PB-202 665
STATE OF THE ART: 1971. INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASUREMENT OF
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES. VOLUME I- PARTI
CULATE MASS - SUMMARY REPORT
Ther mo-Systems, Incorporated
St. Paul, Minnesota
April 1971
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
Distributed , . ,'to foster, serve and promote the
nation's economic development
and technological advancement.'
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
This document has been approved for public release and sale.
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PB 202 665
STATE OF THE ART- 1971
INSTRUMENTATION FOR
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FROM COMBUSTION SOURCES
VOLUME I PARTICULATE MASS - SUMMARY REPORT
by
Gilnore J. Sen
John A. Borgoa
John G. Olin
John F. Pilney
Benjamin T. H. Liu
Nicholas Baralc
Kenneth T. Hhitby
Frank D. Dorman
Thermo-Syaterns Inc.
2500 North Cleveland Avenue
St. Paul. Minnesota 55113
This report was prepared under Contract No. CPA 70-23 with the Division
of Process Control Engineering, Air Pollution Control Office, Environmental
Protection Agency.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SAT. ' ! IjfBMf •"«>,, -
SHEET APTD-U73J
State of tne -ITT 1971 Instrumentation f
Measurement -' >er:leulate Emissions From
Sources '";.i-n.e I Partlculate Mass-Sum
7 'u=!iorj Gili-. _-i _. ben. jgnn A. norgos, J
JonV? Plln*-' fcenjanln ?. H. Liu. Nictio
K.nneth T. «:,i7Tr<- and Frank D. Dorman
9 Perfc - ag Oza" 4*1 • n ^m' *na Aaa-ets
Therao-Sys tea? Inc.
2500 North Cl* 'eland Avenue
St. Paul, Mlz-.*»via 55113
1 Z. 253cs«ioi O-san / . i n ? airi* aic Address
Environments, -rotection Agency
Air Pollution -«ntrol Office
Division JD 5 Pr'.?«Bs Control Engineering
Research Trlaagl* Park, North Carolina 27
5 Rcpon Date
"combuntlon APr11 1971
nary Report
522 fears'* c?' 8 PJ— ^ft.—,..^
10. Proieet/Task/Torl Unit No
11 Contract /Gram No
CPA 70-23
13 Typt'of Report & Period
Covered
- j*
711 -^Jftr--
Air Programs -•' Tre rmo-Sys teas Inc., 2500 North Cleveland Avenue, St.
Paul, Minnesota £5113 in fulfillment of Contract No. CPA 70-23
ment of the raz^ vz particulate mass eau.ssi.ons from large fossil-fuel combustion
facilities are d-.scjesed. Emphasis is on the measurement of particle mass rather than
other particle p«T-Bme;ers, and emissions downstream rather than upstream of any con-
trol equipment, iltbough sensors for permanently- installed effluent monitoring
systems are enpna'. i^ed, much of the information is also applicable to portable and
research instrur*- ~-t. Brief surveys are presented of all known particle sensing
techniques. A -T «f discussion of the principle of operation is followed by a list of
inherent a-.c ^rac'lcal strengths 3- i?;or>
Air DOllution
Measuring instr.aenta
Particles
Exhaust emissions
Coabustlon products
Continuous saapliag
Flue gaaes
I7b. Icea'iiiers Opei>-t if ' ' 'tun
17e COS^TI riciJ/Gtcup 1 '*
UnllBlted
19. Security Cltus (Tb» 21 No of Page «
LNCi-A5SIFIEP -ivlr" yty *y
3u- Security Class (Thi* 22. Price
""'UNCLASSIFIED ?} . f C — .^S''
UCCO»aM>DC *03»»-PTI
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—1-
STATE OF ThE ART: 1971
INSTRUNENIATI ON FOR
MEASUREMENT OF PARTICULATE EI IISSIONS
FROM COMBUSTI O R SOURCES
YOLLIFE I: °ARTICULATE MASS - SUIIiACY REPORT
CtlEre J. Sea
John A. Borgos
John C. Olin
John P. Pilney
Den jamin 1. H. Liu
N Icholas bars Ic
I enneth r. Whitb y
Frank 0. Dornian
The ir—Dye teas Inc.
2500 North Cleveland Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
This report was prepared under Contract No. CPA 70—23 with the Division
of Process Control Engineering, Air Pollution Control Off ice, Environmental
Protection Agency.
THERMO-SYSTEMS F’4C
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— 7—
-3-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
SUHNAIY OF STACK ENISSIONS PROPERTIES AND INSTRUMENT
SPECIFICATIONS
SUMMARY OF PARTICLE SENSING TECHNIQUES
INDEX OF PARTICLE SENSING TECHNIQUES
REFERENCES
FOREWORD
ABSTRACT
SAMPLING PROBE DESIGN
DISCUSSION OF MEASURENENT TECHNIQUES
MASS SENSING TECHNIQUES:
BETA RADIATION ATTENUATION
PIEZOELECTRIC MICROBALAI4CE
RESONA$T FREQUENCY
GRAVINETRIC WEIGHING
ELECTROSTATIC MEASUREMENT METHODS
OPTICAl. SENSING TECHNIQUES:
LIGHT TRANSMISSION
MULTI—WAVELSTH LIGHT TRANSMISSION
LIGHT SCATTERING: POLARIZATION RATIO METHODS
ANGULAR LIGHT SCATTERING -:
VOLUME I
When U. S. Go;ernmant drawings, specifications, or other data
are used for any purpose other than a definitely related
Government procurement operation, the Government thereby
incurs no 5 onaibility nor any obligation whatsoever, and
the fact :at :ne Government may have formulated, furnished,
or i i an a’ at. plieC the said drawings, specificatione.
or other data, is not to be regarded by implication or other—
viae, or in any manner licensing the holder or any other
person or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission
to manufacture, use, or eel ], any patented invention that may
in an) wa’ be related thereto.
References to smeo co rcial products in this report are
‘ot to be cc aideed in any s nea ae an endorsement of the
orod c t by the Government.
VOLUME II
5
6
8
11
15
17
87
5
6
7
29
57
67
9B
115
126
134
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TfltQ,.r’ fl rrr .t
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flBLE )! COIflNTS (continued)
FOREWORD
The compilation of the information contained in this publication was
performed pursuant to Contract 70—23 with the Alt Pollution Control
Off ice, Eovironaental Protection Agency.
The information waa compiled by Thermo—Syatems Inc , and their sub-
contractor, North Stat Research and Development, during the period
12 February 1970 to April 19?].
Volome I of this report is written for the engineer or planner ubo
needs to know a few basic facts about a particulate aaaa meaaurement
technique and wishea to minimize the tine required to obtain th a
information. Volume I is intended for use as a quick reference guide.
Volume II of this report is daaigned as a detailed in—depth report on
oparatiog principles, techniques, historical data, and diacussion of
the more viable techniques for particulate mass monitoring. Volume II
is deaigned for the plant engineer, abatement and control officials,
end othera who may not be familiar with the detailed technology of
theae areas. Included are eectinna on power plant emiasiotis properties
and extraction sampling probee.
Volume I I I of this report is a compreheneive survey of particle sizing
techniques which may be used by the plant engineer, abatement and control
officials, and others as a quick reference guide or sa a source of more
detailed information, including references to original work.
Volume IV of this repott describes an experimental evaluation of the beta
radiation attenuation and piazoelactric microbalance tethniquea for mass
concentration measurements on a coal—fired power generating plant. Problem
areaa requiring further development are identified for personnel concerned
with improving the techniques.
This report is reviewed and approved.
P. C. .]aye
Project Officier
Enviroinental Protection Agency
SOILING POTFZTt 145
OP:ICAL COIJNTRRS AND PHOTOMETERS 148
158
n OLOCRAPEY 163
MISCILLANEOIS SENSING TECIP4IQ1JES:
ACOLSTICAL ATTENUATIOt 1 AND DISPERSiON 172
gor-nRE ANthOI’ZIRY 177
?RZSS.RE DROP IN NOZZLES 179
STACK EMISSIONS PROPERTIES AND INSTRUMENT SPECtFICATIONS . . - 181
rurp.qr cvctruc vsr
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ABSTRACT AND CONCLUSIONS
This report discusses all known sensing techniques available for application
to sutomatic, continuous measurement of the rete of particulate mass emissions
frnm large fossil—fuel combustion facilities. The report emphasizes ,the meseure—
ment of particle mass rather than other particle parameters, and emissions down-
stream rather than upstream of any control equipment. Although the report
esphseizee eeneore for permanently—installed effluent monitoring systems, much
the information is also applicable to portable and research instruments.
Volume t (this volume) contains brief surveys of all known particle sensing
techniques. A brief discussion of the principle of operation is followed oy a
list of inherent and prscticel strengths end- weskneeeee of each technicue. A
list of cotmsercial manufacturers of related eouipment and a list of references
helps the reader who needs more information on a specific technique. Recomeenos—
tions for further dsvelupmeut outline areas of needed improvement for techniques
which offer some promise for stack monitoring The introduction includes general
comments wnich apply to all sensing techniques, and ranks all techniques in order
of present apparent potential. A sepsrate chapter starizes typical conditions
found in large fossil—fuel effluent gases and sets the necessary specifications
for s particulate monitoring instrument which operstes in an effluent gas atmosphere.
Volume II contains detailed discussions of particle sensing techniques ss
applieo to emissrnns monitoring Each discussion analyzes possible problems, and
their solutions, in using the technique for emissions monitoring, snd includes en
analysis of what particulate psrameter the technique senses, how closely the
measurement correlates witrpsrticulste mass, inherent measurement errors,
oracticaideign problems and_possible sclutio—n, ce potetial sensttivity an n
re g 2 of each technio , the_çpI plexit3L of the potantial instrument, the
present state of development of the technique, and recommendations f or further
developmenim_ Each discussion includes a complete bibliography. A separate cnspter
descr ibes typical conditions found in large fossil—fuel effluent gases in greater
detail than found in Volume I. Another separate chapter starizes many of the
oroblems encountered in the design of sampling prnbea required by most of the
particle sensing techniques.
Accurate measurement of the particulate mass emissions rate requires an
instrument which directly senses the true mass of the particles. Sensors that
era not sensitive to particulate mass, even though the) may be calibrated againat
a mass aensor, do not and cannot yield ssrisfactory correlation with particle
mass emissions during periods of chsnging and/or abnormal plant operating con-
ditions. Effluent tharacteristics, sucn as particle size and density, change
often in stacks. This may be a result of changea in combustion efficiency, fuel
composition, collector performance, or othar ayatem varisblea.
All existing mass sensors require at least partial extraction of a represent-
ative effluent ssmple from the stack. No present coemerciel mass sensors meet
the requirements for accurate, long—term, continuous monitoring. Two techniques
could probably oe developed into next—generation coercial stack monitors within
1 — 3 years beta radiation attenuation sod piezoelectric microbelance. Bets
radiatior etter.ua:icn has neen partially developed for stacks with several first—
generatic ccercisi instruments avsilahle. These instruments appear to need
design improvements First—generation piezoelectric microbalance instruments
exist for s otent a:r monitoring, but no stack monitoring development has been
done.
Optical, or lignt, transmission is presently the most coemionly used partic-
ulate no nrcr:—g technique. It measures the optical density of stack effluents
very accurately if the instrumert is carefully designed. Unfortunately, few of
lhe ptese- tl’ availaole cranenissometers are well—designed for accurate long—
tern optical cenaity measurements Although light transmission offers several
significant instrument design advantages, the measurement does nor correlate-well
with particulate mass measurement, especially during changing effluent conditions.
Volume I II contains discussions of automatic or semi—automatic particle size
measuring techniques as applied to emissions monitoring. The dicussions emphasize
the partaculate parameter (mass, numbet, surface area, etc.) which each techoique
senses aa well as tne method of classifying particles into size ranges (aero—
dynsmicallv, ela:troatatacallv, optically, etc.). Included are major features
of each technioue, including practical problems which may be encountered whem
applying the technique to effluent streams. Also included is a brief , but
comprehensive, survey of the many methods of expressing particle size, and an
evaluation of which are most useful for effluent particles.
Volume IV is t e f na.. report containing preliminary results of an experi-
mental e slustion of the beta radiation attenuation technique and the piezo—
electric micronalance technique. Most of the experimental work was performed
on an effluent cuct of a large coal-fired power generating plant. The experi-
mental ssziolinc system and the method of evaluation are described.
-fl-IFpts—’ c’-rn”r . —
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ZNTRODUCT I ON
Measurement of the total msas flow of particulate emissions from large
comnustion facilities is a major problem facing plant owners, pollution control
officials, and emission control equipment manufacturers. Plant owners need such
nessurenects to more carefully control toe combustion and air pollution control
efficiency of the facility. Pollution control officials need permanent records
of stack .ass emissions to aid in air pollution sbatenent. Emission control
e:u:;zezt zanfacturers need more efficient ways to evaluate the perfnrmsnce of
thear eçuc;nent. Instrumentation that automaticall> and continuously records
particulate sss enissions is rapidly gaining importance as s desirable tool
t; i;: _’plis these goals.
In c i ’s pest • particulate emissions measurements have been made by sampling
a cown voane of effluent gas througn a filter, amd weigning the filter before
sac efter sampling to find the particle mass concentration. By traversing the
effl..ett gas stream cross—section to measure gas velocity as well as to obtain
toe filtir samples, an estimate of the total mass of particles emitted per hour
coulc cc made. Such measurements require considerable equipment, labor, end
tine. One series of measurements typically takes about four hours with perhaps
tnree acti:aonal man—days of labor for plsoning, equipment transport, setup,
sanling, ann data reduction. This method cannot be used economically on a
reg la.r oasis for neaeuring combuetioo efficiency, for monitoring pollutant
ei.asicr.s, or for extensively evaluating pollution control aquipmeor.
Thus, roe emphasis of thie report is on automatic and continuous monitors
of pn:tlculate mass ensaions. Automatic means that toe instrument is capable
cf tcs::ecceo opeutlon for extended periods of time, at least 2. hours, but
preieraclv cure than a week. Continuout means that measurements are eitner
cmos .astentaneousl) iniesi rime, or measurements are made with a frequency
great eno.g for most practical nonitoriog put-poses. A neesurenent every few
minutes is probably sufficient for monitoring pollutant emissions while nearly
1.nstantaoao,.s measurements may be needed for some evaluations of pollution con—
tro equfpnent. Often, a gain in the speed with which a meaaurenent can be
naoe results in a sacrifice in accuracy.
tnt primary goal. of this discussion is to define the relative merits of
particle—sensing instruments with regard to the measurement of particulate mase
or mass conceorratfon. Notice that the emphasis is on the direct memaurement
of nasa, cot some other parricle parameter. Any instrument wnich measures some
otner form of particle concentration, whether it is number, area, or eome other
parameter, can be calibrated to read mass rnncentratioo under specific conditione.
However, if those specific condirions change, the mass calibration Is no longer
valid and inaccurate measurements result. Paresetere such ms the size distribution
and specif c gravity of emissions particles can, and do, change drastically with
minor changes in combustion efficiency or coal composition within a specific
facility. Therefore, instruments which do not directly sense particle mass, or
a perameter closely relarec to nasa, must be severely discounted for reliable
maes emissions measurement. In the following discussions of measurement techniques,
epecial emphasis is given to the parameter of the particles which esch technique
meseures.
Particle sensing tecnniquea nave many monitoring applications ranging from
clean rooms to pneumatic :cnt eying systems. Only a few of the teckmsiques are
applicable to the sensing c± particles in effluent gas streams from combustion
sources. Paver yet are applicable to the sensing of particulate mass in euch
streams. The measurement cf primary interest from a pollution standpoint is the
particulate mass flow rates i.e., the total msss of particles leaving the stack
per hour. clost particulate mass sensors, on the other hand, measure particle
concentration in terms uf tue mass of particles per unit of gas volume. This
discussion assumes met t’ e measurement of particulate mass concentration is
sufficient to define particulate mass flow rate . The volumetric gas flow rate
mumt be meaaurea separately or estimated from the operating conditions of the
process. — -
A complete particulate mass concentration monitoring system generally consists
of three components: a san:iing system, a sensing system, and a dere processing
and recording system. The s .bject of tnis report is the sensing system. Data
procesaing and recoroiog is onl’ discussed in cases where it oecomes eignificant ly
simpler or more complicstec roan usual.
The sampling s ’-sten, ncluting the nozzle, prcbe, and sample con4itioner,
usually contributes as much tc tre measurement error sa the sensing system. The
design of am optimum asz;flmg s’-stem is a difficult problem, indeed, at the
present tine, sampling a’stens nrc a highly controversial subjsct. The brief
report on sampling probe cssit cmcludmd in Volume Ilof this çaporr does not
pretend to be complete, but aoes iotroouce many of the probLems encountered in
deaigning such a evstac.
Several particulate enissccns monitoring systems consist of only two major
components: a mensing svetem an n a data processing and recording system. They do
not require a esmpling system with ts accompanying measurement errors. As will
be seen later, however, all o: t-e techniques which do not need a sampling system
have other problems which may result in even greater errors in the msaaurement of
particulate mass.
There is a question aoout the relative merits of integrated versus point
measurements of particle concentration. The most cosmionly used particle monitors,
light trsnsmissometers, are integrating instruments. They measure the average
particle concentration along tr.e measuring path. Most other potential end exist-
ing particle monitoring tnstrteot measure the particle concentration at s point
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within the duct. If the gas velocity and particle concentration profiles are
relatively homogeneous across the duct, either integrated or point sampling
can yield good results with little trouble, However, such conditions seldom
exist. Not only is the gas velocity profile usually skewed, but the perticl.e
concentration profile nag be skewed in a different way. thus, in general, it
is not clear which sampling method will result in the most representative
measurement. Each specific situation must be snalyasd in detail. One con-
clusion is certain, however: the placement of any instrument within en effluent
duct must be dons carefully so that a representative measurement is made.
The operating envirezsaent strongly affects the application of any inatrussnt
for measuring particulate emissions. A separate chapter defines typical effluent
gas stream conditions for large, modern, fossil—fuel combustion facilities. The
data was obtained through an extensive survey of the open literature and private
reports. There is a rather severe lack of detailed infonsation about em .eeions
from combustion acurcas, primarily caused by the difficulty in making the measure-
ments. The information about effluent gas conditions was used to define a set of
desirable instrument specifications for monitoring particulate effluents. A
more detailed dascriptiom of effluent gas streams ia included in Volume I I of this
report.
Since the effluent from oil combustion facilities is relatively free of
particles and. since only about 102 of the elnctric power Sn the U. S. is generated
by such plants, the remainder of the discussion is directed primarily toward coal
combustion facilities,
Particulate emissions from coal combustion facilities crc usually measured
in the breaching, a section of rectangular duct betwsan the collector equipmaat
and the vertical stack, Because the breeching is usually quite abort end is
seldom straight, ideal sapling conditions seldom occur. The choice of the
sapling location is very important, and should be considered carefully whenever
emissions maasursmants are made • In nest cases, the accuracy of the measurement
depends as much on the rspreaentstiveeaas of the sample as on the accuracy of the
sensor.
Particulate emissions are usually not measured in the vertical stacks for
several reasons, In cases where several sections of breaching feed one vertical
stack, measurements in the breaching allow the operator to monitor the performance
of each precipitator sapsrately. Well—developed flow conditions exist only near
the top of the stack, if at all, where instrumemt inatallation is very difficult if
not impossible, Moat present—day inatrusents require regular maintenance, making
installations hig$ on a stack very inconvenient • Installation near the bottom of
the stack usually has no signficent advantage over installation in the brseching.
In the few instances whare installation near the top of the vertical stack is
convenient, such installation i.e definitely preferred. However, in the foreeeeable
future, moat instruments will he installed is the breaching at a location which is
a compromise between the best location from s flow consideration and the most con-
venient location from a cosaideraticn of iatallatioa and maintenance difficultias.
SUMMARY OF STACK EMISSIONS PROPERTIES
Table 1 aterises the effluent characteristics from large coal— and
oil—fired combustion facilities. The information presented is based upon
information obtained from a search of the literature, f rot visits to power
plants, and from discussions with the operating personnel and engineers in
power plants. Obviously much more information than is presented in Table 1
is needed to dsf ins completely the environment in which a continuous mesa
monitoring instrument must operate. However, to obtain more and better in-
formation requires better instrumentation than now commercially evailable.
A list of specifications for an acceptable instrument to monitor con—
tinnoualy the mass emissions of particles from the stacks of large coal— and
oil—fired power piants is preseatad following Table 1. The apecifications
are based upon the inforustion presanted is this asctioa, especially that
presented in Table 1, plus a knowledge of ins trinents sad technt uas that
exhibit a potential for aaasurisg mass emissions of particles in stack gases.
IhSTRLJIEIIT SPEC iFICATIONS
The specifications for an acceptable instrument (permanently installed) to
icor the mass emissions of particles downstream from a control device on a
large stationary coal— and oil—combustion facility are aa follows:
Performance Characteristics
Memaurement must correlate with total emiseions of particles
into the atmosphere.
Capability of sensing particle sass concentration in the range
of 0.01 — 4.0 grass per cubic meter.
Must cope with particulate mass concantration profiles which vary
by typically ± 50 percent spetislly, by a factor of 10 with tins,
and by a factor of 4 during eootblowing.
Preferably senses the mess of psrticlee from 0.01 to 300 microns.
However, it would be acceptable if it senses maaa from 0.1 to 50
microns for coal—firing emissiona or from 0.1 to 10 micrcma for
oil-firing emissions, which would include over 90 percent of the
sass ef particles.
THERMO.SYflEMS INC
THERMO. SYSTEMS INC
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• Reproducibility between two identical instnnenta of 20Z.
• Calibrated eccuracy of ± 30Z.
• Should record such item as zero and span every 1 to 6 hours
on data recordings.
• Preferably have an instantaneous readout of the total mass of
particles emitted into the atmosphere per unit tins, or at
least one average readout avery 15 minutes.
• Outputs compatible with standard strip chart or digital recorders
and vith computer data inputs.
Environmental Requirements
• Operate with flue gas velocities of 30 to 1.20 feet per second.
• Operate in a variety of stacks, each having widely different
velocity profiles.
• Not adversely effected by turbulent flow with characteristic
eddy dimensions of 6 inches to 6 feet.
• Operate with flue gas tesperetures ranging from 250 to 400°F -
with temperature fluctuations of ± oy for short range periods
(less than 1 day) and of ± 20°F for long range periods (more than
1 day).
• Operate in corrosive flue gas containing sulfur trioxide, both
combined and uncombined.
• Must not restrict the flue gas flow in any significant way.
• Must withstand such enviromssntal conditions as vibration with
amplitudes as high as 1 /2 inch and frequencies on the order of
0.1 — 1.0 Hz, all typem of meteorological conditions, and direct
sunlight.
• Must operate with flue gas static pressures from 15” nsgative to
5” positive water pressure (atmosphere reference), and with
fluctuations of ± 3” water pressure.
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Maintenance and Operational Considerations
• Rugge&snough tn last several years without ma3or repair.
• Little or no maintenance except for regular weekly maintenance
end to -i major ma ntenence only during regular power plant
maintenance shutdowns (usually every 6 cootna).
• Little or no calibration or adjuenent while in operation.
• - Easily acceaaible during and after installation for weekly
maiotanaca and for calibration or adjuetmenta.
• Easy -for plant oparatoib to undernar , operate, and to make
minor repairs.
Operate on llO or 220V, 60 Hz electrical power and requires
little power, preferably no more than 1500 watts.
May use up to 10 ecfm of 90 pei compressed air in man , facilities:
Economic Factors
Inatalla easily within a week by 2 men in preaent and future
stacks with little stack modifications other toan holes, flanges,
and utilities.
Preferably cost $10,000 or less but cefinitely not more than
$20,000. — -
Power industry personnel must be williotto buy it.
SJMMARV OF PARTICLE SENSING TECNNIQUES
Thia section briefly describes a number of particle sensing techniquee.
Some are note applicable to the monitoring of particulate mass emissions than
otnera Several tecltniquea have been developed into commercial etack monitors
while others have never before been used for particle measurements. The reader
who is interested in more datail about a specific measurement technique is
referred to the listed references (ace complete bibliography in the hack of
Volume I of this report) and/or the more detailed discussion in Volume It of
th a report (see table of contents).
Particle measurement techniques which offer some prc.miee for particulate
tees aniaaions monitoring hon fossil—fuel comhuation aourcea are Listed below
1— trree categoriea related to tne present state—of—the—art:
A. Very proniaing, commercial inetrumente exist for stacks, more
teating needed: -
1. Beta Radiation Attenuation
5. Very nronisi g, coercial instruments exist for ambient air,
cevelcnne-t for stacks needed:
1 Pierce1ectr c Microbalance
C. Pron:sing, cctaiderably more research and/or development
needac - - - - -
1 Resc?ect Frecuanc
2 Canacitance - )ielectric Change Technique
3 Gravitetric Weighing
Rotating Masses
5 Capacitatice—inpact Sensing
Other particle maaaurement techniques which cannot accurately meaeure
particle mess eniaaiona are lieted in three cacegortee bglow, not necessarily
in any order —
A. leeful or measuring other particle properties in stacks as sold
c ercially or with minor adjustment
1. Electrostatic Contact Charge Transfer Itoniteet
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INDEX OF PARTICLE SENSING TECHNIQUES
MASS SENSING TECHNIQUES
BETA RADIATION ATTENUATION
pIn0ELECrRIC MICROBALANCE
RESONANT FREQUENCY
GRAVINETRIC WE IOJING
ROTATING MASSES
IMPACT )EN4ENTUM SENSING
CAPACITANCE-IMPACT SENSING
ELECTROSTATIC TECHNIQUES
ELECTROSTATIC CONTACT CHARGE TRANSFER: EONITEST
ELECTROSTATIC CalTAcr CHARGE TRANSFER: BONHCE
ELECTROSTATIC CONTACT CHARGE TRANSFER: FR DBE—IN—NOZZI.E
- ELECTROSTATIC ION CAPTURE AND ION CURRENT ATTENUAT ION
CAPACITANCE—DIELECTRIC CHANCE TECHNIQUE
OPTICAL TECHNIQUES
LIGNI TRANSMISSION
LIDAR
OPTICAL COUNTERS AND PHOTOMETERS
ANSULAR LIGNE SCATTERING
SOILING- POTENTIAL -
MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES
ACCEISTICAL ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION
ACOUSTICAL PARTICI.E COUNTER
ALPHA AND GAMMA RADIATION ATTENUATION
COLLECTION OF PARTICLES IN LIQUID SUSPENSION
CONDENSATION NUCLEI COUNTERS
FILTER PRESSURE DROP
FLAME IONIZATION
FLAME PHOTONETRT
GAS ADSORPTION
NOT-WIRL ANEPOCETRT
PRENSURE DROP IN NOEELRS
RADIOACTIVE TAGGING AND SENSING
VOLUME MEASURENENT
2. Light Transmission
3. Soiling Potential
4. Optical Counters and Photometers
3. Condensation Nuclei Counters
6. Collection of Particles it. liquin Suspensions
B. Potentially useful for measuring otner particle properties in
stacks after considerable research ann development:
1. Lidar
2. Holography
3. Angular Light Scattering
4. Gas Adsorption
5. Electrostatic Ion Capture ann ton Current Attenuation
6. Electrostatic Contact Charge Transfer: Probe—In—Nozzle
7. Filter Pressure Drop
B. Alpha and Gamma Radiation Attenuation
9. Volume Maasuranent
10. Impact Momentum Sencing
C. Little potential for particulate concentration nonitor ng in stacks:
1. ttoustica l Attenuation and Dispers on
2. Acoustical Parcicle Counter
3. Flame Photometry
4. Flame Ionization
5. Hot—Wire Anemomatry
6. Radioactive Tagging and Sensing
7. Pressure Drop in Nozzles
8. Electrostatic Contact Charge Transfer: Bouoce
18
22
25
27
29
31
33
35
38
40
42
44
46
SO
52
54
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
85
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—18—
-19—
BETA RADIATION ATrENUATION
PRThGIPLE OF OPERATION
When beta particles (electrons) pass through a mediua, some are absorbed
and some reflected, resulting in a net reduction in the beam intensity. The
reduction In beam intensity, known as beta radiation attenuation, depends
statistically on the electron density of the medium. Thus, correlation of
attenuatlon with mass depends on a constant relationship between the number of
elactroma per molecule (ecomic number) end the mass of the molecular nucleus
(atomic weight), The ratio is between 0.45 sad 0.50 for essentially all
elements found In coal end oil combustion effluents except hydrogen which does
not contribute enough to particle mass to cause any eignificant error. Therefore,
beta radiation -attenuation is a eorc direct measure of particlemass than any
qther known technique except gravimetric weighing • vibretiomal weighing, and
centrifugal sensing;
Imstrumenta using this technique consist of e—beta radiation source (a - - -
radioisotope) and detector. In most instruments, particles from a Imown volume
of effluent gas are collected on a filter tape end then placed between the
radiation source and detector • The difference in the count rate of the deteccof”
bef ore and after the particles are collected is a measure of the masS of--the
particles. Coann detectors are Geiger—Muller counters, proportional counters,
ec.Intillation counters, or semiconductor counters. Common particle collectors
are filters • impactors, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, or combinations
thereof,
Beta radiation attenuation is not capable of sensing airborne effluant
- ,articTh iil iirfljjd thlt &Inj cut’ part idea and conchntrating them becauae
gsa ri4iicidn. - Since toe mess of gas molecules In
effli di atremme is several ordars—of’cagnitu?e greatir than the ‘Eirreapondiog
gf,, ,paxciclee, 3!!1 i s .on actenuacion ciuaed by sua nded particlei cannot be
accurately separated fEâe fttiñuatibn caused by-gsa--molecules.
- - — - —
COMMERCm EQUIPMENT
Five cospanisa manufactuc, beta radiation attenuation instruments:
Gelman Instrumant Company
P.O. Box 1448
600 South Wagner Road
Amn Arbor, Michigan 48106
Research Appliance Company
Route B & Craigheasi Road
Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101
Verewa, Hans Lgowsei 6 Co.
433 Mulbein an ocr Ruhr
Postfach 1845
Eppinghofer Strasse 92/9.
West Germany
Friesake & Roepfner 0524
0 8520 Erlangen—Bruca
Postfach Nr, 72
West Germany
Saphyno—Srat
51, Rue de 1’ ira Muucaaa
75 Paris 13
France
five use an indexing falter tape as the particle collector. A sixth
Environmental Research Corporation
3725 North Dunlap Street
St. Paul, Manneaota 35112
is reportedly developing a coercial beta radiation attenuation instrument
using a combination cyclone—falter particle collector.
REFERENCES (Sea BETA RADIATIO\ AIZCiLAIIO2, an Volume II).
A. Principle of 0petati ’o. 122.., 1179, 1144, 1000, 1149, 1056, 579,
961, 991, 248, lOll, Lsr, 335
B. Applications: 227, 1179, 555, 1085, 1138, 1000, 576, 225, 579,
961, 1045, 1107, 821, 705
C. Data: 1189, 1117, 122—, 1179, 555, 1085, 961, 543, 1049, 573,
248, 1107, 335, 821, 705
0. Specific Inatrunent Descriptions: 227, 1117, 1179, 555, 1085,
1061, 225, 1046, 246, 1107, 335, 821, 705
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Directly senses a parameter closely related to particle mesa.
2, Commercially available with sone stack experience.
3, Needs little calibration.
All
company:
-------
—20.-
—21—
4. Aopears to have capability for fair relcabtiaty during
lang—term use.
5. Can probably operate at high tampetaturea.
6. Can be used with several particle collectors giving tne designer
greater flexibility in developing reliable instruments.
7. Problems appear to be basically engineering prcnlera vhicI
can be solved.
5. Disadvantages
1. Requires sampling probe and is sob ect to prone loss srrors.
2. Requires conditioning of tne eacoling stream.
3. Requires particle deposition.
4. Requires an automatic advancing eechsnisa for the sample deposit.
5. Resdout not instantaneous or continuous’
1 data point svsr I — 15 nn..tss
6. Filter tape in present models neans replacement every
1 — 4 weeks,
7. Moderate1 expensive: $8,000 — 812.000,
8. Little reliable date has been rep..rtec eltn ugh scat retorts
are positive.
C. Racoenrations for F.srthar Davelopca’tt
We recoeod further testing, evaluation, and accompanying develop-
ment of this technique. knit cesigmed experimental testing progr ,
i.uch as dsscribed by Sc.hnitalar, et al (Ref. LiSP), will uneoubtedly
lead to improvements, particularly car c.:onatic, unattended operation.
The optimum particle collection system remains to be found. The
relative merits of various particle saspling systems needs evaluation,
e.g., sample heating versus sample dilution and mounting the sensor
inside the stack rarher than outside. Some question retains regarding
the affects which different macsrials. nonuniform particle deposits,
and particle size have on beta rantacion attentuation. The present data
readout aysc nay not be the best way of noing the job. A type of
aerosol concentrator which alkoca aetectior’ of the.particlea in their
airborne atatd would eliminate many of tne operation problems of this
technique, but no such concentrator is known to the authors.
0. Conclusions
Beta raaiataoo attenuation is preaentlj the beet tschniqus
for monitoring the case of particulate emissions from stacks,
primarily bacsuea it senses a particle parameter closely related
to case and ta feaaibility for stack monitoring is proven. 3 Only
the piezoelectric m±crobalance and the capacitance impact tschniquae
offer as mum promise for such measurements at this tins. These three
techniques offer the moat promise for the longer-range future. Con—
aiderable tasting must be done to fully evaluate toe error of the
beta raaiaticrt attenuation t.atbnt ue, but basic faaaibility has bean
proven. At least five commercial models are now avatlable, none of
which appears to be ooviously superior.
-------
—22 —
—23—
PIEZOELECTRIC MICROBALANCE
PRINCIPLE OF OPEBATION
P lezoelecrricity is a property of certain crystals wnich results in an
electrical cnarge on certain surfaces of the crystal wnen the crystal becomes
mechanically stressed. Conversely, a piezoelectric material becomes mechanicall%
strained if an electrical charge is placed on certait’ of its crystal faces. A
pieioelecrric crystal, when placed in an appropriate electronic oactllating cir-
cuit, will cern the circuit to oscillate at the natural vibrational frequency of
tne crystal.
When forergn mater aI adheres to the surface of a vibrating piezoelectric
:rvatal, tne natural frequency of vibration of tha crystal decreaasa. The
magnitude of the frequency change is directly proportional to the mass of the
deposited foreign material. Some piezoelectric materials, sucn as suartz, vibrate
at very prec ise natural frequencies, so that frequenc chinges of one part
to ten million are significant and easily detectable. This orinciple has been
usec recently to neasure the nasa of aerosol particles oe,ositsd onto the sensing
surface by an electrostatic precipitator or an impactor.
A piezoelectric nicrobalance instrument for use in atucka would consist of
toe sampling probe and sample conditioning system, tn.’-parrtcle collector, the
piazoelectric mierobalance, a crystal cleaning eysten, soc suitable data readout
eçuipnent. Sample condLttoning would probabl> consist of sample line testing
and t or dilution with clean, dry et- to pre.ent condensation. An impactor or
elactroatatac precipitator woulo probabl is the particle :olector, the cnoice
depending on whether or not small subt’!tron particles n st is collected. The
piezoalectric microbalance inclu rmhe crystal and its oac llating circuit.
Tbe data readout system would permit zerordiog of particle mass concentration
in sons convenient form.
C0?*IERCLAL EQUIPMENT
Two companies manufacture piezoelectric microbalance s>stems for use in
mooatoriog ambient air and auto exhaust aerosols. One instrument uses an
electrostatic precipitator to collect particles and nests the sampling head
to prevent condensation of auto exhaust vapors:
The rmo—Syatems Inc.
2500 5. Cleveland Ave.
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
The second instrument uses an smpactor which collects particles above a certain
critical size:
Several companies mant.facture pieaoelectric microbslance instrumenta for e
wide rage of applications, such as dew point indication and etonitoring of
the thickness of evaporated or sputtered thin films.
REFERENCES (See PIE2OEL.ECTRIC MICROBALANCE and RES0N iT FREQUENCY in Volume I I )
A. Principle of Operation: 214, 1121, 252
B. Applications: 144, 1221, 252, 1lR7
C. Data; 244, 1222, 1223, 252
C. Specific Instrtent Deacriptiona: 244, 1222, 1223, 252, 1187
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
I. Directly senses a para zeter closely related to particle
mass.
2. Higheet mace seneitivit > of any direct mass sensing device.
3. Needs no calibration.
4. Can be used watt several particle collectors giving the
designer greeter flexibility in developing relieble instruments.
5. Compact sersing t’ead.
6. Coarcial ambient a r samplers available from 2 domeetic
conpaniee, auto exnaust samplers available from 1 company,
some actual experience.
7. Offers some onance for nounting completely within the effluent
gas stream els.nnat ng several sample conditioning problems.
B. Disadvantages
1. Not >et developed or proven for stack mooitorimg:
a. Ma ’ nut sense large particles ( 2Ot.e),
b. Ma> nct oe able to operate at itsck temperatures (350 F).
2. Reqt.irea sampling probe and is subject to probe bee errora.
3. Requires conditioning of the sample stream.
4. Requires particle deposition.
Atlantic Research Corporation
3333 Harbor Boulevard
Costa Mesa, California 92626
-------
—24—
—25—
5. Requires crystal cleaning with its related system complexity.
6. Readout oct instantaneous or continuous:
I data potnt every S sec. — S m m.
7. Nouers:elv expensive. 5 7.000 — $12,000.
C. Recommendations far F.irtner Development
We recomenc tnat the feasibility of tnis technique for stack
monitoring be establmstted soon. Feasibility tests should include
tests in stack environments wmtr typical stack particles. If
feasibility is establmshsc, we recoend immedIate development of
the technique into practical, ccercial sjack monitors. Such
eevelopment shoulo ncloce evaljataon of the optmnu type of crystal
cc.soc, the relative merits of arious particle sampling and collection
tschoiques, alternate ways of cleaning the crystal, and the optimum
data readout system. The development program, and the evaluation
program which must follow, should include actual stack sampling to
orovide conclusive data on applicability ann viability.
D. Conclusions
The pissoelectric isacronalance technique is potentially the
beat metnod for monitoring toe mass of particulate smiesions from
stacks, primarily because it senses particle mass directly and it has
relatively high sensitIvity. liovever, feasibility for use in stacks
must yet be eatablianec. The technique shares many of the advantages
and features of toe oetajadiation attenuation technique, but offers
nucn greater sensitivity and tine resolution than seta radiation
attenuation. The total anatrament package could probably be quits
small making the pieeoe1ec:r c micrnbalance instrument especially
convenient as a portable conitor used by pollution abatement psreonnsl.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
RESONANT FREQUENCY
The resonant, or natural, frequency of a vibrating spring—mass system
Decreases if the mass Is increased. This is true of mechanical system
vibrating at its resonant frequency. Thus, the cnange in resonant frequency
voen particles are added to the system is a direct measure of the mass of
tne added particles. Piezoelectric mmcrobalancss, discussed in a separate
report, are one subgroup of the resonant frequency technique.
C0 41ERCLAL EQUIPMENT
No commercial equipment using tnis principle i5 available otner thsn
piezoelectric microbalancee. Ver little laboratory equipment exists.
REFERENCES (See PIEZOELECTR1C MICROBALANCE sod RESONANT F.EQUENCY in Volume II )
A. Principle of Operation: 1228, 1239
B. ApplIcations: 1228
C. Data: 1228
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 1228
- - DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Directly senses particle mass.
2. Needs little calibration.
3. Can be used with several pacticle collectors.
6. Should be relatively simple to operate.
5. Should make a rugged instrument.
6. Technique is very similar to plEzoelectric nicrobalances
iich are cotsmerciall available for some particulate
mass monitoring applications.
-------
-26-
—27—
B. Disadvantages
1. Almost no development of me technique nsa been done,
feasibility not ve il proven.
2. Requires sampli g probe ano is subject to probe lose errors.
3. Requires particle deposition.
4. May requtre conditioting of trie sample stream.
5. Requires periodic cleg. ng of the ceposit surface.
0. RaaoouC not instantaneous or contiEuoua:
Probably capsoc - cf 1 oat point evcr 1
cond to 1_nour.
1. A possible problen 15 Lack of required sensitivity.
C. Recoennationa for Furtner Development
We recoend tnat :eas:msit’ testing of this tecnnique be
done soon. If auc’t teats tnn;cate tigi’ potential for stack
monitoring, we recoerc iurtner development into a practical
instrument. Since mis mechntque ooes measure mass and has no
apparent major disadvantages, :t cerinitely merits furtner
investigation. If feasioilirs iS troven, it appears that
development into coemercial emec, monitoring inatrumenta will
take at least two seers.
D. Conclus one
This tecnnique neasurea nasa diiectly and has no soparent
major problems except i tt .nfan: state of development. Piezo—
electric microbelances, a subgroup of tnis technique, have proven
useful for many particle maze monitoring applitetione. If the
sensattvit of other resona—t frequency devices probes high
enougn for stacs nonitcring, the tec ctoue has great promise of
development into a ruggec, reliable instrument in a relatively
short time. Development of this tecnnique definitely appears
justifiec.
GRAVIMETRIC WEIGHING
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
A gravimetric weighing device consists of a pivot point about which two
equal end opposing torques act. One torque is set up by me weight of the
particle sample whose mass is to be determined, i”e other torque is usually
controlled such met a “null” position is reached znere both torques are equal.
Several techniques era possible for measuring and controlling this opposing
torque.
When this technique is usec for measuring partille mass concentration, a
means of collecting the partit .es is neenec. The collector ten be an electro—
stetic precipitetor, en ir.pac:or, a filter, or a o clone. Toe collection sur-
face must be locked while the narticies are being collected ano freed when
weighing is done. Air flow must me turned off or diverted during weighing to
avoid disturbing the balance. A mechanism for automatic cleening or replacing
of the coj leccioo_surface is needed.
CO DCRCIA1. EQUIPMfliT
Several coomercial balentes exist for manual heighing of samples end most
components needed for automating tne tecnnique exist. However, no commerciel
equipment exists using thts technique to neaaure particle ness concentration
sutomstically.
RIFERENCES (See CRAVINETRIC kIIGEING in Volume II)
A. Principle of Operst1o 243, 109;, 936, lO9d
B. Applications: 243, 225
C. Data 243
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 243
DISCL’SSIOy
A. Advantages
1. Directly senses particle mess.
2. Needs little calibretiom.
3, Has been tested in stack environments.
4. Can be used with several particle collectors.
5. Problems appear to be basicelly engineering ptoblas which
can be solved.
-------
——28—
—29—
S. Disadvantages
1. Potential instrument appears expensive, perhaps around
512,000 — $15,000.
2. Requires ssmpltng probe and is subject to probe loss errors.
3. Requires conditioning of the aample stream.
Requires particle deposition.
5. Requires an automatic advancing mechanism for the sample
deposit.
6. Automatic designs require many moving parts ‘itn reiiabilit
a potential problem.
7. Sensitive to vibration.
8. Readout not instantaneous or continuous:
1 data point every 1 — 30 minutes
9. So: svailable commercially.
13. L ttle data available on research prototype units.
C. aecototeodatione for Further Development
he recommend that any furtner oeyelopment of tnta tertoique bs
;ostponeo pendtng tYi results of oevelopmeot on the beta radiation
a tteo..ation arcrpieeoerectric microbalance techniques. Since tne
feasibility of this technique seams tc be proven, any further cevelop—
neat s’-touln concentrate on engineering design of the mechanism for
astonating the cleaning or replacing of toe collecting surface. Im-
provement would also seem possible i n the sensing of tne torque on
toe balance.
0. Ccnclusions
Graticetric weighing is the most familiar method for nirectly
neasuring tne mess of particles. However, automation of the technique
leads to a s aiem with considerable mechanical complexity with the
a aociatec problems of high cost and low reliabtlity. For this reason,
the nets radiat Ion and piezoelectric microbalance techniques offer
greeter promise for the continuoua monitoring of the mass of particles
in e tfiusec atresns. Grevimetric weighing may find s jilace in research
meas4rementa of particle mass.
ROTATING MASSES
PRINCIPLE 01 OPERATION
The mass of a given sample of particles can be sensed by the change
in inertia whicn tney cause wne placed in a centrifuge. A sample of
particles can be collected at a point on a rntating body such that a dynamic
off—balance is set up, causing the body to vibrate as it rotates. The off—
balance causec by toe particles is a fomction of the mass of the collected
sample, and car ne cetscted by a displacement detector vnich is sensitive
to the maRnitude of ovoanic vibrations.
A aimilar eans of sensing narticle inertia is to deposit the particles
on a rotating ooc’, apply a constant torque, and measure the angular acceleration
of the oody. Ice ctfference in acceleration before and after the oapnait of
the particle sample is a direct measurement of the angular mocenttml added by
the particles, sac, therefore, is a measurement of the mass of the particles.
In this cesaj- tne particles must be deposited at a known radius from the axis
of rotation, and a secaiti%e accelerometer must be used to measure acceleration
changes.
COSO€RCIAL EQ jIPN1N
No coerc al or :aOoratcry equipment exists at present vnich uees this
princ ple to meseLre oar:icle mass concentration.
REFERENCES
This tecr.ntque was auggeated o , K. I. Whitoy in pri%ate conversations.
So publianed infurns:ton oas oeen found.
DISCLSSIO$
A. Advantages
1. Dire:t_. snees a paraneter closel relatec to particle mass.
2. Needs sittle calirration.
3, Car ne .ssed witn several particle collectors.
. 5 ouln be relatively s i mple to operate.
B. Diaaosattages
Time resclution nay be limited by the requirement of a large
mase of co 5 lected particlee.
2. Ho equipment has been developed so feasibility is not proven.
3. Requires sampling probe end is subject to probe less errore.
-------
—30-
-31—
4. Requl,es conditioning of the sample stream.
5. RequireS particle depoeition.
6. Requires an automatic cleaning mechanism.
7. Requites tight manufacturing tolerances to provide sensitive
detection of acceleration or displacement.
C. Recommendation for Development
We recommend that any further oevelopment of thia techn Ique be
postponed pending the reaults of development on tne beta radiation
attenuation and piezoelectric microbalance techniques. However,
develop ent ptograms shoulo oe considerec it’ the future in woich
inatrumezttc ueing this principle are built and tested. Since this
technique does measure mass and the instrumentation should be simple
to operate, the principle definitely merits some investigation.
D. Conclusions
This technique does measure the mass of a collected eampie of
particles and is oefinitely a promising cendioate for measuring
stack emissions at some time in toe ft ture. However, since no work
has been done using this principle, tne feasibilit> is not full ,
proven end much work will be needed to develop practical monitoring
instruments, Development of this tecnnique definitely aopesrs
justified.
PRISCIPLE OF OPERATION
IMPACT MOMENTUM SENSING
When particles strike a surface, they exchange momentum with the surface.
If tie velocit of all particles striking a surface is constant, the momantum
excnsnge i5 c rectly related to the msss of the particles. This principle can
be used n several ways for particulate mass concentration measurements.
When a single particle hits a piezoelectric crystal, the crystal vibrates
bscsuae oi the nonenttnn transfer. The vibration causes an electrical signal in
roe s::acnec circuit. The amplitude of the signal is related to the particle’s
in:tia: zcenrom. In ms system, an impacror can apply the constant velocity
to toe ;ar:icles. Suitable electronic signal manipulation could result in an
incication of par: cle nass concentration. Only particles above 30 microns can
be aeoaec by this netnod.
If particles strime tne sensing plate of a sensitive graviimetric micro—
balance, :ne plate oeflects a certain distance depending on the momentum of the
particles. Again, an inpactor cam apply constant velocity to the particles. The
deflect on of tie sensing plate, sensed electronically, is a measure of the mass
of tie ;arn:iea striKing it. The oeflection of the microbalancs sensing plate
cause: :v tne a:t jet is e potent:sllv major problem. This method resembles the
caoaci:aflce—inpacr tecnnique descrioed separately in this report.
C0 C (ERCLkL EQUIPMENT
So :a,terctal Instruments using this tschnique are known to exist. The
p:taoe.ectric izpact rec-raque has been used as s microneteorite detector on
apacecra.f t.
Refsrenc.e : sod 25: oiecuss the theory of the piezoslectric momentum
tranac,..cer.
A. Anvantages
1. Can sense a particle parsmeter closely related to mass.
C, Can aete:t individual particles, perhaps as small as 30 microns
osameter.
D15C. SolOS
3. has been used for mictomereorita detection.
-------
—32—
—33—
B. Disadvantages
1. Can sense only particles lsrger tna about 30 microns dianeter.
2. Probably cannot detect concentrations as nigh as those in smoke
stacks.
3. Small particles would intertere’with roe detection of large ones
by contaminating ti’s impact sLrface.
4. Has not been used for purposes other tnan n crometeorire detection
on spIcecrsft. - -
- 5. The sravimetu.tmicrobalspce tech.noi.e unuld nave severe interference
by the air jet from we innacror. -
6. Contamination of the sensor woulo probani > cause measurement errors;
periodic cleaning is requirec.
7. Different responses will probably reault depending on whether or
not the particle sticks to the sensor.
6. Requires sapling probe ann is suoject to probe loss errors.
9. Probably requires conditioning of tne sample stream.
C. Recoanendationa for Furtoer Development
We recoend no furtner cevelopnent nf t s tec oaque for particulate
msas monitoring in smoLe stacas at tnis tine. However, clever design
combinations could appear in tne future calling for reevaluation of the
technique, especially if particle sizing- coulc be done ny the same
instrument and if the technique becomes uaef..l for particles as smell
as 1 micron.
D. Conclusions
A variation of this tecnnique is capacle of detecting the mass
of individual particles larger t an 30 microns diameter. However, it is
not sensitive enough to detect smaller particles with the present known
technology. Other variations nave similar problems as listed above.
The technique may he useful for come particle sizing applications of
large particlee, but does not boa promising for mess concentration
monitoring at this time.
CAPACITANCE- IMPACT SENSING
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
If a particle hits one plate of a capacitor with enough momentum, the
olate ves slightly causing a change in the capacitance of the system. In
simplest form, this principle can monitor the momentum of moving particles.
airborne particles are first accelerated to a constant velocity in a nozzle,
:ae magnituoe of the measured change in capacitance becomes independent of
oart:cle velocity and dependent only on particle mass.
Ar instrument of this type for particulate mass concentration monitoring
:nnsisrs of a nozzle which accelerates the particles to near sonic velocity,
an aerodynsmicallv atablized, very thin, capacitor lsmella, and a RNS voltmeter,
as an indicator. Such an instrument has been used to monitor mass concentrations
anove 15 mg/n 3 of particles in the 1 — 20 micron size range. The lower size
limit is set by the impaction efficiency of the system (probably 0.3 — 1.0 um).
The upper size limit is probably above 100 um.
CO *ERCIAL EQUIP I T
N :oercial equiomenr of this type exists. Only three research prototypes
tave neen reported.
RFERflCES
Reference 1248 d acusses this technique.
: :iZLSSION
. Advantagee
1. Msy eense a parameter closely related to the mass of particles.
2. tn a second mode of operation, the same instrument can obtain
some particle size information.
3. Htgh sensitivity, can sense concentrations at least down to 10
mg/n 3 .
-e. Can probably operate at temperatures as high ec 1000°F .
5. Essentially instantaneous end continuous readout
6 Appears to be simple and inexpensive, potential coat of
coimsercisl instrument is in the $2,000 — $5,000 range.
7 Compact sensing head.
-------
—34—
—35—
B Disadvantages
1 Almost no development has been done for any applications,
only three prototypes have been reported.
2. Correlation with mass is not presently established.
3. Requires lamella cleaning or taplacement periodically with some
related system complexity.
4. Requires the lamells to be aerodynamically stable with no
flutter. —
3. Requires sampling probe and is subject to probe loss errors
6. Requires particle deposition.
7. May require some conditioning of the sample stream.
C Recoesnendstiona for Further Development
We recoend that the only reported research on this technique,
performed in Frsnce, be investigated in detail. If toe technique
looks prnmiaing after more details of the French work are known.
feasibility studies for stack monitoring should hews hign prior t
Cleaning or replacing the lamella for automatic operation nay ce a
major problem. Problema with maintaining aerodynamic scabiiit
of the lanalla limit the lowest concentration which the aensor can
detect The ability 2!. the technique to sense mace must be tested
I?. Concluairna
Thie technique ia pocentialls one of the beat methoda of monitoring
particulate maaa concentration in amos.s stacks, primarily bscsuae it
may aenas a parameter cloaely related to the mass of particlea, the
technique and apparatus is very simple and inaxpenaive, and it cars- give
instantaneous and continuoua readout. It s net clear how dead’ the
measurement correlates with msaa. Potential problema appear to be
periodic cleaning or replacsng of the lamells for automatic operation
and maintaining aerodynamic atability of the lamella The technIque is
very new with only three prototype inatr*mtenta constructed. Development
is needed to make the technique into a reliable instrtcent for stack
monitoring. The reported prototyne inacrumenta (see Ref. 1248) should be
inveatigated further, and feasibility teats for atack monitoring should
proceed if the investigation indicates high potential. The apparent
low coat and simplicity recosnd it highly for auch studies.
ELECTROSTATIC CONTACT CHARGE TRANSFER: KONITEST
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Aa particles slice along a well, they exchange electrostatic charge with
the wall. In the Koniteat, particles whirl through a tube in a helical path.
Centrifugal force ceusea many particlea, sapecially the larger, heavier ones,
to hit and slide along tne wall, exchanging electrostatic charge with the wa u.
An electrometer measures the current flowing from the electrically—floating
wall. The current level can be calibrated to reed particle concentration. A
second design, with the same came, uasa an electrically—floating venturi sa the
surface which exchanges charge with particlea. The second deaign differs little
from the probe—ic—nozzle technique discussed separately in this report.
The first Komitsst design differs from other electrostatic techniquea in
that centrifugal force causes particlea to strike the cyclone wall aixi elide or
bounce along the surface. Thus, larger particles containing moat of the maaa
have a greater effect than smaller ones. If there ia no aecomdary interference
by aubmicron particles, tne calibrated output current can correlate reasonably
well with particulate ness in certain effluent streams. Little is known about
the actual charge transfer procsaa.
COi*4ERCIAL EQUIPMENT
Until recently, the Koniteac was manufactured by .1. C. Eckardt A. C.,
7000 Stuttgart—Baa Casnatstt, Poatfach 347, Weat Garmaoy. However, thin
company no longer makea the inatrinant. No other manufacturer ia known.
REFEREbCES (See ELECTROSTATIC )ffASURDWNT METIgThS in Volimie II)
A. Principle of Operation: 923, 241
B. Applications: 1189, 659, 923, 225
C. Data. 1189, 923, 231, 1188
0. Specific Insttunsnt Daacripciona: 923, 241 -
Advantages
1. Continu.-aa, nearly instantaneous readout.
2. Can operate at stack tenperaturaa, alimineting several
sample conditioning problana.
3. Senses largar particlea which comcein moat mesa.
4. Self—cLeaning if some perticlaa arm large, aoeawhat
abrasive, and not aticky.
DISCUSSION
A.
TIJCDU” C ’- rrrttc
-------
—37—
S Operates over a wide concentration range.
6. Has been marketed commercially in the pest.
7. Available data appears to show surprisingly good
correlation with particulate mass concentration.
S. Sensor ie compact and easy to operate.
S. Disacvantages
1. Several investigators nention high sensitivity to eubm tcron
articlee leading to hignly erroneous mass concentration
meseuremente,
1, Responee depends strongly on particle size and composition.
on eurf ace characteristics of the particle and probe, end
may depenu on tne Lnitial charge on the particle.
3. Principle of operation is largely unknown.
1.. Does not senee particle mace, but nay senee something close to
it for come aarosoia, periodic calibration of each instrument
installation appears neceseary.
5. Requires some large, non—sticky, abrasive particles to keep
tne tube clean.
S. Reotnrea naasurenemt of low currents in effluent atmospheres.
1,_Requiree esnoling probe and is subject to probe lose errors.
C. RecommendatIons for Furtner Development
i e recommend an intensive investigation of peat experience
with the Koniteat, primarily in Germany where it has been sold
for about 10 >ears. Several investigators indicate excellent
correlation with particulate mesa concentration in coal—fired
effluent streams. Others report overwhelming sensitivity to
submicron particles which do not have much mass. These reports
appear to conflict, as do the reports on operational problems
L ±rj. the Koniteet. If the recommended investigation uncovers
better cocumented evidence supporting the reported excellent
mama correlation, we recommend further testing end development
of this techn que.
—36—
0. Concluaiona
The Koniteet is reported to have excellent correlation with
particulate mass concentration with coal—fired effluents. If this
is true, the instrument could be en excellent, truly continuous,
fact response, compact, reliable, automatic stack monitor. However,
conflicting reports claim very poor mass correlation because of
high sensitivity to aubmicron particles. The theory is not well
developed and, tneref ore, does not resolve the problem. Only
further diecuesions with pest usere, perhaps followed by a testing
and development program, can resolve the conflicting reports. In
any came, since the Konitset does not measure particulate mase
directly, periodic calibration of every installation would be
required of any instrument using this principle. tnis may be a
severe limitation. Anothar probable negative feature of the mart—
ment is that, although mass correlation may be excellent during the
large majority of the time when the process is under control, mass
correlation may be very poor during the times when something happene
to the process causing severe changes in emissions. This is precisely
the time when accurate mass measurements are most valuable.
-------
—38--
—39—
ELECTROSTATIC CONTACT CHARGE TRANSFER: BOUNCE
PRThCIPLE OF OPERATION
Particles will boun:e between the plates of a high voltage electric
capacitor as they are carried through by an airstresm. As particles enter
the capacitor, they are attracted electrically to one cepatitor plate or the
other, because of soy initial electrostatic charge or because of chsrge
picked up in the capacitor’s electric field. Upon bitting the first plate,
the particle loses its old charge and gains a new charge witi’ the sane polarity
as the first plate. The repulsion of the particle by the first pleta, caused
by chair like polarit forces the particle to migrate toward the secona plate,
carrying electrical charge with it. When it hits che second plste, it again
loses its old charge ann picks up a new charge with the sane polarity as the
second plate. The new charge causes the particle to migrate toward tha first
pleta, carrying eiectricel charge with it, where the entire process is repaated.
The nat current flow across the capacitor plates is a measure of the concentration
of perticlas pseaing through. The technique reportedly works well for dry, non—
sticky particles, especially above 100 pm, but somerimes as snail as 1 urn.
COMMERCIAL E V1PMENT
No coamiercial equipment exists and little laboratory equipment exists.
REFERENCES (See ELECTROSTATIC MEASURDIENT METHODS in Volume II )
Reference 226 discusses all aspects of this technique including a
description of a prototype instrument.
DISCUSSION
A. Advastsges
I. Continuous, nearly instantaneous readout.
2. Senses large particles wnich contain most mass.
B. Disadvanteges
1. Does not sense particle mass or a parameter very close to mass.
2. Works only with lsrge, dr , non—sticky particles. slmost rertainly
would not wore in coal— or nil-fired effluent stacks.
3. Rot well developed; only one tevestigetor is known.
4. Probably contsninatiOn eensitive.
5. Requires measurement of low current levels in affluent
atmospheres.
6. Requires esapling probe and is subject to probe loss errors.
7. Probably requires conditioning of the seisple stream.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
we recommend no developnent of this technique for eteck
effluent monitoring.
0. Conclusions
This technique cannot be used to nor tor stack effluents
beceusa of the reason listed as oiaadvantsge 2 above.
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—40—
-41—
ELECTROSTaTIC CONTACT CHARGE TRANSFER: PROBE-iN—NOZZLE
PRINCIPLE O9 OPERATION
When particles bounce of f s surface, they usually sxchangs some slsctro—
static charge with the surf sce. The quantity and polsrity of the exchanged
charge depends on the composition of the particles and surf scs, on the surf sos
thsracteristics of both, on the intensity of the collison, end on the initial
cnargs carried by both. The process is not undsrstooe well enough to analyze
mathematically.
An instrument using this principle has been dssignsd. A cons—shaped probe
points upstream within the throat of a venturi nozzle. Most large particles
passing through the stozzle strike thsprobs end bounce of f, resulting in s
charge transfer. Mt elsctrometsr attachsd to the probe indicates the magnitude
of the charge transfer, which can be related to aerosol concentration by suit-
able calibration.
C0?*iERCIAL EQUIPMENT
No coamercial equipment exists whicn user this principle for measuring
particle concentration. Only laboratory equipment exists.
REFERENCES (Ses ELECTgnSTATIC MEASUREMEMT METHODS in Volume 11)
A. Principle of O srstion: 181, 104, 5, 659
S. Applications: 20, 1036,684, 659
C. Data: 20, 104, 1036, 684, 922 t; 659 -
0. Specific Instrtmant Descriptions: 20, 1fl , 1036, 684. 922, 5, 659
DISCtSSION
A. Advantages
1. Continucus, nearly wstantansoua readout.
2. Senses large particles which contain most name.
3. Self—cleaning if soax particles are large, somewhat
abrasive, sad not sticky.
4. Operates over a wide concentration rsnge.
S. Disadvantages
1. Does not sense particle mass or a parameter closely related
to mass.
2. Response dspeoos strongly on particle size and composition,
on surface characteristics of the particle and probe, end on
the initial cnargs on tne particle.
3. Requires cone large,non—sticlqr, abrasive partitlea to keep
the probe clean.
4. Requires measurement of low currents in effluent atmospheres.
5. Requires sampling probe and is subject to probe loss errors.
6. May require some conditioning of the sample scream.
C. Recosesendatione for Further Development
We tecoamenu no development of this technique for coal— or
oil—fired effluent monitoring.
0. Conclusions
This technique is not suitable for use in monitoring stack
effluents because of reasons listed as disadvantages 2 and 3 above.
-------
—42—
—43—
ELECTROSTATIC iON CAPTURE AND ION CURRENT ATTENUATION
PRINCIPLE OP OPERATION
If a conatant supply of unipolar tons flows perpendicularly scross
a stream of airborne particles toward the grid of an electromater, some of
ths ions will strike the particles, becoms captured, and be carried away,
thus reducing the Ion current as measured by the electrometer. The reduction
i a ton current, known as ion current attenuation, is a measure nf the particle
flow rate.
The ion capture tachniqua measures the outer portion of the total ion
current: the portion carried away by particles. The particles must be collected
downstream of the charging region by some means auch as filtration or electro-
static precipitation, the charge froa the particles must leak through an electro-
meter.
CO}0IERCLAL EQUIPMENT
No cninnercial equipnent exists for ncnltoring stack effluents. One company
manufactures a sophisticated version of ion capture as a submicron particle
sizing instrument:
Thermo—Sys tens Inc.
2500 North Cleveland Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota 55113
Several laboratory prototypes of atac c nonitors exist.
REFER ICES (See YLECTROSTATIC }‘iAStRD€fl L—METh0DS in Volume It)
A. Principle of Operation: 68: 1211, 8, 916, 554, 122, 245, 1040,
284, 242
B. Applications: 659, 552, 916, 55-.
C. Date: 659, 1040, 302, 8. 55- , 122, 245, 1040, 284, 242
0. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 659, 242, 581, 68, 302, 916, 554,
122, 284
DiSCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Coetinuous, nearly instantaneous readout.
2. Cao operate at stack temperatures, eliminating several
sample conditioaing problems.
3. Several inveatigatora have operated instruments in coal—fired
effluents with some euccess.
-. Sensor is compact and easy to operate.
S. Sinple technique available for drawing particles throug t
me sensor elininating many isokinetic sampling problems
and nuch equipment.
6. tcique auction technique aakee readout proportional to
particle flow rate rather than particla concentration,
taking auxiliary meaaurements of gas velocity unnecessary.
3. saovantages
1. Does ,ot sense particle nass or a parameter closely related
cc mass.
Response depends strongly on particle size with very high
sensitivity to aubsticron particles which do oot contsin
ouch sass.
3. Reqoirea periodic cleaning by an auxiliary technique.
-. Requires neaaurement of low currents in effluent atmospheres.
5. Raçuirea aanpling probe and le aubj ccc to probe loss errors.
C. Recctae-tcations for Further Development
‘e :ecownenc no further development of this technique for
a::iculate tase neasurensnts. However, further developmenc as a
conitor for other particle concentrations or flow rates, such as
total surface area flow rates, is strongly racoomanded.
). Cot:luetons
This technique csnnot neasure particulate mass flow rate or
oc :entracion. However, the technique is a strong candidate for
outer particle concentration measuremante, for example, measure—
tents baseo on total surface area of the particulate cloud. The
poitt sampling feature, the coeçsctness, and the instantaneous,
continuous readout should recoand this technique for some
raeuarch applications as well as for evaluating specific portions
of en electrostatic precipitator.
-ruro” -‘ cr’ -
-------
—44-
—45..
CAPACITANCE-DIELECTR iC CHANGE
\o . oercia1 equipment exists. Several powder detection prototypes have
been teatec.
R IFEBISCES
7-tis technique was suggested for aerosol measurements by S. Y. H. Liu in
private conversetione. References 4 and 1031 discuss the powder detecting
ays t -a.
DISC1 SSIO1
. . -
1. De:e:te a parameter related to the sass of particles for a given
parr culate composition.
an be used with several particle collectors.
3. Ma need little calibration within each stack if the dielectric
constant of the material remaine constant.
-. Should be relatively staple to operate.
‘3. Disadvantages
I. Almost no development of the technique baa been done, feasibility
not vet proven.
2. Nay lack sufficient sensitivity.
3. Dielectric constant of stack effluents may not remain constant,
probably requires an initial calibration for each installation
at each operating condition.
4. Raadout not instantaneous or continuoue.
S. Requires sampling prone and i a eub3ect to probe Loss errors.
6. Requires particle deposition.
7. Key require conditioning of the esiapling stream.
8. Requires replacement or cleaning of the collection substrate for
every msaatiremant.
C. Racoemendations for Furtnar Development
We recoismand that preliminary fesaibility teats of this technique
be made soon. Further development should depend on the results of such
teats. A serious problem may be a lack of sufficient sensitivity.
0. Conclusions
This technique oas more promise than moat techniques, primarily
because it measurea a paremeter somewhat related to particulate mass
if the dielectric constant of particulate matter remains onnatant.
However, the possible lack of sensitivity may aeverely restrict the
the use of this principle. The feasibility of the technique has not
yet been teeten. This technique requires severaL years of development
to reach the commercial instrument stage, and offers somewhat lees
promise than teconiqLes listed earlier.
PRWCIPLE OF OPERATION
If the dielectric strength of the material between the plates of a
capacitor cranges, the capacitance of the system changes. If tne composition
of the naterial remains constant, the change in dielectic strength depends
pcinar ly on tue mass of ,nererial between the plates. This technique has
been usec to detect the presence of the powder particles in both pneumatic and
belt conveying ayatems. The resolutiom of these instantaneous readout devices
is apparently not high enough to accurately measure flow rates, even in systems
with higa particle concentrations. However, it may be possible to collect
enough particles on a suitable substrate, such as a filter or impaction plate,
so that the mass of material could he periodically meA ured in a batch process.
The iastrnen: would consist of a particle collector, a capacitance sensor with
an appropriate electrical circuit, and a system to move the substrate for each
bstcb fron tnt collector to the sensor.
CO!effRCLC EQIJIPKEKE
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—46—
—47—
LIGHT TRANSMISSION
PRINCIPLE OP OPERATION
When light, or other electromagnetic radiation, passes through an
aerosol, its intensity decreases because of scattering and absorption by
the particles. The transmission or attenuation of light through an aerosol
is a measure of the aerosol concentration. In orcer to measure the particle
nasa concentration, particle size, shape, optical characteristics and nenaity
must remain constant. The relationship between particle mass concentration and
light transmission must be established by calibration of each instrument within
every stack under every plant operating condition.
Despite the severe limitation in terms of mass concentration measurement,
light transmission is now the moat widely usen principle for continuous monitor-
ing of smoke emissions from stacks. The technique has several impressive
practical advantages, and the measurements correlate quite well with the visual
appearance of the effluent. Although light transnisaion may remain an important
effluent monitoring technique, measurements made in this way muat not be cnnfuaed
with the mass concentration of particles in the effluent. In ptecticel situations,
particle mass concentration must be maasured by other techniques,
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
A mwnber of companies manufacture and’or sell light transmission instruments
for installation in smoke stacks including:
Airflow Developmemrs (Canada) Ltd.
244 Newksrk Road
Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
Bailey Mater Company
29801 Euclid Avenue
Wicklif is, Ohio 44092
Cleveland Controls, Inc.
1111 Brookpark Road
Cleveland, Ohio 44109
Combustion Equipment Associates, Inc.
120 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Durag Apparatebsu Gmbh
2 Hsmburg 61
Killanatrasse 105,
West Germany
Electronics Corporation of America
Photosuitch Divieios
3 Memorial Drive
Cambridge, Masaachueetts 02142
General Electric Company
Camaunication and Control Devices Department
Wayneaboro, Virginia 22980
Infra-Rad Inouatrial Systems Division
Ovitron Corporation
1425 Milldale Road
Cheshire, Connecticut 06410
Intertech Corporation
262 Alexanuer Street
Princeton, New .lerse ) 06540
U.S. representative for Irwin Sick
Optik ElektroniIt
Neuried, West Germany)
Leeds & Northrup Ccpsny
4901 Stenton Avenue
Philadelphie, Pennsylvania 19144
Mac Lend & Stewart Company, Inc.
43 Rome Street
Farningdale, Long Island, New York 11735
Nebetco Engineering
1107 Chandler Avenue
Roselle, New Jereev 07203
Photobelk Compan’, Inc.
12 East 22nd Street
New York, New York 10010
Pnotomation, Inc.
280 Polaris Avenue
Mountain View, California 94040
Reliance Instrument Manufacturing Corporation
l .l Lawersnce Avenue
dsckenssck, New Jersey 07601
Sentry Controls, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Pearl River, Sew York 10965
Robert N. Wager Company, Inc.
Passaic Avenue
Chathea, New .Jerse’ 07928
-------
—48—
-49-
4. Becomes veiy expensive with the necessary calibrations.
5. Even with careful calibration, plant operating conditions must
be known at all times in cruet to interpret the data.
6. Doea not fit eost existing sampling access ports, requiring
higher cost of installation.
7. Requires careful placenent, installation, and alignment.
8. Present manufacturers have a somewhat established market in the
United States, making the introduction of new, more accurate mass
concentration nonicors more difficult. -
9. Presect-coercial instruments often show poor correlation with
each otner.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
Although we reject this technique for particle mass concentration
measurements, we tecoimsend extensive development and testing of light—
transmission instrumants for use as optical density nonitors. Different
models of present commercial instruments show poor correlation with each
other, suggesting tue need for stendardieation of instrument design.
Before that, however, extensive development and testing ie needed to
identify the “best” design. We recoomend that a carefully—planned,
long rsnge program be undertaken which will result in em instrument
design worthy of standardization. Such a program must also increase
the kncwlecge of wnat light transmission instruments in stacks really
measure,
8, Conclusions
Nsasureasnts made with this technique correlate very poorly with
the mass concentration of aerosol particles. Thus, for most etsck
monitoring spp.:cstions, the light transmission technique must be re-
jected for easarenents of particle mass concentration. However, the
technique will undoubtedly be used for monitoring optical density in
stacks for some tine to come because the measurement does correlate
somewhat u-itt the visual appearance of the plume and because instruments-
using the tec nçue have several important practical advantages. A
number of coases manufacture light transmission ina uments. Con-
siderable osvesopnent of both theory and hardware is necessary to
evaluate what is being measured. The leck of good correlation between
the many light transniasien instruments- is disturbing. Although careful
design couln improve the correlation of- light transmission measurements
with particle tass concentration, this technique is not capable.of
accurate ness neasureaents.
REFERENCES (See LiGHT TRANSMISSION and MULTI—WAVELENGTH LIGET TRANSMISSION in
Volume II ) -
A. Principle of Operation: 1211, 485, 147, 1201, 1214, 1215, 843, 1212,
1199, 1250, 33, 1213, 34
8. Applications. 487. 13, 718, 964 - 485, 34, 637, 1189, 225, 1230
C. Date: 485, 1201, 1211, 1215, 846. 847, 848, 1181, 1200, 33, 1213,
718, 964, 34, 1189, 225, 1230
U. Specific Instrument Descriptions-: 950, 963, 850, 851, 193, 1033,
487, 13, 485, 34, 637, 223, 1230
: ZSCUSSLOL 4 - —
A. Advantages
1, Measures the cpticsl density of suspended particles in a portion
of the stack without removing them or depositing them.
2. High reliability easily possible because of relative mechanical
simplicity.
3. Lover initial coat than most other techniques if necessary
calibration is ignored.
4. Severel coesssrci 1. instruments exist.
5. No c.;ing pafls are necessary. -
6. Instantaneous, continuous measurement readout which is easy
to record.
7. Measures average concentration over a long path, sn advantage
in some applications if carefully used.
B. Disedvantages
1. Does not detect particle ness, but some other parameter which
is poorly related to mass concentration.
2. Raquires extensive repeated calibrations of each installation
under each plant operating condition for correlation with particle
mass concentration. Small changes in plant operating conditions
can result in ieeeurement uncertainties of t i iEkl1y Igg without
such calibration.
3. lielda erroneous measurements during normal plant operations such
as rapping’ and soot—blowing.
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-50-
—51—
PRINCIPLE OP OPERATION
L 1DM
Lidar, the optical analog of radar, uses the backward reflection of
light from particles as a way of measuring particle concentration. The lidar
light source ie a laser and the detector is a photonultiplier. The source and
detector are generally located cloee to each other. Moat inetrumente have been
wade to etudy aerosol clouds lOOn to 100 kn from the lidar unit.
A typical lidsr system consists of a laser, sending telescope, receiving_ 9
telescope, and signal detector. Light pulses of very short duration (30 a 10 5cc)
end high energy (45 megawatts) are directed through the sensing telescope toward
the cloud. Energy returned by the atmosphere is collected by a similar telescope
and sensed by a photomulciplier. As with meat optical particle sensing methods,
the size and optical properties of the particle must be known for accurate data
interpretation. Lidar has proven itself useful in defining the bounderies of
serosole plumes and clouds at some distance from the observer.
COMMERCIAl. EQUIPMENT
Only research prototype liner units exist.
REFERENCES (See LIDAR in Volume II)
A. Principle of Operation: 66, 221, 149
8. Ap 1ications: 280, 221, 569, 514, 149, 89, 66
C. Detc 280, 22 1, 569, 514, gg, 149
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 2gb, 802, 221, 89
DISCUSSION
A. Advanteges
1. Measures some concentration of particles remotely from the
observer.
2. Raquires no sempling or particle deposition.
3. Senses a wide range of concentrations.
4. One instrument, located at some central location outside
the steck, can nonitor a number of stacks in turn.
5. Can measure the particles just after entering the atmosphere
from the stack.
6. Source and detector can be located in one housing, measurement
is single—ended and truly remote.
7. Lidars have been used to monitor stack plumes.
8. Rsmote monitoring rsaoves the problems of high temperature
and the otherwise harsh stack environment.
9. Can scan a cloud to obtain concentration profiles end cloud
boundaries.
10. Cost can be low for monitoring a number of stacks remotely
with one unit.
B. Dissdvantages
1. Does not measure the mass of particles.
2. Particle size, density, and optical properties must be known
to interpret the data accurately.
3. The measured parameter is not resdily defined.
4. Technique not fully understood sod developed yet.
5. Only sophisticated research equipment exists.
6. Present units are too expensive for monitoring single stacks.
C. Racoemendations for Further Development
We do not recoemend development of lidar as a perticle mess
concentration detector because the tachnique cannot sense mass.
Even though it is not within the scope of this report, we rec amd
this technique highly as a remote monitor of particulate emissions
from a number of stacks with one centrally—located instrument.
Further studies should include better definition of the measured
particulate parsmeter.
D. Conclusions
Lidar cannot measure the mass concentration of particles in or
from a smoke stack. However, lidar appears to have excellent potential
for remotely monitoring a number of stacks with one, permanently — in-
stalled instrument. Th is application would seem to be very useful in
identifying possible emissions violators. After such identification,
nors careful particle mass concentration measurements could be made for
more definite proof of violations. Thus, although liar cannot fill.
the needs of a particle mass emissions monitor, it sppeers to be a
potentially useful tool for pollution sbetemsat.
TMfPUfl cvn-n’c ,vr
-------
—52—
—53—
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
HOLOGRAPHY
Holography is en interferometric technique by which three—dimensional
information can be recorded on a two-dimensional photograph. The process
conaista of photographing the interference pattern that exists when a
diffracted or object field (Fresnel or Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of
the object) ia allowed tn interfere with a reference or background wave.
The image can be reconstructed io three—dioenaions by illuminating the
filn record with a coherent bees of quasi—monochromatic light.
Holography can be uaed to find the size and number distribution of an
aaroeol which paaeee through a given volume. The reconstructed holograms
can be displayed on a TV monitor. Manual or automatic scanning techniques
can then obtain the number concentration as a function of particle size in
the 1 to 500 us range. This information could be transformed into the total
volume occupied by particles in a given volume of gas.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
Several companies manufacture and/or market holographic equipment for
rseesrch purposes. Three companies that market equipment which can be spscif i—
cally applied to particle holography are:
Stat Volt Company
1130 Channel Drive
Santa Barbara, California 93103
Optics Technology Inc.
901 California Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94304
Technical Operations Inc.
South Avenue
Burlington, Massachuaatts 01803
REFERENCES (See ROLOCRAPHY in Volume II)
— A. Principle of Operation: 150, 1195, 1197, 128, 682, 253, 126, 132, 784
5. Applications: 1197, 682, 253, 150, 483, 1198, 3, 516, 633
C. Data: 1198, 150, 3
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 148, 253, 483, 150, 1196, 3
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Does not require particle deposition or disturbing the aerosol
flow screen.
2. Records permanent, 3—dimensional photographs of particles.
3. Can ne used to meesura particle size and number concentration
plus some particle shape information.
B. Diaadvantagea
1. Very expensive at the present time and for some time to coma.
2. Does not measure true particle mass, although it can measure
particle wolums.
3. Does not land itself easily to autsmation without added expense
and complex equipment.
4. Principle of operation is quite complicated.
C. Reconnendations for Further Development
We do not recommend development of holography for particle mass
concentration measuroment at this t the. The technique will undoubtedly
be useful for studying the size, shape, and number concentration of -
particles in their natural state. Therefore, development for purposes
other than psrtic le mass measurement may bb Justified.
0. Conclusions
Holography is not a feasible monitor of particulate mass esiaaions
from stacks at this time and probably will not be in the future. The
avacan appears to be much too expessive sod complex for such purposes.
Uncoubtedly, many other uses will be found for holography, including
reaearcn study of particle size, shape, and concentration in the natural.
suspe cao state within smoke stacks.
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—54—
—55—-
OPTICAL COUNTERS AND PHOTOMETERS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERAIION
An optical counter measures and counts individual particles by light
scattering or extinction. Particles in an aerosol cloud are led single—file
through a light bean where they scatter and absorb a certain amount of light
depending on the particle size, the optical characteristics of ths particle,
and the light beam characteristics. Most optical counters detect the light
scattered in a given direction by means of a photomultiplier. The output data
is generally given as the number of particles within a given particle size
range per unit gsa volume. Modified commercial optical counters are limited
to partrcle diameters of 0.2 urn to about 70 um. Aerosol concentretions enter-
ing well—designed optical counters suet be lees than about lO particles per
cubic foot within the sensing range of the instrument. Some optical counters
detect the amount of light blocked out by the particle. Optical counters are
also known as single particle optical counters, aerosol counters, particle
counters, and dust counters.
Photometers, often called nephelometera, perform their measurement on a
cloud of aerosol particlea by light scattering. They are useful for measuring
aerosol concentration. In a photometer, a light beam shines through the cloud
of aerosol particlea. A photoeultiplier measures the intensity of light
scattered at a certain angle by the particles. The intensity of the scattered
light depends on the particle size and concentration, on the optical character-
istics of the light beam. Correlation with particle mess concentration requires
that all these parameters except concentration remain constant. Photometers
can measure aerosol clouds with considerably higher concentrations than can
the optical counter.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMINT
A number of companies manufacture optical counters, primarily for use as
clean room monitors, but with aeveral models for use as ambient atnoepharic
aerosol monitoring:
Royco Instruments, Inc.
141 Jefferson Drive
Menlo Park, California 94025
Bausch 1. Lomb
635 St. Paul Street
Rochester, New York 14602
Clinet Instrumants, Inc.
1240 Birchwood Drive
Sunnyvale, California 94086
High Accuracy Products Corporation
141 Spring Street
Claremont, California 91711
Coulter Electronics Industrial Division
590 West 20th Street
Itialeab, Florida 33010
Dyoac Corporation
Thomaon’s Point
Portland, Maine 04120
Phoenix Preciaion Instrument Company
3803—05 North Fifth Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
Envirco
P. 0. Box 6098
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
Several companies manufacture aerosol photometers for atmoapheric aerosoal:
Phoenix Precision Instrument Company
3803—05 North Fifth Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
Meteorology Research, Inc.
Box 637
464 West Woodbury Road
Altadena, California 91001
Royco Instruments, Inc.
141 Jefferson Drive
Menlo Park, California 94025
Envirco
P. 0. Box 6098
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107
REPERThCES (See OPTICAL COUNTERS and PHOTOMETERS in Volume II)
A. Principle of Operation: 143, 515, 362, 813, 625, 840, 1083, L1S2, 1082,
578, 132, 680, 1211
B. Applications: 711, 132, 733, 840, 3.24, 919, 69, 928, 285, 225, 288, 133.0,
993, 307, 578, 580, 559, 1180
-ruro ’n Cs etrvc ,%
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—56—
—57—
C. Data: 993, 988, 731, 171, 680, 132, 928, 69, 919, 1083, 374, 285,
752, 340
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 145, 146, 370, 580, 1210, 756, 670, 615,
120, 1128, 949, 824, 216, 598, 1066, 822, 876, 1082, 362, 346, 840, 124,
928, 288, 1192, 1193. 1194, 969, 287
Advantages
1. Optical counters can detect very low concentrations (a single particle
within the sensitive sin rsnge Esssing through the instrumsnt)and
upper concentrations nf about 10’ particles per cubic foot within the
specified size range.
2. Optical counters can measure particle size distribution in the
0.2 — 70 am disneter range if corrsct ly designed.
3. Readout of photometsr is instantaneous, continuous, and easy to
record,
4. Automatic instruments are consrcially available for smbinet
air and clean room monitoring.
8. Disadvantages
1. Neither optical-counters nor photometers measures pesticle mass,
correlation with msss is not good.
2. Both typss o rlEitruments, especially the optical counter, are
designed for clean room and other low concentration aerosols.
3. Both instruments require sampling probe and are subject to probe
loss errors.
4, Both instruments require conditioning of the sample stream, including
considerable dilution to measure stack concentrations.
5. Calibration of the instruments changes with changas in particle
optical properties.
6. Both instruments lack the wide size range necessary for mess
measurements.
7. Changes in the specific gravity of particles causes errors in
estimating particulate mass.
8. Two particles passing through an optical counter at one tins
are counted as one particle.
9. Fluctuations in the number concentration of particles smeller
than the lower size limit of optical counters cause errors in
counting of particles in the lower size ranges.
C. Recommendations for Further Dsvslopmsmt
We recommeod no development of these techniques as psrticle mess
concentration monitors. A good dilution and sample conditioning system
is necessary for use of either device in specific research applinations.
0. Conclusions
These techniques cameot measure the mess concentration of airborne
particles. Correlation of these measurements with particle mass con-
centration is very poor. These instruments share most of the problems
of light transmission instrumsnts and also have several sdditional problems
for particle mess concentration monitoring. Optical counters may be useful
for particle size distribution measurements of stack effluents after
development of s ssmple conditioning system. Photometers may find
specialized research application for measurement of stack effluents.
DISCUSSION
A.
ru r ’ — -. — - - -
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—58—
—59—
ANGULAR LIGHT SCATTERING
PRINCIFLE OF OPERATION
L: .ot scattering is the redirection of illumination which is incident
upon tne object. Scattered light is a ccaibioation of transmitted, reflected,
an n ntf :ac:ed light, and depends upon characteristics of the object, the
surro-.c g nacium, and the incident radiation. Important parameters which
influacce li.gnt acartering are Light wavelenjth, particle size end shape,
refractive index of the particle with respect to the medium, and the angle at
whicn en observer Is Located in relation to the incident light. Light scattered
at vartoua angles from the direct ion of illumination provides a means of
stucvs g aerosols. The light intensity as a function of ohservation angle
proncea tnfarnation which describes particle size if the index of refraction
an n Llgzt wavelength era known and the particle is spherical.
caetnCxAL EQUIPMENT
N: : ercia.1 aquipment is known which uses this principle for aerosol
meas.cecenas. Only laboratory prototypes exist.
RIFEC a4 (See ANGULAR LIGHT SCATTERING in Volume II )
A. Principle of Operation: 147, 1201, 1211, 702, 1203, 909, 1233, 70,
s-.:, 38, 474, 805, 85, 1235, 1236, 1237, 1238
3. Applications: 702, 909, 1234, 1231, 1238
:a:a: —7.,, 805, 85, 1203, 1234, 1232
D. i’ecrfic Inetrumant Descriptions: 842, 1211, 38, 787
DISCUS SI ’h
A. Anvantagas
Can measure particle concentration without depositing the
narriclee onto a surface.
Z. Can measure particle concentration more accurately then
standard light transmission or scattering because particle
a zs is partially measured.
3. Can detect low concentrations.
Potentially, rapid messuramaote are possible.
8. Disadvantages
1. Cannot measure perticle mass or a parameter closely
ralatad to nasa.
2. Procedure is presently manual and does not lend itself
to automatic stack monitoring.
3. Data raductisn is complicated and requires expenaiva
equipment.
4. Results with adaquata accuracy for stack monitoring era
probebly not possible.
5. Only research equipment has bean constructed.
6. Considerably more theory end development resain to
be done if precticel instruments are to result.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
We recommend no further development as a particulate mess
monitor. Further research and development may he Justified for
other types of particle measurements in stacks.
D. Conclueiona
Angular light scattering cannot maeaure perticulata mass
concentration. Some research applications for the technique
in stack effluents nay be fotmd.
-------
—60—
—61—
PR iNCIPLE OF OPERATION
As a filter becomes loaded with particles, the amount of light which
can be transmitted through the filter decreaaes. The unit of measurement,
called the coefficient of haze (Coh), corresponds with the optical density
of the filter depoait. Another system with reflectance units of dirt (Rud),
measures the stain potential due to light reflection rather than transmission.
Soiling potential instruments uaually consist of an indexing tape filter with
a light source on one side of the filter deposit and a light detector on the
other aide.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
Several companies manufacture and/or sell soiling potential instruments
for ambient air sampling including:
Research Appliance Company
Route 8 & Craighead Road
Allison Park, Pennsylvania 15101
Gelman Instrument Company
P. 0. Box 1448
600 South Wagner Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106
Pracic ion Scientific -
3737 West CortlandStreat -
Chicago, Illinois 60647
Leigh Syatems,Inc.
220 Boaa Road
Syracuse, New York 13211
Von Brand
Rhinabeck, New York 12572
Some of the ambient air monitors may adapt to atack monitoring with little
modification.
REFERENCES (Sea SO ILING POTENTIAL in Volume II)
A. Principle of Operation: 519, 396, 31, 3d5
B. Applications: 519, 396, 831, 305
SOILING POTENTIAL
C. Data: 519, 396, 831. 305
0. Specific Inatrument Descriptions: 519, 396, 831, 305
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Savaral. coumercial modala available for ambient air aampling;
modification for stacks appears simple.
B. Disadvantages
1. Doaa not measure the masa of particles.
2. Particle size, density, and optical properties affect the
measurement savers ly.
3. Requires sampling probe and is subject to probe loss errors.
4. Probably requires conditioning of the sample stream.
5. Raquiras particle depoaition.
6. Requires an automatic advancing mechanism for the filter.
7. Difficult to make readout continuoua and instantaneous.
8. Filter tape in present models naeda replacemant avery 1 — 4 weeks.
C. Recounendations for Further Development
We recoimzend no development of this technique as a particle
mass concentration monitor.
0. Concluetone
Thia technique cannot measure the mass concentration of airborna
particles. The soiling index may be a useful measurement for pollution
monitoring programs, but measurements cannot be expected to correlate
with particle mass concentration. The technique aharsa nearly all the
problems of light tranamiaaion meaaursments while having the additional.
problems of extraction aampling.
-------
—62—
-63-
4. Instruments require batch sampling with relatively long
stabilizing time.
5. Principle not well understood.
6. No feasible instrwseet design yet discovered.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
We do not recommend further development at this tins. Mare
basic research for developing a better understanding of the principl.e
is needed. Saw methods for utilizing the principle nay result frost
such programs. However, a number of other particle neasuroment
techniques appear considerably mere proniai tg.
D. Conclusions
Acoustic atteeuatioe sod dispersion are not practical methods
for measuring particle concentration in smoke etacks. Particle—
acoustic interactions are in the research stags and little practical
use has beet found for the technology to date. We see little chance
that practical instruments using this technology can be developed in
the next S — 10 years.
ACOUSTICAl. ATTENUATION AND DISPERSION
PRINCIPLE OP OPERATION
Acoustical attenuation is the decrease in amplitude of an acoustical
pressure wave traveling through a media due to such effects as interactions
with walls and suspended perticlea. Two mechanisms account for practically
all the attenuation caused by particles. One is viscous energy loss caused
sy the lagging motion of the particles as the acoustic wave passes. The
other mechanism is thermal energy loss caused by the irreversible flow of
heat between the suspended particle end the gas during rarefactions end
coepreasions of the sound wave.
Acoustical dispersion is the decrease in sound velocity due to the presanca
of particulate matter in the gas. Particles added to s gsa cause en increase
in heat capacity sad en increase in the density of the gas—particle mixture.
Both result in a lower sound velocity.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
No commercial equipment using this prLnciple ia available for measuring
particles. Only laboratory squipnent exists.
REFERENCES (See ACOUSTICAL An E RUATION AND DISPERSION in Volume II)
A. Principle of Operation; 138, 139. 604, 616
B. Apg cstions: 314, 60.0
C Data: 103 138, 139, 605
0. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 314, 557
DrScugs’oN
A. Mveotages
1. Measures suspended particles without first depositing then.
2. Probably insensitive to contamination of apparatus.
B. Disadvantages
I. Does not sense particle ease concentration.
2. Sensitive only to very high concentrations, not sensitive
to stack concentrations.
3. Response is dependent on psrticl.e size.
trr’ fl C . r.’C
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—64—
—65-
PRINCIPLE 01 OPEBATIOtc
Particles cause an audible “click” when passing through or leaving a
laminar capt llary. The intensity of the “click” is eomewhat related to
particle sie, but the exact relationship is not yet known. Although the
phenomena not very well understood, it can be used to count individual
particles. Particles below 5 ,isi cannot be detected. The resulting measure-
ment is ::e n. ber concentration of particles above 5 Un.
COMMERCIAL EQETPMENT
No cercial equipment exists using this principle. Only laboratory
prototypes eflst.
RZFEEThCLS (See ACOUSTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER in Volume II )
A. Principle of Operation: 249, 349, 6
B. a;flcations: 250, 349, 2
C. Data: 250, 349
ID. Spent ic Instrument Descriptions: 249, 349
Anvanteges
I. Sensitive to single particles.
2. Measures suspended particles without first depositing them.
B. D:sacvsnteges
s. ! 3c sensitive to particle mass, but to particle number
concentrstion.
2. Not sensitive to particles below 5 Un.
3. Ba not been made to work raliabily in the loborstory and
would need much more development for stack use. -.
L. Esquires low particle concentrations to prevent coincidence errors.
5. Physical principles poorly understood.
6. Rsquiree ssmpling probe and is subject to probe lose errors.
1. Esquires conditioning of the ssple stress.
C. Recommendation for Further Development
We recommend no development of this technique for particle
monitoring in smoke stacks.
D. Conclusiome
Acoustical particle counting is not s practical method for
monitoring particles in smoke stacks, primarily because of the
first three disadvantages listed earlier.
ACOUSTICAL PARTICLE COUNTER
DISCUSSION
A.
urn. . — - -
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—ob—
—67—
ALPHA AND GAIIMA RADIATION ATTENUATION
No commercial equipment of this type exists.
REFERENCES (See BETA RADIATION AflENUAXION in Volume II )
Few references discuss using alpha end gamma radiation for monitoring
particles. Reference 1085 discusses the use of gamma radiation to measure
the ash content of coal.
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. No significant adflntages as compared to beta radiation attenuation.
B. Disadvantegee
1. Not sensitive to particle mass concentration, very sensitive
to particulate composition.
2. Alpha radiation is not energetic enough to penetrate reasonable
particle depoeite.
3. G a radiation penetrates large thicknessee of particles with
almost no attenuation and, therefore, has poor sensitivity.
4. Gamma radiation is dangerous if not carefully handled and
would require careful shielding,
5. Raquiree.ammpling probe and is subject to probe lose errors.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
As with beta radiation, alpha and gamma radiation are also attenuated
when passing through a nedium. Alpha radiation particles, which are really
helium nuclei, are not very energetic. A piece of ordinary paper stops
most of them. Gamma radiation l.a an nlectromagnatic wave with characteristics
identical to those of ic—rays of the same energy. Gamma radiation can have
either high or low energy, depending on the source. The attenuation of gamma
radiation, particularly low—energy gamma radiation, depends strongly on the
atomic number of the target materiel. Nigh energy g a radiation is not
appreciably attenuated by thin layers of particles. Alpha and g a radiation
have not been used much to sense particles.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
6. Requires particle depoaition.
7. Requires conditioning of the sample stream.
8. Requires an automatic advancing mechanism for the sample
deposit.
9. Not available commercially.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
We rec and no further development for particle monitoring
at this time.
D. Conclusions
Alpha and gna radiation attenuation have no significant
advantages over beta radiation attenuation for particle monitoring
in stacks • On the other bend, each has several severe disadvantages
compared with beta radiation attenuation. Alpha and gca radiation
attenuation cannot be used for monitoring effluent particle mace
concentration.
c ’ err.’, “ r
-------
—69.
COLLECTION OF PARTICLES IN LIQUID SUSPENSIONS
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
If airborne particles are collected into a liquid, the concentration of
the resulting suspension is proportional to the original aerosol concentration.
This technique can be used for concentretiog particles fron a large volume of
air into a small volume of liquid. Particle collectora include Inpactors,
electroatatic precipitators, cyclones, and bubblers. Particle sensing techniques
include light transmission, light scattering, and electrical resistivity.
CC*O4ERCLAL EQUIPMENT
No equipment ia known which ia designed apecifically for automatic monitoring
of this type. However, several asisplere are available which deposit or collect
the particlea directly into the liquid, Aleo, asveral particle concentration
monitors for liquid suspensions are available. A combination of a sampler and
senaor ahould be very eaay to assemble since each can operate nearly independent
of the other. Samplers which collect particlee directly into liquid are:
1. Conoo bubbler saisplars sold by a number of companies.
2. Impaction and electrostatic prscipitati.on samplers particularly
suited to this application are manufactured by:
Litton Systems, Inc.
Applied Science Division
13010 County Road 6
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55427
Environmental Rassarch Corporation
3725 North Dunlap Street
St. Paul, Minnesota 55112
Sansors which measure the concentration and/or the size distribution of particles
in a liquid suspension are sold by a number of compsnies,
REnRzNas
No references have bean found which discuss this specific technique. A large
ntssbar of references discuss the two components of this technique: the psrticls
collector and the liquid suspension sensor.
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Because some samplers which leave the particles in liquid
aapension operate st high air flow rates, they can collect
large samples in a short time.
2. The liquid suspension acts as a particle concentrator, allowing
the maasurement of a wide range of airborne particle concentrations.
3, Several different collectors and sensors can be used.
4. The particle size distribution can be obtained by the aama or a
similar method,
B. Disadvantages
1. Liquid particles are lost in the liquid suspension.
2. Solid particles may change their shape, size, surface
characteristics, etc., when placed in a liquid.
3. Sensing techniques do not measure particle mass and generally
share the same problsms am their aerosol counterparts.
4. Requires ssinpling probe and is smbject to probe loss errors.
5. Requires the particles to become wetted and remain in liquid
suspension until sensed.
6. Requires liquid handling system, probably including recirculation.
C. Recommendations for Further Developmant
Wa do not recossnend further developmeot of this technique for
particle nass concentration neasurenenra at this time.
D. Conclusions
This technique is not a practical method for monitoring the
mass concentration of particles in snoke stacks, primarilj becusas
of the first three disadvantages listed earlier.
rurt, r
-------
—70—
—71—
4. Sensitive to submicron particles (see disadvantages).
5. Several commercial. automatic instruments available.
B. Disadvantages
1. Measurement of number concentration does not correlate
with tees concentration.
2. The number of subaicron particles to which this instrument
is eenaitive fluctuates strongly in most elf luente.
3. Requires ssmpflng probe and is subject to probe lone errors.
4. ProbabLy requires conditioning of the sample stream.
5. Calibration of present instrument does not appear to remain
constant.
6. Some particles may not e llow condensatioo and will therefore
not be sensed.
C. kacomnandations for Further Development
We recommend so development of this technique as a particle
sass concentration monitor. Sons development as a research tool.
for specialized applications may be justified.
0. Conclusions
This technique cannot measure the sass concentration of eirborns
particles. The measurement is much too sensitive to eubmicron
particles to correlate with particle ease. Sons specialized research
applications of this technique to stack effluent measurements nay exist.-
CONDENSATION NUCLEI COUNTER
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
If an aerosol of 0.002 — 0.1 um particles with water vapor is suddenly
expanded, the water vapor condenses on most particles causing them to grow.
Such particles are called condensation nuclei. Depending on the thsrmodynasic
propertine of the system, particles larger than about 20 grow while smaller
particles do not. After sufficient growth, most particles era in the 0.1 to
1.0 pm size ranga end are quite uniform in size, composition, and optical
properties. A photometer then senses the concentration of ths resulting saromol.
The naasuremant can be calibrated- in terse of particle outer concentration. The
measurement is ovarwheiningly dominated by submicron particles which do not contain
much mess.
C0)*(ERCIM. EQUIPMENT
At least three companies manufacture condensation nuclei countere:
Eovirozzssnt /one Corporation
2713 Sallcovn Road
Schenectady, New ‘fork 12309
Ceeeral Electric Company
P.0.Box43 -
Schenectady, New York 12303.
Singco Inc.
11 Cypress Drive
BurlingtdTt; Massachusetts 01813
REFERENCES
A. Principle of Operation: 1133, 683
B. Applications: 1133, 27, 42, 68, 683, 606
C. Deta: 1133, 336, 683, 606
0. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 1133, 336, 683, 606
DISCUSSION
A. Advantsges
I. Meeauree suspeoded particles without firet depositing than.
2. Fast reaponse, several measurements per second.
3. Readout is easy to record.
THE RHO SYSTEMS T ’ r
-------
—72—
—73—
FILTER PRESSURE DROP
No coaercisl equipment is available which uses this technique to measure
particle mass concentration.
REFERENCES
A. Principle of Operation: 136, 482, 674
B. Applications: 482, 674, 932, 1042
C. Data: 482, 915, 932-
D. Specific Instrument Descriptions: 225, 482, 921, 1042
Mvantagee
1. Inseneitive to contamination of apparatus because all particles
are collected on the filter.
2. Quite simple to deeign, construct, and operate.
3. Inexpensive.
4. Present coaserciel filter tape spot samplers can be adapted
quite easily.
B. Diaadventages
1. Doee not measure the mass of particles.
2. Theory not developed relating particulate mass loading
to pressure drop.
3. Technique is sensitive to particle size and shape to
such a degree that changee in these parameters over-
shadow changes in maas loading.
4. Requires sapling probe and ia subject to probe loss errors.
5. Requires particle deposition.
6. May require conditioning of the sample stream.
7. Requires same mecheniam for periodically replacing filters.
8. Readout not instantaneous or continuous:
1 data point every 1 mm . — 1 hr.
C. Racoendetions for Further Development
We do not recomeend further development of this technique
at the present time.
D. Conclusions
This technique is not very promising for use in stacks at this
time. Although a rugged, practical instrument could easily be
fabricated, an accurate reading of particle mass concentration is
not possible because the technique is not sensitive to the mass of
the particles. Changes in other properties such as size and ahept
overshadow changes in the mass concsntrstion.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When particle—laden sir is passed through a clean filter, the collection
of particles on the filter will cause an increase in the pressure differential
across the filter. This is because the particles reduce the eIfective flow
area through the filter, which has the same effect as e constriction in a tube.
This technique measures the particle concentration in an eiratream if the
pressure drop across a filter is monitored as a function of time. This technique
does noi sense the mass of the particles, It is rather sensitive to the size and
shape of the particles, Its particle—size dependence arises because the size (or
cross—sectional area) of a particle determines the amount of air flow it “blocks”.
The shape of the particle detarmines its ability to penetrate the filter, end, if
a particle is allowed to penetrate to the interior of the filter, its effect will
be much less pronounced.
W)*4ERCIAL EQUIPMENT
DISCUSSION
A.
‘urp..- . r ’.cfl’
-------
—74—
-‘5-
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
FLAME IONIZATION
‘ ez conbuatible particles pass through a hot flame, they will burn,
productng a pulse of electrical ions. The intensity of the ion pulse can
be sensed vim an electrometer, yielding information about particle con-
centration and particle size. The magnitude of the ion pulse depends on
the mass af the particle, but also on the composition. This technique is
analogous to the flame photometry technique.
CGeWRCIaL EQUtP ENf
So flame ionization instnmiente are manufactured for monitoring of
particles although several companies manufacture gaseous analyzers uaing
flame ionization.
REFtRaias
A. Pr nciple of Operation: 60
B. A;licatioue: 408
C. )a:a: 34, 60, 289
P. Specific Instrusent Descriptions: 54, 289, 408
DISCUSSION
A. Aarantnges
1. Measures suspended particlee withoqt first depositing than.
Cat probably operate at stack tenperaturee.
3. :ves size and concentration data continuously.
-. Pronably senses a parameter closely related to particle
nasa if the compoaition ie acceptable and remaine constant.
B. Disanvantages
Senses only combustible particles, few of which should exiet
in stack effluents if the proceee ie under control.
2. Eten with combustible particles, the particle composition must
remain quite constant.
3. Requires sampling probe and is aubject to probe loss errors.
4. Eguipasnt may be ezpemsive.
C, Racoendationa for Further Development
We do not recoemend further Ievelopment of thie technique
for particle mass concentration measurement in stacks.
D. Conclueione
This technique is not a practical method for monitoring
the mass concentration of particles in smoka stacks, primarily
because of the first dieadvantage listed earlier. Flame photo-
metry may be a good indicator of the poor burning of combustible
materials and could probably be used in this way to help the plant
operator adjust the fuel burning efficiency.
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—16—
•71—
FLAME PHOTOMETRY
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
When combustible particles pass through a hot flame, they will burn,
producing a bright glow. The intensity of the glow can be sensed by a
photometer, yielding information about particle concentration and particle
size. The amount of ltght proouced dependa on the mass of the particle,
but also depends on the composition. This technique is analogoue to the
flame ionization tachnique.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
C. Recomeandations for Further Development
We do not recommend further devalopmant of this technique
for particle mass concentration meesuremsnta in stacks.
D. Conclusions
This technique is not a practical method for monitoring the mass
concentration of perticles in smoka stecks, primarily because of the
first disadvantage listed earlier. Flame photometry may be a good
indicator of incomplete burning of combustible materials end could
probably be used in this way to help the plant operator adjust the fuel
burning efficiency.
No flame photometers are menufectured for stack monitoring.
REFERENCES
Rsfsrence 53 discusses this technique.
OISCUSSICN
A. Advantages
1. Measures suspended particles without first depositing them.
2. Can probably operate at stack temperatures.
3. Gives size end concentration data continuously.
4. Probebly senses a parameter closely re lsted to psrticle
mess if the composition is acceptable and remeins constant.
B. Disedvanteges
1. Senses only combustible particles, few of which should exist
in stack effluents if the process is under control.
2. Even with combustible particles, the particle composition must
remain quite constant.
3. Requires sampling probe snd is subject to probe loss errors.
4. Equipment would probsbly be quite expensive, especially readout
equipment.
-------
—78—
—7 9—
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
If a gsa is in equilibrium with a solid surface, the concentration of
gas molecules in the vicinity of the surface is always greater than the free
gaseous phase. This phenomena, known as adsorption, is independent of the
nature of the gas end the surface. The amount of gsa, usually nitrogen, adsorbed
on a surface can be measured very accurately by means of the Brunnsuer- att—Teller
(BET) method. This technique measures surface area of a sanpie. For the monitoring
of particles in stacks, a sample must be collected by anna auxiliary method and
then introduced to the BET apparatus: a batch process.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMENT
No cosmiercial or research equipment is known to exist for assauramant of
airborne dusts by this technique. Several companies manufacture BET surface
measuring apparatus for manual laboratory measurements of collected perticles
including:
Micromeritics Instrument Corporation
BOO Goshen Springs Road
Norcross, Georgia 30071
Ferkin—Elaer Corporation
702 C Main Avenue
Norwalk, Connacticut 06852
GAS ADSORPTION
3. Automation of the batch process may be difficult.
4. The batch process may require excessive tine to complete
one measurement.
5. Requires sampling probe and is subject to probe loss errors.
C. gacoamendations for Further Devei.opment
We reccamend no further development of this techique for
particulate mass .aooitoring. However, the technique ie useful
for accurate particulate eurface area mesaurenents. Automation
of the batch process would requite considerable development.
D. Conclusions
This technique can measure surface area very accuretely.
Correlation with mass is pact, and the technique must be rejected
f or thst purpose. However, the technique will be useful in a
laboratory for surface area measurements of hatches of collected
effluent particles.
REFERENCES
Raference 312 suggests this principle for dun measurement. No references
diecuss actual instruments or data.
DISCUSSION
A. Advestagas
1. Directly measures the surf sos area of the sample very accurately.
2. Surface area measuring apparatus is well developed and
coanercially developed.
B. Disadvantages
1. Does not measure the mass of particles, correlation with mass
is highly questionable since surface ares is measured.
2. Technique not tried oe crack effluenta, feasibility remains
to be prevas.
-------
-80-
—81—
HOT-WIRE MEIIOIIETRY
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Output voltage fluctuations of a hot—wire anemometer placed in an air—
stream with liquid aerosol are primarily caused by two phenomena: transient
cooling of the wire by turbulence of the airetream and evaporative cooling
resulting froe liquid drops which have impacted on the hot wire. If the
thermodynamic properties of the liquid and siratream are known, the two
effects can be discriminated by electronic filters. The concentration of
liquid droplets can be measured by an electronic counter. Droplets below
3 m are difficult to detect. Solid particles tend to contaminate the hot
wire, resulting in erroneous nessurenente of gas atream velocity and droplet
concentration.
COt8 RctaL EQUIPMENT
Several domestic companies manufacture hot-wire or hot—f iln anemometers:
Thermo—Sye tees Inc.
2500 North Cleveland Ave.
St. Peul, Minnesota 55113
Datametrics Division
CS Scientific Corporation
127 Coolidge Hill Road
Watertown, Massachusetts 02172
Two foreign companies also manufacture thie equipment:
Dies Elektronik A/S
Rerlev Hovedgade 15—17
Herlev, Denmark
Nikon Xageku Xogyo Co., Ltd.
4168, Ysmadashiao
Suita, Osaka, Japan
REFEBflftES (gee HOT—WIRE AM 1DMETRT in Volimia II )
A. Principle of Operation: 79, 10, 798, 39
B. Applicatinna 14, 799, 1046, 39, 2
C. Data: 14, 830, 10, 799. 39, 2
D. Specific Inecrument Descriptions: 224, 830, 14, 799, 39
D iSCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Can discriminate liquid droplets from eo lid droplets.
2. Does not require extraction of a sample trots the airstream.
3. Can be calibrated to measure droplet size distribution.
4. Several commsrcial anemometers for air velocity and turbulence
measurements have existed for over 10 years.
B. Disadvantages
1. Cannot sense particle mess concentration.
2. Cannot sense solid particles.
3. Cannot sense droplets below 3 a.
4. Droplet site calibration is only valid if all droplets
are the same material.
5, Present hot wires and hot films needed for droplet sensing
are somewhat fragile for continuous stack use.
C. Recwmaendations for Further Development
We recommand no further development for particle monitoring
in amoke stacks.
0. Conclusions
Rot-wire and hot—film anemometers cannot be used for monitoring
partitle mass concentretion because of the five listed - disadvsntages.
C ’ CT k,C
-------
—83—
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
As a gas stream passes through a nozzle, the gas flow rate can be
calculated using the well—known relationship between pressure drop and
velocity. The presence of particles in the gas stream changes this
relationship because the particles leg behind during the rapid velocity
changes of the gas stream. Thus, the pressure drop across a nozzle
increeaea if particles are present. The magnitude of the effect caused
by particlee depends on particle size. Dun concentration of 500 g us 3
or more are necessary, making it necessary to enrich the concentration
of effluent duets by a factor of at least 1000 in order to measure the
concentration with any degree of accuracy.
COMMERCIAL EQUIPMP1IT
No equipment specifically designed for particle concentration measure-
ment appears to be available. Niaaeroua companies sell nozzles for measure—
ing the flow rate of gas through a tube.
REFERENCES (See PRESSURE DROP IN NOZZLES in Volume II )
A. Principle of Operation: 1067, 225, 1031
B. Applications: 1031, 1067, 225 - -
C. Data: 225, iosT, 1067
0. Specific Instrument Descriptions; 1067
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. Measures suspended particles without first depoaiting than.
2. Uses eimple apparatus which is familiar to moat technical
people.
3. Reliability of apparatus ahould be high.
4. Can operate at etack taperaturee.
B. Disadvantages
1. Cannot sense particle mass concentration.
2. Cannot sense particle concentrations below 500 g/m 3 ,
requiring particle enrichment of at least 1000 times for
stack effluents. Since cyclones are too erratic, no uee—
able enricher is presently known.
3. Requires sampling probe and is eubject to probe lose errors.
4. Measurement depends cm particle size.
5. Very litle development has been dons on this technique.
C. Recoanendetioma for Purther Development
We reconend no further development for particle monitoring
in smoke stacks.
D. Conclusions
Pressure drop across a nozzle cannot be used for monitoring
particle mesa concentration, primarily because of the second
disadvantage listed above.
PRESSURE DROP IN NOZZLE
-r,..-r..#’ r ——
r eD. ’’ ,-t er.,C .. —
-------
—84—
—85—
RADIOACTIVE TAGGING AND SENSING
VOLLJIE NEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
It may be possible to tag airborne particles radioactively so that the
activity level is piuportional to particle concentration, axt activity mater
downatraam of the “charger” would monitor the activity of the airborne cloud
or of the collected (and, thus, concentrated) sample.
CO 91ERCIAL EQUIPMENT
No instrument of this type is presently available. No reports of research
on this technique have been found by the authors.
REFERENCES
No direct references have been found by the authors. Reference 920
discusses some aspects of radioactively labeled aerosols.
DISCUSSION
A. Advantages
1. May offer possibility of monitoring aerosols without first
collecting the particles on a surface.
B. Disadvantages
1. Probably would be more proportional, to surface area
than to mass of particles.
2. Feasibility is not proven, no development has been done.
3. Probably requires sampling probe and is subject to probe
leae errors.
4. May not operate with stack concentrations.
C. Recomeendations for Further Development
We recoimsand no further develnpment of this technique for
particulate maes monitoring unless some radioactive tagging
technique is available which places activity on the particles
proportional to their mass.
D. Conclusions
Since no feasibility has been done on this tachnique, it moat
ha rejected for the present. Further evaluation awaits such a study.
It appears that this technique would not measure particulate mess but
some other particle parameter,
The volume occupied by particles can be measured by several methods. For
example, particles collected by a cyclone can settle into a smell diameter tube
(about 1 mm diameter). The volume of the sample can be measured by monitoring
the haignt of the deposit in the tube after s specified time with a light beam.
Another way to measure the sample volume ie to mesaure the amount of liquid needed
to fin the tube which holde the particles. Other particle collection and volume
measuring techniques can be used.
This technique offers greater promise than most techniques which do not
directly sense particulate msaa because the volume concentration is related to
mess concentration by knowledge of only one other parameter: the average specific
gravity of tne particles. Moat other techniques which do not directly sense maaa
also require knowledge of the size distribution end other particulate parameters.
Unfortunately, average specific gtavity of combustion effluent particles fluctuates
strongly.
C0)O4ERCIAL EQUI.PMENT
No coercial or research inetruments of this type are known to exiet,
REFERENCES
No references have been found describing this technique.
DISCUSSION
A. Acvantages
1. Measuree eoma form of particle volume, a parameter related to mess
if one knows particle specific gravity.
2. Principle is eimple and easy to analyze for errors.
3. Apparatue could be moderately simple.
4. Tine resolution should be quite good, probably about 1 minute
per measurement with a cyclone collector,
5. Several particle collectors end sensors can be used, offering the
designer greater flexibility in developing instruments,
B. Daaaovsntages
1. Does not measure particulate mess directly.
-‘urn..’, C”rr. ‘ V I ’ r
-------
—86—
wEw ( s
2. Particle specific gravity must be known and should be constant
for all volume sensing techniques; particle specific gravity
within stacks is not well known at this time end may vary con-
siderably with slight plant operating changes.
3. Some volume sensors require knowledge of the packing of the dry
deposit, others require a rather complicate liquid—batch process.
4. Raadout not instantaneous or continuous;
1 data point every 1 — 10 minutes.
5. Time required for 1 — 10 micron part clee to settle into a
chamber may increase the time required for each measurement.
6. Raquiree particle collection and cleaning of the system for
every measurement.
7. Mo development of this techmLque appears to have been done
although the technique simply combines several well—known
procedures.
8. Automation may be difficult.
9. Requiree sampling probe and is subject to prohe loss errors.
10. May require some conditioning of the sample stream.
C. Recommendations for Further Development
We recommend no development Uf this technique at this time.
The major design problem with this technique appears to be the
automation of the system.
D. Concluaions
This technique offere some promise of accurate particulate mass
concentration measuremente if the specific gravity of the effluent
particlee remains constant. Unfo-ctunsteiy, the psrticulate specific
gravity within combustion effluents fluctuates quite strongly. Since
no instruments of thie type hsve been developed, considerable work
remains for development of e reliable instrument. The technique does
not measure particulate mass concentration directly and has several
other problema listed above. Commercial. development would require
several years . primarily for the design of the automatic features.
-------
-89-
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—tjCOflr’ C. .V—= .L ’ S —
rt,rot.n Cs CTt ’C ¼ —
-------
—90—
—91 —
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39
flr,”” :‘, C’r’’C “ -
INFpufl qyc’rr’qc , r
-------
—93..
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—92—
rNFwMn CvCTr .C , r
mrec’n CYcTrV ‘.r
-------
—94—
-95-
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85 Hodkinson, J. R., “Particle Sizing by Means of the Forward Scattering
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86 Crune, W. N., “Analyeia by Gas Chromatography”, Indus. Water & Wastes ,
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67 Niemeyer, L. E., and Schierneier. F. A., “Tall Stack Study Underway”,
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88 Bolduc, M. J., and Severe, a. K. “Modified Total Combustion Analyzer
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89 Cooper, D. W., and Byere. K. L., “Laser Light Backacattering from
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91 Ubbelohde, A. K., “Discussion on Science and Technology of Aerosol
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92 Weinberg, F. J., “Electrical Aspects of Aerosol Formation and Control”,
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93 Momann, K. K. • and Wagner, H, C., “Cheniatry of Carbon Formation in
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93 Burt, R., and Thomas, A., “Aerosol Pollution from Internal Combustion
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96 Stairnand, C. 2., “Some Industrial Prnblema of Aerosol PolLution”,
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97 Wilson, M.J.G., “Indoor Air Pollution”, Proc. Royal Soc. . V, A30Z
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95 Lawther, P. J., Ellieon, J. McK., and Wailer, R. E., “Some Madical
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100 Espenscheid, V. F., Matijevic, 1., and Kerker, H., “Aerosol Studies
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102 Espenacheid, N. F., Willis, E., Matijevic, E., and Kerkar, H., “Aerosol
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103 Dobbins, R. A., and Teapkin, S., “Acoustical Measurements of Aerosol
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104 Soo, S. L,, Trezek, C. 3., Dimick, R. C., and Hohnatreiter, C. F.,
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105 Soo. S. L, and Trezek, C. J., “Turbulent Pipe Flow of Magnesia Particles
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106 Anon, “Particle Size Determination Siaplified”, Chemical & Eng. News ,
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107 Rosen, J. H., “The Vertical Distribution of Particulate flatter Near the
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108 Csdle, K. D., and Ledford, H., “Reaction of Ozone with Hydrogen Sulfide”,
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118 Bowden, A. T., Draper, P., and Rowling, H The Problem of Fuel—Oil
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122 Grindell, 0. H., “An Electrostatic Dust Monitor”, lEE Proc. , Series A (34),
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128 Maier, 1. W., “Magnification and Third—Order Abberations in Holography”,
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129 Leith, E., Upatnieks, 3., and llamas, K. A., “Microscopy by Wavefront
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130 Kirkpatrick, P., and El Sum, H.M.A., “Image Formation by Raconatructed
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131 Gabor, D., “Microacopy by Reconstructed Wavefronta”, Proc. Royal Society ,
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133 Davies, C. N., “Dapoaition of Aerosola from Turbulent Flow TS ough Pipea”,
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134 Davies, C. N., “Brownian Deposition of Aerosol Particles from Turbulent
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135 Curcio, 3. A., “Evaluation of Atmospheric Aerosol Particle Size
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136 Whitby, K. T., “Calculation of the Clean Fractional Efficiancy of L.ow
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137 Wallach, M. 1., Helter, W., and Stevenson, A. F., “Theoretical Invest-
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140 Stevenson, A. F., Ha Iler, W,, and Wallach, H, 1,, “Theoretical Invest—
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141 Soo, S. L., Ihrig, H. K., Jr., and El Kouh, A.F., “Experimental. Deter—
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142 Kunkel, V. B., “The Static Electrification of Dust Particles on Dispersion
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144 Heller, V., and Wellach, H. L., “Experimental Investigations on the
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147 Mae, “Beitrage zur Optik truber medien, speziell kolloidaler Metafloeuugeo.”,
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148 Silverman, B. A., Thompson, B. J., and Ward, J. H., “A Laser Fog
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149 Barrett, I. V., snd Ben—Dow, 0., “Application of the Lidar to Air
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150 Thompson , B. J., Parrent, C. B., Ward, J. H., and Justb, B., “A
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151 Bianconi, W., and Thomas, F., “Reproducibility of Aerosol Photometer,
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152 Seheel, C. A., “A Particle Size Distribution Function for Date Recorded
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153 Schte,acber, B. V., Wojcik, V., and Zevitz, R.C., “Monitoring System for
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154 Fiesch, J. P., Norris, C. H., and Nugent, A. S., Jr., ‘Calibrating
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155 Martens, A. S., end Keller, J. D., “An Instrument for Sizing and Counting
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156 Haliteky, .7., “Estimation of Stack Height Required to Limit Contaminetion
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157 Woolrich, 0. F., “C tthds for Estimating Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from
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158 Mane, D. F., Jensen, C. A. • Stesdmsn, J. P., Koppe, B. K., and
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159 Brock, J. ft., “Some N w Modes of Aerosol Particle Motion: Photo—
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160 Gslateun, L.S., Steigerwald, B. J., Ludwig, J. B., and Garrison, H. B.,
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161 Laoger,G., “An Acoustic Particle Counter — Preliminary Results”, Journal
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162 Levy, A., end Herryman, E. I.., “Sulfur—Oxide Formetion in Cerbonyl
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163 Mercer, V. 8., “Calibration of Coultsr Counters for Particles alu in
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164 Mockros, L. F., Quon, J. C., and Ujelmfelt, A. T., Jr., “Coagulation of
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165 Nakajima, V., Cotoh, K., and Tanaka, T., “On—Line Particle—Size Analyzer”,
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166 Nettleton, H. A. • “Burning Rates of Devolatilized Coal Particles”,
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167 Prince, L. H., “Improved Determination of Celibration and Coincidence
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168 Robins, 0. L., and Mattis, 14. 14., “Computer Program Helps Design Stacks
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169 Slater, W. 1., and Dille, K. H., “Perti.ai Combustion of Residual Fuels”,
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170 Tnkahashi, K., “Determination of Iunbar Concentration of Polydispersed
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172 Singer, 3. M., Cook, I. B., Harris, H. E., Bows, V. ft., and Grumar, J.,
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173 Smith, J. F., Hults, .7. A. • and Orning, A. A., Sampling and Analysis of
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174. Kurtarock, B. C,, Bienstock, 0., end Field, J. N. • “Process Development
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175 Throne, D, J., and Watt, 3. 0., ‘Composition and Pozzolanic Properties
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176 Watt, .1. 0., and Throne, 0. .1., “Composition and Pozzolanic Properties
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177 Mueller, C. K., “Charts Determine Gas Temperature Drops in Metal Flue
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178 Monroe, H. S., Jr., “Ymproving Combustion with Heavy Fuel Oils”, Oils
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179 Anon, “Measuring Helps Fight Smoke’, Iron Age , V. 198, no. 12,
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180 Griam, H,, “Acid Soaked Soot Flakes in Flue Gases — Their Formation and
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184 Finney, C. S., and Spicer, T. S., “The Influence of Particle Size and
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185 Goldberger, H. M., “Collection of Fly Ash in a Self—Agglomerating
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186 Pollock, W. A., Tomany, 3. P., and Frieling, C., “Sulfur Dioxide and Ely
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187 Montgomery, D. 3., “Static Electrification of Solids”, Solid State Physics ,
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188 Luxl, P. C., and Osochov.ky, .1. 3., “Oxygen Flue Gas Sampling and Analysis
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196 Ray, S. K., and Long, K., “PolycyclLc Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Diffusion
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197 Foster, P. 3., “Calculation of the Optical Properties of Dispersed Phases”,
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199 Erickson, H. 0., Williams, C. C., and Hottel. H. C., “Light—Scattering
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203 Lambert, H. H., and Schmitt, F. H., “Corrective Maaaures in Seward
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204 Alratetter, C. N.., and Verrochi, H. A., “Interpretation, Evaluation,
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105 Orning, A. A., Schwartz, C. H., and Smith, 3. F., “Minor Products of
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206 Barnes, S., Cheng, D. C. U., Terde, H. R., “The Analysis of Coulter Counter
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207 Mullen, J. F., “A Mattwd for Determining Combustion Loss, Duet Emission,
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209 Schwoegler, E. 3., Putscher, R. E,, Combs, H.P., Proudfoot, C. B., and
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210 Sexton, H. V., “Stack Sampling of Chemical Mists and Vapors”, American
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211 Marsh, R. C., “A Comparison of Dust Count Data Obtained from Different
Measuring Methods”, ASTM — Special Tech, Publ. 342 , p. 24—28 (1967).
212 .Minnick, L. 3., “Fundamental Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Fly kah n”,
Am. Soc. of Tasting Materials Proc. , V. 59, p. 1155—1177 (1959).
213 Siegmund, C. H. • and Kenny, E. H., “Changing Patterns of Fuel Oil——
influence of Sulfur Reguletiona”, Combustion , V. 40, no. 7, p. 36—41
(Jan 1969).
214 Chakraborty, B. B., and Long, K., “The Formation of Soot and Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons it Diffusion Flames — 1, 2,”, Combustion & Flame ,
V. 12, no. 3, p. 226—42 (Jun 1968).
215 Fenlamre, C. P., and Jones, C. H., “Comparative Tielda of Soot from
Prmniaed Eydrocarbom Plamea”, Combustion -b Flame , V. -12, no. 3,
p. 196—200 (Jun 1968).
216 Scaringelli, F, P., and Prey, S. A., “Evaluation of Teflon Permeation
Tube for Use with Sulfur Dioxide”, Amen can Industrial Ny&iene Aaaoc.
Journal , V. 28, no. 3, p. 260—266 (1961).
217 Cuffs, B. I., “Air Pollutants from Power Plants. Techniques for
Eveluating Air Pollutanta”, Arch. Environmental Health , V. 6,
p. 422—427 (Mar 1963).
218 Brandon, 3. H., “Can A Fuel Treatnent Program Control Stack Esaiaaiona’t”,
Combustion , p. 20—24 (Oct 1969).
219 Slack, A. V., and Falkenberry, B. L., “Sulfur—Dioxide Removal from
Power Plant Stack Gas by Limestone injection”, Combustion , p. 15—21
(Dec 1969),
220 Jung, K., “Gefaseonda sun Meeaen des Staubgeha ltea in atromenden Caeen”,
Chemie—Ing.—Tech. , V. 41, p. 620—625 (1969).
221 Collie, K. T. H., “Lidar for Routine Meteorological Observations”,
American Meteorological Society gui. , V. 50, no. 9, p. 688—694
(Sep 1969).
222 Frazier, J. N. • “Coal Fired k - tIer Stack Emission Control”, Nstionsl
Engineer , p. 8 — 11 (Aug 1969).
223 Taesicker, 0.3., “Particle Measuring Apparatus Including Constant
Temperature Electrostatic Precipitator and Resistance Measuring
Chambers”, U.S. Patent No. 3,473,118 (Oct 1969).
- 224 Vonnegut, S., “Meana for eaauring Individual Aerosol Particles”, U.S.
Patent Ho. 2,702,371 (Feb 1955).
225 Duwel, L., “Leceat State of Development of Control Inatrunents for
the Continuous Monitoring of Dust Eniasiona”, Stsub—Reinhalr der Luft
( Engl. Trans.) , V. 28, no. 3, p. 32 — 53 Mar 1968).
226 Coenen, H. • “A New Principle Recorcieo Dust Measurement and lte
Technical Application in a Batten—Po ered instrument”, Stsub—Reinhalt
der Luft (Engi. Trena.) , ‘.. 27, ru. fl, p. 32—40 (Eec 1967).
227 Aurand, K., “Recording Counter for toe Continuous Determination of the
Concentration of Puiverulent Air Pollutants”, Staub-Reinhalt der Luft
( Eogl. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 10, p. 21—23 (Oct 1967).
228 label, C., “The Use of Electrical and Magnetic Forces to Separate end
Claasify Aerosol Particles”, Sraub—Reinhelt der Loft (Engl. Trene.) ,
V. 28, no. 7, p. 1—4 (Jul 1968).
ThFRMO-SVSTF”S r’ r
rurptqn ts c-rr ,c ;%(
-------
—106..
—101—
229 Avy, A. P., Benarie, M., and Hartogensis, F., “Comparision of
Dust Sampler. and Sampling Methods’, Staub—Rein1 slt der Loft
( Engi. Trang.) , V. 27, no. 11, p. 1—16 (Nov 1967).
230 Nester, K., “Statistical Frequency Data on Maximum Concentrations
of Stack Reissions as Based on Synoptic Weather Observations”,
Staub—Reinhalt der Luft (En 1. Trans.) , (Volume & Date Unknown).
231 Odelycke, P., “Comparative Investigations of Various Dust Measuring
Instruments”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft (Engi. Trans.) , (Volume 6
Date Unknown).
232 Po].ydorova, H., “Determining the Concentration of Ultrafine Aerosol
Particles by Means of the Thermal Precipitator”, Staub—Reinhalt der
Loft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 10, p. 24—28 (Oct 1967).
233 Simecek, J., “Measurement Asbestos Dust”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft
( Engl. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 11, p. 20—33 (Nov 1967).
234 Schonauer, C., ‘The Electron—Microscopic Determination of Droplet—Size
Distribution in Oi].iaists Using the Flattening Factor”, Staub—Reinhalt
der Loft (Engi. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 11, p. 23—27 (Nov 1967).
235 I.ahmann, E., “Evaluation of Continuous Air—Quality Measurements by
Point Recording”, Stuab—Reinhalt der Luft, (Engi. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 11,
p. 27—29 (Nov 1967).
236 Wimkel, A., “The Measurament and Assessment of Dust Concentrations at the
Working Place with Special Consideration of the Use of Different Dust
Samples”, Staub-Reinhalt der Luft (Engls, Trans.) , V. 28, no. 1, p. 1—8
(Jan 1968).
237 Anon, Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream , American Soctet 1
of Mechanical Engineers, PTC 27—1957, 25 p. (1957).
238 Anon, Dust Separating Apparatus , American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
PTC 21—1941, 29 p. (1941).
239 Anon, Determining the Properties of Fine Particulate Matter , American
Society of Mechanical Engineer., PTC—28—1965, 40 p. (1965).
240 Walter, E., “Kontinuierlich Arbeitende Uberwachungsgerate fur dent
Staubgehalt ruhender Left und Stroinender Gase”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft ,
V. 22, no. 4, p. 162—165 (Apr 1962).
241 Konig, W,, and Rock, H., “Untereuchungen am elektrostatischen
Staubgehaltsmessgerate Konitest”, Staub—Reinhalt der Loft , V. 21,
no. B, p. 355—356 (Aug 1961).
242 Haeenclever, D. • and Siegmann, H. • “Neue Methode der Staubmeseung
mitteis Kletnionenanlagerung”, Staub—Reinbalt der Loft , V. 20, no. 7,
p. 212—218 (Jul. 1960).
243 Gast, V., “Staubuiesegerate mit massenproportionaler Anzeige oder
Registrierung”, Stsub-Reinhalt der Luft , V. 20, no. 8, p. 266—272
(Aug 1960).
Olin, .1. C., and Sam, C. J., “Piezoelectric Aerosol Mass Concentration
Monitor”, paper presented at Symp. on Advances in Instrumentation for
Air Pollution control, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 26—28, 1969.
245 Coenen, W., ‘Registrierende Staubmessung nach der Methode der
Kleinionenanlagerung”, Staub—Reinhslt der Loft , V. 24, no. 9,
p. 350—353 (Sep 1964).
246 Donnelly, J. W., “Development and Evaluation of Boiler Smoke Density
Optimizer”, Naval Ship Engineering Center, Philadelphia, Pa.
Clearinghouse No. AD 662 415 (Nov 1967).
247 Olaf, J., and Somolyai. .1., “Two—Channel Fractiometer for the Particle
Size Analysis of Suspended Dust”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft , V. 28, no. 9
(Sep 1968).
248 Horn, V. • “Process for Continuous Gravimetric Determination of the
Concentration of Dustlike Emissions”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft (Engl.
Trans.) , V. 28, no. 9, p. 20—25 (Sep 1968).
249 Rofmann, K. P., and ‘tohnen, V., ‘The Operation of the Acoustic Particle
Counter”, Staub—Reichalt der Luft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 28, no. 9, p. 15—20
(Sep 1968).
250 Langer, G. • ‘The Langer Acoustic Particle Counter”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft
( Engi. Trans.) , V. 28, no. 9, p. 13—14 (Sep 1968).
251 Barrick, 0. E., and Peake, W.H., ‘Scattering from Surfaces with Different
Roughness Scales: Analysis and Interpretation”, Battelle Hem. Inst.,
Columbus, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. AD 662 751 (Nov 1967).
Rogallo, V. L., and Neuman, F., “A Wide—Range Piezoelectric Momentum
Transducer for Measuring Micrometeoroid Impacts”, Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, Calif, Clearinghouse e. A5A TN 0—2938 (Jul 1965).
253 Zinky, W. R., “Hologram Camera and Reconstruction System for Assessment
of Explosively Cenerated Aerosols’, techn ca1 Operations Research,
Burlington, Mass, Clearinghouse No. AD 474 534 (Oct 1965).
254 Chaikivaky, H., and Siegmund, C. V., “Low—Excess—Air Combustion of
Heavy Fuel—High—Temperature Deposits and Corrosion”, Journal of Eng. Power . -
V. 87, no. 4, p. 279—288 (1965).
Franklin, J. L., “Mechanisms and Kinetics of Hydrocarbon Combustion”,
Annu. Rev. Phys. Chee. , V. 18, p. 261—282 (1967).
_ — 244
252
-— 255
1 UrD 5qr, tver ‘“-‘ —
TI O •’ CS CrrsqC t r
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—108-
-109- -
256 Boothroyd, K. C., “A l l Anenometric Isokinetic Sampling Probe fur
Aerosols”, Journal of Scientific Inatrumente , V. 44, no. 4, p.
249—253 (1961).
257 Nerjes, L., “Dust Sampler Equipment for Quasi—Isokinetic Sampling
by Means of Novel Zero—Pressure Probes”, Chas, Age of India , V. 19,
no. 8, p. 595—603 (Aug 1968).
258 Mitchell, E. ft., and Lee, C, K., “Agglomeration of Superfine Fly Ash
in High—Velocity Gas Streams”, Canadian Inst • Kin • 1. Met. Trans. Kin.
Soc. of Nova Scotia , V. 65, P. 380—384 (1962).
259 Wilson, B. N., and Duff, G.M.S., “Industrial Gas Analysis”, Analyst ,
V. 92, no. 1101, p. 723—758 (1967).
260 Anon, “Direct Indication of Particle Size in Fluidized Beds”, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, NASA Tech. Brief 69—10083
(Mar 1969),
261 Lee, K, S., Jr., end Patterson, K. K., “Size Determination of Atmos-
pheric Phosphate, Nitrate, Chloride, and Asnonium Particulate in
Several Urban Areas”, Atmospheric Environment , V. 3, no. 3, p. 249—255
(May 1969).
262 Yankovskii, S.D., and Fuks, N. A., “Particle Size Analysis of Industrial
Aerosols According to Their Stokes Diameters”, Industrial Laboratory ,
V. 32, no. 7, p. 996—1000 (Jul 1966).
263 Achinger, W. C., and Shigehara, K. T., “Guide for Selected Sampling
Methoda for Different Source Conditions”, APCA Journal , V. 18, no. 9,
P. 605—609 (Sep 1966).
264 Takahaahi, K., and K.aaahara, K., “A Theoretical Study of the Equilibrium
Particle Size Distribution of Aeroaols”, Atmospheric Envirorsaent , V. 2,
no. 5, p. 441—453 (Sep 1968).
265 Boetrom, C.E., and Brossett, C., “Methods for Simultaneous Determination
of B S and $02 in Flue Gases”, Atmospheric Environment , V. 3, no. 4,
p. 407—416 (Jul 1969).
266 Wilson, 1.. C., and Cevanagh, P., “A Stern—Ultra—Microscope for Studying
Sub—Micron Aerosols”, Atmospheric Environment , V. 3, no. 1, p. 47—53
(Jan 1969).
261 Tabeta, N., and Non, K., “Determination of Fine Particle Size byLsser
Ben”, Electrical Rag, in Japan , V. 88, no. 4 6, p. 74—81 (Jun 1968).
268 Tipping, F., “Oxygen Analysis in Chemical Plant”, Chem. 4 Process Eng. ,
V. 40, no. 10, P. 82—84, 89 (Oct 1968).
269 Hanst, P. L., and Morresl, J. A., “Detection and Meeauresent of
Air Pollutants by Abaorptions of Infrared Radiation”, J,ltA Journal ,
V. 18, no. 11, P. 754—759 (Nov 1968).
270 Ssgsr, B., “Application of Holography for Particle Size Analysis in
Aerosol Clouds”, Soap & Chemical Specialties , P. 105 (Oct 1969).
271 Harris, F. S., Jr., Morse, F.L., Jr., and laliaferro, N. C. • “Laser
Photometer for Particle—Siam Measurements”, Optical Society of America,
1969 Annual Meeting Proc. , (1969).
212 Stoher, V., “Design and Performance of a Size—Separating Aerosol
Centrifuge Fsciliating Particle Size Spectrnmetry in the Sub Micron
Range”, University of Rochester, Mew York, Clearinghouse No.
Conf—67O704—4 (1967).
273 Anon, “the Tall Stack for Air Pollution Control on Large Fosail—Fueled
Power Plants, a collection of recent papers with an introduction by
Philip Sporn, American Electric Power Company, Mew York, N.Y. (1967).
274 Anon, “Dust Emission Control in Calcium Carbide Production” Translated
from German, Clearinghouse Ho. fl 68 50469/2 (Dec 1965).
275 Anon, “gmiasion Control Blast Furnace Operation Ore Sintening Plants
(Induced—Draft Pan and Moving-Grate Installations)”, Translated from
German, Clearinghouse No. 17 68 5046911 (Feb 1963).
276 Nelson, K, B., “Fabrication of Particle Counters for Clean Roots”,
ITT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill., NASA Tech. Brief 67—10076.
(Jul 1966).
277 Park, J. C., Keagy, D. N., and Stalker, V. H,, “Developments in the
Use of the A.I.S.I. Automatic Smoke Sampler”, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 10 p. plus fig.
278 Sunsvala, P. 0., “Conputations on Incomplete Combustion”, Journal of
Mines, Metsls, 6 Fuels , V. 15, no. 8, p. 242—244 (1967).
279 I,angar, C., Pierrard, J., and Tenets, C., “Further Development of an
Electrostatic Classifier for Submicron Airborne Particles”, Int, J.
Air Vat. Poll. , V. B, P. 167—176 (1964).
280 Barrett, LW. • “Lidar Mssaurezmnts of Particulate Concentration Profiles”,
Paper 67—128 presented at 60th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Asanc.
Cleveland, Ohio, June 11—16, 1967.
THEPMn cy srruc c’ r
TMFP In cscynqc p.r
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-110—
-In- -
281 bouDel, K. W,, and Wise, K. K., “An Faziseion Sampling Probe Installed,
Operated, and Retrieved fr an Ground Level”, Paper 61—118 presented at
6D m Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Aseoc., Cleveland, Ohio,
June 11—16, 1967.
282 Snephard, R. J., Carey, 0. C. R., and Phair, J.J., “Critical Evaluation
of a Filter—Strip Smoke Sampler Used In Domestic Premises”, A.M.A. Archives
of Industrial Health , V. 17, p. 236—252 (Mar 1958).
283 Pueschel, R. F., and Charleon, R. J. • “Aerosol Characteristics and Light
Extinction”, paper presented at 47th Annual Meeting of Pacific Div.,
Anerican Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, Seattle, (Jun 1966).
284 Coenan, V., “Staubmonitor aur betrieblichen Staububerwechung”, Staub—
Rainnalt der Luft , V. 23. no. 2, p. 119—123 (Feb 1963).
285 Doyle, A. V., and Weidarhorn, N.M., “The Use of a Light—Scattering Photo—
mater in Air Pollution Studies”, paper presented at 3rd Annual Meeting,
Hew England Section, Air Pollution Control Aaeoc.,May 14. 1959.
286 Northend, C. A., Honey, K. C., and Evans, V. E., “Laser Radar (Lidar)
for Meteorological Observations”, Review of Scientific Instrwaents ,
V. 37, no. 4, p. 393—400 (1966).
287 anon, “Reference Manual for the Southern Research Institute Particle
Size Analyzer”, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (Oct 1959).
288 Fisner, M. A., Katz, S., Liebarman, A., and Alexander, N.E., “The
Aarosoloacopa; An Instrument for the Automatic Counting and Sizing
of Aerosol Particles”, Proc. 3rd National Air Pollution Symposium ,
Passoena, Calif., p. 112—119 (*pr 18—20 1955).
289 Froatlimg, H., and Lindgren, P. N., “A Flame Ioniaation Instrument for
the Detection of Organic Aerosols in Air”, Journal of Gas Chromatography ,
p. 243—245 (Jul 1966).
290 Goetz, a., and Kallai, I., “Determination of Size and Mass Distribution
of Aerosols”, Symposium on Air—Pollution Measurement Methods, Special
Tech. Pub. No. 352 , ASTM, p. 40—55 (1964).
291 Raagen—Smir, A, J,, Taylor, V. 0., and Rrunelle, H. F., “Spectroscopic
Analysis of Industrial Reissions for Nitric Oxide, Nitrogen Dioxide,
and Sulfur Dioxide”, Industrial Enaineerima 6 Chemistry , V. 51, p. 772
(1959). -
292 Kerkar, H., Farone, V. A., and Jacobsen, R. F., “Color Effects in the
Scattering of White Light by Micron and Submicron Spheres”, Optical Society
of America Journal , V. 56, no. 9, p. 1248—55 (1966).
293 Langer, 0., and Radnik, J. L., “Development and Preliminary Testing
of a Device for Electrostatic Classification of Submicron Airborne
Particles”, Journal of Applied Physics , V. 32, p. 955—951 (1961).
294 Mitchell, R. I., and Filcher, J. M., “Cascade Impector for Measuring
Aerosol Particle Size”, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , V. 51,
p. 1039—1042 (1959).
295 Orr, C., and Martin, K. A., “thermal Precipitator for Continuous
Aerosol Sampling”, Review of Scientific Instruments , V. 29, p. 129—130
(1958).
296 Schadt, C., and Cadle, R. 0., “Critical Comparison of Collection
Efficiencea of Coonly Used Aerosol Sampling Devices”, Analytical
Chemistry , V. 29, p. 864—868 (1957).
297 Shapiro, A. H,, and Erickson, A. J,, “On the Changing Size Spectrum
of Particle Clouds Undergoing Evaporation, Combustion, or Acceleration”,
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Trans. , V. 79, p. 715—788 (1957).
298 Smith, A. C., “The Determination of trace Elements in Pulverized—Fuel
Ash”, Journal of Applied Chemistry, V. 8, p. 636—645 (1958).
299 Yoshikawa, H. H., Swartz, 0. A., MacWaters, 3. T., and Fire, V. L.,
“Electrostatic Particle Size Analyzer”, Review of Scientific Instruments ,
V. 27, p. 359—362 (1956).
300 Austin, H. C. • and Chadwick, V. L., “Control of Air Pollution from Oil—
Burning Power Plants”, Mechanical Engineering , V. 82, p. 63—66 (196O).
301 Austin, H. C., soc Chadwick, V. L., “Control of Air Pollution from Oil—
Burning Power Plants”, Mechanical Engineering . V. 82, no. 8, p. 92—94
(1960). -
Slone, T. J., Lagariaa, J. S., and Schlsffer, 0. C., “Stack Effluent
Monitoring for Power Stations”, Reprint No. 285, American Inst. Co., Inc.,
Silver Spring, Nd,
Hemeon, V. C. L., Sensenbaugh, 3. 0., and Hainea, G.F., Jr., “Measurement
of Air Pollution”, Instruments , V. 26, p. 566—570 (Apr 1953).
Guinier, A., “Deterninatioo of the Size of Submicroscopic Particles by
It—Rays”, U. S. Bureau of Minea . Information Circular 7391 (Dec 1946).
Schumann, C. E., end Gruber, C. V., “A Reconmiended Method for Soiling
Index Surveys by Automatic Filter Paper Sampler”, Paper 60—37 presented
at 53rd Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Assoc,, Cincinnati, Ohio
(May 22—26, 1960).
302
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— 304
— 305
‘rLIrRMfl cvc’rrvc , •r
rnrPMfl c ctn,c r r
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—112—
—113— -
306 Horn, .1. E., Collins, 1. B., and Bird, A. N., Jr., “Sampling of
Chaical Agents for Concentration and Particle Size”, Report Ho. 20,
Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, Clearinghouse No.
AD 459 583 (Mar 1965).
307 Kay, K., “Analytical Methods Used in Air Pollution Study”, Industrial
and Engineering chemistry , V. 44, p. 1383—1388 (1952).
308 Demeon, W. C. L., “Inatr a mente for Air Pollution Measurement,
Meteorologicel Monogrephe,V. 1, no. 4 (Nov 1951).
309 Katz, H., and Cleyton, G. V. • “Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques
f or the Continuous Determination of Air Contaminants”, American Society
of Testing Nateriele Proc. , V. 53, p. 1131—1157 (1953).
310 Silverman, L.. “Sampling and Analyzing Air for Contaminants”, Air
Conditioning. Beating, and Ventilating , V. 52, no. 8, p. 88—100 (1955).
311 Huge. E. C., and Poitter, E. C., “The Use of Addirivea for the Prevention
of Low—Temperature Corrosion in Oil—Fired Steam—Generating Units”,
Amaricen Society of Mechanical Engineers Trans. , V. 77, p. 267—218 (1955).
312 Devitofranceeco, G., and Liberti, A., “Determining the Dust Concentration
by Surface Measurenenta”, Stgub Reinhalt der Luft (Engi. Trans.) , (Volume
6 Date Unknown).
313 Katz, Jr., and Verrochi, W. A., “A Filter Test Method fnr Rapid Weight
Distribution of Duat in Gas Streane to Evaluate Dust Collectora”, APCA
Journal , V. 18, no. 6, p. 401—402 (Jun 1968).
314 Dobhina, a. A., and Teakin, S., “Measurements of Particulate Acoustic
Attenuation”, AIAA Journal , V. 2, no. 6, p. 1106—1111 (Jun 1966).
315 Keily, 0. P., “Recent Progreee in the Heaauremant of Liquid Drop—Size
Distribution”, Dept. of Meteorology, Maaa. Inst. Tech., published in
Air, Space, and Inetrizeente .
316 Ward, 3. H., “Holographic Particle Sizing”, Technical Operations, Inc.,
Burlington, Nasa., 17 p.
317 Dunning, 3. W., Jr., and Angus, J. C., “Particle—Size Measurement by
l)oppler—Shif ted Laser Light, a Test of the Stokes—Einstein Relation”,
Case tnatitute of Technology, Cleveland, Chic (1967),
318 Thompeon, B. J., “Applications of Praunhofer Eolograma”, Techoical
Operations, Inc., Mountain Via., Calif., 9 p.
319 Lannert, A. H., Braytnn, B. B., Goethert, W. H.. and Smith, F. it.,
“Laser Applications for Plow Field Diagnostics”, presented at 2nd
National Laser Industry Ase’n. meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct.
20—22, 1969. (Pub. Electro-Technology , Feb 1970).
320 Gronhovd, C. H., Harak, A. E., and Tufte, P. H., “Ash Fouling and
Air Pollution Using A Pilot Plent Test Furnace”, preeented at 1969 Lignite
Symposium, Grand Forks, M.D. (May 1—2 1969).
321 Gronhnvd, a. H., Beckering, W., and Tufte, P. H., “Study of Factors
Affecting Aah Deposition from Lignite and Other Coale”, ASME Paper
69—WA/C—i , for meecicg (Nov 16—20 1969).
322 Rube, W., and Elder, .1. L.,”Technology and Use of Lignite”, proc.,
Bureau of Mines—U. of Nn. Dakota Symp., Grand Forks, M.D., Apr 27—28,1967,
1.5, Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8376 (Hay 1968).
325 Elder, J. L., and Kube, W. R., “Technology and Use of Lignite”, Proc.,
U.S. Bureau of Mines—U. of N. V. Symp., Biamarck, M.D., Apr 29—30, 1965.
U,S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8304 (1966).
324 Matty, R. E., and Diehl, C. K., “Measuring Flue—Gas Sulfur Dioxide and
Sulfur Trioxide”, Power, V. 101, no. 11, p. 94—91 (1957).
325 Rich, I. A., “Characteristics of Airborne Particles”, Journal of Enj.
for Power , V. 81, p. 7—12 (1959).
326 Brief, a. S., and Drinker, P. A., “Collec5ion of Integrated Samples
of Gaaeoua Effluents”, A. H. A. • Archives tad. Health , V. 16, p. 654
(1958).
327 Robinson, it., “A Miniature Electrostatic Precipitator from Sampling
Aeroaole”, Analytical Chemistri , V.. 33, p. 109— 113 (1961).
328 Stephens, .3. F., “A Practical Stack Sampling Procedure”, American In.
Hygiene Asaoc. Journal , V. 22, p. 377—384 (1961).
329 Silverman, L., “An Automatic Monitoring System for Stack Particulacea”,
American Industrial Hyg. Assoc. Journal , V. 25, p. 529—544 (1964-).
330 Monknan, 3. L., Moore, C. K., and Katz,M.,”Analysia of Polycyc 1ic Hydro-
Carbons in Particulate Pollutants”, Amer?can Industrial Hyg. Assoc.
Journal , V. 23, p. 4B7—495 (1962).
331 Stevenson, H. J. a.’ Sanderaoo, 13. E.- and A1.tahul.’ler, A. P. • “Formation
of Photochemical Aerosols”, tnt. J. Air Hat. Poll. , V. 9. no. 6,
p. 367—375 (1965).
rureun ç ,fl- t’c , ,r
THFRMfl SYSTEMS I NC
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- 115-
332 Harris, W. B. • “Spread of Particulate Contamination from Stacks”,
A.M.A. Arch. tnd. Health , V. 15, p. 274—283 (1957).
333 Smith, ¶1. S., and Cruber, C. H.. “Atmospheric Emissions from Coal
Combustion, An Inventory Guide”, Public Health Servica, Publication
No. 999—AP—24 (Apr 1966).
33 4 Anon., Power Plant Data (1970).
335 Drasia, H., Fiechotter, P., and Felden, C. “Kontinuierlichee Messen dee
Staubagehaltee in Luft und Abgasen nit Betaatrahlen”, VDI—Z, V. 106,
no. 24, p. 1191—1195 (Aug 1964).
336 Fawcett, H. H., and Gardner, C., “A Small Particle Detector”, Industrial
and Engineering Chemistry , p. 87A — S8A (1958).
337 Simecek, J., “Cozçarativa Investigation of Methods for Particle Size
Determination”, Staub Reimhalt der tuft (Engl. Trans.) , V • 27, no. 6,
p. 33—31 (Jun 1967).
338 Luckert, .1., “Aerosol Convention Mains — 26—28 Oct 1966”, Staub Reiflhalt
der tuft (Eng I. Trans.) , V. 27, no. 2, p. 59—62 (Feb 1967).
339 Price, 3. C. W,, Fenimora, D. C., Simnonds, P. C., and Zlatkia, A.,
“Design and Operation of a Photoionization Detector for Gas Chromatography”,
Analytical Chemistry , V. 40, no. 3, p. 541—547 (Mar 1968).
340 Setaer, D. E., “Comparison of Measured and Predicts Aerosol Scattering
Functions”, Applied Optics , V. 8 , no. 3, p. 905=911 (May 1969).
341 Lapple, C. E., “Particle Size Analysis end Analyzers”, Chamicel Engineering ,
V. 75, no. 11, p. 149—156 (May 1968).
342 Anon, “How to Keep Watch on What Goes t ip the Stack”, Chemical Week ,
V. 105, no. 5, p. 31—32 (Aug 1969).
343 Ahlquiat, N. C., and Cbarlaon, a. i., “Measurement of the Vertical and
Horizontal Profile of Aerosol Concentration in Urban Air with the
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344 Chakzaborty, B. B., and Long, K,, “Gee Chrometogrephic Analyete of
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345 Ludwig, F. L., “Behavior of N mierical Analog to a Cascade Impactor”,
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346 Brown, P. K., “A Modification of r i ta Bausch end 1.oeb Aerosol Dust Counting
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348 Stober, H., Berner, A., and Blaschke, H., “The Aerodysomic Diameter
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349 Langer, C., “An Acoustic Particle Counter — Preliminary Results”, Journal
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350 Whitby, K. I., Liu, 8.1.11., and Peterson, C. M., “Charging and Decay of
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352 Evonow, V. A., Stewart, H. K., and Starkman, E. S., “Hydraulically Actuated.
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353 Nader, 3. S., “Inarruaentation in the Study of Air Pollution”, ISA — Net.
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354 Goetz, A,, and Kallei, I., “Instrumentation for Determining Size— and
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355 Boubel, a. H., end Ripperton, L. A., “Benzo(a) Pyre Procution During
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356 “Measurement of Stack Gas Velocity and Methods of Sampling Stack Geese
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358 Quack, R., “Dust and Gaseous Emissions from Thermal Power Stations”, Trans.
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360 Dorsey, J. A., and Kemnits, 0. A. • “A Source Sampling Technique
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361 Twomsy, S., Ssvarynae, C. 7., “Measurements of Size Distributions of
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362 Welch, E. C., “Design of an Optics]. System for Counting and Sizing
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363 Laxtoc, 3. U., and Jackson, P. .1., “Automatic Monitor for Recording
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364 Rendle, L. K., “Measurement of the Flue Gas Solids Burden I ron Oil—
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365 George, R. E., and Chase, K. I., “Control of Contaminant Emissions from
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366 Sodurtha, F • T., Jr., “Control of Power Plant Stack Emissions for Clear
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367 Pesterfield, C. H., “Literature and Research Survey to Determine
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368 Bangebrsisck, R, P., Von Lehnden, 0.3., and Meeker, J. E., “Emissions of
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369 Goetz, A., “Methods for Measuring Particle Composition in Photoscttvsted
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370 Zinky, W. K. “A New Tool for Mr Pollution Control, the Aerosol Particle
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371 Connar, U. 0., “An Inertial—Type Psrticls Separator for Collecting Large
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372 Dixon, W. S., “Select ing Proper Flue—Gas Probes”, ISA Journal , V. 8,
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373 Goksoyr, H., and Ross, K., “Determination of Sulphur Trioxide in Flue
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374 Mueller, P. K., and Givens, R. C., “Dynamic Calibration and Data
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375 Boubl, K. W., and Ripperton, L. A., “Oxides of Nitrogen and Unburned
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376 Grazisno, K., “White—Rooms and Sub—Micron Aerosol Particle ControI. t,
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379 Collie, It. T. K,, “Lidar Observations of Atmospheric Motion, in Forest
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380 Angerhofer, A. U., “Cryogenic Instrumentation, El — Sensing Flow and
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381 Angerhofer, A. V., “Cryogenic Instrunentetion, I — Sensing Flow and
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384 Crecelius, L. P., “Combustion of Low—Grade Cosis”, Combustion , V. 25,
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385 Karney, J. L., Lea, 0. A., and Knudsen, C. A., “Laser Radar Returns from
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386 Sodha, N. S., and Kay, P. K., “Field Emission from Negatively Charged
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389 Gandin, 1.. 5., sod Soloveichik, R. S ., “On the Propogation of Smoke
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390 Lockhart, L. B., Jr., Patterson, B. L., Jr., end Seonders, A. W., Jr.,
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391 MacEven, J. P., “Contaminant Generation Methods and Techniques”, in:
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392 Lundgren, P., and Long, N., “Particle Size—Distribution Data Using an
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393 Lundgren, P., and Cooper, P., “Effects of 8,ssidity on Light—Scattering
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394 Barker, N., and Matijevic, B., “Preparation of Submicron Aerosols of
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395 Bienatock, P., Amaler, B. L., and Bauer, K. B., Jr., “Formation of
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396 Gruher, C. N., and Scbomann, C. B., “Soiling Potential — A Mew Method
for Measuring Smoke Emission”, APCA Journal , V. 16, p. 272—275 (1966),
397 Anderson, F. C., and Tomb, T. F,, end Jacobsen, 14., “Analyzing Midget
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398 Bony, B. B., Risman, A., sad Cunnan, J. F., “Development of Air
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399 Scaringelli, F. P., Boone, B. B., end Jutze, C. A., “Dynamic
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400 Lehmden, D. J., Bangebrauck, R. P., and Meeker, J. K., “Polynuclear
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401 Shafer, H. B., Jr., and Holland, C. T., “Western States Coal—Associated
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402 Katz, M., and Ross, C. R., “Ambient Air Quality Standards in Relation
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403 McMichael, B. B., “Flue Gas Analysis — Sampling, Measurement, Utility”,
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405 Hissink, M., “Instr,miant for Determining Sulphur Oxides in Flue Gases”,
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407 George, R, B., and Chaas, B. L., “Control of Contaminant Enissions from
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408 Caretto, L. S., “Chemical Analysia of Air Pollution Sources”, California
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412—1 Hitchock, L. B., “A Brief Highlight of Apparent Scope and Character
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412—4 Rossano, A. T., Jr., “Research Needs in Instrumentation for Ssmpling
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412—5 McCags, 1.. C,, “The Shortcomings of Existing Diagnostic Tools”, Research
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415 Gersti.e, R, V., Celia, S. F., Orning, A. A., and Schwartz, C. N., “Air
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416 Bovier, R. F., “Sulfur—Smoke Removal System”, Am. Power Conf. Proc. ,
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417 Ludvig, F. L., and Robinson, E., “Size Distribution Studies with the
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418 Thomas, If. D,, “Review ãf Recant Studies of Sulfur Oxides as Air
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419 Grubar, C. V., and Schumann, C. E., “Objective Measurement of Smoke from
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420 Nanby, V. I., “The Effect of Gaseous Oscillations on the Conbusti.on
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421 Hedlay, A. B., and Leeslay, M. E., “Burning Characteristics of Pulverized
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422 Anon, “Information Required for Selection of Electrostatic sod Combination
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423 Jenkinson, J. R., “Sulfur Oxide Reactions”, Mach. Corrosion Fuel Impurities,
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424 Panzias, G. 3., “Spactroscopic Measurements of Flame Radiation for
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425 taco, R. J., and Peskin, R. L., “High Voltage, Low Frequency Atomization
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426 Roast, C A., “Smut Emission”, Journal Inst. of Fuel , V. 36, no. 266,
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427 Robinson, M. “Turbulent Gas Flow and Electrostatic Precipitation”, APCA
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426 Third, A. V., “The Aim of Chimney Design”, tog. B Boiler House Rev. , V. 82,
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429 Thomas, F. V. • Carpenter, S. B., and Gsrtrell, F. E., “Stacks — How High?”,
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430 Croons, D. J., “Chimney Design”, Insrn. Heating & Vent. Engineers Journal ,
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431 Grove, C. F., Nicholls, J. A., and Morrieon, R. B., “Drag Coefficients of
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432 Delanga, J. E., “Evaluating Dust Arresting Equipment on Large Coal—Fired
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434 Busby, H. G. F., and Derby, K., “Efficiency of Electrostatic
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435 Case, A. A., “Smoke Control Design”, Journal of Cellular Plastics ,
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436 Cieeielski, a., “Chinmeys and Coo lins Towers”, tnt • Macc • for Shell
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437 Collins, 3. 0., and Cyphere, K. B., “How Effective Are Additives in
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438 Cueminge, V. C., Redfearn, H. V., end Jones, V. R., “Air Pollution by
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439 Meredith, H. H., Jr., “Desulfurizetien of Caribbean Fuel”, APCA Journel ,
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440 Anon, “Monitoring Flue Dust’, Measurement & Contro1 V. 2, no. 1,
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441 Neresimben, K. S., end Foster, P.3., “The Rate of Growtb of Soot In
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442 Nature and Dietribution of Particles of Various Sins in Fly Aah:, U.S.
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443 lisbon, F., and Shenf aid, 1., “Econosice, Engineering and Air Pollution
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444 Ramaden, A. R., “Applicetion of Electron Microscopy to the Study of
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445 Drake, P. F., end Hubbard, 2. H., “Combustion Systea Aerodynamics end
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446 Finf at, S. Z., “Fuel Cii Additives for Controlling Air Contaminant Emissions”,
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447 Finfer, E. Z, “Some technical and Economic Aspects of Residual fuel
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448 Fohl, T., “Optimization of Flow for Forcing Stack Wastes to High
Altitudes”, APCA Journal , V. 17, no. 11, p. 730—733 (Nov 1967).
449 Glebovekaye, E. A., and Bolishakov, C. F., “Primenenie Infrakrasnot
Spektromettii. v teeledovanii Sernistykh Soedinenii Nefteproduktov”,
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450 Schleueener, 5, A., and Read, A. A., “A Gas Laser Small Particle Detector”,
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451 Eirov, N.Y., “Sulfur So Oil Fuels — Its Effects in Combustion”, Journal
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452 Klyechko, L. A., “Ignition of en Aggregate of Perticles During
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453 Kneen, T., and Strauss, V., “Deposition of Duet from Turbulent Gee
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454 Levaggi, 0. A., and Feidwein, H., “Rapid Methcd for Determination of Sulfur
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455 MacFarlene, 3. .1., “The Formation of S0 in the Combustion Products from
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456 Risk, J. B,, Murray. F. E., “Continuous Recording of Sulfuroue Gases
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457 Ryeson, P. R., and Herkins, J., “Studies on a New Method of Simultaneously
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458 Strauss, V., and Lancaster, B. V., “Prediction of Effectiveneee of Gas
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459 Pareon, a. H. • “Ueefu l Information from Flue Gaees”, Junior Inetn. Engra.
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461 Batch, B. A., “The Application of an Electronic Particle Counter to Size
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462 Belyea, H. A., and Holland, W. .1., “Flame Temperature in Oil—Fired
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463 Bird, R. 3., and Small, N.J.N., “The Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil; Some
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464 Borgwardt, R, H., Harrington, R. E., and Spaite, P. W., “Filtration
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465 Buns, P., Neipenberg, H. P., and Rendle, I ,, K., “Influence of Fuel Oil
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466 Fiocco, G., end Grams, G., “Optical Radar Observations of Meeospheric
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467 Knowles, D.J., “Liquid and Gaseous Waster Effluent Sampling and Monitoring”,
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468 Drozin, V. G., and DeDeo, “Size Distribution in Aerosols Determined by
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469 Mitchell, R. I., end Filcher, J. N., “Design and Cslibrstion of an
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607 Padowani, C. and Cappion, P., “Air Pollution by Heating Plant: Proposal
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608 Katz, 3., “The Effective Collection of Fly Ash at Pulverized Coal—
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609 Hall, H. 3., and Brown, K. F,, “A New Electrostatic Liquid Cleaner”,
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610 Haagen—Smit, A. 3., “Photochemistry and Smog”, APCA Journal , V. 13,
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611 Gartrell, V. E,, “Control of Air Pollution from Large Thermal Power
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612 Wang, G. K. M., “Instrument for Determining Sulfur Oxides in Flue Gases”,
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613 Tine, C, • “Gas Sampling and Chemical Analysis in Combustion Processes”,
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614 Scarlett, B., “Particle Size Analysis, Chemical Process Engineering ,
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615 Sinclair, D., “A New Photometer for Aerosol Particle Size Analysis”,
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616 Epstein, P. 5., and Carhart, R. R.,”The Absorption of Sound in
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617 Stober, W., and Zessack, U,, “Zur Messung von Aerusol—Teilcheogrozs—
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618 Harding, C. I., and Hendrickson, E. K. • “Manuai for Calibration and Use
of High—Voleme Air Samplers in Measurement of Suspended Particulate
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619 “Gas Analysis and Air Pollution”, Sirs Abstracts and Reviews , V.. 2.3,
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620 Smith, W. A., “Atmospheric Emissions from Fuel Oil Combustion”, (1.5.
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621 Anon, “Air Sampling Instruments”, Amer. Conf. of Covernmentai Industrial
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622 Anon., Plant Specifications (1970).
623 Friedrichs, IC, H., “Experience with tapactors in Dust Measurements”,
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624 Walkenhorst, I I,, and Bruclosann, B,, “Mineral Analysis of Suspended
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625 Bennert, 4., and Hilbig, C., “The Theory of the Coincidence Error for
Digital Particle Size Analysis”, Staub—Reinhalt der tuft (Engl. Trans.) ,
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626 Hersch, P. A., “Controlled Addition of Fsperiaental Pollutsnts to Air”,
APCA Journal , V. 19, no. 3, p. 164—172 (Mar 1969).
621 Pssceri, ft. E., sad Friedlander, S. K., “Measurements of the Particle
Size Distribution of the Atmospheric Aerosols” II. Experimental Results
and Discussion”, Journal of Atmospheric Science , V. 22, p. 577—584 (l9g5)
628 Morgan, G. B., Golden, C., end Tabor, E. C., “New and Improved Procedures
for Gas Sampling and Analysis in the Nsrional Air Ssmpling Network” • APCA
Journal . V. 17, no. 5, p. 300—304 (May 1967).
629 Hocheiser, S., Santner, J., and Ludmann, W. P., “The Effect of Analytical
Method on Indicated Atmospheric SO 2 Concentration”, APCA Journal , (Volume
& Date Unknown).
630 Mitchell, ft. F., “An Experimental Study of An Electrostatic Precipitator
Used for the Collection and Sizing of Airborne Particulate Matter”, Wright—
Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. AD 621 030
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631 Martemsy, P • J., “Experimental Investigations of the Opacity of Small
Particles”, United Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, Conn., Clearinghouse
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632 Clarenburg, L. A., and Prince, L. H., “An Improved Instrument for Measure-
ment nf Gravimetric Aerosol Concentration”, Staub—Reinhalt der tuft
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633 Trolinger, J. D., Balm, ft. A., and Farmer, N. M., “Holographic Techniques
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No. AD 678 858 (Nov 1968). - -
634 Bourquin, K, ft., and Shigsmonto, F. H., “Investigation of Air—Flow
Velocity by Laser Backacattsr”, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field,
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635 Drozin, V. G., “The Determination of the Particle Size Distribution
of Aerosols by Precipitation of Charged Particles”, Columbia Univ.,
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636 Dorian, P. B, “The Dielectric Properties of Asrosols”, Indiana Univ.,
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637 Croane, P. A. E., Lucas, 0. H., and Snowaill, W. t., “Instrument for
Rscording the Dust Nuisance by Chimneys”, Journal of Scientific
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638 Rumpf, H., “The Particle Size Analysis of Industrial Dusts”, Btaub—
Rainhalt der tuft, (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 1, p. 17—26 (Jan 1965).
639 Dealer, H., “Determining the Pass—Function of the 8$ Koniustsr for
Particle Sizes Below 1 Micrometer with the Aid of Different Test Dusts”,
Stsub—ftsinhalt dsr tuft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 2, p. 24—28 (Feb 1965).
640 Narjss, L., “The Use of New Zero—Pressure Probes for Quasi—Isokinstic
Sampling in Steam—Power Plants”, Scsub—fteinhalt der tuft (Enal. Trans.) ,
V. 25, no. 4, p. 11—18 (Apr 1965).
641 Thiame, V., “Emission Measurements of Heavy—Duty Boilers for Solid
Fuels”, Staub—ftsinhalt der tuft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 6, p. 14—20
(Jun 1965).
642 Muller, E. “A Recording Metnod of Dust Measurement Based on the Diaphragm
Filter”, Steub—fteinhmlt der Luft , V. 25, no. 7. p. 1—7 (Jul 1965).
643 srjes, L., “Determining Flow Densities, Particle Segregation.s and Time—
Conditioned Flow Fluctuations During tne Pneumatic Conveyance of
Bituminous Coal Dust by Means of the Zero—Pressure Probs”, Staub—Reinhalt
dsr Luft (Eng l. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 7, p. 8—12 (Jul 1965).
644 Binek, B,, “Sampling Finely Dispersed Aerosols for Electron—Microscopic
Particle Analysis”, Staub—fteinhalt der Left (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 1,
p. 13—18 (Jul 1965).
645 Fihrmann, H,, “Racording Measurements of Gaseous Imiesion Concentrations
with a New Anslyzer” Staub—Reinhslt der Luft (Engl. Trans.) . ‘1. 14,
no, 7, p. 19—25 (Jul 1965).
646 ftoar, D, “New Method of Particle Size Analysis with Membrans Filters”,
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667 Labman, I, “Methods for Measuring Gaseous Air Potlutions”, Stsub—ftsiohalt
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648 Breuer, H., “The Technical Principles for Measuring Dust Impurities
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649 Stober, V., “Measuring Methode to Deecribe the Physical Properties
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650 Schiemaon, C., “Reducing the Emissions of Small Oil—Firing Units with
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V. 25, no. 1 , P. 2—16 (Nov 1965).
651 Elahout, A.. ]., “The Measurements of Oust end Gaseous Air Pollutions in
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652 Slmecek, J., “Microscopical Determination of Particle Size Distribution”,
Staub—Reinhalt der Luft (Ens].. Trans.) , V. 26, no. 4, P. 21—33 (Apr 1966).
653 Bsrnar, A., “Determining the Distribution Function of so Aerosol
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654 Frisdrichs, K. H., “The Continuous Measurement of Particulate Air
Pollution; E mperience with the TM II Sampler”, Staub—isinhalt dar tuft
( Engl. Trana.),V . 26, no. 6, p. 17—21 (Jun 1966).
655 Muh lrad, U., “The Use of Zero Pressure Probes to Measure Dust Content
in Pips Conduits”, Stsub—Rsinhalt dsr tuft (Engi. Trans.) , V. 26, no. 7,
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656 Budzioaki, K. “Investigating the Flow of Dust Particles at Probe Nozzles
by Photographing the Particle Paths”, Stsub—Reinhslt 4cr tuft (Eng).. Trans.) ,
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657 Simecek, J., “Compsrativs Study of Methods for Determination of Particle
Size”, Staub—Reinhalt 4cr tuft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 26, no, 9, p. 18—26
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658 Grafe, K., and Began, J. • “Minimum Stack Heights and Area Around Stack
Within Which Suildings Must Be Cnnaidarsd”, Staub—Rainhalt der Luft (Kngl.
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659 Schuts, A. “Possibilitsa for Recorded Dust Measurement and Dust Control”,
Staub—Rainhalt dsr Loft (Eng I. Trees.) , V. 26, no. 10, p. 1—8 (Cct 1966).
660 Eahnwald, H., “Dust Messuremsnts in Flowing Cases”, Stsub—Rainhalt der Luft
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661 Bauat, K., “Use of the Goetz Aerosol Spectrometer to Measure the
Size Spsctra of Poiydiepersed Aerosols”, Staub—Rainhalt 4cr tuft
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662 Tenth, U., and Schu].e, V., “Gsseoua and Solid Emissions from Oil—Firs
Stoves”, Staub—Rainhalt der Luft (Engl, Trans.) , V. 27, no. 6, p. 1—11
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663 Stisecek, J., “Comparative Investigation of Methods for Particle Size
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664 Pfefferkorn, H., end Blaschke, R., “Dust Analysis of the wir with the
Scanning Electron Microscope ‘Steraoscan”, Staub—Reinhalt 4cr tuft
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665 Sundelof, 1.. 0., “On ths Accurate Calculation of Particle—Size
Distributions in &ernsoie from Impaction Data”, Stsub—Rsiohalt 4cr
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666 binek, 8., and Dohna lova, 8., “Using the Scintillation Spectrometer for
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V. 27, no. 9, p. 1—7 (Sep 1967).
667 Winkel, C., “Flow Investigations vLth ths Aid of the Thermistor, as
Exemplified by its Use with the Sampling Probe”, Stsub—Rsinhalt dsr tuft
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668 Thoenes, H. V., end Cuss, V., “Latest State of Development of Instruments
for the Continuous Monitoring of Gas Emissions”, Staub—Raiobalt de c tuft
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669 Davies, C. N., “The Sampling of Aerosols, The Retry of Aerosols into
Sampling Tubes and Heads”, Staub—Reinhalt der tuft , V. 28, no. 6,
p. 1—9 (Jun 1968).
610 Martens, A. I., and Fuss, K. H. • “An Optical Counter for Dust Particles”,
Stsub—Keinhslt de c tuft , V. 28, no. 6, p. 14—18 (Jun 1968).
671 Faust, E., “Evaluating the Precipitation of Polydispersa Aerosols Sn a
Goats Aerosol Spectrometer by the Light Scattering Methods”, Staub—Rainhs.lt
4cr tuft , V. 28, no. 6, p. 18—22 (Jun l%g).
672 Petrsusch, 3., and Schumann, C., “Size Spsctroscopy of Rad ioactiws
Aerosols by Means of Electrostatic Precipitation”, Staub—Eeinhalt d e c tuft ,
V. 28, no. 8, p. 1—6 (Aug 1968).
613 Jacobi, W., tichier, J,, and Sto iterfoht, N., “Particle Size Spectromstery-
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674 Geisel, W., “Calculating the Particle Size Distribution of a Dust by
Means of Fractional Separation Efficiency Curves snd Total Efficiency
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675 Simecek, 3., and Kubalek, .3., “Experience with Cyclone Preseparation in
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676 Hess, W., “Emissions frost Oil Firings in Zurich”, Steub—Reinhalt der Luft
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677 Thieme, W., “Measures for Reducing Emission from Domestic Nearths Using
Solid Fuels”, Staub—Reinhelt d a t Luft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25, no. 11,
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678 Kielich, S., “Lioesr and Nonlinear Light Scattering in Colloidal Medis”,
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679 Rowell, ft. L., Wsllace, T. P., and Krarohvil, 3. P., “Determination of
the Number Concentration of Polydisperse Colloidal Spheres by Light
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p. 494—499 (1968).
680 Whitby, ft. T., end Liu, B. 7. H., “Censration of Countable Pulses by
High Concentrations of Subcountable Sized Particles in the Sensing Volume
of Optical Counters”, Journal of Colloid & Interface Science , V. 25,
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681 Stoeber, W. • “Design and Performance of a Size—Separating Aerosol
Centrifuge Facilitating Particle Size Spectrometry in the Submicron
Range”, Rochester Univ., New York, Clearinghouse No. UR—49—77B (1967).
682 Belz, g, A. • “Analysis of the Techniques for Meesuring Particle Size
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683 Poliak, L. W., “Counting of Aitken Nuclei and Applications of the
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684 Schutz, A., “Eine Anordndng zur Regietrisrendet , Konraktelektrischen
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685 Parker, 0. W., snd,Buchholz, H. rSize Classification of Submicron
Particles by a Low—Preaeura Cascade Impactor”, Oak Ridge, Tenn.,
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686 Seal, S. K., “Transport of Particles in Turbulent Flow to Channel
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687 Bayer, 3. L., Denton, G.E., and Heasel, R. E., “Use of the MIEDA
Microscope in Quantitative Microscopy”, American Society for Teatin2.
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688 Wohlere, H. C., Jackson, W. E., and Butmania, I., “A Rapid Emiesion
Survey Procedure for Industrial Air Pollutants”, APCA Journal , V. 19,
no. 5, p. 309—314 (May 1969).
689 Race, W. H., “Atmospheric Dirtiness”, mat. Heating 6 Ventilating
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690 Saltzman, B. K., “Standardization of Methods for Measurement of Air
Pollutants”, APCA Journal , V. 18, no. 5, p. 326—328 (May 1968).
691 Dianant, W., “L’ investigation Optique Dane Recherche Concernent La
Pollution Acmospherique”, International Clean Air Congress Proc. ,
V. 1, paper VIl/a,- London Rag., p. 237—238 (Oct 1966).
692 Anon, “Grit & Dust Emission from Solid Fuel Furnaces”, Power & Works Ens. ,
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693 Schwarz, K. • “Duet Emiseions from Coal—Fired Boilers in the Federal
Republic of Germany”, international Clean Air Congress Proc. , V. II,
London, Eng., p. 136—141 (Oct 1966).
694 Sunavala, P. D. “Calculation of the Unburnt Carbon Loss in Coel—Fired
Furnecee”, Journal of Mines, Metals 6 Fuels , V. 16, no. 9, p. 333—334,
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695 Rogers, L. H., “Relative Merits of Gas Chromatograph Colorimetry, and
Spectrometry for Air Pollution Studies”, American Society of Testing
Materials, Spec. Tech. Publ. No. 250 , p. 42—48 (1959).
696 Lipehtein, ft. A., Blegova, T. A., Chuikova, T. A., Avetieyan, A. S.,
Kosobokova, E. M., end Korytnyi, E. F., “Reactions and Compoeition of
Reaction Prnducte from the Basic Components of Oil Fuel Ash”, Thermal Eng. ,
V. 15, no. 10, p. 79—82 (1968).
697 Waeaer, J. N. Hangebrauck, R. P., and Schwartz, A. J., “Effects of Air
Fuel Stoichiometry on Air Pnllutent Emiseione from Oil—Fired Teat Farnance” .
APCA Journal , V. 18, no. 5 (p. 332—337 (may 1968).
Parrieh, H. L, and Scholl, A. W. • “Macs Spectrometric Anaiyeie of Flue
Cae”, ISA — 8th Met. Sympoeium on Instrumental Methods of Analysis Proc. ,
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699 Care%, W. F., “At epheric Deposits in Britein, A Study of Dinginesa”,
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700 Lucas, D. H., and Moore, 0.3., “The Meaaur nt in the Field of
Pollution by Dust”, tnt. 3. Air Wet. Poll. , V. 8, p. 441—453 (1964).
701 Rabe. I., “Combustion of Residual Fuel with Massive Recirculation”,
lIT Research Inst., Chicago, Ill., Clearinghouse No. PB 177 747 (1967).
702 Cell, K. W., Palmer. E. P., and Grow, R. W., “Measurement of Atmospheric
Aerosols by Polarized Laser Light Scattering”, Utah University, Salt Lake
City, Utah, Clearinghouse No. PB 175 688 (Jun 1967).
703 Abel, N. W., and Junge, C., “Studies of Size Distributions and Growth
with Humidity of Natural Aerosol Particles”, Msx—Planck—Institute fur
Chemie, Mainz, Germany, Clearinghouse No. AD 689 189 (Jan 1969).
704 Duerksen, K. D., Walker, K. L, and Karioris, K. C., “Exploding—Wire
Aerosol Generator”, Health Physics Division Annual Progress Report ,
K. Z. Morgan, at al, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Osk Ridge, Fain.,
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705 Jackson, M. K., Lisberman, A., Townsend, L. B., and Rasanek, W.,
“Prototype Fly Ash Monitor for Municipal Incinerator Stacks”, Proc.
1970 National tncineratnr Conf. , Cincinnati, Ohio, p. 182—188
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706 Psderson, P. D., Jr., “Microbiological Exploration of the Stratosphere”,
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7D7 Lewis, H. D,, et al., “Theoretical Small—Particle Statistics: A Sunmary
of Techniques for Data Analysis with Recent Developments in Data Compari-
son, Notation, and Mixture Theory”, University of California, Los Alamos,
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Gondola I Clouds”, Stanford Rasearch Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.,
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709 MaJor, W. S., “Solid Fuel Industry’s Contribution to Mr—Pollution
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710 Bush, A. F., “Instrumentation for Ssmpling and Analyzing Combustion
Particulates Using an Electron Microscope”, Proc. National Analytical
Inst. Symp. 10th . San Francisco, Calif. , p. 267—278 (1964).
711 Magill, P. L., “Instrument Measurement of Contamination in Clean Rooms
for Proposed Federal Standard No. 209”, Proc • National Analytical Inst.
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712 Leiberman, A., “Automatic and Remote Monitoring of Airborne Particles”,
Heating, Pipina & Air Conditioning , v. 40, on. 11, p. 117—120 (Nov l96g).
713 Lee, C. K., Friedrich, F. 0., and Mitchell, E. R., “Control if
SO 3 in Low Presurs Heating Boilers by an Additive”, Journal Inst. of Fuel ,
V. 42, no. 337, p. 67—74 (Feb 1969).
714 Fiocco, C., and Crams, C., “Optical Radar Observations of Mesospheric
Aerosols in Norway during Summer 1966”, Journal of Geophysical Research ,
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715 Weber, E., “Die Abtrennung von Fsatstoffteilchen aus Casen durch
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716 Anon, “Crit and Dust Ssmpling Equipment” Engineering & Boiler House Review
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717 Fells, I., Howells, T.J., aod Patrick, M.A., “Analysis of Fuel Caaes and
Combustion Products”, Journal Inst. of Fuel , V. 34, p. 283—290 (Jul 1961).
718 Nurley, T. F., and Bailey, D. L. R., “The Correlation of Optical Density
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719 Badzioch, S., “Correction for Anisoktnetic Sampling of Casborne Dust
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720 Jackson, K., “The Measurement of Crit Emisaion”, Steam Enainesr , V. 28,
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721 Dunsted, D., and Schoen, 3., “The Release of Sodium Aerosols During
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722 Williams, J. • “Problems of Ambiguity Involved with the Utilization of
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723 Shifriu, K. S., and Raskin, V. F., “Theory of the Optical Method for
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724 Goldman, A., Lewis N. D,, and Moore, R. N., “On the Proper Use of
Transformations of Log Normal Functions in Small Particle Statistics”,
Univ. of California, Los Alamoe, N.M., Clearinghouse No. LA 3262 (Dec 1964’
725 Tvorogov, S. D., “Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties”, Engl. Trans.
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726 lfhmelevtsov, S. S. “A Size—Separation Collector for Sampling Aerosols
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727 Vandergrift, A. E., “Particulate Pollutant System Study”, Nidvest
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728 Watts, J. L., “The Operation of Smoke Denaity Indicators”, Engineering
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729 Fuks, N. A,, Stechkina, 1. B., and Staroaelsky, V. A., “Determination
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730 Partridge, J. E., and Ettinger, E. .1., “Calibration of a Spinning—Disc
Aerosol Generator and T —Stage Air Samplers”, University of Calif.,
Los Alamos, N. M., Clearinghouse No. LA—4066 (Feb 1969).
731 Lewis, T. W., “Evaluation of an Autcsnatic Aerosol Particle Counter for
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732 Burgess, W., and Heist, P. C., “Study of Space Cebin Atmospheres”,
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733 Burgess, W., “Study of Space Cabin Atmospheres” Harvard School of Public
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734 Belysyev, S. P. “Accelerated Method of Measuring the Concentration of
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735 Lanzo, C. 0., end Ragsdale, ft. C., “Experimental Determination of Spectral
and Total Trensmissivitiea of Clouds of Small Particles”, Lewis Research
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736 Posner, S., Ettinger, B, J., Pratt, 0. ft., Jr., and Moore, ft., “Evaluation
of Particle Siting Techniques: Comparison of Computer Particle Sizing
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737 Belt, R., A., “Analysis of the Techniquea’for Measuring Particle Size
and Distribution from Fraunhofer Diffraction Patterns”, MW, Inc.,
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738 Smith, M., ed., “Recoissended Guide for the Prediction of the Dispersion
of Airborne Effluents” Bai York, N.Y. 85 p. (Hey 1968)
739 Cheng, L., and Soo, S. L., “Charging of Dust Particles by Impact”,
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740 Lepper, J. H., Jr., “Final Report for Study of Infrared Techniques
for Monitoring Stack Gases”, Daino Victor Co., Belmont, Calif., for
Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., Cont. No. PH 86—65—61 (Oct 1965),
741 Goldman, A., Lewis, H. D., and Moore, ft. H., “On the Proper Use of
Transformations of Log Normal Functions in Small Particle Stmtietics”,
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742 Junge, C., “Mathematical nterrelationahips in the Size Distrihution
of Atmospheric Aerosols Above the Continent”, EngI. Trens: Bericht des
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743 Deriagin, B., and Vlaaenko, G., “The Flow Method of Ultramicroscope
Measurement of the Particle Concentration of Aerosols in Other Dispersion
Systema”, Engl. Trans. from: Reports of the Academy of Sciences USSR,
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744 Anon, Stack Fanisaion Reports.
745 Reed, L. E., “The Estimation of the Darkness of Smoke by Visual Methods”,
Journal Inst. of Fuel , p. 3—9 (Jan 1959).
746 Lucas, 0. H., “Certain Aspects of the Depositton of Dust”, Journal Inst.
of Fuel , p. 623—627 (Nov 1957).
747 Anon, “Methods for the Ssmpling and Analysis of Flue Gases — 3”, British
Standards Instn.,British Standsrd 1756, Pt. 3, 36 p. (1965).
748 Anon, “Methods for Sampling and Analysis of Flue Gases — 4”, British
Standards Instn., British Standard 1756, Pt. 4, 68 p. (1965).
749 McConnell, J. A., “Burner Fuel Oils Market Demand and Quality Requirements”,
Sun Oil Company, Marcus Nook, Penn., presented at National Fuels &
Lubricants Meeting, New York, New York, Sept 11—12, 1968.
750 Stenger, ft. L., Jr., “The Analysts of Coal Ash, Flyash, and Related
Materials Using the Applied Research Lsborstories Spectrographic Analyzer —
Computer Assisted Data Reduction”, Pittsburgh Conf. on Analytical Chemistry
6 Applied Spectroscopy, Cleveland, Ohio, March 1969, Report 44.
751 Bugden, A. ft., Hamilton, ft. J., and Jones, C. H.S., “Application of Photo-
electric Deneitometry to the Assesement of Respirable Dust Samples”,
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767 Sumansky, L. W., “Gas Sapling Probe”, U. S. Patent No. 2,459,047
(Aug 1969).
768 Bump, it. L., “The Use of Electrostatic Precipitatora on Municipal
Incinerators”, Wheelabrator Corp., Mishawaka, md. 11 p.
769 Bricard, 3., Deloncle, M., Pradel, 3., and Msdelsine, G,, “Photoelectric
Determination of Granular Size Distribution in an Aerosol”, Staub—Reinhalt
4cr tuft , V. 24, no. 8, p 381—290 (Aug 1964).
770 Sehmel, G. A., “Particle Deposition and Retention in Vertical Conduits”,
in: Hanford Radiological Sciences Research and Development Annual Raport
for 1964 , ,Pacific Northwest Labors tory, Richlsnd, Wash •, Clearinghouse No,
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771 Sehnel, G. A. end Schvendinen, L. C., “Particle Deposition Within s Curved
Sampling Probe”, in: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1967 to
USAEC Division of Biology and Medicine V. II: Physical Sciences — Part 3:
Atmospheric Sciences , Battelle Memorial Inst., Richisnd,Wash. ,Clearinghouse
No. BNWL—715—Pt. 3, p. 88—91 (Oct 1968).
772 Hercer, T. T., Tillery, M. I., snd Finres, N. A. • “An Electoatatic
Precipitator for the Collection of Aerosol Ssnples for Particle Size
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773 Sehmel, C. A., end Schwendiman, L. C., “Particle Collection Efficiences
on Wires”, in: Pacific Northwest Laboratory Annual Report for 1967 to
USAEC Division of Biology and Medicine — V. II: Physical Sciences — Part 3:
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114 Sehmsl, U. A. “Validity of Air Samples as Affected by Anisokinetic Sampling
and Deposition within the Sampling Line”, Battelle Memorial Laboratory,
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775 Sehmel, G. A., “Analysis of Particle Size Frequency Distributions” in:
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776 Gsstwirch, J. L., “On Some Problems in the Theory of Particle Counting.
and the Infinitely Many Server Queue”, Columbia Univ., Cleari.nghouae
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777 Sehmel, G. A. “Subisokinetic Sampling of Particles in en Air Stream”,
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752 Harris, F, S., Jr., Sherman, C, C., and Morse, F. L., “Experimental
Conparison Cf Scattering of Coherent and Incoherent Light”, IEEE Trans.
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753 Hamilton, R. J., and Walton, V. H., “The Selective Sampling of Respirable
Dust”, Mining Research Establishment, National. Coal Bnard, England.
754 Musgravs, 3, R., and Earnsr, 8. it., “Turbinstric Particle Size Analysis”,
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755 Hartmsn, II, L., “Airborne Dust Determination sod a New Method of Particle
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756 Martens, A. E., and taller, 3. D., “An Instrument for Sizing and Counting
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757 Dobbins, it, A., “An asission—Scattering Photometer for Particle Size
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758 Collie, it. T. H., “Lidsr”, Science Journal , P. 72—17 (Feb 1968).
759 Dobbine, R, A., and Strand, L. D., “A Comparison of Two Methods of
Measuring Particles Size of Al 2 0 3 Produced by a Small Rocket Motor”,
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760 Anon,”Air Pollution Control — Besic Technology”, Chemical Engineering ,
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761 Maurin, P. C., and Jonakin, J., “Removing Sulfur Oxides from Stacks”,
Chemical Engineering , p. 173—180 (Apr 1970).
762 Squires, A. 14., “Keeping Sulfur Out of the Stsck”, Chemical Engineering,
p. 181—189 (Apr 1970).
763 Mills, 3. L., “Continuous Monitoring”, Chemical Engineering, p. 217—220
(Apr 1970).
764 Kotnick, C., and Scheck, B. F., “Monitoring SO 2 in Stacks”, Instrumentation
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165 Holzhey, 3., end D rich, 8., “A Radio Metric Device for Continuous Control
of Plus Dust Concentration”, Neue Butts , V. 14, no, 4, p. 198—201 (Apr 1969).
766 Ounsted, D., “A Rapid Multipoint, Ozygen Analyzer for Power Station Flue
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118 Ettinger, H. 3. and Posner, S., “Evaluation of Particle Sizing and
Aerosol Sampling Techniquea”, University of Calif., Loa Alamos, N. Pt.,
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719 Collins, J. T., Jr., Harris, V. J., Stromberg, 0. D., and Pover, J. L.,
“Airborna Particle Size Analysis, A composite Bibliography”,U.S. Atomic
Energy Coon., Clearinghouae No. IDO—12051 (Kay 1966).
780 Willisma, 3., “Determination of Particle Size and Concentration from
Phoiometer and SECCHI Disc Measurements”, The Johns Hopkins University,
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181 Levine, B, S., “U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases — Vol. III”, U. S. Public Health Service,
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782 Honma, K., and Croey, J., “A Symposium on Toxicity in the Close
Ecological System”, Lockheed Missiles 4 Space Co. • Palo Alto, Calif.,
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783 Perguson, 3. 5., Cope, g, T., and McFarren, E. F., “Air Particulatea
No. 1, Study Number 22”, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Public Health Service Puhlication No. 999—AP—22 (1965).
184 Shsrman, C. C., “Wavefront Raconstruction end Its Application to the Study
of the Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols”, The Aerospace Corp.,
El Segundo, Calif., Clearinghouse No. N 69—38131 (Jul 1969).
185 Buchanan, L. Pt., Decker, H. K., Frisqus, D. E., Phillips, C. R., and
Dahlgren, C. M., “Novel Multi—Slit Large—Volume Air Sampler”, Dept. of
Army, Fort Derrick, Nd., Clearinghouse No. AD 686 356 (1968).
186 Grigoryeva, L. V., “The Problem of Detection of a Virus Aerosol Under
Experimental Conditions”, Engl. Trans. from: Vop. Sanit. Bakt. Virus ,
p. 114—119, 1965, Clearinghouse No. AD 688 745 (Jun 1969).
787 Block, A. N., “Scattering of Laser Light by Uniform Spherical Particles”,
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68—4527 (1967).
788 Anon, “Control Techniques for Particulars Air Polluranra”, U. S. Public
Health Service, Nat. Air. Poll. Cont. Admin., Washington, D. C., U.S.
Govt. Printing Office (1969).
789 Bullrich, K., Elden, K., Eachelbach, C., Fischer, K., Hanel, C., Heger, K.,
Scholimayer, H., and Steinhorst, C., “Research on Atmospheric Optical
Radiation Transmission”, Institute for Meteorology; Mkidz, Germany ;
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790 Ludwig, F. L., “Behavior of a N,mzericsl Analog to a Cascade Impactor”
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Clearinghouse No.
AD 675913 (Jul 1968).
791 Anon, “Microbiological Analyzing Methods for Aerosols”, Dept. of the
Army, Ft. Derrick, Frederick, Nd., Clearinghouse No. AD 682 557 (Mar 1957).
192 Conner, W. D., and Hodkinson, 3. R., “Optical Properties and Visual Effects
of Smoke—Stack Plumes”, National Center for Air Pollution Control, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Clearinghouse No. PB 174 705 (1961).
193 Yajnik, Pt., Witeczek, .7., and Ee ller, W., “Electronic Computations of
Light Scattering Functions f or Heterodiaperse Systeas of Isotropic Spheres”,
Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich., Clearinghouse No. AD 654 724
(Jul 1967).
194 Mason, K., Ryan. P., and Hill, S. L., “Filter Pack Technique for Classifying
Radioactive Aerosols by Particle Size, Part IV”, Naval Research Lab.,
Washington, D. C., Clearinghouse No. AD 621 565 (Aug 1965).
195 Barrett, K. E., Moody, .1. W., Hazard, H. K., Putnam, A. A., end Locklin ,
0. W. • “Residual Fuel Oil—Water Faulsions”, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. PB 189 076 (1970).
796 Saunders, A. V., Jr., Patterson, R. L., Jr., and Lockhart, L. B., Jr.,
“Standardization of Beta Counting Procedures Used at NRL in the Radio—
chemical Analyais of Air Filter Samplea”, Navel Research Lab., Washington,
0. C., Clearinghouse Ho. AD 653 448 (May 1961).
797 Anon, “Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter”, National Air
Pollution Control Admin., Raleigh, N. C., AP—49 (Jan 1969).
198 Meinik, V. L., and Weske, J. K., “Advances in lint—Wire Anemometry”,
Maryland University, College Park, Md., Clearinghouse No. AD 676 019
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199 Burgess, W. A., and Reist, P. C. “Study of Space Cabin Atmospherea”,
Harvard School of Public Health, Clearinghouse No. N68—28606 (1968).
8C0 Fesenkov, B, C., ed., “Scattering and Polarization of Light in the
Atmosphere”, Engl. Trans. from: Trudy Astrofizicheskogo Inatituta
Akademiya Nsuk Kazskhskoi 55K , V. 3, 1964, Clearinghouse No. IT 65—
50005 (1965).
801 Sehmel, C. A., and Schwendimsn, L. C. • “The Effect of Sampling Probe
Diameter on Sampling Accuracy”, in: Pacific Northwest laboratory Annusl
Report for 1961 to USAEC Division of Biology and Medicine — V. II: Physical
Sciences — Pt. 3: Atmoapheric Sciences , Battelle Memorial Inst., R.ichland,
Wash., Clearinghouse No. BNWL—7l5, Pt. 3, p. 92—95 (Oct 1968).
802 Landry. M. J., “GB—bOA Light Detecting and Ranging System (LIDAR)”,
Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, N. Pt., Clesringhuuse No. SC—DR—6r—lls
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803 Anon, “Questions of Atsespheric Diffusion and Air Pollution (Selected
Articles”, Engl. Trans. from Leningrad. Main Geophysical Observatory,
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804 Helter, W., Tahibian, 2., Nakagaki, N., end Papazian, L., “Flow Light
Scattering” Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Clearinghouse
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805 McCormick, N. P., end Lawrence, 3. D., Jr., “Tables of Mm Scattering
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806 Chu, S., and Schoenee, F. J., “The Laser Homodyne “Self—Beating
Technique in Light Scattering”, University of Kanass, Lawrence, Kansas,
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801 Anon, “Ranote Controlled Sequential Sampler Developed by Dugway Froving
Ground”,Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah, Clearinghouse No. AD 695 628
(May 1969).
808 Burton, J. S., “Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Gas—Solid Interactions”,
General Technologies Corp., Reston, Va., Clearinghouse No. FB 182 988
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809 Freedman, R, W., Lang, B. N., and Jacobson, M., “Gas Chromatographic
Analyses of the PrincipalConstituenta of Mine Atmospheres”, Bureau of
Mines, Washington, D. C., Clearinghouse No. PB 183 373 (Sep 1968).
810 Lang, B. W., O’Neill, U. K., Coulehan, B. A., and Freedman, R. U.,
“Continuous Monitoring of Diesel Sahaust Gas for Carbon Dioxide, Carbon
Monoxide, Oxygen, Methane, and Nitrogen Oxides”, Bureau of Mines, Wash., D.C.,
Publication RI 7241, Clearinghouse No. PB 183 386 (Mar 1969).
811 Ukeguchi, N., Saksta, H., Okamoto, H., and Ide, 1., “Study on Stack Gas
Diffusion”, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd., Japan, Clearinghouse No.
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812 Johneon, U. B., Jr., and Uthe, K. K., “Lidar Study of Stack Plumes”,
Stanford Research Institote, Menlo Park, Calif., Clearinghouse No.
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813 Dunn, J. F., Jr., Foster, A. R., Lautman, D. A., Nardone, L. J., Swanson,
3. 1., and Zelineki, J • J., “Dn the Design of an Instrument to Use Forward—
Scattered Light to Detect Boell Particles”, Northeastern Univ., Boston,
Mass., Clearinghouse No. AD 693 557 (Aug 1969).
814 Grinnel, S. W., Webster, F., end Brown, T. S., “Studies of the Performance
of the Patorod PP Sampler” Mstronica Assoc. • Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.,
Clearinghouse No. AD 692 320 (Jun 1965).
815 Klahr, C. N., Cutler, S. N., and Kalikstein, K., “Application of Dust
for Space Structures”, Fundamental Methods Associates, Inc., Mew York,
N.Y., Clearinghouse Mo. N 68—32976, NASA Cr—1136 (Aug 1968).
816 Anon, “An Economic Feasibility Study of Coal Desulfurization Vol. I”,
Paul Weir Co., Inc., Chicago, Ill. • Clearinghouse No. PB 176 845
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817 McCartney. J. T., O’Donnell, B.J., and Sabri, K., “Pyrite Size
Distribution and Coal—Pyrite Particle Association in Steam Coals”,
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818 Brown, P. N., and Hochrainer, D., “Conical Aerosol Spectrometer,
Cylindrical Aerosol Spectrometer”, National Center for Atmospheric
Research, Boulder, Colorado, Clearinghouse Mo. PB 180 880.
819 Lepper, 2. M., Jr., “For Study of Infrared Techniques for Monitoring
Stack Gases”, Dalszo Victor Corp., Beb,snt, Calif., Clearinghouse Mo.
PB 187 391 (Oct 1965).
820 Lepper, 2. M., Jr., “Passive lB SO 2 Sensor”, Dalmo Victor Corp., Belmont,
Calif., Clearinghouse No. PB 187 390 (Oct 1967).
821 Roinanek, U., Jackson, M. R., aod Liebernan, A., “Prototype Ply Ash
Monitor for Incinerator Stacks”, ITT Research mat,, Chicago, Ill.,
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822 Jacobi, U., Kichlers, 3., and Stolterfoht, N., “Particle Size Spectronatry
of Aerosols Through Light Scattering in a Laser Bees”, Sandia Lab.,
Albuquerque, N. M., Clearinghouse So. PB 1B7 lOST (Nov 1969).
823 Freitag, 3. A. “Compsrison of Methods for Particle Size Analysis”,
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824 Meitze l, U. K., “A High—Volume, Real—Tine Aerosol Monitor”, Sandia Lab.,
Albuquerque, N. M., Clearinghouse No. SC—DR—69—56 (Jun 1969).
825 Meyer, C. T., “A Method for Determining the Particle Size of Airborne
Dust”, Monsanto Research Corp., Hound Lab., Mismisburg, Ohio, Clearinghouse
Mo. MLM—1596 (Jun 1969).
826 Hidslgo, J.U., “Study of the Application of Laser Technology to
Atmospheric Contamination Measuration”, Tulene Univ •, Clearinghouse
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827 Anon, “Laboratory Contaminant Sensor Develotszent, Pinal Report”,
Perkin—Elear, Clearinghouse No. N 69 37578 (Jul 1969).
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828 Vaermsn, J., “Problems of Soot Fmieeion and Low Temperature Corrosion
in Domestic Oil—Fired Biolers”, The Inst. Patrolman , V. 50, p. 155—168
(.lul 1964).
829 Bsdzioch, S., “Collection of Gas Borne Duet Particles by Means of
Aspirated Sampling Nozzle”, British Journal of Applied Physics , V. 10,
p. 26—32 (Jan 1959).
830 Vonnegut, B. • and Neubauer, K., “Detection and Measurement of Aerosol
Particles”, Analytical Chemistry , V. 24, no. 6, p. 1000—1013 (1952).
831 ‘Bemebn, W. C. L., “Instruments for Air Pollution Measurement”,
Meteorological Monographs , V. 1, no, 4, p. 20—23 (Nov 1951).
832 Jarrett, B, A., and Heywood, H., “A Comparison of Methods for Particle
Size Analysis”, British Journal of Applied Physics , Sup. no. 3,
p S21—S28 (1954).
833 Reywood, H., “Fundamental Principles of Sub—Sieve Particle—Size Measure-
ment”, paper presented at Inst. of Mining & Metallurgy Syzip. on Mineral
Dressing, London, Eng., Paper No. 6 (Sep 23-25, 1952).
834 H Iggins, K. 1., and oawell, P., “The Measurement of Airhorne mist Con-
centration in Iron—Foundries Using the Healet Dust Sampler, B.C.I,R,A.
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835 Beywood, H., “The Scope of Particle Size Anslysis and Standsrdisation”,
Symposium on Particle Size Analysis , p. 1—11 (1947).
836 Bodkinson, J. R., “Some Obeervations on Light Extinction by Spherical
Particles”, British Journal of Applied Physics , V. 14, p. 931—932
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837 Rurd, F. K., and Mullins, 3. C., “Aerosol Size Distribution from Ion
Mobility”, Journal of Colloid Science , V. 17, no. 2, p. 91—100 (Feb 1962).
838 Bosey, A. B., and Jones, H. H. • “Portable Electrostatic Precipitator
Opersting from 110 Volts A. C. or 6 Volts 0. C.”, A.M.A. Archieves of
Industrial Hygiene end Occupational Medicine , V. 7, p. 49—57 (Jen 1953).
839 Katz, 3., aod Verrochi, W. A., “A Filter Test Method for the Rapid Weight
Distribution of Dust in Gas Streams for the Evaluation of Dust Collectors”,
Pennsylvania Electric Co., Johnstown, Pa., Paper #67—117 presented at the
APCA Annual Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio (Jun 11—16 1967).
840 Knudson, 8. W., sod White, L., “Development of Smoke Penetrstion Meters”,
U. 5, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, B. C., NRL Report P—2642
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841 Willis, E.. Kerker, M. • snd Matijevic, K. • “Effect of Brownian
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842 Kretohvil, J. F., snd Smart, C., “Calibration of Light—Scattering
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843 Kratohvil, 3. P., “Light Scattering”, Analytical Chemistry , V. 36,
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844 Krstohvil, J. P., “Light Scsttering”, Analytical Chemistry , V. 38,
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845 Smart, C., Jacobsen, R., Kerker, M., Kratohvil, 3. F., sndMatijevic, K.,
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846 Penndorf, K. B., “Total Mie Scattering Coefficients for Spherical Particles
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847 Penndorf, K. B., “Total Mie Scattering Coefficient for Spherical Particles
of Refrsctive Index n1”, Journal of the Optical Society of America , V. 47,
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848 Penndorf, K. B., “Mew Tables of Totsl Mis Scattering Coefficients for
Spherical Particles of Real Refractive Indexes (l.33cocl.5)”, Journal of
the Optical Society of America , V. 47, no. 11 p. 1010—1015 (Nov 1957).
849 Littlewood, A., “Measurement of the Optical Density of Smoke in a Chimney”,
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850 Iambic, K., “Improved Smoke Density Recorder”, Journal of Scientific
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851 Collins, K. E., and Steele, D. J., “High—Sensitivity Recording Optical.
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852 Herman, B. M., “lnf re—red Absorption, Scattering, and Total Attenuation
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853 Gomprecht, K. S., end Sliepcevich, C. M., “Tsbles of Light—Scsttering
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854 Haag, 3. C., “Determination of the Density of Fly Ash Suspensions”,
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855 Tate, B. E., “Properties of Coal — Their Influence on Performance
of Coal—Burning Apparatus”, ASNE Paper 52—SA—56 , 11 p. (1952).
856 Miller, C. E. “Preventing Air Pollution from Coal—Fired Steen Generators”,
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85? Grohse, E. S., “Atmospheric Pollution: the Role Played by Combustion
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858 .Jarvis, V. D., “The Selection end Use of Additives in Oil-Fired Boilers”,
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859 Anon, “Instruments for the Study of Atmospheric Pollution”, ASME Coassittee
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860 Alexander, N. E., “Row to Find Fine Particles”, Air Engineering , V. 1,
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861 Hswksley, P. C., “Discussion on Improved Sapling Equipment for Solids
in Flue Gases”, Journal Inst. of Fuel , V. 32, p. 112—119 (Mar 1959).
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863 Ranter, C. V., Luache, K. G., cmi Pudurich, A. P., “Techniques of Testing
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&PC& Proc. , V. 49, Paper No. 38, U p. (1956).
865 Nader, J. S., “A Versatile, High Flowrate Tape Sampler”, APCA Journal ,
V. 9, no. 1, p1 59—61 (1959).
566 Roberts, L. K., and NcEae, I I. C., - “Evaluation of Absorption Sampling
Devices”, APC& Journal , V. 9, no. 1, p. 51—53 (Nay 1959).
861 Jacobs, N. B., Braverman, N. N., and Rochheiaer, S., “Continuous Deter-
mination of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons in Air by a Modified Infrared
Analyzer”, APCA Journa1 . V. 9, no. 2, p. 110—114 (Aug 1959).
868 Whiteley, A. B., and Reed, L. E., “The Effect of Probe Shape on the
Accuracy of Sampling Flue Gases for Dust Content”, Journal Inst. of Fuel ,
V. 32, p. 316—320 (Jul. 1959).
Remanovsky, 3., Taylor, .i. K., NacPhee,R, D., and Dickinson, J. E. “Air
Monitoring of the Los Angeles A sphere with Automatic Instruments”, APCA
Proc., V. 49, 23 p. (1956).
870 Marble, F. E., “Dynamics of a Gas Containing Small Solid Particles”,
Proc. 5th AGARD Combustion Propulsion Colog. , p. 175-215 (1963).
871 Sullivan, 3. L., “The Calibration of Smoke Density”, APCA Journal ,
V. 12, no. 10, p. 474—478 (Oct 1962).
872 Schutz, A., “Report on the Clean Air Maintenance Exhibition, 5—9th
Apr 1965, Dusseldorf”,Staub—Reinhelt der Luft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 25,
no. U, p. 77—90 (1965).
873 Luckert, J., “Conference Reports, 1. On Aerosol Mechanics, 29th—3Oth
Oct 1964, Mains”, Staub—Reinhslt der Luft (Enal. Trans.) , V. 25, p. 28—32
(1965).
874 Horn, V., “Process for Continuous Gravinetric Determination of the Con-
centration of Dustlike Emissions”, Staub—Reinhalt der taft (EngI. Trans.) ,
V. 28, p. 20—25 (1968).
875 Eieenbud, M., and Petrow, H. G., “Radioactivity in the Atmospheric Effluents
of Power Plants that use Fossil Fuels”, Sciemee , V. 144, p. 288—289
(Apr 1964).
876 Rnolletherg, K. C., “An Optical—Electrical Particle Size Discriminator”,
University Corp. for Atmospheric Research, Clearinghouse No. PB 179 645
(Apr 1968).
877 Anon, “Electron Microprobe N—Bay Analysis of Atmospheric Aeroeol Particles”,
Advanced Metals Research Corp., Burlington, Mass. • Clearinghouse No.
PB 189 283 (1969).
878 Puatinger, 3. V., Jr., Hodgson, F. N. • Strobel, 3. E., and Evers, K. L.,
“Identification of Volatile Contaminants of Space Cabin Materials”,
Monsanto Res. Corp., Dayton, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. AD 700 061 (Oct 1969).
879 Mohnen, V., “Investigation of the Attachment of Neutral and Electrically
Charged Emanation Decay Products to Aerosols”, Thesis, Ludwig—Msximilians—
Universitat, Munich, Clearinghouse No. AERE—Trans.—1106 (1966).
880 Cavansgh, L • A., “Development of Instrumentation for Airborna Collection
of Atmospheric Organic Chemicals”, Stanford Research Inst. • Menlo Park,
Calif., Clearinghouse No. N68—36675 (Sep 1968).
881 Whatley, N. E., fleas, P. A., Horton, K. W., Ryom, A. D., Suddath, J.C.,
and Watson, C. 0., “Unit Operations Monthly Prograas Report, Oct 1964,
Chemical Technology Division”, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tenn., Clearinghouse No. ORNI.—IM—l069 (May 1965).
862
864
-869
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—157—
882 Etcinger, I I. J., and Royar, G. W., “Calibration of a Two—Stage Air
Sampler”, Univer. of Calif., Los Alamos, N.M., Clearinghouse No.
I.A—4234 (1969).
883 Anon, “Applying NASA Technology to Air Pollution: The Sulfur Dioxide
Problem”, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich., Clearinghouse No.
H69—39189 (1969).
884 Wojan, C. A., Buono, D. F., and Raichman, .1. H., “Experimental
Investigation of the Settling of Particles in Laminar Flow in
Horizontal Tubing”, Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, Brooklyn N. Y.
Clearinghouse No. TID—24285 (Jan 1968).
885 Langer, 0., “Electrostatic Classification of Submicron Airborne
Particles”, I tT Reeaarch Inati., Cbieago, Ill., Clearinghouse No.
ARF—3187—8 (1962).
886 WiLson, D. I .., “Recent Advances in Coulter Counter Particle Size Analysis”,
National Lead Co. of Ohio, Cincinnati, Ohio Clearinghouse Ho. NL00—893
(Sep 1963).
881 Bourquin, K. R., and Shigemto, F. g,, “Investigation of Air—Flow Velocity
by Laser Backacatter”, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.,
Clearinghouse No. MASA—TN—D—4453 (Apr 1968).
888 Sanderson, B. P., and Katz, M., “The Optical Eveluation of Smoke or
Particulate Hotter Collected on Filter Paper”, APCA Journal , V. 13, no. 10,
p. 476—482 (Oct 1963).
889 Glenn, K. A., and Harris, K. 0., “Liberation of Pyrite From Steam Coals”,
APCA Journal , V • 12, p. 388—395, 404 (Aug 1962).
890 Billings, C. E., end Silverman, L., “Aerosol Sampling for Electron
Microscopy”, APCA Journal , V.12, p. 586—590 (Dec 1962).
891 Householder, N. K., and Goldachmidt, V. W., “The Impaction of Spherical
Particles on Cylindrical Collectora”, Journal of Cnlloid & Interface
Science , V. 31, no. 4, p. 464—478 (Dec 1969).
892 Matthews, B. A., and Rhodes, C. T., “Scme Observations on the Use of
the Coulter Counter Modal B in Coagulation Studies”, Journal of Colloid 6
Interface Science , V. 32, no. 2, p. 339—368 (Feb 1970).
893 Rimberg, B., and Thomas, .1. V., “Comparison of Particle Size of Latex
Aerosols by Optical and Gravity Settling Methods”, Journal of Colloid 6
Interface Scianca , V. 32, no. 1, p. 101—105 (Jan 1970).
894 Goetz, A., “A New Instroment for the Evaluation of Environmental
Aerocolloida”, Environmental Science 6 Technology , V. 3, no. 2,
p.154—160 (Feb 1969).
Orr, C., Jr., “Automatic Particle Size Analysia in the Subsieve
Range”, Paper 6—1, U.S. —Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyoto,
Japan (6—11 Oct 1969).
Tanaka, T., and Nakajima, V., “Continuous On—Line Particle—Size Analyzer”,
Paper 6—2 U.S. — Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyoto, Japan,
(6—11 Oct 1969).
limbo, C., Yemazaki, K., Aaaka, S., Fujita, S., and Ishii, V., “A Proposal
for the Measuring Method of Particle Size and Shape by Photo—scanning Image
Analyzing”, Paper 6—3, U.S. — Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyote,
Japan (6—11 Oct 1969).
Kanagawa, A., “Sidewaya Light Scattering Particle Counter”, Paper 6—6,
U.S. — Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyoto, Japan (6—11 Oct 1969).
899 Yuu, S., and Iinoya, K. • “A Hew Weighing Type Cascade Impactor”, Paper 6—7,
U.S.—Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyoto, Japan (6—11 Oct 1969).
Iinoya, K., and Tanaka, Z., “Particle Size Claaaification by Deposition
Angle in a Reduced Pressure Centrifuge”, Paper 8—7, U.S.—Japan Particulate
Technology Seminar, Kyoto, Japan (6—11 Oct 1969).
901 Iinoya, K., and Watenabe, K., “A New Type of Powder Flow Meter” • Paper 9—10,
U.S.—Japan Particulate Technology Seminar, Kyoto, Japan (6—fl Oct 1969).
902 Szantho, K. V., “Aggln,seration of Dust in Smoke Flues”, Staub—Reinhalt
der Luft (Eng I. Trans.) , V. 29, no. 8, p. 6—9 (Aug 1969).
903 Ruping, C ., “The Importance of loskinetic Suction in Dust Flow Measure-
ment by Means of Sampling Probes”, Staub—Reinhalt dat Luft (Engl. Trans.) ,
V. 28, no. 4, p. 1—11 (Apr 1968).
904 Stober, i l . , “The Problem of Aerosol Centrifuge Properties”, Staub—Reinhalt
der Luft (Engl. Trans.) , V. 29, no. 5, p. 12—15 (May 1969).
905 Hilbig, C., “Particle Size Distribution of Polydisperse Syarems by Means
of the First Maximnm Method”, Staub—Reinhalt der Luft (Engi. Trans.) ,
V. 29, no. 5, p. 1—5 (May 1969). -
Puesche l, R. F., and Roasano, A. T., “Light Extinction by Mixed Aerosol
Systeiea”, Paper presented at 59th Annual Meeting, APCA, San Francisco,
Calif. (Jun 20—24 1966).
895
896
897
898
----900
— 906
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—159—
907 Raif, A. D., White, C. S., and Ciblin, N. E., “Aerosol Production
awl Site Analysis with the Roller Separator”, A.M.A. Archieves of
T.Mustrisl Health , V. 14 . p. 442—449 (Nov 1956).
908 Ranninger, F. A., “A Monitoring System for the Detection end Control
of Airborne Dust”, Dust Topics Msaazine , (Oct 1966).
Sinclair, D. and LaMer, V. K., “Light Scattering as a Measure of Particle
Size in Aerosols”, Chemical Raviass , V. 44, p. 245—267 (1949).
910 Wilcox, J • D., and Van Antwerp, N. K., “A Sampling Technique for Small
Air—Borne Particulatea”, A.M.A. Archieves of Industrial Health , V.fl,
p. 422—424 (Mey 1955).
911 Anon, Particle Analyzer System.
912 Walton, W, H., “Theory of Size Classification of Airborne Dust Clouds
by Elutriation”, British Journal of Applied Physics , Supp. no. 3,
p. 529—539 (1954).
913 Whitby, K. T,, “Size Measurement of Particles”, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
914 Whitby, K. T., “Small Particle Statistics”, Robert A, Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
El mer, C. B., end Fair, D. B. • “An Evaluation of Suspended Particulate
Neasurasents”, presented at Annual Meeting, APCA, Chicago, Illinois
(May 21—24, 1962).
Vonnegut, B., Moore, C. B., Ehrenfeld, J., and Smalinan, C. K,, “Deter-
mining the Conceatration of Pogs sad Other Aerosols by A Space-Charge
Meaauring Instrument”, Artificial Stimulation of Rain, Proc. Conf. Phys.
Cloud Precipitation Particles, 1st Woods Hold Conf., 1955 (Pub. 1957).
917 Peifel, E., “Leuf code Uberwachung des Staubgebalta von Gasen Mittela
registrierender Cerate”, Stauh—Reinhalt der Luft , V. 19, no. 5,
p. 139-143 (May 1959).
918 Nofl, K. R., Mueller, P. K., and Tmada, N., “Visihility and Aerosol
Concentration in Urban Air”, A epheric Environment , V. 2, p. 465—475
(1968).
919 Charlaon, a. J., Ahlquiat, N. C., Rorvath, H. • “On the Generality of
Correlation of A spheric Aaroaol Mess Concentration and Light Scatter”,
A oapbaric Ravironment , V. 2, P. 455—464 (1968).
920 Spurny, K. K., and Lodge, J • P., Jr., “Radioactivity Labeled Aerosols”,
A l mapheric Revironment , V. 2, P. 429—440 (1968).
921 Schmidt, K. C., “A New Dust—Measuring Ina%rument with a Panel Unit
Preseparator and an Air Plow Rate of 12 N f Rr.”, Staub—Reinhalt der
Luft (Meal. Trans.) , V. 26, no. 5, p. 7—12 (May 1966).
922 Schutz, A., “A Racording Dust—Measuring Instnsnent Based on Electric
Contact, with Legerithmic Indication”, Staub—Kainbalt der Luft (Enal.
Trsns.) , V. 26, no, 5, p. 18—21 (May 1966).
923 Procharke, K., “Recording Dust Measurement With the Konitest”, Staub—
Rainhalt der Luft (Engl. Trens.) . V. 26, no. 5, p. 22—28 (May 1966).
924 Stober, W., and Flachsbart, N., “Aerosol Size Spectrometry with a Ring
Slit Conifuge”, Environmental Science & Technology , V. 3, no. 1,
p. 641—651 (Jul 1969).
925 Stober, W., and Flachabart, H., “Size—Separating Precipitation of
Aerosols in a Spinning Spiral Duct”, Environmental Science & Technology ,
V. 3, no. 12, p. 1280—1296 (Dec 1969).
926 Framkel, a. J., “Problems of Meeting Multiple Air Quality Objectives
for Coal—Fired Utility Boilers”, Journal APCA , V. 19, no. 1, p. 18—23
(Jan 1969).
927 Rodes, C. E., Palner, H. F., Rlfers, L. A., and Morris, C.B., “Performance
Characteristics of Instrumental Methods for Monitoring Sulfur Dioxide”,
APCA Journal , V. 19, no. 8, p. 575—584 (Aug 1969).
928 Charlsom, K. J., Ahlquist, N. C., Selvidge, 8., sod MacCready, P. B., Jr.,
“Monitoring of Atmospheric Aerosols Parameters with the Integrating
Nepheloaeter”, APCA Journal , V. 19, no. 12, p. 937—942 (Dec 1969).
929 Borveth, N. • and Rossano, A. ‘., Jr., “Technique for Measuring Dust
Collector Efficiency as a Punction of Particle Size”, APCA Journal ,
V. 20, no. 4, p. 244—246 (Apr 1910).
930 Rooms • J. 0. • and Cayle, J • B., “Evaluating the HIAC PC—lOl Automatic
Particle Counter” , AACC Journal , (Jan 1964).
931 Anon, “Specification Sheet for the RIAC Automatic Particle Counter”, High
Accuracy Products Corp., Clarment • Calif., thafletin 6303.
Wood, K. C., NcParlaM, A. K., Olson, K.E., and Upton, J. E., “Air
Ejector Particle Sampler, A Progress Report”, Litton Systems Inc.,
N “‘ epolis, Minn,, for Div. of Bio1o and Medicine, U.S. Atomic
Eaergy Cme. • Coot, no. AT(ll-l)—401 (Sep 1984).
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Characteristics on Visibility”, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash,, for:
U.S. Public Health Service, Cont, no. DAP/HIGB—AP0336 (May 1966).
909
9l5
916
932
— 933
411€iMoac*sts ffic
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934
936
— 937
Steigervaid, 3. J., and Lynn, 0. A., “Air Ions as an Indes of Air
Pollution”, Case institute of Tech., Cleveland, Ohio, for: U.S.
Public Health Service, Gout, no. PR 86—62-34, (Sep 1962).
935 Johnson, 3. C., Eldridge, K. G., and Terrefl, 3. 8., “An Improved
Infrared Tr”—’’ • sonstnr for Clo$ Drop 3izius” ,I 4 aes. Ins t • of lachnology,
Cambridge, Mass., Clearinghouse No. AD 47 794 (Jul 1954).
Fernandez, C., “Particle Size Determination by Use of Electrostatic
Precipitation Patterns and Radioactive Tracers”, Air Force Institute of
Tech., Wright—Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio (Aug 1964).
Ortmsn, C. C., “A Photometric Pressure Sensor”, paper presented at Annual
Meeting, APCA., Nas York, N .Y., Reprint Paper 61—4 (Jun 1961).
938 Munson, K. 8., and Petarson, A. B., “A New Recording Microbsiance” .
Inetnezents & Automation , (Jul 1955).
939 Burson, J. H., Ilnoys, K., aid Orr, C., Jr., “Particle Size Classifier
for the Snbeeive Range”, Revise of Scientific Instruments , V. 34, no. 9,
p • 1023—1025 (Sep 1963).
940 Bureon, J. 3., Iinoye, K., Orr, C., Jr., “Particle Size Classification
by Adhesion”, Nature , V. 200, no. 4904, p. 360—361 (Oct 1963).
941 Anon, “Coeparieon Methods for Particle Size Analysis”, in: Su ry Technical
Report for the Period October 1, 1962 to December 31, l96 , National Lead
Co., Cincinnati, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. NLCO—865, p. 43—51 (Feb 1963).
942 Snyder, A. D., aisi Wooten, C. V., “Feasibility Study for the Development
of a Mnltifunctiogm.1 Emission Detector for ND,C0, end SO “, Monsanto
Research Corp., Heyton, Ohio, Clearinghnuse No. PB 188 I6S (Oct 1969).
943 Anon, “Applications of Ultrasonic Energy, Ultrasonic Instrumentation for
Nuclear Application, Aeroproj note, Inc., West Chester, Pa., Clearinghouse
No. NTO—9585 (Ott 1961).
944 Cruna, V. M.,Burrons, 8., and On, C., Jr., “Effects of Righ Density
Ionizing Radiation on Colloidal Systems end Suspensions”, Georgia inst. of
Technolo , Atlanta, Ca., Claeringhouee Rn. 110—16694 (Jun 1962).
945 Ligda, K. 8., “Detection of Cement Dust Clouds with a Pulsed Rnby Lidar”,
Stanford Resecych Inst., Menlo Park, Calif., Clearinghouse Mo. UCRL—l3204
(Mar 1966).
946 Smith, V. S., end Grubar, C. V., “Ateaospbsric Emissions f ton Coal
Combustion — An Inventory Guide”, U. S. Public Health Service, Divieion of
Air Pal l iation, Cincinnati, Ohio, Clearinghouse No. P8 110 851 (Apr 1966).
947 Jude, 3., and Budzinski, K,, “Atnospheric Pollution”, Trans. by: Joint
Publications Rssearch Service, Washington, D. C., from Polish book:
Zanieczyazczenis A sfery , Vydawn iccwa Nauknwo—Techniczne, Warsaw.
256 p, 1961, Clearinghouse No. .YPRS 18455 (Mar 1963).
948 Nercer, 1. 1., “The Stage Constants of Cascade Irzpactcrs”, Lovelace
Foundation, Albuquerque, N, N., Clearinghouse No, LF—12 (Oct 1963).
949 Whitfield, V. 3., sod Nashhurn, .1. C., “Development of an Increased
Sampling Rate Monitoring Systeci ?’, Sandia Lah., Albuquerque. N.M.,
Clearinghouse No. SC—RR—66—58S (Oct 1966).
950 Littlewood, A.. “Measurement of the Optical Density of Snoke in a Chiancy”,
Journal of Scientific Instruments , V. 33, p. 495—499 (Dec 1956).
951 Heinrich, 0. 0., “Study on Electro—Precipitator Performance in Relation
to Particle Size Distribution, Level of Collection Efficiency and Pover
Inpet”, Trans. Institute of Chemical Engineers , V. 39, p. 145—163
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952 thicker, F. T., Jr., 0’Knoaki, C. 1., “Electronic Methods of Counting
Aerosol Farticlee”, Chemical Revises , V. 44, no. 2, p. 373—388 (1949).
953 Gillespie, T., and Laogntrotb, C.0., “An instrument for Determining
the Electric Charge Distribution in Aerosols”, Canadian Journal of
C hemistry , V., 29, no. 11, p. 1056-1068 (1951).
954 Gillespie, T., and Custer, A. V., “The Drag on Spheres and Cylinders in
a Stream of Duet—Laden Air”, Jotwnal of Applied Mech. , Ser. K., V. 26,
no. 4, p. 584—586 (Dec 1959).
955 Dennis, K., Ssaples, V. K., Anderson, 0. K., and Silverman, t.., “leokinstic
Sampling Probes”. Industrial & Eeaineerina Chemistry , V. 49, no. 2,
p. 294—302 (Feb 1957).
956 Cohen, 3., and Dickinson, K. V., “The Measurement ef the Resistivity of
Power Station Flue Dust”, Journal of Scientific Instruments , V. 40,
p. 12—75 (Feb 1963).
957 Srink, 3. A., Jr., “Cascade Inpaccor for Adiabatic Measurement”, Industrial
6 Eng. Chemistyy , V. 50, no. 4, p. 645—648 (Apt 1958).
958 Slacktin, S. C., “Inatrumezat f or Soth Cotmting end Weighing Particles of
Dusts, Smokes, and Other Dispersions”, Journel Society of Chemical industry ,
V. 56. p. 281—2631 (1931).
959 Bayles, A. L., “Effects of Particle Size on Tiring Pulverized Solid Fuels
in Boilers”, Mechanical Engineering , V. 80, p. ill (Mar 1958).
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973 Trax].er, a. N., and Baiza, L. A. H., “Measurement of Particle Site
960 tJhitby, K. T., Algren, A. B., end Jordan, K. C., “Size Distribution Distribution by Optical Methods”, American Society for Testing Materials ,
end Concentration of Air—Borne Dust”, Beating, Piping 6 Air Conditioning , V. 35, p. 451—410 (1935).
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974 Metnieka, A.L., “On the Various Methods of Deducing Aerosol Size
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975 McCormick, It. A., and Baulch, D. M., “The Variation with Height of tha
- 962 Tolman, K. C,, and Reysreon, L. H., Brooks, A. F., and Smyth, H. B., “An Dust Loading over a City as Determined from the Arnospheric Turbidity”,
Electrical Precipitator for Analyeing Smokes”, Journal American Chemical APCA Journal , V. 12, no. 10, p. 492—496 (Oct 1962).
Society , V. 41, p. 587—589 (1919).
976 Lipscoab, V. N., Robin, 7. ft., and Sturdivant, 3. H., “An Investigation
963 Stormy, ft. M., “Smoke Density Integrator”, Journal of Applied Pbyaics , of a Method for the Analyaie of Smokes According to Particle Size” • Journal
V. 11, p. 509—512 (Nov 1960). of Applied Physics , V. 18, no. 1, p. 12—79 (Jan 1947).
964 Stoeckar, W. F., “Smoka—Denaity Measuremant. Correlation of Solids - 977 Nolan, P. J., and Scott, 3. A., “The Influence of Variations in Pressure
Content in Gas with Pbotoelectric Smoke-Meter Raadings”, Mechanical and Temperature on the Calibration of a Photoelectric Nucleus Counter”,
Engineering , V. 72. no. 10, p. 793—798 (1950). Proc. Royal Irish Academy , V. 64, Sec. A., No. 3, P. 37—48 (1964).
965 Slater, C., and Cohen, L., “A Centrifugal Particle Size Analyzer”, Journal 978 Van der Hulet, K, C., Light Scattering by Small Particlea , Wiley,
of Scientific Instrument . , V. 39, p. 614—611 (Dec 1962). New York (1957).
966 Rounds, C. L., and Matoi, B. J,, “Electoetatic Sampler for Duet—Laden 979 Rose, H. E., The Meaeuremante of Particle Size in Very Fine Powders ,
Gases”, Analytical Chemistry , V. 27, p. 829—830 (May 1955). Constable, London (1953).
967 Beadle, t. K., and Vilsdon, a. D., “The Prevention of Acid Condensation 980 Morgan, B. B., and Meyer, K. W,, “Multi—Channel Photoelectric Scanning
in Oil—Fired Boilers”, Cmnbustimp . V. 29, p. 39—48 (Jul 1957). instrument for Sizing Microscopic Particles”, Journal of Scientific
Instruments , V. 36, p. 492—501 (Dec 1959).
968 Maz,ssdar, B. K., Choudhury, S. S., and tahiti, A., “Alicyclicity and Smoke -
Hasission of Coal”, Nature , V. 183, p. 1613 (Jun 1959). 981 Nolan, P. .7., and Scott, 3. A., “The Exhaustion Method of Nucleua Size
Analysis”, Proc. Royal irish Ac 4 , V. 65, Sac. A., no, 2, p. 13—25
969 Nader, 3. S., Orasan, C. C., and Maeaey, K. T., “Light—Scatter Instrumentation (1966).
for Msasuremant of Atmospheric Particuletes”, American Industrial Hygiene
Mae. Journal , V. 22, no. 1, p. 42—48 (Feb 1961). 982 Langer, C., Radnik, J., and Templeton, 1, “Development of Staple, High—
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- 97D Nader, J, S., sod Allen, D. ft., “A Mass Loading and Radio Activity Research Foundation, Ill. Inst. of Tech., Chicago, 111. (1961).
Analzyer for Ansospheric Particulates”, 52nd Annual Meeting, APCA,
Los Angelea, Calif., Paper No. 59—28 (Jun 1959). 983 Langer, C., Radnik, J., and Templeton, I., “Devalopmenr of a Simple, High—
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(1941), 984 Kretohvij, J. P., “Calibration of Light—Scattering Instruments, IV.
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— 972 White, B. 3., “Effect of Fly Ash Characteristics on Collector Performance”, V. 21, no. 5. p. 498—512 (May 1966).
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(Nov 28 — Dec 3 1954). 985 Gee, S., “Method for Laser Measurement of Particle Concantration in Gases”,
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986 Blacktin, S. C., “Range of Electrotor Meter Demonstrated by Dark
Field Count”, Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology , V. 19,
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987 Cartvright, 3., Nagelachmidt, G., and Skideora, 3. W,, “The Study of
Air Pollution with the Electron Microacope”, Quarterly Journal of Royal
Meteol. Soc. , V. 82, p. 82—86 (Jan 1956).
988 Channell, 3. K., and Henna, K.J., “Experience with Light Scattering
Perticle Counters”,Archivea of Environmental Health , V. 6, p. 92—106
(1963).
989 Guruswamy, S., and Neraainhachar, V • S., “Geometric Meen Particle Size
6 Ita Application in the Sampling of Airborne Dust”, Journal of Sci. IS.
Research (New Delhi), V. 185, p. 319-323 (Aug 1959).
990 Herley, J. H., “Sampling and Measurement of Airborne Daughter Products
of Radon”, Nuc leqp4çp , V. 11, no. 7, p. 12—15 (Jul 1953).
991 Nader, J. S., Hagee, C. R., and Setter, L. R., “Evaluating the Performance
of the Internal Counter”, Nucleonics , V. 12, no. 6, p. 29—31 (Jun 1954).
992 Blacktin, S. C., “The Electrotor Dust and Smoke Meter”, Journal of
Industrial Eygiexaand Toxicology , V. 18, no. 9, p. 583—594 (1936).
993 Hosey, A. n., Jones, H. H., end Ayer, H. E., “Evaluation of an Aerosol
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1225
1226
rt,rfl ’’r —. rrr ,.C , ‘ r
-------
-184—
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1253 D’Konski,C. T., Sitron, H. D., and Higuchi, W. I., ASTM Spec. Tech.
Publ. No. 234 (1958).
1254 Duwal, I.., “Comparative Investigatiooa of Different Measuring Principles
for Continuous Monitoring of Dust Exissions of Lignite Fired Steam—
Boilers”, Paper presented at Second International Clean Air Congress,
Washington, D. C., Dec. 6 — 11, 1970.
1255 DaVore, 3. a., and Pflund, A. I I., “Optical Scattering by Dielectric
Powders of Uniform Particle Size”, 3. Optical Society America , V. 56,
p. 1351 (1947).
1256 Gnyp, A. W., Price, S. 3. W., St. Piarre, C. C., and Steiner, 3., “As
Information Search for an Evaluation of Factora Affecting Stick Sapling”,
Industrial Research Institute, University of Windsor, (Sap 1970).
1257 Matthews, B. 3., and Kemp, R. F., Inveatigation of Scattered Light
Rolography of Aeroaols and Data Reduction Techniques”, TRW Systems
Group, Redondo Beach, Celif.,TRW Report Mo. 14103—6002—R0—OO under
MA l tA Contract CPA 70—4 (Nov 1970).
1258 Wajafal.ner, R. • “New Spectrometer for Charged Particles”, Centre
de’Etudea Nuc leaires de Fontenay—aux—Rosea, France (1970).
1259 Davies, C. N., “The Entry of Aerosols into Sampling Tubes and Reads”,
British 3. Appi. Physics , V. 1, no. 2, p. 921—932 (1968).
1260 Feifel, K. • “Staub ala Ladungatrager”, Radex—Rundschau . p. 904—917,
(1957).
1261 Schmidt, K. C., “Staubfragen in dar GteBereisnduatrie”, Gieaaerei ,
p. 173—180 (Apr 1963).
1262 Boning • P. • “Theorie der Auf ladungearacheinungen an Staub, Papier und
Spinnatof fee”, p. 655—658 (Oct 1962).
1263 Pilat, M. 3.. “Application of Gas—Aerosol Adaorption Date to the
Selection of Air Quality Standards”, paper preaented at the Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Aaaoc., St. Paul, Mien., Jun
23—27, 1968.
1264 O’Keeffe, A. E. • “Needa in Electronic Inatrtmientation for Air—Poflution
Anelysia”, IEEE Tranaactiona on Geoscience Electronics , V. 8, no. 3,
(Jul 1970).
1265 Beal, S. K., “The Effect of Particle Size Distribution upon Deposition”,
Materials—General , p. 568—569 (1970).
— - 1266 Ei,maarman, K., “The Measurement of Subetance in Exhaust Gas”, praeented
in a speech in the Kohlenataubaaschul of the Reichakohienratea on
Mar 6, 1930, Berlin.
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
3244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
Thomson, 14. 7., Mechanical Vibrations , 2nd Ed., Prentice—Hall, Inc.,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J. (1953).
Gould, G., “Formation of Air Pollutants”, Power, P. 86 (Aug 1960).
Negherbon, W. 0., “Sulfur Dioxide, Sulfur Trioxide, Sulfuric Acid
and Fly Ash: Their Nature and Their Role in Air Pollution”, EE l
Research Project RP62 , (Jun 1966).
Ralliday, H. C., “Meaauratent of the Rise of Rot Plumes”, Atmospheric
Environment , Vol. 2, p. 509—516 (196B).
Pilat, M. 3., and Ensor, D, S., “Plume Opacity and Particulate Mass
Concentration”, Atmospheric Environment , V. 4, p. 163—173 (1970).
Paulson, C. A. 3., and R dan, A.R., “Some Microscopic Features of
Fly—Ash Particlee and Their Significance in Relation to Electrostatic
Precipitation”, Atmospheric Enviroinent , V. 4, P. 175—185 (1970).
Rae, .1. B., and Garland, J. A., “A Stablized Integrating Nephalometar
for Visibility Studies”, Atmospheric Enviroimiant , V. 4, P. 219—223
(1970).
Montgomery, T.L., and Corn, N., “Aerosol Deposition in a Pipe with
Turbulent Airflow”, Aeroeol Science , V. 1, p. 185—213 (1970).
Huang, C. M., Earlier, N., and Matijevic, E., “The Effect of Brownian
Coagulation, Gradient Coagulation • Turbulent Coagulation and Wall Losses
upon the Particle Size Distribution of an Aerosol”, Journal, of Colloid
and Interface Science , V. 33, no. 4, (Aug l9 lD).
Benarie, N., and Quetier, .7. P.. “Etude D’une Methode Nicrodynamometrique
Pour a Nasure da l.a Concentration des Poussieres”, Aerosol Science , V. 1,
p. 77—109 (1970).
Procharka, a,, “Eeueete Entwicklusg dee auf Kontaktelektriaeher Basis
beruhenden Staubgehalamessgeratas Koniteat”, Staub—Reinhalt dat Luft ,
V. 24, p. 353—359 (Sap 1964).
Stratton, 3. A., Electromagnetic Theory , McGraw Bill (1941).
Jefferis, G. C., and Sensenbaugh, 3. D., “Effect of Operating Variables
from a Modern Power Station Boiler”, ASNE, (Oct 1959).
Croaa, F.L., Jr., and Frederick, B. H., Jrs., “Understaeding Source Testing”,
Poflutioo Engineering , V. 2. no. 5, p. 35—36 (1970).
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1267 Corn, H., “Particle Size: Relationship to Collector Performance, Emission
Standards end Ambient Air Quality”, presented at Tech. Session 41 of the
2nd International Air Pollution Conference of the International Union of
Air Pollution Prevention Associations, Washington, D. C., Dec. 10, 1910.
1268 Short, W., “Measurement of Grit end Dust Emission”, ASME, New York,
N.Y., p. 89—90, (May 1968).
1269 Smith, S. K., “Economics of Selecting Particulate Control Equipment”,
Pollution Enaineering , p. 22—24 (Jan—Feb 1911).
1270 Norton, H. N., “Nuclear Radiation”, Handbook of Transducers for Electronic
Measuring Systems , Chapter 9, p. 387—413, Prentice—Hall, Inc. (1969).
1271 Berdewick, W. A., and White, F. 7. N., “Trends in the Instnm’ental
Assessment of Industrial Dustiness”, Canadian Mining and Mat. Bulletin ,
p. 1045—1051 (Oct 1969).
1272 Sinclair, D., “Effect of Convection and Turbulence on Diffusion of Smell
Aarosol Particles in Circular tubes”, Staub—Eeinhalt der tuft. (Enal . Trans.) ,
V. 29, no. 5, p. 13 — 15 (May 1969).
1273 Israel, C. W., “Investigations of Aerosol Beams”, Staub—Rainbslt der tuft,
( Engl. Trans.) , V. 29, no. 5, p. 5 — 8 (May 1969).
1274 McGuire, T., and Noll, K. E., “Relationships Between Concentrations of
Ansospheric Pollutants and Averaging Tine”, Paper Presented at 11th
Conference Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies,
Berkeley, Calif., Mar. 30, 31, and Apr 1, 1970.
1275 Whitby, K. T., and Liu, B. Y. H., “Atmospheric Aerosol Size Distribution 11 ,
Paper Presented at 11th Conference Methods In Air Pollution and Industrial -
Hygiene Studien, Berkeley, Calif, • Mar, 30, 31, and Apr 1, 1970.
1276 Whitby, K. T., and Liu, B. T. H., “Atmospheric Particulate Data — What
Does It Tell Us About Air Pollution?”, Paper Presented at 11th Conference
Methods in Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Studies, Berkeley, Calif.,
Mar. 3D, 31, and Apr 1, 1970.
- 1277 Haberl, J. B., and Fusco, S. J., “Condensation Nuclei Counters: Theory
and Principlee of Operation”, Paper Presented at 11th Conference Methods
In Air Pollution sad Industrial Hygiene Studies, Berkeley, Calif., Mar.
30, 31 end Apr 1, 1970.
1278 Spurny, K., and fleer, 3., “Beserkung zur mikrogravimetriecbem Bestimeung
dar Aeroeolkonzentretion sit Hilf e von Filtretionsnathoden”, Staub—Rainhslt
der Luft , V. 30, no. 6, p. 249—250 (Jun 1970).
1279 Matthews, 3. 3., and Keep, K. P., “Holographic Determination of Injected
Limeetene Distribution in Unit 10 of the Sbawnee Power Plant”, TRW Sys tees
Group, Badomdo Beach, Calif., F f1 Report No. 14103—6001-10-00 under
NAPC& Contract CPA 70-4 (Jun 1970).
1280 Jaye, F. C., and Steiber, K. S., “Additional Testing of Von Brand
Tape Sampler with Limestone in a Wind Tunnel”, Dept. of Health,
Education 6 welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration,
Cincinnati, Ohio (Sep 1970).
1281 Smith, W. S., Martin, K. M., Thirst, U. K., Hyland, K. C., Logan, T.J.,
and Hager, C, B., “Stack Gas Sampling Improved and Simplified with
New Equipment”, paper presented at the 60th Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, Cleveland, Ohio (Jun 11 — 16, 1967).
1282 Jackson, K. K., and Liebermsn, A., “Prototype Fly Ash Monitor for
Incinerator Stacks”, American Public Works Association, Report Mo.
IITRI—CBO8B—5 (Feb. 1 — May 31, 1967).
1.283 Langer, C., “Prototype Fly Ash Monitor for Incinerator Stacks”,
American Public Works Association, Report Mo. ARE CBOIS—l
(Apr 15 — Jun 15, 1963).
1284 Siseon, W., “Estimating Air Pollutants from Stacks”, Nipak, Inc.,
Pryor, Okla.
1285 Paulus, H. J., and Peterson, C. M., “Urban Aerosol: Count Size
Related to Meteorologic Data”, School of Public Health, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., Final Report (Nov 1969).
1286 Lieberman, A., and Allen, R. J., “Theoretical & Experimental Light
Scattering Data for a Near Forward System”, paper presented at
American for Contamination Control, May 19, 20, 21, 22, 1969.
1287 Mednikov, E. P., “Absorption and Dispersion of Sound in Aerosols at
Large Particle Velocity Amplitudes”, Soviet Physics—Acoustics , V. 15,
no. 4 (Apr—Jun 1970).
1288 Leighton, P. A., Perkins, 1.’A., Crinnell, S. W., and Webeter, F. K.,
“The Fluorescent Particle Atmospheric Tracer”, Journal of Applied
Meteorology , V. 4, no. 3, pp., 334—348 (Jun 1965). -
1289 Faith, W. L., “An Evaluation of Regulations for Control of Particulate
Matter Emiesione”, paper presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Louis,Miseo i, Jun 14 — 18, 1970.
1290 Sundaram, T. K., and Ludwig, C. K., “Simulation of Small—Scale -
Atnespheric Turbulence in a Laboratory Facility” • paper presented at
the Subsonic Aerodynanic Testing Association Meeting, Ottawa, Nay 14—
15. 1970.
1291 Dreyhaupt, F. 3., “Experiences with a Combined Tele—Lider—Station for
Controlling Faiseinns Day and Night During a test-Operation”, paper
presented at the Second International Clean Air Congress of the
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Association,
Weshington, U. C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
-------
—188—
—189—
1292 Persson, G., “Swedish Smission Limits for Specific Sources of
Air Pollution”, paper presented at the Second International Clesn
Air Congress of the International Union of Air Pollution Prevention
Associstion, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
1293 Busby, H, C. I., Whitehead, C., end Derby, K., “High Efficiency
Precipitator Performance on Modern Power Stations Firing Fuel Oil
and Low Sulphur Coals”, paper presented at Second International Clean
Air Congress of the International Union of Air Pollution Prevention
Association, Washington,D. C,, Dec. 6—11, 1970.
1294 Kurfuret, .1., “Managessnt of Mr Pollution Control in Czechoslovakia”,
paper presented at tha Second Internstionsl Clean Mr Coigress of the
International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Association, Wsshington,
D.C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
-- 1295 Locklin, D. W., Weller, A. E., and Barrett, R. E., et al, “The
Federal R & D Plan for Air—Pollution Control by Combustion—Process
Modification”, Battelle Masorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, Final
Report prepared under Gont. No, CPA—22—69—147 for Air Pollution
Control Office, Enviroonentel Protection Agency(Jan 11, 1971).
1296 Hidy, G. N., and Brock, 3. K., “An Assessment of the Global Sources
of Troposheric Aerosols”, paper presented at the Second International
Clean Air Congress of the International Union of Mr Pollution
Prevention Association, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
1297 Nicholson, N. 3., Rohi, A., and Ferrand, E.F., “Asbestos Air
Follutjn.zt In New York City”, paper presented at the Second Inter-
National Clean Air Congress of the International Union of Air
Pollution Prevention Association, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
1298 Hariharan, P. A., “A Method For Ramote Sensing of Particulates in
The Atmosphere”, paper prassnted at the Second International Clean
Air Congress of the Internationel Union of Air Pollution Prevention
Association, Washington, D. C., Dec. 6—11, 1970.
1299 Knight • C., “A Simple Method for Determining Size Distribution of
Airborne Dust by its Settling Velocity”, paper presented at the
American Industrial Hygiene Association Annual General Meeting,
Detroit, Mich., May 19, 1970.
1300 Anon, “An Annotated Bibliography on Methods of Visibility Measure-
ment”, Office of Administration and Technical Services, Rockville,
Maryland, Clearinghouse No. PS 188 652 (Sep 1969).
1301 Hemeon, N. C. L., Names, C. F., and Ida, B. N., “Determination of
Haze and Smoke Concentrations by Filter Paper Samplers”, Air Repair ,
V. 3, no. 1, p. 22—28 (Aug 1953).
1302 Berg, Owe, I. G.,et al, “Investigation of the Force of Adhesion
Between Powder Particles”, Aerojet—Cenersl Corporation, Downey,
Calif., Clearinghouse No. AD 671 010 (Mar 1963).
1303 Corcoran, 3. F., “Replication of Fly—Ash Particles for Electron
Microscopy”, Journal Unknown.
1304 Zarfoss, J. K., “Ductwork Arrengenent Criteria for Electrostatic
Precipitators Without Model Study”, APCA Journal , V. 20, no. 9,
pp. 577—581 (Sep 1970).
1305 loos, B,, and Emeericha, M., “A Mew Sampling Probe fot Dusts”,
Stsub—Reinhalt. der Luft.iEngl. Trans.) , v. 29, no. 10, pp. 26—27
(Oct 1969).
1306 Coenen, N., “A Simple Flow—Sensitive Arrangement with a Thermistor
and Its Tachnical Application to Dust Measurement”, Staub—Rainhalt der
Luft. Enal Trans. , V. 29, no. 11, pp. 16—22 (Nov 1969).
1307 Dalzsll, N. H., Williana, C. C., and Hottel, H. C., “A Light—
Scattering Method for Soot Concentration Measurements”, Combustion
and Flame , V. 14, pp. 161—170 (1970).
1308 Bicker, N. A., end Gary, C. A., “Mie Scattering: A Computer Program
and an Atlas”, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama,
Clearinghouse No. N 70 17291 (Sep 1969).
1309 Oeseburg, F., “A Literature Study About The Possible Use Of A Laser
As A Light Source In A Particle Counter”, Clearinghouse No. N70—1614].
(1969).
1310 Brockhuaa, A., and Friedrichs, K.N., “Die Messung partikalfdrmiger
Iissionen”, VDI—Berichte , V. 149, pp. 196—203 (1970).
1311 Brooks, N., “Rubabscheidung bai Olfeuerungen”, VDI—Bsrichte , V. 14.9,
pp. 279—285 (1970).
1312 Dreyhaupt, F. J., “Mittel und Ziele belfordlicher Enisetoneubervachung”,
VDT—Berichte , V. 149, pp. 33—40 (1970).
1313 Moore, N., “Radiation Sensitive Smoke Detecting Device”, U.S. Patent
No. 3,505,529 (Feb 1968).
1314 Enemerk, K. B., et aS, “Smoke Detector Including Porous Housing Meens’ ,
U, S. Patent No. 3,497,303 (Jul 1967).
1315 M arella, L. • “Aerosol Cascade Sampler”, U. S. Patent No. 3,482,431
(Feb 1968).
TMERMfl cYStrssc,’ r
-‘ C r -. ’ . -
-------
—190—
—191— -
1316 Payton, E. J. • at al, “Optical Device for the Examination of
Smoke and Duet Laden Gas”, U.S. Patent No. 3,500,450 (Jun 1966).
1317 Asthainer, K. V., “Method of Remotely Monitoring Stack Ef fluent”,
U. S. Patent No. 3,517,190 (Dec 1967).
1318 Dunn, .7. F., Jr., at al, “On the Design of en Instrument to Use
Forward—Scattered Light to Detect Snail Particles”, Northwestern
University 1 Boston, Mesa., Clearinghouse No. AD 693 557 (Aug 1969).
1319 Schiager, K. .7., Allan, I. K., Gerber, S. B., Kinsella, G. H.,
Krupka, F. .1., end Reilly, 0. H., “Isproved Membrane—Filter Mr
Sampling Methods for Environmental Control”, Health Physics , V. 7,
pp. 185—190 (1962).
1320 Huang, C.M,, Marker, K., Matijevic, E., end Cooke, D.D., “Aerosol
Studies by Light Scattering. VII. Preparation and Particle—Size
Distribution of Linolenic Acid Aerosols”, Journal of Colloid and
Interface Science , V. 33, no.2, pp. 244—254 (Jun 1970).
1321 Anon, “Improved N.C.R. Apparatus for Measuring Flue Gas Dust Con—
dentratione”, The Steam and Heating Engineer , pp. 12—15 (Feb 1970),
1322 Shannon, L. J., and Vandergrift, A. E., “Particulate Pollution and
Its Control”, I Quarterly , Published by Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, Mo. (Winter 10—71).
1323 Morrow, N. L., Bertrand, R. ft., and Hall, H. J., “Instrumentation
Available for the Measurement of Psrtieulates, Sulfur Dioxide and
Nitrogao Oxides in the Ambient Atmosphere”, Paper Presanted at the
National Meeting, American Institute nf Chemical Engineers, Houston,
Texas, Mar, 4, 1971.
1324 Hamilton, P. N., “The Application of a Pulsed—Light Rangefinder (Lidar)
to the Study of chimney Plwsaa”, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London , V. 265,
pp. 153—172 (1969).
1325 Littlejohn, K. P., “Comment on Recent Papers, Particle Sire Analysis”,
Journal Unknown.
1326 Hayes, E. I., and Scott, 3. A., “An Automatic Photoelectric Condensation
Nucleus—Counter”, Proc. R.I.A, v. 68, eec. A, Pp. 33—39 (Oct 1969),
1327 Flux, 3. H,, Smithson, D.J,, and Smithson, K. N., “Simplified Dust
Sampling Apparatus for Usa in Iron end Steelworks”, Joureal of the
Iron and Steel Institute , pp. 1188—1193 (Dec 1968).
1328 Anon, “Suspended Solids Monitor”, American—Standard Research & Develop-
ment Division, New Brunswick, N.J. (Oct 1970).
1329 Sumdarsm, ‘. R., Skimmer, C. T., and Lu&iig, C. ft., “Simulation of
Small-Scale Atmospheric Pb””.”s”, Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory,
Inc., Buffalo, N.Y., Final Technical Report Cal Report Ho. VC—2691—A—l
(Apr 1970).
1330 Bomanek, H., Jackson, N. ft., snd Liebernan, A., “Prototype Fly Ash
Monitor for Incinerator Stscks”, lIT Research Institute, Chicago,
Ill., Final Report, Phase II I, No. flTHI—CBOB8—8, prepared for
Anarican Public Works Association (Sept 1968).
- - 1331 todd, H. F., Hagan, J. E., and Spaits, P. V., “Test Oust Pre-
paration and Evaluation”, Public Health Service, U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Wolf era, Cincinnati, Ohio.
1332 Graham, A. L., and Hanne, T. H., “The Micro—Particle Classifier”,
Ceramic Age , (Sep 1962).
1333 Fuchs, N, A., “The Machanice of Aerosols”, Published by The
Macilillian Company, Maw York, N.E. (1964).
1334 Anon, “Threshold Limit Valiies of Airborne Contaminants for 1968”,
American Conference of Goverunanta]. Industrial Hygienists (1968).
1335 Lippmann, K., and Harris, H. B., “Sire—Selective Samplers for
Estimating Raspirabl.e Dust Concentrations”, Health Phys. , B; 155—163
(1962).
1336 Matthews, B. 3., and Wuerker, K. F., “Measurement of Fine Particulate
In Pollution Control”, Papar Presented at SPIT Seminar in Depth,
Holography ‘71, Society of Photo—Optical Instrumentation Engineers,
Boston, Mass., Apr 14 — 15, 1971.
1331 Knight, C., and Lichti, K., “Comparison of Cyclone and Horizontal
Eiutriatár Size Selectors”, American Industrial Hygiene Associstion
Journal , pp. 437—441 (Jul—Aug 1970).
1338 Patton, H. P ., and Brink, .1. A., Jr., “New Equipment and Techniques
for Sampling Chemical Process Cases”, Paper Presented at tbe 55th
Annual Meeting of APCA, Chicago, Illinois, May 20-24, 1962.
1339 Ziesse, M. C.., and Penney, C. H., “Some Effects of Particle Sire on
Measurements of Fine Airborne Particulates”, Carnegie—MalIon University
under ASHRAE RP—60 end RP-90, (1970).
1340 Marple, V. A., “A Fundamental Study of Inertial Impectors”, Ph.D.
Thesis, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minmesota
(Sap 1970).
1341 Dysent, 3., “Use of a oetz Aerosol Spectrometer for Measuring the
Penetration of Aerosols Through Filters as a Function of Particle Sirs
Aerosol Science , Vol. 1, pp. 53—67 (1970).
Turn. ,’, ,‘
-------
—192—
1342 Khmelevtsov, S. S., “A Size—Separation Collector for Sampling
Aerosols From Curvilinear Flow’, Dept. of the Army, Ford Detrick,
Frederick, Maryland, Clearinghouse No. AD 678 123 (Nov 1967).
1343 Redkin, J.N., “Properties of Atmospheric Aerosol Measured with a
Centrifugal Spectrometer”, Journal of Geophysical Research , Vol. 75,
00. 18, (Jun 1970).
1344 Whitby, K.T., Huaar, R., McFarland, A. R., and Tomaides, N.,
“Generation and Decay of Small Ions”, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Nine., prepared for National Air Pollution Control
Admin., under USPES Research Grant No. AP 00136—08 (Jul 1969).
1345 Sehmel, C. A., “Complexities of Particle Depoeition and Re—
Entrainment in Turbulent Pipe Flow”, Aerosol Science,V . 2,
pp. 63 — 72 (1971).
1346 Kubis, C., “A Note on a Treatment of Impactor Data for Some
Abrosols”, Aerosol Science , V. 2. pp. 23 — 30 (1971).
1347 Ensor, D. S., end Waggoner, A. P., “Angular Truncation Error In
the Integrating Nephelomster”, Atmospheric Environment , V. 4,
pp. 481—487 (1970).
1348 Gentilizza, N., Fugas, N., and Weber, K., “Application of Fluorimetry
In Smoke Measurement” • Atmospheric Environment • V. 5’ pp. 103—109
(1971).
1349 NcCrons, W. C., Draftz, R. C., and Daily, 3. C., The Particle Atlas ,
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich.(1967).
1350 Andersen, A. A., “Bacterial Aerosol Analyzer”, U.S. Patent No. 3,001,914
(Sep 1961).
1351 Olin, J. C., Trautmer, R. P., and Sc, C. 3., “Air—Quality Monitoring of
Particle Nase Concentration with a Piezoelectric Particle Microbalence”,
Paper No. 71—1, 64th Annual Nesting, Mr Pollution Control Association,
Atlantic City, N.J. (Jun — Jul 1971).
1352 King, W. H., Jr., “Ueing Quartz Cryatala as Sorption Detectors, Parts
1 end 2, Research/Development , V. 20, no. 28, p. 28—34 (Apr 1969) and
V. 20, no. 28, p. 28—33 (Nay 1969).
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