EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES
       IN WATER
     A Report to the States
  U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

      WASHINGTON D.C. 2O46O

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EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN WATER
    A Report to the States

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FOREWORD
The Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 amended the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act by adding a new subsection 5(1). The Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 modified the language of Subsection
5(1) and renumbered it as Subsection 104(1) of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act. Subsection 104(1) reads as follows:
(l)(l) The Administrator shall, after consultation with appropriate
local, State and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and
interested individuals, as soon as practicable but not later than
January 1, 1973, deve1op and issue to the States for the purpose of
carrying out this Act the latest scientific knowledge available In indi-
cating the kind and extent of effects on health and welfare which may be
expected from the presence of pesticides in the water in varying quanti-
ties. He shall revise and add to such Information whenever necessary to
reflect developing scientific knowledge.
(2) The President shall, in consultation with appropriate local, State
and Federal agencies, public and private organizations, and interested
individuals, conduct studies and investigations of methods to control the
release of pesticides into the environment which study shall include
examination of the persistency of pesticides In the water environment and
alternatives thereto. The President shall submit reports, from time to
time, on such Investigations to Congress together with his recommendations
for any necessary legislation.
This document is issued to fulfill the requirement of paragraph l04(1)(1). A
document entitled Pesticides In the Aquatic Environment has been prepared for
submission to the Congress by the President to fulfill the requirement now
contained in paragraph l04(l)(2). Any person Interested in the problems
associated with pesticides in the aquatic environment may wish to read both of
these documents.
The scientific information contained in this document consists of current
knowledge of the effects on health and welfare of the presence of pesticides in
water. It must be emphasized, however, that many other factors must be consid-
ered in reaching decisions as to whether to undertake particular control
measures. Some of the more Important considerations are:
—— The nature of the environmental effect of the presence of pesticides in water
(e.g., long or short term, temporary or permanent, localized or widespread,
etc.).
—— The economic and social impact of the control measure, including both impact
associated with restricting use of pesticides, and the impact of the environ-
mental damage to be alleviated.
—— The practicality and enforceability of the control measure, Including the
availability of techniques and instrumentation for determining whether partic-
ular standards are being met.
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—— The availability of other control measures for meeting the same objectives,
and the relationship to, and consistency of the control measure with,
policy and action under other programs. Especially to be kept in mind, in
this regard, is the national program administered by the Environmental
Protection Agency pursuant to the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenti—
cide Act (FIFRA). Historically, this program has controlled the distribution
and labeling of pesticides through a case by case registration process. The
major extension and revision of the Environmental Protection Agency t s author-
ity in the pesticide field provided for in the recent amendments to FIFRA
will vastly improve the means available to EPA for protecting the aquatic
environment.
Thus, this document provides available information to the States for the
purpose of carrying out the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, but It pro-
vides information on only one of several factors to be considered in determin-
ing whether to undertake a given control measure. It does not recommend the
adoption of particular standards or other types of control measures.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD jjj
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
INTRODUCTION 1
EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS 3
Behavior of Pesticides in the Environment 3
Kinds of Effects 4
Lethality 4
Persistence and Biological Accumulation 7
Residues 9
ABBREVIATIONS USED 23
LIST OF PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN REPORT 25
REFERENCES CITED 31
APPENDIX TABLES 39
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. “Application Factors” Determined Experimentally 6
Table 2. Biological Accumulation of Pesticide Chemicals 11
Appendix Table 1. Pesticide Intake from Food and Water 49
Appendix Table 2. Toxicity Data on Pesticides for Freshwater Organisms 51
Appendix Table 3. Toxicity Data on Pesticides for Estuarine and Marine 87
Organisms
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INTRODUCT ION
Because water is used by man for many different purposes, pesticides in
water may affect health and welfare in a variety of ways. For convenience,
we can discuss the effects of pesticides according to the various uses of
water, whether the water is withdrawn for use or is used where it is. Water
for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses is drawn from surface or sub-
surface sources; effects of pesticides on health, industrial processes,
domestic animals and crops are of interest here.
Water in place is useful for recreation, aesthetic purposes, and propaga-
tion of fish and other aquatic life; the effects of pesticides on organisms
living in, or dependent upon organisms living in, water are of concern. In
addition to the obvious effects on fish or shellfish and the well—known transfer
of certain pesticides to man or other mammals and birds through food chains,
effects on other biological processes such as decomposition, energy transfer,
mineral cycling, and photosynthesis are of interest.
The effects of pesticides in potable water and irrigation waters are not
dealt with here because that subject is addressed specifically in setting
tolerances for pesticides in potable water, fish, shellfish, meat, and poultry,
and crops watered by irrigation water under authority provided by the Federal
Food, Drugs and Cosmetic Act (see 408, 409, 68 Stat. 512; 21 USC 346). For this
report it is sufficient to note that: (a) in regulating human intake of
pesticides, all routes must be considered —— not just water. The amount taken
in from drinking water is relatively small compared to other sources; (b) fish
and other aquatic organisms are more influenced by pesticide levels in water
than are other organisms, including man. (Aquatic organisms are continuously
submersed in water and its associated contaminants, and thus are subjected to
the contaminants through their gills and body surfaces as well as through their
food.) Thus, levels of pesticides in water sufficiently low to protect fish and
aquatic life are generally more than adequate to protect man. In the unusual
event that drinking water supplies are drawn from waters that cannot support
fish and aquatic life, special attention must be paid to assuring that drinking
water standards for pesticides are met.
Pesticides are chemicals, natural and synthetic, used to control or
destroy plant and animal life considered adverse to human society. Since the
1940’s, a large number of new synthetic organic compounds have been developed
for pesticide purposes. While there are approximately 33,000 registered
formulations incorporating nearly 900 different chemicals, 25 substances
account for 75 percent of U.S. production. Production and use of pesticides
increased annually from 1957 through 1968; in 1969 and 1970 pesticide produc-
tion declined.
The maximum pesticide levels found in 529 samples of surface water
collected annually at-approximately 100 stations during a five—year period are
shown in Appendix Table 1. Coupling these figures with a 2—liter/day water
consumption, the daily intake per person for each pesticide is computed. For
comparison, the average daily intake of pesticides from food is shown, as is
the acceptable daily intake as established by WFIO—FAO expert committees.
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The final column shows that intake from water would be only 116 that from
food in the case of aldrin—dieldrin; 1/10 that from food in heptachior—
heptachior epoxide; and 1/20 that of DDT+DDE+DDD.
Because average levels in water are far below these maximum figures, the
actual contribution of water to pesticide intake is much less. Furthermore,
drinking water treatment removes suspended matter (in which much pesticide
residue is adsorbed) from the raw water and therefore reduces still further the
actual amount reaching man.
Pesticides are used for a wide variety of purposes in a multitude of
environmental situations. Often they are categorized according to their use
or intended target (e.g., Insecticide, herbicide, fungicide), but their release
in the environment presents an inherent hazard to many non—target organisms.
Some degree of contamination and risk is assumed with nearly all pesticide use.
The risk to aquatic ecosystems is dependent upon the chemical and physical
properties of the pesticide formulation; weather conditions, methods of applica-
tion, and other factors influencing the amount reaching the system; and the
nature of the receiving system.
The pesticides of greatest concern are those which are persistent for long
periods and accumulate In living organisms and the environment; those which are
highly toxic to man, fish and wildlife; and those which are used in large amounts
over broad areas.
The majority of these compounds are either insecticides or herbicides which
are used extensively in agriculture, in public health and for household or
garden purposes. Generalization about such a diverse group of chemicals is
subject to many contradictions, but some generalization is required to serve
as a guide for managing pesticide residues in water. In any final considera-
tion, however, each pesticidal formulation must be considered individually
according to information on its behavior in the environment and its effects on
man and other organisms. The benefits to be derived from its use also should
be taken into account.
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EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS
The biota of aquatic systems is the result of complex evolutionary
processes in the course of which organisms tolerating many different conditions
have evolved. Thus, under natural conditions, the biota of a given body of
water is made up of an aggregation of organisms adapted to, and in dynamic
balance with, the environmental conditions.
As conditions change, organisms unable to tolerate the new conditions are
eliminated, and new organisms suited to these new conditions replace them. With
evolutionary rates of change, many of the earlier organisms evolve to tolerate
the new conditions; with rapid changes, such as many of those caused by man,
most new organisms arrive by immigration rather than evolution. Bacteria are
an exception and often accommodate to new conditions by very rapid evolution.
When the rate of change is very rapid, or the change very severe, relatively
few organisms survive. Depending upon the nature of the area and accessabil-ity
to replacements, immigration may not provide replacements immediately. When
the change consists of the introduction of substances toxic to a wide variety
of organisms, the biota may be diminished greatly, as to both numbers of
species and number of individuals within species; if the toxic substance remains
in the system (is “persistent” or is continuously replaced), the lowered popu-
lations and numbers of species may continue until the material is sufficiently
diluted, sequestered, or detoxified to permit repopulation of the systems. If
the area affected is large, return to the earlier condition may take a very long
time, and some species may have been extirpated. If the toxic material degrades
rapidly, depopulation will be temporary if the area affected is small.
Behavior of Pesticides in the Environment
Many pesticides have a very low water solubility, and often are rapidly
sorbed on suspended or sedimented materials; those with high fat solubility
often accumulate in plant and animal lipids. Soluble or dispersed fractions in
the water rapidlydiminishafter initial contamination resulting in increased
concentrations in the sediments (Yule and Tomlin, 1971). In streams, much of
the residue is in continuous transport on suspended particulate material or in
sediments (Zabik, 1969). The distribution within the stream flow is non—uniform
because of unequal flow velocity and distribution of suspended materials within
the stream bed (Feltz, 1971). Seasonal fluctuations in run—off and use
patterns cause major changes in concentration during the year, but the continu-
ous downstream transport tends to reduce levels in the upper reaches of streams
while increases maybe observed in the downstream areas and eventually in
major receiving basins (lake, reservoir, estuary, and ocean). If applications
in a watershed cease entirely, residues in the stream gradually and continuously
decline (Sprague, et al., 1971), and a similar decline would be expected in
the receiving basins but at a slower rate and a later time.
In lakes, sediments apparently act as a reservoir from which the pesticide
is partitioned into the water phase according to the solubility of the compounds,
the concentration in the sediment, the type of sediment, and the degree of
absorption (Hamelink, et al., 1971). Many herbicides applied to aquatic
systems to control aquatic plant growth pass from water to organic sediments
where they may persist for long periods, although water concentrations remain
low (Frank and Comes, 1967). Dissolved natural organic materials in the water
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may greatly enhance the amounts of some pesticides carried in water (Wershaw,
et al., 1969). Some investigations indicate pesticides may be less avail-
able to the water in highly fertile systems where the higher organic content
in the sediments has a greater capacity to bind pesticide residues. This may
in part explain the difference in times required for different waters to
“detoxify” as observed in lakes treated with toxaphene to eradicate undesir-
able fish species (Terriere, 1966).
Kinds of Effects
Pesticides may be harmful because they eliminate or reduce populations. of
desirable organisms directly, or because they indirectly alter conditions
required by these organisms. Direct effects include mortality, birth defects,
induction of tumors and genetic changes, altered behavior patterns, or physio-
logical changes including alterations in reproduction; the effects may take
place during any stage of the organism’s life history. Indirect effects may
include reduction of species used as food sources by other species; reduction
in rates of photosynthesis, decomposition or mineralization, with attendant
unsatisfactory conditions for certain species; and temporary increased BOD
(biological oxygen demand) in a body of water resulting from decomposition
following death of plankton or other organisms caused by a pesticide. Addition-
ally, many species can accumulate pesticide residues directly from the water,
or from sediments, and these residues may in turn be accumulated in organisms
that feed on the lower forms of life. This latter phenomenon has resulted in
pesticide residues entering human food supplies and in effects on other mammals
and fish—eating birds.
Except in the case of man and domestic animals, effects on individuals are
less important than effects on populations, communities of organisms, and whole
ecosystems. Most organisms in the wild have short life spans, and the turn-
over rates of the populations are very high. Furthermore, because most species
have high reproductive rates, most individuals in a population are biologically
excess to the continued existence of the population and unless the fraction of
the population killed is high, the level of the population will be only
temporarily suppressed. Birth defects, tumors, and even genetic changes may be
relatively unimportant to survival in wild populations with rapid turnover rates
because individuals rendered unfit will be eliminated without detriment to the
continuation of the population; i.e., mortality is transferred to the unfit.
Where turnover rates are low and life spans relatively long as in osprey, eagle,
brown pelican and certain other species, birth defects, genetic changes, and
tumors may be significant.
Lethality
Concentrations of pesticides that are lethal to aquatic life have occurred
in local areas where applications overlap streams or lakes, in streams receiving
runoff from recently treated areas, and where misuse, spillage, or improper
waste disposal have occurred. Applications of pesticides to water to control
noxious plants, fish, or insects have also killed desirable species. Past
experience with local fish mortalities from pesticide contamination has shown
that some fish populations recover within a few months to a year after pesticide
contamination is stopped (Elson, 1967). The recovery of aquatic invertebrates
in areas that have been heavily contaminated may require a longer period with
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some species requiring several years to regain precontamination numbers (Cope,
1961; Ide, 1967). Recovery in Arctic areas also is very slow (Reed, 1966).
Less desirable species of insects may be the first to repopulate the area
(Hynes, 1961) and in some instances the species composition has been completely
changed (Hopkins, 1966). Areas that are contaminated by pesticide application
are subject to loss of fish populations and/or reduced food available for fish
growth (Schoenthal, 1963; Kerswill, et al., 1967). Where residues are
persistent in bottom sediments for long periods, benthic organisms may be
damaged even though water concentrations remain low (Wilson and Bond, 1969).
Great differences in susceptibility exist among species and within species
for different compounds. As an example, Pickering, et al. (1962) reported
96—hour LC—50 values of 5 to 610,000 ugh (ppb) for various fish species
exposed to organophosphate pesticides. In addition to species differences,
the toxicity may be modified by differences in formulation, environmental
conditions such as temperature and water hardness, animal size and age, previous
exposure, and physiological condition. The effects of combinations of pesticides
on aquatic organisms are not well understood. Macek (unpublished) reported
that some combinations of various common pesticides were synergistic in their
action on bluegill and rainbow trout, while others had only additive effects.
Most data on the effects of a given pesticide on aquatic life are limited
to concentrations that are lethal in short—term tests and for only a few
species. The relatively few chronic tests conducted with aquatic species
indicate that effects usually occur at concentrations much lower than lethal
concentration levels, and that continued exposure to relatively low concentra-
tions may often result In detectable effects. Mount and Stephan (1967) found
the 96—hour LC 50 for fathead minnows to malathion was 9000 ugh, but spinal
deformities in adult fish occurred during a 10—month exposure to 580 ugh. Eaton
(1970) found that bluegills with a 96—hour LC 50 of 108 ug/l suffered the same
spinal deformities as the fathead minnows after chronic exposure to only 7.4
ugh malathion.
Mount and Stephan (1967) have raised the possibility of estimating no
detectable effect levels for species of fish for which such levels have not been
experimentally determined through the use of “application factor” values.
The “application factor” for a pesticide or other chemical is the ratio obtained
by dividing laboratory determined maximum concentrations of the pesticide or
other chemical that have no detectable chronic exposure effect in a species of
fish by the 96—hour LC 0 for that species. The hypothesis is that the ratio
or “application factors ’ does not vary substantially for the same compound among
species of fish, whereas both sensitivity of a fish species to different
toxicants and sensitivity to the same toxicant by different species vary widely.
The experimental data to support the hypothesis are as yet few, and for pesti-
cides even fewer. Table 1 presents available data on application factors for
pesticides and, in addition, presents data on other substances where more than
a single species of fish has been tested.
Where data for more than a single species or a compound exist, the greatest
disparity between the high and low application factor Is a factor of 10 for
Chromium+ 6 . Copper Is next with a factor of 7. For all others, the difference
is 3 or less. On the other hand, the application factors for different com-
pounds for the same species differ as much as 1000—fold (fathead minnows In
relation to diazinon at 0.0005 and lindane at 0.5).
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Table 1. “ApplicatIon Factors” Determined Experimentally.
96— Hour
Chemical Fish Species LC 50
(mg / 1)
Application
Factor cf
More than 1 species tested
Malathion Fathead Minnow 10.5 .02
Bluegill .08 .04
Brook Trout .2 .02
Lindane Fathead Minnow 50 .5
Brook Trout 26 .38
Chromium+ 6 Fathead Minnow 33 .03
Brook Trout 50 .01
Rainbow Trout 69 .003
Copper Fathead Minnow a! .47 .03
Fathead Minnow hI .075 .14
Bluegill 1.1 .02
Brook Trout .1 .09
Cadmium Fathead Minnow 31 .001
Bluegill 20 .0015
Green Sunfish 20 .0025
Methyl Mercury Fathead Minnow .04 .006
Brook Trout .096 .003
Lead Brook Trout 4.5 .013
Rainbow Trout .14 (18 day) .043
Pesticides where only a single species has been tested
Diazinon Fathead Minnow 6 .0005
Captan Fathead Minnow .065 .10
2,4—D Butoxy—
ethanol ester Fathead Minnow 5.6 .05
Carbaryl Fathead Minnow 9 .023
Methoxychior Fathead Minnow .0075 .017
a! Hardwater.
b/ Softwater.
c/ The “application factor” is the ratio obtained by dividing experimentally
determined maximum concentrations of a pesticide that have no detectable
effect during chronic exposures by the 96—hour LC 50 for that species.
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Thus, further investigation may provide additional support for estimating
rio detectable chronic effect levels when only acute toxicity data for the fish
species of interest is available, but an application factor has been determined
experimentally for some other fish species for the pesticide of interest.
Some reported acute toxicity values and sub—acute effects of pesticides
f or freshwater aquatic life are listed in Appendix Table 2 and for estuarine and
marine life in Appendix Table 3.
Work done in this area for invertebrates has shown acute and chronic toxic-
ity levels to be much closer together than those for fish. As a result of this
phenomenon, the possibility of determining application factors for use in
establishing no detectable effect levels for invertebrates is not promising.
Even when concentration levels which are acutely toxic and those which
produce no detectable effect are both known, their use in the regulation of
pesticides is complex. Maximum “acceptable” levels for particular bodies of•
water or portions thereof must reflect full consideration of both the benefits
of pesticide use and the environmental costs of such use. The two levels dis-
cussed thus far may be considered as merely two points among the full range of
dose and effect; the entire range may be of interest as regulatory decisions are
made. Concentrations equal to or greater than the 96—hour LC 50 may well be
“acceptable” depending on the area affected, the time involved, the importance
of pesticide use, water use classificat’ion, and other factors.
Persistence and Biological Accumulation
All organic pesticides are subject to metabolic and non—metabolic degrada-
tion in the environment. Different compounds vary tremendously in their rate
of degradation and some form degradation products which may be both persistent
and toxic. Many pesticides are readily degraded to non—toxic or elemental
materials within a few days to a few weeks. These t!non_persistentt compounds
may be absorbed by aquatic organisms, and may affect the organism, but the
residues do not necessarily accumulate or persist for long periods. Concentra-
tions in the organism may be higher than ambient water levels, but sublethal
amounts decline rapidly as water concentrations decrease. Examples of such
dynamic exchange have been demonstrated with malathion (Bender, 1969), methoxy—
chior (Burdick, 1968), various herbicides (Mullison, 1970, and others). If
degradation in water is sufficiently rapid that adverse physiological effects
do not occur, these non—persistent compounds do not pose a long—term hazard to
aquatic life. Degradation rates are often a function of environmental conditions,
however, and great variation may be observed. The organophosphate insecticides,
for example, are rapidly hydrolysed in alkaline waters and at higher temperatures,
whereas at lower pH and temperature they may persist for several months
(Gakstatter and Weiss, 1965). Repeated applications and slow degradation rates
may maintain elevated environmental concentrations and hence bring about
undesired changes in the biota, but there is no indication that these compounds
can be accumulated through the food chain.
Effects of pesticides may be persistent or even cumulative, even though the
pesticide may not be persistent or continuously present in the environment. Thus
fish exposed to sublethal levels of malathion have shown depressed acetyicholines—
terase levels which are slow to recover. Subsequent sublethal exposures
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have resulted in additional cholinesterase depression sufficient to result in
death (Coppage and Duke, in press).
Some pesticides, primarily the organochiorine and metallic compounds, are
extremely stable, degrading only slowly or forming persistent degradation
products. Residues may be detectable for weeks, months or years. Aquatic
organisms may accumulate these compounds directly from water and from contami-
nated food. Some fish and some other aquatic organisms accumulate organochiorine
compounds from remarkably low levels. Thus it has been shown experimentally
that shrimp and some fish can take up polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) from
concentrations of less than 1/10 part per billion (ppb) in water, and accumu-
late them by factors of as much as 75,000. (Niinmo, et al., 1971; Stallings and
Mayer, 1972). In other cases, it appears that uptake is by algae and inverte-
brates with residues in fish resulting from feeding on contaminated foods.
Either process, or a combination of the processes ultimately results in residues
in the higher feeding levels that may be many thousand times higher than ambient
water levels.
Food chain accumulation does not stop at the water’s edge. In fact, fish—
eating birds often contain the highest residue levels of DDT and its breakdown
products (DDE and DDD) in food chains studied. DDT (including its breakdown
products) is the best understood of the persistent pesticides. It is widely
distributed In freshwater and marine environments in North America and through-
out the world. Its most abundant breakdown product is DDE.
The discovery and clear demonstration of DDE—induced thinning of shells of
the eggs of wild birds constituted a major research breakthrough of the late
1960’s. In 1967, Derek Ratcliffe reported a synchronous, rapid, and widespread
decline In weight and thickness of shells of eggs laid by British peregrine
falcons and sparrowhawks that occurred in the mid—forties (Ratcliffe, 1967).
Eggshell thinning proved not to be confined to Great Britain, for in 1968 Hickey
and Anderson reported eggshell thinning of 18—26 percent in regional populations
of three species of raptorial birds that had declined markedly in the United
States (Hickey and Anderson, 1968). The period of decline coincided with the
same occurrence In Great Britain and persisted through succeeding years.
Museum studies were extended to include more than 23,000 eggs of 25 species
(Anderson and Hickey, 1970). Some degree of shell thinning was found among 22
species representing seven Orders of birds. Nine of the species sustained shell
thinning of 20 or more percent. Other workers have subsequently extended the
list.
These findings produced the hypothesis of DDT involvement. The hypothesis
was tested experimentally. The first clearcut experimental demonstration that
DDE caused thin eggshells was provided in studies of mallard ducks (Heath, et
al., 1969). In subsequent controlled experiments, dietary dosages of approxi-
mately 3 ppm wet weight of DDE thinned the shells of eggs laid by kestrels
(Wiexneyer and Porter, 1970), black ducks (Longcore, et al., 1971), and screech
owls (McLane and Hall, 1972), extending the experimental demonstration to four
species of three Orders of birds. Quail and chickens, seed—eating galliform
birds, were, at the most, only slightly susceptible (Smith, et al., 1970;
Stickel and Rhodes, 1970; Cecil et al., 1971, 1972).
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The third stage of investigation was to return again to the field and
study the relationships between thinning of shells and residues in the eggs.
The brown pelican provided the ideal test because of contrasting residues and
reproductive success in different localities. The California colony was
essentially failing, the Carolina population declining, and the Florida
colonies remaining reasonably stable. Measurements of shell thickness and
residues of dieldrin, PCB’s, mercury, lead, DDT, DDD, and DDE were subjected to
computerized statistical tests, which implicated DDE as the shell thinner
(Blus, 1970; Blus, et al., 1971, 1972).
Residues
Samples of fish have often contained pesticide residues in concentrations
that give rise to concern. The highest concentrations are often in those
species most highly prized as food or game species inasmuch as these species
are usually at the top of a relatively long food chain. Sales in interstate
commerce of coho salmon and several other species from Lake Michigan and of
canned Jack mackerel in California, were prohibited in 1967 on the basis of
DDT residues in excess of the 5 ppm interim guideline for DDT and its metabo—
lites set for fish by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pesticide resi-
dues in fish or fish products may enter the human food chain less directly; for
example, through fish oil and meal used in domestic animal feeds, which result
In turn in residues in meat and other animal products.
Fish may survive relatively high residue concentrations in their body fats,
but residues concentrated in the eggs of mature fish may be lethal to the
developing fry. Burdlck (1964) reported up to 100 percent loss of lake trout
fry when residues of DDT—DDD in the eggs exceeded 4.75 mg/kg. (ppm). A similar
mortality was reported in coho salmon fry from Lake Michigan when eggs contained
significant quantities of DDT, dieldrin, and polychiorinated biphenyls (Johnson
and Pecor, 1969; Johnson, unpublished). Johnson (1967) reported that adult fish
which did not appear to be harmed by low concentrations of endrin in water,
accumulated endrin levels in the eggs that were lethal to the developing fry.
Residues in fish may be directly harmful under stress conditions or at
different temperature regimes. Brook trout fed DDT at 3.0 mg/kg. body weight
per week for 26 weeks suffered 96.2 percent mortality during a later period of
reduced feeding on clean food and declining water temperature; mortality of
untreated control fish during the same period was 1.2 percent (Macek, 1968).
Declining water temperature during the fall was believed to cause delayed mortal-
ity of salmon parr in streams contaminated with DDT (Elson, 1967).
Certain organochiorine pesticides (DDT, TDE, aidrin, dieldrin, endrin,
chiordane, heptachior, mirex, toxaphene, lindane, endosuif an and benzene hexa—
chloride) are considered especially hazardous to aquatic life because of their
accumulation in aquatic organisms. Some of these compounds, including some of
their metabolites, are toxic to various aquatic species at concentrations of
less than one ugh, (See Appendix Tables 1 and 2). Their accumulation in
aquatic systems presents a hazard, both real and potential, to animals in the
higher part of the food chain, including man (Pimentel, 1971, Mrak, 1969;
Kraybill, 1969; and Gillett, 1969).
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On the basis of present knowledge, we cannot estimate with certainty
levels of persistent pesticides in water that will not result in undesired
effects. Water concentrations below the practical limits of detection have
resulted in residues in fish sufficiently high to be unacceptable for human
consumption, to prevent normal reproduction in some fish—eating bird species,
and to affect reproduction and survival of aquatic life. In these circum-
stances, criteria may be based upon specific residue concentrations in the
tissues of selected species. The ratio of residue concentrations in tissue
to concentrations in the water can be determined experimentally. This accumula-
tion factor might then be applied to acceptable tissue concentration levels to
estimate acceptable water concentration levels.
Table 2 lists some “accumulation factors” determined experimentally. These
accumulation factors represent direct uptake from water; they do not include
food chain accumulations which often may be a factor of up to 8 to 10 from one
feeding level to another (Buckley, 1969; Woodwell, et al., 1967). The
combined accumulation factor of direct uptake from water and a single level of
food chain accumulation could exceed 100,000 for DDT in certain fish and could
be less than 500 for lindane in mussels. This is not to say that food chain
accumulation and direct uptake from water are necessarily additive. The residue
level existing at any time is a dynamic balance between intake and elimination,
and the contribution to intake directly from water or from food will vary
according to concentration in and assimilation rates from the two sources.
There are, of course, a number of difficulties in applying this system.
The desirable levels in water will sometimes be below the practical limits of
detection; accumulation factors will not be known with precision, especially
where both direct uptake from the environment and food chain accumulation with
several feeding levels are involved. Nonetheless, based on estimates of residue
levels that will not adversely affect man or valuable organisms at the top of
food chains, and estimates of accumulation factors (from both direct uptake and
food chain transfers), corresponding levels in water can be computed.
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EPA — GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
JUNE 6, 1972
Table 2 BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF PESTICIDE CHEMICALS
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
BACTERIA
Pseudononas spp. Nonachlor 10 ppm 0.57 10 days Mixed culture of four Bourquin, 1972
species
Chlordane 10 ppm 0.83
Heptachior 10 ppm 0.1
CILIATES
Tetrahymena pyriformis W Mirex 0.9 ppb 193 1 week Axenic cultures incubated Cooley, et al., 1971
at 26°C; concentration
Aroclor 1248 10 ppb 40 factor on dry weight basis Cooley and Keltmer, 1971
Aroclor 1254 1 ppm 60 1 Cooley, et al., 1971
e I
Aroclor 1260 1 ppm 79 “if Cooley and Keltner, 1971
MOLLUSCS
Hooked mussel
Brachidontes recurvus DDT 1 ppb 24,000 1 week Whole body residues (Meats) Butler, 1966
Hard—shell clam
Mercenaria nercenaria DDT 0.1 ppb 1,260 5 days Butler, 1971
1 ppb 6,000 1 week Butler, 1966
Aldrin 0.5 ppb 380 5 days Butler, 1971

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
MOLLUSCS (continued)
M. mercenaria Die ldrin 0.5 ppb 760 5 days Whole body residues (Meats) Butler, 1971
Endrin 0.5 ppb 480 5 days Butler, 1971
Heptachior 0.5 ppb 220 5 days Butler, 1971
Lindane 5.0 ppb 12 5 days Butler, 1971
Methoxychlor 1.0 ppb 470 5 days Butler, 1971
Soft—shell clam
arenaria Aidrin 0.5 ppb 4,600 5 days Butler, 1971
DDT 0.1 ppb 8,800 5 days Butler, 1971
Die ldrin 0.5 ppb 1,740 5 days Butler, 1971
Endrin 0.5 ppb 1,240 5 days Butler, 1971
Heptachlor 0.5 ppb 2,600 5 days Butler, 1971
Lindane 5.0 ppb 40 5 days Butler, 1971
Methoxychior 1.0 ppb 1,500 5 days Butler, 1971
Pacific oyster
Crassostrea gigas DDT 1.0 ppb 20,000 7 days Butler, 1966
European oyster
Ostrea edulis DDT 1.0 ppb 15,000 7 days Butler, 1966
Crested oyster
0. eguestris DDT 1.0 ppb 23,000 7 days Butler, 1966

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EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
10 ppb
1 ppb
0.1 pp’o
0.01 ppb
0.0001 ppb
0.01 ppb
1 ppb
0.01 ppb
1 ppb
0.01 ppb
0.62 ppb
CONCENTRATION
FACTOR
15,000
30,000
70,000
70,000
0
50,000
76,000
160,000
101,000
8,000
2,069
11,920
10,903
17,425
26,580
8 weeks
24 weeks
8 weeks
30 weeks
8 weeks
1 week
2 weeks
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
REFERENCE
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Butler, 1967
Parrish, 1972
Lowe, et al., 1970
Parrish, 1972
Parrish, et al., 1972
Parrish, 1972
Nimmo and Heittnuller,
1972
Nimmo and Beitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Niimno and Heitinuller,
1972
CHEMICAL
TIME
SPECIAL DETAILS
ORGANISM
MOLLUSCS (continued)
Eastern oyster
Crassostrea virginica
CRUSTACEAN
Grass shrimp
Palaenonetes pugio
7 to 15 days
DDT
Aroclor 1254
Dieldrin
Aroclor 1254
U)
Whole body residues
(Meats)
Whole body residues
(Meats)
I

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
CRUSTACEAN (continued)
P. pugio Aroclor 1254 0.09 ppb 3,611 1 week Whole body residues Ninimo and Heitmuller,
1972
4,800 2 weeks Nitnmo and Heitmuller,
1972
5,000 3 weeks Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
17,400 4 weeks Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
8,355 5 weeks Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
0.037 ppb 1,594 1 week Nimino and Heitmuller,
1972
3,405 2 weeks Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
3,918 3 weeks Niinmo and Heitmuller,
1972
4,567 4 weeks Ninuno and Heitmuller,
1972
5,729 5 weeks Nimmo and Heitmuller,
1972
Pink shrimp
Penaeus duorarum Mirex 0.1 ppb 2,600 3 weeks Whole body residues Lowe, et al., 1971
24,000 3 weeks Hepatopancrease Lowe, et al., 1971
DDT 0.14 ppb 1,500 3 weeks Whole body residues Nimmo, et al., 1970
Aroclor 1254 2.5 ppb 1,800 2 days Whole body residues Nimmo, et al., 1971
2,760 4 days Nmmino, et al., 1971
6,800 6 days Nimmo, et al., 1971
7,600 9 days Nitnmo, et al., 1971

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ORGAN I SM
CRUSTACEAN (continued)
P. duorarum
CHEMICAL
Aroclor 1254
Mirex
Malathion
Mirex
0.1 ppb
10 ppb
0.1 ppb
CONCENTRAT ION
FACTOR
9,600
15,600
12,400
1,000
O (larvae)
O (adults)
1,100 — 5,200
10,600 — 38,000
2,800 — 21,800
17,000 — 27,000
9,200 — 30,400
10,000 — 14,000
TIME
12 days
15 days
22 days
7 weeks
4 weeks
Whole body residues
REFERENCE
Nimmo, et al., 1971
Nimmo, et al., 1971
Nimmo, et al., 1971
Bookhout, at al., 1972
Tyler, 1971
Lowe
EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION
2.5 ppb
SPECIAL DETAILS
Whole body residues
Mud crab (larvae)
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Blue crab (juveniles)
Callinectes sapidus
FISH
Pint ish
Lagodon rhomboides
Static culture bowl
method with a change
to fresh medium +
chemical each day
3 weeks Whole body residues
DDT
‘
Aroclor
1254
0.1,
1.0
5
ppb
ppb
Spot
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(
Aroclor
1254
1
ppb
5
ppb
Atlantic croaker
Micropogon undulatus
DDT
0.1,
1.0
ppb
2 weeks
2 — 15 weeks
4 — B weeks
3 — 6 weeks
3 weeks
Whole body residues
.1
Whole body residues
Hansen and Wilson, 1970
Hansen, et al., 1971
Hansen, et al., 1971
Hansen, et al., 1971
Hansen and Wilson, 1970

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS
Turtle grass
Thalassia testudinum Tordon 101 1 ppm leaves 10 days Plants exposed to Walsh and
(39.6% 2,4—D; 0 (2,4—D) chemical through rhizotnes; Hollister, 1971
14.3% Picolinic acid) 0 (Picolinic acid) concentration factor on
wet weight basis
rhizomes
0.05 (2,4—D)
O (Picolinic acid)
5 ppm leaves
0 (2,4—D)
0 (Picolinic acid)
rhizomes
0.12 (2,4—D)
0.02 (Picolinic acid)
Aroc1or 1254 5,820 ppb 0 leaves 10 days Walsh and
0 rhizomes Hollister, 1971
Mirex 0.1 ppb 0 leaves 10 days Walsh and
0.36 rhizomes bluster, 1971

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SFECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle Tordon 101 14.4 ppb roots 20 days Seedlings treated when c.lalsh, et al., 1972
(39.6% 2,4—0; 1.28 (2,4—0) two pairs of leaves were
14.3% Picolinic acid) 0.64 (Picolinic acid) present; concentration
factor on vet weight basis
hypocotyl
0.64 (2,4—0)
2.1 (Picolinic acid)
stems
1.28 (2,4—0)
0.64 (Picolinic acid)
1st leaves
1.28 (2,4—D)
0.63 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
9.0 (2,4—0)
4.2 (Picolinic acid)

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle Tordon 101 14.4 ppb roots 40 days Seedlings treated when Walsh, et al.,
(39.6% 2,4-D; 1.28 (2,4—0) two pairs of leaves were 1972
14.3% Picolinic acid) 0.64 (Picolinic acid) present; concentration
factor on wet weight basis
hypocotyl
16.0 (2,4—0)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
stems
16.0 (2,4—0)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
1st leaves
20.0 (2,4—0)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
24.3 (2,4—D)
6.0 (Picolinic acid)

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EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
ORGANISM CHEMICAL CONCENTRATION FACTOR TIME SPECIAL DETAILS REFERENCE
VASCULAR PLANTS (continued)
Red mangrove
Rhizophora mangle Tordon 101 144 ppb roots 10 days Seedlings treated when Walsh, et al.,
(39.6% 2,4—D; 10.8 (2,4—D) two pairs of leaves were 1972
14.3% Picolinic acid) 2.9 (Picolinjc acid) present; concentration
factor on wet weight basis
hypocotyl
14.7 (2,4—D)
4.3 (Picolinic acid)
stems
9.0 (2,4—D)
3.8 (Picollnic acid)
1st leaves
5.5 (2,4—D)
2.1 (Picolinic acid)
2nd leaves
7.7 (2,4—D)
3.6 (Picolinic acid)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Appendix Tables 2 and 3 are based on data assembled by the National Academy
of Sciences — National Academy of Engineering Committee on Water Quality
Criteria.
21

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ABBREVIATIONS USED
LC median lethal concentration: the concentration of toxicant in the
or environment which kills 50 percent of the organisms exposed to it,
LC—50 Usually duration of exposure is specified, e.g 9 96—hour LC 50 .
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
mg/kg milligrams per kilogram = parts per million
mg/i milligrams per liter = parts per million
TLni median tolerance limit: the concentration of a test material in
experimental water at which just 50 percent of the test animals are
able to survive for a specified period of exposure 9 e g 09 96 hours,
ug/g Micrograms per gram — parts per million
ug/kg micrograms per kilogram — parts per billion
ug/l micrograms per liter — parts per billion
23

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LIST OF PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN REPORT
ABATE
Chemical name: 0,0,0’ ,O’—tetramethyl O,O’—thiodi-
p—phenylene phosphorothioate
Other name: Biothion
Action: Insecticide
ALDRIN
Chemical name: l,2,3,4,1O,lO—hexachloro—l,4 ,4a,5,8,
8a—hexahydro—i. , 4—endo—exo—5 , 8—dimethanonaphthalene
AKETRYNE
Chemical name: 2—(ethylamino)—4— (isopropylamino)—
6— (methylthio)—s—triazine
Other name: Gesapax
Action: Herbicide
AMIBEN
Chemical name: 3—amino—2,5—dichlorobenzoic acid
Other name: Chioramben
Action: Herbicide
ALTRAZ INE
Chemical name: 2—chloro—4—ethylainino—6—isopropylamino—
s—triazine
Other names: Aatrex, Fenamine, Fenatrol, Gesaprim, Primatol A
Action: Herbicide
AZ INPHO S—METHYL
Chemical name: 0,0—dimethyl S— [ 4—oxo—l,2,3-benzotriazin—
3 (4H)—ylmethyl] phosphorodithioate
Other names: Carfene, DBD, Gusathion, Gusathion M,
Gustathion, Guthion, Methyl Guthion
Action: Insecticide
BAYGON
See PROPOXUR
BAYTEX
See FENTHION
BENZOIC ACID
Action: Fungicide
BHC
See LINDANE
CARBARYL
Chemical name: l—naphthyl methylcarbamate
Other name: Sevin
Action: Insecticide
CHLORAMBEN
See AMIBEN
CHLORDANE
Chemical name: 1,2,4,5,6,7 ,8,8—octachloro—2,3,3a, 4 , 7 ,
7a—hexahydro—4 , 7—methanoindene
Other names: Chlordan, Chior Ku, Corodane, Kypchlor,
Octachlor, Octa—Kior, Ortho—Kior, Synklor, Topiclor 20,
Velsicol 1068
Action: Insecticide
25

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CO-RAL
See COUNAPHOS
COUMAPHOS
Chemical name: 0, 0—diethyl O— [ 3—chloro--4—methyl—2--
oxo—(2H) —benzopyran—7—yl] phosporothioate
Other names: Agridip, Asuntol, Co—Ral, Muscatox, Resistox
Action: Insecticide
2,4—D
Chemical name: 2,4—dichiorophenoxyacetic acid or Its sodium
salt or amine
Other names: Chloroxone, Crop Rider, Ded—Weed, Weed—Ag—Bar,
Weedar 64, Weed—B—Gon, Weedone
Action: Herbicide
DALAPON
Chemical name: 2,2—dichioropropionic acid
Other names: Ded—Weed, Dowpon, Gramevin, Radapon, Unipon
Action: Herbicide
DDD
See TDE
DDT
Chemical name: dichioro diphenyl trichloroethane
Other names: Anofex, Chiorophenothane, Dedelo, Cenitox,
Gesapon, Gesarex, Gesarol, Gyron, Ixodex, Kopsol, Neocid,
Pentachiorin, Rukseam, Zerdane
Action: Insecticide
DDVP
See DICHLORVOS
DELNAV
See DIOXATHION
DIAZINON
Chemical name: 0 ,O—diethyl O—(2—isopropyl—6—methyl-.
4—pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate
Other names: Basudin, Dazzel, Diazajet, Diazide,
Gardentox, Spectracide
Action: Insecticide
D ICAPTHON
Chemical name: O—(2—chloro—4—nitrophenyl) 0 ,O—dimethyl
phosphorothioate
Other name: Di—Captan
Action: Insecticide
DICHLOBENIL
Chemical name: 2, 6—dichlorobenzonitrile
Other names: Casoron, Du—Sprex, 2,6—DBN
Action: Herbicide
DICHLORVOS
Chemical name: 2,2—dichiorovinyl O,O—dImethyl phosphate
Other names: DDVF, DDVP, Dedevap, Dichiorphos, Herkol,
Mafu, Marvex, Nogos, No—Pest, Nuvan, Oko, Phosvit, Vapona
Action: Insecticide
26

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DIELDRIN
Chemical name: 1,2,3,4,10 ,10—hexachloro—exo—6 ,7—
epoxy—l,4,4a,5,6,7 ,8,8a—octahydro—1,4—endo—exo—
5,8—dimethanonaphthalene, and related compounds
Other names: HEOD, Octalox, Panoram D—31
Action: Insecticide
D IOXATH ION
Chemical name: 2,3—p—dioxanedithiol S,S—bis—(O,0—
diethyl phosphorodithioate)
Other names: Delnav, Navadel, Ruphos
Action: Insecticide
D IPTHEREX
See TRICHLORFON
D IQUAT
Chemical name: l,l t —ethylene—2,2 ‘—dipyridylium dibromide
Other names: Aquacide, Dextrone, FB/2, Reglone
Action: Herbicide
DISULFOTON
Chemical name: 0,0—diethyl S—2—(ethylthio)ethyl phos—
phorodithioate
Other names: Diethylethylthioethyl dithiophosphate,
Di—syston, Dithiodemeton, Dithiosystox, Frumin Al,
Frumin G, Solvirex, Thiodemeton
Action: Insecticide
DI—SYSTON
See DISULFOTON
DIURON
Chemical name: 3—(3,4—dichlorophenyl)—1,1—dimethylurea
Other names: DCMIJ, DMIJ, Karmex, Mariner
Action: Herbicide
DURSBAN
Chemical name: 0,0—diethyl 0—3,5,6—trichloro—2—
pyridyl phosphorothioate
Action: Insecticide
ENDOSULFAN
Chemical name: 6,7,8,9,l0,l0—hexachloro—l,5,5a,—6,9,
9a—hexahydro—6, 9—methano—2 ,4 , 3—benzodioxathiepin 3—oxide
Other names: Chlorthiepin, Cyclodan, Insectophene, Kop—
Thiodan, Malic, Malix, Thif or, Thimul, Thiodan
Action: Insecticide
ENDOTHALL
Chemical name: 7—oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane—2,3—
dicarboxylic acid
Other names: Accelerate, Aquathol, Des—i—cate, Endothal,
Hydrothol, Niagrathal, Tri—Endothal
Action: Herbicide
ENDRIN
Chemical name: l,2,3,4,lO,lO—hexachloro--6,7—epoxy—l,4, 4 a,
5,6,7 ,8,8a_octahydro_l,4_endo —endo—5,8—dilnethanoflaPhthalefle
Other names: Hexadrin, Mendrin
Action: Insecticide
27

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FENTHION
Chemical name: 0 ,O—dimethyl 0 [ 4—(methylthio)—m—tolyl]
phosphorothioate
Other names: Baytex, DMPT, Entex, Lebaycid, Mercaptophos,
Quelatox, Queletox, Tiguvon
Action: Insecticide
FENURON
Chemical name: 3—phenyl—l , 1—dimethylurea
Other names: Dybar, Fenidim, Fenulon, PDU
Action: Herbicide
GUTHION
See AZINPHOS-METHYL
HEPTACHLOR
Chemical name: 1,4,5,6,7,8 ,8—heptachloro—3a ,4 ,7 ,—
7a—tetrahydro—4 , 7—methanoindane
Other names: Drinox H—34, Heptamul
Action: Insecticide
LEAD ARSENATE
Other names: Gypsine, Soprabel
Action: Insecticide
LINDANE
Chemical name: gamma isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6—hexachloro—
cyclohexane; also known as gamma benzene hexachioride
Other names: Gamaphex, Gamma BHC, Gammaline, Gammex,
Gainmexane, Isotox, Lindafor, Lindagam, Lintox, Novigam,
Silvanol, Tri—6—Dust
Action: Insecticide
MALATHION
Chemical name: 0 ,O—dimethyl S—(l ,2—dicarbethoxyethyl)
dithiophosphate
Other names: Carbofos, Carbophos, Cythion, Emmatos,
Karbofos, Kop—Thion, Kypfos, Malamar, Malaspray,
Malathon, Mercaptothion, Zithiol
Action: Insecticide
MCPA
Chemical name: 4—chloro—2—methylphenoxyacetic acid
Other names: Agroxone, Chiptox, Hormotuho, Kilsem,
MCP, Mephanac, Metaxon, Methoxone, Rhomene, Rhonox
Action: Herbicide
MERCURY
Action: Fungicide
METHOXYCHLOR
Chemical name: 1,1, 1—trichloro—2 , 2—bis (p—methox—
yphenyl) ethane
Other names: Dianisyltrichioroethane, Dimethoxy—DT,
DMDT, Marlate, Methoxy DDT
Action: Insecticide
METHYL PARATHION
Chemical name: 0,0—dimethyl O—p—nitrophenyl phosphorothioate
28

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MEVINPROS
Chemical name: 2—methoxycarbonyl--l--methyl—vinyl
d imethyl-pho sphate
Other names: Phosdrin, Phosfene
Action: Insecticide
MIREX
Chemical name: dodecachiorooctahydro—1 ,3,3—me theno—
2H—cyclobuta (cd)pentaiene
Other name: Dechiorane
Action: Insecticide
MONURON
Chemical name: 3—(p—chlorophenyl)—l,l—dimethy iurea
Other names: Chiorfenidim, Telvar
Action: Herbicide
NEBURON
Chemical name: l—n—butyi—3—(3 ,4—dichiorophenyl)—
1—methylurea
Other names: Kioben, Neburea
Action: Herbicide
PARAQUAT
Chemical name: 1,1 ‘—dimethyl—4 ,4 ‘—bipyridyniutn ion
Other names: Gramoxone, Weedol
Action: Herbicide
PARATHION
Chemical name: 0,0—diethyl O—p—nitrophenyl phos—
phorothioate
Other names: AAT, Alkron, Aileron, Aphamite, Corothion,
DNTP, Ethyl Parathion, Etilon, Folidol, Niran,
Nitrostigmine, Orthophos, Panthion, Paramar, Paraphos,
Parathene, Parawet, Phoskil, Rhodiatox, SNP, Soprathion,
Stathion, Thiophos
Action: Insecticide
PHORATE
Chemical name: 0,0—diethyl S—(ethylthio)—methyl
pho sphorodithioate
Other names: Thimet, Timet
Action: Insecticide
PHOSDRIN
See MEVINPHOS
P ICLORAM
Chemical name: 4—amino—3 , 5, 6—trichioropicolinlc acid
Other names: Borolin, Tordon
Action: Herbicide
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Chemical name: mixture of chlorinated terphenyls
Other names: Chlorinated biphenyls, PCB’s, Aroclors
Action: Insecticide
PROMETONE
Chemical name: 2—methoxy—4 ,6—bis(isopropylamlno)—
s—triazine
Other names: Gesafram, Pramitol, Prometon
Action: Herbicide
29

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PROPOXUR
Chemical name: o—isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate
Other names: Arprocarb, Baygon, Blattanex, Suncide, Unden
Action: Insecticide
SEVIN
See CARBARYL
SILVEX
Chemical name: 2—(2 ,4 ,5—trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid
Other names: Esteron, Fenoprop, Canon, Kuron, Kurosal,
2,4,5—TP
Action: Herbicide
SIMAZINE
Chemical name: 2—chloro—4,6--bis (ethylamino)—s—triazine
Other names: Gesatop, Princep
Action: Herbicide
2,4,5—T
Chemical name: 2,4 ,5—trichloróphenoxyacetic acid
Other names: Ded—Weed Brush Killer, Esteron 245
Concentrate, Fence Rider, Inverton 245, Line Rider, Reddon
Action: Herbicide
TDE
Chemical name: 2, 2—bis (p—chlorophenyl)—l , 1—dichioroethane
Other names: DDD, Rhothane
Action: Insecticide
TEPP
Chemical name: tetraethyl pyrophosphate and other
ethyl phosphates
Other names: Bladan, HETP, Kiltnite 40, TEP, Tetron,
Vapotone
Action: Insecticide
THIODAN
See ENDOSULFAN
TORDON
See PICLORAM
TOXAPHENE
Chemical name: mixture of various chlorinated camphenes
Other names: Alitox, Chlorinated camphene, Octachioro—
camphene, Phenacide, Phenatox, Polychiorocamphene,
Strobane—T, Toxakil
Action: Insecticide
TRICHLORPON
Chemical name: dimethyl (2,2 ,2—trichloro—1—hydroxyethyl)
phosphonate
Other names: Anthon, Chlorofos, Dipterex, Dylox,
Neguvon, Tnichlorphon, Tugon
Action: Insecticide
TRIFLURALIN
Chemical name: a,a,a—trifluoro—2,6—dinitro—N,N—dipropyl—
p—toluidine
Other names: Elancolan, Treflan
Action: Herbicide
30

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REFERENCES CITED
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North American birds. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International
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11. Cope, 0. B. 1961. Effects of DDT spraying for spruce budworm on fish
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12. Coppage, D. L. and T. W. Duke. 1971. Effects of pesticides in estuaries
along the Gulf and southeast Atlantic coasts. Proceedings Second Gulf
Coast Conference on Mosquito Suppression and Wildlife Management, New
Orleans, Louisiana. pp. 24—31.
31

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13. Eaton, J. G. 1970. Chronic Malathion toxicity to the bluegill
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14. Elson, P. F. 1967. Effects on wild young salmon of spraying DDT over
New Brunswick forests. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 24(4):
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15. Feltz, H. R., W. T. Sayers, and H. P. Nicholson. 1971. National
monitoring program for the assessment of pesticide residues in water.
Pesticide Monitoring Journal, 5(1): 54—62.
16. Frank, P. A. and R. 0. Comes. 1967. 1-lerbicidal residues in pond water
and hydrosoil. Weeds, 15(3): 210—213.
17. Gakstatter, J. L. and C. N. Weiss. 1965. The decay of anticholinesterase
activity of organic phosphorus insecticides on storage in waters of
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Conference, Tokyo, 1964. pp. 83—95.
18. Gillett, J. W., Editor. 1969. The biological impact of pesticides in
the environment. Environmental Health Science Series No. 1, Environ-
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19. Hamelink, J. L., R. C. Waybrant, and R. C. Ball. 1971. A proposal:
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20. Heath, R. 0., J. W. Spann, and J. F. Kreitzer. 1969. Marked DDE
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21. Hickey, J. J. and D. W. Anderson. 1968. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and
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22. Hopkins, C. L., H. V. Brewerton, and H. J. McGrath. 1966. The effect
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23. Hynes, H. B. N. 1961. The effect of sheep—dip containing the insecticide
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25. Johnson, H. E. 1967. Effects of endrin on reproduction in a fresh
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Seattle, Washington. 149 pp.
32

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26. Johnson, H. E. and C. Pecor. 1969. Coho salmon mortality and DDT
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28. Kraybill, H. F. (Consulting Editor). 1969. Biological effects of
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29. Longcore, J. R., F. B. Samson, and T. W. Whittendale, Jr. 1971. DDE
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32. McLane, M. A. R. and L. C. Hall. 1972. DDE thins screech owl eggshells.
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33. Mount, D. I. and C. E. Stephan. 1967. A method for establishing
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34. Mrak, E. M. (Chairman). 1969. Report of the Secretary’s Commission on
Pesticides and Their Relationship to Environmental Health. Parts I
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1969. 677 pp.
35. Mullison, W. R. 1970. Effects of herbicides on water and its inhabi-
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36. Nimmo, D. R., P. D. Wilson, R. R. Black, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1971.
Polychlorinated biphenyl absorbed from sediments by fiddler crabs and
pink shrimp. Nature, 231: 50—52.
37. Pickering, Q. H., C. Henderson, and A. E. Lemke. 1962. The toxicity
of organic phosphorus insecticides to different species of warmwater
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38. Pimentel, D. 1971. Ecological effects of pesticides on non—target
species. Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and
Technology. 220 pp.
33

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39. Ratcliffe, D. A. 1967. Decrease in eggshell weight in certain birds
of prey. Nature, 215(5097): 208—210.
40. Reed, R. J. 1966. Some effects of DDT on the ecology of salmon
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41. Schoenthal, N. E. 1963. Some effects of DDT on coldwater fish and
fishfood organisms. Proceedings Montana Academy of Sciences, 23:
63—95.
42. Smith, S. I., C. W. Weber, and B. L. Reid. 1970. Dietary pesticides
and contaminations of yolks and abdominal fat of laying hens. Poultry
Science, 49(1): 233—237.
43. Sprague, J. B., P. F. Elson, and 3. R. Duffy. 1971. Decrease in DDT
residues in young salmon after forest spraying in New Brunswick.
Environmental Pollution, 1: 191—203.
44. Stalling, D. and F. L. Mayer, Jr. 1972. Toxicities of polychlorinated
biphenyls to fish and environmental residues. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 1: 159—164.
45. Stickel, L. F. and L. I. Rhodes. 1970. The thin eggshell problem. In
“The Biological impact of Pesticides in the Environment”. Environ-
mental Health Sciences Series, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
pp. 31—35.
46. Terriere, L. C., U. Kiigemai, A. R. Gerlach, and R. L. Borovicka. 1966.
The persistence of toxaphene in lake water and its uptake by aquatic
plants and animals. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 14: 66—69.
47. Wershaw, R. L., P. J. Burcar, and N. C. Goldberg. 1969. Interaction of
pesticides with natural organic material. Environmental Science and
Technology, 3(3): 271—273.
48. Wiemeyer, S. N. and R. D. Porter. 1970. DDE thins eggshells of captive
American Kestrels. Nature, 227(5259): 737—738.
49. Wilson, D. C. and C. E. Bond. 1969. The effects of the herbicides
Diquat and Dichlobenil (Casoron) on pond invertebrates. Part I.
•Acute Toxicity. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 98(3): 438—
443.
50. Woodwell, G. M., C. F. Wurster, and P. A. Isaacson. 1967. DDT residues
in an east coast estuary; a case of biological concentration of a
persistent insecticide. Science, 156(3776): 821—824.
51. Yule, W. N. and A. D. Tomlin. 1971. DDT in forest streams. Bulletin
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(6): 479—488.
34

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52. Zabik, M. J. 1969. The contribution of urban and agricultural
pesticide use to the contamination of the Red Cedar River. Project
Completion Report, Project No. A—012—Mich., Office of Water Resources
Research. 28 pp.
35

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Table 1
1. Allison, D. (Completed Dec. 1972) Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
2. Benoit, D. Effects of Long—term Exposures to Hexavalent Chromium on
the Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout and Rainbow
Trout. (In preparation) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
3. Benoit, D. Effects of Long—term Exposure to Copper on the Survival,
Growth, and Reproduction of the Bluegill. (In preparation) Nn’ iron—
mental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth,
Minnesota 55804.
4. Carison, A. R. 1972. Effects of Long—term Exposure to Carbaryl
(Sevin) on survival, growth, and reproduction of the fathead minnow.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29: 583—587.
5. Eaton, J. G. 1970. Chronic Malathion toxicity to the bluegill Water
Research, 4: 673—684.
6. Eaton, J. G. Chronic toxicity of cadmium to the bluegill. (In prepa-
ration) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
7. Eaton, J. G. (In progress) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
8. Everhart, W. H., 18050 DYC. Colorado State University. Effects of
chemical variation in aquatic environments. (J. H. McCormick, Project
Officer) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
9. Hartung, Dr. R., 18050 DLO. The University of Michigan. Field Study
of the Effects of Methoxychlor on Fishes. (Dr. W. A. Brungs, Project
Officer) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
10. Hermanutz, R. Chronic and Acute Toxicity of Captan to the Fathead Minnow.
(In preparation) Environmental Protection Agency, National Water
Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
11. Jude, D. (In progress) Michigan State University, Ph.D. Thesis.
12. McKim, J. (In progress) Environmental Protection Agency, National
Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
13. McKim, J. M. and D. A. Benoit. 1971. Effects of long—term exposures
to copper on survival, growth, and reproduction of brook trout.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 28: 655—662.
36

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14. Mount, D. I. 1968. Chronic toxicity of copper to fathead minnow
Water Research, 2: 215—223.
15. Mount, D. I. and C. Stephan. 1967. A method for establishing accept-
able toxicant limits for Fish —— Malathion and the Butoxyethanol
Ester of 2,4—D. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 96(2):
185—193.
16. Mount, D. I. and C. Stephan. 1969. Chronic toxicity of copper to
the fathead minnow in soft water. Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, 26: 2449—2457.
17. Bionomics, Inc. Contract 68—01—0154. Study of chronic toxicity of
lindane to selected freshwater fishes and food chain organisms.
(J. C. Eaton, Project Officer) Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
18. Pickering, Q. (In preparation) Chronic effects of chromium 6 on
fathead minnows. Environmental Protection Agency, Fish Toxicology
Laboratory, National Water Quality Laboratory, 3411 Church Street,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45244.
19. Pickering, Q. and M. Gast. 1972. Acute and chronic toxicity of
cadmium to the fathead minnow. Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
29: 1099—1106.
37

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Table 2
1. Bookhout, C. G., A. J. Wilson, Jr., T. W. Duke, and J. I. Lowe. 1972.
Effects of Mirex on the larval development of two crabs. Water,
Air, and Soil Pollution, 1: 165—180.
2. Bourquin, A. W. 1972. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida 32561.
3. Butler, P. A. 1966. Pesticides in the marine environment. Journal
Applied Ecology 3 (supplement); 253—259.
4. Butler, P. A. 1967. Pesticide residues in estuarine molluscs.
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Estuarine Pollution, pp. 107—
121, Stanford, California.
5. Butler, P. A. 1971. Influence of pesticides on marine ecosystems.
Proceedings Royal Society of London, 177: 321—329.
6. Cooley, N. R. and J. M. Keitner, Jr. 1972. Unpublished data, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
7. Cooley, N. R. , J. N. Keltner, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971. Nirex and
Aroclor 1254: Effect on and accumulation by Tetrahymena pyriformis W.
(In press)
8. Hansen, D. J. and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1970. Significance of DDT
residues from the estuary near Pensacola, Florida. Pesticide
Monitoring Journal, 4(2): 51—56.
9. Hansen, D. J., P. R. Parrish, J. I. Lowe, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and P. D.
Wilson. 1971. Chronic toxicity, uptake, and retention of Aroclor
1254 in two estuarine fishes. Bulletin Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology, 6(2): 113—119.
10. Lowe, J. I. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf
Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
11. Lowe, J. I., P. D. Wilson, A. J. Rick, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. 1970.
Chronic exposure of oysters to DDT, toxaphene, and parathion.
Proceedings National Sheilfisheries Association, 1970, 61: 71—79,
June 1971.
12. Lowe, J. I., P. R. Parrish, A. J. Wilson, Jr., P. D. Wilson, and
T. W. Duke. 1971. Effects of mirex on selected estuarine organisms.
Transactions of the Thirty—Sixth North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, March 7—10, 1971, Portland, Oregon, pp. 171—186.
38

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13. Nimmo, D. R. and P. T. Heitmuller. 1972. Unpublished data, Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
14. Nimmo, D. R., A. J. Wilson, Jr., and R. R. Blackman. 1970. Locali-
zation of DDT in the body organs of pink and white shrimp. Bulletin
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(4): 333—341.
15. Nimmo, D. R., R. R. Blackman, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and J. Forester. 1971.
Toxicity and distribution of Aroclor 1254 in the pink shrimp, Penaeus
duorarum . Marine Biology, 2(3): 191—197.
16. Parrish, P. R. 1972. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida 32561.
17. Parrish, P. R., J. I. Lowe, A. J. Wilson, Jr., and J. M. Patrick, Jr..
1972. Effects of Aroclor 1254, a PCB, on oysters, Crassostrea
virginica (Bivalvia: Protobranchia: Ostreidae). ASB Bulletin (Official
Quarterly publication of the Association of Southeastern Biologists,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina), 19(2): 90 (Abstract).
18. Tyler, D. B. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida
32561.
19. Walsh, G. E. and T. A. Hollister. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental
Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
20. Walsh, G. E., Sister R. Barrett, G. H. Cook, and T. A. Hollister. 1972.
Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
39

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Appendix Table 1
1. Duggan, R. E. and P. E. Corneliussen. 1972. Dietary intake of
pesticide chemicals in the United States (III), June 1968 — April 1970.
Pesticide Monitoring Journal, 5(4): 331—341.
2. Lichtenburg, J. J., J. W. Eichelberger, R. C. Dressman, and J. E.
Longbottom. 1970. Pesticides in surface waters of the United States —
A Five—Year Summary, 1964—68. Pesticide Monitoring Journal, 4(2):
7 1—86.
40

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Appendix Table 2
1. Bell, H. L. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
2. Biesinger, K. E. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection
Agency, National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
3. Bond, C. E., R. H. Lewis, and J. L. Fryer. 1960. Toxicity of various
herbicidal materials to fish. Second seminar on biological problems
in water pollution. R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Technical
Report W60—3, pp. 96—101.
4. Bridges, W. R. 1961. Biological problems in water pollution. Third
Seminar, 1961. U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 999—WP—25,
pp. 247—249.
5. Burdick, G. E., H. J. Dean, and E. J. Harris. 1964. Toxicity of aqualin
to fingerling brown trout and bluegills. New York Fish Game Journal,
11(2): 106—114.
6. Cairns, J., Jr., and A. Scheier. 1964. The effect upon the pumpkin—
seed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus (Linn.) of chronic exposure to lethal
and sublethal concentrations of dieldrin. Natulae Naturae of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, no. 370: 1—10.
7. Carlson, C. A. 1966. Effects of three organophosphorus insecticides
on immature Hexagenia and Hydropsyche of the upper Mississippi River.
Transaction American Fisheries Society, 95(1): 1—5.
8. Carlson, C. A. 1971. Unpublished data, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804.
9. Eaton, J. G. 1971. Chronic malathion toxicity of the bluegill ( Lepomis
macrochirus Rafinesque). Water Research, 4: 673—684.
10. Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory. 1971. Unpublished data, Annual
Report. Fish Pesticide Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
11. Gilderhus, P. A. 1967. Effects of diquat on bluegills and their food
organisms. Progressive Fish Culturist, 29(2): 67—74.
12. Henderson, C., Q. H. Pickering, and C. M. Tarzwell. 1959. Relative
toxicity of ten chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides to four species
of fish. Transaction American Fisheries Society, 88(1): 23—32.
13. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1962. Comparative toxicity to bluegill
sunfish of granular and liquid herbicides. Proceedings Sixteenth
Annual Conference Southeastern Game and Fish Commissioners, October 14—
17, 1962. Charleston, South Carolina. pp. 319—323.
41

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14. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1963. Variations in toxicity to
bluegill sunfish of phenoxy herbicid . Weeds, 11(1): 50—53.
15. Hughes, J. S. and J. T. Davis. 1964.U Effects of selected herbicides
on bluegill and sunfish. Proceedings Eighteenth Annual Conference
Southeastern Association Game and Fish Conservation Commissioners,
October 18—21, 1964, Clearwater, Florida. pp. 480—482.
16. Jensen, L. D. and A. R. Gauf in. 1964. Long—term effects of organic
insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads. Transaction American
Fisheries Society, 93(4): 357—363.
17. Jensen, L. D. and A. R. Gaufin. 1966. Acute and long—term effects of
organic insecticides on two species of stonefly naiads. Journal
Federal Water Pollution Control Federation, 38(8): 1273—1286.
18. Katz, M. 1961. Acute toxicity of some organic insecticides to three
species of salmonids and to the threespine stickleback. Transaction
American Fisheries Society, 90(3): 264—268.
19. Lane, C. E. and R. E. Livingston. 1970. Some acute and chronic effects
of dieldrin on the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna . Transactions
American Fisheries Society, 99(3): 489—495.
20. Macek, K. J. and W. A. McAllister. 1970. Insecticide susceptibility
of some common fish family representatives. Transactions American
Fisheries Society, 99(1): 20—27.
21. Merna, J. W. 1971. 18050 DLO, Unpublished data. Institute of Fisheries
Research, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 48104. Field study of the effects of methoxychlor on
fishes. (W. Bremgs, Project Officer, Environmental Protection Agency,
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota 55804).
22. Mount, D. I. and C. E. Stephan. 1967. A method of establishing accept-
able toxicant limits for fish —— Malathion and the Butoxyethanol Ester
of 2,4—D. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 96(2): 185—193.
23. Pickering, Q. H., C. Henderson, and A. E. Lemke. 1962. The toxicity of
organic phosphorus insecticides to different species of warinwater
fishes. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 91(2): 175—184.
24. Sanders, H. 0. 1969. Toxicity of pesticides to the crustacean, Gammarus
lacustris . Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Technical Paper 25.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 18 pp.
25. Sanders, H. 0. 1970. Toxicities of some herbicides to six species of
freshwater crustaceans. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
42(8, part 1): 1544-1550.
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26. Sanders, H. 0. 1972. The toxicities of some insecticides to four
species of malosostracan Crüstacea. Fish Pesticide Research Labora-
tory, Bureau Sport Fisherie and Wildlife, U.S. Department of
Interior, Columbia, Missouri 652Ol. (In press)
27. Sanders, H. 0. and 0. B. Cope. 1966. Toxicities of several pesticides
to two species of cladocerans. Transaction American Fisheries
Society, 95(2): 165—169.
28. Sanders, H. 0. and 0. B. Cope. 1968. The relative toxicities of
several pesticides to naiads of three species of stoneflies. Lim—
nology and Oceanography, 13(1): 112—117.
29. Schoettger, R. A. 1970. Toxicology of thiodan in several fish and
aquatic invertebrates. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,
Investigation in Fish Control, No. 35. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 31 pp.
30. Solon, J. M. and J. H. Nair III. 1970. The effect of sublethal
concentration of LAS on the acute toxicity of various phosphate
pesticides to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque.
Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 5(5): 408—413.
31. Surber, E. W. and Q. II. Pickering. 1962. Acute toxicity of endothal,
diquat hyamine, dalapon, and silvex to fish. Progressive Fish
Culturist, 24(4): 164—171.
32. Walker, C. R. 1964. Toxicological effects of herbicides on the fish
environment. Water and Sewerage Works, 111(3): 113—116.
33. Wilson, D. C. and C. F. Bond. 1969. The effects of the herbicides
diquat and dichiobenil (Casoron) on pond invertebrates. Part I.
Acute toxicity. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 98(3):
438—443.
43

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Appendix Table 3
1. Buchanan, D. V., R. E. Millemann, and N. E Stewart. 1970. Effects
of the insecticide Sevin on survival and growth of the dungeness
crab Cancer magister . Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
27(1): 93—104.
2. Butler, J. A., R. E. Millemann, and N. E. Stewart. 1968. Effects
of the insecticide Sevin on survival and growth of the cockle clam
Clinocardium nuttalli . Journal Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
25(8): 1621—1635.
3. Chin, E. and D. M. Allen. 1957. Toxicity of an insecticide to two
species of shrimp, Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus setiferus . Texas
Journal Science, 9(3): 270—278.
4. Cooley, N. R., J. Keltner, Jr., and J. Forester. Unpublished data,
Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561.
5. Coppage, D. L. Organophosphate Pesticides: Specific level of brain
AChE inhibition related to death in sheepshead minnows. (Accepted
by Transactions American Fisheries Society).
6. Davis, H. C. and H. Hidu. 1969. Effects of pesticides on embryonic
development of clams and oysters and on survival and growth of the
larvae. Fisheries Bulletin, 67(2): 393—404.
7. Derby, S. B. (Sleeper) and E. Ruber. 1971. Primary production:
Depression of oxygen evolution in algal cultures by organophosphorus
insecticides. Bulletin Environmental Contamination Toxicology,
5(6): 553—558.
8. Earnest, R. D. and P. Benville, Jr. Acute toxicity of four organo—
chlorine insecticides to two species of surfperch. Unpublished data
from Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia, Missouri 65201.
9. Earnest, R. 1971. Effects of pesticides on aquatic animals in the
estuarine and marine environment. Unpublished data in: Annual
Progress Report, 1970. Fish Pesticide Research Laboratory, Bureau
of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Columbia,
Missouri 65201.
10. Eisler, R. 1966. Effects of apholate, an insect sterilant, on an
estuarine fish, shrimp, and gastropod. Progressive Fish Culturist,
28(2): 154—158.
11. Eisler, R. 1969. Acute toxicities of insecticides to marine decapod
crustaceans. Crustaceana, 16(3): 302—310.
12. Eisler, R. 1970a. Factors affecting pesticide—induced toxicity in an
estuarine fish. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Depart-
ment of Interior, Technical Paper No. 45. 20 pp.
45

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13. Eisler, R. 1970b. Acute toxicities of organochiorine and organo—
phosphorus insecticides to estuarine fishes. Bureau of Sport
Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S. Department of Interior, Technical
Paper No. 46. 12 PP.
14. Eisler, R. 1970c. Latent effects of insecticide intoxication to
marine molluscs. Hydrobiologia, 36(3/4): 345—352.
15. Katz, M. 1961. Acute toxicity of some organic insecticides to three
species of salmonids and to the threespine stickleback. Transac-
tions American Fisheries Society, 90(3): 264—268.
16. Katz, 14. and G. C. Chadwick. 1961. Toxicity of endrin to some
Pacific Northwest fishes. Transactions American Fisheries Society,
90(4): 394—397.
17. Lane, C. E. and R. J. Livingston. 1970. Some acute and chronic
effects of dieldrin on the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna . Trans-
actions American Fisheries Society, 99(3): 489—495.
18. Lane, C. E. and E. D. Scura. 1970. Effects of dieldrin on glutamic
oxaloacetic transaminase in Poecilia latipinna . Journal Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, No. 27: 1869—1871.
19. Lowe, J. I. 1965. Some effects of endrin on estuarine fishes.
Presented at the Nineteenth Annual Conference Southeastern Association
Game and Fish Commissioners, October 10—13, 1965, Tulsa, Oklahoma.
20. Lowe, J. I. 1967. Effects of prolonged exposure to Sevin on an
estuarine fish, Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepede. Bulletin Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 2(3): 147—155.
21. Lowe, J. I., P. R. Parrish, A. J. Wilson, Jr., P. D. Wilson, and
I. W. Duke. 1971a. Effects of mirex on selected estuarine organisms.
Transactions of the Thirty—Sixth North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, March 7—10, 1971, Portland, Oregon, pp. 171—186.
22. Lowe, J. I., P. D. Wilson, A. J. Rick, and A. J. Wilson, Jr. l971b.
Chronic exposure of oysters to DDT, toxaphene, and parathion. 1970
Proceedings of the National Sheilfisheries Association, pp. 71—79.
23. Mahood, R. K., M. D. McKenzie, D. P. Niddaugh, S. J. Bollar, J. R. Davis,
and D. Spitsbergen. 1970. A report on the cooperative blue crab
study — South Atlantic States. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U.S.
Department of Interior.
24. Millemann, R. E. 1969. Effects of Dursban on shiner perch in Effects
of Pesticides on Estuarine Organisms. Progress Report, National
Communicable Disease Center, Public Health Service, U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Research Grant 5 P.01 CC 00303,
pp. 63—76.
46

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25. National Marine Water Quality Laboratory. 1970. An evaluation of
the toxicity of nitrilotrilacetic acid to marine organisms. Progress
Report Federal Water Quality Administration, project 18080 GJY.
26. Stewart, N. E., R. E. Millemann, arid W. P. Breese. 1967. Acute
toxicity of the insecticide Sevin R and its hydrolytic product 1—
Naphthol to some marine organisms. Transactions American Fisheries
Society, 96(1): 25—30.
27. Ukeles, R. 1962. Growth of pure cultures of marine phytoplankton in
the presence of toxicants. Applied Microbiology, 10(6): 532—537.
28. Walsh, G. E. Effects of herbicides on photosynthesis and growth of
marine unicellular algae. Hyacinth Control Journal. (In press)
29. Walsh, G. E. and T. Grow. Depression of carbohydrate in marine algae
by urea herbicides. Weed Science, 19(5): 568—570.
47

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Appendix Table 1. PESTICIDE INTAKE FROM FOOD AND WATER
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
Epoxide
Total
0.112
Total organo—
phosphates a! 0.380
Total
chlorinated
pesticides 0.0045
a/ Columns 1 and 2 are organophosphates plus carbamates. Columns 3 and 4 are
organophosphates only. Column 5 therefore overestimates contribution from
water of organophosphates. Column 4 is the value of the most toxic organo—
phosphate (Parathion).
b/ Data from Lichtenberg, et al. (1970).
c/ Data from Duggan and Corneliussen (1972).
d/ Acceptable daily intake set by W1-IO—FAO expert committees, as presented by
Duggan and Corneliussen (1972).
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Maximum
Computed
6—year
WHO—FAO
Fraction:
concen—
daily
average
acceptable
intake
tration
intake
daily
daily
from water
in water
(Column 1
intake
intake d/
(Column 2)
samples
x 2 liters
from food
70 kg
intake
from 5—year
per person
by 70 kg
person
from food
survey b/
per day)
person c/
(Column 3)
ugm/l
Mg
Mg
Mg
(ppb)
A ldrin
Dieldrin
Total
Chlordane
DDT
DDE
DDD
Total
Endrin
0.085
0.407
0.492
0.169
0.316
0.050
0.840
1.206
0.133
0.048
0.067
0.115
0.0002
0.0008
0.0010
0. 0003
0.0006
0.0001
0.0018
0.0025
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0. 0002
0. 0002
0.0008
Lindane (BHC)
0.007
0.35
0.035
0.875
0.35
0.006
0.049
0.0004
0.002
0.002
0.013
0.077
1/6
1/20
3/4
1 / 10
1 / 10
1 / 16
1/17
49

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APPENDIX TABLE 2.
TOXICITY DATA ON PESTICIDES FOR FRESHWATER ORGANISMS
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTIC IDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Ganunarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
Daphnia pulex
Simocephalus serrulatus
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
CRUSTACEANS
Ganimarus lacustris
Gaimnarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Siniocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcel].a badia
Claassenia sabulosa
2.5 ug/liter (30—day LC—50)
2.2 ug/liter (30_day LC—50)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Henderson,
Henderson,
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
ug/liter
ALDRIN
DOT
ug/liter
hours
9800
96
4300
96
50
96
8
96
28
48
23
48
1.3
96
180
96
200
96
28
96
13
96
17.7
96
45.9
96
7.5
96
1.0
96
08
96
2.3
96
0.24
96
4.0
96
2.5
48
0.36
48
7.0
96
1.9
96
3.5
96
et al•, 1959
et al., 1959
Sanders and Cope,
Sanders and Cope,
1968
1968

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC-50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Ganunarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Asellus breviacaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CRUSTACEAN S
Gatnmarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensjs
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
FPRL Annual Report
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, In press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
DDT
TDE
(DDD)
RHOTHANE (
DIELDRIN
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
ug/liter hours ug/liter
19 96
8 96
5 96
2 96
7 96
0.26 ugh (15—day LC—50)
2 96
4 96
9 96
16 96
5 96
0.64 96
0.86 96
0.68 96
10.0 96
4.5 48
3.2 48
380 96
460 96
600 96
20 96
740 96
5 96
190 48
250 48
Sanders and Cope, 1968

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
DIELDRIN INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica 0.5 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Pteronar y calif ornica 39 96 2.0 (30-day LC—50) Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Acroneuria pacifica 24 96 0.2 (30—day LC—50) Jensen and Gaugin, 1966
Pteronarcella badia 0.5 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Claassenia sabulosa 0.58 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Fl S}1ES
Pimephales promelas 16 96 Henderson, et al., 1959
Lepomis macrochirus 8 96 Henderson, et al., 1959
Salmo gairdneri 10 96 Katz, 1961
Oncorhynchus kisutch 11 96 Katz, 1961
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha 6 96 Katz, 1961
Poecillia latipipna 3.0 (19—week LC—50) Lane and Livingston, 1970
Poecillia latipipna 0.75 (reduced growth &
reproduction — 34—week) Lane and Livingston, 1970
Lepomis gibbosus 6.7 96 1.7 (affected swimming ability
and oxygen consumption —
100—day) Cairns and Scheir, 1964
Ictaluras punctatus 4.5 96 FPRL
CHLORDANE CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 26 96 Sanders, 1969
Gatnmarus fasciatus 40 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 4.0 96 2.5 (120—hour LC—50) Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 20 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 29 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 15 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOC}ILORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTIC IDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
F I SHE S
Pimephales pronielas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
CRUSTACEANS
Ganunarus fasciatus
Daphnia magna
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Ischnura sp.
FISHES
Salmo gairdneri
Catastomus coinmersoni
CRUSTACEANS
Ganimarus lacustris
Gainmarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Sitnocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECT S
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria pacifica
6.0
52.9
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Henderson,
Henderson,
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Schoettger, 1970
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Schoettger, 1970
Schoettger, 1970
Schoettger, 1970
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
52
22
44
56
57
CHLORDANE
ENDO SULFAN
THIODAN
ENDRIN
et al., 1959
et al., 1959
2.3
71.8
0.3
3.0
3.0
0.9
0.4
3.2
1.5
26
20
0.25
2.4
0.32
96
96
96
96
96
120
120
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
1.2 (30—day LC—50)
0.03 (30—day LC—50)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC —50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
gj1iter hours ug/liter
ENDRIN INSECT S
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis inacrochirus
Salmo g irdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
CRUSTACEANS
Gamtnarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis inacrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Salmo gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Henderson,
Henderson,
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders
and
Cope,
1968
Sanders
and
Cope,
1968
Sanders
and
Cope,
1968
Henderson, et al.,, 1959
Henderson, et al., 1959
Bridges, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
U,
U i
HEPTACHLOR
et al., 1959
et al., 1959
0.54
96
0.76
96
0.5
96
0.6
96
0.6
96
0.5
96
1.2
96
29
96
40
96
1.8
96
7.8
96
47
48
42
48
1.1
96
0.9
96
2.8
96
56
96
19
96
17
96
19
96
59
96
17
96

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
LINDANE CRUSTACEANS
Gaminarus lacustris 48 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 10 96 Sanders, in press
Asellus brevicaudus 10 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 520 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 460 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 4.5 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 87 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 68 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis microlophus 83 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Micropterus salmoides 32 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo gairdneri 27 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo trutta 2 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Oncorhynchus kisutch 41 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Perca flavescens 68 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus punctatus 44 96 Ma èk and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus melas 64 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
METHOXYCHLOR CRUSTACEANS
Gamniarus lacustris 0.8 96 Sanders, 1969
Gatumarus fasciatus 1.9 96 Sanders, in press
Palaernonetes kadiakensis 1.0 96 Sanders, in press
Orconectes nais 0.5 96 Sanders, in press
Asellus brevicaudus 3.2 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 5 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.78 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE
ORGAN I SM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC —50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours ug/liter
INSECTS
Pteronarc californica
Taeniopteryx nivalis
Stenonetna spp.
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaentonetes kadjakensis
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia p ex
62.0
62.0
66.2
27.9
20.0
14
18
13
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Merna (Univ. of Mich,)
Merna (Univ. of Mich.)
Henderson, et al., 1959
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
Katz, 1961
METHOXYCHLOR
TOXAPHENE
1.4
0.98
0.63
7.5
FISHES
Pim pha1es promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Salino gairdneri
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
Perca flavescens
96
96
96
96 0.125 (reduced egg hatch—
ability)
0.6 (reduced growth —
8—month)
Merna
(Univ. of
Mich..)
26
96
Sanders,
1969
6
96
Sanders,
in press
28
96
Sanders,
in press
10
48
Sanders
and Cope,
1966
15
48
Sanders
and Cope,
1966
2.3
96
Sanders
and Cope,
1968
3.0
96
Sanders
and Cope,
1968
1.3
96
Sanders
and Cope,
1968
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
F I SHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macak and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Nicropterus salmoides
2 96

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOCELORINE INSECTIC IDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter
TOXAPHENE FISHES
Salnio gairdneri 11 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salino trutta 3 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Oncorhnychus kisutch 8 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Perca flavescens 12 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus punctatus 13 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus melas 5 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
U,

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPF1OSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTIC IDE
ORCANI SM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS
NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
ABATE
CRUSTACEAN
Ganmiarus lacustris
ug/liter hours
82
96
ug/liter
ug/liter
Sanders, 1969
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 10
Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISH
Salmo gairdneri
AZ INPHOSMETHYL
GUTHION ®
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gatnmarus fasciatus
Gauimarus pseudolimneaus
Palaetnonetes kadiakensis
Asellus brevicaudus
INSECTS
Pteronarcys dorsata
Pteronarcys californica
Acroneuria lycorias
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis
Hydropsyche bettoni
Ephemerella subvaria
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepotnis microlophus
Micropterus salnioides
Salmo gairdneri
Saitno trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Bell, unpublished
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Bell, unpublished
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Bell, unpublished
Bell, unpublished
Bell, unpublished
Bell, unpublished
Henderson, 1959
Henderson, 1959
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Macek and McAllister,
Nacek and McAllister,
96
158 96
FPRL
0.15
0.10
1.2
21.0
12.1
1.5
12.0
93
5.2
52
5
14
17
17
0.16
(20—day LC—50)
4.9
(30-day
LC—50)
(30-day
(30—day
(30-day
(30-day
LC—50)
LC—50)
LC—50)
LC—50)
1.36
1.73
4.94
2.50
(30-day)
(30-day)
(30-day)
(30-day)
96
96
120
96
96
96
1.5
96 2.2
7.4
4.5
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
AZINPROSMETHYL FISHES
GUTHION ® Perca flavescens 13 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus punctatus 3290 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus melas 3500 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
AZINPHO SETHYL CRUSTACEANS
ETHYL GUTHION Simocephalus serrulatus 4 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 3.2 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
FISH
Salmo gairdneri 19 96 FPRL
CAREOPHENOTHION CRDSTACEANS
TRITHION Gammarus lacustris 5.2 96 Sanders, 1969
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1.2 96 Sanders, in press
Asallus brevicaudus 1100 96 Sanders, in press
CHLOROTHION CRUSTACEAN
Daphnia inagna 4.5 48 “Water Quality Criteria”,
1968
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 2700 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Lepomis macrochirus 700 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
CIODRIN CRUSTACEANS
Gannuarus lacustris 15 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganunarus fasciatus 11 96 Sanders, in press
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus 250 96 FPRL
Micropterus salmoides 1100 96 FPRL

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
CIODRIN ® FISHES
Salmo gairdnerl 55 96 FPRL
Ictalurus punctatus 2500 96 FPRL
COUMAPHOS CRUSTACEANS
CO—RAL Ganmiarus lacustris 0.07 96 Sanders, 1969
Gamniarus fasciatug 0.15 96 Sanders, in press
Daphnia magna 1.0 48 “Water Quality Criteria”,
1968
INSECTS
Hydropsyche sp. 5 24 Carison, 1966
Hexagenia sp. 430 24 Carison, 1966
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 18000 96 Katz, 1961
Lepoinis niacrochirus 180 96 Henderson, 1959
Salnio gairdnerj 1500 96 Katz, 1961
Oncorhynchus kisutch 15000 96 Katz, 1961
DEMETON CRUSTACEAN
SYSTOX Gaimnarus fasciatus 27 96 Sanders, in press
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 3200 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Lepomis inacrochirus 100 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
DIAZINON CRUSTACEANS
Gannnarus pseudolinineaus 0.27 (30—day LC—50) 0.20 (30—day) Bell,(NWQL — unpublished)
Gaumiarus lacustris 200 96 Sanders, 1969
Siniocephalus serrulatus 1.4 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.90 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphula magna 0.26 (21-day) Biesinger,(NWQL — unpub.)

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
D ICFILOROVOS
DDVP
VAPONA ®
INSECTS
Pteronarcy californica
CRUSTACEA NS
Gaminarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia p 4ex
REFERENCE
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISH
Lepornis macrochirus
Sanders and Cope, 1968
D IOXATHION
DELNAV ®
CRUSTACEANS
Ganm arus lacustris
Ganimarus fasciatus
96
96
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus
Micropterus salmoides
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
ORGANI SM
PESTICIDE
DIAZINON
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
/liter hours gfliter
25 96
Pteronarcys dorsata
Acroneurja lycorias
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis
Hydropsyche pettoni
phemerel1a subvaria
gj liter
(30—day
LC—50)
3.29
(30—day)
( 3 0—day
LC—50)
0 83
(30—day)
(30—day
LC—50)
L29
(30—day)
(30—day
LC—50)
1.79
(30—day)
(30—day
LC—50)
0.42
1.7
0.50
0.40
0.26
0.07
4.6
96 1.25
2.2
3.54
1.05
96
96
48
48
Sanders and
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Cope, 1968
— unpublished)
— unpublished)
— unpublished)
- unpublished)
— unpublished)
0.10 96
869 96
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
270
8.6
FPRL
DISULFOTON
DI-SYSTON ®
96
Pickering,
34
96
Pickering,
61
96
Pickering,
36
96
Pickering,
52
96
Sanders, 1969
21
96
Sanders, in
38
96
press
et a1 0 ,
et al,,
et al,,
et al.,
1962
1962
1962
1962

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORCANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
/1iter hours g/1iter /1iter
DISULFOTON INSECTS
DI—SYSTON ® Pteronarcys californica 5 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Pteronarcys californica 21.4 96 1.7 (30—day LC—50) Jensen and Gauf in, 1964
Acroneuria pacifica 8.4 96 1.2 (30—day LC—50) Jensen and Gauf in, 1964
FISH ES
Pimephales promelas 63 96 Pickering, et a1 , 1962
j p mis macrochjrus 3700 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
DURSBAN CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 0,11 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 0.32 96 Sanders, in press
INSECTS
Pteronarcy californica 10 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Pteronarcella badia 0.38 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Claassenia sabulosa 0.57 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus 2.6 96 FPRL
Salmo gairdneri 11 96 FPRL
ETHION CRUSTACEANS
NIALATE ® Ganunarus lacustris 1.8 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganimarus fasciatus 904 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 5.7 96 Sanders, in press
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 2,8 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
pomis macrochirus 220 96 FPRL
Micropterus salmoides 150 96 FPRL
Salmo gairdneri 560 96 FPRL
Salmo clarkii 720 96 FPRL
Ictalurus punctatus 7500 96 FPRL

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
EPN CRUSTACEANS
Gannnarus lacustris 15 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 7 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 0.56 96 Sanders, in press
FISHES
Pimephales pronielas 110 96 Solon and Nair, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 100 96 PIckering, et al., 1962
FENTHION CRUSTACEANS
BAYTEX® Gannnarus lacustris 8.4 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganniiarus fasciatus 110 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 5 120 1.5 (20—day LC—50) Sanders, in press
Orconectes nais 50 96 Sanders, in press
Asellus brevicaudus 1800 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 0.62 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.80 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 4.5 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Pimephales pronielas 2440 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 1380 96 Nacek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis microlophus 1880 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Micropterus salmoides 1540 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo gaIrdneri 930 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo trutta 1330 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Oncorhynchus kisutch 1320 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Perca flavescens 1650 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus punctatus 1680 96 Nacek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus melas 1620 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY
LC —50
Ganunarus pseudolimneaus
Ganunarus lacustris
Gatntnarus fasciatus
Palaenionetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
ug/liter
0.008 (30—day) Bell, (NWQL — unpublished)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
0.6 (21—day) Biesinger, (NWQL — unpub.)
200 (10—month
exposure)
3.6 (11—month)
Mount and Stephan, 1967
Eaton, 1971
Pickering, et al., 1962
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Nacek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
Macek and McAllister, 1970
MALATHION CRUSTACEANS
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
ug/liter hours ug/liter
NO EFFECT REFERENCE
1.0
0.76
12
180
3000
3.5
1.8
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
0.023 (30—day LC—50)
0.5 (120—hour LC—50)
9.0 (120—hour LC—50)
11.1 (30—day LC—50)
0.3 (30—day LC—50)
10
96
1.0
1.1
96
9.4 (30—day)
0.17 (30—day)
2.3
0.52
0.34
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys dorsata
Acroneuria lycorias
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
Boyeria vinosa
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis
Hydropsyche bettoni
FISHES
Pimephales promelas
Lepomis inacrochirus
Lepomis cyanellus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salnio trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
(30—day
(30—day
(30—day
LC—50)
LC—50)
LC —50)
Sanders and
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Sanders and
Sanders and
Ball, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
Bell, (NWQL
1.65
0.28
0.24
(30—day)
(30—day)
(30—day)
Cope, 1968
— unpublished)
— unpublished)
Cope, 1968
Cope, 1968
— unpublished)
— unpublished)
— unpublished)
9000
110
120
170
285
170
200
101
263
8970
12900
96 580 (spinal deformity,
10—month)
96 7.4 (spinal deformity,
several months)
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTIC IDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
METHYL PARATHION FISHES
BAYER E601 Pimephales promelas 8900 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 5720 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis microlophus 5170 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Micropterus salmoides 5220 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo gairdneri 2750 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo trutta 4740 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Oncorhyrtehus kisutch 5300 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Perca flavescens 3060 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Italurus punctatus 5710 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Italurus melas 6640 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
MEVINPHOS. CRUSTACEANS
g PHOSDRIN Gaimnarus lacustris 130 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 2.8 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 12 96 Sanders, in press
Asellus brevicaudus 56 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 0.43 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.16 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 5.0 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus 70 96 FPRL
Micropterus salinoides 110 96 FPRL
NALED CRUSTACEANS
DIBROM Gainmarus lacustris 110 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 14 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensjs 90 96 Sanders, in press
Orconectes nais 1800 96 Sanders, in press
Asellus brevicaudus 230 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 1.1 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.35 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORIJS INSECTICIDES
PESTIC IDE
ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours
ug/liter
ug/liter
NALED
DIBROM
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
8.0
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
OXYDEMETON METHYL
META-SYSTOX ®
FISH ES
Lepomis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
CRU S TACEANS
Gainniarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
FISHES
Lepoinis macrochirus
Salmo gairdneri
3.5
2.1
1.5
0.37
0.60
0.04
600
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
FPRL
FPRL
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, In press
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Sanders, In press
Sanders, In press
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys dorsata
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
Acroneuria pacifica
Acroneuria lycorias
2.2 (30—day LC—50)
0.90 (30—day LC—50)
0.44 (30—day LC—50)
0.013 (30_day LC—50)
Jensen and Gauf in, 1964
Bell, (NWQL — unpublished)
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Sanders and Cope, 1968
Jensen and Gauf in, 1964
Bell, (NWQL — unpublished)
180
132
190
1000
96
96
96
96
PARATHION
35 96
14000
4000
96
96
Sanders and Cope, 1968
CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris
Gaininarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakens is
Simocephalus serrulatus
D p nia pulex
Orconectes nais
i1us brevicaudus
1.6 (120—hour LC—50)
3.6
3.0
4.2
1.5
3.0
96
96
96
96
96

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
g/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
PARATHION INSECTS
Ephemerella subvaria 0.16 96 0.056 (30—day LC—50) Bel l,(NWQL — unpub1ished)
Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis 3.25 96 0.22 (30—day LC—50) Bell,(NWQL — unpublished)
Hydropsyche bettoni 0.45 (30—day LC—50) Bell,(NWQL — unpublished)
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 1410 96 Solon and Nair, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 65 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Lepomis cyanellus 425 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Micropterus salinoides 190 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
PHORATE CRUSTACEANS
THIMET Gammarus lacustris 9 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 0.60 96 Sanders, in press
Orconectes nais 50 96 Sanders, in press
PHOSPHANIDON CRUSTACEANS
Ganunarus lacustris 2.8 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 16 96 Sanders, in press
Orconectes nais 7500 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 6.6 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 8.8 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 150 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
F I SHES
Pimephales proinelas 100000 96 FPRL
Lepomis tuacrochirus 4500 96 FPRL
Ictalurus punctatus 70000 96 FPRL
RONNEL FISH
Pimephales pronielas 305 96 Solon and Nair, 1970

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
ORGANOPIIOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
/1iter hours ug/liter ug/liter
TEPP CRUSTACEANS
Gatnmarus lacustris 39 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 210 96 Sanders, in press
FISHES
Pimephales pronielas 840 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Lepotnis macrochirus 520 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
TRICHLOROPHON CRUSTACEANS
DIPTEREX Gannuarus lacustris 40 96 Sanders, 1969
DYLOX Sitnocephalus serrulatus 0.32 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 0.18 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica 69 96 9.8 (30—day LC—50) Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Pteronarcys californica 35 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Acroneuria pacifica 16.5 96 8.7 (30—day LC—50) Jensen and Gauf in, 1966
Pteronarcella badla 11 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Claassenia sabulosa 22 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Piniephalespromelas 109000 96 Pickering, et al., 1962
Lepotuis macrochirus 3800 96 Pickering, et al., 1962

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
CARBAMATE
PESTICIDE ORGANISM
ACUTE TOXICITY
LC—50
SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS
NO EFFECT
REFERENCE
ug/liter hours
ug/liter
ug/liter Time
CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
Palaemonetes kadiakensis
Orconectes nais
Asellus brevicaudus
Simocephalus serrulatus
Daphnia pulex
Daphnia magna
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 9000
BAYGON CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris
Gammarus fasciatus
96 680 (deline survival and
reproduction, 6—month)
Sanders and Cope, 1969
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders, in press
Sanders and Cope 9 1966
Sanders and Cope, 1966
Biesigner, (NWQL - unpub.)
Sanders, 1969
Sanders, in press
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica
CARBARYL
SEVIN ®
16
26
5.6
8.6
240
7.6
6.4
4.8
1.7
5.6
96
96
96
96
96
48
48
96
96
96
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica
Pteronarcys dorsata
Pteronarcella badia
Claassenia sabulosa
Acroneuria lycorias
Hydropysche bettoni
5,0 (63—day)
23.0 (30—day LC—50)
2.2 (30—day LC—50)
2.7 (30—day LC—5O)
Sanders and
Cope, 1968
11,5
(30—day)
Bell, (NWQL
Sanders and
Sanders and
— unpublished)
Cope, 1968
Cope, 1968
1.3
(30—day)
Bell, (NWQL
— unpublished)
1.8
(30—day)
Bell, (NWQL
— unpublished)
210
(6—mo.)
Carlson ,,(NWQL — unpublished)
Lepomis macrochirus
Lepomis microlophus
Micropterus salmoides
Salmo gairdneri
Salmo trutta
Oncorhynchus kisutch
Perca flavescens
Ictalurus punctatus
Ictalurus melas
6760
11200
6400
4340
1950
764
745
15800
20000
34
50
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
Macek
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
and
McAllister,
McAllister,
McAllister,
McAllister,
McAll ister,
McAllister,
McAllister,
McAllister,
McAllister,
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
1970
13 96
Sanders and Cope, 1968

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
CARBAMATE
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter g/1iter
AMINOCARB CRUSTACEAN
MATACIL Gammarus lacustris 12 96 Sanders, 1969
ZECTRAN CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 46 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganimarus fasciatus 40 96 Sanders, in press
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 83 96 25 (20-day LC—50) Sanders, in press
Siniocephalus serrulatus 13 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 10 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 10 96 Sanders and Cope, 19G8
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 17000 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis macrochirus 11200 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Lepomis microlophus 16700 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Micropterus salmoides 14700 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo gairdneri 10200 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Salmo trutta 8100 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Oncorhynchus kisutch 1730 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Perca flavescens 2480 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus punctatus 11400 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970
Ictalurus melas 16700 96 Macek and McAllister, 1970

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC —50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
ACROLEIN FISHES
AQUALIN Lepomis tuacrochirus 80 24 Bond, et al., 1960
Salmo trutta 46 24 Burdick, et al., 1964
Lepomis tuacrochirus 79 24 Burdick, et al., 1964
ANINOTRIAZOLE CRUSTACEANS
ANITROL Ganunarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 30000 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 32000 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
FISHES
Lepomis macrochirus 100 48 Sanders, 1970
Oncorhyncus kisutch 325000 48 Bond, et al., 1960
BALAN CRUSTACEAN
Gamtnarus fasciatus 1100 96 Sanders, 1970
BENSULF IDE CRUSTACEAN
Ganunarus fasciatus 1400 96 Sanders, 1970
CHLOROXURON FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 25000 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964
CIPC FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 8000 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964
DACTHAL FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 700000 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC —50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
DALAPON CRUSTACEAN S
(SODIUM SALT) Simocephalus serrulatus 16000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 11000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 100,000 ugh 96 hr. Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Pituephales pronielas 290000 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Lepomis niacrochirus 290000 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Oncorhynchus kisutch 340000 48 Bond, et al., 1960
DEF CRUSTACEAN
Gatnmarus lacustris 100 96 Sanders, 1969
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 2100 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
DEXON CRUSTACEAN
Gainniarus lacustris 3700 96 Sanders, 1969
IN SECT
Pteronarcys californica 24000 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
DICA] 4BA CRUSTACEANS
Ganmiarus lacustris 3900 96 Sanders, 1969
Gatnmarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaenionetes kadiakensis 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 20 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964
DICHLOBENIL CRUSTACEANS
CASARON ® Gammarus lacustris 11000 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 10000 96 Sanders, 1970
Hyallella azteca 8500 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Simocephalus serrulatus 5800 48 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Daphnia pulex 3700 48 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Daphnia magna 10000 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 7800 96 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 34000 96 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 9000 96 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 22000 Sanders, 1970
INSECTS
Pteronarcys californica 7000 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Tendipedid 7800 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Calli rates sp. 10300 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Limnephilus sp. 13000 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Enallegina sp. 20700 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
F 1SH
Lepotnis macrochirus 20000 48

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC —50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
DICHLONE CRUSTACEANS
PHYGON XL Gammarus lacustris 1100 96 Sanders, 1969
Garnniarus fasciatus 100 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia inagna 125 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 120 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 200 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 450 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 3200 48 Sanders, 1970
F I SHE S
Lepomis macrochirus 120 48 Bond, et al., 1960
Micropterus salmoides 70 48 Hughes and Davis, 1962
DIQUAT CRUSTACEAN
Hyallella azteca 48 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
INSECTS
Callibrates sp. 16400 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Limnephilus sp. 33000 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Tendipedid 100 96 Wilson and Bond, 1969
Enallagma s . 100 96 Wilson and Bona, 1969
FISHES
Pimephales proinelas 14000 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Lepomis macrochirus 35000 96 Gilderhaus, 1967
Micropterus saitnoides 7800 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Esox lucius 16000 48 Gilderhaus, 1967
Stizostedion vitreum vitreum 2100 96 Gilderhaus, 1967
Salmo gairdneri 11200 48 Gilderhaus, 1967
Oncorhynchus kisutch 28500 48 Bond, et al., 1960

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
DIURON CRUSTACEAN
Gaimnarus lacustris 160 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 700 96 Sanders, 1970
Simocephalus serrulatus 2000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 1400 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 1200 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch 33000 48 Bond, et al., 1960
DIFOLITAN CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus lacustris 800 96 Sanders, 1969
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 40 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
DINITROBUTYL PHENOL CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fascia 1800 96 Sanders, 1970

-------
APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
DIPHENANID CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia inagna 56000 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 50000 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 58000 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
DURSBAN CRUSTACEAN
Gaminarus lacustris 110 96 Sanders, 1969
INSECTS
Pteronarcys calif ornica 10 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Pteronarcella badia 0.38 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
Claassenia sabulosa 0.57 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
2-4, D CRUSTACEANS
(PGBE) Ganimarus lacustris 1600 96 Sanders, 1969
Gatnmarus fasciatus 2500 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 100 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 320 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 2200 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 2700 48 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
2—4, D CRUSTACEANS
(BEE) Gamxnarus lacustris 440 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainniarus fasciatus 5900 48 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia inagna 5600 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 1800 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 3200 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1400 48 100,000 ugh 96 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 60000 48 Sanders, 1970
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 1600 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISH
Pimephales promelas 5600 96 1500 ugh lethal to 300 ugh 10 mo. Mount and Stephan, 1967
eggs in 48 hour
exposure
2—4, D CRUSTACEAN
(bE) Gamniarus lacustris 2400 96 Sanders, 1969
2-4, D CRUSTACEANS
(DIETHYLANINE Gatninarus lacustris 100000 96 Sanders, 1969
SALT) Ganunarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia tnagna 4000 48 Sanders, 1970
Crypidopsis vidua 8000 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
ENDOTHALL
DI SODIUM SALT
FISHES
Pimephales notatus 10000 96 Walker, 1964
Lepoxnis macrochirus 125000 96 Walker, 1964
Micropterus salmoides 120000 96 Walker, 1964
Notropis umbratilus 95000 96 Walker, 1964
ENDOTHALL CRU STACEAN
DIPOTASSIUM Gaunriarus lacustris 100,000 ugh 96 hr. Sanders, 1969
SALT
FISHES
Pimephales promelas 320000 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Lepomis inacrochirus 160000 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Micropterus salnioides 200000 96 Bond, et al., 1960
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha 136000 96 Bond, et al., 1960
EPTAM CRUSTACEAN
Ganmiarus fasciatus 23000 96 Sanders, 1970
FENAC CRUSTACEANS
(SODIUM SALT) Gainmar lacustris 12000 96 Sanders, 1969
Gammarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia pulex 4500 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Simocephalus serrulatus 6600 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia magna 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nals

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC 50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/ liter
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 55000 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISH
Lepotuis 15000 96 Hughes and Davis, 1962
HYMIINE 1622
F I SHE S
Pixnephales promelas 1600 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Lepomis zuacrochirus 1400 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Oncorhynchus kisutch 53000 96 Bond, et al., 1960
HYANINE 2389
FISHES
Pimephales protuelas 2400 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
Lepomis macrochirus 1200 96 Surber and Pickering, 1962
HYDROTHAL 47
CRU STACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus 510 96 Sanders, 1970
HYDROTHAL 191
CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 500 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganunarus fasciatus 480 96 Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
HYDROTHAL PLUS FISH
Lepomis inacrochirus 3500 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964
IPC CRUSTACEANS
Gammarus lacustris 10000 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 1900 96 Sanders, 1970
Slinocephalus serrulatus 10000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 10000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
KURON CRUSTACEANS
Simocephalus serrulatus 2400 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 2000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
MCDA FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 1500 48 Hughes and Davis, 1964
MOLINATE CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 4500 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 390 48 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 600 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 400 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1000 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 5600 48 Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLLANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
MONURON FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch 110000 48 Bond, et al., 1960
PARAQUAT CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 110000 96 Sanders, 1969
Simocephalus serrulatus 4000 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 3700 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 100,000 ugh 96 hr. Sanders and Cope, 1968
PEBULATE CRUSTACEAN
Gammarus fasciatus 10000 96 Sanders, 1970
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 48000 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
PROPANIL CRUSTACEAN
Gainniarus fasciatus 16000 96 Sanders, 1969
SILVEX CRUSTACEANS
(BEE) Gammarus fasciatus 250 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 2100 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 4900 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 40000 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 8000 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 60000 48 Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES. FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
FISH
Lepomis macrochirus 1200 48 Hughes and Davis, 1963
SILVEX CRUSTACEANS
(PGBE) Gammarus fasciatus 840 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 180 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 200 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 500 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 3200 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
FISH
Leponiis macrochirus 16600 48 Hughes and Davis, 1963
SILVEX FISH
(bE) Lepomis macrochirus 1400 48 Hughes and Davis, 1963
SILVEX FISH
(POTASSIUM SALT) Lepomis macrochirus 83000 48 Hughes and Davis, 1963
SIMAZINE CRUSTACEANS
Gatninarus lacustris 13000 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 1000 48
Cypridopsis vidua 3200 48
Asellus brevicaudus 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 100,000 ugh 48 hr. Sanders, 1970
FISH
Oncorhynchus kisutch 6600 48 Bond, et al., 1960

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
HERBICIDES, FUNGICIDES, DEFOLIANTS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB—ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
TRIFLURALIN CRUSTACEAN S
Gaminarus lacustris 2200 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganimarus fasciatus 1000 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia magna 560 48 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia pulex 240 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Siinocephalus serrulatus 450 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Cypridopsis vidua 250 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 200 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1200 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 50000 48 Sanders, 1970
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 3000 96
VERNOLATE CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 1800 96 Sanders, 1969
Ganimarus fasciatus 13000 96 Sanders, 1970
Daphnia inagna 1100 48 Sanders, 1970
Cypridopsis vidua 240 48 Sanders, 1970
Asellus brevicaudus 5600 48 Sanders, 1970
Palaemonetes kadiakensis 1900 48 Sanders, 1970
Orconectes nais 24000 48 Sanders, 1970

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APPENDIX TABLE 2 (continued)
BOTANICALS
PESTICIDE ORGANISM ACUTE TOXICITY SUB-ACUTE EFFECTS NO EFFECT REFERENCE
LC—50
ug/liter hours ug/liter ug/liter
ALLETHRIN CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 11 96 Sanders, 1969
Gainmarus fasciatus 8 96 Sanders, in press
Simocephalus serrulatus 56 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 21 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys calif ornica 2.1 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
FISHES
Lepomis inacrochirus 56 96 FPRL
Salmo gairdneri 19 96 FPRL
PYRETHRUM CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 12 96 Sanders, 1969
Gatnmarus fasciatus 11 96 Sanders. 1969
Simocephalus serrulatus 42 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 25 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys californica 1.0 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968
ROTENONE CRUSTACEANS
Gainmarus lacustris 2600 96 Sanders, 1969
Simocephalus serrulatus 190 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
Daphnia pulex 100 48 Sanders and Cope, 1966
INSECT
Pteronarcys calif ornica 380 96 Sanders and Cope, 1968

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