r
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Contents
Introduction 3
Chapter 1: Newly Listed Wastes
1.1 Definition of newly listed wastes 7
1.2 Treatment standards 7
1.3 .Effectivedate .J8
Case study 19
Test your knowledge 21
Answer key 22
Chapter 2: Hazardous Debris
2.1 Definition of hazardous debris 25
2.2 Treatment standards 25
.Case study 30
Test your knowledge- 33
Answer key 34
Chapter 3: Containment Buildings
3.1 Definition.of containrnent buildings 37
3.2 Design requirements 37
3.3 Operating requirements 37
3.4 Retrofitting: 37
3.5 Effective date 37
. Case study . . .; 38
Test your knowledge 41
Answer key 42
M. TreatmenMechrcfogy s^^ ....... 45
PB. References 51
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Infroduction
T he Land Disposal Restrictions for Newly
Listed Wastes and Hazardous Debris Rule
was signed into law on June 30,1992. This new
rule promulgated treatment standards for 20
newly listed hazardous wastes. The rule also ad-
dresses hazardous debris and containment build-
ings. In addition, it significantly reduces certain
paperwork requirements and provides incen-
tives to treat particular wastes through recovery
technologies.
This rule, in particular, represents an rnnovative
approach to the regulation of hazardous debris
under the Land Disposal Restrictions program. It
allows owners and operators considerable flexi-
bility in determining how to treat their debris.
This workbook, designed as part of training
package which also includes a two-part video se-
ries, provides an overview of the rule, along
with case studies, and sections to test your
knowledge. To use this workbook, read all sec-
tionsl After you have completed the reading, fa-
miliarize yourself with the key references. Then,
work on the questions. Answers are given at the
end of each chapter.
3
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CHAPTER
Newly Listed
Wastes
I
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Newly Listed Wastes
1.1 Definition of newly listed
wastes
N ewly listed wastes are those that were listed
as hazardous after the passage of the Hazard-
ous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Re-
source Conservation and Recovery Act on
November 8, 1984. The June 30 rule sets treat-
ment standards for 20 newly listed wastes:
Petroleum refining wastes (F037 and
F038).
2-ethoxyethanol wastes (U359).
Wastes from the production of unsym-
metrical dimethylhydrazine (K107,
K108, K109, and KilO).
- Wastes from the production of dinitro-
toluene and toluenediamine (Kill and
K112, U328, and U353).
Wastes from the production of ethyl-
ene dibronüde (K117, K118, and K136)
and methyl bromide (K131 and K132).
Wastes from the production of ethyl-
enebisdithiocarbamic acid (K123,
K124, K125, and K126).
Soil contaminated with these wastes will be ad-
dressed in a future proposal. Newly listed
wastes mixed with radioactive components,
however, are subject to the treatment standards
outhned in the June 30 rule.
1.2 Treatment standards
T reatment standards have been established for
both wastewater and nonwastewater forms of
these newly listed wastes. These standards,
which are based on data from treating similar
wastes using best demonstrated available tech-
nologies (BDAT), must be met before wastes can
be disposed of on land. Jn the case of newly
listed wastes:
- EPA issued concentration-based stand-
ards when it is possible to measure the
organic constituents of the waste and
the treatment residues reliably using
analytical test methods.
When EPA anticipates significant dilfi-
culties in measuring the organic con-
stituents, EPA specified BDAT
technologies that must be utilized.
The charts on the following pages show the -
treatment standards for each newly listed waste.
7
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TREATMENT STAN DARDS
PetroleUm RefjnhigWásiel
These wastes are genenited in the primary and secondary separation of oil, water, and solids from petro-
leum refinery process wastewaters and oily cooling wastewaters.
Wastes liclude: 1037
Any sludge generated from gravitational separation of oil, water,
and solids.
1038
An sludge and/or float generated from physical and!
or chemical separation of oil, water, and solids.
Treatment Standards: EPA has established a numb r of concentration-based standards
for the various hazardous substances contained in both the waste-
water and nonwastewater forms of these wastes (see page 8).
Treatment Technology: Any BDAT technology capable of reaching the treatment stand-
ards listed in the rule can be used, except for impermissible dilution.
Effective Dates: November 18, 1992.
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Newly Listed Wastes
TREATMENT STANDARDS
Petroleum Refiflj g Wastes
BDAT Treatment Standards far F037
F Nonwastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single prab sample—
Tota
Anthracene
28
Benzene
14
Benzo(a)anthrocene
20
Benzo(a)pyrene
12
7.3
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
hrysene
15
Di-n-buiyl phthalate
3.6
Ethy benzene
14
Naphthalene
42
Phenanthrene
34
Phenol
3.6
Pyrene
36
Toluene
14
Xylenes (total)
22
Cyanides (total)
1.8
Chromium (total)
1.7
Nickel
0.20
BDAT Treatment Standards for F037
[ Wastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Acenaphthene
Anthrocene
Benzene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(o)pyrene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)pFitha late
Girysene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Fluorene
Napthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
Xylenes (total)
Maximum for any
24 composite
sample—Total
composition (mg/I)
0.059
0.059
0.14
0.059
0.06 1
0.28
0.059
0.057
0.057
0.059
0.059
0.059
0.039
0.067
0.080
0.32
Regulated constituent
Maximum For any
single grab
sample-Total
composition (mg/I)
Cyanides (total)
Chromium (total)
Lead
0.028
0.20
0.037
S
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND H.AZAJRDDUS DEBRIS
,
TfREATNAENT STANDARDS
Petroleum Ràfifling Wastes
BDAT Treatment Standards far F038
[ Nonwastewatersj
Regulated constituent
Maximum For any
single pcb san*—
Tota
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
hiysene
Di-n-butyl phthalote
Ethytbenzene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
Xylenes (total)
Cyanides (total)
14
12
7.3
15
3.6
14
42
34
3.6
36
14
22
1.8
Regulated constituent
Maximum icr any
single grab sample—
TCLP (mg/I)
Chromium (total)
Nickel
1.7
0.20
BDAT Treatment Standards far F038
(Wastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum For any
24 composite
sample—Total
composition (mg/I)
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
chrysene
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Ethylbenzene
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
Xylenes (total)
0.14
0.06 1
0.28
0.059
0.057
0.057
0.059
0.059
0.059
0.039
0.067
0.080
0.32
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single grab
sample—Total
composition (mg/I)
Cyanides (total)
Chromium (total)
Lead
0.028
0.20
0.037
ID
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Newly Listed Wastes
TREATMENT STANDARDS
Wastes ‘from the ProdUction of
Ethylenebfsdithiocarbamic Acid
These wastes are gener ed in the production of the fungicide ethyknebisdithiocarbamica id and its salts.
The Agency’s preliminary contacts within induthy indicate that one facility generates these wastes. This
facility currently sends them ,to a publicly owned treatment zvorks (POTW) after ,neutral ization to the ,a p-
pràpriate pH level. ‘
Wastes Indude: K123
Process wastewafer (induding supematonts, filtrates, and wash
waters).
K124
Reactor vent scrubber water.
K125 ‘
Pwification solids (induding Rltration,’evaporatic)n, and centrifuga-
tion solids).’
1126
Baghouse dust and floor sweepings in milling and packaging’
operations.’ ‘ ‘
Treatment Standards: Because ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid is unstable in water,
quantifying concentration levels in treatment residuals is difficult.
Therefore, EPA has established BDAT technologies as the treat-
ment standards For Ki 23, K1 24, K1 25, and K] 26. For nonwaste-
water forms of these wastes, the required method of’treatment’is
incineration. For wastewaterforms, the required methods are in.
cineration or chemical oxidation followed by biological treatment
or carbon adsorption.
Effective Dates: November 18, 1992.
11
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TREATr AENT STANDARDS
Wastes fromihePràductiofl of
1,1 Dimithylhydrazjne
These wastes are generated in the prod uction of 1,1-dimethyihydrazine. salts from carboxylic acid hydra-
zines. 1,1-dimethylhydrazine is a component ofjet and rocket fuels and is used in photography, chemical
synthesis, and other production prcesses.
Wastes Include: k107
- Column bottoms from product separation.
1(108 -
Condensed column overheads from product separation and con-
densed reactor vent gases.
ki 09
Spent filter cartridges from product purification.
KilO
Condensed column overheads from intermediate separation.
Treatment Standards: Because unsymmetrical dimethyihydrazine is unstable in water;
quantifying concentration levels in treatment residuals is difficult.
Therefore, EPA has established BDAT technologies as the treat-
ment standards for Ki 07,K1 08, Ki 09, and KilO wastes. FOr -
nonwastewafer forms of these wastes, the required treatment tech-
nology is incineration. For wastewater Forms, the required moth-
ods of treatment are incineration or, chemical- oxidation followed
by carbon adsorptiOn or biodegradation followed by carbon
adsorption.
Effedive Dates: November 18, 1992:
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Newty Listed Wastes
TREATMENT -STANDARDS
2 ’EthoxyethafloI Wastes
These wastes are genenzted in the printing, organic chemical manufacturing, and leather and tanning
industries. -
-Wastes Include: - - U359 Y - -
2-Ethoxyethanol is used in páiñt remâvers,deansing sálutions,
- and dye baths; as a solvent for inks,dupIk ating fluids, nhrocellu-
- lose, lacquers; and other substances; as&chemicd intermedkite
in 2-ethOxyacetatemànufadure; and in the:process of leather Fin-
- ishing. When disposed of, 2-ethOxyethonol. becOmes U359
• waste.-EPA’s preliminary contacts with industry indicate that only
Iwo facilites generOte U359.
Treatment Standards: - Because 2-ethoxyethanol wase is unstable in water, qudntifying -
- concentration levels in treatment residuals is difficult. Therefore, -
EPA has established BDAT technologies as the treatment stand-.
ard for U359 wastes. For nonwostewater forms of these wastes,
•the required methods of treatment are incineration or Fuel substi-
- tution. For wastewater fOrms of these wastes, the required meth
ods of treatment are incineration or-chemical oxidation with
carbon adsorption or biodegradation, or biodegradation fol-
low ed by carbon adsorption.
- - - Effective Dátec. - November 18, 1992.
13
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TREATIVtENT STANDARDS
Wastes frOm the PrOdUctiIn of
Dinitràtolueiià and -Toluènediarnine
These zvastes are generated in the production of dinitrotoluenè and toluenediamine.
Wastes Iflc!ude: Kill
Product washwaters from the production of dinitrotoluene
through the nitration of toluene. Kill wastes are generated at fa-
cilities engaged in manufacturing inorganic chemicals, dyes and
pigments, and explosives, and organic synthesis operations.
Kl12
Reaction by-products from drying equipment in the production of
toluenediamine. Kil 2 wastes are generated in intermediate pro-
cesses at facilities engaged in manufacluoring photographic
chemicals, plastics, and resins, organic chemicals, textiles, and
polyurethane, as well as in the production of toluenediamine as
on end product. -
11353
Para-toluidine, or when discarded U353 The textile and dyes
and pigments industries generate ortho- and parabluidineas in-
termediates and reagents for printing textiles and making colors
fast. Both compounds also are-components in ion-exchange col-
umn preparation and can be used as antioxidonts in rubber
manufacturing and as lab reagents in medical glucose analyses.
EPA’s preliminary coAtocts with industry indicate that ónefacility
generates both U328 and U353. - - -
Treatment Standards: For wostewater and nonwastewater forms of K ill, EPA has set
- concentration-based treatment standards (see page 14). -
Effective Date: November 18, 1992.
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Newly Usted Wastes
TREATrvIENT STANDARDS
Wastes from the ProdUction of
DinitrOtoluene and TOlUenediamine:
BDATTreaimentStandards for Kill
[ Nonwastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single grab sample—
Total composition
(mg/kg)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
26-Dinitrotoluene
140
28
BDAT Treatment Standards for Kill
[ Wastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum ior any
single 91 th sample—
Total composition
(mg/I)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2 ,6-Dinitrotoluene
0.32
0.55
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TREATF v1ENT STAN DAR ’OSS
WasteS from ’the Production of
Ethylene DibrOmjde and Wastes from the !ioduction of
Methyl Bromide
Although EPA banned the z se of lene”dlbromide (EDB) in the United States, EP4 believes that EDB
wastes might ’still be generated. by pesticide manufacturers intending to sell EDB overseas. Information
available to EPA suggests that only one facility generates K118 and reporté disposing of it in a Subtitle C
landfill. This fadlity also reports recycling its Ku? steam, a briny, high-bromine stream that can be re-
turned to the bromine production unit..
Wastes Indude: ‘From the production of ethylene dibromide
through bromination of ethylene:
kill
Wastewater:production from the reactor vent gas scrubber.
ki 18
Spent adsorbent solids from purification.
K 136
SiiII botoms fràm purification.’
Fiom the production of methyl bromidà:
k 13 1
Wastewàter from the reacior and spent sulfuric acid from the
acid dryer.’
ki 32
Spent adsorbent and wastewater separator solids.
Treatment Standards: EPA has established concentrafionbased standards br wastewa-
ter and nânwastewater forms of these wastes (see page 16). Any
BDAT technology capable of reaching thá ’treatment standards “
‘listed in the rule can be used, except For impermissible dilution.
Effective Date: November 18, 1992.
16
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Newly Usted Wastes
** * .
TREATMENT STANDARDS
Wastes from the Produdion of
Ethylene Dibromide afld Wastes from the Production of
Methyl Bromide
BDAT Treatment Standards for
Kill, K118, and K136
[ Nonwastewatersj
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single sample—
Tola
Ethylene dibromide
Bromomethane
chloroform
15.0
15.0
5.6
BDAT Treatment Standards for
Ki 17, Ki 18, and K136
[ Wastewoters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single grab sample—
blat composuhon
(mg/I)
Ethylene dibromide
Bromomethane
chloroform
0.028
0.11
0.046
BDAT Treatment Standards for
K131 and K132
[ Nonwastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
singIe jrob sample—
Tota
Bromornethane
(methyl bromide)
15
BDAT Treahnent Standards for
K131 and K132
[ Wastewaters]
Regulated constituent
Bromomethane
(methyl bromide)
Maximum for are’
single pob sample—
Tola composition
0.11
17
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
1.3 Effective date
E PA has extended the effective date for compli-
ance with the treatment standards for newly
listed wastes by three months. Therefore, the effec-
tive date of compliance is November 18, 1992.
A capacity analysis conducted by EPA, however,
revealed that, in some cases, additional time
might be required for waste generators to comply
with the standards. As a result, EPA has granted
national capacity variances for some surface-dis-
posed or deepwell-disposed wastes, as indicated
in the table below.
Generators also may apply for a treatability or
case-by-case variance if they are unable to satisfy
the standards by the required date.
Summary of Capadly Vana
nce Decisions for Newly
Listed Wastes
Variance for surface-
isposed wastes.
Variance for deepwell-
sposed wastes.
F037—removed from s.i.°
2-year
No.
F038—removed fr s.i.°
2-year
No.
F037—nianaged in Sib
F038—rnanaged ,n
2-year
2-year
No.
No.
F037—Routine
1 year
No.
F03 8—Routine
1 year
No.
K107
No
No.
K108
No
No.
K109
No
No.
KilO
No
No.
Kill
No
No.
K112
No
No.
Kl17
No
2-year.
K118
No
2-year.
Kl23
No
No.
K124
No
No.
K125
No
No.
K126
No
No.
K131
NO
2-year.
K132
No
2-year.
Kl36
No
No.
U328
No
No.
U353
No
No.
U359
NO
No.
Mixed Rod. Waste
2-year
No.
Hazardous Debris
2-year
No.
0 F037 and F038 wastes from cleanout and ciosure of surface impoundments.
bFO 37 and F038 managed in surface impoundments.
18
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Newly Usted Wastes
CASE STUDY: NEWLY LISTED WASTES
Senario:
An environmental manager at a small chemical company is responsible for determining the appropriate
treatment standards for hazardous wastes generated in the company’s production processes. Because
the company generates relatively small volumes of wastes, these wastes often are combined for treat-
ment purposes. A Ki 17 wastewater is combined with a KOl 0 wastewater For treatment. What must the
environmental manager do to determine the appropriate treatment standards For the mixture?
F irst, the environmental manager must deter-
mine what the treatment standards are for
the K117 wastewater and the KOlO wastewa-
ter. Standards are listed in 40 CFR 268.43 and
in the Tables provided with this chapter.
Next, the manager must compare the two lists
to determine the constituents of concern and
the treatment standards for those constituents.
BDAT Treatment Standards for
K009 and KOlO
[ Wastewaters]
Concenfrq t icn
Regulated constituent (in mgi l)
Chloroform 0.10
BDAT Treatment Standards for
Ki 17, Ki 18, and K136
[ Wastewoters]
Regulated constituent
Maximum for any
single grab sample—
Total composition
(mg/I)
Ethylene dibromide
Bromomethane
Chloroform
0.028
0.11
0.046
In so doing, the manager finds that there are
three constituents of concern for the mixture:
ethylene dibromide, bromomethane, and chlo-
roform. The treatment standard for chloro-
form, however, is different for the K117
wastewater and the KOlO wastewater.
Under 40 CFR 268.41(b), ‘when wastes with
differing treatment standards for a constituent
of concern are combined for purposes of treat-
ment, the treatment residue must meet the
lowest treatment standard for the constituent
of concern.”
In this case, therefore, the appropriate treat-
ment standard for chloroform is 0.046 mg/i.
19
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TEST YOUR KNDWLEDGE
Newly Listed Wastes
These exercises are designed to help you check your understanding of the material in this chap-
ter. Use any reference materials that you need to answer the questions. When you have com-
pleted the questions, check your answers against those provided on the back of this page.
1 What are newly listed wastes?
2 List the newly listed wastes included in the rule.
3 Circle the answer to the following:
These wastes are induded in the June 30 rule:
T F Soil contaminated with newly listed wastes.
T F Newly listed wastes mixed with radioactive components.
4 Fill in the blanks:
a. When it is possible to measure the organic constituents of the waste and the treatment
residues reliably using analytical test methods, EPA has specified
treatment standards.
b. When it is not possible to measure the organic constituents, EPA has specified that the
wastes must be treated by
c. A national capacity variance has been granted for petroleum refining
wastes generated as a result of deanouts or dosures of surface impoundments and
mixed radioactive wastes.
21
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Answer Key: Newly Listed Wastes
1 What are the newly listed wastes?
Newly listed wastes are those wastes listed as hazardous after the passage of the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
on November 8, 1984.
2 List the newly listed wastes included in the rule.
Petroleum refining wastes, 2-ethoxyethanol wastes, wastes from the production of
unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, wastes from the production of dinitrotoluene and
toluenediamine, wastes from the production of ethylene dibromide, and wastes from the
production of ethylenebisdithiocarbamic acid.
3 Circle the answer to the following:
These wastes are included in the June 30 rule:
T ( ) Soil contaminated with newly listed wastes.
( ) F Newly listed wastes mixed with radioactive components.
4 Fill in the blanks:
u. When it is possible to measure the organic constituents of the waste and the treatment
residues reliably using analytical test methods, EPA has specified concentration-
based treatment standards.
b. When it is not possible to measure the organic constituents, EPA has spedfied that the
wastes must be treated by certain BDAT technologies .
c. A 2y national capacity variance has been granted for petroleum refining wastes
generated as a result of deanouts or closures of surface impoundments and mixed
radioactive wastes.
22
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CHAPTER
Hazardous
Debris
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Newty Usted Wastes
2.1 Definition of hazardous debris
H azardous debris is any solid material in-
tended for discard that is contaminated with
hazardous waste or that exhibits one or more
hazardous waste characteristics: toxicity, ignita-
bility, corrosivity, or reactivity.
Under the rule, h 7iirdous debris is defined as a
solid material with a particle size in excess of 60
mm (2.5 inches or approximately the size of a
tennis bali) that is:
. A manufactured object.
Plant or animal matter.
Natural geologic material
(i.e. cobbles and boulders).
In addition:
> Even though debris must be a solid
material, a mixture of debris and other
materials such as soil or sludge is sub-
ject to regulation if, based on visual in-
spection, the mixture is comprised
primarily of debris.
- Process residuals (such as smelter slag)
and residue from the treatment of
waste (i.e. incinerator ash), wastewa-
ter, sludges, or air emissions, are not
considered debris.
Intact tanks and wastes for which spe-
cific regulations already exist that con-
sider the form of waste (such as lead
acid and cadmium batteries) are not
considered debris.
2.2 Trealment standards
I n the past, hazardous debris destined for land
disposal had to meet the treatment standard
for the particular listed or characteristic waste
with which the debris was contaminated. Under
the June 30 rule, hazardous debris also can be
treated using specific BDAT technologies based
on the type of debris and the type of contami-
nants present in the debris. The specified tech-
nologies are from one or more of the following
families of debris treatment technologies:
Extraction
(induding physical, chemical, and ther-
mal).
Destruction.
Immobilization.
Four technologies are expected to be used most
often to treat debris. These are:
Abrasive blasting.
Water washing and spraying.
Thermal destruction.
- Microencapsulation.
The remaining technologies are:
? Scarification, grinding, and planing.
Vibratory finishing.
High-pressure steam and water spray-
ing.
Liquid-phase solvent extraction.
Vapor-phase solvent extraction.
p High-temperature metals recovery.
> Thermal desorption.
Biodegradation.
Chemical oxidation.
p,.
Sealing.
Macroencapsulation.
25
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Hazardous Debris
In addition:
> Treatment must be performed in ac-
cordance with specified performance
and design and operating standards.
The rule prohibits the use of some tech-
nologies to treat specific types of con-
taminants.
Debris that no longer contains listed
hazardous waste or exhibits any haz-
ardous waste characteristic following
treatment with an extraction or de-
struction technology is not subject to
Subtitle C regulation.
Debris is said to “contain” hazardous
waste when waste is contained on the
surface or in the pore structure of the
debris. EPA can determine if debris no
longer contains hazardous waste on a
case-by-case basis, upon request.
When ha - rdous debris is treated to to-
day’s treatment standards, treaters
must comply with the applicable resi-
due analysis, notification, certification,
and recordiceeping and requirements.
The table on the following pages shows the pro-
posed performance and design and operating
standards for each BDAT technology.
26
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Ne My Listed Wastes
Glass, metal, plastic, and rubber
must be treated to a clean debris
surface. 1
Brick, cloth, concrete, paper, rock,
pavement, and wood must be
treated to a clean debris surface. In
addition, at least 0.6 cm of the
surface layer must be removed.
V
All debris must be treated to a clean
debris surface.
For brick, doth, concrete, paper,
pavement, rock, and wood, debris
mustnotbemoiethanl.2cmthick 2
unless this limit is waived under an
Equivalent Technology Demonstration.
This demonstration must document that
the tedtnokgy treats contaminants to
a level equal to that required For other
technologies in the table such that the
residuals pose no threat to human
heahh and the environment absent
management controls. Debris surfaces
must be in contact with the water
solution for at least 15 minutes.
Same as above.
V
V
Same as above, except that brick,
colth, concrete, paper, pavement,
rock, and wood surfaces must be in
contact with the organic vapor for
more than 60 minutes.
V
For brick, cloth, concrete, paper,
pavement, rock, and wood, the
contaminants must be soluble to at
least 5 percent by weight in the
water solution or 5 percent by
weight in the emulsion, as
applicable. IF the debris is
contaminated with a waste listed for
dioxin, the treater must make an
Equivalency Demonstration.
Same as above, except that
contaminants must be soluble to at
least 5 percent by weight in the solvent.
V
Same as above.
‘dean debris surface means that surface, when viewed without magnification, shall be free of all visible contaminated soil and hazardous
waste except that residual staining from soil and waste consisting of light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discoloration, and soil and waste in
a acks, crevices, and pits shall be limited to no more than 5 percent of each square inch of surface area
2 1f reducing the size of debris to meet the treatment standards results in a material that no longer meets the 60mm minimum particle size limit
for debris, such material is subject to the waste-specific treatment standards for the constituents with which the debris is contaminated, unless
the debris has been deaned and separated from contaminated soil and waste prior to size reduction. At a minimum, simple physical or me-
chanical means must be used to provide such deaning and separation of nondebris materials to ensure that the debris surface is free of caked
soil, waste, or other nondebris material.
TABLE 1. - -. PROPOSED PERFORMANCE AND DESIGN AND.
OPERATING STANDARDS FOR BOAT TECHNOLOGIES
BDAT Technology
Performance and Design and
Operating Standards
Contaminant Restrictions
None.
Abrasive blasting; scarification,
grinding, and planing; spoiling;
vibratory finishing; and high-
pressure steam and water sprays
V
Water washing and spraying
V
liquid-phase solvent extraction
w
Vapor-phase solvent extraction
27
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
V
Biological desfruclion (biodegra-
dation), chemical oxidation,
chemical reduction
The treater must make an
Equivalency Demonstation. Treated
debris must be separated from
treatment residuals using simple
physical or mechanical means. These
residuals must meet the treatment
standards for the organic
constituents with which the debris is
contaminated.
For brick, doth, concrete, paper,
pavement, rock, and wood, debris
mustbenomorethan lOomthickin
one dimension, unless that limit is
waived under an Equivalent
Technology Demonstration.
The heater must make an Equivalency
Demonstration. Treated debris must be
separded from treatment residuals
using simple physical or mechanical
means. These residuals must meet the
treatment standards for the organic
constituents with which the debris is
contaminated.
For brick, cloth, concrete, paper,
pavement, rock, and wood, debris
mustnotbe moiethanl.2omth,ck
unless this limit is waived under an
Equivalent Technology Demonstration.
Treated debris must be separated
from treatment residuals using simple
physical or mechanical means. These
residuals must meet the treatment
standards for the organic
constituents with which the debris is
contaminated.
V
For brick, concrete, glass, metal,
pavement, and rock, metals other
than mercury. This restriction does
not apply if the debris is treated by
vitrilkation.
If the debris is contaminated with a
waste listed for dioxin, the treater
must make an Equivalency
Demonstration.
Thermal desorption
TABLE 1. PROPOSED PERFOR ANCE AND DES!GNAND OPERATING
- STANDARDS FOR BDAT TECHNOLOGIES (continued)
BDAT Technology
Performance and Design and
Operating Standards
Contaminant Restrictions
Metals other than mercury.
V
Metal contaminants.
Thermal destruction
-------
Newly Usted Wastes
TABLE 1, PROPOSEDPERFORMANCEAND DESIGN AND OPERATING
- STANDARDS FOR BOAT TECHNOLOGIES (continued)- --
BDAT Technology
Performance and Design and
Operating Standards
Contaminant Restrictions
Macroencapsulation
V
Microencapsulation
V
sealing
Encapsulating materials must
completely surround debris and be
resistant to degradation.
V
The leachabilily of contaminants
must be reduced.
V
Sealant must completely surround
debris and be resistant to
deqradaticn.
None.
V
None.
V
None.
29
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NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
CASE STUDY: HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
Scenario:
A boxcar filled with soil and construction debris, induding abandoned pipes, discarded masonry
bricks, and old piles of lumber, is found at a railroad yard. The boxcar belongs to XYZ Construction, a
company specializing in lead abatement. What must be done to determine if this debris is subject to
regulation and, if so, how must the debris be treated?
F irst, it must be determined if the con-
struction debris at the railroad site
meets the EPA definition of hazardous de-
bris under the rule. The debris at the site is
a solid material intended for discard with
a particle size in excess of 60 mm that also
is a manufactured object. In addition,
based on a visual inspection of the mixture
of soil and debris, the mixture is com-
prised primarily of debris.
Second, it must be determined if the debris is
contaminated with a listed hazardous waste or
exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste (ig-
nitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity).
Guidelines for determining ignitabffity, cor-
rosivity, and reactivity are found under Sub-
part C of Part 261. Ha7 TdouS waste lists are
found under Subpart D.
it is assumed that the debris at the railroad site
is contaminated with lead, an inorganic metal.
The debris is tested using the Toxicity Charac-
teristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and is
found to contain 10 mg/i of lead. Under 40
CFR 261.24, any waste tested using the TCLP
that contains more than 5 mg/l of lead is con-
sidered a hazardous waste. Therefore, the de-
bris is subject to regulation under the rule.
There are two options for treating this debris
in compliance with the rule. One, the debris
could be treated using a specific BDAT
technology based on the type of debris and the
type of contaminants present Two, the debris
also could be treated to the treatment standard
for the constituents with which the debris is
contaminated. Because the second option re-
quires extensive sampling and analysis, it is
often more cost-effective to treat the debris us-
ing a specific BDAT technology.
Under the rule, there are several different tech-
nologies that could be used to treat this debris.
Because of cost effectiveness and commercial
availability, however, four technologies are ex-
pected to be used most often to treat debris.
They are abrasive blasting, water washing and
spraying, thermal destruction, and microen-
capsulation. Of these four technologies, abra-
sive blasting, water washing and spraying,
and thermal destruction can be used on debris
contaminated with lead. Thermal destruction
cannot be used on debris contaminated with
lead or other metals with the exception of
mercury.
Debris that is treated using a BDAT technol-
ogy must meet the performance and design
and operating standards outlined in Table I of
this chapter. Debris that is treated using abra-
sive blasting, for example, must be treated to a
clean debris surface. In addition, when debris
is treated using abrasive blasting at least 0.6
cm of the surface layer must be removed.
(continued)
30
-------
Newly Listed Wastes
CASE STUDY: HAZARDOUS
if water washing and spraying is used, debris
also must be treated to a dean debris surface.
In addition, porous debris, such as the ma-
sonry bricks and lumber at the railroad site,
must not be more than 1.2 cm thick unless this
limit is waived under an Equivalent Technol-
ogy Demonstration. If the porous debris is
more than 1.2 cm thick and if an Equivalent
Technology Demonstration has not been per-
formed, the debris must be reduced in size to
meet the standard. If in so doing, however, the
debris will no longer meet the 60 mm mini-
mum partide limit, then it must be treated to
the treatment standard for the waste
DEBRIS (continued)
contaminating the debris (unless it can be
cleaned and separated from nondebris materi-
als, such as the contaminated soil, before size
reduction).
if microencapsulation is used, the perform-
ance and design and operating standards re-
quire that the leachibility of contaminants be
reduced. More detailed explanations of each
of the BDAT technologies can be found in the
rule.
Residue analysis, notification, certification,
and recordkeeping and requirements can be
found in 40 CER 268.7.
31
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TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Hazardous Debris
These exercises are designed to 1p you check your understanding of the material in this chapter.
Use any reference materials that you need to answer the questions. When you have completed
the questions, theck your answers against those provided on the back of this page.
1 What is hazardous debris?
2 Fill in the blanks.
a. Under the rule, hazardous debris is defined as a solid material with a particle size in
excess of________________
b. Hazardous debris destined for land disposal can be treating using
_________________________based on the type of debris and the type of
contaminants present in the debris.
c. Alternatively, debris can be treated to ____________________________
3 Circle the answer to the following:
T F Debris that is treated using an extraction or destruction technology and that no longer
contains listed hazardous waste or exhibits any hazardous waste characteristic is no
longer subject to Subtitle C regulation.
T F Debris is said to “contain” hazardous waste when waste is contained on the surface or
in the pore structure of the debris.
4 Define clean debris surface.
33
-------
NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TEST YOUR KI%IDWLEDGE
Answer Key: Hazardous Debris
1 What is hazardous debris?
Hazardous debris is any solid material intended for discard that is contaminated with
hazardous waste, or that exhibits one or more hazardous waste characteristics (toxicity,
ignitability, corrosivity, or reactivity).
2 Fill in the blanks.
a. Under the rule, hazardous debris is defined as a solid material with a particle size in
excess of 60 mm .
b. Hazardous debris destined for land disposal can be treated using specific BDAT
technologies based on the type of debris and the type of contaminants present in the
debris.
C. Alternatively, debris can be treated to the treatment standards for the specific listed
orcharateristic waste .
3 Circle the answer to the following:
( ) F Debris that is treated using an extraction or destruction technology and that no longer
contains listed hazardous waste or exhibits any hazardous waste characteristic is no
longer subject to Subtitle C regulation.
(1) F Debris is said to “contain” hazardous waste when waste is contained on the surface or
in the pore structure of the debris.
4 Define clean debris surface.
A clean debris surface means the surface, when viewed without magnification, shall be
free of all visible contaminated soil and hazardous waste except that residual staining from
soil and waste consisting of light shadows, slight streaks, or minor discoloration, and soil
and waste in cracks, crevices, and pits may be present provided that such staining and
waste and soil in cracks, crevices, and pits shall be limited to no more than 5 percent of
each square inch of surface area.
3i4
-------
CHAPTER
Containment
Buildings
-------
Newly Usted Wastes
3.1 Definition of containment
buildings
Under the June 30 rule, EPA has promulgated
standards allowing management of hazard-
ous waste in units known as containment build-
ings. Containment buildings can be used to store
and treat non-liquid wastes or wastes containing
minimal amounts of liquids prior to recyding,
recovery, treatment, or transport off site. Wastes
can be stored on site for 90 days or less without
a permit or interim status. To protect human
health and the environment, EPA has restricted
the types of wastes that can be stored or treated
in the unit and has established design and oper-
ating standards with which the fadlity must
comply.
3.2 Design requirements
Under the rule, a containment building must
Be fully enclosed to prevent exposure
to precipitation and wind.
Have floors and walls constructed of
manmade materials that can with-
stand the movement of personnel,
wastes, and handling equipment.
Be equipped with a primary barrier to
prevent migration of hazardous -
wastes to the ground below.
Include a secondary barrier and leak
detection system for the storage and
treatment of wastes containing liquids.
: Include controls for fugitive dust.
Be certified by a professional engine r
to be in compliance with EPA standards.
3.3 Operating requirements
Owners/operators of these units must:
- Prevent visible emissions from escap-
ing through doors, windows, or other
openings.
Adopt measures to prevent tracking of
hazardous waste out of the unit.
. Ensure that the level of waste inside
the unit does not exceed the height of
the containment building’s walls, if a
containment building houses a num-
ber of stalls, however, wastes may be
piled higher than the height of the stall
walls.
. Have an inspection program to ensure
the structural integrity of the unit and
to detect leaks or releases promptly.
3.4 Retrofilfing
I n the past, hazardous waste was stored on con-
crete pads or similar floors inside buildings.
This type of waste management unit is classified
by EPA asawaste pile and isa form of land dis-
posal. Untreated hazardous wastes cannot be
permissably placed in a waste pile if LDR treat-
ment standards are effective for those wastes;
however, they can be placed in a containthent
building. Therefore, some waste piles will be
converted toconthinment buildings. Own-
ers/operators wishing to retrofit these units
must seek a Class 2 permit modification. A tern.-
porary authorization can be granted that enables
owners/operators to begin retrofitting their
units before a Class 2 permit modification has
been issued.
- 3.5 Effective date
The rule became effective on December 30, 1992.
37
-------
NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND H.AZAJRDDUS DEBRIS
CASE STUDY: CDNTAINNAENT BUILDINGS
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Scenario 1:
A generator who stores treated waste in a waste pile prior to disposal wants to retrofit the building in
which the waste pile is located as a containment building. The building has a roof and corrugated steel
walls to protect the waste pile From wind and precipitation. To retrofit the building, the owner plans to
build a concrete stall inside the building that will contain the waste pile. The walls of the stall will sup-
port the weight of the hazardous waste and Form an interior room in the building. Is this setup sufficient
to meet the requirements?
Y es, because the stall is constructed to sup-
port the weight of the waste and all sur-
faces are chemically compatible with the
waste, the stall is sufficient as the primary con-
tainment structure. If the stall walls divided
the inside of the building into different areas
used to separate piles of waste, but those
walls did not entirely protect and contain the
waste, the outside walls of the building would
need to be retrofitted as the primary contain-
ment structure.
Scenario 2:
An indoor waste pile is being retrofitted as a containment building. Various modifications have been
made, including the addition of a washdown area for equipment used inside the building, primary and
secondary containment systems, and a negative air-pressure system to control dust. The waste pile was
retrofitted under temporary authorization followed by a Class 2 permit modification. The manager be-
lieves that the modifications that have been made are sufficient for the structure to qualify as a contain-
ment building. Is the manager correct?
N o, the company also must have an inde-
pendent professional engineer certify that
the building is designed and constructed with
sufficient structural integrity to manage and
contain the hazardous waste safely. The certifi-
cation must show that the foundation, structural
support, primary and secondary containment
systems, fugitive dust control system, and
leak detection system are designed to meet the
requirements. The certification also must
show that the floors and walls are compatible
with the waste to be stored or treated.
(continued)
38
-------
Newly Usted Wastes
CASE STUDY: CONTAINMENT BUILDINGS (continued)
OPERATING REQUIREMENTS
Scenario 1:
A company that operates a containment building is having problems with dust generated in the han-
dling of hazardous waste being tracked out of the containment area by workers and by machinery.
What can the company do to reduce the spread of this dust?
T he company can build a washdown area
where trucks can be cleaned. In addition, a
deanup station for workers can be constructed.
Scenario 2:
Another option is to dedicate machinery to op-
erate solely within the containment building.
A company is temporarily storing hazardous waste that is generated through a continuous production
process in a containment building that meets design standards. Each month the company generates
one ton of waste that is later removed for treatment and disposal at an offsite facility. The management
has made sure that wastes are removed so that at any time no more than 90 days worth of waste re-
mains in the pile. Records are kept to show that wastes are removed each month. Does this practice
comply with the requirements of an unpermitted 90-day Facility?
N o, even though waste is removed so there
is never more than 90 days worth of
waste, the waste is not divided in any manner
to guarantee that the older waste has been re-
moved. Even though the waste pile contains
waste whose average age is less than 90 days,
the pile might contain waste that is older than
90 days. The regulation specifies that each vol-
ume of waste can reside in such a unit for no
more than 90 days.
Scenario 3:
A 90-day containment building contains a series of properly constructed stalls that separate hazardous
waste by the month that it was generated. For example, the waste in the first stall was generated in the
first month. This waste will need to be disposed before the fourth month. What must the company do to
ensure that the facility disposes of waste in a timely fashion?
T he company has two options: 1) either keep
records to demonstrate that the unit is emp-
tied of all waste at least once every 90 days, or
2) document the procedures used to ensure
that wastes are segregated by age and that no
portion of the stored wastes remains beyond
the time limit.
39
-------
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Conloinment Buildings
These exercises are designed to help you check your understanding of the material in this chap-
ter. Use any reference materials that you need to answer the questions. When you have com-
pleted the questions, check your answers against those provided on the back of this page.
1 What is a containment building?
2 Under what condilions can wastes be stored in a containment building?
3 Fill in the blanks:
a. To protect human health and the environment, EPA has restricted
_________________that can be stored or treated in the unit and has established
____________________with which the facility must comply.
4 Circle the answer to the following:
T F If a containment building houses a number of stalls, wastes can be piled higher than
the height of the stall walls, provided that the level of waste does not exceed the
height of the containment building’s walls.
T F Owners/operators of waste piles can begin retrofitting their units before a Class 2 per-
mit modification has been issued.
141
-------
NEVVLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Answer Key: Containment Buildings
1 What is a containment building?
Under the June 30 rule, EPA has promulgated standards allowing management of
hazardous waste in units known as containment buildings. Containment buildings are
hazardous waste management units that can be used to store and treat non-liquid wastes or
wastes containing minimal amounts of liquids prior to recycling, recovery, treatment, or
transport off site.
2 Under what conditions can wastes be stored in a containment building?
Wastes can be stored on site for 90 days or less without a permit provided that the facility
complies with building requirements to ensure containment of the wastes. If you wish to
store wastes beyond the 90-day limit, you must obtain a RCRA permit.
3 Fill in the blanks.
a. To protect human health and the environment, EPA has restricted the types of waste
that can be stored or treated in the unit and has established design and operating
standards with which the facility must comply.
4 Circle the answer to the following:
( ) F If a containment building houses a number of stalls, wastes can be piled higher than
the height of the stall walls, provided that the level of waste does not exceed the
height of the containment building’s walls.
( ) F Owners/operators of waste piles can begin retrofitting their units before a Class 2 per-
mit modification has been issued.
-------
APPE
I
-------
Newly Usted Wastes
Appendix A:
Trealment technology
summaries for hazardous
debris
EXTRACIION TECHNOLOGIES
Physical Extraction
These technologies physically remove the surface lay-
ers of contaminated debris.
-‘ Abrasive blasting. Abrasive blasting
involves propelling an abrasive mate-
rial at high speeds at the surface of de-
bris. The force of the impact causes the
surface to chip, flake, or erode. Abra-
sives are propelled by either air or
water pressure or by a rotating wheel.
Commonly used abrasives include
sand and steel shot. The choice of abra-
sive depends on the thickness of the
surface layer that must be removed.
Generally, the smaller and softer the
abrasive, the thinner the surface layer
removed.
Abrasive blasting systems frequently
are operated in conjunction with a vac-
uum system to reduce dust and to col-
lect both the spent abrasive and the
debris surface layer. The spent abra-
sive can be disposed along with the de-
bris surface layer, or can be separated
and recycled.
Scarification, grinding, and planing.
Scarification devices contain several
rapidly moving pistons that strike the
surface of the debris. The impact of
these pistons can chip off as much as
2.5 centimeters of the surface layer.
Scarification equipment can be used in
conjunction with a vacuum system to
collect the layers removed during
treatment. The scarified surface also
may require washing or vacuuming to
remove residual dust. Grinding sys-
tems use grinding wheels to remove
up to 2 centimeters of surface layer,
leaving a rough, pitted surface. Plan-
ing systems use saws to cut off surface
layers of debris. Planing is used most
often to treat debris with flat surfaces
such as wooden beams.
Spalling. Spalling uses a two-step
process to remove contaminants from
the surface layers of debris. The first
step involves drilling or chipping
holes into the surface of the hazardous
debris. The second step involves insert-
ing the bit of a spalling tool into each
hole. Hydraulic pressure then is used
to force a push rod between the charac-
teristic metal feathers of the bit. As the
push rod is inserted, the feathers push
outward against the sides of the hole
causing up to 5 centimeters of the de-
bris surface layer to fracture and crack
off.
Vibratory finishing. Vibratory finish-
ing uses abrasives in combination with
solvent washing to remove hazardous
constituents. Debris is placed in a con-
tainer along with abrasives (such as
sand). As the container is vibrated, the
abrasives scrub the debris surfaces. At
the same time, a solvent is injected,
which helps to dissolve the hazardous
constituents and flush away particu-
lates scrubbed from the debris.
- High-pressure steam and water
sprays. High-pressure steam and
water spray treatment technologies
rely on the physical force of water or
steam to remove contaminated layers
of debris. In this method, steam or
water is pumped through a nozzle
onto the debris surface.
-------
NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZARDOUS DEBRIS
Chemical Extraction
These technologies use chemical agents to dissolve
contaminants and flush them away from debris.
Water washing or spraying. Water
washing and spraying treatment tech-
nologies use water or an aqueous ex-
tracting solution of surfactants,
detergents, acids, or bases to dissolve
} 7 rdous constituents and flush them
away. The extracting solution may be
applied by submerging debris in a
treatment bath or by spraying the ex-
tracting solution onto the debris surface.
When acids are added to the washing
solution, the process may be referred
to as pickling, acid dipping, brighten-
ing, descaling, or desmutting. Typical
acid solutions may be made up of hy-
drochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric
acid, hydrofluoric acid, chromic acid,
fluoroboric acid, phosphoric acid, or a
combination of these or other acids.
Hydrochloric acid is used commonly
to remove dirt and grime from brick
building surfaces and to dean rust and
scale from metal parts.
Liquid-phase solvent extraction. Liq-
md-phase solvent extraction of hazard-
ous debris is based on the application
of a treatment solvent, either through
direct surface application (for large
pieces of debris) or through immersion
in a treatment bath (for small pieces of
debris). A wide variety of
wash/soak/rinse cycles can be used to
optimize hazardous constituent re-
moval. Water washing or secondary
treatment/removal (i.e., heating or vac-
uum removal) may be necessary to re-
move residual solvent from the debris.
After treatment, it is sometimes possi-
ble to reuse solvent in the treatment
system.
Direct surface applications involve ap-
plying solvent to the debris surface
with sprayers, brushes, or rollers. The
solvent then is allowed to stand for up
to one hour before it is vacuumed,
rinsed, or otherwise removed from the
debris surface. Some direct application
processes repeat the solvent applica-
tion/surface washing cyde several
times. Solvent baths often agitate the
debris or solvent to ensure solvent con-
tact with all debris surfaces, and to in-
crease the rate of solvent cleaning.
f Vapor-phase solvent extraction. Va-
por-phase solvent extraction uses the
heat of a vapor-phase organic solvent
to volatilize hazardous constituents.
Debris is fed into a closed treatment
chamber or vessel in which a vapor-
ized solvent is allowed to circulate in-
side or around the h a7ardous debris.
The hot vapors condense on and into
the surface of the debris, where they
volatilize the hazardous constituents.
The temperature in the debris treat-
ment chamber or vessel should remain
above the boiling point of the solvent
at the chamber pressure to keep the sol-
vent in the vapor phase and help en-
sure that the hazardous constituents
are volatilized and removed from the
debris. The hazardous constituent-
laden liquid solvent is collected and
treated prior to recycling or reusing
the solvent.
Thermal Extraction
These technologies use heat to treat surface-level and
deeply embedded contaminants in debris.
High-temperature metals recovery.
High-temperature metals recovery
(HTMR) can be used to treat wastes
containing metal oxides and metal
salts, including cadmium, chromium,
lead, and nickel compounds. Debris is
46
-------
Newly Listed Wastee
fed into a furnace, kiln, or other heat-
ing device where the metals and salts
react with carbon to produce carbon di-
oxide and free metal. The high tem-
peratures in these units destroy the
organic compounds in debris. The
process also recovers metals, which can
be used again in industrial processes.
A number of different types of high-tem-
perature metals recovery systems are
used. These indude the rotary kiln proc-
ess, the plasma arc reactor, the rotary
hearth electric furnace system, the mol-
ten slag reactor, and the flame reactor.
Thermal desorption. Thermal desorp-
tion uses heat to volatilize hazardous
constituents from the surface of an ob-
ject Debris is placed into an oven or
chamber and heated. Volatilized com-
pounds are removed from the surface
of the debris in the vapor stream. Tem-
perature and residence time are the pri-
mary factors affecting performance. In
addition, the volatility of the targeted
waste constituents will have an affect.
Many different types of thermal
desorption processes exist, including
both low-temperature and high-tem-
perature operations. The following
terms often are used to describe the
various processes: directly heated, indi-
rectly heated, and in-situ steam extrac-
tion. Direct-flred systems use a fuel
burner as a heat source which can be
either internal or external to the pri-
mary heating chamber. Indirectly
heated systems, on the other hand,
transfer heat through metal surfaces to
the waste. In-situ steam extraction,
however, uses steam and hot air in-
jected through hollow-stem drills into
the ground.
DESTRUC11ON TECHNOLOGIES
These technologies destroy the hazardous contami-
nants on debris surfaces and in surface pores. The use
of destruction technologies to treat debris contami-
nated with metals should be carefully evaluated.
Biodegradation. Biological treatment
or biodegradation involves the use of
microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and
yeasts) to degrade hazardous organic
constituents. This treatment can be per-
formed under aerobic or anaerobic
conditions.
Aerobic biological treatment takes
place in the presence of oxygen, while
anaerobic digestion is an oxygen de-
void process. In both cases, microor-
ganisms break down wastewater
constituents into carbon dioxide,
water, nitrates, sulfates, simpler low-
molecular weight organic by-products,
and cellular biomass. Biomass is the
net accumulation of expired microor-
ganisms. Nutrients such as nitrogen
and phosphorus are required to aid in
the biodegradation process.
Several different types of bioremedia-
tion technologies can be used to treat
hazardous debris. In general, these
technologies are either above ground
(including slurry phase, contained
solid phase, land treatment, and corn-
posting) and in situ.
The performance of the individual
technologies depends largely on the
site conditions. Bioremediation might
not be applicable at sites where the
contaminated debris contains ex-
tremely high concentrations of heavy
metals, highly chlorinated organics,
pesticides, herbicides, or inorganic
salts. High concentrations of these
47
-------
NEWLY LISTED WASTES AND HAZAIRDOUS DEBRIS
contaminants can be toxic to the micro-
organisms needed for biodegradation.
In addition, temperature, moisture con-
tent, pH, nutrient levels, and oxygen
content at the sites must be within the
limits required by the microorganisms.
Chemical oxidation. Chemical oxida-
tion is a destruction technology in
which inorganic cyanide, some dis-
solved organic compounds, and sul-
fides in wastes are chemically oxidized
to yield carbon dioxide, water, salts,
simple organic acids, and sulfates. The
principal chemical oxidants used are
hypochiorite, chlorine gas, chlorine di-
oxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and
potassium permanganate.
Chemical oxidation also can be used to
destroy the organic component of or-
ganometallic compounds, freeing the
metal component for treatment by
chemical precipitation or stabilization.
(Precipitation uses a chemical agent to
remove metals from wastewater. The
principal precipitation agents used in-
dude lime, caustic soda, sodium sul-
fide, and, to a lesser extent, soda ash,
phosphate, and ferrous sulfide. Stabili-
zation uses stabi1i irig agents and
other chemicals to immobilize metals
in waste.)
> Chemical reduction. Chemical reduc-
tion treats halogenated organic com-
pounds and hexavalent chromium.
Chemical reduction techniques include
applying foams or solutions contain-
ing reducing agents onto debris sur-
faces or submerging debris into
solutions of reducing agents. These
chemicals react with halogenated or-
ganic compounds and hexavalent chro-
mium to form less hazardous
materials. Chemical reducing agents
used in treating debris indude sulfur
dioxide; sodium, potassium, or alkali
salts of sulfites, bisu]fltes, metabisul-
fltes, and polyethylene glycols; sodium
hydrosulfide; and ferrous salts.
Thermal destruction. Incineration
uses high-temperatures (1,400 to 3,000
degrees Fahrenheit) to destroy hi,ard-
ous organic constituents in wastes. As
wastes are incinerated, the hazardous
constituents are converted into carbon
dioxide, water, and various other com-
pounds, and can be burned in commer-
cial incineration systems (induding
rotary kiln incinerators, liquid-injec-
tion incinerators, and fluidized-bed
incinerators), or boilers and industrial
furnaces.
In general, incineration generates three
residuals: ash, combustion gases, and
wastewater. Ash generated during
incineration is removed from the sys-
tem and disposed of in a RCRA-
approved facility. Combustion gases
are treated in an air pollution control
system to remove particulates, adds,
and other pollutants and are released
to the atmosphere. Wastewater must
be be treated to comply with the re-
quirements under the Clean Water Act.
Vitrification technologies, including
glass and slag vitrification and calcina-
tion, also use heat to destroy hazard-
ous constituents in debris. Vitrification
processes involve dissolving the debris
at high temperatures into glass or a
glass-like matrix. Calcination merely
involves heating the material at high
temperatures to remove water oroxi-
dize the debris. Vitrification can be
used on debris containing organomet-
allic compounds, while calcination
processes can be applied to debris con-
tairdng inorganic constituents.
48
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Newty Usted Wastes
IMMOBIUZA11ON TECHNOLOGIES
These technologies enclose contaminants in a chemi-
cally resistant shell or chemically bind the hazardous
constituents to prevent migration of hazardous con-
stituents into the environment when the waste is dis-
posed of on land.
Microencapsulation. Microencapsula-
tion is the containment of individual
waste particles in a polymer or asphalt
matrix. It involves chemically bonding
the l 7 rdous constituents in hazard-
ous debris to the encapsulating mate-
nal. Microertcapsulation converts the
waste into a more manageable solid
and reduces hazards resulting from
volatilization and leaching.
In a typical microencapsulation proc-
ess, the hazardous debris is mixed
with cement, stabilizing agents, and
water. Other mixtures that can be used
include silicates, low-melting plastics,
and asphalt. This mixed mass forms a
hard, often concrete-like solid, or a soil-
like product. The solid formed is usu-
ally land disposed.
> Macroencapsulation. Macroencapsula-
tion involves the encasement of the de-
bris in a thick surface coating of
polymeric organics, such as resins or
plastics, or inert organic material, such
as asphalt. Unlike microencapsulation,
the encapsulating material does not
chemically bond the hazardous consti-
tutents in the debris. To ensure that
macroencapsulation effectively treats
debris, the encapsulating material
must be resistant to degradation to pre-
vent the release of hazardous constitu-
ents. The requirements for effective
macroencapsulation vary widely with
the type of encapsulant and the waste
being encapsulated.
Sealing. Sealing is the application of
an impervious surface coating to po-
rous debris to prevent the release of
toxic hazardous constituents trapped
in the pores of the debris. In sealing,
the debris surface is first cleaned to re-
move gross contamination and to en-
sure that the sealant adheres to the
debris surface. Then, the surface is
coated with a chemical that adheres
tightly to all exposed surfaces. Sealants
include epoxy-, urethane-, and silicone-
based sealants. To ensure that sealing
effectively treats hazardous debris, the
sealant must be resistant to degradation.
49
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Newly Usted Wastes
Appendix B:
References
This section contains documents pertaining to the Newly Listed Wastes and Hazardous Debris Rule.
FEDERAL
REGISTER
57 FR 37194
57 FR 958
DATE
August 18, 1992
January 9, 1992
For more information, you can refer to these documents:
EPA’s Land Disposal Restrictions Program (to be published].
EPA’s Hazardous Debris Implementation Document [ to be published].
SUBJECT
The U.S. EPA finalized treatment standards under the LDR program
for certain hazardous wastes listed after the passage of the
Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act on November 8,1984. EPA also
finalized revised treatment standards for debris contaminated with
listed hazardous waste or debris that exhibits certain hazardous
waste characteristics.
This proposed rule discusses treatment standards under the U)R
program for certain wastes listed after the passage of the
Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act on November 8,1984. EPA also
proposed treatment standards for debris contaminated with listed
hazardous waste or debris that exhibits certain hazardous waste
characteristics.
SI
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U.S. E.P.A. 1993
Land Disposal Restrictions:
Containment Buildings
13 minutes
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U.S. E.P.A. 1993
Land Disposal Restrictions:
Treatment Technologies for
Hazardous Debris
24 minutes
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