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mechanics of
STYL1
A Guide for Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Authors, Secretaries, and Contractors
This handbook (SW-7) was prepared by Marion G. Curry, Anne Hamilton,
and Carol S. Lawson
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
1969
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mechanics of
STYLE
A Guide for Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Authors, Secretaries, and Contractors
Manuscripts of the Bureau of Solid Waste Management interpret and
report a variety of technical subjects designed for seven--or varying
combinations of the seven--different audiences on two continents. Our
effectiveness in accelerating solid waste research and propelling all
aspects of solid waste management into a truly scientific field is very
much a function of effective communication with these audiences. The
latter may be characterized as Americans and Europeans who work in
the engineering, physical, social, or management sciences, those working
in solid waste management, members of local, State, and the Federal gov-
ernment, and the general public. These people are being reached through
Bureau publications appearing in professional, scientific, and techni—
cal journals, or through the pamphlets, reports, and books that we pub-
lish. Because our field will be a synthesis of many disciplines and
because it is a new endeavor, our subject matter by its very nature must
occasionally be rudimentary or tentative. Our style, however, must be
invariably impeccable if we are to attract the interest and win the
support of the scientific world.
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For this purpose the following style guide has been prepared for
the use and convenience of author , secretaries, and contractors preparing
reports to be published by the Bureau of Solid Waste Management. Although
varying subject matter sometimes requires variation in format and each
author needs to develop his own writing style, the mechanics of style
must be consistent within a single manuscript. When a manuscript is to
be submitted to another publisher or to a journal, the manuscript should
be tailored to agree in all respects with the style of that publishing
agency.
When you sit down at your desk with a yellow, legal-size pad, or
at your typewriter with a crisp, new sheet of bond paper--remember that
every singular that should have been a plural, every flaw in punctuation,
every misspelled, awkward, or imprecise word nicks away at your own
particular opportunity to reach our audiences. A presentation from
notes may go over beautifully when spoken; but in a published Proceedings
it may look sloppy alongside papers polished up in the scientific tradi-
tion. Your attention to the details presented herein will enhance your
work and further our mission.
Bureau style, as it is developing, has already settled into a few
conventions peculiar to the solid waste field. Further developments and
revisions will occur with the growth of the field into a science.
For general style, refer to United States Government Printing Office
Style Manual . Washington, 1967. 512 p. (GPO Style Manual); or to A Manual
of Style . 12th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1969. 546 p.
2
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See also Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Lan-
guage Unabridged . Springfield, Mass., G. & C. Merriam Co., 1966. 2,662 p.
(Webster’s Dictionary).
For general principles of writing, refer to: Style Manual for Biolog-
ical Journals . 2d ed. Committee on Form and Style of the Conference of
Biological Editors. Washington, American Institute of Biological Sciences,
l96’ . 117 p.; The Elements of Style . W. Strunk, Jr., and E. B. White.
New York, Macmillan Company, 1959. 71 p.; and A Dictionary of Modern English
Usage . 2d ed. H. W. Fowler. New York, Oxford University Press, 1965. 725 p.
For general format, follow the specifications of your Division, if
available, or the Style Manual for Biological Journals (p. 1-2), which
briefly explains the main parts of a paper, or the journal to which the
manuscript is being submitted. Generally, a manuscript can contain: ab-
stract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, conclusions
and summary, acknowledgments, and references; this is the conventional
order of appearance. Please date drafts and number the pages.
ABBREV I All ONS
Abbreviations, used to save space and to avoid distracting spelling of
repetitious words, should be standard and consistent within a manuscript.
Refer to GPO Style Manual, Webster’s Dictionary, or Style Manual for Bio-
logical Journals for acceptable forms.
A publication expected to have wide distribution to a foreign audience
should generally not contain abbreviations.
3
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Specialized abbreviations (those not generally known) are to be written
in full the first time they appear, immediately followed by the abbreviation
in parentheses.
Abbreviations of units of measure (see Numerals, units of measure)
should be used only when they appear with Arabic numerals. Omit periods
with units of measure except inch (in.). Spell out mile, liter, day, week,
month, year, and three-letter units of measure.
United States as a noun is written out; when preceding a noun as a
modifier, it is abbreviated, with periods and no spacing (U.S. foreign
poi icy).
Foreign countries and foreign political subdivisions are not abbre-
viated, except U.S.S.R.
Abbreviate names of months, except May, June, and July, only when used
with the day and year.
Do not abbreviate State names because of Bureau policy to emphasize
the role of States.
AMPERSAND
Spell out “and” in Health, Education, and Welfare. Spell out “and”
in Division of Research and Development. Use an ampersand when abbre-
viating the latter (R&D); note close spacing.
BOOK TITLE IN TEXT
Capitalize all words except articles, prepositions, and most con-
junctions and underline. The style for citing a book title in the text
differs from styling a reference; for the latter, see Preparation of
References, pages 17 through 2 .
4
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CAPITALIZATION
Capitalize proper names.
Capitalize a common noun or adjective that forms an essential part of
a proper name (Massachusetts Avenue).
Capitalize State as a noun or adjective (this is a DHEW rule).
Do not capitalize a common noun used alone as a substitute for the
name of a place or thing (The Great Lakes are frozen in the winter, but
the ice on the lakes melts in the spring).
Geographic Terms. A descriptive term used to denote a definite region,
locality, geographic feature is a proper name and, therefore, is capitalized
(the Gold Coast; the Central States; the West Coast States). A descriptive
term used to denote a mere direction or position is not a proper name and,
therefore, is not capitalized (north; north—central region; west Florida;
the eastern seaboard).
Trade Names. Trade names and variety names are capitalized (Fiberglas);
the common nouns following such names are not capitalized (Red Radiance rose;
Whatman filter). Derivatives of proper names used with an acquired inde-
pendent meaning are lower case. This depends on general and long-continued
usage (watt; plaster of paris; petri dish; angstrom unit; pitot tube; venturi
tube; roentgen).
COM 1A AND SEMICOLON
In addition to the normal, grammatical uses of the comma, it is also
used to separate elements of -a simple series or enumeration; this INCLUDES
a comma before “and,” “or,” or “nor” (U.S. Department of Health, Education,
5
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and Welfare) (They were asked to straighten the chairs in the hail, scrub
the kitchen floor, and prepare the dinner for the family).
For longer, involved enumerations, a colon is used, an Arabic numeral
is placed within parentheses, and the series items are separated by semi-
colons. Capitalize the first letter only if the enumeration is a complete
sentence. (There were three contributing factors: (1) the unusual length
of time taken between the halves; (2) the unanticipated snowstorm, which
delayed their arrival; (3) the absence of qualified referees, an event
that had never occurred before. Or (1) There was an unusual length of
time between halves.
COMPOUNDING WORDS
Refer to GPO Style Manual (Chapter 7), or to Webster’s Dictionary.
CONTRACT REPORTS
Contractors preparing reports for the Bureau should submit camera copy
for figures and for any lengthy and difficult-to-reproduce materials as part
of the original report.
If lists of tables and figures are included, they are to be published.
The contractor’s name is not to appear on each page of the report, or
on graphs, etc.
The Project Officer’s name should not appear in the byline; during
the production of a contract report, it is the function of the Project
Officer to guide, encourage, review, revise, and edit when necessary, on
behalf of the Bureau. The appropriate acknowledgment should appear in the
preface rather than the byline.
DASH
Do not use spaces with a dash (This is a DHEW rule--no spaces with dash).
6
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FIGURES, FLOW CHARTS, SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS, etc.
Keep the text independent of the figures and tables, so that the figures,
tables, and other graphics supply detailed data in support of statements in
the text.
[ EXAMPLE]
New York City’s solid wastes may be categorized by
disposition (Table 2).
In this way the reader is not forced to look at the illustrations at a
particular time during his reading. Not all readers like to examine the
illustrative material as they read the text; some prefer to look at the
figures and tables before or after reading the text.
Figures (line drawings and graphs) should be so scaled that the type
and thickness of the lines will be uniform throughout the report. Avoid
hand lettering.
Ordinate copy should read up in relation to bottom of figure. Abscissa
and ordinate copy should be centered and should be close to their respective
numerals. When the numerals are decimals less than 1, place a zero before
the decimal point. Ordinate and abscissa copy is all caps except terms of
measurement, which are all lower case and in parentheses. Abbreviate terms
of measurement that are part of ordinate or abscissa copy (and of legends
and cal louts) except liter.
When two or more kinds of lines or points are used, identify them in
a legend or with callouts and arrows. All cal louts and legends in figures,
flow charts, and schematic drawings are all caps, except terms of measure-
ment, which are all lower case. Use abbreviations for inch, foot, and
pound (in., ft, lb) rather than the symbols. Legends should be inside the
7
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figure. When certain conditions are specified, state them in the legend,
all caps, except terms of measurement.
Crop, both vertically and horizontally, all unused areas from a figure.
Show only areas that are pertinent.
Do not use footnotes with a figure. Make this material part of the
legend or caption.
Start the figure title with a regular paragraph indentation, under the
figure, and set fairly close to the figure itself. The word figure is caps
and lower case followed by the Arabic numeral and a period. The illustration
should be described in detail in a figure caption rather than in the text.
End with a period. Do not use an ampersand. A source credit may follow
the figure caption.
callout
EFFLUENT
50 —
40 — INFLUENT - - - -
Z 30 — ordinate
/
S . ’ legend
L 20 — /
I o— — EFFLUENT
‘ °- - - -o INFLUENT
10 —, 3 cu cm/mm FLOW
abscissa
II 111111.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
WASTE VOLUME (liters) abscissa copy
Figure 1 Daily activity at Plant B. This caption should continue
with overrun lines set at left margin, single—spaced. (From . . ..)
8
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FOOTNOTES
Indent footnotes, as for a paragraph. Double space footnotes in man-
uscripts; single space in camera copy.
Use *, t, t, §, II, #, in this identical order, doubling or tripling
these marks if additional ones are needed. Draw these symbols or consis-
tently substitute different symbols if these are not available.
FOREWORD
The foreword presents the relationship of the document to the mission
of the program, and the style is usually more formal in tone. It is almost
invariably written for the Director’s signature. The closing, placed at
the right margin at the end of the foreword, should be
[ EXAMPLE]
--RICHARD D. VAUGHAN, Director
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
HEADINGS, ORDER OF FOR TYPEWRITTEN PAPERS
#1 ALL CAPS (centered)
#2 Caps and Lower Case (centered and
underlined)
#3 Caps and Lower Case . (Run into the
paragraph with period; underlined to include
the period.
#1+ Caps and Lower Case. (Run into the
paragraph, with period; do not underline.)
9
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HYPHENATION
Contractors and others preparing long reports that will probably be
typeset by the GPO should not hyphenate words on the right margin.
HYPHENATION OF UNIT MODIFIERS (descriptors, multiple adjectives, compound
adjectives)
Do not hyphenate unit modifiers when words appear in regular order and
the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound; exercise restraint in
forming unnecessary combinations of words used in normal sequence.
Use a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and words, that are
combined to form a unit modifier imediately preceding the word modified,
particularly in combinations in which one element is a present or past
participle (collective-bargaining talks; fire-tested materials; Federal-
State-local cooperation; U.S.-owned property; 2-in.-diameter ppe).
Be consistent, but note that some combinations are hyphenated as
modifiers and not hyphenated as nouns (rail haul of solid wastes; but the
rai 1-haul project).
Refer to the GPO Style Manual for further details.
NUMERALS
The Arabic numeral is used to express numbers of 10 or more, except
for the first word of a sentence.
Numbers under 10 are to be spelled, except when used with units of
measure (see below).
Units of measure are expressed in Arabic numerals.
Age (6 years old)
Time (1i:30 pm; 10 years, 3 months, 29 days)
10
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Dates (October 1935 (note: no commas); Mar. 6 to June 15, 1969)
Decimals (0.12 in. (supply cipher); 13.7 liters; 7.08 ft)
Degrees (angle or arc) (an angle of 570; latitude 49°16’l4” N)
Measurement (7 mm; about 10 yd (note: singular); 8 by 12 in.;
8- by 12-in page)
Money ($3.65; 3 yen; $3 for 200 ib; $3 million)
Percentage (12 percent; 0.5 percent)
Proportion (1 to 4; 1:62, 500:1)
Unit modifiers (5-day week; I-percent increase; 8-year—old wine;
2- and 4-day cultures; 5-ft-wide door)
Fractions. The Arabic numeral is used in unit modifiers ( —in.
pipe; i-mile run). Fractions are usually spelled
out when standing alone or followed by “of a” or
“of an” (one—fourth in.; three-fourths of a day;
one-half of a farm; but 2 cans).
Between two Arabic numerals, use “to” (2 to 67 days). When Arabic
numerals are within parentheses or in tabular matter, use hyphen (1-10; 4-17).
When Arabic numerals contain four or more digits, use a comma, (1,468
men; 4,680 days; 1,479,987 microbes) except for common and decimal fractions,
astronomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of not more than
four figures pertaining to radio.
Numbers are spelled out at the beginning of a sentence; rephrase to
avoid spelling out large numbers.
Numbers expressing units of measure separated from the unit description
by more than two words are spelled out (two and more separate years).
11
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Numbers less than 100 preceding a unit modifier containing an Arabic
numeral are spelled out (twenty-four 6-in, guns; but 120 8-lb kegs).
Indefinite expressions of numerals are spelled out (midthirties; in
the eighties; twelvefold). “Nearly,” “about,” “around,” “approximate,”
etc., DO NOT constitute indefinite expressions (mid-1856; 4 0-plus people;
3k-fold; approximately 40 people).
PHOTOGRAPHS AND GRAPHICS
Submit glossy prints of photographs or photomicrographs together with
appropriate captions and credits on a separate sheet. Do not write on the
back of photographs. Indicate area that can be cropped rather than request-
ing reduction.
For faithful reproduction of color photographs, submit transparencies.
Color prints of the transparencies are desirable to aid in accurate cropping,
enlarging, and positioning of illustrations. Consider carefully, however,
the actual value of a color photograph to an understanding of the text;
because of the cost factor, as well as the difficulty of obtaining CPEHS
printing production clearance, the use of color photographs should be
limited and be functionally justifiable.
If available, submit letter granting permission to reproduce with
copyrighted graphics, together with the required credit line.
QUOTAT IONS
Quotations should reproduce the original with absolute precision in
spelling, capitalization, italics, and punctuation. If irregularities are
12
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quoted, such words may be followed by [ sic]. Indicate breaks in material
quoted by an ellipsis (. . .). Enclose in square brackets, [ ], any words
you insert within a quotation.
REFERENCES
Unless the mcrizuscript is prepared for another publisher who employs
a different style., follow the sequence, typographical style, and complete-
ness of the data indicated in Preparation of References, pages 17 through
24, when preparing your own list of cited references.
Number the cited literature consecutively as each new reference appears
throughout the manuscript.
Place the reference numbers after the word or statement annotated; use
superior Arabic numerals placed after the punctuation, except for a dash,
colon, or semicolons. (Nuclear RNS is synthesized in chromatin from DNA
templates, 9 and so transferred to the nucleolus for final assembly into
ribosomes. 50 ’ 51 Nucleolar RNS plays an important role 52 ; . .
SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
Define all unusual symbols the first time they appear. Provide a
glossary when five or more unusual symbols are used.
The percent symbol, , is used only with a numeral within parentheses
or in tabular headings; otherwise it is spelled as one word (10 percent, in
text; (lOt), in text; Railroad cars (s), as tabular head).
A degree symbol, 0, is used only to denote arc or angle; do NOT use
to indicate temperature unless this is the style of a journal to which the
13
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report is to be submitted. To indicate temperatures, use the Arabic numeral
plus C or F (72 F; 37 C; 28 to 37 C).
When a symbol is set close to the numeral, repeat before or after each
numeral in a group or series (3Oii to 50i.i; $5.2 , $6.78, and $57.98; ±11 to ±9).
SOLID WASTE
The term solid waste is singular when used as an adjective (solid waste
management, solid waste disposal, etc.). Solid waste is an all-inclusive
term; there are contexts within which the words residential refuse, trash,
garbage, etc., may be more appropriate and less stilted than solid waste.
If the former terms are eliminated from our vocabulary, the opportunity is
lost for using the term solid waste with impact within those contexts when
its generic or universal quality needs emphasis. Conversely, there are
some texts in which repetition of solid waste is essential.
SPELLING AND HYPHENATION
For spelling and use of the hyphen for word division, follow Webster’s
Dictionary.
14
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TABLES
Follow the style of the sample below. Avoid vertical rules whenever
possible.
TABLE 6
THE TABLE TITLE IS ALL CAPS WITH NO PERIOD*,t
(double
rule)
Complete
column _______ Abbr. when nec . Volume ______
headings Wt. Length (cu yd) 8ingle
rule)
Cap first
letter of
first word
only
Gross tonnage (double
rule)
*Source credit should appear as a footnote to the table title, as
From .
tlndent the footnotes; capitalize first letter of first word only; end
footnote with period. Use the standard order of symbols. (See Footnotes.)
TYPING
(1) Title page. [ See page 25.]
Title, all caps, centered, dropped 2 in. from top of paper.
Byline, caps and lower case, centered, “by” omitted, dropped 4 in.
from top of paper.
The imprint should be centered and appear as follows:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
1969
15
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The last line of the imprint should be 1k in. from the bottom of the
paper.
(2) Page one. [ See page 26.]
Repeat title, all caps, centered. Drop 2 in. from top of
paper.
Repeat byline, caps and lower case, omit “by.” Drop 3 type-
writer spaces from title.
Indent first paragraph. Drop 3 typewriter spaces from byline.
Use 1 in. margins.
Indent all paragraphs.
Double space all manuscripts and speeches.
When typing manuscripts that will be typeset by a printer or publisher,
do NOT hyphenate, for word division, any word on the right margin.
(3) Title pages for speeches or presentations are different than those for
articles. The last two lines of the imprint (BSWM and date) are omitted,
and the title, place, and date of meeting are inserted in the center of the
page.
[ EXAMPLE]
Presented at the National Equipment Show and Congress,
San Francisco, California, June 2 to 1 e, 1967.
16
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Preparation of References
Complete and accurate references aid the reader (and his librarian) in
locating source documents; inaccurate references reflect on the scholarship
of the author as well as his institution and his staff.
The essential units of any reference are (1) the author(s); (2) the
title of the paper, book, or proceedings; (3) the journal or proceedings,
with the volume, issue number, and inclusive pages; (1k) the publisher (not
necessary for journal references); and (5) the date. When the original
research is made, all this information should be accurately recorded from
each source document.
If the manuscript is being submitted to a journal, these same elements
are included, but the style should be that of the journal. If there is no
style guide for the journal, check through the references for several articles
in a recent issue of the particular journal. Note the placement of these
elements, the punctuation between these elements, the order of the author’s
initials, the abbreviation of journal titles, the use of inclusive (or total)
pages, etc.
For manuscripts that are to be published by the Bureau of Solid Waste
Management, the references should conform to the style described below, and
the first line typed in block style with runover lines indented 5 spaces.
For manuscripts in press, see the style for journals, books, pro-
ceedings, etc. Omit data not positively known. Close with (In press.)
or (Accepted for publication.)
17
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JOURNAL ARTICLE
Author(s). Use initials only for given name. Invert initials of
senior author only. Separate all authors with comma.
End with a period. If no author, begin entry with title.
If corporate author, give complete name.
Title. Give exact title of article. Capitalize first letter and
proper names only. Give foreign titles exactly as they
were published; if you want to supply a translated title,
put the supplied English title in square brackets.
Journal title. Give complete title of the journal. Do not abbreviate.
Capitalize nouns. End with coma. Underline (including
comma).
Journal
reference. Use Arabic numeral for volume; omit v. Give issue number
within parentheses; close up; follow with a colon. Give
inclusive pagination; omit p. Close entry with a comma.
Date. Abbreviate month, except May, June, and July. Omit comma.
Give year.
[ EXAMPLES]
1. Paulus, J. J., E. P. Floyd, and D. H. Byers. Determination
of sulfur dioxide in atmosphere samples; comparison of
a colorimetric and a polarographic method. American Indus-
trial Hy 9 iene Association Quarterly , 15(4):277-282,
Dec. 1954.
2. Lieberg, 0. S. Heat recovery from incinerators. Part 1.
General considerations, refuse handling, furnaces, waste
heat recovery, fly ash control, the heat balance. Part 2.
Generation of service hot water and low, medium and high
temperature water for space and process heating. Air Condi-
tioning, Heating, and Ventilating , 62(6):53—57, June 1965;
62(7):73—74, July 1965.
3. Rogus, C. A. Weigh refuse electronically. American City ,
72(4):128-130, 165, 167, 169, 171. Apr. 1957.
4. National Communicable Disease Center. 1967 National Com-
municable Disease Center report on public health pesticides.
Pest Control , 35(3):13—l4, 16, 18 . . . 40, Mar. 1967.
18
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5. Black, R. J., and L. Weaver. Action on the solid wastes
problem. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division ,
Proc. ASCE, 93(SA6):91-96, Dec. 1967.
6. Geiseler, G., and H. Wergin. Uber den oxydativen Abbau
von Polyolefinen durch ozonhaltigen Sauerstoff. I.
Kinetische Untersuchungen. (Oxidative degradation of
polyolefins by oxygen containing ozone. I. Kinetic
investigations.] Journal fur praktische Chemie , 25(3-4):
135-140, Sept. 1964.
BOOKS
Author. See above. If an editor or compiler, follow name with
comma and ed.or comp . Underline (including period).
If corporate author is also publisher, omit as publisher.
Title. See above. Use title as given on title page.
Edition and
volume. Use 2d ed. or 3d ed. or 4th ed. or rev. ed., etc. Close
with period.
Volume. 2 v. (for two volumes); v. 2. (for volume two). Close
with period.
Imprint. Place- give city; give State only if confusion would
result without it. Close with comma.
Publisher- do not abbreviate. Close with coma.
Year- use date of the edition being referenced as it appears
on the title page or reverse of title page. Do not use
the date of a second (etc.) printing.
Collation. 369 p. (for total pages); p. 383-389 (for specific
pages). Close with a period.
Series note. If a series note is given, enclose it within parentheses
and close with period outside parenthesis.
Supplement. Abbreviate (Suppl.) Close with period.
(EXAMPLES]
7. Swavely, D. D., and L. F. HuItgren, comps . State/interstate
solid waste planning grants; progress abstracts, January
1969. Public Health Service Publication No. 1913. Wash-
ington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. 94 p.
19
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8. Strunk, W. J. The elements of style. Rev, by E. B. White.
New York, Macmillan Company, 1959. 71 p.
9. Parr Instrument Company. Oxygen bomb calorimetry and
combustion methods. Technical Manual No. 130. Moline,
Ill., 1960. 56 p.
10. American Public Works Association. Municipal refuse dis-
posal. 2d ed. Chicago, Public Administration Service,
1966. 528 p.
11. Kirk-Othmer enclyclopedia of chemical technology. 2d ed.
v. 6. New York, Interscience Publishers, 1963. 932 p.
12. Lipsett, C. H. Industrial wastes and salvage conservation
and utilization. 2d ed. chap. 52. New York, Atlas
Publishing Co., Inc., 1963. p. 296-302.
13. Black, R. J., J. B. Wheeler, and W. G. Henderson. Refuse
collection and disposal; an annotated bibliography, 1962-
1963. Public Health Service Publication No. 91. Wash-
ington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. 134 p.
Suppl. F.
PROCEEDINGS, SYMPOSIUM, SEMINAR, ETC.
Editor. Use, if one given; see above for style.
Popular title of
proceedings. Name- give accurate title of proceedings. Capitalize
all words except articles and prepositions. End with
comma.
Location- give location of meeting, the city and state,
if necessary. End with comma.
Date- give date that meeting was held. End with period.
Proceed i ngs
number. Use, if any.
Publisher. Use only if different from the sponsor of proceedings.
Publication
date. Use only if different from date of meeting.
Collation. See above.
20
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[ EXAMPLES]
14. Weaver, L., ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management for Metropolitan
Washington, July 19—20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. 194 p.
15. Management of Farm Animal Wastes; Proceedings; National
Symposium on Animal Waste Management, East Lansing,
Mich., May 5-7, 1966. St. Joseph, Mich., American
Society of Agricultural Engineers. 161 p.
16. Proceedings; 1966 National Incinerator Conference, New
York, May 1-4, 1966. American Society of Mechanical
Engineers. 266 P.
17. Proceedings; First Annual Meeting of the Institute for
Solid Wastes, Chicago, Sept. 13-15, 1966. American
Public Works Association. 78 p.
PART OF BOOK OR PROCEEDING
Author(s). As above.
Title. Title of selection, as above.
In. Use In, underlined, to introduce the book or proceedings in
which the specific selection is found, followed by no punc-
tuat ion.
Book, proceed-
ings, etc. See above, and follow with other information necessary to
the collation.
Collation. Use specific pages where specific selection is to be found.
[ EXAMPLES]
18. Vaughan, R. D., and R. J. Black. The Federal solid waste
program. In Proceedings; 1968 National Incinerator
Conference, New York, May 5-8, 1968. American Society
of Mechanical Engineers. p. 318-321.
19. Black, R. J. A review of sanitary landfilling practices
in the United States. In Proceedings; Third International
Congress, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal,
Trento (Italy), May 24-29, 1965. [ Temi Press.] p. 40—47.
21
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20. Black, R. J. Solid wastes handling. In Environmental
aspects of the hospital. v. 2. Supportive departments.
Public Health Service Publication No. 930-C—16. Wash-
ington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. p. 20-27.
21. Winkler, 1. E. Discussion of The incineration of
bulky refuse. II, by E. R. Kaiser. In Discussions;
1968 National Incinerator Conference, New York, May 5-8,
1968. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. p. 26.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
[ EXAMPLES]
22. Personal communication. J. J. Jones, XZZ Corporation,
to W. W. White, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Jan.
17, 1968.
23. Personal communication. W. Galler, University of North
Carolina, to N. L. Drobny, Battelle Memorial Institute,
July 25, 1967. Data collected in conjunction with
Demonstration Grant No. D0l-SW-OO5O-l.
IN PRESS
[ EXAMPLE]
24. Pearl, D. R. A review of the state of the art of modern
municipal incineration system equipment. v. 4. pt. 4.
In Combustion Engineering, Inc. Technical-economic
study of solid waste disposal needs and practices. Pub-
lic Health Service Publication No. 1886. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969. p. 17. (In press.)
UNPUBLISHED DATA
[ EXAMPLES]
25. Bureau of Solid Waste Management. Unpublished data (SW-lOts).
26. Carotti, A. Unpublished data, 1968.
22
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27. Tucker, M. G. Biological characteristics of incinerator
waste waters. Unpublished graduate student research
project in CE 687 course. University of Michigan, Aug.
1967. 15 p.
MISCELLANEOUS (Supplied information is bracketed.)
28. The Solid Waste Disposal Act; Title II of Public Law
89—272, 89th Cong. S.306, Oct. 20, 1965. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. 5 p.
29. Solid Waste Disposal Act Amendment of 1968. Report of
the Committee on Public Works, United States Senate,
to accompany S.3201. 90th Cong., 2d sess., Report
No. 1447. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1968. 33 p.
30. U.S. Congress. Senate. A bill to amend the Solid Waste
Disposal Act [ Title II of Public Law 89—272]. S.2005,
91st Cong., 1st sess., Apr. 29, 1969. [ Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office.] 10 p.
31. Kudlich, R. Ringelmann smoke chart. Rev, by L. R. Burdick.
U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7718 (Rev, of
IC 6888). [ Washington], U.S. Department of the Interior,
Mar. 1955. 4 p.
32. Gillette, S. G. Apparatus for extracting magnetic objects
from rubbish. U.S. Patent 2, 964, 184, Dec. 13, 1960.
33. Tuszynski, W., artd M. Dobrzanski. Method to manufacture
foam glass. Polish Patent 48847 owned by Institute
of the Glass and Ceramics Industry, Warsaw, Poland.
Published Dec. 19, 1964.
34. American Society of Mechanical Engineers Incinerator Com-
mittee, Midwest Section. Minutes of meeting, Chicago,
June 3, 1966.
35. LaHaye, P. G., General Electric Company. Statement before
the National Coal Association Technical Sales Conference,
Pittsburgh, Sept. 14, 1966.
36. Maziara, E. F., Jr. The partial combustion of paper
wastes. M.S. Thesis, Renesselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, New York, 1967. 87 p.
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37. Kaiser, E. R., and S. B. Friedman. Pyrolysis of municipal
refuse. Summarized in Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and Development, Univer-
sity School, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. F-2.
38. Toussoun, 1. A, A. R. Weinhold, R. G. Linderman, and Z. A.
Patrick. Identification of phytotoxins obtained from
plant residues decomposing in soil. Phytopathology ,
57(8):834, Aug. 1967. (Abstract.)
39. Hooper, 1. J. 20th Century alchemy--new newsprint
is created. Newark (N.J.) Sunday News , p. 8-10,
25, 26, Apr. 8, 1962.
40. Porteous, A. Toward a profitable means of waste disposal.
ASME Paper No. 67WA/PID-2. Presented at Winter Annual
Meeting, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Pittsburgh, Nov. 12-17, 1967.
41. Experimental composting research and development; joint
U.S. Public Health Service--Tennessee Valley Authority
composting project, Johnson City, Tenn. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968. Flyer. 6 p.
42. Vaughan, R. 0. Packaging and solid waste management.
[ Cincinnati], U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, [ 1968]. 11 p.
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[ SAMPLE OF TITLE PAGE]
PRIVATE CONTRACTOR OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SOLID WASTES PROGRAM
Ralph J. Black
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Pub 1 i c H ea t h Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Environmental Control Administration
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
1969
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[SAMPLE OF PAGE OF TEXT]
PRIVATE CONTRACTOR OPPORTUNITIES IN THE SOLID WASTES PROGRAM
Ralph J. Black
The privilege of participating in a technical session of the National
Refuse Equipment Show and Congress is especially appreciated by me as a
representative of the Solid Wastes Program. This is the first time anyone
associated with the Program has had a chance to discuss its significance for
your industry on an occasion of this importance.
This discussion is necessary because what this Program is doing to
solve problems of pollution from solid wastes has great potential for and,
indeed, is now creating and expanding opportunities, however, without
information. My function here today is to supply some of that information
by indicating where we in the Solid Wastes Program think your opportunities
may be found.
We begin with the basic premise that the private disposal industry is
a vital element in the national campaign against contamination from solid
wastes. This Show and Congress is persuasive evidence of that fact. If,
however, further evidence is needed of both the capacity and the desire of
this industry for meaningful participation in the Solid Wastes Program, I
call your attention to a meeting held in Washington recently.
This meeting of Program representatiges and the board of directors
of the National Council of Refuse Disposal Trade Associations was arranged
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