking water.
In 1980, USEPA chose to defer establishing technical
requirements for Class V wells. Instead, these wells are
authorized by rule until further requirements under future
regulations are promulgated by USEPA. However, Class V wells are
prohibited from endangering any USDW or adversely affecting
public health. Therefore, wells which are found to be violating
this prohibition are subject to enforcement or closure.
In order to identify Class V welts which may be endangering
USDW or adversely affecting public health (or which actually may
be Class IV wells lt asqUeradiflg 11 as Class V wells), injectate is
sampled. Enforcement quality sample data must be collected
according to a series of standard operating procedures. These
operating procedures address laboratory selection, sampling site
selection, sampling equipment, and methods and procedures.
2
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III. LABORATORY SELECTION
Laboratories associated with EPA’s Contract Lab Program
(CLP) should be utilized when possible. Efforts should be made to
locate a laboratory which is in close proximity to sampled sites
in order that samples may be hand-delivered. Each laboratory
involved in the, analysis of UIC-related samples must retain
calibration logs for two years, retain laboratory data logs for
three years, retain sampling labels or information from them for
three years, and perform all analytical tests in accordance with
methods acceptable under quality assurance guidelines. EEl
personnel will correspond with chosen laboratories to insure
proper procedures and clarify EPA needs.
IV. SAMPLING SITE SELECTION
In—depth inspection reports containing site—inspection
information will be utilized by sampling teams or the Region to
select sites to be sampled. Information required from inspection
reports for sampling activities includes: facility name,
address, and telephone number; nature of business; well type;
well status; sampling point photographs; facility site map
(showing recommended sampling point(s), potential hazards,
buildings, roads, etc.); well diagram and construction details
(including dimensions, depth to fluid, and accessibility);
injectate source(s); locations of surrounding water supply or
monitoring wells; and facility contacts (preferably at least two
names). Additional helpful information includes: operational
history; volume and periodicity of injection; a description of
3
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pretreatment processes and access points; regulatory status and
history; hydrogeology at the site; existing documented
contamination; and other pertinent information.
A generic diagram for a Class V system is presented in
Figure 1. Thissystem (consisting of a concrete sump/oil—water
separator and a variable—sized septic tank) is typical of the
Class V systems inspected and sampled in previous investigations.
Note that the sumps, separators, and septic systems generally are
designed to provide settling and phase separation. Effluent
generally is discharged from these systems through either
drainfields/].each lines or seepage pits.
The goal of sampling investigations is to characterize
injectate at the point of injection (i.e., the point of discharge
to the subsurface). In the case of discharge to a drainfield,
the ideal sampling point is the monitoring tube, which is located
nearest the injection point. Unfortunately, monitoring tubes are
rarely found near Class V injection systems. In the case of
discharge to a seepage pit or well, the most desirable sampling
point is the actual well containing fluid which has passed
through all pretreatment systems and is destined for injection.
Potential sampling points become less preferable farther
upstream from the injection point. If a monitoring tube or an
injection well can not be accessed, samples may be acquired from
the septic tank (preferably from the last chamber). Samples also
may be obtained from points upstream from the septic tank (such
as drainage sumps) to characterize raw effluent; however, data
4
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Potsntis l
Sampling Poini
• . ••
Poi.ntiai San itn Point
<
(/)
• 0

J )
>. 0
.
OIL-WATER SEPAR bR
I lnag. çManho l .Acc.ss
/ a.ui. T OL.achFl.ld ?
OR I
T 3
• ,. . To •
8..pag. P11 I I..EACH FIELD SYSTE)1
WaIl F..iw... •tc.:
SEPTiC TANK / SEPARA1iON CHAMBER

—
SA& tPIJHG o iC (slut. . ..)
s
insp.ction Mc•s Wslght.4 SotU.
/Pot.niIal 0th
s Puso ov ct (akci. ...) Sampling Point
.•
Pond SOVV Ip I.V ./
Oih.c II ,
‘°‘ -.‘ - SEEPAGE P11/ WELL
: .1i1 7”. Okn.slos. F.oiu.s .. sic.;
I’
j ,,\ .. i .: . ::: •—:‘•.1 —
‘ I 9i
I ii
I : ft
—. •1 ..••..
1111 11 i .. % I
• . . .
II II i I I

I f I S4PUP4GD(VIC (ck.t. .a.)
r 1 —
T IJ4 J ‘: W.I tit.d .ottl.
l L00140.d 1 J)
‘ -i: . a 1 1v Soil
I I I
•
‘
(I) >
•<

rnU
F5
>
r
iii
I
z HI

.j (V1 (Ti
zz

0 •. i__
—.
PS )
o (T
—.

rr iZ
—
.T t

( )
I .
s’ .uPuNa oc tcc (slut. .0.)
P.ad

o ’
.—i
g,
1

a
.

6
v i
-------
enforceability may be impacted since catch basins, oil-water
separators, and septic tanks should be properly designed to
provide some treatment (i.e., gravity separation of solids and
light liquid phases). Nevertheless, the fact that some fluids
discharged to the system are intended for subsurface disposal
makes these points legitimate sites for collection of samples.
V. SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Different types of equipment may be used to collect grab
samples from a variety of Class V systems. Commonly used
equipment includes pond samplers, weighted bottles, and bailers,
but other equipment may be used in special cases.
The modified pond sampler is used when access to the system
is easy. The pond sampler is also valuable in sampling from
basins that are deeper than armts length. This sampling device
consists of a telescoping aluminum rod with an adjustable
stainless steel C—clamp. Variable sized stainless steel or
nalgene beakers are attached with the C-clamp and are used to
bring the sample to the surface. The size of the beaker used is
dictated by the volume and number of samples to be collected.
The bailer is indispensable for sampling from small diameter
wells, septic tank cleanouts, and other areas which are too
confined to permit use of the pond sampler. Bailers are lowered
into fluid with a rope and retrieved with the sample. Weighted
bottles or similar devices may be utilized to sample fluid at
depth below an oil/water interface. Devices such as this may be
lowered below the floating product phase prior to opening. Fluid
6
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from below the oil/water interface is then retrieved. If
sediment samples are collected, a stainless steel lab scoop
generallY is utilized for transferring sediment from the beaker
of the pond sampler which is used to collect the sediment from
the bottom of the sump or chamber.
Other sampling equipment commonly used includes a nalgene
bottle for liquid sample transfer; certified organic—free,
metal—free water for quality assurance blank samples; and
instruments for measurement of fluid pH and temperature. Other
sampling equipment may be necessary under certain conditions.
All sampling equipment and containers must be compatible
with conditions, expected during the sampling event. Samplers
must avoid the use of equipment or containers which may alter the
sample by allowing introduction of foreign matter through
leaching or particulate fallout, or volatilization or adsorption
of the sample. Stainless steel, glass, or teflon often is
utilized when sampling fluids.
All equipment utilized will be noted on the sampling
equipment and sample container checklist which is included in the
site-specific sample plan. Sample containers and preservatives
generally will be provided by a local laboratory. Figure 2
illustrates some acceptable sample containers and the volumes of
fluid required for several analytical parameters.
7
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REQUIRED ACCEPTABLE
ORGANIC SAMPLE VOLUME CONTAINERS
EXTRACTABLE ANALYSIS 1 GALLON
4 X 1—LITER
(LOW LEVEL) BOTTLES
AMBER GLASS
4 X 32—OZ.
EXTRACTABLE ANALYSIS 1 GALLON
(MEDIUM LEVEL)* WIDE MOUTH
GLASS JARS
EXTRACTABLE ANALYSIS 20 ML 2 X 40—ML
(LOW OR MEDIUM LEVEL) CLASS VIALS
REQUIRED ACCEPTABLE
INORGANIC SAMPLE VOLUME CONTAINERS
METALS ANALYSIS 1 LITER 1 X 1—LITER
(LOW LEVEL) PLASTIC BOTh
METALS ANALYSIS
16 OZ. 1 X 16—OZ
(MEDIUM LEVEL)* WIDE MOUTH
GLASS JAR
CYANIDE (CNj ANALYSIS 1 LITER 1 X 1—LITER
(LOW LEVEL) PLASTIC BOTTI
CYANIDE (CN) ANALYSIS 16 OZ. 1 X 1 6—OZ
WIDE MOUTH
(MEDIUM LEVEL)* GLASS JAR
. i I ENGINEERING
WATER SAMPLE VOLUME REQUIREMENTS I ENTERPRISES, IN
‘roject No. 702.012.O1 I FigL
(after USEPA Region I X Sample Plan Cuidanc. Document. Nov. 24. 1986) Dot. February 1989 2
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REQUIRED ACCEPTABLE
ORGANIC SAMPLE VOLUME CONTAINERS
EXTRACTABLE ANALYSIS 6 OZ. 2 X 6—OZ.
(LOW OR MEDIUM LEVEL) • (180 ml) WIDE MOUTH
GLASS JARS
VOLATILE ANALYSIS 240 ml 2 X 250—ML
(LOW OR MEDIUM LEVEL) • WiDE MOUTH
REQUIRED ACCEPTABLE
DIOXIN SAMPLES VOLUME CONTAINERS
2,3,7,8—TCDO 4 OZ. 1 X 4—OZ.
(DIOXIN) ANALYSIS (120 ml) WIDE MOUTH
GLASS JAR
OR
1 X 8—OZ.
WIDE MOUTH
GLASS JAR
REQUIRED ACCEPTABLE
INORGANIC SAMPLE VOLUME CONT 6JNERS
METALS AND 6 OZ. 1 X 8—aZ.
CYANIDE (CN) ANALYSIS (180 ml) WIDE MOUTH
(LOW OR MEDIUM LEVEL) GLASS JAR
OR
2 X 4—OZ.
WIDE MOUTH
GLASS VIALS
ALL MEDIUM LEVEL SAMPLES TO BE
SEALED IN METAL PAINT CAN FOR
SHIPMENT
SOIL / SED
COLLECTION
(after USEPA Region IX Sample
IMENT SAMPLE
REQUIREMENTS
Plan Guidance Document. Nov. 24, 1986)
E
I ENGINEERING
ENTERPRISES,
INC.
Projct
No.
702.012.O1
Figuro
2 A
Date
February 1989
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METHODS AND PROCEDURES
preliminary Activities
Prior to conducting sampling, several activities should be
conducted by the field team. First, a site-specific sampling
plan should be completed for each site prior to sampling. This
plan will consist of a completed version of the site specific
sampling plan presented in Appendix A. Second, all sample data
sheets, sample tags, labels, and custody seals will be completed
prior to conducting sampling. The sampling data sheets will
include the location of the sampling point and sample
identification numbers, matrices, analyses requested,
preservation techniques, and containers used. Third, a log of
sampling activities should be maintained in a field notebook.
This notebook will contain information to include the facility
name and address; facility contact; date and time of sampling;
planned sample transport/delivery information; field measurements
and observations; and sampler signatures. A brief discussion of
each activity and the order in which they will be conducted is
presented below.
Site Reconnaissance
After the EPA field representative has secured entry to the
site, or upon arrival at the sampling site, a brief survey of the
area should be conducted. The purpose of this survey will be to
document any irregularities or inconsistencies with respect to
the in-depth inspection report form and previously prepared
sampling plan and to locate and visually inspect sampling points.
The facility contact should accompany the field team during site
10
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reconnaissance. Appearance of the fluid (and/or sediment) to be
sampled will be noted, and the EEl field team leader will make a
final decision regarding the type of sampling equipment required.
Activities will be documented in the field notebook.
Sampling Operations Set-Up
The site-specific sample plan will have been completed with
information from inspection forms prior to sampling operations
set-up. All field modifications are to be noted on this plan.
The field vehicle will be parked in a location convenient to all
S
sampling points so that it will not have to be moved during
sampling operations. An EEl field team member will set up the
decontamination station and organize the sampling equipment,
while the EEl team leader organizes sample containers and notes
any modifications on the site—specific sample plan regarding
samples to be collected and analyses requested. The team leader
will also continue documentation in the field notebook.
Prior to sampling any waste constituents, the ambient air
around the general work area and the sampling stations will be
monitored as described in the Health and Safety Standard
Operating Procedures (SOP) document.
11
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Equipment Decontamination
All sampling equipment will be decontaminated before and
after each sampling event. All quality control equipment blank
samples will be obtained prior to collecting injectate samples
(after equipment has been thoroughly decontaminated). The
following decontamination procedures will be utilized:
1) Disassemble equipment
2) Wash with non—phosphate detergent (alconox) with tap
water
3) Rinse with tap water
4) Rinse with isopropy]. alcohol (squirt bottle)
5) Rinse with deionized or distilled water (triple)
6) Rinse with certified metals—free, organic—free water
(squirt bottle)
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Quality assurance (QA) is the process of assuring that data
obtained are technically sound and properly documented. Quality
Control (QC) procedures are employed to measure the degree to
which quality assurance objectives are met.
Trip Blanks
Trip blanks will be utilized to detect contamination or
cross—contamination which may have occurred during sample
handling and transportation. These blanks will be prepared by
the laboratory with certified metal—free, organic—free water and
will accompany sample containers to be utilized during the
sampling effort. Trip blanks will accompany and will be analyzed
along with other samples submitted to the laboratory in the
transport cooler.
12
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Eauthment Blanks
Quality Control (QC) equipment blanks are necessary to
assess the efficiency of field decontamination procedures and are
collected and analyzed identically to liquid waste samples.
These samples are necessary for obtaining enforcement quality
data during the sampling effort. Equipment blank samples
generally will be taken after inital equipment decontamination
and prior to collection of fluid samples from the site. These
samples will be taken at each sampling site. While liquid QC
samples will be obtained, no such samples for sediment analysis
will be collected.
Equipment blanks will be collected by pouring certified
metal-free, organic—free water into sampling equipment
decontaminated by procedures outlined previously, then decanting
•that water into containers appropriate for the desired analysis.
Equipment blanks will be collected when necessary for volatile
organics analysis, semi—volatile analysis, a.nd metals analysis.
Equipment blank samples will be documented and preserved in the
same manner as other samples taken at the site.
Replicate Samples
The goal of replicate sampling is to demonstrate consistency
in sampling procedures as well as analytical methods, and
analytical results should be generally consistent for each
parameter. Therefore, Quality Control (QC) replicate samples
will also be obtained periodically, generally at one out of ten
sample points unless otherwise directed by EPA.
13
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Replicate samples are to be collected from the same sampling
as the initial sample in order that fluid obtained is as
nearlY identical to the initial sample as possible. When
replicates are collected, sample fluids will be composited for
splitting ifl all cases except for samples collected for volatile
or semi—volatile analysis (VOA and SVOA). Possible loss of
volatile orgafliCs during fluid handling requires that fluids not
be composited for VOA and SVOA. Replicates obtained for these
analyses will be collected from points in as close proximity as
possible in an effort to obtain nearly identical fluid. The
laboratory will not be informed that QC samples have been
submitted.
Sample Collection/General Analyses/Preservation Techniques
The EEl field team will be prepared to collect both liquid
and sediment samples. Samples will be transferred from the
collection device to sorted, pie—labeled containers. Labels will
indicate sample number, analysis requested, and preservative
added. The following paragraphs detail procedures to be used in
sampling fluids and sediments. Any deviations from these
procedures will be noted in site—specific sample plans.
Sampling and analytical parameters will be specified in each
site—specific sample plan, which will be prepared prior to or
during sampling activities. The check list presented in Table 1
will be included in each plan to identify possible contaminants
in the facility waste stream. The check list is broken down by
type of chemistry into four groups: volatile organics, semi—
14
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E 1
O X LIST
A. VOIAT E O ANIX B. S -VOLATILE
PARA ER ________
1. Acetaie 1. A1dr n
2. Benzene 2. 44 —
3. lozober ene 3. 4,4 —
4. 1oroform 4. 4,4 —
5. Dichioroethane . - 5, Dieldrin
6. Et1 lberizene 6. r n
7. th ’1ene i1oride 7. ptha1ene
8. Tetrach1ozoe ne l(P ) 8. P
9. ‘Ibluene 9. Pentachiorophenol
10. Trichiozoethane I(T ) 10. _________________
11. Trichioxoethylene IC CE) 11. _______________
12. Xylene _____ 12. ________________
13. _____________________ _____ 13. __________________
14. _____________________ _____ 14. _________________
15. _____________________ _____ 15. __________________
16. _____________________ _____ 16. _________________
17. ____________________ 17. _________________
18. ______________________ 18. ___________________
19. ___________ 19. _________
20. _____________________ 20. __________________
L. LS D. fl ER D INI S
PARM ’FER
1. Arsenic 1. Nitrate
2. Baritxn 2. Sulfate
3. Caàni n 3. S
4. Cbx nisrtn 4. _______________
5. Lead 5. __________________
6. Mercury 6. ________________
7. Selenituu 7. _______________
8. Silver 8. ________________
9. _____________________ 9. ________________
10. _____________________ 10. _________________
11. ______________________
12. CMa1ytir a1 Mer.I ds for other
inorganics nust be specified
in Pield M difications”)
15
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tile organics (base/neutrals and acids), metals, and other
., 0 1a
brg Contaminants of concern will be noted and checked in
appropriate blanks, and will be based upon information
e
hered during the facility inspection. Where “other
gat
norganicS” are noted, it will be necessary to specify analytical
hod(s) to be used in identifying these parameters. EEl will
wet
commicate to the analytical laboratory the need for detection
limits below drinking water maximum contaminant levels for all
analyses.
Liquid samples collected and analyses requested will vary
depending UPOfl injectate characteristics. Samples commonly are
analyzed for volatile organics (VOA), extraction procedure
cicity (EP Tox), total and/or dissolved metals, and corrosivity
y pH). Samples will be collected and analyzed for these
parameters unless otherwise directed by EPA. Other parameters of
interest may include semi—volatile analysis, ignitability,
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
and reactivity.
Different suites of analyses will be appropriate for
different situations. For example, analysis for cyanide (in
addition to other analyses) would be appropriate for a waste
stream from a metal plating facility, while analysis for BOD and
COD would be appropriate for a meat packing facility. Table 2
ljsts several analytical methods with associated sample handling
Procedures. Sediment samples will be collected when conditions
rant.
16
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ANAL?
ME I’HODS
Sediment
EP Toxicity
(Method 1310)
Chill to 4°C
MAXThIJM ANALYFICAL
HOLDING TINE
Eatraction ASAP;
analyze extract
wIthin 6 wontjia
ACCEPTABLE CONFAINERS.
(Per Sample)
1—500 ml wide—
mouth glass bott1e
vith t.I’,.1In.d
SA}IPLE
MATRIX
SPECIFIC ANALYSIS
RFX U EST
PRESERVATIVES
Liquid
Volatile Organic
Analysis (Method 624)
Chill to 4°C
7 days for un—
acidified samples
2—40 ml VOA vials
with teflon septa.
Liquid
S i—Vo1atile
Organic Analysi.
(Method 625)
-
Chill to 4°C
14 days
.
1—1000 ml glass
bottle with teflon
lined lid.
-
-
—
Liquid
Metals; As. Ba. Cd. Cr
Pb. Hg. S.. Ag
111103 to pH ( 2 and
chill to 40C (filtrate
for dissolved metals)
39 days for Hg;
6 months for the others
1—1 liter plastic
bottle.
.
-
-
I S
I
—
—
Liquid
EP Toxicity
(Method 1310 —
Metals only)
Chill to 4°C
Treat fluid as extract;
analyze extract
within 6 months
1—1 liter plastic
bottle.

I
---
fr
1—1000 ml glass
—
Liquid
Ignitability
None
14 days
.
(Method 1010)
bottle.
Sediment
Volatile Organic
Analyais (Method 8240)
Chill to 4°C
14 days
.
2—250 ml wide—
mouth VOA vials
with teflon
liners.
-------
Oraan ics
The sampling team will sample the Class V system after all
QC equipment blanks have been obtained. Samples taken for
volatile organics analyses generally are obtained first in order
to limit disturbance and prevent possible loss of volatiles.
Liquid samples are analyzed for volatile organic compounds
to determine the existence of contaminants that may be listed in
the RCRA regulations under 40 CFR 261.31 as solvents from non-
specific point sources (hazardous waste numbers FOOl, F002, F003,
F004, and F005). A second goal of the VOC analyses will be to
determine whether any constituents of the injectate exceed
maximum contaminant levels (MCL), maximum contaminant level goals
(MCLG), or Health Advisories (HA) developed by USEPA’s Office of
Drinking Water. Such exceedence may constitute endangerment to
public health.
First, the oil/water interface probe will be utilized to
define the base of any free floating product encountered while
sampling. If no floating liquid phase is present, a sampling
device will be lowered into the fluid as deeply as possible
(without disturbing sediment) and extracted to produce a
representative grab sample of fluid. Then the fluid will be
transferred to pre—chilled, pre-labeled 40-mi VOA vials with
teflon septa. Two 40-mi vials will be obtained for each VOA
sample.
18
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If a separate floating phase is present a sampling device
should be utilized to collect fluid from beneath the phase
contact (e.g., below floating hydrocarbons). In this case, the
device would be lowered below the oil/water interface, opened,
closed, and retrieved with the sample. One acceptable device
for sampling below the floating phase is the VOA vial. When the
vial is used in this manner the need for sample transfer is
eliminated. Care will be taken to limit turbulence and prevent
development of head space during sampling for volatiles.
Fluid will be carefully poured when transferring fluid to
vials. Each vial should be filled to produce a meniscus over the
lip of the vial. The screw-top lid with the teflon septum is
then tightened onto the vial which may be turned upside down and
tapped to check for air bubbles. The sample must be retaken if
head space is present. VOA vials should not be filled near a
running engine exhaust system which may cause contamination
through vapors. Activated carbon may be included in the VOA
sample baggie (when packed) in an effort to prevent cross
contamination when high levels of volatiles are present.
The samples will be tagged for identification and chilled to
approximately 4°C for shipment to the laboratory. If quality
control samples are to be taken at the site, replicate VOA
samples (two pre—chilled, pre—labeled vials) will then be
collected, tagged, and preserved in an identical manner.
19
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A summary of methods, standards, and detection limits for
veral organiCs appears on Table 3. Data on a “pseudo—detection
imit,” known as Practical Quantification Limit (PQL) for the
gCRA purgeable (volatile) organic compounds analysis (Method
8240), is also presented in this Table. Method 8240, like Method
624, is a purge and trap GC/MS analysis (see below) for VOC. The
pQL is the minimum concentration detectable by 90% of qualified
laboratories under routine operating conditions. The PQL is
usually 5 to 10 times the methods detection limit (MDL).
Special care will be required by the lab when performing gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analyses. This is
because samples submitted may contain high concentrations of
organics which likely will require sample dilution prior to
a1yses. The lab should attempt to tentatively identify all
peaks and quantify the concentrations. EEl will communicate to
the lab the need for some quantification (minimum of 1 parameter)
when dilution results in high detection limits for organics.
Semi-Volatile Organics
If the decision is made to analyze for semi—volatiles, these
samples will be collected next. Samples will be extracted using
the same procedures dictated for volatiles. The fluid will be
transferred, with the aid of a funnel, into a pre-labeled, one-
liter glass bottle with a teflon cap, and the sample will be
tagged and chilled. Extra care should be taken to prevent
samples from contacting sampler’s gloves. A replicate semi—
latile sample will be obtained when applicable.
20
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Table 3. 9.umzy of t1x,ds, Stai axds, ar Det tia T.4iii
for Certain Organic Analytes
e sl iipt jp 3 a ax ois 4
Met1 cd 624 Methid 8240 Waste
pnalyte iix 2 (ugh) t, 5 (ugh) (ugh) N rber
trichioroethylene 1.9 5 5 FOOl
caz n tetrach].oride 2.8 5 5 FOOl
vinyl chloride H) 10 2
1,2-dich].oroethane 2.8 5 5
be=ene 4.4 5 5 F005
1, 4-dic1 robenzene H) 75
1, 1-dichioroethylene 2.8 5 7
1,1,1—triclilozoetharie 3.8 5 200 FOOl
toluene 6.0 5 F005
N) = I bt Determined
= t Applicable
1 The two net1 cds are p ge ard trap Gd MS tehriiques. Met1 cd 8240 was
developed for RC A ard is fQ1r in: “Test !1et1 s for Evaltat ing Solid
Waste,” Sq-846, rb,. 1986, 3rd Edition. Met1 cd 624 was developed for the
tional Pollutant Discharge Elimination Syst n ( ES) ard is fQlnd in 40
CFR 136, ApperxI. A., “Organic Ca po.irxis in Finished Drinking Water ard Raw
Source Water,” EPA, June. 1985.
2 N)L = Metlcd Det tion Limit, R ort& Range Given
3 N JR MCI = tional Prinary Drinking Water Regulatia s - Ma d1Turn Orttaininant
Le’el
4 Per 40 CIR 261 Subpart D
5 L = Pr tical Quantification Limit. Data are for water ard l ,-level soul
sedixrent saxr ples.
21
-------
is
Samples for metals analyses will be collected next. All
metals samples will be collected in the same manner as volatiles
and subsequently transferred to certified metals-free containers.
Several methods of metals analysis are available, and
different methods dictate different field handling procedures.
In methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (EPA, 1979)
metals content of a sample is defined as follows:
o Dissolved Metals — those constituents (metals)- which
will pass through a 0.45 micron membrane filter.
o Suspended Metals — those constituents (metals) which
are retained by a 0.45 micron membrane filter.
o Total Metals - the concentration of metals determined
on an unfiltered sample following vigorous digestion,
or the sum of the concentrations of metals in both the
dissolved and suspended fractions.
o Total Recoverable Metals — the concentration of metals
in an unfiltered sample following treatment with hot
dilute mineral acid.
A decision must be made prior to sample collection regarding
which type of metals data is desired. EEl believes the most
useful data for determination of potential threat to USDW
probably is dissolved metals data, since these metals are mobile
in the subsurface environment. Other metals data may be useful
for determination of injectate character. EEl generally will
obtain only dissolved metals data, in an effort to determine
potential threat to USDW and to reduce analytical costs, unless
22
-------
otherwise instructed by EPA. Methods to be utilized by EEl for
metals sample collection analysis as described in Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (EPA, 1979) follow.
Dissolved Metals
For the- determination of dissolved constituents the sample
must be filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter as soon as
practical after collection (i.e., in the field unless otherwise
directed by EPA). Glass or plastic filtering apparatus using
plain, non—grid marked, membrane filters are recommended to avoid
possible contamination. The first 50—100 ml of filtrate will be
used to rinse the filter flask. (This flask will be obtained
from the laboratory as a certified metal—free container. It
should be large enough to hold 3 liters of filtrate.) The
rinsate will be discarded, and then the required volume of
filtrate will be collected. Filtrate will then be transferred to
the certified metal-free bottles provided by the lab. The
filtrate will be acidified with 1:1 redisti].led MNO 3 to a pH of
<2. (Suitable preservatives generally will be provided in sample
bottles by the laboratory.)
If a precipitate is formed upon acidification, the filtrate
should be digested by the lab prior to analysis. If hexavalent
chromium is to be included in the analytical scheme, a portion of
the filtrate should be transferred before acidification to a
separate container and analyzed by the lab as soon as possible
using Method 218.3 (Atomic Absorption, chelation—extraction).
23
-------
Total chromium data may be obtained from the acidified metals
filtrate without separation. Analyses performed on a sample so
treated shall be reported as “dissolved” concentrations.
Suspended Metals
For the determination of suspended metals a representative
volume of unpreserved sample must be filtered through a 0.45
micron membrane filter. When considerable suspended material is
presents as little as 100 ml of a well mixed sample is filtered.
The volume filtered is recorded, and the membrane filter
containing the insoluble material is transferred to a container
suitable for transport to the laboratory. The sample should be
digested at the laboratory prior to analysis.
Total Metals
For the determination of total metals the unfiltered sample
is acidified with 1:1 redistilled HNO 3 to a pH of less than 2 at
the time of collection. (Suitable preservatives will be provided
in the sample container by the laboratory.) A volume of sample
appropriate for the expected level of metals should be collected.
If much suspended material is present, as little as 50—100 ml of
well mixed sample will probably be sufficient. (The sample
volume required also may vary proportionally with the number of
metals to be determined.) The sample should be digested at the
laboratory prior to analysis.
24
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Total Recoverable Metals
To determine total recoverable metals, the entire sample is
acidified at the time of collection with 5 ml/l concentrated
redistilled RNO 3 . The sample should be digested at the
laboratory prior to analysis.
Note that total metals data may be obtained by combining
dissolved metals data with suspended metals data. Samples ob-
tained in the field for these analyses would consist of both the
1ir.a .g for the dissolved analysis, and the filter containing
solids removed from the measured, volume—filtered liquid sample.
The laboratory would then run both samples to obtain data for
dissolved and suspended metals. Combination of data obtained
provides mathematically derived total metals data. This method
has several inherent sources of error due to field filtering
limitations: filter clogging, use of multiple filters and sup-
port screens, and accuracy required for measured volume filtered.
Therefore, if EPA requests both dissolved and total metals
data, EEl will obtain two separate liquid samples (one for dis-
solved metals and one for total metals). Both samples will be
obtained from a single composited sample container. This proce-
dure should reduce the level of error caused by field filtering,
providing more accurate total metals data.
As previously stated, EEl believes that dissolved (mobile)
concentrations will provide the most useful data regarding endan—
germent to USDW. A summary of methods, standards, and detection
limits for metals analyses appears on Table 4.
25
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Table 4. Summary of Methods, Standards, and Detection Limits
For Inorganic Analytes
Methods NPDWR 3
MDL 3 MCL 4
NPDWR 1 RCRA 2 Technique - (mg/1) (mg/i)
eflLC 206.2 7060 LA — furnace 0.001 0.05
206.3 7061 LA — hydride 0.002
200.7 6010 ICP 5 0.053
riUS 208.1 7080 LA — direct asp. 0.1 1.0
8 208.2 7081 AA — furnace 0.002
200.7 6010 ICP 0.002
admium 213.1 7130 AA — direct asp. 0.005 0.010
213.2 7131 AA — furnace 0.0001
200.7 6010 ICP 0.004
0 ium 218.1 7190 AA — direct asp. 0.005 0.05
218.2 7191 LA — furnace 0.001
200.7 6010 ICP 0.007
239.1 7420 LA — direct asp. 0.1 0.05
239.2 7421 AL — furnace 0.001
200.7 6010 ICP 0.042
er .—--., 245.1 7470 cold vapor — man. 0.0002 0.002
245.2 7271 cold vapor — auto. 0.0002
elenium 270.2 7740 AL — furnace 0.002 0.002
270.3 7741 AA — hydride 0.002
200.7 6010 ICP 0.075
ilver 272.1 7760 AA — direct asp. 0.01 0.05
272.2 7761 AL — furnace 0.0002
200.7 6010 ICP 0.007
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations — all test methods are from
“Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,” EPA 600/4—79—020.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act — all test methods are from “Test
Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,” SW—846, Nov. 1986. 3rd Ed.
MDL = Method Detection Limit
MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level
IC? = Inductively Coupled Plasna
26
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Extraction Toxicity LEPTox
Extraction Procedure Toxicity analysis (Method 1310 from
SW-846) is employed to determine the hazardous characteristic of
EP Toxicity, as defined in 40 CFR, 261.24. Method 1310 is ap-
plicable to liquid, solid, and multiphase samples. Liquid sam-
ples will be collected after metal samples have been obtained,
and sediment samples will be obtained when possible for this
analysis (see “Sediment Sampling”).
Liquid samples will be obtained with an appropriate sampling
device and transferred directly to the certified metal—free
sample bottle without filtering. Preservatives will not be added
to samples collected for EP Toxicity analysis. These samples
will be chilled to approximately 4°C in the cooler used to
transport all samples to the laboratory. A flow chart of the
laboratory EP Toxicity extraction procedure is presented in
Figure 3.
Table 5 lists parameters and concentrations for wastes
defined as characteristically hazardous by 40 CFR, 261.24. EEl
will request analysis of metals only, unless samplers suspect
that other parameters (e.g., pesticides, herbicides) listed in
Table 5 are present or unless otherwise directed by EPA.
Ignitabil ity
Characteristically hazardous ignitable wastes are defined in
40 CFR, 261.21. These wastes either present a fire hazard under
routine storage, disposal, and transportation procedures or are
capable of severely intensifying a fire once started. Unless
27
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TABLE 5
CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANTS FOR
CHARACTERISTIC OF EP TOXICITY
(from 40 CFR, 261.24)
EPA
hazardous
waste
number
Contaminant
Concentrations equal
to or greater than
values shown below
display characteristic
EP Toxicity___________
D004
Arsenic
5.0
mg/i
D005
Barium
100.0
mg/i
D006
Cadmium
1.0
mg/i
D007
Chromium
5.0
mg/i
D008
Lead
5.0
mg/i
D009
Mercury
0.2
mg/i
DOlO
Selenium
1.0
mg/i
DOll
D0i2
Silver
Endrin (i,2,3,4,lO,iO—heXach
ioro-l, 7-epoxy—
1,4, 4a, 5, 6, 7,8, 8a—octahydro—
1,4—endo, endo—5, 8—dimeth—
5.0
0.02
mg/i
mg/i
D013
ano—naphthaiene
Lindane (1,2,3,4,5,6—hexa—chior—
0.4
mg/i
D014
ocyclohexane, gamma isomer.
Methoxychior (l,i,i-Trichioro—
2, 2-bis (p-tnethoxy-
phenyl]ethane).
•
10.0
mg/i
D015
D016
Toxaphene (C 10 H 10 C1 8 , Technical
chlorinated camphene, 67—69
percent chiorine).
2, 4—D, (2, 4—DichioropheflOxyaCe—
tic acid).
0.5
10.0
mg/i
mg/i
DOll
2,45—TP Siivex (2,4,5—TrichiO—
rophenoxyprop ionic acid).
1.0
mg/i
28
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Wet Waste Sample 4
Contains < 0.57.
Nonf i lterable
Solids
Solid
4!
Discard
> 9.5 mm
Solid
4
Discard
Dry Waste Sample
i.— Solid
‘P
Particle Size
I ’
* Wet Waste Sample
Contains > 0.5%
Non filtera ble
Solids
Monolithic
P
Store at 4 C
at pH
EP Extract
Analysis Methods I
Revision: 0
Date: September 1986
.
EXTRACTION
(from T.st Methode for
PROCEDURE
Evaluoting Solid Woeto.
FLOWCHART
USEPA. SW—846 Nov. .1 986)
—
ENGINEERING
ENTERPRISES.
INC.
‘reject
No.
702.01 2.01
Figure
3
Doll
F.bruory 1989
Representative
Waste Sample
> 100 Grams
I
Liquid
< 9.5
mm
Liquid
Liquid
- I-
Fl
29
-------
directed otherwise by EPA, samples will be obtained for ignita—
bility analysis at each sampling point.
Samples taken for ignitability analysis generally should be
obtained from the well or drainfield rather than upstream sumps
or separators for enforcement purposes. Samples will be
collected with an appropriate sampling device and transferred
directly to the sample bottle. Preservatives will not be added
to samples collected for ignitability. These samples will be
chilled to approximately 4°C in the cooler used to transport all
samples to the laboratory. Ignitability samples will be submit-
ted to the laboratory for analysis by method 1010 from SW-846
(Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Method for Determining Ignitability).
If analytical results reveal a flash point for the sample of less
than 60°C (140°F), the fluid is considered characteristically
hazardous.
Reactivity
Characteristically hazardous reactive wastes, as defined in
40 CFR, 261.23, are those which: (1) readily undergo violent
chemical change; (2) react violently or form potentially
explosive mixtures with water; (3) generate toxic fumes when
mixed with water or, in the case of cyanide— or sulfide—bearing
wastes, when exposed to mild acidic or basic conditions; (4)
explode when subjected to a strong initiating force; (5) explode
at normal temperatures and pressures; or (6) fit within the
Department of Transportation’s forbidden explosives, Class A
explosives, or Class B explosives classifications.
30
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This definition is intended to identify wastes that, because
of their extreme instability and tendency to react violently or
explode, pose a problem at all stages of the waste management
process. The Agency chose to rely on a descriptive, prose defi-
nition of reactivity because the available tests for measuring
the variegated class of effects embraced by the reactivity defi-
nition suffer from a number of deficiencies (EPA, 1986).
Samples will be obtained for reactivity analysis only when
directed by EPA or samplers suspect that a cyanide- or sulfide-
bearing waste which may emit hydrogen sulfide or hydrogen cyanide
gases under pH conditions between 2 and 12.5 is being discharged
to a Class V system. A sample of the product being discharged
would be taken under this condition for analysis by method
7.3.3.2 (Test Method to Determine Hydrogen Cyanide Released from
Wastes) and/or 7.3.4.2 (Test Method to betermine Hydrogen Sulfide
Released from Wastes) from SW-846 only when it can be determined
that the suspect waste will not form an explosive mixture when
combined with acids.
If taken, samples will be collected with an appropriate
sampling device with care to provide minimum aeration. Samples
will be transferred directly to the sample bottle which will be
filled completely and stoppered. Samples will be chilled and
stored in a dark place until analysis begins. No preservatives
will be added, and samples will be analyzed as quickly as possi-
ble.
31
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DQPI C°-
Samples taken for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemi-
cal Oxygen Demand (COD) will be obtained with an appropriate
sampling device and transferred directly to sterile glass con-
tainers for transport. Samples obtained for BOD will be pre-
served by chilling at approximately 4 0 C. Samples obtained for
COD analysis will be preserved with sulfuric acid to a pM of <2,
and maintained at or near 4°C until analysis.
Corrosivitv ( HL Temperature, and Conductivity
The pH, temperature, and conductivity measurements will be
obtained in the field with a temperature-compensated
pH/conductivity meter and/or a themometer. Characteristically
hazardous corrosive wastes are defined in 40 CFR, 261.22 as an
aqueous waste with a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater
than 12.5 as determined by a pH meter using EPA Method 9040 from
USEPA Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste , SW—846, November,
1986.
Each pH measurement instrument will be calibrated at a
minimum of 2 points approximately 3 pH units (or more) apart
bracketing the expected sample pH. During calibration, readings
will be brought within .05 pH units of the buffer solution values
used.
Samples will be collected by lowering the chosen sampling
device into the fluid, retrieving the sample, and transferring
the fluid to an appropriate container for measurements. If the
measured sample pH is above or below the buffer solution values
32
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used for calibration, the instrument will be recalibrated to
bracket the measured value.
Sample pH and temperature will then be recorded for several
successive volumes of fresh, unfiltered sample until pH values
obtained differ by less than 0.1 units. Instrument electrodes
will be rinsed with distilled water between successive samples.
If the field measurement indicates corrosivity in the sample it
will be sent to the laboratory for further analysis. The
laboratory will be instructed to perform Method 9040 on the
sample in order to obtain further data which may prove useful for
enforcement proceedings. EPA method 1110 from SW-846 (Corrosivi-
ty Toward Steel) also may be requested if measured field pH
indicates a characteristically hazardous corrosive waste is being
discharged.
The instrument electrodes will be properly cleaned after
sampling by a detergent wash (to remove oil residue) followed by
a distilled water rinse. Additional treatment with hydrochloric
acid (1:9) also will be utilized when necessary to remove any
remaining oil film.
Specific conductance will also be obtained from the samples
using a temperature compensated conductivity meter. Measured
values for pH, temperature, and conductivity will be noted in the
field notebook. Samplers should note that measurements obtained
for pH and conductivity have been obtained using a temperature
compensated instrument. Detailed maintenance calibration logs
will be maintained for all field instruments.
33
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m ling
Sediment samples will be collected following fluid sample
lleCti0fl. The pond sampler will be used to dredge samples from
5 uiUP or basin bottoms. If volatile organics analysis is to be
perf0rm this sample will be collected first to minimize
disturbance of the sediment and loss of volatiles. Using a small
stainless steel lab scoop, sediment will be transferred from the
p d sampler into two prelabeled 250-mi wide-mouth VOA jars with
teflon septa. These jars should be filled as completely as
possible with sampled sediment. ars should be tapped sLightly
as they are filled to eliminate as much air space as possible.
Both vials comprise a single sample for VOA.
A sediment sample for EP Toxicity analysis also will be
ollected when possible. Sediment will be collected and trans-
ferred into one wide—mouth certified metal—free glass jar with a
teflon lid as described above.
The sediment samples will then be tagged and chilled.
Sediment replicates will not be collected unless otherwise di-
rected by EPA.
Other Analyses
Analytical methods other than those previously discussed may
be appropriate in certain situations. Acceptable EPA methods
will be utilized for sample collection and analysis for each
special situation. All procedures and methods will be specified
and documented for all sampled sites.
34
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Sample Documentation and Shipment
Individual samples will be collected and labeled with sample
numbers, name of sampler(s), date and time of collection, and
collection point. Container lids will be wrapped with para-filin
if they are to be shipped and samples will be sealed in ziploc
baggies. This will serve to prevent any sample container leakage
from contaminating the shipping container (usually a cooler) and
will provide a way to keep multi-container VOA samples together.
An EEl sample tag (Figure 4) will be prepared and included within
the baggie. The purpose of the tag is to enable the lab to
easily identify the sample with respect to the custody record.
The tags are made of resistant Tyvek material, and all entries
will be made with indelible ink so that incidental leakage will
not destroy the tag or the writing. The following information
will be recorded on the tag:
1) Project code
2) Station number
3) Date and time of sample collection
4) Composite vs. grab sample
5) Station location
6) EEl team leader signature
7) Analysis requested.
After sealing the baggies, custody seals (Figure 4) will be
affixed over the sealed portion of the baggies. To expedite
field operations, sample tags will be completed prior to initia-
tion of sampling activities whenever possible.
To comply with Department of Transportation (DOT) regula-
tions, samples deemed to be of high concentration must be shipped
in tin containers (EEl generally uses empty paint cans). Vermic-
35
-------
Prss.rvaffv.:
vieD NoD
ANALYSES
BOO Anions
SoUds CTSS I YDS) 5$)
COO. TOC. Nutrients
—
Pheno cs
Mercury
Metals
Cyamde
—
Oil and Gas
Organics GCIMS
Priority Pollutants
%blstlle Organics
Pesticides
SAMPLE TAG
0
.
• . =
I 3
I U I
S
I.
I . ;
I. .
‘ . 2g .,
I
U
—— 0s0.
u j
I ____________
____ ___________
I ___________
_____________
I cs—c; .s
I — • °u ’
I ____________
—
_________ 3 C U U) •
____________ S U)
I —
S • •
to — z 3
z
Ic —
10
___________ —
I.
0
‘U
Mutagenicity
Bacteriology
I I
I I
I— ___ ___ ———— __J
FRONT
I

OFFCIA). SAMP%.E SEAl
IM1 E NO.
IDATE
I;

i:
l_
I
a
i

i_
I
.

•
i
IS 1GN*TURE
,PRINT NAI (
AND
TITLE IiflW.cl . AnSysi S
T, Iu.c,.ai
i
10
.
•

————---———-—-l
CUSTODY SEAL
L EEl SAMPLE TAG AND CUSTODY SEAL
PROJECT NO..
702.012.O1
A JRE NO.

DATE:
Feoruary
1989
r
S
.
3
S
C
U)
U)
.
a.
E
S
( ‘I
1
C
0
Remarks
3
C
0
S
U)
Tag No. Lab Sa,npis No.
1— 01749
BACK
36
-------
ulite will be used to secure sample containers inside the paint
cans when necessary. Containers will be placed in plastic gar-
bage bags, packed with vermiculite and sealed with duct tape to
provide insulation and prevent breakage. If samples are to be
hand delivered there will be no need to use vermiculite or gar-
bage bags. The remaining void space in the cooler will be filled
with ziploc baggies full of crushed ice. The cooler may be sealed
and secured for shipping by wrapping several times with strapping
tape.
An EEl sample data sheet (Figure 5) will be prepared for
each sample, including QA samples. These sheets are included in
the site—specific sample plan. They summarize all data pertinent
to the sample and denote the point at which it was obtained. Each
sheet will be completed when sample tags are being documented,
prior to the sampling effort whenever possible.
EEl Chain of Custody Records will be used to trace the
custody of the sample shipment container (cooler) from the field
to the laboratory. Information provided on this form (Refer to
Figure 6) consists of the project name, samplers’ names, station
number, date, time, analyses requested, and samplers’ remarks.
In addition, the shipment airbill. number (if shipped) and the
laboratory name will be noted on the form. The persons turning
the samples over to the shipper will, sign the first “relinquished
by” box, and the date and time will be noted. One copy of the
Chain of Custody Record will be placed in a water tight zip-lock
37
-------
-
1) Sasple lb.:_________________________
2) Tag b.:_____________________
is this a “blank saiple? (Y or N):_
4) DupliCate of sanpie no.:___________
5) SaLTple station:_________________________
6) Site nane:_____________________________
City!
State:
I
B GU EERUVG
J ENTERPRiSES, INC.
7) SLt.O EPA ID 8:_
8) Lead sanpler:_
Other sauplers:
9) ProJect officer:____________________
10) Saiiple matrix:____ (A=air: L L.iquid, Oil; S=Sedinent/s1u’ 4 e/soil;
W=Water Z=Other)
ii) cpected contanthant coz entracicn:___________________________________
(High. ? ditzn. Lov)
statute ui er which sasple was collected:______________________________
Analysis requested,___________________________________________________
SasTple container type:_____________________________________________
lb. of sasple containers:_____
Presexvat ive:_______________
Labora tory:_______________________________
Date sanpie collected (,nn/dd/yy)s ,j_/_
Date sanple sent to lab (ssnfdd/yy): _/_/_
Date of Analysis:________________________
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
EEl SAMPLE DATA SHEET
111U 114P
702.012.O1
Figure 5
=
38
-------
E El ENGINEERING
ENTERPRISES. INC.
HEADQUARTERS 33$ WssI Mi.n Nouman. OK 13065 (403) 320 1300
WEST COAST 31619 S Wilmington Blvd. SuIts 40$. Long Bs.ch. CA 00610 (313) $154501
6*5 1 COAST 13 15 W Biuuimois Pius SuIts S. Mad.., PA 10063 (315) 566-3690
CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD
P,o 1 No Pio scS Nams
SAMPLE TYPE — —
—
b
1
.IM* MS
SAMPLERS o.,s. .. I
I
I f V
i i :i11
STANO
-
DAIS
TIME
STATIONLOCATION I
I .
‘ ‘ .1 by i . . u ...
... . • .rns
I
...
..sce.vad by ._,OnaI..I
. . - -
IUI*t Nil U i CONISIHISS
. stInquushsd by oqn.u .., 0.1.1 Turn. acsuv dDy S n.....i
I
Rscsuvsd
Aslunquushed by S 4NisI
0.1.1 TIrns
R.c.ivsd by .s.*u. ..a
R.Ilnqulihsd by iS .’a ..,
by (1. ..ksi
loi
Di i . I Turns
Ms hod 01 Shuprnsnl
Shlppsd by IS. .k .I
Couslst ISsnsu .l
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l1 n.u .’il
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1.bos.lo .y should s o stud U TURN WHITE COPY with ..&gfksl ,..uR. Ri 5, y.low upylo, 1.5 ,,co ,ds.
-------
plastic bag and taped to the inside of the lid of the cooler when
the cooler is shipped. Samples will be hand—delivered to the
laboratorY when possible.
Disposal of Contaminated Materials
All rinsates from equipment decontamination, as well as
eXCeSS fluids and sludges collected or those generated by rinsing
sample containers, will be retained in a five—gallon disposal
bucket. Additionally, rags, gloves, coveralls, and other solid
materials that have come in contact with fluid or sediment sam-
ples will be collected in plastic trash bags. The plastic bags
will be placed in the disposal bucket and left on—site pending
additional information as discussed below.
The ultimate disposal of these materials will depend on
whether or not the samples are hazardous. This will be based on
the analytical results. If they are not hazardous, the facility
operator will be instructed by EPA to discard the material using
their usual solid refuse hauler. If the wastes are hazardous, EPA
will advise the facility owner as to how these wastes should be
disposed.
Field Modifications
All field modifications to the site—specific sampling plan
must be completely documented. Modifications must be initialed
by the EEl field team leader or team member documenting sampling
activities.
40
-------
Site Health and Safety Plan
A site—specific health and safety plan has been developed by
EEl which addresses all aspects of health and safety pertinent to
sampling at the referenced facility. The format is consistent
with NIOSR/OSHA/USCG/EPA guidelines for site safety plans and has
been approved by EEl’s corporate health and safety officer.
Health and safety standard operating procedures (SOP) should be
consulted for further information.
41
-------
DG fl
S1 B L ZC FL’1Y
(P p1ing ( Lass V Facilities)
NaIr :
ject irber:
rjptiOI
project Site Location:
Manager:
,jite Safety Officer:
plan pre rer
tion Date:
z porate Safety Officer
(date)
Project Manager
(date)
Site Safety Officer
(date)
-------
LO TION:____
AN PR AR BY:
APH OV BY: -
aa EcrIvE CS):
A. 2 AL D * a4
Jth b.
DAZE:
DEE:
wosm DA!LE OF INVESFIGPTION:
EA 1 ITf DES IPPION:
BA 3ND REVIEW: Catplete:
DOCj TION/Stt AARY: O rera11 R axd:
aq J O NIzATIa4 A D C ORDI TION -
ait the stated jth fw tions on site.
job function.)
PRO3 P TD2 1 LEADER________
LT SAFETY OFFI __________________
M LEADER ________
TEAM ERS
Pre1 minazy:___
Seriais: __________ Z4 derate: ___________
Las:___ Th a :___
The fo11c iing pexsonnel are designated to rx
() te: One persai nay carxy oit nore than or
F ERAL ? CY REPS
s’rATE & LOCAL
C’f REPS
-------
zgbulaflce ______________
Hospital flrerger y Roan
iscn nt o1 Center
B. U’ D TT (.
L l
ress a -
o1ice (mc i. Local. O unty Sheriff, State)
Fire Depar nt
Directions to Hospital (mci. map)
.
Refer to Map on the Foil ing Page
-------
Site Res ces
Water Supply
Telephone
Radio
Other
E rg y cts
Health ath Safety Director:
Project nager:
Other:
C. M .rE R Is’Erc
?TherE ‘IYPE CS): Liquid Solid nudge
( s
O i sive Ignitable - Radioactive
Volatile
¶I cic Reactive Un3a a ,n Other (l ue)
Waste Souxve,%qaste Stream Description:
—
Principal Disposal ) thod (type ax location):
Unusual Features (dike integrity,
Status (active, inactive, un)c qn)
S
-------
C. ‘IEMAS’IE RA IS IC (ccnt iriued)
jstOXY (injuries; carplaints; previO.iS ager y action): __________________________
—Site ( 1 4r 1 List
(Use u p1arenta1 Sh ts if Necessaxy)
mtary (attach MSDS sheets az copy of available chanical thforn tion fran Saxs,
xdc, Irxiex, C1 atads, etc.): ___________________________________________________
-------
D. L iW’rrc i LEVEL ( Ec I r
Level C Level D
ULTRA-’IWD RESPIRAIOR ULTRA-’IWIN RFSPIRA1 R
(AVAILABLE)
AIR g3R. Yfl RESPIRA OR (TIPE __________
R GES (‘ZYPE ) ______L APE ? ISK
(optional)
ROBER ’ ZSH W ES PE O UCAL RESISTM T AILS
L RESI NP cX VER ILS F r nvE
(
ffi r vE L
(Type_____
F Y
RAfl 1 SUIT
)RK GIXWES (optional)
B 7P1L AffiON
icr TAPE
SU ICAL ES
HARD HAT
LO 7ES (‘ZYPE _______________
HAFL’IY cLASSES/SPLASH (tOCLES
Otfl RK VES
SA E ’ ZY
icr
HARD HAT
BOOTIES (optional)
-------
_____ INFORZ’ ION
____________TD E: JOB :
SITE:________
w TION: ________________________
ON5IT I 1’ cX NrACr: ____________
0WECrIVES:_______
‘WPES OF 4IC?LS NrIaPAT : _____
MEE.TDG Wcrw BY: -
WFI DIS JSS
iYSI L HP2ARDS: _________
Q CP L H1 2J RDS: _________
PERSO L PROI tTION: ______
DEcONr?1 TION: _________
SPE AL SITE IDERMTO S:
CY c XWF :
I SPIT L/C. INIC:
SPIT L NDDRESS:
SPE I L EQUI :
LIST
1. flrergercy infox ration re,iewed and irade familiar to all team n rbers?
2. Route to nearest 1 spital c n to all team mnbers?
3. Site safety plan readily available and its location Jatatin to all team uwbers?
-------
Naire Print
Signature
meting cor ucted By:
Printed
Site Safety Officer:
Signature
Leader:
-------
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
CONCERNING HEALTH & SAFETY
DURING SAMPLING AT
CLASS V FACILITIES
IN REGION II
FOR
U.S. EPA REGION II
UNDERGROUND IN ECTION CONTROL SECTION
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
Submitted By
Engineering Enterprises, Inc.
Under EPA Contract No. 68-30—3416
Work Assignment 2—12
February 1989
-------
TABLE OF CO) ENTS
- SECTION PAGE
I. Introduction.. . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • , , • • • • • • , • •
II . Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , • , . • • • • • • • • , , • • • • • • • •
III. Prior preparation...... . . .SSS•• • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
IV. On—Site Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Site Reconnaissance.. .... .... . .... . .. . ..... 3. -
Operations Set—Up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
znbient Air Monitoring/Personal
ProtectionEquipmeflt.................... . 4
Sampling Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. • 10
V. Summary and Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
4—1 Combustible Gas Indicator Diagrain...................• 6
4—2 HNU Meter Control Panel Diagram...............•. 7
4-3 Respirator Issuance and Training Form................ 9
4—4 Notice of Samp].eCOlleCtiOflFO ...... • ... 12
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x. Introduction
The purpose of this Health and Safety Standard Operating
1 rocedures (SOP) document is to outline and describe all health
and safety routines, as well as define general precautions to be
taken at every Class V site. Within the text the following
topics will be covered: decontamination, air monitoring, personal
protection equipment, first aid, emergency planning, and disposal
of waste generated.
II. Background
This Health and Safety Standard Operating Procedures
document was developed in response to EPA’s request for the
development of SOPs for any routine activities carried out under
-EPA direction. Topics addressed are consistent with those
,wutlined within NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA guidelines. The associated
generic, site-specific health and safety plan format is also
consistent with the above guidelines for site safety plans. Both
the SOP and generic plan have been approved by EEl’s corporate
health and safety officer.
All EEl field team members have completed a minimum of 40
hours of health and safety training for hazardous waste site
workers and have acquired the minimum of 3 days field experience
under direct supervision of a trained, experienced supervisor (as
required by 29 CFR, 1910.120). Each field team member also
receives an 8 hour annual refresher course.
2.
-------
Iii addition, field team members have received baseline
medical examinations as well as annual follow-ups under EEl’s
medical monitoring program. General physical examinations
include blood and urine tests, vision tests, pulmonary function
tests, and audiometric tests.
EEl recommends that any individual (including any Federal,
State, or local agency representatives) accompanying the field
team also have safety training and a recent medical exam. A
certified OSHA health and safety training course covering
emergency response procedures is recommended.
III. Prior Preparation
Prior to any site visit some preliminary planning and labor
are required. A site—specific health and safety plan must be
developed for each facility. The site-specific plan is developed
with the use of information obtained during in-depth facility
inspections and information from other local resources (i.e.,
phone book). This information is then incorporated into the
appropriate places within the site—specific plan presented along
with this SOP. The generic plan is basically a skeleton which
identifies what information is required about a site. Therefore,
a site—specific plan is created by simply filling in the blanks.
Refer to the attached generic plan for the detailed information
required.
Once a site safety plan has been developed for each facility
a meeting will be held to familiarize personnel with all on—site
2
-------
hazards. The main topic to be discussed will be the type of
hazardous chemicals stored at the facility, along with a review
of the respective Material Safety Data Sheets. Also, team members
will be informed of any site characteristics which may make the
occurrence of accidents more likely, emergency routes, and
emergency proced zres. Individuals will be required to attend
this safety meeting if there is any possibility that person’s
presence may be required on—site. Attendance will be verified by
requiring attendees to sign in.
IV. On-Site Procedures
Site Reconnaissance
After the EPA field representative has secured entry, a
brief survey of the site will be conducted. The purpose of this
survey is to verify details noted during the in—depth site
inspection. The location of sampling points and any hazards such
as the location of storage drums will be verified to ensure that
the site health and safety plan has adequately addressed all
possible on—site hazards.
Operations Set-Up
The field vehicle (typically a van) will be parked in a
location convenient to all sampling points and where access to an
exit is readily available in the case of a medical emergency.
One EEl field team member will set up the decontamination station
while the other member organizes the first aid station and begins
sampling activities documentation. A convenient location for the
first aid station is at the sliding side door of the van.
3
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Equipment and information needed at the first aid station
includes the following:
— first aid kit
- emergency eye wash
- potable water
— fire extinguisher
- site health and safety plan (includes: route map to
hospital, MSDS for chemicals found on site, and local
emergency phone numbers)
- Health and Safety standard operating procedure
) anbient Air Monitoring/Personal Protection Equipment
After the decontamination and first aid stations have been
set up, the EEl field team will monitor the ambient air within
the work space associated with each sampling station. Class V
wells typically are located in open air environments where
individuals carry out work related duties on a daily basis; thus
it is assumed that no immediate inhalation hazard exists. The air
monitoring is performed in order to confirm that no need exists
for respiratory protection over an extended period of
approximately 30 minutes. If product drums are to be sampled a
NIOSH approved full face cartridge type respirator will be worn
while monitoring the work space. The respirators will be
equipped with cartridges for combination organic vapors, acid
gases, and ammonia gases.
The air will be monitored for volatile organic vapors and
combustible gases using the HNU meter and combustible gas
4
-------
indicator (CGI), respectively. Other parameters measured by the
i meter are oxygen (02) and Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) (Figure 4-
In the rare instance when volatile concentrations exceed
accePtab levels, the sampling team will immediately upgrade to
a personnel protection level of C. (Exceedance of acceptable
levels are generally defined as an increase of 10 parts per
million (ppm) above background readings as measured with an HNU
or OVA meter). An HNU meter readout and control panel are
depicted in Figure 4—2.
The HNU meter should be calibrated daily with the use of a
volatile gas of known concentration. EEl generally uses Benzene
and calibrates the meter prior to arriving at the site.
I Background readings will be taken near the field vehicle
Def ore monitoring the air in the work space. In addition to work
space air monitoring, measurements also should be taken within
the swnp or welibore. All air monitoring measurements will be
recorded in the sampling activities field book in the- following
manner:
Weather Conditions:
Approximate Time of Readings:
Hnu (p u) LEL*(%) 02(%) H 2 S (ppm )
Background
Work Space
Sump/Wel ibore
* LEL — Lower Explosion Limit
5
-------
TRIANGULAR
POINTER
TO INDICATE
GAS BEING
DISPLAYED
‘nd
Cu . ..’
V
NORMAL OPERATION
I9 .4
UNSAFE OXYGEN LEVEL
.
:‘nn
L LI.
V
NORMAL OXYGEN LEVEL DISPLAYED
COMBUSTIBLE GASES IN ALARM MODE
LOBAT g
I
V
COMBUSTIBLE
GAS
INDICATOR
DIAGRAM
EE
I ?
-
PROJECT NO..
702012.03
J F JRE NO.
4
DATE:
1989
ON/OFF SWITCH
COVER
BATTERY FAILURE
SENSOR FAULT
Fgi n 2.
Display and Alarms
-------
BATTERY CHECK
POSiTION
ALARM SET SWiTCH
AND ADJUSTMENT (OFTIONAL)
LOW BATTERY
INDICATOR LIGHT ILEDI
POWER OFF
5
hiiu
systems Inc.
photo -ionizer
model P1101
made in U.S.A.
STANOIT 0. 2000
0. 200
0.20
ZE 0
0
f
.Sv
0
A(COROE
0
G 4O
I
J
1
(P0 1. 1 1
RANGES
FUNCTI N
SWITCH
ZERO
ADJUSTI 1EN
SPAN
CONTROL
HI•VOLTAGE
INTERLOCK
RECOROER
OUTPUT
CONNECTOR KEY
•HNU METER CONTROL PANEL DIAGRAM
12 PIN INTERFACE
CONNECTOR BETWEEN
READOUT UNIT AND
SENSOR
GROuNO
PHOJECT I40_ 702.012.03
February iae9
ENGINEERING
ENERPRISES,IN
AGURE NO.
4-2
7
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Weather conditions are monitored because they may affect the
accuracy of the measurements obtained with the Hnu meter. The
instrument will require recalibration and the UV lamp should be
cleaned if the relative humidity exceeds 90%. Also, severe cold
slows the response time, which is normally about 3 seconds.
If the instrument readings indicate that Level C protection
is required, the sampling team will return to the first aid
station and upgrade to Level C. In that case the respirator
“issuance and training form” depicted in Figure 4-3 will be
filled out, and a respirator field fit test will be required. A
negative pressure fit test is accomplished by sealing both
cartridges so air will not pass through them and then inhaling.
The respirator mask should suck tight to the face and no air
should enter. Positive pressure fit tests are done in the same
manner only this time the individual exhales, again no air leaks
should be observed. A proper respirator fit is required and will
provide protection up to 50 times the permissible exposure limits
(PEL).
Other changes involved when upgrading from Level D to Level
C are designed to provide more adequate splash protection. These
changes include the addition of chemical resistant safety boots
and exchanging the tyvek coverall for one of saranex.
When working in Level C if art individual detects any odor,
taste, or irritation he/she should immediately leave the work
area. As long as PEts are not exceeded, odor, taste, and
8
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ENGtNEERING
EEIENTERPRISES, INC.
ffy,dvucav ,on Recovery and Water R.soiivc, Sp.c aZists
1225 W. Main Street
Norman, OK 73069
(405)329—8300
FAX 4.05—366—8722
RESPIRATOR ISSUANCE AND TRAINING
EMPI OYEE EMPLOYEE NUM8ER TITLE DATE
0 Chemical Cartridge o Dust/Fume
RESPIRATOR: 0 Self —Contained 0 Supplied Air with prefilter Mist Filter
0 Powered Air 0 Chemial Cartridge 0 Dust/Mist Filter 0 HEPA Filter
4OOEL APPUCATION 1 NIOSH APPROVAL NUUBER
0 Beard Denture Glasses None
LIMITATIONS:
PLAIN
Satisfactory Satisfactory
Positive Pressure Test Isoamyl Acetote Test
FIT11NG:
Satisfactory 0 Setisfoctory
Negative Pressure T..t Sw.et•nter T•et
Cisanlng: 0 0 ° Y o Weekly o Other
MAINTENANCE:
Disposal: Q Doily o Weekly 0 Other Individual o Plant 0 Other
INDICATOR
EMPLOYEE SIGNATURE
DATE
APPROVED
DATE
RESPIRATOR ISSUANCE AND TRAINING FORM
E E 1 ENGINEERING
ENTERPRISES, INC.
P j No. 702.012.03 I F gure
1
February 1
9
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irritation are acceptable warning properties which indicate that
contaminant levels have increased above the protection level
provided by Level C equipment. In such a situation, upgrading to
personal protection Level B is required.
Level B personal protection equipment will not be available
to the sampling team since conditions requiring such protection
are not anticipated. Therefore, all activities will be canceled
if upgrading to Level B is ever necessary. Other health and
safety related reasons for canceling sampling activities include:
— an oxygen deficient atmosphere (02 meter reading of
<19.5%),
- a Lower Explosion Limit (L ) reading of 20% or greater
(2.0 digital meter display: above this level an alarm
goes off and all personnel should be evacuated)
- any detectable level of Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S)
— a well located in an enclosed work space where no daily
activities are conducted
Sampling Activities
Unless one or more of the conditions described above exists,
all sampling activities generally will be carried out under
personal protection Level D. (Level D provides adequate
protection when work functions preclude splashes, immersion, and
unexpected inhalation or contact with hazardous levels of any
chemicals). At sites which have an extremely oily waste stream,
saranex splash resistant coveralls will be worn in place of the
tyvek coveralls typically worn at most sites. Chemical splash
goggles and safety boots/shoes are worn at all times while
sampling activities are being conducted. Hard hats for each
10
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field team member will be available in the event they are
required.
Field team members’ hands routinely are exposed to and
sometimes immersed in the waste stream at every facility. This
routine exposure warrants Level C protection for the hands.
Level C protection requires both inner and outer gloves to be
worn. The inner gloves are disposable surgical gloves and the
outer ones are chemical resistant neoprene gloves.
The outer gloves will be decontaminated prior to arid
following sampling. The decontamination procedure is as follows:
1) Non-phosphate detergent (alconox) tap water wash
2) Tap water rinse
3) Isopropyl alcohol squirt rinse (when needed)
4) Deionized or distilled water triple rinse
All liquid waste generated along with the tyvek coveralls
and inner gloves will be containered in disposal buckets
identified as possible hazardous waste and left on—site in the
care of the facility owner/operator. The owner/operator will be
required to sign a custody form (copy submitted with this SOP
Figure 4—4) instructing him/her not to dispose of the waste until
contacted by the EPA. The EPA will contact the operator as soon
as the analytical results have been received and reviewed and
inform him/her if the waste can be disposed of normally or if
indeed it must be treated as a hazardous waste.
11
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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NOTICE OF SAMPLE COLLECTION
EPA Regional Office: Firm i and Address
Inspection Contractor
Firm Representative and Title
N er of S tes Collected
fluid: Sediment: Other:
Date Collected
.
D licate Sptes Requested by mer/0perator
()Tes oNe
AnaLytical resuLts wilt be used to determine If hazardous waste is being Injected to the swhsurf ace, causing
a violation of Undergrownd Injection Control Program regulations (40 CM, 1 .23) , or If contaminants
present In the Injectate could cause a violation of any Priamry Drinking Water regulations in wdergrcuid
sources of drinking water or otherwise endanger ht n health (60 CM, IU.12).
Some waste fluids and some solids will be generated during sample acquisition arid decontamination
procedures. These fluids and solids will be contalnered In a disposal bucket which oust romain on-site
unit further notice. The disposal bucket wilt be clearly merked as possIbly containing hazardous waste.
The facility owner/operator wilt not dispose of the bucket with contacted by the USEPA. After reviewing
the analysis the EPA will inform the owner/operator if the bucket mey be dIsposed of normetty or if it a. t
be treated as a hazardous waste.
The signature below acknowledges that sples were collected on the above date at the above facility and
that a waste disposal bucket was left In the care of the faciLity owner/operator.
Signature (Owner, Operator, or Agent) Title Date Time
Name of Sampler Title S ler’s Signature
4
Rgure 44
12
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v. SI1wfw ry and Conclusion
A complete equipment check list, including health and safety
equipments is included with each site specific plan. Prior to
each sampling trip the equipment crate will be inventoried and
any deficiency filled.
In the case of accidental exposure investigators should
always consult the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the
preferred method of treatment. If an MSDS is not available the
following treatments should be implemented:
Exposure Route First Aid Treatment
Ingestion Get medical aid; do not induce
vomiting
Inhalation Move to fresh air; get medical aid
Dermal (skin contact) Rinse thoroughly with water
Eyes (splashed) Rinse thoroughly with water for 15
minutes
If an individual is unconscious an ambulance should be called
immediately for transport to the nearest hospital.
A copy of this SOP will be located at the first aid station.
However, in the event of an accident, the site—specific plan
should always be consulted first. It will contain all pertinent
MSDS sheets (if available), local emergency phone numbers, and a
route map to the nearest hospital.
13
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SITE-SPECIFIC INJECTATE AND
SEDIMENT SAMPLING PLAN
CLASS V FACILITIES
Site Name: __________________________
Site Location:- __________________________
City/State/Zip: _____________________________
Site EPA ID#: __________________________
.Sampling Date(s): ________________________
Prepared By: ________________________
Date
Contractor: Engineering Enterprises, Inc.
Address: 1225 West Main Street
City/State/Zip: Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Telephone: (405) 329—8300
EPA Project Officer: ________________________ ____________
Phone *
EPA Project Officer
Approval: _______________________ ___________
(signature) Date
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Generic Diagram of a Typical Class V System
The diagram on page three (3) depicts typical features of a
Class V system. No Class V system will have every feature
represented and in rare cases a particular system may have none
of the features exactly as depicted. However, the illustrations
roughly corresponds to most systems encountered and can be
adapted in the description lines provided to reflect any Class V
system.
The in—depth inspection report should contain the system
type, construction features, dimensions, and fluid levels. The
individual developing a site sampling plan will use this
information to complete the generic diagram. The inspection
sport will identify all access points to the system. A primary
and secondary sampling point will be chosen from the possible
access points. The primary sampling point should always be the
access point nearest to the point of discharge (refer to the
sampling SOP).
Once the sampling points are chosen, the illustration which
best depicts the features of the system at the facility of
interest is descriptively modified to reflect the exact features
of that system’s sampling points. The lines provided with each
illustration are used for describing exact dimensions (e.g., well
bore diameter; sump length, width, and depth), unique features
which may hinder or enhance sampling activities, depth to fluid
and sediment at the time of inspection. and any cover or grate
hich will need to be removed.
1
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Based on all available information a decision will be made
on the type of sampling device to be used. Typically, a bailer
is used when monitoring tubes or well bores of small diameter are
the chosen sampling point. Suznps or separation chambers are
generally sampled with a pond sampler unless separate phases are
present within the suxnp, in which case a weighted bottle will be
used. Sediment samples are always collected using a pond
sampler. For further information regarding sampling equipment
refer to the sampling SOP.
2
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Potential
Potential San flng Point
OIL-WATER SEPARATOR /
DRMNACC SUUP
SAMPliNG OCWICL (circle see)
Pond S. ipler
W.ight.d a tw.
Oth.r
OR
I In oncioee. FssIur.. •tc.:
S.$MPUNG DEWICE (drsl. S ..)
o -p
mm
I zz
o
- 0 m
mZ
UC)
- ‘
Wslght.d Both.
Sarr itng Point
Clean Potential Sarrçilng Point
Manhol. Access
To Lesch Pl.ld
C)
P1
rrnl
(1)
<9
DC )
-u
0
(I)
>0
U)
—I
p ,U
flknenslons. F. .tiw... sic.:
Ssepag• PIt I
well
SEP11C TANK / SEPARA1 ON CHAMBER
Oim.n.leee. F.o w.., clej
LEACH FiElD SYSTE)4
SAIJPUPIO DtVICE (cird. 0..)
Pond Somplec
W&ght.d Both.
Other
Inspection Access
Pot.ntial
Other
Oknon,l,n. F..%1.v.., .ic4
SAMPliNG DEVICE (drol. see)
W .ijit.d Bothe
Other
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potential Contaminant Check List
The potential contaminant check list presented on page six
) is completed based on information gathered during the in—
depth facility inspection. The purpose of the check list is to
indicate contaminants which may be found in the fluids of the
Class V system. Contaminant expectations are derived from
information provided by Material Safety Data Sheets and fluid
appearance (e.g., oil, antifreeze).
Schematic of Samples Collected and Analyses Requested
The samples and analyses schematic presented on page seven
(7) is to be completed after deciding what contaminants could be
present. The analyses which would best define those potential
contaminants will be chosen. Typically, EEl recommends a suite
analyses which includes Volatile Organic Compounds, Dissolved
Metals, E.P. Toxicity (metals only, unless the presence of
pesticides/herbicides is indicated), Ignitability, and
pH/Temperature/Conductivity. The analyses requested will vary
from facility to facility (refer to Sampling SOP). In some
cases, the EPA Region may specify what analyses will be run at
each facility.
The purpose of the schematic is to present sample matrix,
sample analyses, and sample identification on one page, in an
easy to use format. The top line within each analysis circle is
for the sample identification number and the bottom line is for
the sample tag number. This is true for. all analyses depicted in
e schematic except pH/Temperature/Conductivity. The three
4
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lines within these circles are used to record the actual values
obtained from field measurements: one line each for pH,
temperature, and conductivity.
5
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VOL T JE ORGANI B. STh -VOLATILE O ANI
. ? etOne 1. Aidrin
2. Bex,Zerle 2 • 44 —
3. 1orthenzerie 3. ,4 - DDE
4. lorofo n - 4. 4,4 - DDr
5. Dichioroethane 5. Dieldrin
6. Ethy].benzerle 6. rin
7. thy1ene .loride 7. I ptha1ene
8. Tetrachioroethene (Pa) 8. p
9. Toluene 9. ntachloro i o1
10. Trichloroethane (T ) 10. _______________
11. Trich1oroethy1er (TcE) 11. _______________
12. Xylene 12. _________________
13. _____________________ 13. __________________
14. _____________________ 14. __________________
15. _____________________ 15. __________________
16. _____________________ 16. __________________
17. ___________________ 17. ________________
18. _______________________ 18. ____________________
19. ___________ L9. _________
_____________________ 20. __________________
C. ‘] LS D. O1 D OIGANICS
1. Arsenic 1. Nitrate
2. Bariiin 2. Sulfate
3. ãnitmi 3. WS
4. ranirrin 4. ________________
5. Lead 5. ______________
6. rcuxy 6. ________________
7. Selenitin 7. _______________
8. Silver 8. _________________
9. _____________________ 9. _________________
10. ______________________ 10. __________________
11. _______________________
12. - - ____ (Analytical Methods for other
inor nics zn.ist be specified
in “Field Z’ ifications”)
6
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SCHEMATIC OF SAMPLES
COLLECTED AND ANALYSES
TO BE
REQUESTED
E
1 ENGINEERING
ENTERPRISES,
INC.
Project
No.
702.012.O1
I
Figure
2
Dot.
Februory 1989
I
FIELD TEST
7
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sampling Equipment and Sample Container Checklist
The sampling equipment checklist is presented on the next
,age. Prior to conducting sampling an equipment, materials, and
documentation inventory should be conducted to ensure all needed
supplies are present. Any deficiencies will be filled prior to
the sampling effort.
The sample container checklist on page ten (10) contains
information pertaining to the number of sample containers
required for each analysis at any given facility or site and any
modification of sample container type. In some cases, a
laboratory will supply 500 milliliter bottles for metals rather
than the 1 liter bottles indicated and typically supplied by most
labs.
ample Data Sheets
Sample data sheets exactly like the example sheet presented
on page eleven (11) will be completed for each sample, replicate,
and blank collected. Each data sheet must be filled out
completely to ensure accurate record keeping.
8
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SAMPLING EQUIPMENT CEECKLIST
I. S pIlng Equlpeent
ITEM
CI(ECE
I I. DecontaminatIon Equipr.ent (corn.)
iI !
CNECK
1. Pond Saopler
• telescoping pole
- C-cla .q,
• beakers (250 & 1200 .1)
2. Bu(er ____
3. Nylon rope ____
4. l algene transfer bottle _____
5. Certified orgarnc•free,
metaL-free water _____
6. Lab scoops ____
7. pH/teaperawre/ _____
conductIvity meter
8. NPIO 3 preservative
(t pfcaLly supplied
by tab)
9. Container for saeVte
I conpositing and
splitting repucates ____
10. FiLter paper (0.45 micron) ____
11. FiLter fjmel _____
12. Other: _____
I I. Decontamination Equlpnent
I TEN
1. Atconox
2. Wash tubs (3)
3. Wash brushes
4. Plastic s&Ieet ng
5. Kim wipes
6. Paper towels
7. 3-pLy trash bags
a. 5-gal ton water iua
9. DistiLled/deionized water
10. Certified organic-f ree’
metel free water
11. Isopropyt alcohol
12. Squirt rinse bottles
Cat least two)
13. Other:
EU. 5 le Doc mentatian
1. Sple container
stlcL on LabeLs
2. Sample tags
3. SampLe data sheets
4. Chair. of Custody ferns
I V. Miscellaneous thipping Materials
1. ZIploc boggles (2 sIzes)
2. t tap.
3.. strappIng tape
4 Ver.(cu(lte
5. Crushed ice
6. Paint cans
7. Ice dest(s)
8. Fed-Ex airbitt
9. Other:
9
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SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND SAMPLE CONTAINER CHECKLIST
S&i l ing Containers
ANALYSIS/cONTATVER ! N 1FTCATTONS
1. VOA•liquid/2 .40m1 gtus
VGA vials
2. Se.i voLacILes-liqufd/
1-1 lIter glass bottle
3. TotaL metals-LIqwid/
1-1 liter metaL clean
plastic bottle
4. EP TOX-li aidI
11 liter metal cLean
plastic bottle
S. Dissolved metals-I fquidl
1-I titer metal clean
plastic bottle
6. Ignftability/
1-1 liter miCer gLass
bottle
7. VOA-sediment/25OmL
wide mouth glass VGA vials
8. EP TOX -Sed lmentll-500 ml.
wide mouth glass jar _________
9. Other: _________
10
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TA
Sairple Na.:_____________________
Tag Z b.:_
Is this a “blai k” sample? CY or N):
Duplicate of sample no.:_
Sample station:
Site nane:
City:
State:____
7) Site EPA
8) Lead sampler:
Other samplers
.
.
9) Project officer:____________________ Secticn:_
10) Sample matrix:____ (A=air; L=L .iquid; Oil; SSedeflt/s1udge/s j1;
W4 ater; ZOther)
11) ected contaujriant cvi ex,cratjor :
(High. di n, L )
12) Statute ur er which sample was collected:____________________________
13) Analysis requested:_________________________________________________
14) Sample container type:___________________________________________
15) Zb. of sample c 1cainerg:_____
16) Preservative:_______________
17) Laboratory:
18) Date sample coil ected (nin/dd/yy): _/_/_
19) Date saITpl e sen c. to lab (nrVdd/yy): _/_/_
20) Date of Analysis:________________________
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
BVGINEERING
— E ENT PRjSES, WJC.
ii
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