SPECTACLE POND SURVEY






     At the request of the Permit Branch of Region I, EPA,  a water




quality survey of Spectacle Pond was conducted during May and June,




1974.  The purpose of the survey was to 'ascertain whether, eutrophic




conditions exist in Spectacle Pond and whether effluent from the




Fallstaff Brewery was responsible or contributes to this condition.






     Spectacle Pond, located in Cranston, Rhode Island, is  approximately




1-2 kilometers (3/4 of a mile) long and 0.4 kilometers (1/4 of a mile)




wide.  Several homes and business establishments are located along the




bank of the lower half of the pond but no apparent discharges were




discernible from them.  The only visible influent to the pond was from




two 45 centimeter (18 inches) diameter pipes.  Flow from this source




formed a channel approximately 7.5 meters (25 feet)  long and 3 meters




(10 feet) wide and entered into Spectacle Pond.






     The source of this influent is Tongue Pond, a man-made lagoon




which is owned by the Fallstaff Brewery.  Tongue Pond receives and holds




waste from the brewery's boiler blow-down, cooling and bottling opera-




tions and general floor drains wash down bottle washing operation.  The




brewery waste is discharged into the local sanitary sewer system and




treated at Cranston and Providence facilities.  No domestic waste from




the brewery is reportedly discharged into Tongue Pond.






     A water quality survey was planned and conducted by personnel of




the Surveillance and Analysis Division of Region I,_ EPA.   Ten sampling




stations were selected with Station One located at the point where
                                 -1-

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effluent from Tongue Pond enters into Spectacle Pond and Station Ten
located where water leaves Spectacle Pond through a conduit that
disappears in a highway ernbankr tent. The remaining stations were
located along a mid-line in the Pond between these two points. Those
physical, chemical and biological parameters, that would establish
eutrophication or a contrib ition to it were selected for sampling. As
many tests and measurements of these parameters as possible were made
at the site. Otherwise, samples were returned to the Region I labora-
tory for analysis. In all cases, tests, measurements, collection,
preservation and storage of samples was in accordance with EPA and
Standard Methods procedures.
Meteorological Conditions
During the study, no precipitation occurred. Weather conditions
at the time were clear and warm with no noticeable winds. As a result
of these conditions, factors attributable to weather phenomena would
have to be dis counted.
The tests and analyses performed at each station as well as the
results obtained are presented in the following tables:
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Sample Analyses
abbreviation and Units of Measure
Analysis Reported Description units of Measure
T (°C) Temperature degrees Centigrade (°C)
Probe D. 0. Dissolved oxygen milligrams/liter (mg/i)
pH (S. U.) Hydrogen ion concentration standard units (S .U.)
Lgt Penet (Secchi Disc) Light penetration inchest
Susp S Suspended solids milligrams/liter (mg/i)
Tot Total suspended solids
Vol Volatile suspended solids Il U
Fix - - Fixed suspended solids
Total Kjeldahi nitrogen
N0 2 +N0 3 Nitrites and nitrates ‘I
BOD 5 d Biochemical oxygen demand I’
5day
Total P (Nutrients) Total phosphorus dry weight phosphorus (ug/gm)
Total P Total phosphorus phosphorus (mg/i)
Coli—Total Total coliform bacteria unit per 100 milliliters
Coli—Fecal Fecal coliform bacteria “ “
Menth Pu Membrane Filter standard test
Phyto Phytoplankton unit per milliliter
thlor a Chlorophyll a miliigrams/cu ic meter
(mg/rn 3 )
Storet code
value less than given value
Storet code
- value greater than given value
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Table I
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June1974
Station - 0].
6/5/74 0520 220 3.6 —
0645 220 .4.0 .—,
0810 240 —
4.0
6.8
— 255 40 215 1 ].9 0 02 15 — 1.81 280x10 3 1,700
25° — — ‘. - 7.5
240 60 180 K0.02
—. — 2.23. L4X10 6 L250X10 3
0845 23° — 7.8. —.
6/4/74
0500 21°. ...70 —
0700 19°
7•O
Date
:
Time

T (°C) D.O.
Probe Probe
Surf Bot Surf
mg/i
Bot
pH
(s.u.)
.
Lgt
Penet
(Xnchs)
:
.
Tot
Susp S TKN
mg/i mg/i
Vol Fix
N0 2 +N0 3
mg/i
.
SOD
5 d
m /1
Tot P
ug/gm
dry
Tot P Coli 100/mi
mg/i Tot Fecal
(Mernb Fil)
Phyto
per ml
chior
mg/rn 3
— 7.6
245 ,, . 60 185
— 0.26 — 347 176 110X10 3 7,600
6/6/74 0540 24° — 6.9
13X10 3 96.87
0705
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Table II
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 02
Date Time T (°C) D,O, mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coil 100/mi Phyto Chior
Probe Probe (s,u.,) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecai per ml mg/rn 3
Surf Bot Surf Bot — (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix mg/i dry (Memb Fil) —
5/4/74 0515 20° 18° 12.2 10.4
0725 20° 18° 13.9 11.2 93 10.0 240 65 175 — K0.02 — 17,400 1.36 33X10 3 1,500 636X10 3 98 ,56
5/5/74 0522 22° 19° 5.6 6.2
0655 22° 22° 5.8 12.6 7,5 233 72 161 1.19 KO.02 15 — 1.62 52X10 3 1,400
0815 22°. 210 7.6 12.4
6/6/74 0545 21° 23° 10.7 8.0
0715 21° 24° 235 60 175 — KQ.02 — — 1.57 17X10 6 L270X10 3 —
0850 21.5° 23°13.6 12.4
—5—

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Table LII
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 03
ite Time T (°C) D,O . mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto Chior
Probe Probe ( au 0 ) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecai per ml mg/rn 3
Surf Bot_S rf Bot —. (Incha) Tot Vol Lix - mg/i dry (Memb FiX)
(4(34 0520 20° 17.5° 12.6
0715 19 .5° 16.5° 13.8 1.0 9.5 10 250 35 215 — K0.02 — 5,830 1.33.. 23X10 3 20 798X10 3 113.73
(5/74 0525 21° 17° 9.0 0.8
0705 21.5° 16.5° 12.2 0.2 9.5 216 48 .168 0.99 K0.02 6.0 — 1.24 5,400 200
0820 21° 16° 11.0 4.2
/6/75 0550 22° 1.7:5 11.2 0.5
0730 23° 17° 9.6 0.0 9.4 252 70 182 — K0,02 — — 1.48 12X10 5 L50X10 3
0855 23° 17.5° 11.4 0.0
—6—

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Table IV
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 04
ate Time T (°C) D.O, mg/ I. pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto chlor
Probe Probe (s .u,) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn
SurfBotSurfBot (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix _ /l d , ’ (MembFii)
‘4/74 0525 20° 15.0° 12.4 0.2 — 9.0 243 66 177 K0.02 — 6,700 ‘1.44 80X10 3 930 498X10 3 111.29
0735 19.5° 16.5° 9.1 0.0 9.0
‘5/74 0530 210 16.5° 11.0 0.4
0710 21° 16.5° 13.5 0.6 9.4 202:, 67 135 1.05 KO.02 7.5 1.19 4,700 70
0825 21° i.7.0° 12.8 0.6
‘6/74 0600 22° 17° lL8 0.6
0735 22.5° 170 11.6 0.2 9.6 9.6 225 50 17,5 — K0.02 — — 1.39 520x10 3 L1OX1O 3 —
0900 23.0° 17° 7.6 0.0
—7—

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Table V
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station -05
)ate Time T (°C) D.O. mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto Chior
Probe Probe (s.u,) Penet mg/i mg/i ‘mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn 3
Surf Bot Surf Bot (Incha) Tot Vol Fix mg/i dry (Mexnb Fil)
/4/74 0530 19.5° 16.5°13.8 1.2
0745 19.0°, 17 .0°15.0 0.0 9.5 7.5 232 37 195 — K0.02 — 3,680 1.18 180 Kl0 1,353X10 3 103.9
/5/74 0535 21.0° 17.0°1l.2 0.4
0715 20.0° 17.5°12.6 0.8 9.5 213 47 166 0.97 K0.02 7,5 — 1.29 18X10 3 80
0830 2l.0 .17.0°l2.6 4.4
/6/74 0604 22.0° 19.0°12.6
0740 21.0° 17.0°13.4 0.0 10.0 , — 254 45 209 — K0.02 — — 1.18 33X10 3 400
0901 23.0° 17,0° 7,8 0.0.
—8—

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Table VI
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station 06
te Time T (°C) D.O. mg/i pu Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto Chior
Probe Probe ( u .) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn 3
— Sot Surf Sot (Incha) Tot Vol Fix — mg/i (Memb ru) —
4/74 0535 19.5° 16.5°12.2 1.0
0750 19.0° ‘16.0° L15 0.0 9. . 8.5 223 65 158 — K0.02 — 4,180 1.15’ 180 Kl0 967X10 3 127.26
5/74 0538 21.0° 17.0°l0.4 0.9
0720 20.0 16.0°13.,5 0.7 9.5. 208. 70 .138 0.80 K0.02 5.5 1.15 23X10 3 90
0835 2] .0° 16.5°13.4 0.4 .
6/74 0609 21.5° 16.5°13.2 0.4
0745 21.00 16.5°13.8 0.2 9.8 210 55 155 — K0.02 — — 1.15 35x10 3 180
0903 23.0° 17.0011.0 0.4
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Talle VII
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Fthode Island
June 1974
Station — 07
ate Time T (°C) D.O. mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 SOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto Chior
Probe Probe (s,u.) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn
Surf Bot Surf Bot (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix mg/i dry (Memb Fil)
/4/74 0540 19.0° 15 .5°13.2 0.2 — 6.5
0800 19.0° 15.5°L15.0 0.1 9.6 . • 210 40 170 — 1(0.02 — 4,380 1.22 190 1(10 1,137X10 3 112.22
/5/74 0540 20.0° 15.0° 11.6 1.0
0725 19.5° 15.5° 13.9 0.8 9.6 — 250 65.. 185 0.9l K0.02 4.5 — 1 ..09 200 20
0840 20.0°’16.0°L15.0 0.4
/6/74 0615 21.0° 15.5° 14.0 0.4
0750 21.0° 15.0°L15.0 0.1 10.0 236 76 160 — KO.02 — — 1.10 .2,500 50
0904 22.0° 15.5°L15.0 0.0
—10— .

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Table VIII
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 08
e Time T (°C) D.0. mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 -f-N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto Chlo
Probe Probe (s .u 0 ) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/grn mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn
Surf Bot Surf Bot (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix mg/i dry (Memb Fii) -—
/74 0545 19.0° .15.0° 12.6 0.4 8.5 227 76 151 — K0.02 — 6,710 1.22 280 Kl0 l,381x10 3 97.4
0810 19.0° 15.0° 14.0 0.4 9.6
5/74 0543 19.5° 15.5° 12.6 0.8
0730 19.5° 15.5° 13.5 0.9 — 237 75 162 0.95 K0.02 6.0 — 1.14 120 Kl0
0845 20.0°d55°L15.0 1.2
,/74 0619 21.0° 15.5° 14.5 0.4
0755 21.00 15.0°LJ.5.0 0.0 10.2 198 50 148 — KO.02 — — 1.03 10 Kl0
0906 22.0° 15.0°L15.0 0.0
—1 i._

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Table IX
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 09
e Time T (°C) D.O.. mg/i pH Lgt susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/mi Phyto chior
Probe Probe (s. u,) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/rn 3
Surf Bot Surf Bot (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix mg/i dry (Mexnb Fil)
4/74 0550 19.0° 16.0° 13.2 0.4 7.5 190 43 147 — K0.02 — 3,940 1.27 380 K10 l,041X10 3 109.49
0815 19.0° 1’6.0°L15.0 0.2 9.6
‘5/74 0545 19.5° 17.5° 11.8 3.1
0735 19.5° 17.5° 14.2 3.9 9.7 — 221 62 159 0.99 K0.02 6.5 — 1.15 560 10
0850 20.0° 19.0°L15.0 10.4
‘6/74 0623 21.0° 17.0° 14.7 1.7
0800 21.0° 17.0°L15.0 0.4 10.2 254 59 195 — K0.02 — 1.01 •200 Kl0
0908 22,0° 17.0°L15.0 0.4
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Table X
Analyses and Results
Spectacle Pond Survey
Cranston, Rhode Island
June 1974
Station - 10
te Time T (°C) D .0. mg/i pH Lgt Susp S TKN N0 2 +N0 3 BOD Tot P Tot P Coli 100/rn]. Phyto chior
Probe Probe (s .u 0 ) Penet mg/i mg/i mg/i 5 d ug/gm mg/i Tot Fecal per ml mg/ rn 3
Surf Bot Surf Bot (Inchs) Tot Vol Fix mg/ ]. dry (Memb Fil)
4/74 0600 19.0° — 15.0 — 6.5
0820 19.0° — L15.0 — 9.6 230 50 180 — K0.02 — 2,410 l.191,lOO 1 (10 792X10 3 112.55
/74 0548 19.5° — 13,4 — 2,000 1(10
0740 19.5° — 15.0 —. 9 7 — 240 50 190 0.98 K0.02 4.0 — L.12
0855 20..0° L15.0
/74 0630 21.0° — 13.2
0805 21.00 — 13,6 — 10.1 ‘— 230 70 160 — 1 (0.02 — — 1.02 48X10 3 40
0911 22.0° — 14.6 —
—1 3_

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Chemical Data
The chemical tests selected for both the water and sediment survey
consisted of determinations or phosphorus, nitrates and nitrites, total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH and
a metal scan.
Phosphorus, as total phosphorus determinations, are considered
important because of the role of phosphorus in life processes, and their
a
use in fertilizers, detergents, water softeners, and as nutrients in the
biological degradation of sewage. Highest concentrations of phosphorus
were obtained at Station One with slightly lower values at the remaining
stations. Since the highest concentrations were obtained at Station One,
it appears that effluent from Tongue Pond is the source for this element
in Spectacle Pond. With the corresponding nuw bers of high phytoplankton
the role of phosphorus as a nutrient is evident.
The phosphorus determinations in the sediments is a total phosphorus
and measures both the inorganic and organic forms. These values reflect
phosphorus that would be present in dead cells, sedimented cells, as well
as that present in other organic and inorganic forms present in the sedi-
ment. Concentrations of this form of phosphorus are high at all stations
and constitute another potential source of nutrients.
Nitrates and nitrites in the water present another source of nutrients.
While they are usually formed by the oxidation of nitrogenous compounds,
they can also be formed by the nitrogen - fixation of bacteria and algae;
oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen; and their use in fertilizers constitutes
—14—

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a potential source of pollution by run-off or percolation into the water
system. The highest concentration for these compounds was at Station One
with values below the detectable limit at the remaining stations.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen is a measure of organic nitrogen and ammonia
but does not include nitrogen present in nitrates and nitrites. The
values obtained for this determination were about the same for all the
stations and might be attributable to the high numbers of phytoplankton
and bacteria found,. at these stations.
Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) measurements were made at both the surface
and bottom of all stations and were taken at three different times of day
to determine diurnal fluctuations, It is an essential substance for any
aquatic life and its concentration in water is dependent on factors such
as temperature, dissolved and suspended solids, biotic activity and water
agitation. Both the lack and supersaturation have deleterious effects
on the aquatic environment.
Values obtained for this determination ranged from zero at the
bottom to saturation arid supersaturation at the surface depending upon
the time of day. In general, all measurements made at the bottom were
near D.O. depletion while surface measurements were near saturation or
supersaturation. Lowest surface D.O. measurements were made at Station
One with higher D.O. readings at the remaining stations. Since oxygen
is liberated during respiration of phytoplankton during photosynthesis,
D.O. values would be greatest where the numbers of phytoplankton were
greatest. At Station One, phytoplankton were less than at any other
—15—

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station and a corresponding D. 0. was obtained. Supersaturation was
evident at those stations where large numbers of phytoplankton were
found. During the later part of the day, when sunlight hit the water,
supersaturation conditions manifest - when photosynthesis was most
active. Since there was little or no surface activity, no oxygen could
escape to the atmosphere thereby aiding supersaturated conditions.
In conjunction with the D. 0. determinations, biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) were performed at each station. BOD values reflect the
quantity of molecular oxygen required for the decomposition of organic
compounds by aerobic biochemical processes. Consequently, BOD values
serve as an index by measuring the amount of oxygen that may be removed
during this process.
pH is a measurement which reflects the free hydrogen ion concentra-
tion in a water sample. Free hydrogen and hydroxide ions exist in
equilibrium in all aqueous solutions. Because natural waters are
buffered, the pH falls between 4 to 9. For all determinations made for
this test, all stations were within this range. Generally, because of
the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate, most natural waters are basic,
that is, have a pH greater than 7, which is the case for the stations
tested in the survey. Values for pH recorded in this study might also
be attributed to the algae concentrations, as well.
A metal scan using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was run on a
sample collected from Station One to determine if the effluent from
Tongue Pond had any elements present in it that miqjit have a deleterious
—16—

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affect on Spectacle Pond. No metals were detected in this sample and
consequently, no metal scans were performed on samples from the remaining
Stations.
Physical Data
The series of tests that were performed for this parameter consisted
of a solid series (total fixed and volatile solids) light penetration
and temperature.
A solid series- was performed since the presence of any suspended
solids in the water would affect light penetration. As a result, a
correlation should exist between these two tests.
The values obtained for the solid series show little variation in
the amount of suspended solids present at any station, Corresponding
with these high values are the low va1ue obtained for light penetration.
Light penetration could not be measured at Station One because it only
had depth of 6 inches. However, light penetration was about the same
for other stations. Biological data shows extremely high values for
phytoplankton numbers which would contribute to the high suspended solids
as well as the low light penetration values.
Since temperature affects the amount of dissolved oxygen that water
can absorb, it was essential to record temperature measurements both at
the surface and bottom of each station. Only a slight difference was
obtained for these two measurements at the various depths. Little or
no difference was measured during the entire survey. -
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Biological Data
During this survey, three biological indicator parameters were
selected to reflect conditions in Spectacle Pond. These were phyto-
plankton numbers, chlorophyll a concentrations and benthological
invertebrates. In normal situations, phytoplanktori and chlorophyll a
will be found, but in relatively low amounts. There should also be an
array of benthos, the numbers and types dependent upon water conditions.
For the first biological indicator, phytoplankton, the lowest number
was found in Station One. This could be attributed to the fact that at
this station velocity is greatest than at any other point. No flow was
evident at any other station. At all other stations, the number of
phytoplankton was extremely high. In all cases, the predominant organism
was a long, filainentous alga that could not be identified. Each cell
that makes up a filament is included in-these numbers and help account
for the high values. However, other phytoplankton were also present,
with members of genus Scenedesmus next in dominance. These high numbers
of phytoplankton are reflected in the presence of phosphorus at all
stations since it is generally accepted that phosphorus supplies nutrient
for phytoplankton and phytoplankton blooms are symptoms of eutrophication.
A correlation exists between the phytoplankton numbers and the Second
biological indicator, chlorophyll a. Where the numbers of phytoplankton
are Low, the concentration of chlorophyll a is low and vice versa. All
the values obtained for this indicator are above 30 ug/liter which most
experts consider as an indicator of eutrophication.
—18—

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For the third biological indicator, a benthological survey of the
pond was conducted by members of the Biology Section of Region I,
EPA. Bottom samples collected at each station were devoid of any
invertebrates. Each sample was comprised of a rich, organic mud that
had a strong organic odor. This lack of benthos and the strong organic
odor suggest an anaerobic condition.
Microbiological Data
For this parameter, two indicators were selected, a total coliform
count and a fecal coliform count. The former indicator measures those
microorganisms that have their origin in the soil and on plant life as
well as those that have their origin in the waste of warm blooded
animals. The latter indicator is just a measure of those microorganisms
that have their origin in the waste of warm blooded animals.
Highest values for both indicators were obtained at Station One
with decreasing counts at other stations which might be a result of
dilution. These stations were in the region of the pond around which
there were no dwellings. Lowest values were obtained at those stations
in which houses and businesses were present. From these data, it would
indicate that the source of these microorganisms is the effluent from
Tongue Pond entering into Spectacle Pond and could not be attributed
to the surrounding dwellings.
Discussion
With the exception of Station One, all the other stations, in
general, displayed the same characteristics. All had high numbers of
phytoplankton with the subsequent high concentration of chlorophyll a;
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Conclusions
Sufficient evidence is available to establish the role of phosphorus
as a nutrient, and that, the presence of phosphorus in conjunction with
an algae bloom are symptoms of eutrophication. In addition, most experts
agree that algae blooms accompanied by chlorophyll a concentrations
greater than 30 ug/liter are signs of eutrophic conditions. From the
results obtained in the survey for these three indicators, sufficient
data exists to classify Spectacle Pond as eutrophic.
Other data to support this conclusion can be derived from the lack
of dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the pond as well as the absence of
any benthic invertebrates. These indicators of anaerobic conditions are
further strengthened by the characteristics of the sediment present in
the pond and the periodic release of gases from the sediment.
From the results obtained for this survey, it can also be concluded
that the Source of the phosphorus is the effluent from Tongue Pond into
Spectacle Pond. Since Tongue Pond is a holding lagoon for the Fal].staff
Brewery, then they are contributing to, and responsible for, the conditions
that exist in Spectacle Pond.
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Survey Area
Spectacle Pond
May-June, 1974
—22—

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