PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 MEDICAL WASTE TRACKING ACT OF 1988 ------- 102 STAT. 2950 PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 Public Law 100-582 100th Congress An Act Nov. 1 jass To amend the Solid Waat. Disposal Act to require the Administrator of the Environ. mental Protection Agency to promulgat. regulations on h. management of infec . L” tiosa wasts. Medical Wuta Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Act of United States of America in Congress assembled, 42 USC 6901 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. no’s. Public health This Act may be cited as the “Medical Waste Tracking Act of and safety. 1988” Stat. and Lo 1 governments. SEC. LTRACKING OF MEDICAL WASTE. (a) AMENDMENT OP Soun WirrE DISPOSAL Ac’r.—The Solid Waste Disposal Act is amended by adding the following new subtitle at the end: “Subtitle J—Demonstration Medical Waste Tracking Program 42 USC 6992. “SEC. 11001. SCOPE OF DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM FOR MEDICAL WASTE. Stat. ijiting . “(a) Covm Sr&n —The States within the demonstration pro. gram established under thia subtitle for tracking medical wastes hiifl be New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, the States contiguous to the Great Lakes and any Stat. included in the program through the petition procedur. described in subeee ie.(e), ewpt for any of such States in which the Governor notifies the Administrator under subsection (b) that such Stat. shall not be covered by the program. ‘(b) O r Ou”r.—(l) If the Governor of any State covered under subsection (a) which is not contiguous to the Atlantic Ocean notifies the Administrator that such State elects not to participate in the demonstration program, the Mn’ini’trator shall remove such State from the program. “(2) If the Governor of any other Stat. covered under subsection (a) notifies the Administrator that such State has implemented a medical waste tracking program that is no less stringent than the demonstration program under this subtitle and that such State thots not to participate in the demonstration program, the Adminis- at. gh*ll , if the Administrator deter’nnes that such State pro. gram is no less stringent than the demonstration program under this subtitle, remove such State from the demonstration program. “(3) Notifications under paragraphs (1) or (2) shall be submitted to the Administrator no later than 30 days after the promulgation of regulations implementing the demonstration program under this subtitle. “(C) P rmo i Ix.—The Governor of any State may petition the Administrator to be included in the demonstration program and the Administrator may, in his discretion, include any such State. Such petition may not be made later than 30 days after promulgation of regulations establishing the demonstration program under this sub- ------- PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 102 STAT. 2951 title, and the Administrator shall determine whether to include the State within 30 days after receipt of the States petition. ‘4(d) Ex,1z*’ oN or DE ozrrra TIoN PRoca . —The deinonstra- tion program . b Jl expire on the date 24 months after the effective date of the regulations under this subtitle. 1 SEC. flOe.. LISTING OF MEDICAL WA$T . 42 USC 6992a. ‘ 4 (a) LmT.—Not later than 6 months after the enactment of this Rea1a ons. subtitle, the Mministrator sh II promulgate regulations Listing the type. of medical waste to be tracked under the demonstration program. Except as provided in subsection (b), such list shall In- clude, but need not be limited to, each of the following types of solid waste “(1) Culture. and stocks of infectious agents and aseociated biologicais, including cultures from medi’al and pathological laboratories, cultures and stocks of infectious agents from re- search and Industrial laboratories, wastes from the production of biologicals, discarded live and attenuated vaocines, and cul- ture dishes and devices used to transfer, inoculate, and miv cultur “(2) Pathological wastes, including tiesue., organs, and body parts that are removed during surgery or autopsy. 44(3) Waste hu,vi n blood and products o( blood, including serum, piw ” and other blood components. “(4) Sharps that have been used in patient cars or in medical, research, or industrial laboratories, including rmac nee- dles, syringes, pasteur pipette. broken use., blades. 14(5) Contaminated animal carcaes, body parts, and bedding of animals that were exposed to infectious agents during re- .ssrch,prodt on of biological., or testing of phsrmaceuti1 IlL • ‘4(6) Wst from surgery or autopsy that s.In contact with infe ous agents, including soiled dressings, sponges, drapes, lavage tubes , drainage sets, underped. and surgical glove.. ‘4(7) Laboratory wastes from medI !al , pathological, pharma- ceutical, or other research, commercial, or Industrial labora- • tories that were in cont with infectious agents, including Ii l and w i slips, disp hle glove., laboratory coats, and aprons. ‘4(8) Dialysis wastes that were in contact with the blood of psHmt ta undergoing hemodialysis, Including cont minated disposeble equipment and supplies such tubing, filter,, diipqaa.hI . sh.s , towels, gloves, aprons, and laboratory coats. “(9) Discarded medical equipment and parts that were in con with Infectious agents. ‘4(10) 3Ia ieal w e and discarded materials contaminated with blood, etioa, excudate. or secretion from hum..n beings or animals who axe isolated to protect others from commu. nimble diaUi.i ‘4(11) Such other waste material that results from the administration of medilsl care to a patient by a health care provider and is found by the Administrator to pose a threst to hnm.,i health or th. environment. “(b) ca .ussotis Fiosi Lwr.—The Mmi,iistrator may exclude from the list under this section any categories or items described in paragraphs (6) through (10) of subeection (a) which he determines do not pose a substantial present or potential hazard to hum.ri health ------- 102 STAT. 2952 PUBLIC LAW 1OO-5 2—NOV. 1, 19 8 or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported. disposed of, or otherwise managed. 42 USC 699 SEC. iIO T’RACIWIG OF MEDICAL WASTE. “(a) Dc Iotrs’ra- 1ToH PRoGRAM.—Not later than 6 months after the enactment of this subtitle, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations establishing a pro rarn for the tracking of the medical waste listed in section 11002 which is generated in a State subject to the demonstration program. The program shall (1) provide for track- ing of the transportation of the waste from the generator to the disposal facility, except that waste that is incinerated need not be tracked after incineration, (2) include a system for providing the generator of the waste with assurance that the waste is received by the disposal facility, (3) use a uniform form for tracking in each of the demonstration States, and (4) include the following requilementE dd(A) A requirement for segregation of the waste at the point of generation where practicable. “(B) A requirement for placement of the waste in containers that will protect waste handlers and the public from exposure. “(C) A requirement for appropriate labeling of containers of the waste. “(b) Siwi. Qu* rrrm .—1n the program under subsection (a), the Administrator may establish an exemption for generators of small quantities of medical waste listed under section 11002, except that the Admiz,istrator may not exempt from the program any person who, or fv”ility that, generates 50 pounds or more of such wa.ste in an 7 calendar mon& ‘(c) ON-SETS IN L TORS.—COnCUrrently with the promulgation of regulations under subsection (a), the Administrator shall promul- pte a reoordkeeping and reporting requirement for any generator in a demonstration State of medical waste listed in section 11002 that Li) in ri D s melIi1 l waste Usted.üi..ection 11 At on site and (2) does not track such waste under the regulations promulgated Reports, under subsection (a). Such requirement shall require the generator to report to the At 4 inirn tratcr on the volume and types of medical waste listed in section 11002 that the generator incinerated on site during the 6 months following the effective date of the requirements of this subsection. “(d) Tm or MEDICAL W4’sra AND T rs or GxNUATORS.—For each of the requirements of this section, the regulations may vary for different types of medical waste and for different types of medical waste generators. 42 USC 6992e. ‘S . 11004. INSPECTIONS. “(a) R uI .zM 1rs roa Ao.. .—For purposes of developing or aisting in the development of any regulation or report under this ibtitle or enforcing any provision of this subtitle, any person who generates, stores, treats, transports, disposes of, or otherwise han- dles or has handled medical waste shall, upon request of any officer. employee, or representative of the Environmental Protection Agency duly designated by the Mmii iistrator, furnish information relating to such waste, including any tracking forms required to be vvi int tned under section 11003, conduct monitoring or testing, and permit such person at all reasonable times to have access to, and to c py, all records relating to such waste. For such purposes, such officers, employees, or repi’ entatives are authorized to— ------- PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOv. 1, 1988 102 STAT. 2953 “(1) enter at reasonable times any establishment or other place where medical wastes are or have been generated, stored, treated, dispused of, or transported from; “(2) conduct monitoring or testing; and “(3) inspect and obt 1,i samples from any person of any such wastes and samples of any containers or labeling for such wastes. “(b) Paocsnupes. —Each inspection under this section sK.11 be con’nienced and completed with reasonable promptness. If the offi- cer, employee, or representative obt in any sam pies, prior to leav. ing the p .ipvni he hall give to the owner, operator, or agent in charge a receipt describing the earn pie obtained and, if requested, a portion of each such sample equal in volume or weight to the portion retained if giving such an equal portion is feasthis. If any analysis is made o( such samples, a copy of the results of such nnnlys i a gh ii be furnished promptly to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premise. concerned. “(c) Av*n*aum To Puauc.—The provisions of section 3007(b) of this Act sh J1 apply to records, reports, and information obthmed under t)iis section in the same manner and to the same extent as such provisions apply to records, reports, and information obtained under section 3007. SEC. 11001. ENFOaCEMENT. 42 USC 6992d “(a) Cowu iicz Oanzas.— “(1) VI0LAI’IoNs.—Whenever on the basis of any information the Administrator determines that any person has violated, or is in violation of, any requirement or prohibition in effect under this subtitle (including any requirement or prohibition in effect under reguladons under this subtitle) CA) the Administrator may issue an order (I) assessing a civil pi nalty foe any past or current violation, (ii) iequirmg comp” ic. anifflediately or within a specified time period, or (iii) both, or (B) the Adnimis. trator may commenc, a civil action in the United States district court in the district in which the violation oscurred for appro. priate relief, including a temporary or permanent injunction. Any order issued pursuant to tl s subsection shall state with reasonable specificity the nature of the violation. “(2) Oanmis ssraau o_ *z.-n .—Any penalty assessed in an order under this subsection sh*1I not exceed $25,000 per day of noncompliance for each violation of a requirement or prohibi- tion in effect under this subtitle. La assessing such a penalty, the Administrator shall take into account the seriousness of the violation and any good faith efforts to comply with applicable requirements. “(3) Puauc zA2Jwa.—Any order issued under this subsection 5 hAll become final unless, not later I ha 30 days after issuance of the order, the persona named therein request a public hear. ing. Upon such request, the Administrator shall promptly con- duct a public hearing. In connection with any proceeding under this section, the Administrator may issue subpoenas for the production of relevant papers, books and documents, and may promulgate rules for discovery procedures. “(4) VIoLATION or COMPUANCZ oanras-—In the case of an order under this subsection requiring compliance with any requirement of or regulation under this subtitle, if a violator fails to take corrective action within the time specified in an ------- 102 STAT. 2954 PUBLIC LAW 100-582—-NOV. 1, 1988 order, the Administrator may assess a civil penalty of not more than $25,000 for each day of continued noncompliance with the order. “(b) CaIWN4U. PENALTIES—Any person who— “(1) knowingly violates the requirements of or regulations under this subtitle; ‘ (2) knowingly omits material information or makes any false material statement or representation in any label, record, report, or other document filed, maintained, or used for pur- poses of compliance with this subtitle or regulations thereunder; or “(3) knowingly generates, stores, treats, transports, disposes of, or otherwise handles any medical waste (whether such activ- ity took place before or takes place after the date of the enact- ment of this paragraph) and who knowingly destroys, alters, conceals, or fails to file any record, report, or other document required to be maintained or filed for purposes of compliance with this subtitle or regulations thereunder shall, upon conviction, be subject to a fine of not more than $50.000 for each day of violation, or imprisonment riot to exceed 2 years (5 years in the case of a violation of paragraph (1)) If the conviction is for a violation committed after a first conviction of such person under this paragraph, the maximum punishment under the respec- tive paragraph shall be doubled with respect to both tine and imprisonment. ‘(C) KNOWING ENOANGERMENT.—Any person who knowingly vio- late. any provision of subsection (b) who knows at that time that he thereby places another person in ivvuiiinent danger of death or serious bodily injury, h 1l upon conviction be subject to a fine of not more than $250,000 or imprisonment for not more than 15 years. or both. A defendant that is an organ ion . h Il 1 iapon. conviction under this- subsection, be subject to d ftñe of not more than $1,000,000. The terms of this paragraph shaU be interpreted in accordance with the rules provided under section 3008(f) of thi.s Act. “(d) CIVIL PENALTIZS.—Any person who violates any requirement of or regulation under this subtitle shall be liable to the Un i ted States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $25,000 for each such violation. Each day of such violation shall, for purposes of this section, constitute a separate violation. “(e) Civii PENALTY Poucy.—Civil penalties assessed by the United States or by the States under this subtitle shall be assessed Lfl accordance with the Administrator’s ‘RCRA Civil Penalty Policy’. as such policy may be amended from time to time. 42 USC 6992.. “SEC 11006. FEDERAL FACILITIES. “(a) In GENER.AL—Each department, agency, and instrument.ahty of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Fede rat Government in a demonstration State (1) having jurisdiction o’.er any solid waste management facility or disposal site at which medical waste is disposed of or otherwise handled, or (2) engaged ui any activity resulting, or which may result, in the disposal, manage- ment, or handling of medical waste shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements. both substantive and procedural (including any requirement for permits or reporting or any provisions for injunctive relief and such sanc- tions as may be imposed by a court to enforce such relief), respect -g control and abatement of medical waste disposal and naanagemen ------- PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 102 STAT. 2955 in the same manner, and to the same extent, as any person is subject to such requirements, including the payment of reasonable service charges. The Federal, State, interstate, and Local substantive and procedural requirements referred to in this subsection include, but are not limited to, all administrative orders, civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, and other sanctions, including injunctive relief, fines, and imprisonment. Neither the United States, nor any agent, employee, or officer thereof, shall be immune or exempt from any process or sanction of any State or Federal court with respect to the enforcement of any such order, penalty, or other sanction. For purposes of enforcing any such substantive or procedural require- ment (including, but not limited to, any injunctive relief, adminis- trative order, or civil, criminal, administrative penalty, or other sanction), against any such department, agency, or instrumentality, the United States hereby expressly waives any immunity otherwise applicable to the United States. The President may exempt any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch from compliance with such a requirement if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so. No such exemption shall be granted due to lack of appropriation unless the President shall have specifically requested such appropriation as a part of the budgetary process and the Congress shall have failed to make av il ble such requested appropriation. Any exemption shall be for a period not in excess of one year, but additional exemptions may be granted for periods not to exceed one year upon the Presi- dent’s making a new determination. The President shall report each January to the Congrem all exemptions from the requirements of this section granted during the preceding calendar year, together with his reason for granting each such exemption. •“(W DWNn’Iord or P sotr.—Fot purposes of this Act, the term ‘person’ 4’ 1I be treated as including each department, agency, and instrumentality of the United States. SEC. 1 teal. RELATIONSHIP TO STATE LAW. “(a) STATE INUaCnows AND E voacx x ie.—A State may conduct inspections under 11004 and take enforcement action., under section 11005 against any person, including any person wiio has imported medical waste in a State in violation of the requirements of, or regulations under, this subtitle, to the wne extent as the Adminis- trator. At the time a Stat. initiates an enforcement action under section 11005 against any person, the State shall notify the Adminis- trator in writing. “(b) PZrRImON 0? STATe A 7r!IoaiTr. —Nothing in this sebtitle “Cl) preempt any Stat. or local law; or “(2) except as provided in subsection Cc), otherwise affect any State or local law or the authority of any State or local govern- ment to adopt or enforce any Stat, or local law. “(c) STATE Foa is—Any State or local law which requires submis- sion of a tracking form from any person subject to this subtitle shall require that the form be identi’al in content and format to the form required under section 11003, except that a Stat. may require the subu’n ion of other tracking information which is supplemental to the information rea p.ired on the form required under section 11003 through additional sheets or such other means as the State deems appropriate. President of U.S. R.port& 42 USC 6992f. ------- 102 STAT. 2956 PUBLiC LAW 100—582—NOV. 1, 1988 42 USC 6992g. SEC 1100$. REPORTTOCONGRESS. “(a) Fu i*x.. REP0WT.—Not later than 3 months after the expiration of the demonstration program, the Administrator shall report to Congress on the following topics: “(1) The types, number, and size of generators of medical waste (including small quantity generators) in the United States, the types and amounts of medical waste generated, and the on-site and off-site methods currently used to handle, store, transport, treat, and dispose of the medical waste, including the extent to which such waste is disposed of in sewer systems. “(2) The present or potential threat to human health and the environment posed by medical waste or the incineration thereof. “(3) The present and potential costs (A) to local economies, persons, and the environment from the improper handling, storage, transportation, treatment or disposal of medical waste and (B) to generators, transporters, and treatment, storage, and disposal facilities from regulations establishing requirements for tracking, handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal of medical waste. ‘(4XA) The success of the demonstration program established under this subtitle in tracking medical waste, “(B) changes in incineration and storage practices attrib. utable to the demonstration program, and “(C) other availabl, and potenti’ Ily available methods for tracking medical waste and their advantages and disadvan- tages, including the advantages and disadvantages of extending traciririg requirements to (1) rural areas and (ii) smAll quantity generators. “(5) Avail h1e and potentially av fli hle methods for handling, storing, transporting, and disposing of m cal wade and their advantages and disadvantages. “(6) Available and potentially available methods for treating medical waste, including the methods of incineration, steri1i - tisn, chemical treatment, and grinding, and their advantages, including their ability to render medical waste noninfectious or less infectious, and unrecognizable and otherwise protect humnn health and the environment, and disadvantages. “(7) Factors affecting the effectiveness of the treatment meth- ods identified in subsection (aX5), including quality contro’ and quality assurance procedures, maintenance procedures, and op- erator training. U(S) Existing State and local controls on the handling, storage. transportation, treatment, and disposal of medical waste, including the enforcement and regulatory supervision thereof. “(9) The appropriateness of using any existing State require- ments or the requirements contained in subtitle C as nation- wide reç iren1ents to monitor and control medical waste. “(10) The appropriateness of the penalties provided in section 11006 for insuring compliance with the requirements of this subtitle, including a review of the level of penalties imposed under this subtitle. “(11XA) The effect of excluding households and small quantity generators from any regulations governing the handling, stor- age, transportation, treatment, and disposal of medical waste. and ------- PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 102 STAT. 2957 “(B) potential guidelines for the handling, storage, treatment, and disposal of medical waste by households and small quantity generatore. “(12) A, 1.h1e and potentially av i1 ble methods for the reuse or reduction of the volume of medical waste generated. “(b) INrspm Raioars.—The Administrator shall submit two in. tenm reports to Congress on the topics listed in subsection (a). The interim reports shall contain the information on the topics av il ble to the Administrator at the time of submission. One interim report •h*l1 be due 9 months after enactment of this subtitle and one shall be due 12 months after the effective date of regulations under this subtitle. “(c) CO 1sULTATzON.—In preparing the reports under this section, the Administrator sb fl consult with appropriate State and local agencies. 1 8EC. 11005. HEALTH IMPACTS REPORr. 42 USC 6992h. ‘Within 24 months after the enactment of this section, the Administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry shall prepare for Congress a report on the health effects of medical waste, including each of the following— “(1) A description of the potential for infection or injury from the segregation, hanilling , storage, treatment, or disposal of medical wastes. “(2) An estimate of the number of people injured or infected ai i n*lIy by sharps, and the nature and seriousness of those injuries or infections. “(3) An estimate of the number of people infected annually by other me” related to waste segregation, hanliIiTlg , storage, treatment, or disposal, and the nature ath serious” ese of those infectious. “(4) For diseases possibly spread by medical waste, including Acquired Tmrnune Deficiency Syndrome and hepatitis B, an estimate of what percentage of the total number of eases nation- ally may be traceable to medical wastes. SEC. 11015. GENERAL PRO VISIONS. 42 USC 6992L “(a) C0NSULTATION.—(1) In promulgating regulations under this subtitle, the Administrator shall consult with th. affected States and may consult with other interested parties. “(2) The Administrator 5 ha11 also consult with the International Canada. Joint Commission to dster” ”e how to monitor the disposal of medical waste emanating from Canada. “(b) Pu3uc Coao.rrr.—In the cas . of the regulations required by this subtitle to be promulgated within 9 months after the enactment of this subtitle, the Mm inistrator may promulgate such regulations in interim final form without prior opportunity for public comment, but the Administrator shall provide an opportunity for public com- ment on the interim fn1 rule. The promulgation of such regula- tions shall not be subject to the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980. “(c) RZLATIONSIUP ro Sua’rm.i C.—Nothing in this subtitle shall affect the authority of the Administrator to regulate medical waste, includi’ g medical waste listed under section 11002, under subtitle C of this Act. ------- 102 STAT. 2958 PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 42 USC 6992j. SEC. *1011. EFVECIIVE DATE. ‘The regulations promulgated under this subtitle shall take effect within 90 days after promulgation, except that, at the tune of promulgation, the Administrator may provide for a shorter period prior to the effective date if he finds the regulated community does not need 90 days to come into compliance. 42 USC 6992k. SEC. 1*012. AUTHORIZATION OP APPROPRL4TTONS. “There are authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator such sums as may be nec ary for each of the fiscal years 1989 through 1991 for purposes of carrying out activities under this subtitle.”. (b) TAB&.s or Cozrr rrs.—The table of contents for the Solid Waste Disposal Act is amended by inserting the following after the items relating to subtitle L TM Subtitle J—Des onstration Medinel Waste Tracking Program “Sec. 11001. pe of demonstration p.-ugram for medi I waste. “Sec. 11002. Listing of medii i wsstas “Sec. 11003. Tracking of aw I waste. “Sec. 11004. Ioapectione. “Sec. 11005. Eoforceu eot. “Sec. 11006. Federal tacilitias. “Sec. 1100’ ,. ReLationship o State Law. “Sec. 11006. Report to Congrne. “SIc. 11009. H 1th ia ct report. “Sec. 11010. General provisions. ‘l Effectw. 1” ‘ “ 110*2. Au ori tioo at appropriations.” s c.s. DF ,FVI1T*ON. Section 1004 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 US.C. 6903) is amended by adding the following at the end thereof “(40) Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term ‘medical waste’ means any solid waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humart betng or animaLs, in resea.rch pertaining thereto, or in the production or testing of biological - Such term does not include any h rdous waste ident- fled or Listed under subtitle C or any household waste as defined in regulations under subtitle C.”. SEC. 4. EPA LAW ENFORCEMENT POWERS. (a) CONTEUAL 0? LAw ENVORCEMENT POw r ics.—Chapter 203 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: I 3063. Powers of Environmental Protection Agency “(a) Upon designation by the Administrator of the Environmental Pr on Agency, any law enforcement officer of the Environ. mental Protection Agency with responsibility for the investigation of 4vnrnal violations of a law administered by the Environmental Protection Agency, may— “(1) carry tiiearms “(2) execute and serve any warrant or other proce es issued under the authority of the United States and “(3) make arrests without warrant for—. “(A) any offense against the United States committed in ‘iuch officer’s presence; or ------- PUBLIC LAW 100-582—NOV. 1, 1988 102 STAT. 2959 “(B) any felony offense against the United States if such officer has probable cause to believe that the person to be arrested } as committed or is committing that felony offense. re granted under subsection (a) of this section shall be rciMi ecordance with guidelines approved by the Attorney General.”. (b) ClERIcAL A1IENDMZIi’r.—The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 203 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: ‘3 53. pc,,, of Environmental Protection Agency.”. Approved November 1, 1988. LEG .AflVE H1Sl RY—B.L 3611: c NOR S1ONAL REOo D, VoL 124 (1188k 4.6. 0 fl A.sSd sad p. 4 Ho O . 7, sad .1 Senats, sm sd . 12, Ho s acurrsd in Senate sz..nd sn . W Y COMPUATION OF PR ENTLAL D0CUM 4TS, VoL. U (1188k Nov. 1, Pr n a1 0 ------- |