Summary of Phase II
Regulations
National Primary Drinking Water
Regulations for 38 Inorganic and
Synthetic Organic Chemicals
April 1991
Office of Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC
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Preface
Note to the Reader
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for 38 inorganic and
synthetic organic chemicals on January 30, 1991 (Phase II Rule). The
following packet of materials was developed in response to this
n e kiv g effort and is intended for use by EPA regional officials,
state and water system personnel The packet is organized into two
sections. The first section consists of a general fact sheet which sum-
mari.zes the Phase II regulatory requirements. The second section (or
appendices) of the package consists of a series of eight fact sheets and
flow charts which desalbe the compliance monitoring requirements
for the various groups of contaminants regulated under Phase II. The
entire package of materials has been designed such that individual
sections can be used by themselves or together.
-I-
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Table of Contents
Phase II Fact Sheet
Summary
Regulatory Impact
Phase II National Primary Drinldng Water Regulations (Tables)
Compliance Monitoring Requirements (Table)
Regulatory Development Information
Appendices
• Fact Sheet on Standardized Monitoring Framework
• Fact Sheet on Asbestos
—Standardized Monitoring Framework: Asbestos
-Asbestos Flow Chart
• Fact Sheet on Nitrate
-Nitrate Flow Chart
• Fact Sheet on Nitrite
-Nitrite Flow Chart
• Fact Sheet on Inorganics
-Standardized Monitoring Frameworic Inorganics
-Inorganics Flow Qiii
• Fact Sheet on Volatile Organic Chemicals
-Standardized Monitoring Framework Volatile Organic Chemicals
-Volatile Organic Chemicals flow Chart
• Fact Sheet on Pesticides
-Standardized Monitoring Framework: Pesticides
-Pesticides Flow Chart
• Fact Sheet on Unregulated Contaminants
-Standardized Monitoring Framework: Unieg il ted Contaminants
-Unregulated Contaminants Flow Charts: Inorganics and Pesticides
-U-
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Phase II Fact Sheet
National PrImary Drinking Water Regulations for
38 InorganIc and Synthetic Organic Chemicals
April 1991
Summary
The January 30, 1991 rulemaklngs:
• Promulgate M v num Contaminant Level Goals (MCLGs) and M in um
Contaminant Levels (MCLs) or treatment technique requirements for 33
contaminants; and,
• Repropose MCLGS and MCLs for aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sul-
fone, pentachlorophenol, and barium.
When both ndema ings axe final:
• The addition of the 38 contaminants regulated under Phase U will nearly
double the number of regulated contaminants from the 38 contaminants
cwrentiy regulated to 64 when both rulemakings become effective in 1992.
Of the 38 Phase II contaminants, 27 are newly regulated. The remaining 1
contaminants were previously regulated and were revised. Phase U will
establish:
• l2newpesticideMCLeforatotalofl8;
• Two new inorganic MCLa and the deletion of one MCL for a total of 11;
• 10 new volatile organics MCLI. for a total of 18;
• Treathient technique requirements for two contaminants; and
• One additional MCL for PCB.
These rules also Include additional provisions for.
• Analytical methods and laboratory peiformance reqwrements
• Best Av lah1e Technologies (BATs) for compliance with the MCLs and for
the pwpoee of issuing variances;
• Secondary standards for silver (0.1 mg/LI) and aluminum (0.05 to 0.2 mg/L) to
address aesthetic cons
• Mandatory heal’) ’ effects language to be used by systems when notifying the
public of violations; and
I State reporting, recordkeeping and primacy requirements.
Phase II Fact Sheet—I
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January 1991 Standards for 33 contai i ants promulgated
Standards for 5 contaminants reproposed
July 1991 Standards for 5 contaminants pr wulgated
July 1992 Standards for 33 contaminants effective
State adoption
January 1993 Standards for 5 contaminants effective
Monitoring for 38 contaminants begins
Regulatory Impact
• These regulations will reduce the exposure of three million consumers to the
regulated contaminants and result in an estimated reduction of 75 cancer ses
per year.
I Pesticides aze expected to result in most violations, costs and benefits.
• Total costs to all public water systems will be appz mate1y $88 million per year.
I State implementation costs will be $21 million initially and $17 million in future
years.
• Additional monitoring will be required for 200,000 systems.
• 80,000 community and nontiansient noncommunity systems must monitor
for all contaminants.
• 120,000 bensient noncommunity systems must monitor for nifrate and
nifrite.
• Monitoring requirements will be standardized to 3/6 /9 year cycles.
• Monitoring costs will generally be less than $10 per household per year.
• It will cost $24 million per year for systems to monitor.
• Monitoring for the 30 unregulated contaminants (con rn iants that will
be regulated in future rulemakings) will cost systems an additional $39
milli .
• Approximately 3300 or three percent of all public water systems will be required
to provide bea ent or find an alternate soiace of water.
• Treatment will cost $10 to $800 per household depending upon system
size, de ee of conf .inin tion, and other factors 1
• It will cost systems $64 million to provide freatnent.
• Excmptionswillbeallowedforemallsy stem sbasedOflcosts.
Phase II Fact SIig,j—2
knplementation Dates
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Phase II National Primary L . ‘ing Water Regulations
EPA Standards (mgll4’
Drh*lng Water Final Final Current Analytic
JISanIIIIaMS Health Effecta MCLG MCL MCI Sources Method DAT
Inorganics
Asbestos benlgnhimom 7MFL’ 7MF1 2 naturatmineraldeposds; TEN CIF;DF
also in Asbestos/Cement (NC) pipe DMF; CC
clrculatoiy system 2 2 1 natural mineral deposits; oiVgas drilling GFM; ICP; IE; IS;
operations; paint & other industrial uses DAM HO; ED
Cadmium kidney 0.005 0.005 0.01 natural mineral deposits; metal finishing; GFAA; ICP CFF; IS;
COffOSIOfl prOdUCt in pkimbing HO; 1E
Ciwonthim liverlkic i ney, 0.1 0.1 0.05 natural mineral deposits; metal finishing, GFM; ICP C/F; IS
skin, and textile, tanning and leather industries RO: IE
digestive system
Merairy kIdney, nervous 0.002 0.002 0.002 Industrialdiemlcal manufacturing; MCV; ACV GAC; IS;
System fungicide; natural mineral deposits C/F; RO
n Ihenvin nen a 10 10 10 fertilIzers, leodlots, sewage; NCR; AHR; IE: HO;
naturally in soil, mineral deposits ACA; ISE; IC EDR
m wvwvhth wia 1 1 unstable, rapidly converted to nitrate; ACR; NCR; IE, HO
prohibited In woildng metal IkJICIS IC; SP
Tota lPlIrat&NirIe -—-—--—— - -•----— 10 10
nervous system 0.05 0.05 0.01 natural mineral deposits; by-product of GHAA; GFAA EDR C/F
copper mining smelling AA;LSRO
F ii MCLGS . d MCLs boionis elh ivs .kaly 1992 Al l lone, the auTent MCLs aie lobe eflecbve
• mdban hbers per Ilor, with er hngth .10 ini ons.
Lwls r bwün, caib, i*cab es Ione, aktc*ib s Ioeude w d aenlactilorophenol are proposed Fuwi Iet Is U be esiMbshed by J iIy 1991
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Phase II National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
EPA Standards (mgIL)’
DrinkIng Water Final Final Current Analytic
CoMaminanis Health Effects MCLG MCL MCL Sources Method BAT
Volatile Organ s
n-nai t ni ne nervous system,kmg, 0.6 0.6 industrial solvent; chemical All VOCS: All VOCs:
liver, kidney manulactunng 502.1 GAG/PTA
5022
cis-1.2-Dlchloroethyiene nervous system, liver, 0.07 0.07 industrial extraction solvent 503.1
c lrculetory 524 1
524 2
trans -i ,2-Dlchkwoethylene nervous system, liver. 0.1 0.1 industrial extraction solvent
I ,2-Ok hloropropane probable cancer, liver, 0 0.005 soil fumigant; industrial solvent
kings, kidney
Ethylbenzene kidney, liver, nervous 07 0.7 present m gasoline & rnsectiides;
system chemical manufacturing
MonocNorcbenzene kidney, liver, nervous 0.1 0.1 pesticide manufacturing; metal
system cleaner; industrial solvent
liver, nervous system 0.1 0.1 plastic manufacturing; resins used
in water treatment equipment
Tetrachioroethylene probable cancer 0 0.005 - dry cleaninglindustnal solvent
Tokiene kidney, nervous 1 1 chemical manufacturing; gasoline additive;
system, king industrial solvent
Xylenes liver, kIdney, 10 10 paint/ink solvent; gasoline relining
nervous system by-product; component 01 detergents
nd MCLs b.cems sI ive My 1992. *1 tai Wie. II. ceimni MCI. cease lot
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Phase II National Prima. inking Water Regulations
EPA Standards (mglL)’
Drlnttlng WMer Final Final Current Analyfic
Contamlnsifis HealthEff actS NCLG MCL MCL Sources Method BAT
Pesticides and PCBs
Alachior probable cancer 0 0.002 herbicide on corn and soybeans; 505. 507 GAC
( lasso ) under review (or cancellat n 525
Alcilcaib’ nervous system 0.001 0.003 insecticide on cotton, potatoes; restricted 531 1 GAC
(Ten*) in many areas ie to gw contamination
Aldicaib sulone nervous system 0.002 0.003 degraded from aldicaib by plants 531.1 GAG
Aldicaib suloxkie’ nervous system 0.001 0.003 degraded from aldicaib by plants 531.1 GAC
isprodedive and 0.003 0.003 widely used herbicide on corn and on 505. 507 GAC
(Atranex, Cilsazina) cardiac non-crop land 525
Jboiuran nervous system 0.04 0.04 soil tumigant/insecticide on corn/cotton: 531.1 GAC
(Furadan 49 and reprotfudive restricted in some areas
Chioniane probable cancer 0 0.002 soil insecticide (or termite control on corn, 505. 508, GAG
potatoes; most uses cancelled in 1980 525
Olbmmocbloropropane probable cancer 0 0.0002 soil fumigant on soybeans, cotton; 504 GAC/PTA
(OBCP, Nornafuine) cancelled in 1977
2,4-D ilver, klckiey, 0.07 0.07 0.1 herbicide ( t wheat. corn, rangelands 515.1 GAC
(Formula 40, Weedar 64) nervous system
Ethylene dbomlde probable cancer 0 0.00005 gasoline additive; soil fumigant; solvent; 504 GAG/PTA
(EDB, Biomolume) cancelled in 1984; limited uses continue
Heplachlor probable cancer 0 0.0004 insecticide on corn; cancelled in 1983 for 505, 508, GAC
(14-34. Heptox) all but termite control 525
Heplachior probable cancer 0 0.0002 soil & water organisms convert 505. 508. GAC
epoxkle heptachlor to the epoxide 525
‘Final UCLO. and UCLa tisGume . Ihcd My 1992. At euat ne, *ie cwranl UCLa naase b be eflectuve
t Level. tar banum. al ciwb ab . I ‘ diane. k cb iidIom and pentacNoaplienol are oposed Fm levels wi be eslabbshod by July I. 1991
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Phase II National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
EPA Standards (mgIL
Drinking Water Final Final Current Analytic
Contaminants Health Effects MCLG MCL MCL Sources Method BAT
Pesticides and PCB5 (conEd)
0.0002 0.0002 0.004 insecticide for seed, kimber, livestock; 505. 508,
pest control; most uses restricted in 1983 525
Meihoxychior
(DMDT, Marlale)
flelvous system,
Iver, kidney,
0.04 0.04
505. 508, GAC
525
Po lychlorinated
b lienyis (PCBs, Aroclor)
probable cancer
0 0.0005
electrical transformers, plasuciicrs,
banned in 1979
505, 508 (screen).
508A
GAC
Treatment Tochnlquse
woGd re e;i’i .uivi It 1%tMt)*CidC. fb i. wo. d 525
uses banned in 1987
0.005 nsecticklelherbicide for cotton, soybeans; 505
canceled in 1982
0.01 herbicide on rangelands, sugarcane, golf 515.1
courses; canceled in 1983.
probable cancer,
nervous system
0 0.005% dosed
at 1 mglL
flocculents In sewage!
wastewater treatment
U a Acivaled Alumina
CIF a Coagt ationlFiItration
DF Direct Fdt,aiion
DMF = Diatonule Fdtration
[ DR Electro aIysss Reversa,
CC = Corrosion Control
GAC Granular Acbvaled Charaal
IE = Ion Ei ichange
IS = Lime Softening
RO = Reverse Osmosis
PTA = Paded Tower Aeratron
Lindane
nervous system,
Iver, —
0.1 insecticide on alfalfa, livestock
GAC
I V I V I
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP
(SW ex)
prot tbio cancer, 0 0.001
liver, kidney
probable cancer 0 0.003
nervous system, 0.05 0.05
liver, kidney
GAC
GAC
GAC
Analytical Methods Key:
probable cancer, 0
0.0 1% dosed
epoxy resins & coatings,
liver, kidney, kings
at 20 mglL
fiocculents used in treatment
none limit
use
‘FinalS
$ Levels
TEN •
OFU -
DMA -
TransmissIon Ela un Maroscopy
GraØil. Fumane Alonàc Absoiplion
Direct Aipirseon Atomic Absoipeon
ACV • Automated Cold Vapor
GHAA • Gaseous Ilyifride Atomic Absorption
MCD - Manual Cathnswn Re icbon
ISE a Ion Seleciva EIec od,
IC Ion Chromatography
SP a Spectroç*iotometnc
ICP •
Indecirvaly Cm ed Plasma
ACR • Aulomaled Cadmium Redection
MCV •
Manual Cold Vapor
AHR • AUIOIIIIIOd Hy&azme Reduction
none
Best Available Technology Key:
limit
use
nd UCLa become &lec$im Jiiy 1992 Al Ihat time. 9 1e cwfent MCLs cease to b
rn. ak .b, alcticarb sullane. ak’cab sulloxide and pentachlorophenol are prop
I levels wiN be established by .huIV 1991
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Compliance Monitoring
Requirements
Contaminant
Base Requirement
Ground water Surface water
Trigger that
increases
Monitoring
Waivers
5 Inorganics
1 Sample every
3 years
Annual sample
MCL
YES
Based on analytical
results of 3 rounds
Asbestos
1 Sample every 9 years
MCL
YES
Based on VA’
Niriate
After lyearc50%oIMCL,SWS
may reduce to an annual sample
50% MCL
NO
Nithte
1 Sainj I fIf < 50% of MCL,
state discrenon
50% MCL
NO
18 VO(
Qumerly for one
Annual after 1 year of no detects
0.0005 mg/L
YES
Based on VA’
17 Pesticides
and PCBs
4Quanerly samples every 3 years
After I round of no detects: systems
>3300 reduce to 2 samples per year
every 3 years; systems S 3300
reduce to 1 sample every 3 years
YES
Based on VA’
Unre ula’ed
- 6 lOCs
• 24SOCs
1 Sample
eriy samples
NA.
YES
Based on VA’
‘VA = Vulnerability Assessment
Plsau U Fa d She. —7
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Regulatory Development
• Proposed MCLGS, proposed MCLs and beatment techniques May 22,19
(54F7 22062)
• Final MCLGS, MCL, and b ea ent technique requirements for 33 contami-
nants January30, 1991 (56 3526)
• Proposed MCLGS and MCLs for five contaminants - January 30, 1991 (56 ER
3600)
For More Information
EPA Regional Offices
EPA Region 1
Water Supply Branch
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3655
Conn.ctic a, Massachusetts,
Main., New Hantihir,, Rhcd.
isknd,Vermont
EPA RegIon 2
Wat.r Supply Branch
26 Fsd.ral Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264.1800
New Jersey, New York Puerto
Rico. Virgin island.
EPA Region S
Water Supply Branch
841 Chestnut Strait
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215)597-8227
Delaware, Mwj4ani
Pw .ylvsr ia, Virginia, Wut
Virginia, District c i Cal umbia
EPA RegIon 4
Water Supply Branch
346 Courtland Street NE.
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347- 13
AlaMma, Th G
sMuchy, Miuiuipp., North
Carolir a, South Cwolina,
Tenna...
EPA R.glon 8
Wat.r Supply Branch
On. Denver Place
999 18th Street, Suit. 1300
Denver, CO 80202.2413
(303) 3-1413
Colorodo, Montana. North
Dakota, South Dakota, Utah,
Wyos iir g
EPA Region 9
Water Supply Branch
75 Hawthorn. Street
San Francisco, CA941(
(415) 744-2250
Arisona, California, Hawou,
Nevada, American Samoa,
Guam, Trust Territones of
the Pacific
EPA RegIon 10
Water Supply Branch
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 5534092
EPA RegIon 5
Water Supply Branch
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 353.2151
Illinois, Indiana, Mich gori.
Minnasota, Ohio, PT&sconsin
EPA Region $
Water Supply Branch
• 1201 Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
(214) 665-7155
Arkansas, Louisiana, New
Mexico, Oklahoma, Taw.
EPA RegIon 7
Water Supply Branch
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 551.7032
Iowa, Kansas, Missowi,
Nebraska
Alaska, Idaho, Or, on,
Washington
EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline
1.800.426-4791
Phase!! Fact Sh.er—8
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Appendices
• Stai dardized Monitoring Framework
• Asbestos
• Nitrate
• Nitrite
• Inorganics
• Volatile Organic Chemics]s
• Pesticides
• Unregulated Contaninants
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Fact Sheet on Standardized
Monitoring Framework
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (1 of 8)
April 1991
This fact sheet sw,unarizes the U.S. Environmeraal Protection Agency’s (EPA) Standard-
ized Monitoring Framework as promulgoied under the Agency’s Phase II Rule on January
30, 1991.
Purpose
The primary objective of the Standardized Monitoring Framework is to reduce the
variability and complexity of drinking water monitoring requirement.s. The
objective is achieved through the standardization of monitoring requirements and
the synchronization of monitoring schedules across “rules” or by contaminant
group.
Applicability
The Standardized Monitoring Framework currently applies to the 38 contami-
nants contained in EPA’s Phase II Rule. However, the Framework was designed
to apply to all source-related contaminants, including volatile organic chemicals,
pesticides, inorganic chemicals, and radionucides. Subsequent rulings by EPA for
such contaminants will, in general, contain monitoring requirements that “fit” or
fall within the Standardized Monitoring Framework. In general, the Standardized
Monitoring Framework applies to all community water systems and all
nontransient noncommunity water systems. For some contaminants (i.e., nitrate
and nitrite), the Standardized Monitoring Framework also applies to transient
noncommunity water systems.
The Framework
For the purpose of standardizing monitoring requirements across rules or by
contaminant group, EPA has established a nine.year (based on a calendar year)
compliance ‘cycle,’ with the first cycle beginning on January 1, 1993. The nine-
year compliance cycle contains three three-jear compliance “penods ’ The
first three-year compliance period extends from 1993 to 1995, the second period
from 1996 to 1998, and the third from 1999 to 2001. The second nine.year compli-
ance cycle begins in 2002 and extends through 2010.
The Standardized Monitoring Framework encompasses both sampling and vulner-
ability assessments. The Framework provides states with the flexibility to deter-
mine at which point in a compliance period systems must conduct sampling
activities. For .wnple, states may wish to prioritize sampling based on system
size, vulnerability, lab capacity, and community/nontransient noncommunity
criteria. Once a system is scheduled to sample within a particular three-year
compliance period (e.g., the second year in the compliance period), the system
must then sample in the same year in subsequent compliance periods (e.g., the
second year).
Initial sampling for confrnniviants under EPA’s Phase U Rule begins in the three-
year compliance period starting January 1, 1993. Repeat sampling for applicable
systems is to take place during the compliance periods 1996 to 1998 and 1999 to
Standardiaad Monitcring Pro r wwork—I
Standardized
Monitoring
Framework
Compliance Cycle I
• Period 1
(1993, 1994, 1995)
•Period2
(1996, 1997, 1998)
• PerIod 3
(1999, 2000, 2001)
Compliance Cycle 2
•Period l
(2002, 2003, 2004)
to 2010
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2001. For subsequent rulings by the Agency, the initjal sampling period for
contaminants will be during the first full three-year compliance period following
the effective date of the ruling (i.e., 18 months after the date of promulgation). For
example, if Phase V is promulgated in March 1992, the effective date of the ruE
would be September 1993 (the middle of a compliance period). The initiai unc
sampling for Phase V conthminants would then take place during the 199o to
1998 compliance period.
Specific Standardized Monitoring Requirements
(To learn how these requirements are applied to the 38 contaminants in thc Phase
II Rule, consult Fact Sheets 2 through 8 of EPA ’s Monitoring Series):
• All systems must sample at a base (or minimum) sampling frequency which is
specified by EPA for each contaminant or group of conthmiviants unless a
waiver has been granted by the state (see waiver section below).
• Initial base sampling requirements are the same for all systems regardless of
system size or water source. (This requirement does not apply to the inorganic
contaminants contained in the Phase II Rule.)
• Repeat base sampling requirements are generally the same for all systems
regardless of system size and water source. (Exceptions to this rule exist for
pesticides.) Generally, repeat base sampling requirements are reduced after
the successful conduct of initial sampling.
• All systems which a contaminant must conduct quarterly sampling
until the state determines that the analytical results are ‘reliably and consis-
tently ’ below the m ’” um contamirt*nt level (MCL). Detection is defined
separately for each contaminant or group of contaminants at either the MCL or
at the analytical method detection limit (MDL). Groundwater systems must
take a minimum of two quarterly samples and surface water systems must
take a miniTnum of four quarterly samples before the state can determine tk u.
the analytical results are ‘reliably and consistently’ below the MCL.
• Reliably and consistently’ below the MCL means that though a system detects
contaminants in its water supply, it has sufficient knowledge of the source or
extent of the contamination to predict that the MCL would not be exceeded.
Wide variations in the analytical results near the MCL would not meet the
1 ’ reliably and consistently’ test.
Grandfathertng of DStB
• Sampling data collected three years prior to the beginning of an initial three-
year compliance period may be used to satisfy a system’s initial sampling
requirements. Such “grandfathering of data” would enable an eligible system to
sample at repeat frequencies which are generally lower than initial
frequencies.
• Vulnerability assessments may not be grandfathered.
Waivers
• Waivers to sampling requirements are available to all systems and are based
upon a vulnerability assessment and/or the consideration of prior analytical
results.
• WaiverdeterminationsaretObemadebYthe 5tateend tobem 0fl
conl*inin*nt -by -contaminant basis.
Standoi’diasd Maniftrue ,g Fv.nieuxirh—2
-------
• Vulnerability assessments may be conducted by the state, a system, or a third-
party organization. States are to approve all assessments.
• Systems which do not receive waivers must sample at required base
frequencies.
• There are two basic types of waivers:
1) Waiver by Rule: Systems meet EPA-specified criteria.
2) Waiver by Vulnerability Assessment (two-step process):
Step 1—Use Waiver A determination is made whether a given contami-
nant was used, manufactured, and/or stored in a system area. If thc an-
swer to the inquiry is yes or un known, the system is “susceptible” to
contamination and a “use waive? can not be granted.
Step 2—Susceptibility Waiver: If a “use waive? can not be granted, a
system may conduct a thorough vulnerability assessment of the water
source to determine the system’s “susceptibility” to contamination. Suscep-
tibility is to be based on: a) prior analytical and/or vulnerability assess-
ment results, b) environmental persistence and ansport of the cont.arni-
nant, c) how well the source is protected, d) welihead protection program
reports, and e) elevated nifrate levels.
Systems with no known “susceptibility’ to cont niv1ation (based upon an
assessment of the above factors), may be granted a “susceptibility waiver.”
If 41 suscept.ibility” can not be determined, a system is not eligible for a
waiver and must sample at the regulatory minimum or base sampling
frequency.
Sdmi’di rd Monit Oig Frernuwir —3
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Fact Sheet on Asbestos
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (2 of 8)
Aprit 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the moniLoring requirements for asbestos as promulgated
on January 3O 1991 under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Pkase
II Rule. These requirements will take effect on July 30, 1992.
SystemslAfficted
All community water systems (CWS) and nontransient noncommuzuty water
systems (NTWS) must comply with the Phase II monitoring requirements for
asbestos.
Sampling Points
1) Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system
which is representative of the well or source water after treatment.
2) Systems that are vulnerable to asbestos con v ’ nation, either solely due to
corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe or due to both corrosion of asbestos-ceiner
pipe and the source water, shall take one sample at a tap served by asbesto
cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most uk
to occur.
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take one sample unless a waiver has
been granted by the state (see below for summaiy of waiver requirements). The
state will designate the year in which each system samples within this compliance
period.
Grandfathering
States may allow previous sampling data to satisfy the initial base sampling
requirements, provided the sampling data was collected after January 1, 1990.
Repeat Base Sampling
If results of the initial sample do not exceed the MCL for asbestos, then the
system would not be required to take repeat samples until the start of the next
nine-year compliance cycle (2002 to 2005).
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The inA wnum contaminant level (MCL) for asbestos is the trigger for increas 1
decreased sampling (see sidebar for the MCL).
Aa —1
Regufateci
Contaminant
Cnnthminant
Asbestos
MCL
7 Million FiberwLiter
(MFL)—(greater than
10 microns)
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Increased Sampling (If MCL Is exceeded)
1) Any system eseeeding the MCL for asbestos must take quarterly samples (in the
çiaiter mmethately following the violation) until a baspline is established (minunurn of
two quarters for growsdwater systenw and fixir quarters for aw7b.* watv systems).
2) If the state determines that the baseline is ‘reliably and consistently” below
the MCLI the sampling frequency may be reduced to the base requirements.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (i.e., quarterly), the system would be in
violation d the annual av ge at any sampling point ex eds the MCL
2) Wa system samples on an annual or less frequent basis , the system would be in violation
if one sample (or the average dthe initial and conthmation samples) at any point
exceeds the MCL
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for any sample that exceeds the MCL.
These confirmation samples must be taken from the same sampling point and as
soon as possible (within no greater than a two week time period) after the initial
sample. If a confirmation sample is used, the compliance determination is based
on the average of the results of both the confirmation and initial samples.
Public Notice
A system in violation of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e.,
MCL, monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for asbestos must give public
notice. The public notice must include the specific mandatory health effects
language contained in the Phase II Rule.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five sam-
pling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified drinking
water laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than C>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed
at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than () 3300 persons, coinpositing among different
system. is permitted.
Waivers
States may grant a waiver if on the basis of a vulnerability assessment, the
system determines it is not vulnerable to asbestos con nin*tion. The state may
grant a waiver based on consideration of the following factors:
1) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source, and
2) The use of asbestoscement pipe for finished water dis ibution and the corro-
sive nature of the water.
If the state grants a waiver, base sampling requirements are eliminated. Waivers
are effective for one three-year compliance period. However, waivers only need to
be renewed in the first compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle. If
waivers are not renewed, systems must sample according to base requirements.
Aabeata.—2
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Asbestos (CWS and NTWS)
—
—
WAIVERS
(ALL SYSTEMS)
.
- / _‘ ,,; ;
Z r
V
‘
-
-
I -
1 ‘I at
eac ha mnepIing
Waivers Based on
Vulnerability
Assessment
(No Samples Required)
•
1 sampleat
each sampling
_I_
NOTE: States will designate the year during each compliance
period in which each system must monitor.
I
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
4
Waivers Based on
Vulnerability
Assessment
I
BASE REQUIREMENTS
4
I
I
No Requirements
No Requirements
I
Pp
4
Mb ato.—3
-------
Asbestos Monhtor ng Flow Chart
Waver?
• Initial Frequency
1993.1995
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998, 1999-2001, etc.
Mbat -4
-------
Fact Sheet on Nitrate
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (3 of 8)
April 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for nitrate as promulgated
on January 30, 1991 under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agen /s (EPA) Phase
II Rule. These requirements will take effect on July 30, 1992.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS), transient and nontransient noncommunity
water systems (TWS and NTWS) must comply with the Phase II monitorir.
requirements for nitrate.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each entry point to the distribution system.
Sampling points must be representative of the well or source water after
treatment.
initial Base Sampling
Sampling for nitrate is to be conducted by all water systems beginning January 1,
1993. The frequency of initial sampling is as follows:
CWS and N7WS: Groundwater systems must sample annually
while sur bee water system. must sample quarterly.
TWS: Such systems regardless of the water source must sample
annually.
Grandfather lng
Regulated
Contaminants
Contqmhannti
Nitrate
Total NitratelNitrite
MCL (for both)
10 mg/L (as Nitrogen)
TrIea er (for both)
5 mgFL (as Nitrogen)
Not allowed.
Trigger for incressed/Decreassd Sampling
Any sample greater than ( ) 50 percent of the MCL triggers the need for increased
sampling. Analytical results less than (c) 50 percent of the MCL for a minimum of
one round of sampling can trigger decreased sampling requirements. The tngger
is nat appUcable So trsaaisnt noneommwslty water systems. (See side bar
for MCL and trigger level for nitrate.)
Repeat Base Sampling (c 50% MCL)
CWS and !4TWS: Groundwater systems must continue sampling
on an annual basis as during the initial sampling phase. States may
reduce the sampling frequency to annual for surface water systems
provided the analytical results from four consecutive quarters is less
Nitr te—1
-------
than (c)50 percent of the MCL. Repeat samples must be taken
during the quarter(s) which yielded the highest analytical results
during the initial compliance period.
TWS: Same as initial sampling requirements.
Increased Sampling ( 50% MCL or MCL)
CWS and NTWS: Systems collecting any sample(s) greater than ()
50 percent of the MCL must increase or continue sampling on a
quart rly basis, regardless of the water source. States have the
discretion to decrease the sampling frequency to annual for ground-
water systems provided the results of four consecutive quarterly
samples are ‘reliably and consistently” below the MCL. States may
reduce the sampling frequency to annual for surface water systems
provi& d the analytical results from four consecutive quarters is less
than -i 50 percent of the MCL
TWS Same as initial sampling requirements.
Compliance Determination
If any sample exceeds the MCL for nitrate, systems must take a confirmation
sample (see below). The compliance determination is then based on the average of
the results of both the confirmation and initial samples.
Confirmation Samples
Systems must take a confirmation sample within 24 hours after the results of the
initia sample are found to be greater than () the MCL. Systems unable to meet
the 24-how confirmation sampling requirement must issue a public notice to
consumers of the system and must then analyze a confirmation sample within two
weeks of receiving the results of the initial sample.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e., MCL,
monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for nitrate must give public notice.
The public notice must include the specific mandatory health effects language
contained in the Phase II Rule. The public notice requirements also apply to
systems un hle to take confirmation samples within a 24-hour time period (see
confirmation sample section above).
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five sam-
pling points. Compoethng of samples must be completed in a certified drinking
water laboratory.
1) Far systems serving reater then (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed
at sampling point. within a single system.
2) For systems serving lees t1 an () 3300 persons, compoeiting among different
systems is permitted.
Waivers
Not allowed.
Nitr ’ite—2
-------
Nitrate Monitoring Flow Chart
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998, 1999-2001,
Nit rat.—3
-------
Fact Sheet on Nitrite
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (4 of 8)
April 1991
ThLs fact sheet swnmwizes the monitoring requirements for nurUe as promulgated on JaniuDy
30,1991 wider the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Phase 11 Rsle. The.ce
reqwrernenu will take effect on July 30, 1992.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS), ansient and nonfransient noncommunity
water systems (TWS and NTWS) must comply with the Phase U monitoring require-
ments for ni ite.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each y point to the disthbution system. Sampling
points must be representative of the well or source water after beataient
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take one sample. The state will designate
the year in which each system samples within this compliance period.
urandfather lng
Not allowed.
Trigger for lncreased/Decreaseo ampuing
The bi er for inaeased/decreased sampling for nifrite is 50 percent of the MCL
Contaminant MCI. Trigger
Nifrite 1 n L (as Nitrogen) 03 mWL (as Nitrogen)
Thtal Nitrata Nitrite 10 m 1 (as N gen) 5 mWL (as N gen)
Repeat Base Sampling (c 50% MCL)
If the results of initial sampling are ieee thas (c) 50 percent of the MCL, repeat
sampling requrnents may be reduced at state diaaebon.
Nitrite—i
Regulated Contaminants
-------
Increased Sampling ( 50% MCL or MCL)
1) Systems collecting any sample(s) greater than () 50 percent of the MCL must
sample quarterly for at least one year.
2) States may deaease the sampling frequency to annuai provided the results off
consecutive quarterly samples are “reliably and consistenW below the MCL
3) Systems sampling annually must take subsequent samples during the quarters
which previously yielded the highest analytical result(s).
Compliance Determination
If any sample eaceeds the MCL for nitrite, systems must take a confirmation sample
(see below). The compliance determination is then based on the average of the results
of both the confirmation and initial samples.
Confirmation Samples
Systems must take a confirmation sam pie within 24 hours after the results of the
initial sample axe found to be greater than () the MCL. Systems unable to meet the
24 hour confirmation sampling requirement must issue a public notice to consumers
of the system and must then analyse a confirmation sample within two weeks of
receiving the results of the initial sample.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e., MCI
monitoring and reporting iequnements, etc.) for nitrite must give public notice. T....
public notice must include the spedflc mm datciy health effects language contained in
the Phase II Rule. The public notice requirements also apply to systems unable to
take confirmation samples within a 24 hour time period (see confirmation sample
section above).
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state discretion from no more than five sam-
pling points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified drinking
water laboratory.
I) For systems serving greater than (>)3300 persons, compositing is only allowed
at sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than () 3300 persons. compositing among different
systems is permitted.
Waivers
Not allowed.
Nibue—2
-------
Nitrite Monitoring Flow Chart
1samp
iñng in it ial
Initial Frequency
1993.1995
Repeat Frequency
‘19961998, 1999-2001, etc.
Nithte—3
-------
Fact Sheet on Inorganics
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (5 of 8)
April 1991
Ti’us fact sheet sumniwzzes the monitoring requirenie,usforfive inorganic cher,J caLs (b vium.
cadnuwn, chronuum. mercury, and selenium) as promulgated on Januwy 30.199! under the
u.S. Environmenwi Protection Agency’s (EPA) Phase 11 Rule. These req zarements will take
effect on July 30, 1992.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nonfransient noncommunity water systems
(NTWS) must comply with the Phase II monitoring requirements for banum, cad-
mium, chromium, mercury, and selenium.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each enby point to the disthbution system. Sampling
points must be representative of the well or source water after treatment. -
initial Base Sampling
Growsdwater systems must take one sample during the compliance period 1993 to
1995. The state will designate the year in which each system must sample within this
compliance period. Surface water ayi ms must sample annually beginning in 1993.
Waivers from sampling may be granted by the state (see below for a st1n Tnary of
waiver requirements).
States may allow previous sampling data to satis r the initial base sampling require-
ments, provided at least one sample was taken after January 1,1990.
Repeat Base Sampling
Repeat base sampling requirements are the same as those for the initial base phase
unless a waiver has been granted by the state (i.e., one sample per three-year compli-
ance period for grow dwat.r and one sample each year for surface water systems).
Trigger for Incrassed Sampling
The in* in um contaminant level (MCL) for each inorganic chemical triggers the
requirement for increased sampling (see aide bar test for list of contaminants and
their corresponthng MCL).
Inorganic.—!
Regulated
Contaminants
MCL
dnant ( me/LI
Barium 2
Cadmium 0.005
Chromium 0.1
Mercury 0.002
Selenium 0.05
-------
1) For systems SeTviflg greater than (>)3300 persons, composi ng is only allowed at
sampling points w *thin a single system.
2) Fcr systems serving less than () 3300 persons, compositing among different
systems is pei ittet
Waivers
Systems can apply to the state for a waiver from initial and repeat base sampling
frequeriaes. Systems are eligible for both isse” and .uaceptibi1ity’ waivers provided
the system has conducted a vulnerability assessment. Systems are eligible for waivers
beginning in th. compliance period 1993 to 1995. Waivers are effective for one compli-
ance period; they must be renewed in subsequent compliance periods or the system
must conduct ampling that is commensurate with base requirements.
Use Waivers
When a sy tem, on the basis cia vulnerability assessment, can demonstrate that
volatile organics were not used previously in the water supply area (i.e., the contami-
nant was not used, manufactured, stored or disposed), the system can apply to the
state for a “use” waiver. If a waiver is granted, sampling requirements are eliminated.
Systems ineligible for a ‘use waiver can apply for a waiver based on “susceptibility.
Susceptibility Waivers
Susceptibility ’ waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough vulnerability
assessment, which considers evaluation of prior analytical andfor vulnerability
assessment results (including those of surrounding systems), environmental persis-
tence and transp , how well the source is protected, Welihead Protection Assess-
ments, and proximity to sources of contmninatiorL If a waiver is granted based on
susceptibility, sampling requirements are eliminated for that compliance period.
Sampling Frequency with Wa1ve s
Groundwater systeme that have been granted a waiver are required to sample once
every six years and must update the vulnerability assessment at the midpoint or
three year mark of the period. Surface water aystems with a waiver are required to
sample only at the discretion of the state
ve,-n’ 1 . Organic Chemio Le—3
-------
Standardized Monitoting Framework:
Volatile Organic Chemicals (CWS and NTW
at sompleat
sampting eoch sampLing
ocint.
1; P ov1ded b iIfld monitoring cornp4etod by 12(31/92
and the system hod no detection.
2: Reduction cUowed dter no d.t.cllon in flwse ya
of onnuot monitodng.
NOfl:
States wtl desçnot. the year
during soch comptla’Ce period
wPWCh each 1 1tlffl m t montror.
+
4 quortert
Volotile Orgars c Chernicel.—4
-------
Volatile Organic Chemicals Monitoring
Flow Chart
Initial Frequency
1993 .1995
SW: State
GW: I sarrç e per
6 year
Detect?
(>MDL)
at
Repeat
Frequency
1996-1998, 1999-2001, etc.
q reL
ccnsis-
Vdatili Organic Cs .—5
-------
Fact Sheet on Pesticider
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (7 of 8)
April 1991
This fact sheet summarizes the monitoring requirements for 17 pesticides and
polychiorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as promulgated on January 30, 1991 under the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Phase II Rule. These requirements
will take effect on July 30, 1992.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nonbansient noncommunity water systems
(N’lWS) must comply with the Phase U monitoring requirements for pesticides ar.
PCBs.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each enby point to the distribution system. Sampling
points must be representative of the well or source water after beabnent
initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take an initial round of four consecutive
quarterly samples unless a waiver has been granted by the state (see below for
summary of waiver requirements). The state will designate the year in which each
system samples within this compliance period.
urandfather lng
States may allow sampling data collected after January 1, 1990 to satisfy the initial
base sampling requirements.
Trigger for Increased/Decreased Sampling
The method detection limit (MDL) is the b4 er for in easedfdeaeased sampling for
e h pesticide or PCB (see table on following page for a list of contaminants and their
corresponding m Eimum con imin nt levels (MCL) and MDI.4
Repeat Base Sampling (no detects)
If conf*minants are not detected during the initial sampling phase, systems may
deaease their sampling frequency beginning in the 1996 compliance period.
1) Systems that serve greater than (>) 3300 persons may reduce their sampling
frequendea to two samples in one year per compliance period.
2) Systemi that serve less than ( 3300 persons may reduce their sampling frequ
ass to one sample in each compliance period.
.
Peatwidu—1
-------
Regulated Contaminants
contaminant MCL’ (mg/L) MDL ’ (rngL)
Alachlor 0.002 0 0002
Aldicai4 0.003 00005
Ajdicarb sulfoxide O.003 0 0005
Ajdicarb .ulfone 0 003 00008
Atrazine 0003 00001
Carbofuran 0.04 0.0009
Chiordane 0.002 00002
Thbr ,mochlorop pane (DPCP) 0.0002 000(02
2,4-D 0.01 00001
Ethylene dibro ide (EDB) 0.00005 000001
Heptachlor 0 0004 0 00004
Heptachlor epoxide 0.0002 0.00002
Lindane 0.0002 000002
Methoxychlor 0.04 00001
Polychionnated biphenyli (PCB.) 0.0005 00001
Pentachlorophenal 0.001 0 00004
Tozaphene 0.003 0 001
2,45-TP (Silvex) 0.05 00002
‘MCt,- ’muzn Coctemiacet Level
‘ L.Meibod Detection Iãmft
MCL. for aldioxb. ioxi ilfo de, aldiorjb 1fooe we TIpTePOI under the Phaae U Rule; 5 .1 level. wtfl
be pv nu1gatad by July 1. 1 59L
Increased Sampling (If detected or MCL exceeded)
If contaminants are detected or if the MCL is exceeded in any sample, then systems
must sample quarterly beginning in the next quarter. Systems are to sample quar-
terly until a baseline is established (minimum of two quarters for groundwater
systems and four quarters for awlbce water systems).
1) If the baseline indicates a system is ‘reliably and consistently” below the MCL, the
state may reduce the system’s sampling frequency to annual. (Annual sampling
must be conducted during the quarter which previously yielded the highest
analytical result)
2) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection can
apply to the state fora waiver.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (is., quarterly or semi-
annually), the system would be in violation if the running annual average at any
sampling point exceeds the MCL.
2) If a system conducts sampling on an annual or less frequent basis , the system
would be in violation if one sample (or the average of the initial and confirmation
samples) at any point exceeds the MCL
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If a confir-
mation sample is used, the compliance determination is based on the average of the
results of both the confirmation sample and the initial sample.
Peas acidea—2
-------
Public Notice
Any system violating a National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e., MCL,
monitoring and reporting requw wents , etc.) for one or more of the 17 pesticides a
PCBs must give public notice. The public notice must include the specific mandat4
heaith effects language contained in the Phase U Rule.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state disaetion from no more than five sampling
points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified drinking water
laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than (>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed at
sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than () 3300 persons, compositing among different
systems is permitied.
Waivers
Systems can apply to the state for a waiver from initial and repeat base sampling
frequencies. Systems are eligible for both “uae and “su.ceptibility waivers pro-
vided the system has conducted a vulnerability assessment Systems are eligible for
waivers beginning in the compliance period 1993 to 1995. Waivers are effective for
one compliance period; they must be renewed in subsequent compliance periods or the
system must conduct sampling that is commensurate with base requirements.
Use Waivers
When a system, on the basis ala vulnerability assessment, deznonsfrates that the
regulated pesticide/PCB has not been used in the water supply area (i.e., the contami-
nant was not used, manufactined, stored or disposed of in the area), the system can
apply to the state for a ‘use” waiver. Systems not eligible for ‘use” waivers may still
qualify for a waiver by evaluating susceptibility (see below).
Susceptibility Waivers
“Susceptlbilitf waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough vulnerability
assessment. Suth a vulnerability assessment must consider prior analytical and/or
vulnerability assessment results (inchiding thoseof surrounding systems),
environmental persistence and ansport, how well the source is protected, Wellhead
Protection Assessments, and y iwity of the supply to sources of contamination.
P..ticidt.—3
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Pesticides (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
1991
,.
BASE
A
REQUIREMENTS:
LL SYSTEMS
‘!
REDUCED MONITORING:
SYSTEMS WITH NO
PREVIOUS DETECTiON
- /
‘ -:: - f: . /
-,
WAIVERS
*
u
E
o
Q
Z
:
..
•
) — - - -e J ‘
.? k i* ó
4quorterly
samples at each
sampling point
41
., , 2.
4’ ’
,
Not Applicable
I
...
,•
Waiver
1
‘
1994
1995
1996
4quarterty
samples at each
sampling point
I
;
4 quarterly
samples at each
sompllr point
Systems Serving:
>3300-2samp lesat
each sampling point
< 3300- 1 sample at
each sampling point
-4---
Systems SeMng:
> 3300 -2 samples at
each sampling point
c 3300 - 1 sample at
eojh sampling point
‘
.
Waiver
.
.
Waiver
1997
1998
2000
2001
• 2002 4
h
90 4 quarterly > 3X0- 2 samples at
2003 at each each sampling point Waiver
sampling point <3300-1 sample at
> each sampling point
:2004& +
I NOTE: States wlli designate the year duilng each compliance * B .d on us. and/or
V period In which each system must monitor. •aacipItblIly j ment
(No Samples Req *ed)
Pesticida.—4
-------
Pesticides Monitoring Flow Chart
as_a
Initial Frequency
1993-1 995
Repeat Frequency
1996e1 998 19992001, StC.
Pnncidn—S
-------
Fact Sheet on Unregulated
Contaminants
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (8 of 8)
April 1991
ThLs fact sheet swnmw ’izes the one-rime montsoring requirements for 24 orgwuc and 6 inor-
gwuc cherni cats as prowudgwed on Januwy 30,199! wider the US. Environmental Protection
Agency’s (EPA) Phase 1! Rule. These requirements will take effea on July 30. 1992.
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nonfransient noncommunity water systems
(NTWS) must conduct monitoring for the 24 organic and six inorganic chemicals (see
sidebar for lists of contaminants).
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each envy point to the dis lbution system. Sampling
points must be representative of the well or sow e water after beatinent
Sampling Requirements
All systems must conduct a one-time round of sampling, unless a waiver has been
granted by the state (see below for s” ary of waiver requirements). The specific
sampling requirements an:
1) For the 24 organic chemicals, systems must take four consecutive quarterly
samples and report the results to the state.
2) For the six inorganic chemicals, systems must take one sample and report the
results to the state.
3) Sampling must be completed no later than December 31, 1995.
Confirmation Samples:
The state may requ e a confirmation sample for positive or negative results.
ComposltIng
Composite samples we allowed at state dis etion from no more than five sampling
points. Compositirig of samples must be completed in a certified drinking water
1) For systems serving greater than (>)3300 persons, compositing is only allowed at
sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than ( 3300 persons, compositing among different
systems is permitted.
Un fated
contaminants
Organic.
Aidrin
Benzo(a)pyrene
Butachior
Carbaryl
Dalapon
2 -ethylhexyl)sdipate
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalates
Diamba
Dieldrin
Dinoseb
Diquat
Endothall
Glyphosate
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachiorocyclopentadiene
3-Hydrvxycarbo1 aran
Methomyl
Metolachior
Metribuzin
Oxamyl (vydate)
Picloram
Propachior
Simazine
2,3,7,8 .TCDD (Dioxin)
lnorganlcs
Antimony
Beryllium
Nickel
Sulfate
Thallium
Cyaxud.
Ur r,guJated Contamuinnts—1
-------
Waivers
Systems may apply to the state for a waiver from the sampling requirements. S
waiveri may be granted for either the organics or inorganics, or both, as follows:
1) Waiver for Organic.: When a system can nile out previous use of the chemicai- n
the water supply area (i.e., the contaminant was not used, manufactured, stored or
disposed of in the area), the system can apply to the state for a “use” waiver. If
previous use is unknown, then systems may still qualify for a waiver by evaluating
susceptibility. “Susceptibility” waivers are contingent on the conduct of a thorough
vulnerability assessment. The state may grant a “susceptibility” waiver based on
an evaluation of prior analytical and/or vulnerability assessment results (iLwluding
those of surrounding systems), environmental persistence and b ansport, how well
the source is protected, Wellhead Protection Assessments, and prox znity to
sources of contamination.
2) Waiver for Inorpnic.: The state may grant a waiver if previous analytical
resuith indicate contamination would not occur, provided this data was collected
after January 1, 1990.
3) Waiver for Very Svnnll Syitems: Systems serving fewer than 150 service
connections may obtain a waiver by sending a letter to the state indicating that the
system is available for sampling. This letter must be sent to the state by Januaiy
1,1994.
U,uetulst.d Cor aininanta—2
-------
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
V )
SQ
4
Oh
I
2002
2003
2004
fl
• NOlI: States will designate the year during each compliance
period In which each s ,item must monitor.
F aos. on us anWc
$t.c.ptlbOt? oss ment
(No Samples RequIred)
Standardized Monfto ng Framewori:
Unregulated Contaminants (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
BASE REQUIREMENTS:
ALL SYSTEMS
a)
0
0
0
a.
E
0
0
0
a)
>.
I
Unrqidat*d Cont nunasUa—3
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Flow Chart — Inorganics
Initial
YES System size <150
Frequency
1993-1995
Send letterof
avalablityto
state
Repeat Frequency
1996-1998, 1999-2001,etc.
Uniqukt.d Co ,twr inaftta—4
-------
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring
Flow Chart Pesticides
k
InftfaI Frequency
1993.1995
1
Send letter of
ava Iityto
st e
No MCL
hed
Repeat Frequency
1996 -1998, 19992001 etc.
thvigukted Co itamii ari
-------
Increased Sampling
1) 1 &ny system exceeding the MCL for a given contjrniinant must take quarterly
samples (in the quarter immediately following the violation) until a baseline is
established (minimum of two quarters for groundwater systems and four quar-
tars for surface water systems).
2) If the state determines that the baseline is “reliably and consistently” below the
MCL, the sampling frequency may be reduced to the base requirementa.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annual (i.e., quarterly), the system
would be in violation if the running annual average at any sampling point exceeds
the MCL
2) If a system conducts sampling on an annual or less frequent basis, the system
would be in violation if one sample (or the average of the initial and confirmation
samples) at any point exceeds the MCL
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for any sample that exceeds the MCL
These confirmation samples must be taken from the same sampling point and as soon
as possible (within no greater than a two week time period) after the initial sample. If
a confirmation sample is used, the compliance determination is based on the average
of the results of both the confirmation sample and the initial sample.
Public Notice
Any system violating the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (i.e., MCL,
monitoring and reporting requirements, etc.) for one or more of the five inorganic
chemicals must give public notice. The public notice must include the specific manda-
tory health effects language contained in the Phase U Rule.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state disaefion from no more than five sampling
points. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified drinking water
laboratory.
1) For systems serving greater than C>) 3300 persons, compositing is only allowed at
sampling points within a single system.
2) For systems serving less than ( 3300 persons, compositing among different
systems is permitted.
Waivers
States may grant “waivers by rule” to systems of up to nine years (or one compliance
cycle) for each of ’ the five inorganic contaminants. In order to qualify for a waiver, a
system must have three previous compliance samples (mcluding one taken after
January 1,1990), and all previous analytical results must be below the MCL (see
grandfathering section above). The waiver must be granted at the beginning of the
year in which the system is scheduled to sample, otherwise the system is subject to
base sampling requirements. Systems ust take at least one sample during the nine-
year waiver period.
Inorgaraca— 2
-------
The state must consider a variety of issues in making the waiver by ru1e determina
tion, such as:
1) reported concen ations from all previous monitoring,
2) degree of variation in reported concenb ations, and
3) other factors which may affect contaminant concentiations (i.e., groundwater
pumping rates, changes in the system’s configuration, changes in the system’s
operating procedures, or changes in stieam flows or characteristics).
Irdorgwuc .—4
-------
Standardized Monitoring Framework:
Inorganics (CWS and NTWS)
CALENDAR
YEAR
. ..:
-.
BASE REQUIREMENTS
WAIVE
(AU. SYSTEMS)
SW
GW
1991
.
- -
-
—
State mayw vø the base
monito tng re irements
after 3 samples of less tha
we MCLare taken
1992
‘
‘
-
;- - -
. -
“ i / 4 — •.
.-.- - -.
-
-, -
—
- -
, - -.
U
3
U
C
2
0
0
.
I
2:
1993
0
isampleat
each sampling
•
isampleat
each sampling
point
i
I sample at
each sampling
point
isompleat
e c sampling
point
1994
Isampleot
each sampling
point
1995
996
8
isampleat
each sampling
point
1 sarnpleat
each sampling
point
1997
I sample at
each sampling
point
1998
lsomp leat
each sampling
1999
g
o
isampleat
each sampling
point
lsampleot
each sampling
point
2000
lsampleat
each sampling
point
2001
isampleat
each sampling
s
90
c
°
j
2002
?
. 2
c
1 sampleat
each sampling
isampleat
each sampling
point
r
2003
isompleat
.0th samplIng
Po t
2004
1san eot
each sampling
point
*
NOTE: States will designate the year during each compliance
pesiod In which each system must monitor.
biorganic.—4
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I CWS and
(be mvig 1993)
Inorganics Monitoring Flow Chart
3 rounds
of pre ous .:. .::
data
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Fact Sheet on Volatile
Organic Chemicals
EPA Phase II Monitoring Series (6 of 8)
April 1991
Ti us fact sheet summatizes the monuoring requirements for 10 new volatile organic chemicaLs
(VOCs) as promulgated on Januarj 30.1991 under the U.S. Environmentoi Protection
Agencys (EPA) Phase 11 Ride and will apply eventually to the 8 VOCs currently regulated. The
monitoring requirements will take effect/or all 18 VOCs on July 30.1992
Systems Affected
All community water systems (CWS) and nonfransient nonconimunity water systems
(N’IWS) must comply with the ase U monitoring requirements for volatile organic
chemicals.
Sampling Points
Sampling must be conducted at each enfry point to the disth bution system. Sampling
points must be representative of the well or soinco water after eatznent. If condi-
tions warrant, the state may de igiiMe additional sampling points within the disfri-
bution system or at consumer taps which more accurately determine consumer
exposure.
Initial Base Sampling
Between 1993 and 1995, all systems must take four consecutive quarterly samples for
each of the new contaminants, unless (a) a waiver has been granted by the state (see
waiver requirements below) or (b) the system has previous sampling data that
qiaiili es it for reduced sampling (see grandfathering section below). The state will
designate the year in which each system samples within this compliance period.
Grandfather lng
States may allow sampling data collected after January 1, 1988 to satisfy the initial
base sampling requirements. If the initial samples for the new organics are completed
by December 31, 1992 and the system did not detect any of the organics, then the
system , hnll take one sample annually beginning January 1,1993.
Trigger for lncmased/Decreased Sampling
The method detection limit (MDL) is the fri er for increased de eased sampling for
each 1 the volatile orgarfics. (See side bar for a list of and their corre-
sponding mae 4 Tnum contaminant levels (MCLe) and ?vWLsJ.
Repeat Base Sampling (no detects)
Syste’n’ would continue taking four consecutive quarterly samples during subsequent
three-year compliance periods. However, if conmun ta are not detected during the
Vc1a Je Organic Ch.miwJ.—l
Regulated
Contaminants
MCL
Eight Orlgkial VOCs (mg/I.)
Benzene 0.005
CWIXE tetachlonde 0.005
1 ,2-DichI ethane 0.005
1,1-Dichl ethylene 0.007
para-Dichlrthenzene 0.075
1,1,1-Thchlacethane 020
Trichloroethylene 0.005
Vinyl chionde 0.0w
Ten New VOCs MCL ( mg/I . )
-Dichl ethylene 0.07
1,2-Dichlu 1 w 1 ’upane 0.006
Ethy lbensene 0.7
Mcncchhrcbenzene 0.1
o .Dil ben ne 0.6
Styrene 0.1
Te achloroethylene 0.005
Toluene 1
frens .1,2-
Dichl vethylene 0.1
Xylenes (tate]) 10
NOTE Th. method det. ion
limit (MDL) for .11 18 volatile
organim ii 0.0006 mg’L.
-------
initial round of sampling, then systems could deorease their sampling frequency
beginning in the 1996 compliance period as follows:
1) Groundwater systms would take one sample annually. After three years of
annual sampling and no previous detection, groundwater ystems could reduci
their sampling frequency to one sample per compliance period.
2) Surface water systems must sample annually.
Increased Sampling (if detected or MCL exceeded)
If contaminants aie detected at the MDL or if the MCL is exceeded, then systems
must sample quaxterly beginning in the next quarter.
1) Systems remain on quarterly sampling until a baseline is established (minimum
of two quarters for groundwater rjatenw and four quarters for surface water
systems).
2) If the baseline indicates a system is “reliably and consistent1 below the MCL, the
state may reduce the system’s sampling frequency to annual. (Annual sampling
must be conducted during the quarter which previously yielded the highest
analytical result)
3) Systems which have three consecutive annual samples with no detection may
apply to the state for a waiver (see waiver requirements below).
4) If any detection exceeds the MCL, both groundwater and surface water sya
tema must take four consecutive quarterly samples until a reliable baseline is
established.
Compliance Determination
1) If a system samples more frequently than annually (quarterly or semi-annually..
the system is in violation if the annual average at any sampling point exceeds the
MCL.
2) If a system samples on an annual or less frequent basis, the system would be in
violation if one sample (or the average of the original and confirmation samples) at
any point exceeds the MCL.
Confirmation Samples
States may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results. If taken,
the compliance determination must be based on the average of the results of both the
confirmation sample and the initial eample
Public Notice
Any system violating any National Primaiy Drinking Water Regulation (MCL
monitoring and reporting requirements etc.) for one or more of the VOCs must give
public notice. The public notice must include the specific mandatoiy health effects
language for each of the new VOCs rj tah ed in the Phase U Rule.
Compositing
Composite samples are allowed at state disn’etion from no more than five sampli
pointe. Compositing of samples must be completed in a certified drinking water
laboratory.
Vdn Organic CIs.micsLp—2
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