Umt«d States
Environmental Protection
Agency jK~lln
v°/EPA Research and
Development
GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
CONTRIBUTIONS IN REVIEW,
IN PRESS AND IN PRINT
1987-1988
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze FL 32561
-------
TT .BLE OF C ]ThTS PAGE
ABIXJT THIS PUBLICATICIl . iii
TITLES AND ABSTRACTS . 1
KE f i RD TITLE INDEX . . 73
AU’I’HOR I nEX • 95
1
-------
DISCLAIMER
Although information in this document has been funded wholly
or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, it
does not necessarily reflect views of the Agency and no
official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute recommendation.
-------
About This Publication
This report represents an effort to provide agency administators,
managers, and scientists with the most timely information about
availability and content of the Gulf Breeze Laboratory research
program. Full text, a report copy or a reprint can be provided
by phone or written request to: Elizabeth Pinnell, Librarian
(904) 932—5311 or (FTS) 686—9011. Requests will be accepted for
publications listed without an asterisk beside the contribution
number. Requests for items still in review or in press will
be retained and filled upon publication. If an item is available
from NTIS, Springfield, VA, the order number follows the citation.
This format is intended as a service to agency users who may
wish not only to examine the title and abstract of a publication
or a report, but also to know of the availability of technical
documentation. To facilitate usage, publications are indexed by
title keywords and author.
Ci k
Raymond G. Wilhour
Acting Laboratory Director
Preparation Date:
September 1988
111
-------
Abel, Daniel C., Christopher C. Koenig, and William P. Davis. 1987.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to
Hydrogen Sulfide. Environ. Biol. Fishes. 18(l):67-72. (ERL,GB 554).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-212932.
The mangrove forest fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae) has
frequently been observed out of water, a phenomenon generally
attributed to habitat drying. We tested the hypothesis that hydrogen
sulfide, a substance characteristically found in their environment,
can serve as a stimulus for emersion. In the field we found R.
marmoratus in water with low to moderate levels (less than 250 ppb) of
H2S. In the laboratory, R. marmoratus leaped from water contaminated
with H2S at ecologically relevant concentrations (median response at
123 ppb). Aquatic hypoxia did not induce emersion, but prey capture
did. Oxygen consumption by both juveniles and adults decreased
significantly in air (27 and 25%, respectively). Our results suggest
that avoidance of H2S and the ability to survive terrestrial
conditions enable this species to permanently occupy an area of the
forest unavailable to other fishes. Furthermore, because a variety of
stimuli lead to emersion in R. marmoratus, terrestriality in this
species is likely a generalized response to environmental stress as
well as a means of exploiting terrestrial resources.
Ahearn, D.G., and S.A. Crow. In press. Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the
Marine Environment. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Marine
Mycology Symposium. S.T. Moss, editor, Cambridge University Press, London.
(ERL,GB X507*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB86-109964.
Hydrocarbons from various sources—anthropogenic pollution, marine
seeps, marine algae, atmospheric fallout and terrestrial runoff—enter
the ocean daily. These complex hydrocarbon mixtures are dispersed and
degraded by abiotic and biogenic processes. The rate of degradation
and the significance of microbial activities in the fate of oceanic
hydrocarbons vary with environmental conditions and the type of
hydrocarbon. Most commonly, bacteria are considered the primary
degraders, with algae and fungi having minor roles. Although implied
in a number of cases, the degradation of complex hydrocarbon mixtures
by a successional microflora containing temporally isolated
populations of bacteria and fungi, has been inadequately studied.
Alexander, Martin. In press. Anomalous Effects of Concentration on
Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 19p.
(ERL,GB X481*).
The purpose of this review is to show that erroneous conclusions may
be reached from studies or routine tests done with organic chemicals
at the levels often employed for predicting chemical fate in nature.
These errors in extrapolation from high to low concentration may occur
in routine evaluations of biodegradation, careful assessments of
kinetics or the establishment of products formed in waters, soils or
sediments.
PAGE
-------
Alexander, Martin. 1988. Microbial Ecologist Looks Once Again at Risk
Analysis. In: Risk Assessment for Deliberate Releases. W. Klingmuller,
editor, Springer—Verlag, New York, NY. Pp. 1—9. (ERL,GB x598*).
The role of risk analyst is analyzed. That individual, often a
scientist, is neither a proponent nor opponent of a technology.
Rather, the risk analyst attempts to provide an objective evaluation
in the absence of a large data base of the potential for a risk and
factors involved in that risk. Availability of such analyses, in the
view of the author, will allow for develoilDent of reliable methods to
assess safety of individual genetically manipulated organisms. Thus,
society can benefit from the revolution in n lecular genetics with an
increasingly small probability of deleterious effects.
Atlas, Ronald N., and Gary S. Sayler. In press. Tracking Microorganisms
and Genes in the Environment. In: Proceedings of the Symposium: Reduction
of Risks of Hazardous Chemicals, 19—22 July 1987, University of Washington,
Seattle WA. 32p. (ERL,GB X584*).
Development of guidelines and oversight by the Recombinant Advisory
Coimnittee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health for the safe
handling of GEMs are discussed. Studies have been conducted to
determine the sensitivities and limitations of various methods for
determining the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs)
and their genes in the environment. Selective viable plate count
procedures can be designed to detect the introduced organisms with
high sensitivity, but are restricted by potential mutations affecting
the expression of the selective characteristic in the introduced
organisms, the occurrence of the particular selective characteristic
in the indigenous organisms, and the need to culture the organism. The
accuracy of this approach is greatly improved by colony hybridization
procedures that use a specific gene probe to detect the introduced
genes, but is still only as sensitive as the plating procedure.
Barkay, T., D. Chatterjee, S. Cuskey, R. Walter, F. Genthner, and A.
Bourquin. In press. Bacteria and the Environment. In: Revolution in
Biotechnology. International Council of Scientific Unions. 22p. (ERL,GB
604*).
Microorganisms with new functions can be constructed in the laboratory
by gene cloning. This paper discusses the potential of a powerful tool
for environmental management: new strains to control pests, to
increase yields, and to degrade noxious pollutants. Approaches and
methods are described for risk assessment based on the experiences and
findings in microbial ecology. However, risk assessment criteria have
yet to be established due to the unknown and potentially harmful
effects of the introduced organisms on the receiving environments.
Barkay, T., and P.H. Pritchard. 1988. Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial
Cc im n ities to Pollutant Stress. Microbiol. Sci. 5(6):165—169. (ERL,GB
625*).
The importance of microbial adaptation in the renEDval of environmental
pollutants and in maintaining active microbial coninunities in impacted
ecosystems is discussed using the biodegradation of p-nitrophenol and
the volatilization of mercuric mercury as examples. A n lecular
mechanism of adaptation is suggested by enrichment of mercury
resistance (mar) genes in some ccsmm nities upon exposure to mercury.
P E 2
-------
Barkay, Tainar. 1987. Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+
Stress. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 53(12):2725—2732. (ERL,GB 608).
The mechanism of adaptation to Hg2-f- in four aquatic habitats was
studied by correlating microbially mediated Hg2+ volatilization with
the adaptive state of the exposed communities. Community diversity,
heterotrophic activity, and Hg2+ resistance measurements indicated
that adaptation was associated with rapid volatilization after an
initial lag period. This mechanism, however, did not promote
adaptation in a freshwater sample, in which Hg2÷ was volatilized
slowly, regardless of the resistance level of the microbial community.
Distribution of the mer operon among representative colonies of the
communities was not related to adaptation to Hg2+. Thus, although
volatilization enabled some microbial communities to sustain their
functions in Hg2+—stressed environments, it was not mediated by the
genes that serve as a model system in molecular studies of bacterial
resistance to mercurials.
Barkay Tamar, and Cynthia Liebert. In press. Distribution of
Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment. In: Microorganisms in
the Environment: Survey of Methods. 36p. (ERL ,GB 648*).
Methods are described for use of metal—resistant microorganisms to
determine the potential of an environment to sustain its integrity
when exposed to elevated concentrations of metals. This potential is
realized by two microbially mediated mechanisms: i. Resistant
microorganisms maintain the geochemical cycling necessary for
equilibrium in the biosphere in the presence of metals; ii. Metals can
be transformed by the activity of microorganisms (both resistant and
sensitive) to less toxic chemical forms. Study of distribution of
metal resistant microorganisms aids in understanding how these
organisms affect the response of their environment to metal insult.
Barkay, Tamer, and Gary Sayler. 1988. Gene Probes as a Tool for the
Detection of Specific Genomes in the Environment. In: Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume, ASTM STP 971. William J. Adams, Gary A.
Cha *nan and Wayne G. Landis., editors, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 29—36. (ERL,GB 578*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87—102505.
Gene probes hold a great promise as a tool in environmental sciences.
They may be used to detect specific genotypes, to follow gene flow
process, to delineate complex taxonomic aggregates and to monitor
genetically engineered organisms in the environment. The sensitivity
of the method is currently limited by experimental procedures and its
specificity depends on the nature of the DN1 sequences used as probes
and the efficacy of lysing methods. Variable genetic determinants
which code for the same trait determine the universality of gene
probes. Finally, the method is highly feasible in terms of cost, speed
and expertise. Current and future developments in molecular microbial
ecology are likely to contribute toward the improvement of the probing
methodology for the full realization of its potential in environmental
sciences.
PAGE 3
-------
Barnthouse, L.W., G.W. Suter, II, and Aaron E. Rosen. In press. Inferring
Population-Level Significance from Individual-Level Effects: An Extrapolation
from Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard
Assessment: llth Volume. M.A. Lewis and G.W. Suter II, editors, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 24p. (ERL,GB X600*).
This paper discusses concepts and operational definitions of
significance used in fisheries management and environmental impact
assessment, and demonstrates their applicability to contaminant hazard
assessment. Methods of linking chronic test data to models commonly
used in fisheries assessments are demonstrated with Chesapeake Bay
striped bass. The models can (1) integrate concentration-response
functions for the separate components of life cycle chronic tests into
a single measure of population-level effects and (2) translate
experimental variability into uncertainty concerning consequences of
contaminant exposure. Population-level risk functions from five life
cycle toxicity data sets were compared with Maximum Acceptable
Toxicant Concentrations (MATCs) derived from the same five data sets
and showed the MATC to be an inadequate measure of significant
population-level effects. Several approaches for enriching
ecotoxicology through the use of population models and other methods
outside the current domain of the field are discussed.
Baughman, Douglas S., David W. Moore, and Geoffrey I. Scott. In press.
Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with
Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 37p.
(ERL,GB X594*).
A combination of laboratory toxicity tests was conducted on the grass
shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio. Test results were compared with field
toxicity tests to evaluate the usefulness of laboratory testing in
estimating mortality from fenvalerate exposure associated with
agricultural runoff. The study examined an integrated approach for
assessing impacts from fenvalerate on estuarine fauna by utilizing 96h
and pulsed-dose (6h) laboratory toxicity tests, and in-situ toxicity
test methodologies. Comparisons of two field toxicity tests with
laboratory-derived LC50 values showed that in one case the best
estimator of field mortality was the 96h LC50 value while the 6h
pulse-dose LC50 was the better estimator in a second test. This
variation may be due to the limitations of the water sampling
technique used in characterizing the pesticide exposure regime during
field toxicity tests. These comparisons suggest that a combination of
laboratory and field toxicity testing, and composite water sampling is
required to estimate the actual field mortality from fenvalerate
associated with agricultural runoff.
PAGE
-------
Black, John J., William E. Hawkins, and John W. Fournie. In press. Tumors
of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes. Natl. Cancer Inst.
Monogr. (ERL,GB X565*).
This chapter covers neoplasms arising from tissues of mesenchymal
origin, principally tumors of bone, cartilage, and most of the soft
tissues. Soft tissue tumors covered here include those of fibrous
tissue, adipose tissue, muscle, and the notochord. Tumors of neural,
pigment cell, and vascular origin are discussed elsewhere in this
monograph. Goals of this chapter are to categorize, define, and
illustrate the principal characteristics of those tumors. Where
appropriate, specific tumors from fishes are compared with their
mammalian counterparts. Because of the large number of tissue and cell
types involved, we do not discuss the normal histology except where
variation in fish histology affects tumor histopathology. For details
of normal histology, the reader is referred to texts dealing
specifically with the histology of the striped bass (Groman, 1982),
the channel catfish (Grizzle and Rogers, 1976), and the rainbow trout
(Anderson and Mitchum, 1974; Yasutake and Wales, 1983).
Bouma, Judith E., and Richard E. Lenski. In press. Evolution of a
Bacteria/Plasmid Association. Nature. 20p. (ERL,GB X556*).
The assocations among bacteria and their accessory elements (viruses,
plasmids, and transposons) range from antagonistic to mutualistic.
Carriage of the non-conjugative plasmid pACYC!84 reduced the fitness
'of Escherichia coli B in the absence of antibiotic. We cultured
plasmid-bearing bacteria for 500 generations in the presence of
antibiotic. All combinations of plasmid and bacterial host, with and
without the 500 generations of culture history, were constructed by
isolation of segregants and appropriate retransf conations. The
relative fitness of each retransformed strain was then determined by
competing it against a baseline strain. The results indicate
adaptation by the host genome, but no plasmid adaptation. In order to
determine whether adaptation by the host affected the cost of plasmid
carriage, we also competed the evolved host, retransformed with the
baseline plasmid, against its isogenic plasmid-free counterpart. The
plasmid no longer imposed a cost, but instead increased the fitness of
its host. Thus, an assocation that was formerly mutualistic in the
presence of antibiotic, but antagonistic in the absence of antibiotic,
evolved into an association that is mutualistic in both environments.
Brayton, P.R., and R.R. Colwell. In press. Fluorescent Antibody Staining
Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental Vibrio cholerae. J.
Microbiol. Methods. 12p. (ERL,GB X521*).
A membrane filtration method has been developed which is useful for
enumeration of viable Vibrio cholerae 01 in environmental water
samples by immunofluorescent staining. The samples are incubated with
yeast extract and nalidixic acid. Substrate responsive cells, i.e.
viable cells, elongate and after staining with specific antiserum and
fluorescent conjugate, viable V. cholerae cells appear as long,
peripheral fluorescent green-banded bacilli when viewed under the
microscope. Using an ocular reticule, the number of viable cells per
ml can be calculated. The procedure has been adapted for use with
other bacterial species if specific antisera is employed.
PAGE
-------
Capuzzo, Judith M. In press. Development of Physiological Indices to
Predict the Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure on Zooplankton Populations.
Aquat. Toxicol. 41p. (ERL,GB X511*).
The effects of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate and the
organophosphate pesticide fenthion on planktonic crustaceans were
investigated in continuous-flow bioassays. Fenvalerate was more toxic
than fenthion in acute bioassays with 96-h LC50 values ranging from
5.4 ng/1 for Stage I larvae of Homarus americanus to 46.0 ng/1 for
adult Heteromysis formosa; LC50 values for adult Acartia tonsa were
14.7 ng/1, fenvalerate and 102.5 ug/1, fenthion. Metabolic changes
paralleled delays in development for larvae of H. americanus and
reductions in egg production and larval viability of A. tonsa. The
most sensitive indicators of acute toxic response of Acartia to both
pesticides were gross and net growth efficiencies (Kl and K2) and
instantaneous birth rates, parameters which integrate metabolic
responses, survival, and reproduction. Reductions in both bioenergetic
parameters and birth rates were evident with sublethal exposure to
both contaminants. Disruptions in reproduction and development were
also observed in chronic assays of fenvalerate on Acartia tonsa.
Chronic exposure to 0.6 ng/1 also resulted in reproductive and
developmental impairment, although some second generation copepods
developed to maturity.
Chapman, P.J. 1988. Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons. In: Environmental Biotechnology:
Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals Through Biotechnology. Gilbert
S. Omenn et al., editor, Plenum Press, New York, NY. Pp. 81-95. (ERL,GB
X568*).
This book chapter examines methods that have been used to isolate and
to construct bacteria capable of growing aerobically with chlorinated
aromatic compounds, including chlorinated hydrocarbons. It also
describes some recent work in this area of research.
Chatterjee, Deb K., and A.W. Bourquin. 1987. Metabolism of Aromatic
Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus. J. Bacteriol. 169(5):1993-1996.
(ERL,GB 591).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-149075.
Cultures of Caulobacter crescentus were found to grow on a variety of
aromatic compounds. Degradation of benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate and
phenol was found to occur via B-ketoadipate. Induction of the
degradative enzymes such as benzoate, 1,2-dioxygenase, the ring
cleavage enzyme, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, and cis, cis-muconate
lactonizing enzyme appeared similar to the control mechanism present
in Pseudomonas. Both benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol
1,2-dioxygenase seem to have stringent specificities as revealed by
their action towards substituted benzoates and substituted catechols,
respectively. The potential degradative abilities of Caulobacters are
discussed.
PAGE
-------
Chatterjee, Deb K., and Pramita Chatterjee. 1987. Expression of
Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter crescentus. J.
Bacteriol. 169(7)-.2962-2966. (ERL,GB X542).
The recombinant plasmid RP4-TOL was transferred into Caulobacter
crescentus at a high frequency/ and the plasmid was maintained for at
least 50 generations. C. crescentus cells which contained RP4-TOL grew
on all the aromatic compounds that the plasmid normally allowed
Pseudomonas putida to grow on. Reciprocal transfers from C. crescentus
donor to P. putida or Escherichia coli recipients were less efficient
and occurred at frequencies of approximately 10-3. Some representative
TOL-specified enzymes in cell-free extracts of C. crescentus (RP4-TOL)
were inducible, and their levels were similar to those of P. putida.
The amounts of mRNA from induced cells of C. crescentus (RP4-TOL) and
P. putida were also similar. Moreover, the restriction enzyme
digestion maps of RP4-TOL from both C. crescentus and P. putida were
the same, indicating that the expression of the TOL genes occurred
without any apparent alteration of the gene structure. This suggests
that the degradative genes of Pseudomonas spp. can be transferred,
maintained, and expressed efficiently in C. crescentus and that the
mechanism of transcriptional activation of TOL genes observed in C.
crescentus is similar to that of Pseudomonas spp.
Clark, J.R., P.W. Borthwick, L.R. Goodman, J.M. Patrick, Jr., E.M. Lores,
and J.C. Moore. 1987. Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of
Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows. J. Am. Mosq.
Control Assoc. 3(3):466-472. (ERL,GB 602).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-196068.
Mosquito control applications of fenthion by aerial thermal fog
equipment were studied at two sites in Collier County, FL, for sprays
that occurred on 20 and 23 June 1984. Acute, lethal effects of
fenthion deposited in these estuarine habitats were assessed for caged
pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), and
sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). At Site 1, along a bay
with substantial dilution and tidal mixing, fenthion concentrations of
1.5 ug/1 and 0.29 ug/1 were recorded immediately after both sprays.
Concentrations decreased to less than or equal to 0.020 ug/1 12 h
post-spray and no mortality was observed for caged pink shrimp and
mysids. Site 2 was along a residential canal system that offered
limited dilution and mixing. Measurable concentrations (greater than
0.038 ug/1) of fenthion persisted at this site for 4 days. Fenthion
concentrations in surface waters were toxic to caged pink shrimp and
mysids after both sprays; maximum concentrations were 2.6 ug/1 and
0.51 ug/1. Caged sheepshead minnows were not affected by the sprays at
either site.
PAGE
-------
Clark, J.R., L.R. Goodman, P.W. Borthwick, J.M. Patrick, Jr., G.M. Gripe,
P.H. Moody, J.C. Moore, and E.M. Lores. In press. Toxicity of
Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature Review and Test
Results with Sediment-Sorbed Chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19p.
(ERL,GB 618*).
Data on acute and chronic toxicity of permethrin, fenvalerate,
cypermethrin, and flucythinate to marine invertebrates and fishes are
reviewed. Laboratory toxicity tests were conducted with
sediment-source fenvalerate and cypermethrin under static and
flow-through conditions to determine the degree of contamination
necessary to achieve acute, lethal effects on mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), and pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum). Mortality was observed among test animals only in systems
where concentrations of sediment-source pyrethroids were sufficient to
establish lethal concentrations in overlying water through
sediment-water partitioning. For fenvalerate, lethal effects occurred
at sediment concentrations of 0.1 mg/kg (static and flow-through) for
mysids and grass shrimp and 10 mgAg for pink shrimp. Sediment
concentrations of cypermethrin - 0.1 mg/kg (static) or 1.0 mgAg
(flow-through) - resulted in mortality among mysids and grass shrimp,
whereas 1.0 mgAg was the only test concentration that caused
mortality among pink shrimp in static or flow-through test systems.
Correspondence between aqueous concentrations and LCBOs for test
animals demonstrated the importance of quantitating the bioavailable
portion of pyrethroids in field samples to characterize accurately
environmental risk associated with pyrethroid runoff after
agricultural applications.
Clark, James R. 1988. Design of Field Studies to Assess Contaminant Impact
in Estuarine Ecosystems. EPA/600/X-88/090, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL. 21p.
A sampling strategy designed around contaminant source (agricultural
runoff, direct discharge) and fate (solubles, particulates, sediments)
and the hydrodynamics of the system studied is required to
characterize the exposure of estuarine biota to contaminants. Field
data obtained on contaminant effects should be applicable to risk
assessment in order to verify approaches to predicting contaminant
fate and effects in estuarine systems. Systematic evaluations of field
and laboratory exposure-response relationships are required to
quantify the limits of applicability of laboratory data used for
ecological risk assessment. Survival of caged test animals at field
test sites provides data for direct comparison with laboratory
toxicity test results. Coupling survival and other data from caged
animal studies with assessments of stocks and dynamics of populations
of the same or a related species at the field site may allow
extrapolation from simple laboratory and field test results (acute or
chronic) to more complex and ecologically significant endpoints. This
paper presents examples of various approaches to contaminant problems
in estuaries and discusses their applications to risk assessment
procedures.
PAGE 8
-------
Clark, James R. In press. Field Studies in Estuarine Ecosystems: Assessing
Contaminant Effects. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth ASTM Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Assessment Symposium, 24-26 April, Reno, NV. American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 21p. (ERL,GB 638*).
The types of data obtained in field studies must correspond to data
used for risk assessment in order to verify our approaches to
predicting contaminant fate and effects in estuarine systems. Survival
of caged test animals at field test sites provide field data for
direct comparison with laboratory toxicity test results. Coupling
survival and other effects data from caged animal studies with
assessments of stocks and dynamics of populations of the same or a
related species at the field site allows extrapolation from simple
laboratory and field test results (acute or chronic) to more complex
and ecologically significant interpretations. A sampling strategy
designed around contaminant source (agricultural runoff, direct
discharge) and fate (solubles, particulates, sediments) and the
hydrodynamics of the system studied is required to characterize the
exposure of estuarine biota to contaminants. This paper presents
examples of various approaches to contaminant problems in estuaries
and discusses their applications to risk assessment procedures.
Clark, James R., Patrick W. Borthwick, Larry R. Goodman, James M. Patrick,
Jr., Emile M. Lores, and James C. Moore. 1987. Comparison of Laboratory
Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to
Fenthion in the Field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:151-160. (ERL,GB 545).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-213237.
Acute, lethal effects of fenthion (an organophosphate insecticide) on
mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon
variegatus) were determined in laboratory tests and after field
applications. Exposure at four field sites ranged from short-term
exposures (equal to or less than 12 h) of rapidly decreasing fenthion
concentrations to extended intervals (greater than 72 h) with slowly
increasing or decreasing fenthion concentrations. Laboratory-derived
LCSOs provided a reliable benchmark for predicting acute, lethal
effects of fenthion on caged animals in the field when exposures
persisted for 24 h or more but overestimated the toxicity for
exposures less than 24 h. Laboratory pulse-exposure tests with rapidly
changing concentrations for 12 h were predictive of nonlethal and
lethal effects observed for short-term field exposures.
PAGE
-------
Clark, James R., and John M. Macauley. In review. Comparison of the
Seagrass Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Field and in
Laboratory Test Systems. Environ. Exp. Bot. lOp. (ERL,GB 629*).
Thalassia testudinum and associated epiphytes from field plots were
compared with plants from laboratory microcosms to determine if
laboratory observations reflected responses characteristic of plants
in natural systems. Changes in leaf chlorophyll and protein content
and rhizome carbohydrate in Thalassia and standing crop and
chlorophyll content of epiphyte communities were compared for 3
experiments conducted over 6-week intervals at different times of the
growing season and for one 12-week laboratory-field comparison.
Thalassia plants in the laboratory followed similar trend of field
plants at 12 weeks. Chlorophyll content of epiphyte communities
colonizing Thalassia leaves was significantly different in the
laboratory compared to field samples.
Clark, James R., and James M. Patrick, Jr. 1987. Toxicity of
Sediment-Incorporated Drilling Fluids. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 18(11):600-603.
(ERL,GB 607).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-196076.
The 24, 96, or 168-h LCSOs of four used drilling fluids or barite
incorporated into sediment were determined in toxicity tests with
lancelets (Branchiostoma caribaeum), a benthic chordate. The number of
lancelets that did not burrow into contaminated sediments was used to
calculate ECSOs at the same times that LCBOs were determined.
Observations of the burrowing behavior allowed quantitation of effects
after 24-h exposures to each of the drilling fluids whereas lancelet
mortality was sufficient to calculate 24-h LCBOs for only one drilling
fluid. Drilling fluids were less toxic to lancelets when incorporated
into sediments than to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) or benthic
invertebrate communities in water-column exposures.
Clark, James R., James M. Patrick, Jr., James C. Moore, and Emile M.
Lores. 1987. Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic
Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma
caribaeum). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:401-407. (ERL,GB 575).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-149034.
Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were exposed to either waterborne or
sediment-source concentrations of fenvalerate, cypermethrin,
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), tributyltin oxide (TBTO), triphenyltin
oxide, and di-n-butylphthalate in static or flow-through test systems.
Similarly, amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) were tested with
fenvalerate, TCB, and TBTO. The LC50 and no-effect and 100% mortality
concentrations are reported from 96-hr and 10-day tests. The toxicity
of contaminated sediments could be explained by chemical partitioning
into overlying or interstitial water. Amphioxus is not recommended as
a routine test species because of (1) difficulty in distinguishing
severely affected from dead animals, (2) inability to determine the
status of burrowed animals without disrupting sediment, (3) their
relative lack of sensitivity in acute exposures to toxic chemicals,
and (4) difficulty in routine collection of sufficient numbers of
animals. Grass shrimp, however, are useful as an epibenthic test
species for waterborne and sediment-source toxicants.
PAGE 10
-------
Coiwell, Rita R. In press. Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
into the Environment. Microbiol. Sci. l9p. (ERL,GB X517*).
The survival, fate, and effects of GEM in the environment are
discussed. Because organisms, when released, cannot be recalled or
always controlled, it is imperative that a full understanding of the
risks be known. Predictive ecology must include the new subdiscipline
of molecular microbial ecology, if the need for information prior to
release of GEM is to be met. One important aspect of deliberate
release to be considered is the ability to detect and monitor GEM in
the environment. It has been discovered that microorganisms can
undergo “dormancy” i.e., enter a viable but difficult or
non—recoverable stage. New techniques have been developed, employing
immunofluorescent/epifluorescent microscopy, coupled with 5S rRNA
sequencing, which allow accurate nongenetic detection of GEM. These
techniques have been employed in aquatic systems.
Connolly, John P., Mary E. Cleveland, and Parmely H. Pritchard. In review.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion. Water
Res. (ERL,GB 415*).
This work investigates three major assumptions implicit in the use of
partition coefficient as sole adsorption descriptor: (1) adsorption
kinetics are unimportant to fate and transport of the toxic chemical
because they are rapid; (2) adsorption is a reversible process; and
(3) equilibrium conditions are independent of the individual
concentrations of toxic chemical and adsorbing solid, depending only
on their ratio. Adsorption of Kepone and methyl parathion was found to
be rapid and two—step, a fast adsorption for approximately 5 mm.
followed by a slower adsorption to equilibrium at 1 to 2 hr. Kinetics
of adsorption indicated adsorption rate was controlled by mass
transport mechanisms. Kinetics of methyl parathion adsorption were
identical for sterile and biologically active systems to the point of
sterile system equilibrium. Continued decrease of dissolved 14C and
total mass recovery in the active system suggested degradation to an
irreversibly adsorbed compound. The results indicate that kinetics can
be ignored for small particle size sediments but that reversibility of
adsorption cannot be assumed. Equilibrium adsorption of both compounds
at constant sediment concentration was described by a linear isotherm.
Partition coefficient was, however, an inverse function of sediment
concentration, decreasing by as much as an order of magnitude between
sediment concentrations representative of suspended sediment and
sediment concentrations representaive of bed sediment. Therefore, a
single partition coefficient is inadequate for exposure concentration
predictions.
PAGE 11
-------
Couch, J.A., and L.A. Courtney. 1987. N-Nitrosodiethylamine-Induced
Hepatocarcinogenesis in Estuarine Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus):
Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared with Mammalian Lesions. J. Natl.
Cancer Inst. 79(2):297-321. (ERL,GB 589*).
Groups of estuarine sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were
exposed to 50-60 mg/1 N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) for five to six
weeks. Exposure was stopped and the fish were then transferred to
clean, flowing seawater. Induced liver lesions were studied in
periodic samples of fish taken during the next 67 weeks of holding.
Most of these lesions were compared to their counterpart lesions in
the rat. Certain lesions such as hepatocellular carcinomas,
cholangiolar carcinomas, spongiosis hepatis (SH), and
cholangiofibrosis in our fish have apparent similar cellular origins
and morphogenesis to those lesions in rats, and perhaps in other
mammals. SH in the sheepshead minnow apparently arises from
peri sinusoidal cells and may be a neoplasm of this cell type. The
general similarity of response to DENA in sheepshead minnows and rats
suggests that this fish has promise as an assay subject for
identifying some hepatocarcinogens, and as a sentinel organism for
detecting hepatocarcinogens in contaminated coastal waters.
Couch, John A. In press. Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic
Organisms. Presented at "Alternative Approaches to Toxicity Testing" held at
Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, November 11-13, 1986. 27p. (ERL,GB
599*).
Certain ectothermic species, particularly some teleost fishes, reveal
promise as carcinogen assay organisms and as carcinogen sentinel and
indicator species in the environment. Reptiles, amphibians, fishes,
and bivalve mollusks have been studied in terms of their
responsiveness to chemical carcinogen exposures; of these species,
fishes have been studied in greatest detail in the last 20 years.
Seven to eight species of teleosts have been studied in enough detail
to be recommended as laboratory carcinogen assay subjects. These are
the rainbow trout, Mekaka, guppy, Rivulus sp., Poeciliopsis sp.,
sheepshead minnow and the brown bullhead. Bivalve mollusks such as
oysters and clams should be studied further as possible models. Many
different test systems have been developed for use of aquatic species
in carcinogen studies. Neoplasms have been induced in 12 to 14 tissues
in different species of fishes. Between 50-60 chemical compounds have
been tested in fishes for their carcinogenic potential. Though these
areas of research are relatively new, considerable data and
information are available on metabolism, pathologic, and environmental
effects of carcinogens in ectothermic animals.
PAGE 12
-------
Couch, John A. In press. Enclosed Systems for Testing Microbial Pest
Control Agents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/ Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. (ERL,GB X526*).
This report stems from a workshop held at the EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida on February 18 and 19, 1986.
The workshop and report were requested by the Hazard Evaluation
Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs. The report consists of
descriptions and documentation of some enclosed, multispecies systems
that may be used for laboratory testing of both natural and
genetically altered microbial pest control agents (MPCA's—viruses,
bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) for possible effects in nontarget
species, and ecosystems.
Couch, John A. In press. Inclusion Body Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of
Invertebrates Other Than Insects. In: Atlas of Invertebrate Viruses. Jean
Adams, editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (ERL,GB 633*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-195201.
The occluded baculoviruses from non-insect hosts are described and
reviewed for morphology, morphogenesis, cytopathology, and
composition. The two known baculoviruses from Crustacea are
Baculovirus penaei and Penaeus monodon; the first exists worldwide and
the second only in the Pacific. Both are viruses of shrimps or prawns
and can cause lethal infections. The structure and morphogenesis of
each virus is described, and the role of virus controlled events in
cellular pathology is discussed.
Couch, John A. In press. Review of North American and Pacific Basin
Experience and Knowledge of Carcinogens and Marine Species. In: GESAMPS 13.
World Health Organization. 30p. (ERL,GB 651*).
This report examines possible relationships among outbreaks of cancer
in marine species, occurrences of carcinogens in the marine
environment, and possible human risks due to direct or vicarious
exposure to carcinogens.
Couch, John A. 1988. Role of Pathobiology in Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 118:1-6. (ERL,GB 631).
This editorial explores the role of the pathobiologist and problems
encountered in estuarine/marine ecological investigations. Four areas
are proposed for cooperative endeavor with scientists in other fields:
1. toxicological pathology in aquatic species; 2. pathophysiology of
estuarine/marine species; 3. virology of estuarine/marine species; 4.
development of models and paradigms among estuarine and marine
organisms to study function and dysfunction of organismic systems.
PAGE 13
-------
Couch, John, and Steven Foss. In press. Overview of Safety of Microbial
Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine Organisms. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
(ERL,GB 622*).
This chapter presents an overview of safety tests of microbial
insecticides to estuarine and marine organisms that have been
performed to date. Approaches and experimental design, species of
MPCAs tested, systems used, and endpoints and results evaluated for
determiniation of risks of MPCP .s to nontarget marine species are
reviewed. The review order is by exemplary microbial agents, as
follows: viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. The studies presented
describe relative simple procedures for exposing single species
nontarget hosts to MPC1 s. They incorporate a positive control bioassay
to confirm the infectivity of the MPC1 and are relatively inexpensive
and reliable. Studies are usually based on the null hypothesis that
infection and relative effects of nontarget host will not occur. To
date, this null hypothesis has not been rejected based on results
obtained following experimental exposure of nontarget estuarine
species to relatively high concentrations of MPC1 s.
Courtney, Lee A., and John A. Couch. In press. Overview and Discussion of
Rodlet Cells in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for Endogenous Origin,
Morphogenesis, and Role. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monogr. 32p. (ERL,GB 623*).
The rodlet cell has been an enigma to researchers of fish biology
since first described by Thelohan (1892). At the heart of this long
running debate has been the identity of the cell type, i.e.,
endogenous fish cell or exogenous parasite (Rhabdospora thelohani).
Presented here is a general overview of information known about rodlet
cells and a detailed discussion of the major opposing views of cell
identity. Evidence of endogenous origin, including morphogenesis and
secretory function, is presented from studies of control and
carcinogen (N—nitrosodiethyl—amine) exposed sheepshead minnows,
Cyprinodon variegatus.
Cripe, C.R., E.J. O’Neill, M.E. Woods, W.T. Gilliam, and P.H. Pritchard.
In review. Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment. Environ.
Toxicol. them. (ERL,GB 583*).
Fenthion (Baytex), an organophosphate insecticide, is frequently
applied to salt—marsh environments to control mosquitoes. Shake—flask
tests were used to study rates of abiotic and biotic degradation of
fenthion and the environmental parameters that affect these rates.
Water or water—sediment (500 mg dry weight/L) slurries from salt
marshes located along the Northwest Florida Gulf Coast were used.
Flasks contained 200 ug fenthion/L, and degradation rates were
determined by following decrease of fenthion over time. Hydrolysis and
biodegradation in water were relatively insignificant fate processes;
fenthion disappeared from flasks containing water, formalin—sterilized
water, or formalin—sterilized sediment very slowly (half—life equal to
or greater than 2 weeks). The presence of nonsterile sediment resulted
in a rapid exponential disappearance of fenthion (half—life equal to
or greater than 3.8 days). Biodegradation was assumed since sterile
sediment systems showed a much slower decrease of fenthion, and the
production of polar compounds (hexane—unextractable) from radiolabeled
fenthion was greater in the presence of sediment than sterilized
sediment.
PNE 14
-------
Cripe, C.R., W.W. Walker, P.H. Pritchard, and A.W. Bourquin. 1987.
Shake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
14(3):239-251. (ERL.GB 603).
Disadvantages of current biodegradation tests are examined: the need
for high substrate concentrations, lack of parent compound
concentration measurements, no estimation of sediment effects, failure
to indicate compounds to which microbial populations must adapt to
degrade and lack of site-specificity in innocula selection. A modified
river die-away test is proposed for determining biodegradability of
organic compounds and testing for toxic degradation products. Our test
uses shake flasks containing sterile (2% formalin) and nonsterile site
water: both with, and without, site sediment (500 mg/liter).
Concurrent toxicity testing with mysids or daphnids provides a
sensitive assay for the detection of toxic metabolites. Examples of
three test compounds are given: methyl parathion, which undergoes
rapid, sediment-mediated biodegradation; dibutylphthalate, to which
some microbial communities exhibit an adaptation phenomenon; and
methoxychlor, which has a relatively low water solubility and high
sediment partition coefficient. The relative merits of this test
procedure are discussed.
Cripe, Geraldine M. 1987. Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea:
Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida. Northeast Gulf Sci. 9(1):47.
(ERL,GB 560).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-161781.
A collection of mysids was taken from Link Port Channel, Ft. Pierce,
Florida on December 6, 1984, at 20 salinity and 24 degrees C and
returned to our laboratory for culture and identification. All
twenty-two individuals were identified as Mysidopsis bahia: 15
females, 4 males, and 2 juveniles (sex undetermined). Gravid females
averaged 7 mm length (base of eyestalk to posterior ends of uropods,
excluding setae) and had a mean brood of 5.4 young (range 2 to 10).
Mature males ranged from 6 to 7 mm length (mean 6.5 mm). A sample of
these mysids was sent to Dr. Thomas E. Bowman at the National Museum
of Natural History and identified as M. bahia.
Cripe, Geraldine, Anne Ingley-Guezou, Larry R. Goodman, and Jerrold
Forester. In press. Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of
Four Chemicals to Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 18p. (ERL,GB 637*).
Static acute 96 h tests were conducted with Mysidopsis bahia using
either carbophenothion, cypermethrin, malathion, or 4-(tert-Octyl)
phenol. The mysids were less than or equal to 24-h-old at test
initiation. For each chemical, two replicate tests were conducted
simultaneously with each of three rations of food provided. The
rations chosen were 10 Artemia per mysid per day (A/m/d), providing
survival with minimal growth, a midpoint ration (60 A/m/d), and 110
A/m/d, clearly in excess of that necessary for good survival and
growth. These rations were chosen after growth studies with Mysidopsis
bahia using two types of Artemia salina indicated that only rations of
5, 10 or 30 A/m/d were different from 50, 70, 90 and 110 A/m/d as
measured by dry weight.
PAGE 15
-------
Cuskey, Stephen N. In press. Biological Containment of Genetically
Engineered Microorganisms. In: Classical and Molecular Methods to Assess
Environmental Applications of Microorganisms. M. Levin, R. Seidler, and P.R.
Pritchard, editors, (EBL,GB 649*).
This chapter describes scientific strategies developed to contain
modified microorganisms released in the environment, either
intentional or otherwise. One strategy involves the construction of
“safer” cloning vectors that cannot easily survive or transfer to
indigenous populations outside the laboratory. Other proposed
containment strategies concerned with vector design include use of
temperature—sensitive replicons and the replacement of antibiotic
resistance genes with markers complementing auxotrophic mutations for
selection of transformed cells. Although most plasmid cloning vectors
in comeon use today are not mobilizable in triparental matings and
thus are less likely to be transferred to a member of the indigenous
bacterial conununity, an additional safety feature to prevent transfer
is to place the engineered traits in the chromosome of the desired
host strain. Authors discuss opportunities for genetic manipulation of
natural “suicide” systems for control of released populations. For
example, in organisms designed to degrade toxic wastes the “kill”
portion of the tandem could be made to be constuitively expressed
(probably at a low level) while the protecting gene could be
controlled by a promoter that responds to the presence of a toxic
waste.
Cuskey, Stephen N., and Ronald H. Olsen. 1988. Catabolism of Aromatic
Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAUl via meta Cleavage of
Homoprotocatechuic Acid. J. Bacteriol. 170(l):393—399. (ERL,GB X595*).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAUl catabolized the aromatic aznines tyramine
and octopatnine through 4—hydroxyphenylacetic acid and
3,4—dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA). meta ring cleavage was mediated
by 3,4—dihydroxyphenylacetate 2,3—dioxygenase (HPADO), producing
2—hydroxy--5—carboxymethylmuconic semialdehyde (NSA). An WAD-dependent
dehydrogenase caused the disappearance of the yellow MSA product,
probably forming 2—hydroxy—5—carboxymethylim.iconic acid. Induction
studies with extracts from mutant cells indicated that the inducer of
HPADO was HPA and/or NSA. Strains PAU1.221 (tynCl) and PAO1.303
(tynDl) have chromosomal mutations causing a deficiency in the
activity necessary for conversion of 4—hydroxyphenylacetic acid to
HPA. Genetic analyses showed that the mutations were in different
loci. Strains PAO1.197 (tynEl) and PAO1.185 (tyFI) are deficient in
HPADO and the WAD—dependent dehydrogenase, respectively. Plasmid
pR0l853 was constructed by cloning approximately 7.3 kilobases of PAUl
chromosomal DNA into the BamHI site of the vector plasmid pROl6l4.
This recombinant plasmid complemented the tynDl, tynEl, and tynFl
mutations. A putative repressor—binding site involved in the
regulation pf HPADO synthesis was observed for a subcloned fragment of
pROl853. This recombinant plasmid, pR0l863, failed to complement tynEl
or tynFi but still complemented tynDl. Another construct, pROl887,
contained 9.2 kilobases of PAUl chromosomal DNA inserted in the PstI
site of the vector pRO1727. Plasmid pRO1887 complemented only the
tynCl mutation. Mapping experiments performed with the
chromosome—mobilizing plasmid R68.45 located the mutations described
above in a cluster at about 35 to 40 mm of the PAO1 chromosome map.
The mutations were linked to the proA, thr—48, lys—9015, argFlO, and
argG markers.
PAGE 16
-------
Cuskey, Stephen N., Vincent Peccoraro, and Ronald H. Olsen. 1987. Initial
Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Am.ines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: Pathway
Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential Genes. .3.
Bacteriol. 169(6):2398—2404. (ERL,GB X596*).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was able to utilize several aromatic
biogenic amines as sole sources of carbon or nitrogen. These included
the phenethylainines tyraxnine and dopantine and the phenethanolamines
octopamine, synephrine, and norepinephrine. Initial catabolism of the
phenethylamines was mediated by a membrane—bound tyramine
dehydrogenase which produced 4—hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4HPAL) with
tyramine as the substrate. The enzyme was induced by growth with both
classes of amines. Initial catabolism of octopamine (except when
present as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen) was mediated by a
soluble enzyme with activity against the phenethaolaxnines but not
against tyraxnine or dopamine. The product of the reaction with
octopamine as substrate was also 4HPAL. Addition of NAD to reaction
mixtures yielded 4—hydroxyphenylacetic acid and NADH. These
activities, octopamine hydrolyase and 4—HPAL dehydrogenase (measured
as a combined activity, PCP H—4HPALDH), were only induced by growth
with phenethanolarnines. However, the combined activities were not
observed in extracts from cells grown with octopamine as the sole
source of carbon and nitrogen, suggesting that an alternate pathway is
used under this growth condition. I o independently isolated mutant
strains were unable to utilize tyraxnine as a sole source of carbon or
nitrogen. These mutants were also unable to utilize dopamine but grew
at wild—type rates on the phenethanolantines. The mutations were mapped
at about 70 mm on the PAO1 chromosome with the chromosome—mobilizing
plasmid R68.45, and both were linked to the catAl, mtu—9009, and puuE
mutations. DN1 complementing both of the mutations was cloned on a
single BainHI fragment approximately 13.8 kilobase pairs in length.
Analysis of a subcloned fragment showed that the two mutations were in
different genes.
Cuskey, Stephen N., and Amy B. Sprenkle. 1988. Benzoate—Dependent
Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of the WL Plasmid (p c ) in
the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes. J. Bacteriol.
170(8):3742—3746. (ERL,GB 630).
Expression of the “lower” catabolic pathway of the ‘IOL plasmid, Ji MO,
requires an aromatic acid inducer and the product of the xylS
regulatory gene. Pseudomonas putida cells transformed with a plasmid
containing the operator promoter region of the lower pathway (0P2, Pm)
upstream from the catechol 2,3—dioxygenase (C2300) structural gene
showed enzyme induction in the absence of known ‘IOL plasmid regulatory
genes. Induction was not seen in transformed Escherichia coli cells or
in a P. putida mutant lacking chromosomally—encoded benzoated
catabolic functions.
PAGE 17
-------
Davis, William P. 1988. Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the
Self-Fertilizing Fish, Rivulus marmoratus, Induced by the Plasticizer,
Di-n-Butylphthalate. Environ. Biol. Fishes. 21(2):81-90. (ERL,GB 610).
Specialized life history attributes of the cyprinodontiform fish,
Rivulus marmoratus, allow continuous life cycle testing to reveal
effects of chemicals or environmental stresses upon fertilization,
fecundity, egg viability, embryonic development, sex ratios, frequency
of growth or skeletal anomalies as well as other biological markers.
This study reports responses in fecundity, viability of embryos and
skeletal anomalies during and following cessation of exposure of
parental fish to 1 and 2 mg/L nominal concentrations of the
plasticizer, di-n-butylphthalate (DBF). Skeletal anomalies among
offspring were classified as mild, moderate, or severe compared with
non-deformed normal offspring. The frequency of skeletal anomalies
increased from 4% (all categories combined) in controls, to 10 and 19%
of the offspring from adults exposed to 1 and 2 mg/L DBF,
respectively. DBF treatment was conducted over a 21 week period,
followed by a 9-week post-treatment observation period. During
post-treatment frequency of skeletal anomalies decreased to less than
5% in all treatment groups.
DeWeerd, Kim A., Joseph M. Suflita, Tim Linkfield, James M. Tiedje, and
P.H. Pritchard. In press. Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation
and Other Aryl Substituent Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes. FEMS
(Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Microbiol. Ecol. 42p. (ERL,GB X529*).
Anaerobic bacteria are known to catalyze the removal of a variety of
aromatic substituents including -COOH, -OH, -OCH3, and -CH3, and
halogens. We investigated whether reductive dehalogenation was related
to other types of aryl substituent removal reactions. A dehalogenating
bacterial consortium was tested for its ability to use benzoic acids
substitute in the 3 position with the functional groups listed above.
In addition to dehalogenation, the enrichment (as well as the
dehalogenating pure culture) was able to transform 3-methoxybenzoic
acid to 3-hydroxybenzoic acid without a lag. This reaction exhibited
Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 5 uM. To test the
hypothesis that the two reactions were related, we developed a
mathematical model incorporating a competitive inhibition term to
account for the influence of one substrate on the degradation of the
other. However, experimental evidence showed no significant difference
in the rates of 3-chlorobenzoic acid or 3-methoxybenzoic acid
degradation in either the presence or absence of the other substrate.
The isolated dechlorinating organism strain DCB-1 was able to
transform 3-methoxybenzoic acid in the presence of 1 mM thiosulfate,
but the dehalogenation of 3-chlorobenzoic acid under such conditions
was inhibited. Therefore, it is unlikely that a relationship exists
between dehalogenation and other anaerobic aromatic substituent
removal mechanisms.
PAGE 18
-------
Diaz, R.J., M. Luckenbach, S. Thornton, R.J. Livingston, C.C. Koenig,
G.L. Ray, and L.E. Wolfe. 1987. Field Validation of Multi-Species
Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communities. EPA/600/3-87/016,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 81p.
The major objective of this report was to determine the validity of
using multi-species laboratory systems to evaluate the response of
estuarine benthic communities to an introduced stress. In a 5-year
period, experiments in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and the York River,
Virginia sought to (1) develop criteria for microcosm tests to
evaluate the capacity of microcosms to model natural communities in
the presence and absence of pollution-induced stress and (2) assess
the validity of extrapolating test results of one location to another.
Individual species response patterns in the microcosms were highly
variable and seldom showed good agreement with patterns in the field.
Species richness in the microcosms and field sites showed good
temporal agreement and provided a conservative indicator of community
response to a toxic stress. An ecologically based guild approach to
grouping species proved to be a powerful and reliable method of
extrapolating from microcosm test results to responses of field
communities.
Duke, T.W., and P.R. Parrish. 1987. Drilling Fluid Test Procedure:
Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation. In: Proceedings of Ninth
Annual Analytical Symposium, Norfolk, VA, March 19-20, 1986. William A.
Telliard, editor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards. Industrial Technology Division, Washington, DC.
Pp. 239-260. (ERL,GB 570*).
The proposed Best Available Technology (BAT) guidelines for discharge
of drilling fluids from off-shore oil and gas platforms require that a
toxicity test be conducted on certain drilling fluids. This paper
describes participation of the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, in evaluating the toxicity test methods and conducting the
tests. Practical aspects (availability of animals, suitable
facilities, effort required) of conducting such tests are discussed.
Also, interpretation of the results of the tests with reference to
biological variation and regulatory needs is presented.
PAGE 19
-------
Duke, T.W., and P.R. Parrish. In review. Impact of Pollutants on Plant and
Animal Communities of the Gulf of Mexico: Ecotoxicological Assessment
Techniques. Estuaries. 15p. (ERL,GB 616*).
The impact, or potential impact, of pollutants on marine organisms can
be estimated through ecotoxicity tests. Impacts often are difficult to
quantify because of interactions between and among species and the
abiotic components of ecosystems. Ecotoxicology is a relatively new
science that deals with toxic effects at the ecosystem level and
usually involves hierarchical testing, i.e., tests progressing from
single species to populations and communities of organisms. It also
involves "validation" tests conducted to determine the limits of
applicability of laboratory data to field situations. Several examples
of the application of ecotoxicity testing techniques to evaluate the
effects of pollutants on communities are presented. These include the
impact of IXTOC oil on an experimental benthic community, impact of
drilling fluids on single species and communities, effects of
pentachlorophenol on laboratory and field communities, and field
validation of pesticide effects determined in the laboratory.
Duke, Thomas W., and Donald I. Mount. In press. Toxic Effects on
Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and Indicators of Exposure to
Chemicals. Presented at the WHO Workshop on Methodologies for the Safety
Evaluation of Chemicals, August 11-17, 1985, Mexico City, Mexico. 21p.
(ERL,GB 550*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB85-237428.
This paper presents two research approaches that address problems
encountered in evaluating the effects of complex mixtures of chemicals
on aquatic systems. The concept of ambient toxicity testing is applied
to the impact of effluents in freshwater receiving waters (the concept
also applies to saltwater systems), where measurement of toxicity is
made without attempting to identify the toxics. Another approach
develops structural and functional indices that can be used to
evaluate impact of chemicals on communities maintained under
controlled conditions in the laboratory. One approach is concerned
with chemicals already in the environment; the other, with developing
ecosystem level indices used to evaluate chemicals before they reach
the environment. Also, applicability of laboratory-derived data to
field situations is discussed.
PAGE 20
-------
Federle, Thomas W., Robert J. Livingston, Duane A. Meeter, and David C.
White. In press. Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure
of Estuarine Sediments from Microcosms and the Field. Can. J. Microbiol.
24p. (ERL,GB X467*).
Estuarine mud-flat sediments in microcosms and the field were compared
with regard to microbial community structure. Community structure was
determined by analyzing the fatty acids derived from the microbial
lipids in the sediments. Fatty acid profiles were compared using a
multivariate statistical approach. Experiments were performed using
sediments from St. George Sound and Apalachicola Bay, Florida. The
community structure of St. George Sound sediments was controlled by
epibenthic predators. In Apalachicola Bay, the dominant influences
were physical factors related to the flow of the Apalachicola River.
In the St. George Sound experiment, microbial communities in the
microcosms differed from those in the field after only two weeks, and
the degree of this difference increased substantially as time
progressed. In the Apalachicola Bay experiment, although microbial
communities in the microcosms were detectably different from those in
the field, the degree of this difference was not large nor did it
increase with time. This differential behavior of sediment communities
from different sites may be related to the different ecological
factors regulating community composition at these sites.
Flemer, David A., Virginia K. Tippie, Gail B. Mackiernan, Robert B. Biggs,
Willa Nehlsen, and Kent S. Price. 1987. Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay
Ecosystem and Lessons Learned. In: Estuarine & Coastal Management - Tools
of the Trade: Proceedings of the Tenth National Conference, the Coastal
Society, New Orleans, LA, 12-15 Oct. 1986. The Coastal Society. Pp.
153-177. (ERL,GB 594).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-166930.
During the scientific study phase, the U.S. Chesapeake Bay Program
examined the complex ecological structure and processes of the Bay
estuary in a coherent and manageable framework. The framework was
supported by a rational spatial scaling or segmentation, with an
implicit temporal scale. The historic geological, physical, chemical
(water quality), and biological data were analyzed within this
framework to determine trends, correlations and, where appropriate,
causal relationships. The overall process resulted in a synthesis or
statement on the environmental condition of the Chesapeake Bay
ecosystem. We provide an explanation of the strengths and weaknesses
of the approach and suggest improvements in future efforts of this
type.
PAGE 21
-------
Fournie, 1 LW., W.K. Vogelbein, and R.M. Overstreet. 1987. Squamous Cell
Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode. J. Fish Dis.
10:133—136. (EBL,GB X547*).
This communication reports a case (RTLA 3618) of squamous cell
carcinoma from the gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus Goode, the first
tumor reported from this species. The affected fish was collected in a
gill net on 15 January 1986 in the northern Gulf of Mexico near Round
Island, Mississippi. It weighed 122 g and was 170 mm in standard
length. One small area of the tumor periphery was reminiscent of
epithelial pearl formation common in mammalian squamous cell
carcinomas (Fig. 6). Some skeletal muscle and bone was present in the
tumor mass.
Fournie, John W., John J. Black, and A.D. Vethaak. In press. Exocrine
Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan,
and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus). J. Fish Dis.
(ERL,GB 632*).
This communication describes the two cases in the RTLA of
spontaneously occurring, exocrine pancreatic adenomas; one case from
the greater redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi and a second case from
the European flounder, Platichthys flesus.
Fournie, John W., John A. Couch, Roger L. Herman, and Harold D. Howse. In
press. Thmors of the Cardiovascular System. Nati. Cancer Inst. Monogr.
40p. (ERL,GB 614*).
This paper is a comprehensive review of the pathobiology of the known
spontaneous and induced cardiovascular and mesothelial neoplasms in
fishes. Details concerning the normal anatomy and histology, gross and
microscopic descriptions, classification, and comparative
characterization are presented. Specific neoplastic histotypes
described and discussed include hemangiomas, hemangioendotheliomas,
hemangioendotheliosarcomas, hemangiopericytic sarcomas, pericytomas,
and mesotheliomas; criteria for distinguishing among the various
neoplasms are delineated. This paper will be part of a comprehensive
monograph published by the National Cancer Institute concerning
neoplasms and related disorders in fishes.
PAGE 22
-------
Fournie, John W., Steven S. Foss, and John A. Couch. 1987. Effects of a
Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and Estuarine
Systems. EPA/600/X-87/324, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 24p.
This report deals with the development of multispecies test systems
for nontarget testing of microbial pest control agents (MPCAs). The
investigations of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (College), a
registered postemergent mycoherbicide and our first agent to be tested
in these systems, are presented and discussed. Details of the systems
designs and modifications of initial designs necessary to maintain
both freshwater and estuarine plant and animal nontarget species are
described. The methods presented provide relatively simple procedures
for both freshwater and estuarine multispecies testing of MPCAs and
incorporate a positive control bioassay to confirm the infectivity of
the MPCA at the time of testing. Results to date have shown these
multispecies test systems to be viable, inexpensive, and reliable.
Additionally, preliminary data suggest that the selected nontarget
species are not affected by the mycoherbicide Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides. Further studies with and refinements of the
multispecies test systems are under consideration. Future testing will
include at least one additional MPCA, most likely a microsporidian.
Fournie, John W., Steven S. Foss, and John A. Couch. In press.
Multispecies System for the Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and
Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic Species.
Dis. Aquat. Org. 16p. (ERL,GB 640*).
Microbial pest control agents (MPCAs-viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and
fungi) are being used as biological pesticides and herbicides. Many of
these agents are considered potential MPCAs and could be used widely
in the environment. Therefore, test animals must be selected and
laboratory systems developed to evaluate safety of such agents to
nontarget species. A simple, multispecies laboratory system has been
designed and used to determine risks of infectivity and pathogenicity
of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (College), a registered postemergent
mycoherbicide, to nontarget freshwater and estuarine plant and animal
species. Test organisms included a freshwater and an estuarine fish,
crustacean, bivalve mollusc, and plant. These multispecies systems
also permit evaluation of other MPCAs against nontarget aquatic
species and provide a standardized procedure for safety testing.
Results from this study have shown these multispecies test systems to
be viable, inexpensive, and reliable. Histopathological methods used
indicated no evidence that experimental exposure to the fungal MPCA in
our test system caused infection or related pathogenicity in the
selected nontarget species.
PAGE 23
-------
Fournie, John W., William E. Hawkins, Robin N. Overstreet, and William W.
Walker. 1987. Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms Induced by Methylazoxymethanol
Acetate in the Guppy Poecilia reticulata. 3. Nati. Cancer Inst.
78(4):715—725. (ERL,GB X548*).
Exocrine pancreatic neoplasms developed in the guppy Poecillia
reticulata following a single brief exposure to methylazoxymethanol
acetate. Fish 6—10 days old were exposed to concentrations of MA!’l—Ac
up to 100 mg/liter for 2 hours. Exposed specimens were transferred to
carcinogen—free water and sampled periodically for tumor development.
Pancreatic neoplasms occurred in approximately 9% of histologically
examined individuals exposed to 10 mg MN4—Ac/liter or less. Neoplastic
lesions were not found in 122 control specimens. The neoplasms
included 6 cases diagnosed as adenoma, 7 cases diagnosed as acinar
cell carcinoma, and 2 cases diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. Adenomas
consisted mainly of well—differentiated acinar cells that were filled
with zymogen granules. The findings of carcinogen—induced pancreatic
neoplasms in guppies further strengthen the usefulness of small fish
species in carcinogen testing and provide an additional model for
pancreatic tumors.
Fournie, John W., and William E. Hawkins. In press. Tumors of the Exocrine
Pancreas. Nati. Cancer Inst. Monogr. Pp. 22. (ERL,GB 615*).
This paper is a comprehensive review of the pathobiology of the known
spontaneous and induced exocrine pancreatic neoplasms in fishes.
Details concerning the normal anatomy and histology, light and
electron microscopic descriptions, classification, and comparative
characterization are presented. Specific neoplastic histotypes
described and discussed include adenomas, cystadenomas, acinar cell
carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas; comparisons are made between the
piscine neoplasms and their maimnalian counterparts. This paper will be
part of a comprehensive monograph published by the National Cancer
Institute concerning neoplasms and related disorders in fishes.
Genthner, Barbara R. Sharak, and Fred J. Genthner. In review. Development
of a Selective Plating Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration of Injured,
Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
9p. (ERL,GB 612*).
PseudonkDnas F (or Pseudomonas P) Agar plus nalidixic acid was superior
to other selective media tested in supporting growth of injured,
genetically engineered, fluorescent pseudomonads resistant to
nalidixic acid. The addition of catalase to Plate Count Agar
containing nalidixic acid and tetracycline was required to permit
growth of injured pseudomonads resistant to both antibiotics.
PAGE 24
-------
Genthner, Fred J., Pramita Chatterjee, Tamar Barkay, and Al W. Bourquin.
1988. Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNA.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(1):115-117. (ERL.GB 595).
Sixty-nine randomly selected, gram negative, freshwater bacterial
isolates were screened for their ability to receive and express
plasmids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa donors, using a plate mating
technique. The plate mating technique identified 26 of the isolates as
recipient-active for the self-transmissible, wide host-range plasmid
R68, 14% were recipient-active, by RP4 mobilization, for the wide
host-range plasmid cloning vector R1162. Frequencies of transfer were
compared by using 3 conjugal transfer procedures: broth mating, plate
mating, and filter mating. With every recipient tested a solid
environment was superior to liquid for transfer. The broth mating
technique failed to demonstrate R68 transfer in 63% of the
recipient-active isolates. Filter mating, in general, yielded the
highest transfer frequencies. The more rapid plate mating procedure,
however, was just as sensitive for testing the capacity of natural
isolates to participate in conjugal plasmid transfer.
Goodman, Larry R., Geraldine M. Cripe, Paul H. Moody, and Barrel G.
Halsell. In press. Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, and
Tributyltin Chloride to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17p. (ERL,GB 598*).
Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of three ages (less than or equal to 1-, 5-,
and 10-d-old at test initiation) were confined within the same aquaria
and exposed to measured concentrations of malathion,
tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tributyltin chloride in separate 96-hr
acute toxicity tests. Sensitivities of the three age groups were
similar. Ninety-six hour LC50 values ranged from 2.6 to 3.1 ug/L for
malathion and from 1.1 to 2.2 ug/L for tributyltin chloride. The 96-hr
LC50 for less than or equal to 1-d-old mysids exposed to
tetrabromobisphenol-A was 860 ug/L, and approximately 50% of the 5-
and 10-d-old mysids died at 1150 ug/L.
Goodman, Larry R., and Geraldine M. Cripe. 1987. Cage for Use with Small
Aquatic Animals in Field Studies. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3(1):109-110.
(ERL,GB 579).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-149026.
A cage was developed and used with small sheepshead minnows
(Cyprinodon variegatus) and mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) in estuarine
field studies. The cages float on their sides and can be deployed at
the water's surface or submerged at various depths. Construction
materials are noncorrosive, relatively inert, and will withstand
cleaning with acetone and a mild bleach solution.
PAGE 25
-------
Grimes, D.J., C.C. Somerville, W. Straube, D.B. Roszak, B.A. Ortiz-Conde,
M.T. MacDonell, and R.R. Colwell. 1988. Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean
Environment. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume,
ASTM STP 971. W.J. Adams, G.A. Chapman, W.G. Landis, editors, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 37-42. (ERL,GB
X523*).
Evidence of plasmid selection and genetic exchange in natural aquatic
environments, including the ocean, includes: (I) high incidence of
plasmid containing strains in polluted areas, (II) presence of free
DMA in natural environments, (III) co-existence of identical plasmids
in different co-habiting strains, and (IV) data from in situ plasmid
transfer experiments. Current research in our laboratory regarding
plasmid mobility in the ocean centers around viable but non-culturable
bacteria, cloning of ecologically significant genes, genetic exchange
between deep sea bacteria under pressure at low temperature, and
development of a 16S ribosomal DMA probe for tracking genetically
engineered microorganisms that are released to natural environments.
Grizzle, John M., Marshall R. Putnam, John W. Fournie, and John A. Couch.
In press. Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos:
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to
N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine. Dis. Aquat. Org. 16p. (ERL,GB
X571*).
Gulf killifish, Fundulus grandis, embryos were injected with
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Retention of carcinogen
in the egg immediately after injection was highly variable. Hatching
percentages of MNNG-injected and uninjected embryos were similar, but
survival of MNNG-injected fish during the first week after hatching
was less than half of the survival of controls. One of three
MNNG-exposed fish examined after 20 weeks had a pancreatic acinar cell
carcinoma, a type of neoplasm seldom found in fish. No neoplasms were
found in controls nor in MNNG-exposed fish examined after 34 weeks.
The neoplasm was invasive and had a high mitotic index, but no
metastases were found. The acinar cell origin of the tumor was
confirmed by ultrastructural examination of tissue reprocessed from
paraffin into epoxy resin.
PAGE 26
-------
Grizzle, John M., and Marshall R. Putnam. 1987. Microinjection of Fish
Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical Carcinogens. EPA/600/3—87/032,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 3Op.
Techniques were developed for microinjection of chemicals into fish
embryos for use in carcinogenicity assays. Eggs of the following were
injected: gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis), sheepshead minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus), rivulus (Rivulus ocellatus), inland
silverside (Menidia beryllina), gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), and
channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Chemicals injected into eggs
were diethylnitrosamine (DEN), aflatoxin B1 (AFB),
N—methyl—N’—nitro—N—nitrosoguanidine (rINNG), and trichioroethylene
(TCE). Survival of channel catfish and gulf toadfish embryos injected
with stainless—steel needles (31 gauge) was satisfactory as was the
survival of gulf killifish, sheepshead minnow, and rivulus injected
with sharpened glass needles (48 to 112 urn outside diameter).
Mortality of injected inland silverside embryos was high. Survival of
sheepshead minnows was similar for injection of test chemicals into
the yolk sac or into the perivitelline space. Quantification of
carcinogen dose in the egg immediately after injection indicated that
variation of the dose retained was a major problem. Improvements in
procedures resulted in increased mean percentage of the dose remaining
in the egg, but variation among eggs remained high.
Gurijala, Koteswara R., and Martin Alexander. In press. Role of Sublethal
Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake Water. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. lOp. (ERL,GB X601*).
Following their addition to lake water, the populations of Escherichia
coli and of antibiotic—resistant strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Agrobacteriuni tumefaciens, Micrococcus flavus, Rhizobium meliloti, and
Klebsiella pneumoniae declined rapidly, as counted on media containing
antibacterial compounds. The estimates of population sizes were
occasionally higher if procedures were used permitting possible
resuscitation of injured cells, but no resuscitation procedure gave
consistently higher estimates of populations of surviving cells than
when the selective media were used alone. The patterns of survival of
the test bacteria in lake water amended with eucaryotic inhibitors
were essentially the same whether a resuscitation procedure was used
or not, and the patterns of survival in sterile lake water or buffer
were the same whether counts were made on selective media or media
without antibacterial agents. We conclude that sublethal injury caused
by stress to the test bacteria in lake water is not a significant
factor involved in their decline.
PAGE 27
-------
Hawkins, W.E., J.W. Fournie, R.M. Overstreet, and W.W. Walker. 1988.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Temminck &
Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters. J. Fish Dis.
11(3)-.259-266. (ERL,GB X549*).
Three cases of skeletal muscle neoplasms occurring in two small fish
species used in carcinogen tests are reported. The cases illustrate a
wide range of histologic patterns including a well-differentiated
juvenile type, a well-differentiated pleomorphic type, and a poorly
differentiated pleomorphic type. A rhabdomysarcoma with juvenile type
features developed in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, exposed to
0.5 ml/1 of the solvent dimethylformamide. Single cases of pleomorphic
type rhabdomyosarcoma also occurred in the medaka and in the guppy,
Poecilia reticulata, exposed to the carcinogen methylazooxymethanol
acetate. These cases indicate the potential for skeletal muscle cells
in medaka and guppy to become neoplastic, but the low frequency of the
tumors does not necessarily establish a chemical etiology.
Heitmuller, P.T., and J.R. Clark. In press. Bioaccumulation of
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene from Food and Water Sources by Spot (Leiostomus
xanthurus). In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AS1W Aquatic Toxicology and
Hazard Assessment Symposium, 24-26 April 1988, Reno, NV. American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 20p. (ERL,GB 642*).
Contaminated food was prepared by exposing pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum) to 10 ug/1 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene -UL-14C (TCB) for 12 days;
whole body concentration of TCB in the exposed shrimp was 0.59 ug/g.
Juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), a marine fish, were then fed the
TCB-contaminated shrimp at a daily ration of 10% body weight for 28
days, and they accumulated less than 0.05 ug/g TCB (detection limits).
Spot exposed to 10 ug/1 TCB in water for 28 days and fed
uncontaminated food bioconcentrated TCB approximately 100 times the
aqueous exposure concentration. Equilibrium was attained in these fish
within 7 days and depurated TCB to concentrations less than 0.1 ug/g
within 24 h after being placed in TCB-free water. Spot, exposed
simultaneously to contaminated food and water described above,
bioaccumulated TCB equal to the aqueous exposure treatment.
Pharmacokinetic uptake and depuration rate constants were used to
compare the potential for spot to bioaccumulate TCB, a moderately
lipophlic compound, to that for chlordecone (Kepone), a highly
lipophlic compound. Our results were also compared to those from a TCB
bioaccumulation study with freshwater species; both studies indicated
that TCB was moderately accumulated from contaminated water and that
accumulation from contaminated food was negligible.
PAGE 28
-------
HeniS, Yigal, and Martin Alexander. In press. Multiplication of Alien and
Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 2lp. (ERL,GB
X577*).
In Cayuga Lake water amended with 30 ug of glucose or amino acids per
ml, an added strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens and indigenous bacteria
grew extensively, Pseudomonas sp. B4 and two rhizobia multiplied to a
moderate extent, and introduced Escherichia coli and Kiebsiella
pneumoniae multiplied but to only a slight degree. In nonsterile lake
water amended with 30 ug of Trypticase soy broth per ml, the
indigenous bacteria greatly increased in abundance, the pseudomonads,
rhizobia, and E. ccli developed to a lesser extent, the numbers of K.
pneumoniae, A. citreus and M. flavus showed little increase, and B.
subtilis did not survive. Based on the behavior of the test species,
it is proposed that Ks value, umax value, length of lag phase, and
resistance to stress can be used to predict behavior of bacteria in
lake water receiving low levels of organic nutrients.
Henis, Yigal, K.R. Gurijala, and Martin Alexander. In press. Factors
Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia coli in Lake Water.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. l7p. (ERL,GB X576*).
The population of a strain of Escherichia coli that was resistant to
nalidixic acid and streptomycin declined rapidly in samples of sterile
and nonsterile Cayuga Lake water and reached an undetectable level in
nonsterile water at 24 and 72 h when counted on cosin—methylene blue
(EMB) agar and half—strength Trypticase soy agar, respectively. In
sterile lake water amended with 10 ug of amino acids per ml or 0.1 M
phosphate, E. ccli multiplied exponentially for more than 24 h. The
addition of Rhizobium leguzninosaruin biovar phaseoli to unamended
sterile lake water prevented the decline of E. coli and its addition
to amended sterile lake water prevented E. coli multiplication. The
data suggest that E. coli cells grown on rich media suffer a shock
when introduced into lake water because of low hypotonicity, the
indigenous competing flora, or both. This shock is prevented by either
phosphate buffer or by amino acids at low concentration. The shocked
bacteria formed colonies on half—strength Trypticase soy agar.
Depending on environmental conditions, the presence of a second
organism either has no effect or results in an increase or decrease in
E. coli numbers.
PAGE 29
-------
Hinton, David E., John A. Couch, Swee J. Teh, and Lee A. Courthey. 1988.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia in Selected Fish Species.
Aquat. Toxicol. 1l(1,2):77—112. (ERL,GB X539*).
Cytological changes during progression of hepatic neoplasia in fishes
were reviewed with emphasis on recent findings in Cyprinodon
variegatus and Oryzias latipes. Hepatocytes are particularly sensitive
to toxic changes during early phases of response to carcinogens
reflecting both lethal and sublethal alterations. Enzyme histochemical
studies reveal marked deficiency of glucose—6—phosphate dehydrogenase,
glucose—6—phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Surviving
hepatocytes are either enlarged, encircled by cells with small nuclear
to cytoplasmic rations, and have altered nuclear morphology suggestive
of an inability to divide, or, are smaller, apparently rapidly
dividing, and have basophilic cytoplasm. In both species, development
of spongiosis hepatis occurred following cytotoxic phases. This lesion
apparently provides abundant space for cellular remodeling during
neoplastic progression leading to eventual multinodular change. Foci
of altered hepatocytes included basophilic, eosinophilic (both
species) and clear cells (Cyprinodon variegatus only). Enzyme
alterations preceded other morphologic alterations and were seen in
cells of foci and tumors suggesting lineage of phenotypic alteration.
Cytologic changes within other resident cell populations during
neoplastic progression were reviewed.
Hussong, D., R.R. Coiwell, H. O’Brien, E. Weiss, A.D. Pearson, R.M.
Weiner, and W.D. Burge. 1987. Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable
by Culture on Agar Media. Bio/Technology. 5(9):947—950. (ERL,GB x551*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88—220090.
Detection and monitoring of genetically engineered microorganisms
released to the environment, as well as pathogens, are primary factors
in risk assessment. Culture methods have been proposed for both
detection and monitoring. However, microorganisms in natural systems
may not always be culturable. We surveyed environmental samples
collected from sources implicated in an epidemic of Legionnaires’
Disease and, although no cultures were recovered from environmental
samples, numerous cells were observed by fluorescent microscopy when
anti—L. pneumophila group 1 antibody was used. Similar observations
have often been made by others. To study this loss of culturability,
L. pneumophila strains were maintained in a microcosm (vessels
containing sterilized environmental water) and assayed at intervals
for growth on appropriate media, and lethality for chick embryos. At 4
degrees C, the decimal rate of decline of colony forming cells was
approximately 29 days; at 37 degrees C it was 13 days. When microcosm
water samples were injected into embryonated eggs, far greater chick
embryo mortality was observed than could be accounted for by the
number of culturable cells in the injections. Thus, previously
non—culturable Legionella had multiplied once again and become
culturable. These results indicate that samples that do not contain
culturable cells may contain cells that are viable, as demonstrated by
their pathogenicity for chick embryos. The fluorescent antibody assay
may provide a valuable indication of the presence of such viable but
non—culturable cells.
PAGE 30
-------
Jam, Rakesh K., Robert S. Burlage, and Gary S. Sayler. 1988. Methods for
Detecting Recombinant DN1 in the Environment. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.
8(l):33—84. (EBL,GB X582*).
Conventional, non—conventional and emerging techniques to detect and
monitor GEMs or rDN sequences in the environment are described. Where
appropriate, advantages and disadvantages of each technology are
discussed. One basic requirement of a monitoring technique is its
ability to detect low levels of released rDN sequences in an
environment. There is also a need to test and apply future or emerging
techniques for monitoring the GEMs, such as the use of phage
attachment and sensitivity and development of new selective enrichment
techniques. P.lso, the use of differential genotypic markers, for
example, the insertion of the beta—galactosidase genes or lux genes,
into the organisms of interest, appears to be a very selective and
specific technique. This monitoring strategy may not be only
beneficial, but also required to investigate iritra— and inter—specific
interaction of microbial populations. It is clear that a variety of
approaches are available to develop a quantitative detection and
monitoring strategy for rDN . in the environment. While further
developments and refinements are necessary, relatively efficient
routine technology is on the horizon.
Kelly, John R., Thomas W. Duke, Mark A. Harwell, and Christine C. Harwell.
1987. Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid
Discharges on Seagrasses. Environ. Manage. 11(4):537—562. (ERL,GB X528*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB8B—17291l.
Potential effects of oil drilling fluid discharges upon Thalassia
seagrass ecosystems were examined to provide general insights and to
raise specific ecotoxicological issues concerning ecological effects
of anthropogenic actions. Microcosm experiments demonstrated effects
upon both autotrophic and heterotrophic species, and the processes of
primary productivity and decomposition. Significant ecological changes
may result from disturbance effects related to the physical presence
of higher particle loads, in addition to effects from toxic
constituents of drilling fluids. We argue that estimating effects upon
both ecosystem processes and biotic composition, and developing
broader ecological understanding of the particular ecosystem of
concern, are required for environmental assessments seeking to provide
a scientific basis for judging the acceptability of environmental
changes likely to ensue from human activities.
PAGE 31
-------
Kent, Michael L., John W. Fournie, Robert E. Snodgrass, and Ralph A.
Elston. 1988. Goussia girellae n. sp. (P picomp1exa: Eimeriorina) in the
Opaleye Girella nigricans. J. Protozool. 35(2):287—290. (ERL,GB X575*).
Goussia girellae n. sp. is described from the opaleye fish, Girella
nigricans. Merogonic stages were observed in the apices of intestinal
epithelial cells, in the laniina propria, and in extraintestinal sites
including liver, gills, and spleen. Gamonts were observed in the
intestinal epithelial cells. Only unsporulated oocysts were detected
in the intestine, and sporulation occurred when feces containing
oocysts were incubated for 48 h in seawater at 21 degrees C. Oocysts
are elongated (24.8 X 14.7 urn) with a wall about 200 nm thick and have
no residuum, microphyle, or polar granule. Sporocysts are ellipsoid,
(8.5 X 4.5 urn) have a thin two—layered wall approximately 30 nm thick,
and consist of two valves joined by a suture. Although moribund
opaleye were also infected with Gyrodactylus sp., Cryptobia sp.,
Cardicola sp., and epitheliocystis organisms (chlamydia), all fish
were heavily infected with G. girellae and morbidity was thus
attributed to the coccidium.
Kilbane, John 3., and Robert V. Miller. 1988. Molecular Characterization
of Pseudornonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages: Identification and Characterization
of the Novel Virus B86. Virology. 164:193—200. (ERL,GB X558*).
We have characterized a new phage, B86, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolated from nature. It is a temperate, UV—inducible, generalized
transducing phage. To determine the relatedness of this phage to other
characterized P. aeruginosa phages, DNF homology studies were carried
out. P. aeruginosa phages have previously been grouped by
immunological cross—reactivity. Our studies confirm this
classification by demonstrating that phages of different class share
little or no DN1 homology. Based on homology studies as well as
cross—immunity to superinfectiori, B86 is related to other class B
phages and is most homologous with phage B39. The viron morphology of
these two phages is quite different, however, as are the restriction
enzyme digestion patterns of their genomes with several restriction
enzymes. Wild—type B86 is subject to the host—controlled
restriction—modification systems of P. aeruginosa PAO and PAT.
Virulent mutants of this phage are not restricted by these same
restriction—modification systems.
Kjelleberg, S., N. Hermansson, P. Marden, and G.W. Jones. 1987.
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria with
Emphasis on the Marine Environment. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 41:25—49.
(ERL,GB X555*).
This review focuses on some physiological and molecular processes of
the bacterial downshift from growth to nongrowth induced by substrate
limitations, with emphasis on the marine ecosystem. An understanding
of the pathway of downshift and starvation survival, including the
efficient substrate—scavenging capacity of nongrowing bacterial cells,
is of fundamental importance not only in the area of microbial ecology
but also in the area of public health related to survival of
pathogens.
PAGE 32
-------
Kokjohn, Tyler A., and Robert V. Miller. In review. Characterization of
recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—102 is a Mutant Allele of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Gene. J. Bacteriol. 32p. (ERL,GB X535*).
Several recombination deficient mutations have been isolated in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. None has been shown to be in a recA—like
function. A fragment of the P. aeruginosa PAO chromosome which
complements Escherichia coli recA mutations was used to probe
chromosomal digests of isogenic Rec+ and Rec— strains of P.
aeruginosa. When strains containing the rec—l02 allele (R. Fruh, 3.M.
Watson, and D. Haas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 191:334—337, 1983) were compared
to rec—l02+ strains, a restriction endonuclease polymorphism was
observed in DNA showing homology to the recA -complementing plasmid.
Kokjohn, Tyler A., and Robert V. Miller. 1987. Characterization of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein Product: rec—l02 Is a
Mutant Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAO recA Gene. J. Bacteriol.
169(4):1499—l508. (ERL,GB X534*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88—l48994.
We cloned a 2.3—kilobase—pair fragment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO chromosome which is capable of complementing recA mutations of
Escherichia coli. The recA—complementing activity was further
localized to a 1.5—kilobase—pair PvuII—HindIII fragment. Southern blot
analysis under conditions of high stringency indicated that DNA
sequence homology is shared by the E. coli recA gene and the P.
aeruginosa recA analog. The cloned recA analog was shown to restore
resistance to methyl methanesulfonate, nitrofurantoin, and UV
irradiation to E. coli recA mutants. Upon introduction of the cloned
P. aeruginosa gene, these mutants regained recombination proficiency
in Hf rH—mediated conjugation and the ability to induce lambda
prophages and SOS functions (din gene transcription) after exposure to
DNA—damaging agents. Lambda prophage carrying a CI md mutation was
not inducible, suggesting that the mechanism of induction of these SOS
functions by the P. aeruginosa RecA analog is similar to that by the
activated E. coli RecA protein. The product of the recA analog was
identified in minicells as a protein of approximately 47,000 daltons.
Western blot analysis using anti—E. coli RecA antibody demonstrated
that this protein is antigenically cross—reactive with the E. coli
recA protein. The recA—containing fragment was cloned into the
broad—host—range vector pCP13 and introduced into Rec— strains of P.
aeruginosa containing the rec—102 allele. The plasmid was shown to
restore recombination proficiency in FP5—mediated conjugations and to
restore resistance to UV irradiation and methyl methanesulfonate to
these Rec— mutants. It was shown that a wild—type allele of rec—102 is
necessary for UV—mediated induction of D3 and F116 prophages. The
cloned recA analog restored the UV inducibility of these prophages in
rec—102 mutants. These data indicate that rec—102 is a mutant allele
of the P. aeruginosa recA gene and suggest that there has been
considerable conservation of the recA gene in the evolution of the
grain—negative bacteria.
PAGE 33
-------
Kokjohri, Tyler A., and R.V. Miller. 1988.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its
Phenotype. J. Bacteriol. 170(2) :578—582.
Characterization of the
Protein Product: The Les
(ERLJ,GB X545*).
The Les— (lysogeny establishment deficient) phenotype is a pleiotropic
effect of the lesB9O8 mutation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO.
lesB9O8—containing strains are also (I) deficient in general
recombination, (II) sensitive to UV irradiation, and (III) deficient
in IJV—stimulated induction of prophages. The P. aeruginosa
reck-containing plasmid pKML3001 complements each of these various
pleiotropic characteristics of the lesB9O8 mutation supporting the
hypothesis that lesB9O8 is an allele of the P. aeruginosa recA gene.
The phenotypic effects of the lesB9O8 mutation may be best explained
by the hypothesis that the lesB9O8 gene product is altered in such a
way that it has lost synaptase activity but possesses intrinsic
protease activity even in the absence of DNA damage. The Les—
phenotype is a result of the rapid destruction of newly synthesized
phage repressor resulting in lytic growth of the infecting virus. This
hypothesis is consistent with the observations that increasing the
number of copies of the phage repressor gene by increasing the MOl
(i.e., average number of phage genomes/cell) or by introducing the
cloned phage repressor gene into a lesB9O8 mutant will also suppress
the Les— phenotype in a phage—specific fashion.
Lenski, Richard E. In press. Fitness and Gene Stability.
and Molecular Methods to Assess Environmental Applications of
M.A. Levin, R.J. Seidler, and P.H. Pritchard, editors, zl2p.
In: Classical
Microorganisms.
(ERL,GB X592*).
Author presents methods that can be employed to measure differences in
fitness of genetically engineered microorgaisms that arise from
carriage and expression of recombinant genes. He also describes
methods that can be used to distinguish effects of selection from
effects of genetic infidelity.
Lenski, Richard
Microorganisms.
Risk Assessment,
Protection Agency.
E. In press. Fitness and the Fate of Genetically Engineered
In: Proceedings: EPA Conference on Models in Biotechnology
11—15 January 1988, Breckinridge, CO. U.S. Environmental
l8p. (ERL,GB X591*).
Ecological fate of genetically engineered organisms in the environment
is discussed. Author considers not only the effects of rDNA on
fitness, but also the fidelity of its replication and transmission. He
uses mathematical models derived from the field of population genetics
to distinguish effects of selection (i.e., differences in fitness) and
segregation (i.e., genetic infidelity) on stability of rDNA.
Lenski, Richard E., and Judith
Selection on Instability of
Bacteriol. 169(11) :5314—5316.
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield,
E. Bouma. 1987. Effects of Segregation and
Plasmid pACYC184 in Escherichia coli B. J.
(ERL,GB x557*).
VA: PB88—l9624l.
We use a mathematical model to analyze the dynamics of loss of
nonconjugative CYCl84 from populations of Escherichia coli B in
glucose—limited continuous culture. This model incorporates both
plasmid segregation and selection against plasmid carriage. It is
concluded that there is intense selection against plasmid carriage
(s=0.3 per culture generation), which amplifies the frequency of
segregants arising de novo.
PAGE 34
-------
Lenski, Richard E., and Toai T. Nguyen. 1988. Stability of Recombinant DMA
and Its Effects on Fitness. Trends Ecol. & Evol. 3(4):S18-S20. (ERL,GB
X593).
Stability of recombinant DNA is discussed. Proponents of the release
of genetically engineered microorganisms theorize that their use is
inherently safe because they will disappear in the absence of
selection for intended functions. In discussion of stability of
recombinant DNA, authors consider not only its effects on fitness, but
also the fidelity of its replication and tranmission.
Levin, Morris A., Ramon Seidler, Al W. Bourquin, John R. Fowle, III, and
Tamar Barkay. 1987. EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental
Release. Bio/Technology. 5:38-45. (ERL,GB X544*).
EPA biotechnology research is described. Early studies focused on
characterizing the viruses and developing monitoring methods to detect
and identify Baculoviruses in the area of health effects research.
EPA's overall research plan focuses on risk assessment and includes
development of methods and protocols for laboratory studies,
evaluation and modification of methodology in microcosms, evaluation
of the use of microcosm data in terms of equivalence to field data and
preparation of risk assessment guidelines.
Liebert, Cynthia, and Tamar Barkay. In review. Direct Viable Counting
Method for Measuring Tolerance of Aquatic Microbial Community to HG(II).
Can. J. Microbiol. (ERL,GB 628*).
Direct counts of Hg(ll) resistant cells in natural waters were
obtained by fluorescence microscopy after incubation for 20 hours in
the presence of a growth substrate, nalidixic acid, to halt cell
division, and inhibiting concentrations of Hg(II). This method
discriminated HG(II) resistant from sensitive Escherichia coli
strains. Estuarine samples were used to compare this procedure with
two other toxicity measurements that determine the effect of HG(II) on
colony growth and on rates of radioactive thymidine incorporation into
cellular material. Toxicity measurements based on direct viable counts
and thymidine incorporation rates had comparable sensitivities, and
both were 3-4 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the method that
utilized • colony counts. Thus, the direct enumeration of HG(II)
resistant cells is useful for predicting the potential of aquatic
communities to sustain heterotrophic activity, an essential microbial
process, in the presence of HG(II).
PAGE 35
-------
Livingston, Robert J. 1987. Field Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship
of Scale to Variability. Estuaries. 10(3):194-207. (ERL,GB X579*).
The spatial/temporal scaling problem (i.e., fitting a given research
question to the dimensions of variability of the study area) is
particularly pronounced in highly variable systems such as estuaries.
Long-term, multidisciplinary studies in the Apalachicola Bay system
were used to evaluate variation of different physical, chemical, and
biological factors. Specific limitations of weekly, monthly, and
quarterly sampling intervals were directly related to the efficiency
of the sampling gear, the range of variation in the study parameters,
and specific biological features (motility, recruitment, natural
history) of infaunal macroinvertebrates and epibenthic organisms.
There are families of spatial and temporal scaling phenomena that
should be considered when establishing a given field sampling program.
The dimensions of variation change along spatial/temporal gradients of
salinity, habitat complexity, and productivity and among different
levels of biological organization. The limits of variation define the
needed sampling effort for a given level of estimation. Without an
adequate evaluation of such variation, representative samples cannot
be taken; the resulting inadequate sampling effort often precludes
reliable comparisons and robust generalization.
Lores, Emile M., James C. Moore, and Paul Moody. 1987. Improved Silica
Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides. Chemosphere.
16(5):1065-1069. (ERL,GB 571).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-149018.
Quantitative recovery of some organophosphorous pesticide residues has
not been possible with existing silica gel-cleanup procedures. We have
developed a modification that permits quantitative recovery of all
organophosphorous pesticides tested, except those with a carbamate
functional group. The method uses a 3.5 g silica gel column with a 1%
acetic acid wash to condition the column prior to the addition of the
sample. Percentage recovery and standard deviation of compounds such
as phorate and disulfoton are 96 (5.6) and 98 (1.0), respectively.
Recoveries range from 92 to 101% for the 11 compounds tested.
Macauley, John M., James R. Clark, and W. Allen Price. In press. Seasonal
Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia testudinum
and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Aquat. Bot. 16p. (ERL,GB
611*).
The seasonal cycles for standing crop and chlorophyll content of
Thalassia testudinum and its epiphytes are described from monitoring
data collected at a study site in Santa Rosa Sound, northwestern
Florida, from December 1983 through March 1987. Water temperature
correlated more highly with standing crop and chlorophyll measurements
than did salinity or incident light. The seasonal cycle described for
Thalassia was positively correlated with temperature whereas epiphyte
standing crop was negatively correlated with water temperature.
PAGE 36
-------
MacDonell, M.T., S.C. Morris, B.A. Ortiz-Conde, C.J. Pillidge, and R.R.
Colwell. In press, Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography in the Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Sequence
Analysis. J. Chromatogr. 6p. (ERL,GB X520*).
A simple, dependable size-exclusion or ion-exchange method for the
liquid chromatographic separation of tRNAs and 5S rRNA is not
available. Indeed, the method of choice for purification of small RNA
species consists of electrophoretic separation on denaturing
polyacrylamide gels. Methods for purifying small oligoribonucleotides
using either conventionally or thiol-solubleS polyacrylamide gels are
well developed. In this paper we describe a rapid and reliable HPLC
method for purifying of 5S rRNA from biological samples with
sufficient homogeneity of the preparations for sequence analysis.
MacDonell, M.T., S.C. Morris, B.A. Ortiz-Conde, C.J. Pillidge, and R.R.
Colwell. 1987. Purification of tRNA, 5S rRNA and 16S rRNA by HPLC.
Chromatogram. January:5-6. (ERL,GB X559*).
This article describes a rapid and reliable method for purifying tRNA
and 5S rRNA from biological samples, with sufficient homogeneity in
the preparations for sequence analysis.
MacDonell, M.T., B.A. Ortiz-Conde, G.A. Last, and R.R. Colwell. In press.
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis. J. Microbiol. Methods. (ERL,GB X519*).
Alignments of 72 5S rRNAs from Gram negative Eubacteria were used to
derive a position-wise frequency distribution of mutations along the
5S rRNA molecule. These empirically derived, position-wise frequencies
were used as coefficients for preparation of difference matrices and
construction of evolutionary trees. Significance of the observed
distribution of mutations in the 5S rRNAs, prepared for the Gram
negative eubacteria, as well as its relationship to secondary
structure are discussed.
Mayer, F.L., Jr., C.H. Deans, and A.G. Smith. 1987. Inter-Taxa
Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. EPA/60O/X-87/332, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 59p.
Interspecies correlation models were derived for 39 aquatic organisms
with acute static toxicity values. The species included an alga, 16
invertebrates, 20 fishes, and 2 amphibians, including representatives
from both freshwater and saltwater habitats. Toxicity of a chemical to
one species could be predicted from toxicity to another species.
However, correlations were best within a family of fishes, decreasing
with increasing taxonomic distance. Overall, toxicity values for the
alga, invertebrates, or amphibians did not correlate well with those
for other species.
PAGE 37
-------
Mayer, Foster L., Jr., Bengt-Erik Bengtsson, Steven J. Hamilton, and Ake
Bengtsson. 1988. Effects of Pulp Mill and Ore Smelter Effluents on
Vertebrae of Fourhorn Sculpin: Laboratory and Field Comparisons. In:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume, ASTM STP 971. w.j.
Adams, G.A. Chapman, and W.G. Landis, editors, American Society for Testing
and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 406-419. (ERL,GB X569).
Vertebral quality of fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis)
exposed to pulp mill or ore smelter effluents was investigated in the
laboratory and in contaminated sites near the Swedish coast of the
Gulf of Bothnia. Actual effluent samples from pine and birch pulp
processes (chlorine bleaching) and a simulated effluent of the ore
smelter effluent were tested in the laboratory, in the field, fish
were collected from both reference (control) and contaminated sites.
Laboratory exposures of pulp mill effluent significantly affected
biochemical composition of vertebrae, but no statistically significant
effects were observed in fish from the field.
Mayer, Foster L., Jr., and Mark R. Ellersieck. In press. Experiences with
Single-Species Tests for Acute Toxic Effects in Freshwater Organisms. Ambio
(ERL,GB 619*).
Acute toxicity data developed over 20 years at one laboratory
(Columbia National Fisheries Research Laboratory, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Columbia, Missouri) were analyzed by various
statistical approaches for taxonomic comparisons and to assess the
degree to which various factors affected toxicity. The data base
consisted of 4902 tests with 410 chemicals and 66 species of
freshwater animals. Insects were the most sensitive group, followed by
crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians. Of the factors affecting
toxicity, the highest toxicity values were within 5 times or less the
lowest values 80% or more of the time; this generalization included pH
and temperature, evaluated on the basis of a 1.0 pH unit or 10 degrees
C change. Generalizations and predictions could be made for
comparative toxicity and factors affecting toxicity equal to or
greater than 80% of the time.
McKenney, Charles L., Jr. In press. Alterations in Growth, Reproduction,
and Energy Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant
Stress. In: IUBS Methods Manual. International Union of Biological
Sciences. 8p. (ERL,GB 624*).
An estuarine mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) has been identified as one of
the most sensitive members of the estuarine community to pollutant
stress (for a review see Nimmo and Hamaker, 1982). In the majority of
life-cycle toxicity tests using this planktonic estuarine crustacean,
sublethal reduction in reproductive potential is the most sensitive
criterion for chronic biological effect. Recent information (McKenney,
1982, 1985, 1986) suggests that retarded juvenile growth rates and
alterations in energy metabolism of exposed mysids precedes reductions
in reproductive capacity. Results of these laboratory studies,
confirmed recently in a field study (McKenney et al., 1985), indicate
that measurements of metabolic dysfunction in mysids exposed to
microcontaminants may be used to predict altered production rates in
these sensitive crustacean populations.
PAGE 38
-------
McKenney, Charles L., Jr., and Edward Matthews. 1988. Influence of an
Insect Growth Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine Crustacean.
EPA/600/M-88/003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 6p.
Larval survival, growth, and energy metabolism of an estuarine shrimp
(Palaemonetes pugio) were altered by exposure to low ug/1
concentrations of an insect growth regulator (the juvenile hormone
analogue, methoprene ). Larvae were several orders of magnitude more
sensitive to methoprene in a flow-through exposure system than in a
static-renewal exposure system. The first two larval stages and the
final premetamorphic larval stage were more sensitive to methoprene
toxicity than the intermediate larval stages. As indicated by reduced
net growth efficiency values, elevated metabolic maintenance demands
of exposed larvae were related to retarded larval growth rates. A
premetamorphic shift in substrate utilization patterns, thought to be
a physiological prerequisite for successful metamorphosis in marine
crustaceans, was altered by exposure to methoprene concentrations that
prevented completion of larval development through metamorphosis.
These findings support an analogous functional approach in the
selection of an appropriate testing procedure to evaluate potential
environmental hazards of a new type of pesticide. The results of these
studies suggest that the use of similar crustacean larval testing
procedures would be appropriate in such assessments of insect growth
regulators in the marine environment.
McKenney, Charles L., Jr. 1987. Optimization of Environmental Factors
During the Life Cycle of Mysidopsis bahia. EPA/600/M-87/004, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 6p.
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-216446.
When considering both survival capacity of Mysidopsis bahia through a
complete life cycle and time required for juvenile mysids to become
reproductively mature, salinity-temperature conditions of 20 o/oo S
and 25 degrees Celsius appear optimal for this estuarine crustacean.
Optimization of growth and reproduction in this species requires a
feeding density of 2-3 Artemia nauplii per ml of seawater. For M.
bahia this food density results in maximum growth, shortest duration
prior to initiation of reproduction, and maximum young production.
Means, Susan M., and Andrew J. McErlean. 1987. Environmental Bibliography
for Northwest Florida 1900-1985. EPA/600/8-88/068, Sierra Club//Bream
Fisherman's Association//Florida Department of Community Affairs. 314p.
(ERL,GB X553*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-195656.
This bibliography attempts to identify, acquire and index available
literature resources that can be used for decision-making and
environmental research. It also includes a technical data base for
studies related to the area from Cape San Bias, Florida to Baldwin
County, Alabama.
PAGE 39
-------
Middaugh, D.P., and M.J. Hemmer. 1987. Influence of Environmental
Temperature on Sex-ratios in the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae
(Pisces Atherinidae). Copeia. (4):958-964. (ERL,GB 568).
The sex-ratios of Menidia peninsulae from Santa Rosa Island, Florida,
were studied during a 13-month survey. Weekly samples revealed
significant deviations from the expected sex-ratio of 1:1. During
May-October, young-of-the-year (YOY) females comprised 70 to 94% of
the individuals collected in the 32.5 to 62.4 mm SL size class. These
females are the presumptive progeny of reproduction during cold to
cool fluctuating temperatures, 15.5 to 22.5 degrees C, during
February-April. In contrast, collections of YOY Menidia during
November-April yielded 34 to 60% females. These individuals are the
presumptive progeny of reproductive activity and sexual
differentiation in May-August at warm fluctuating temperatures of 25.0
to 29.0 degrees C. The pattern in sex-ratios of older Menidia 62.5 -
102.4 mm SL paralleled that of YOY individuals. The annual (13 month)
sex-ratio for collections of YOY and older Menidia was identical at
68% females.
Middaugh, D.P., M.J. Hemmer, and E.M. Lores. 1988. Teratological Effects
of 2,4,-Dinitrophenol, 'Produced Water' and Naphthalene on Embryos of the
Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina. Dis. Aquat. Org. 4:53-65. (EKL,GB
613).
Embryos of the inland Silverside, Menida beryllina, were exposed to
three teratogens: 1) 2,4-dinitrophenol, (2,4-DNP), 2) 'produced water'
(PW), and 3) naphthalene (NPH). Tests were conducted by placing single
embryos in glass tissue culture tubes containing 6 ml of saline
exposure media. Twenty tubes were used for each exposure concentration
and for controls. A severity-index based upon craniofacial,
cardiovascular, and skeletal terata was used to rank responses each
day. The compounds tested caused teratogenic expressions in embryos
and larvae exposed from the 2- to 4-cell and blastula stage through 7
to 8 days post-fertilization. However, combined survival in control
embryos and larvae, and those exposed to respective teratogens were
not significantly different in 5 of 6 tests, except the 2- to 4-cell
embryos exposed to 2,4-DNP. There was a marked increase in the
relative frequency of terata with increasing nominal exposure
concentrations of each compound. Post-hoc comparison of mean rank
scores for severity of expression between control and exposed
individuals revealed statistically significant (alpha=0.05) levels of
terata at 1.8 and 3.2 mg 2,4-DNP/l; 10 and 20% PW; and 5.6 and 10 rag
NPH/1.
PAGE 40
-------
Middaugh, D.P., J.M. Shenker, M.J. Hemmer, and T. Takita. In review.
Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on
Identification of Each Species. Environ. Biol. Fishes. (ERL,GB 646*).
Embryonic and larval jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis and
topsmelt, Atherinops affinis were successfully cultured in the
laboratory. Embryos of A. californiensis proved to be sensitive to
light and had to be incubated in darkness to ensure survival and
hatching (71%). Embryos maintained under a diel light cycle failed to
hatch; development ceased between embryonic stages 12 and 14. Larval
A. californiensis were cultured for 24 days at salinities of 10, 20,
and 30 o/oo. Survival, 80-93% was similar at each salinity. While no
specific trend emerged, increases in wet weight were greatest for
larvae cultured at 20 and 30 o/oo. A. affinis embryos were not
sensitive to light; 91% of embryos maintained under a diel light cycle
hatched. Survival of larvae cultured at 10, 20 and 30 o/oo for 24 days
ranged from 99 to 100%. Increases in standard length and wet weight
were generally greatest for larvae cultured at 20 and 30 o/oo
salinity.
Middaugh, Douglas P., Michael J. Hemmer, and Daniel E. Penttila. In press.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae). Pac. Sci. 22p. (ERL,GB 557*).
A study of the ecology of developing embryos of the Pacific surf
smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus, was conducted. Embryos were maintained in
the laboratory at 7.6, 12.1 and 17.6 degrees C and the time to
specific embryonic stages determined. Embryos held at 7.6 degrees C
developed to stage 24, 18 days after collection; those held at 12.1
degrees C hatched after 13 days; at 17.6 degrees C hatching occurred
8.5 days after collection. Embryos maintained at 15 degrees C and
salinities of 20, 25 and 30 salinity averaged 84% survival. There was
no significant difference in survival among groups (ANOVA, p = 0.53).
Field observations indicated that embryos are spawned in patches in
the upper intertidal zone near the time of high tide. They are
attached to gravel substrates by the zona radiata membrane which
ruptures and quickly turns inside out at the time embryos are
fertilized. After several days of development, stage 18 to 22 embryos
detach from the original spawning substrates and are washed seaward
and down into the gravel substrate in the intertidal zone. However,
there was no significant difference (ANOVA, p is greater than or equal
to 0.09) in the number of eggs found at each of 4 depth strata in the
upper, middle and lower intertidal zones.
Middaugh, Douglas P., and Michael J. Hemmer. In press. Fish Model as an
Indicator for Teratogenic Substances. In: IUBS Methods Manual.
International Union of Biological Scientists. (ERL,GB 621*).
A fish model, suitable for use as an indicator for teratogenic
substances, is described. Individual blastula stage embryos of the
inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, are exposed to teratogens in
sealed tissue culture tubes containing 6 ml of saline test media, 5
o/oo salinity and 25 plus or minus 1 degree C. Individual embryos are
examined daily and terata enumerated using a system that ranks
craniofacial (CR), cardiovascular (CV) and skeletal (SK) responses.
Procedures for statistical analysis of data are described.
PAGE 41
-------
Middaugh, Douglas P., Michael J. Hemmer, and Larry R. Goodman. 1987.
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life
Stages of Atherinid Fishes. EPA/600/8-87/004, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 56p.
Procedures are presented for spawning, culturing and conducting acute
and chronic toxicity tests with four atherinid fishes: the inland
silverside, Menidia beryllina, Atlantic silverside, M. menidia,
tidewater silverside, M. peninsulae, and California grunion,
Leuresthes tenuis. Guidelines also are provided for growing of food
organisns (Chlorella sp., Brachionus plicatilis, and Artemia sp.) that
are required for successful culture and testing of the atherinid
fishes.
Middaugh, Douglas P., and Michael J. Hemmer. 1987. Reproductive Ecology of
the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae (Pisces: Atherinidae) from Santa
Rosa Island, Florida. Copeia. 1987(3):727-732. (ERL,GB 561).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-171061.
The reproductive ecology of the tidewater silverside, Menidia
peninsulae, was studied during February 1982 through February 1983
along the shoreline of Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Adult Menidia were
observed at low tide spawning on a red alga, Ceramium byssoideum,
which was growing in the cracks and crevices of a rocky substrate just
below the low tide line. Pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, were noted
preying upon newly spawned Menidia eggs; gut analyses revealed a mean
number of 191 eggs in five of the predators. The annual reproductive
cycle of Menidia extends from February through July or August with the
highest spawning activity during March through June at water
temperatures of 16.7 to 30.8 degrees C. A single female with ripe ova
was collected in November. On eight occasions, minima in female
gonadal indices occurred in association with recurring 3- to 4-day
periods of tropic tides, suggesting a tidally mediated spawning cycle
attuned to periods of very low tidal amplitude and thus low tidal
current velocities. Analysis of young-of-the-year Menidia (6-28 mm SL)
revealed several distinct length classes indicating that spawning and
subsequent hatching of larvae occurred in periodic pulses throughout
the spring and early summer.
Middaugh, Douglas P., and Jonathan M. Shenker. In review. Salinity
Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the Laboratory.
Calif. Fish Game. 5p. (ERL,GB 626*).
A study was conducted to determine upper salinity tolerance of
juvenile Atherinops affinis. The range of salinity tolerance
demonstrated by young A. affinis that reside in estuarine and
near-shore waters along the Pacific coast suggests that this species
may be useful in conducting toxicological research with freshwater
effluents entering marine habitats; or in areas that could be
subjected to chemical exposure such as pesticide applications in
hypersaline habitats.
PAGE 42
-------
Miller, LV. 1988. Potential for Transfer and Establishment of Engineered
Genetic Sequences. Trends Ecol. & Evol/,trrends Biotechnol. 3(4):S23—S27.
(ERL,GB X599*).
The transfer of recombinant DN molecules from the introduced organism
to natural populations of bacteria may be an important factor in
assessing the outcomes of planned release of genetically engineered
organisms into the environment. As genetic transfer is further
investigated, it appears that the potential for genetic transfer
between bacteria of the same and other species and genera is much
greater than had been suspected. At present, efforts are being made to
limit the range of ecological niches available to genetically
engineered microorganisms. Genetic transfer of recombinant molecules
to natural populations of bacteria would nullify these efforts.
Miller, Robert V. 1987. Effects of Physico—Chemical and Biological Factors
on Genetic Exchange in Aquatic Environments. EPA/600,/X—88/107, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 38p.
Chromosomal involvement is demonstrated in the regulation of
expression of plasmid—borne genes. The ‘IOL plasmid, pW , carries all
of the genes necessary for the complete bacterial utilization of
toluene, xylenes, and other aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic acids.
Expression of these genes is controlled by two plasmid regulatory
loci. Cloned portions of the TOL plasmid without the regulatory genes
showed that the genes are expressed at a high level under certain,
inducing conditions. This phenomenon is species specific and work with
mutant strains has implicated a chromosomal regulatory protein in the
regulation. This is one of the first demonstrations of chromosomal
involvement in the regulation of expression of plasmid—borne genes and
may have implications for release of genetically engineered
microorganisms. Genetically engineered DNA, which may be silent or
expressed at a low level in the original host, may have increased
expression, (with unforeseen results) upon transfer to indigenous,
environmental bacteria.
PAGE 43
-------
Miller, Robert V., and Tyler A. Kokjohn. 1987. Cloning and
Characterization of the ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage
D3: a Functional Analog of Phage Lambda ci Protein. J. Bacteriol.
169(5):1847—1852. (ERL,GB X567*).
We cloned the gene (ci) which encodes the repressor of vegetative
function of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage D3. The cloned gene
was shown to inhibit plating of D3 and the induction of D3 lysogens by
tiV irradiation. The efficiency of plating and prophage induction of
the heteroiimuune P. aeruginosa phage F116L were not affected by the
presence of the cloned ci gene of D3. When the D3 DNA fragment
containing ci was subcloned into pBR322 and introduced into
Escherichia coil, it was shown to specifically inhibit the plating of
phage lambda and the induction of the lambda prophage by mitomycin C.
The plating of lambda imm434 phage was not affected. Analysis in
minicelis indicated that these effects correspond to the presence of a
plasmid—encoded protein of 36,000 molecular weight. These data suggest
the possibility that coliphage lambda and the P. aeruginosa phage D3
evolved from a common ancestor. The conservation of the functional
similarities of their repressors may have occurred because of the
advantage to these temperate phages of capitalizing on the potential
of the evolutionarily conserved RecA protein to monitor the level of
damage to the host genome.
Miller, Robert V., and Tyler A. Kokjohn. i988. Expression of the recA Gene
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is inducible by DNA—Damaging Agents. J.
Bacteriol. 170(5):2385—2387. (ERL,GB X564*).
Western analysis using Escherichia coli anti—RecA antiserum revealed
that expression of the RecA protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO is
induced upon exposure of the bacterium to UV irradiation or
norfloxacin, a quinolone related to nalidixic acid
Montgomery, Larry, Berdena Flesher, and David Stahl. In press. Transfer
of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobacter
succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp. nov. mt. J. Syst.
Bacteriol. 12p. (ERL,GB X563*).
Comparison of 16S rRNA sequences showed that strains classified as
Bacteroides succinogenes are not closely related to other species of
Bacteroic3es, including the type species Bacteroides fragilis.
Therefore, we propose that B. succinogenes strains be renamed as
members of a new genus, Fibrobacter. Based on the 165 rRNA sequence
divergence between two subgroups within that genus, two species have
been formed. Isolates from the rumen are placed in F. succinogenes;
the neotype strain is S85 (ATCC 19169). Isolates from the ceca of
nonruminant animals are placed in R. intestinalis; the type strain is
NR9 (ATCC ????). Members of R. succinogenes can be differentiated from
F. intestinalis by their requirement for biotin; the site of isolation
may not be diagnostic. Fibrobacter succinogenes consists of two
subspecies; subsp. succinogenes strains are broad rods, often
pleiomorphic and coccoid, whereas cells of subsp. elongata are slender
rods.
PAGE 44
-------
Nelson, Michael J.K., Stacy 0. Montgomery, William R. Mahaffey, and P.H.
Pritchard. 1987. Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of
an Aromatic Biodegradative Pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
53(5):949-954. (ERL,GB 593).
Biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by the bacterial isolate
strain G4 resulted in complete dechlorination of the compound as
indicated by the production of inorganic chloride. A component of the
water from which strain G4 was isolated that was required for TCE
degradation was identified as phenol. Strain G4 degraded TCE in the
presence of chloramphenicol only when preinduced with phenol. Toluene,
o-cresol and m-cresol could replace the phenol requirement. Two of the
inducers of TCE metabolism, phenol and toluene, apparently induced the
same aromatic degradative pathway that cleaved the aromatic ring by
meta-fission. Cells induced with either phenol or toluene had similar
oxidation rates for several aromatic compounds and had similar levels
of catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. The results indicate one or more enzymes
of an inducible pathway for aromatic degradation in strain G4 are
responsible for the degradation of TCE.
Nelson, Michael J.K., Stacy 0. Montgomery, and P.H. Pritchard. 1988.
Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic
Compounds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(2):604-606. (ERL,GB 620*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-219209.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was metabolized by the natural microflora of
three different environmental water samples when stimulated by the
addition of either toluene or phenol. Two different strains of
Pseudomonas putida that degrade toluene by a pathway containing a
toluene dioxygenase also metabolized TCE. A mutant of one of these
strains lacking an active toluene dioxygenase could not degrade TCE,
but spontaneous revertants for toluene degradation also regained TCE
degradative ability. These results implicate toluene dioxygenase in
TCE metabolism.
Nelson, Michael J.K., P.H. Pritchard, and Al W. Bourquin. 1988.
Preliminary Development of a Bench-Scale Treatment System for Aerobic
Degradation of Trichloroethylene. In: Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing
Risks from Environmental Chemicals Through Biotechnology. Gilbert S. Omenn
et al., editor, Plenum Press, New York, NY. Pp. 203-209. (ERL,GB 653*).
Experiments with batch cultures of an environmental isolate, strain
G4, indicated that the organism degraded trichloroethylene (TCE) to
C02 and inorganic chloride. Degradative activity required the presence
of oxygen and the induction of an aromatic pathway. Induction was
accomplished by the addition of toluene, phenol, o-cresol or m-cresol
to the growth medium. Studies with water samples from estuarine,
river, and groundwater environments showed that the natural microflora
metabolized as much as 70% of the added TCE if stimulated by the
addition of phenol or toluene under aerobic conditions. However, more
complete degradation (96-100%) of TCE occurred when these samples were
amended with strain G4. The results indicate TCE may be removed from
contaminated water by biological treatment. Work has been initiated on
a bench-scale continuous-flow treatment system for TCE-contaminated
water using strain, G4 as the inoculum. Problems encountered include
the need to minimize or eliminate the requirement for an aromatic
inducer and to develop methods for maintaining aerobic conditions
without volatilizing TCE.
PAGE 46
-------
Nelson, Michael J.K., Stacy 0. Montgomery, William R. Mahaffey, and P.H.
Pritchard. 1987. Biodegradation of Trichioroethylene and the Involvement of
an Aromatic Biodegradative Pathway. 2 ppl. Environ. Microbiol.
53(5):949—954. (ERL,GB 593).
Biodegradation of trichioroethylene (TCE) by the bacterial isolate
strain G4 resulted in complete dechlorination of the compound as
indicated by the production of inorganic chloride. A component of the
water from which strain G4 was isolated that was required for TCE
degradation was identified as phenol. Strain G4 degraded TCE in the
presence of chloraxnphenicol only when preinduced with phenol. Toluene,
o—cresol and m—cresol could replace the phenol requirement. Two of the
inducers of TCE metabolism, phenol and toluene, apparently induced the
same aromatic degradative pathway that cleaved the aromatic ring by
meta—fission. Cells induced with either phenol or toluene had similar
oxidation rates for several aromatic compounds and had similar levels
of catechol—2,3—dioxygenase. The results indicate one or more enzymes
of an inducible pathway for aromatic degradation in strain G4 are
responsible for the degradation of TCE.
Nelson, Michael J.K., Stacy 0. Montgomery, and P.H. Pritchard. 1988.
Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic
Compounds. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 54(2):604—606. (ERL,GB 620*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88—219209.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) was metabolized by the natural microflora of
three different environmental water samples when stimulated by the
addition of either toluene or phenol. Two different strains of
Pseudomonas putida that degrade toluene by a pathway containing a
toluene dioxygenase also metabolized TCE. A mutant of one of these
strains lacking an active toluene dioxygenase could not degrade TCE,
but spontaneous revertants for toluene degradation also regained TCE
degradative ability. These results implicate toluene dioxygenase in
TCE metabolism.
Nelson, Michael 3.K., P.H. Pritchard, and Al W. Bourquin. 1988.
Preliminary Develop ent of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic
Degradation of Trichioroethylene. In: Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing
Risks from Environmental Chemicals Through Biotechnology. Gilbert S. Omenn
et al., editor, Plenum Press, New York, NY. Pp. 203—209. (ERL,GB 653*).
Experiments with batch cultures of an environmental isolate, strain
G4, indicated that the organism degraded trichloroethylene (TCE) to
C02 and inorganic chloride. Degradative activity required the presence
of oxygen and the induction of an aromatic pathway. Induction was
accomplished by the addition of toluene, phenol, o—cresol or m—cresol
to the growth medium. Studies with water samples from estuarine,
river, and groundwater environments showed that the natural microflora
metabolized as much as 70% of the added TCE if stimulated by the
addition of phenol or toluene under aerobic conditions. However, more
complete degradation (96—100%) of TCE occurred when these samples were
amended with strain G4. The results indicate TCE may be removed from
contaminated water by biological treatment. Work has been initiated on
a bench—scale continuous—flow treatment system for TCE—contaminated
water using strain, G4 as the inoculum. Problems encountered include
the need to minimize or eliminate the requirement for an aromatic
inducer and to develop methods for maintaining aerobic conditions
without volatilizing TCE.
PAGE 46
-------
O'Brien, Mark, and Rita R. Colwell. 1987. Rapid Test for Chitinase
Activity That Uses 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-Acetyl-B-D-Glucosaminide. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 53(7) : 1718-1720. (ERL,GB X522*).
A total of 101 strains of bacteria from environmental and clinical
sources, most of which were gram negative, were tested for chitobiase
activity by using a filter paper spot test with
4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-B -D-glucosaminide as the substrate. The
results were compared with those obtained by a conventional plate
method for chitinase activity by using colloidal chitin as the
substrate. There was excellent agreement in the results for both
methods. The filter paper spot test with 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-
B-D-glucosaminide has the advantages of being rapid, simple to
perform, and inexpensive. This method should be adaptable to a wider
range of microorganisms, particularly those with unusual growth
requirements.
O'Connor, Joseph M. , and Robert J. Huggett. 1988. Aquatic Pollution
Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake Bay. Aquat. Toxicol.
(ERL,GB X574*) .
Pollutant effects on fishes and fisheries of the North Atlantic are
examined, and the incidence of pollution-related disease in aquatic
organisms is described. More than 300 aromatic hydrocarbons have been
detected in the Chesapeake Bay, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
occur in sediments in parts of New Bedford Harbor at levels measured
in percent. Major sites of marine contamination are Boston, New
Bedford, Providence, New York, Baltimore Harbor, and the Elizabeth
River, Virginia. Biota in these and other areas show increased burdens
of many contaminants, including PCBs, pesticides, phthalates, metals
and aromatic hydrocarbons. In general, the gradient of contaminant
levels decreases offshore.
PAGE 47
-------
O'Connor, Joseph M., and John C. Pizza. 1987. Dynamics of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson River. III. Tissue Disposition and
Routes for Elimination. Estuaries. 10(l):68-77. (ERL,GB X550*).
Striped bass were exposed to 14C-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in
single-dose and multiple-dose experiments. Samples were analyzed to
determine rate constants for PCB elimination from individual tissues,
PCB concentration in tissues, the proportion of the PCB burden
retained and the proportion of the cumulative dose retained by each
tissue at various times after exposure. An experiment was also
conducted to determine both the potential for secondary PCB uptake in
dietary exposure studies and the relative tissue disposition of PCBs
assimilated from dietary sources as compared to direct water uptake.
PCBs were present in the tissues of striped bass within 6 h after
administration of a single dose. Certain tissue compartments, such as
the liver/gall bladder, accumulated PCBs over a period of 48 h even
though the whole-body burden had decreased between 24 and 48 h. Except
for the gills, elimination rate constants for all tissues were similar
and were similar to the whole body elimination rate constant.
Elimination during the first few hours following exposure to PCBs may
be due to equilibrium partitioning from the gill to the environment.
The multiple-dose study showed that PCB burdens in striped bass
continued to increase with dosing. However, tissue-specific rate
constants for PCB elimination led to an increased flux of PCB out of
tissues, and an overall decline in the percent of the cumulative dose
remaining in the body 48 h after administration of each dose. The most
likely route for PCB elimination from striped bass was from tissues to
the liver and thence to the intestine via the bile. There were no
differences in the tissue disposition of PCB related to route of
exposure.
O'Connor, Joseph M., and John C. Pizza. 1987. Pharmacokinetic Model for
the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes. In: Oceanic Processes in Marine
Pollution, Vol. 1: Biological Processes and Wastes in the Ocean. Judith M.
Capuzzo and Dana R. Kester, editors, Krieger Publishing, Malabar, FL. Pp.
119-129. (ERL,GB X501*).
Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out with striped bass in order to
determine assimilation and elimination rate constants for
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) uptake from dietary sources. Efficient
assimilation (85 percent of PCBs in a single dose) and a long
elimination half-life (120 h) make it apparent that dietary sources of
PCBs are important components of the overall body burden in striped
bass. The pharmacokinetics of PCB uptake from food were incorporated
into a model designed to predict body burdens. The model presented
here takes into account several factors of significance in predicting
PCB burdens in cold-blooded organisms with indeterminate growth. These
are: (1) changes in diet associated with growth, (2) changes in
elimination rate constant due to age-related decreases in metabolism,
and (3) migratory movements that may cause changes in exposure to
PCBs.
PAGE 48
-------
O'Morchoe, Susan, O. Ogunseitan, Gary S. Sayler, and Robert V. Miller.
1988. Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in
a Freshwater Environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54(8):1923-1929.
(ERL,GB X573*).
Recent concern over the release of genetically engineered organisms
has resulted in a need for information about the potential for gene
transfer in the environment. We examined the potential for conjugal
transfer of the plasmids R68.45 and FP5 by conjugation in a freshwater
environment using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a test system and Fort
Loudoun Resevoir, Knoxville, Tennessee as the field site. When
genetically well defined plasmid donor and recipient strains were
introduced into test chambers suspended in Fort Loudoun Lake, transfer
of both plasmids was observed. Conjugation occurred both in the
presence and absence of the natural microbial community. The number of
transconjugants recovered was lower when the natural community was
present. Transfer of the broad-host-range plasmid R68.45 to the
organisms other than the introduced recipient was not observed in
these chambers but was observed in laboratory simulations when an
organism isolated from lakewater was used as the recipient strain.
Although the plasmids transferred in laboratory studies were
genetically and physically stable, a significant number of
transconjugants recovered from the field trials contained deletions
and other genetic rearrangements suggesting that factors which
increase gene instability are operating in the environment. The
potential for conjugal transfer of R68.45 and FP5 in a freshwater
environment exists but detection of transconjugants is significantly
reduced by the indigenous microbial population.
O'Neill, Ellen J., Claude R. Cripe, Leonard H. Mueller, John P. Connolly,
and Parmely H. Pritchard. In review. Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh
Environments: II. Transport and Biodegradation in Microcosms. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 25p. (ERL,GB 647*).
The fate of fenthion was examined in microcosms to define the possible
interaction between sediment and biodegradation in the field. A
mathematical model was also calibrated to calculate the distribution
of fenthion in microcosms. Intact sediment cores, both with and
without Juncus roemerianus, were removed from a salt marsh and placed
into microcosm vessels to simulate the undisturbed sediment bed of a
salt marsh and the areas containing Juncus. In formalin-sterilized
microcosms without plants, fenthion disappeared exponentially from the
water column with a half-life of 105.0 h. Fenthion had a half-life of
35.5 h in the microcosm without plants. In the microcosm with plants,
the half-life was slightly faster (33.2 h). In fractionated sediment
cores, fenthion was found at greater depths in nonsterile systems than
predicted by diffusion and sorption in sterile microcosms, possibly
because of bioturbation. Distribution of fenthion in sediment was not
appreciably different between microcosms with and without plants.
Fenthion appeared to be biodegraded in upper (1 to 7 nan) sediment
layers.
PAGE 49
-------
Ogram, Andrew V., and Gary S. Sayler. In press. Use of Gene Probes in the
Rapid Analysis of Natural Microbial Communities. In: Developments in
Industrial Microbiology. Society for Industrial Microbiology, Washington,
DC. 15p. (ERL,GB X581*).
Hybridization probes produced from DNA sequences have proven to be a
powerful tool in rapid and sensitive analysis of natural microbial
communities. By using function—specific probes, such as those
identifying genes coding for photosynthesis, the potential a microbial
community has for performing a given function may be rapidly
determined. Gene probes have also been used in the identification and
isolation of a specific catabolic genotype in less than one—fourth the
time required for the conventional culture enrichment technique.
Species specific probes constructed from portions of genes coding for
ribosomal RNA have been used for the rapid identification and
enumeration of bacterial species in environmental samples. The use of
reassociation kinetics as a measure of community diversity and
complexity is also discussed. The successful application of this
technique to community analysis may reduce the time required from one
year, for conventional analysis, to two weeks.
Ogram, Andrew, Gary S. Sayler, Denise Gustin, and Russell L. Lewis. 1988.
DNA Adsorption to Soils and Sediments. Environ. Sc & Technol.
22(8):982—984. (ERL,GB X540*).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adsorption of five soils, an acid—washed
sand, and a lake sediment was investigated. All DNA at environmentally
relevant concentrations was adsorbed by soils containing a significant
amount of montmorillonite at low to neutral pH values. Studies on the
effects of DNA between molecular size on adsorption to sand and a
sandy soil were described by the Freundlich isotherm model (r2 >0.85),
and indicated a direct relationship between molecular weight and
adsorption.
Ogram, Andrew, Gary S. Sayler, and Tamar Barkay. 1987. Extraction and
Purification of Microbial DNA from Sediments. 3. Microbiol. Methods.
7(2—3):57—66. (ERL,GB X552*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88—1963l6.
A new method for the isolation of intracellular and extracellular DNA
from a range of sediment types has been developed. This method is
based upon the direct lysis of cells in the sediment, extraction of
released DNA from the sediments and its subsequent purification by
C5C1—EtBr gradient centrifugation and/or hydroxyapatite
chromatography. Yields of 26 ug intracellular DNA and 1 ug
extracellular DNA have been obtained per gram of sediment.
PAGE 50
-------
v/
/^ Parrish, P.R., and T.W. E)uke. 1988. Variability of the Acute Toxicity of
Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). In: Chemical and Biological
Characterization of Sludges, Sediments, Dredge Spoils and Drilling Muds; ASTM
STP 976. J.J. Lichtenberg et al., editor, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 326-333. (ERL,GB 596).
Numerous factors affect the variability of the acute toxicity of
drilling fluids (muds) to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). Source,
composition, and age of drilling fluid sample; preparation of test
material; condition of test animals; and skill and experience of the
people conducting the tests can influence test results. Despite these
confounding factors, our intralaboratory variation of median lethal
concentrations (96-h LCBOs) for six tests with a laboratory-prepared
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of two; interlaboratory
variation for seven commercial laboratories that tested the same
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of four, the same as
reported in the literature for acute toxicity tests with single
chemicals. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in drilling fluids
greatly increases toxicity and, because toxic, volatile fractions may
be lost, variability of results from tests with petroleum
hydrocarbon-contaminated drilling fluids may be greater than that
stated above.
Parrish, P.R., R.M. Montgomery, S.D. Friedman, and J.M. Macauley. 1987.
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Hondo (EXXON) and Eureka (Shell),
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. lOp. (ERL,GB 634*).
Acute toxicity tests were conducted in September 1987 with two used
drilling fluids (also called muds) provided by Region IX and mysids
(Mysidopsis bahia) at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, Florida. The test material was the suspended particulate
phase (SPP) of each drilling fluid. The SPP was prepared by mixing
volumetrically 1 part drilling fluid with 9 parts seawater and
allowing the resulting mixture to settle for one hour. The material
that remained in suspension was the SPP. The SPP of the Hondo (EXXON)
drilling fluid was acutely toxic to mysids. The 96-hour LC50 (the
concentration lethal to 50% of the test animals after 96 hours of
exposure) was 2.6% SPP, with 95% confidence limits of 2.3 to 2.9% SPP.
The SPP of the Eureka (Shell) drilling fluid was not acutely toxic to
mysids. A 96-hour LC50 could not be determined; mortality of animals
exposed to 100% SPP was only 20% after 96 hours of exposure.
PAGE 52
-------
Parrish, P.R., and T.W. E)uke. 1988. Variability of the Acute Toxicity of
Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). In: Chemical and Biological
Characterization of Sludges, Sediments, Dredge Spoils and Drilling Muds; ASTM
STP 976. J.J. Lichtenberg et al., editor, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA. Pp. 326-333. (ERL,GB 596).
Numerous factors affect the variability of the acute toxicity of
drilling fluids (muds) to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). Source,
composition, and age of drilling fluid sample; preparation of test
material; condition of test animals; and skill and experience of the
people conducting the tests can influence test results. Despite these
confounding factors, our intralaboratory variation of median lethal
concentrations (96-h LCBOs) for six tests with a laboratory-prepared
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of two; interlaboratory
variation for seven commercial laboratories that tested the same
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of four, the same as
reported in the literature for acute toxicity tests with single
chemicals. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in drilling fluids
greatly increases toxicity and, because toxic, volatile fractions may
be lost, variability of results from tests with petroleum
hydrocarbon-contaminated drilling fluids may be greater than that
stated above.
Parrish, P.R., R.M. Montgomery, S.D. Friedman, and J.M. Macauley. 1987.
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Hondo (EXXON) and Eureka (Shell),
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. lOp. (ERL,GB 634*).
Acute toxicity tests were conducted in September 1987 with two used
drilling fluids (also called muds) provided by Region IX and mysids
(Mysidopsis bahia) at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, Florida. The test material was the suspended particulate
phase (SPP) of each drilling fluid. The SPP was prepared by mixing
volumetrically 1 part drilling fluid with 9 parts seawater and
allowing the resulting mixture to settle for one hour. The material
that remained in suspension was the SPP. The SPP of the Hondo (EXXON)
drilling fluid was acutely toxic to mysids. The 96-hour LC50 (the
concentration lethal to 50% of the test animals after 96 hours of
exposure) was 2.6% SPP, with 95% confidence limits of 2.3 to 2.9% SPP.
The SPP of the Eureka (Shell) drilling fluid was not acutely toxic to
mysids. A 96-hour LC50 could not be determined; mortality of animals
exposed to 100% SPP was only 20% after 96 hours of exposure.
PAGE 52
-------
Parrish, Patrick R., and Thomas W. Duke. In press. Drilling Fluids:
Effects on Marine Organisms and Considerations of Their Potential Hazard.
In: Oceanic Processes in Marine Pollution, Vol. 6: Physical and Chemical
Processes: Transport and Transformation. Donald J. Baumgartner and Iver W.
Duedall, editors, Robert Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL. 43p. (ERL,GB
507*).
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are essential to drilling
processes in the exploration and production of oil and gas from the
U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). These fluids are usually
discharged from drilling platforms into surrounding waters of the OCS
and are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In a program carried out by the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory
at Gulf Breeze, Florida, diverse marine species, as well as
microbiotic and macrobiotic communities, were studied. Drilling fluids
were toxic to marine organisms in certain concentrations and exposure
regimes. Furthermore, the fluids adversely affected benthos physically
by burying them or by altering substrates. Toxicity of drilling fluid
components, used drilling fluids from active Gulf of Mexico sites, and
laboratory-prepared drilling fluids varied considerably. For example,
96-h LCSOs were from 25 ul/1-1 to greater than 1,500 ul/1-1 for clams,
larval lobsters, mysids, and grass shrimp. In most instances,
mortality was significantly (a = 0.05) correlated with "diesel" oil
content of the fluids collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Data and
model simulations suggest rapid dilution of drilling fluids released
into OCS waters, resulting in concentrations below the acute effect
concentration for water column organisms tested. Accumulation of
fluids and cuttings on the bottom within a few hundred meters of the
discharge could adversely affect benthic organisms. There is concern
that the potential hazard of drilling fluids may be underestimated in
some instances because results of short-term toxicity tests may not
reveal subtle effects that could occur at the ecosystem level of
biological complexity.
Parrish, Patrick R., John M. Macauley, and Richard M. Montgomery. In
press. Acute Toxicity of Two Generic Drilling Fluids and Six Additives,
Alone and Combined, to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). In: Proceedings of the
1988 International Conference on Drilling Wastes, Calgary, Alberta, 5-8 April
1988. 16p. (ERL,GB 617*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-154398.
Toxicity tests were conducted with two laboratory-prepared generic
drilling fluids (muds) and six commonly used drilling fluid additives
to determine their toxicity, alone and combined, to mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia). In 25 tests, the acute toxicity of combinations of one, two,
or three of the drilling fluid additives mixed with either drilling
fluid was less than the toxicity predicted from the empirical 96-h
LCSOs for drilling fluid additive(s) and/or drilling fluid alone; the
observed 96-h LCSOs of thexmixtures were from 1.3 to 23.6 times the
values predicted from the presumption of additive toxicity. Based on
the drilling fluid additives and drilling fluids tested, a
conservative estimate of the acute toxicity of mixtures of drilling
fluid additives and drilling fluids would be derived if the toxicity
of drilling fluid additive(s) and drilling fluid were separately
determined and additive toxicity presumed.
PAGE 53
-------
Paul, John H., Mary F. DeFlaun, and Wade H. Jeffrey. In review.
Mechanisms of DNA Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 27p. (ERL,GB X572*).
The mechanisms of utilization of DNA by estuarine microbial
populations has been investigated by competition experiments and DNA
uptake studies. Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphates (dNMP’s),
thymidine, thymine, and NA all competed with the uptake of
radioactivity from [ 3H]DNA in 4 hour incubations. In fifteen minute
incubations, dNMP’s had no effect or stimulated [ 3H]DNA binding,
depending on concentration. Uptake of radioactivity from [ 3H]DNA
resulted in little accumulation of TCA—soluble intracellular
radioactivity, and was inhibited by the DNA synthesis inhibitor
novobiocin. Molecular fractionation studies indicated that some
[ 3H]DNA appeared in the PNA (10 and 30% at 4 and 24 h respectively)
and protein (approximately 3%) fractions. The ability for estuarine
microbial assemblages to transport gene sequences was investigated by
plasmid uptake studies followed by molecular probing. Although plasmid
DNA was detected on filters after filtration of plasmid—amended
incubations, DNase treatment of filters removed this DNA, indicating
little transport of intact gene sequences. These observations lead to
the following model for DNA utilization by estuarine microbial
populations: 1) DNA is rapidly bound to the cell surface and 2)
hydrolyzed by cell—associated and extracellular non—specific
nucleases. 3) DNA hydrolysis products are transported and 4) rapidly
salvaged into nucleic acids with little accumulation into
intracellular nucleotide pools.
Pritchard, Hap, Morris Levin, Bill Schneider, and Jim Harvey. 1987.
Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect Toxin—Producing
Species of Bacillus. EP /600/x—88/l14, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. l6p.
Bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal crystalline inclusion
bodies. Since these toxin—producing bacteria are agriculturally
useful, scientists have isolated hundreds of B. thuringiensis strains.
A variety of crystalline proteins with different insecticidal
properties have been identified. There appears to be considerable
variation in the host range of the toxins. Varieties of B.
thuringiensis have been historically distinguished from each other by
their flagella antigens (H serotype). A general relationship exists
between the H serotype and the crystal serotype. However, recently it
has been shown that many toxin—producing genes are on plasmids and,
thereby, may be readily exchanged between the different subspecies.
This creates a need to relate host range toxicity data to the
particular subspecies of B. thuringiensis that is registered as a
microbial pesticide. This report describes problems discussed at a
Workshop on EPA Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus held August 24—25, 1987, in
M napo1is, Maryland. Procedures recommended by participants for a
protocol to be used in the registration of a Bacillus species are
summarized. Some of the methods discussed include serological
(monoclonal antibodies), plasmid profiles, in vivo or in vitro insect
screening, and protein/DNA sequencing.
PAGE 54
-------
Pritchard, P.H. 1987. Assessing the Biodegradation of Sediment Associated
Chemicals. In: Fate and Effects of Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic
Systems: Proceedings of the Sixth Pellston Workshop, Florissant, CO, August
12-17, 1984. Kenneth L. Dickson//Alan W. Maki//Williara A. Brungs, editor,
Pergamon Press, New York, NY. Pp. 109-135. (ERL,GB 530*).
Investigations of the fate of xenobiotic chemicals in laboratory
systems that accommodate the microbial ecology of sediments are
described. These systems permit examination of biochemical activities
in the sediment bed with particular emphasis at the sediment-water
interface. Sediment may contain thousands of microcommunities, each
containing the same genotypic array of metabolic potential. Each
community, however, will demonstrate, depending on the surrounding
conditions, a certain phenotypic response that reflects a small
portion of its total metabolic potential.
Pritchard, P.H. 1988. Fate of Pollutants. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
60(6):983-994. (ERL,GB 650).
Literature published on the environmental fate of pollutants during
1987 is reviewed. Short excerpts are presented from each reference
covering such areas as photolysis, biodegradation, hydrolysis,
sorption, and volatility for pollutants, including pesticides,
hydrocarbons, heavy metals, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and other toxic
organic chemicals.
Pritchard, P.H., C.R. Cripe, W.W. Walker, J.C. Spain, and A.W. Bourquin.
1987. Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater
and Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples. Chemosphere. 16(7):1509-1520.
(ERL,GB 513).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-161773.
Statistical analysis of degradation rates of methyl parathion samples
from two Gulf Coast estuaries over a three-year period indicated that
biodegradation occurred in the presence of sediment but was
insignificant in water. Sediment rates always showed the same relative
five-fold difference at a primary site within each estuarine area.
Samples from 11 ancillary sites indicated biodegradation rates in
sediments can be subdivided into two groupings which were independent-
of seasonal differences (excluding temperature). Spatial variations in
rates, therefore, may be of minor environmental significance for this
chemical in estuarine areas.
PAGE 55
-------
Pritchard, P.H., C.R. Cripe, L.H. Mueller, and E.J. O'Neill. 1987.
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities. In: Pesticide
Science and Biotechnology: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of
Pesticide Chemistry, IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Ottawa, Canada, August 10-17, 1986. R. Greenhalgh and T.R. Roberts, editors,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA. Pp. 505-508. (ERL,GB 592).
The microbial metabolism of the mosquito control agent, fenthion, has
been studied in shake flask systems containing water and sediment from
a salt marsh. The usefulness of this information in describing the
fate of fenthion in microcosms and in a field dosing experiment was
determined. Our results show that microbial communities associated
with the sediment, the presence of invertebrate animals in the
sediment bed, and the anaerobic conditions of the sediment contribute
significantly to the fate of fenthion under natural conditions.
Pritchard, P.H., T.P. Maziarz, L.H. Mueller, and A.W. Bourquin. 1987.
Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale-Derived Jet Fuel. U.S. Air Force,
Tyndall AFB, Panama City, FL. 90p. (ERL,GB 636*).
Tests were conducted to compare the environmental fate of shale
oil-derived jet fuel with that of petroleum-derived jet fuel. These
tests included chemical characterization of the fuels, and the
water-soluble fraction of each fuel, also measurement of
volatilization and biodegradation rates in laboratory systems designed
to simulate three disparate aquatic environments. No major differences
in the volatilization and biodegradation rates of the two fuels were
found. Differences in composition were generally small and should not
cause the behavior of the fuels in aquatic environments to differ.
Pritchard, Parmely H., Ellen J. O'Neill, Carol M. Spain, and Donald G.
Ahearn. 1987. Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of
p-Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
53(8):1833-1838. (ERL,GB609).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-171053.
Shake flask and microcosm studies were conducted to determine the fate
of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) in water and sediment systems and the role
of sediment and nonsediment surfaces in the biodegradation process.
Biodegradation of p-CP in estuarine water samples in shake flasks was
slow over incubation periods of 300 hours. The addition of detrital
sediment resulted in immediate and rapid degradation evidenced by the
production of 14C02 from [14C] p-CP. The addition of sterile sediment,
glass beads or sand resulted in an approximately 4 to 6 times faster
biodegradation than observed in the water alone. Densities of p-CP
degrading bacteria associated with the detrital sediment were 100
times greater than those enumerated in water. Bacteria in the water
and associated with the sediment after preexposure of both water and
sediment to p-CP demonstrated enhanced biodegradation. In some
microcosms, p-CP was degraded completely in the top 1.0 cm of intact
sediment beds. Sediment reworking activities by benthic invertebrates
from one site were sufficient to mix p-CP deep into the sediment bed
faster than biodegradation or molecular diffusion. p-CP was persistent
at lower depths of the sediment, possibly a result of reduced oxygen
conditions preventing aerobic biodegradation.
PAGE 56
-------
Roszak, D.B., and R.R. Colwell. 1987. Metabolic Activity of Bacterial
Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable Count. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
53(12):2889-2893. (ERL,GB X570*).
The direct viable count (DVC) method was modified by incorporating
radiolabeled substrates in microautoradiographic analyses to assess
bacterial survival in controlled laboratory microcosms. The DVC
method, which permits enumeration of culturable and nonculturable
cells, discriminates those cells that are responsive to added
nutrients but in which division is inhibited by the addition of
nalidixic acid. The resulting elongated cells represent all viable
cells; this includes those that are culturable on routine media and
those that are not. Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis were
employed in the microcosm studies, and radiolabeled substrates
included [methyl-3H]thymidine or [U-14C]glutamic acid. Samples taken
at selected intervals during the survival experiments were examined by
epifluorescence microscopy to enumerate cells by the DVC and acridine
orange direct count methods, as well as by culture methods. Good
correlation was obtained for cell-associated metabolic activity,
measured by microautoradiography and substrate responsiveness (by the
DVC method) at various stages of survival. Of the cells responsive to
nutrients by the DVC method, ca. 90% were metabolically active by the
microautoradiographic method. No significant difference was observed
between DVC enumerations with or without added radiolabeled substrate.
Roszak, D.B., and R.R. Colwell. 1987. Survival Strategies of Bacteria in
the Natural Environment. Microbiol. Rev. 51(3):365-379. (ERL,GB X554*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-182407.
The need for methods to estimate total number of living bacteria in
environmental samples, including specific pathogens in aquatic
systems, has not been met and therefore remains a continuing public
health concern. This paper describes microbiological methods employed
in measuring water quality to indicate the extent of contamination by
human domestic wastes. Coliform bacteria, in general, remain the
indicator organisms of choice to date.
Russell, G.A., D.P. Middaugh, and M.J. Hemmer. 1987. Reproductive
Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from Estero del Soldado,
Mexico. Calif. Fish Game. 73(3):169-174. (ERL,GB 586*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-196258.
The reproductive rhythmicity of the false grunion, Colpichthys regis,
was observed in the Estero del Soldado, Mexico during October 1982
through January 1983. Spawning runs occurred at approximately 2-week
intervals during daytime high tides. These high tides coincided with
new and full moons. Spawning only occurred when predicted tidal
heights were equal to or greater than 0.73 m above MLW. Eggs were
deposited in the upper intertidal zone in locations that appeared to
provide protection from predators, thermal stress and desiccation.
PAGE 57
-------
Sangodkar, U.M.X., P.J. Chapman, and A.M. Chakrabarty. In press. Cloning,
Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying Degradation
of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100. Gene. 25p. (ERL,GB
652*).
A genomic library of total DN of Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 was
constructed on a broad—host—range cosmid vector pCP13 in E. coli AC8O.
A 25—kb segment was isolated from the library which complemented a
Tn5—generated, 2,4,5—T minus mutant, P. cepacia PT88. This mutation
was partially characterized and appeared to be lacking functional
enzyme required for metabolism of an intermediate of the 2,4,5—T
pathway, recently identified as 5—chloro—l,2,4—trihydroxybenzene
[ Chapman et al., Abstr. Soc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. USA. 8 (1987) p.
1271. A simple colorimetric assay was developed for detecting the
presence of this active enzyme in intact cells and was used to
determine the expression of complementing genes. Subcloning
experiments showed that a 4—kb BamHI—PstI fragment and a 290—bp
PstI—EcoRI fragment, separated by 1.3—kb, were required for
complementation. Both fragments are identified to be chromosomal in
origin. Hybridization studies using the subcloned fragments revealed
that in addition to a Th5 insertion, mutant PT88 contained an
extensive chromosomal deletion accounting for its 2,4,5—T—phenotype.
The cloned fragments did not show homology to plasmid DNAs carrying
degradative genes for toluene, naphthalene and 3—chlorobenzoate.
Saye, D.J., 0. Ogunseitan, G.S. Sayler, and R.V. Miller. In press.
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. i˝ppl. Environ. Microbiol. 27p.
(ERL,GB X538*).
A series of environmental test chambers containing sterile lake water
were inoculated with nonlysogenic plasmi.d—containing Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and a lysogen which served as both a source of generalized
transducing phage and as a recipient of transduced DNt . A comparable
series of test chambers was set up and included the natural microbial
community. The concentration of donors introduced into the chambers
was varied while the recipient concentration in each chamber was at a
level equivalent to natural concentrations of Pseudomonas. The
transduction of the plasmid Rms149 in P. aeruginosa was shown to occur
in the environmental test chambers during seven days of incubation in
a freshwater reservoir. Transduction was observed both in the absence
and in the presence of the natural microbial community. The presence
of the natural community resulted in a rapid decrease in the numbers
of the introduced donors and recipients and a decrease in the number
of transductants recovered. The concentration of plasmid—containing
donor cells introduced was shown to significantly effect the frequency
of transduction. These results demonstrate the potential for naturally
occurring transduction in aquatic environments and indicate that donor
load may be an important parameter in assessing this potential.
PAGE 58
-------
Saye, D.J., 0. Ogunseitan, G.S. Sayler, and R.V. Miller. 1987. Potential
for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment: Effect of
Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on Transduction
in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appi. Environ. Microbiol. 53(5):987—995.
(ERL,GB X536*).
The transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid Rms149 by the
generalized transducing phage phiDSi was shown to occur during a nine
day incubation of environmental test chambers in a freshwater
reservoir. Plasmid DNA was transferred from a nonlysogenic plasmid
donor to a phiDSi lysogen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that served both
as the source of the transducing phage and as the recipient of the
plasmid DNA. Transduction of the plasmid in the presence of the
natural microbial community of the reservoir was below the limits of
detection employed. The results demonstrate that a potential exists
for the transduction of plasmid DNA in aquatic habitats.
Sayler, Gary S., and James W. Blacksburn. In press. Modern Biology: The
Role of Biotechnology. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Biological
Treatment of Agricultural Wastewaters, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
La Jolla, CA. M. Huntley, editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 33p. (ERL,GB
x583*).
Developments in recombinant DNA technology are discussed. The
applications for molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology for
management of hazardous agricultural wastes and environmental
decontamination fall in three general areas: (1) Isolation and
microbial strain improvement for developing microorganisms with
greater capacity for destruction of hazardous wastes and environmental
contaminants. (2) Field site evaluation of microbial degradation
processes contributing to overall contaminant fate predictions in a
given system. (3) Development, monitoring and control of engineered
processes for the biological destruction of hazardous waste and
environmental contaminants. It can also be demonstrated that this same
knowledge and technology will contribute, with even greater impact, to
the successful understanding and utilization of microorganisms for
hazardous waste control.
Scheuerman, Phillip R., John P. Schmidt, and Martin Alexander. In press.
Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake
Water. Arch. Microbiol. (ERL,GB X541*).
The populations of Pseudomonas sp. L2, Pseudomonas sp. B4, Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella peneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, and Rhizobiuni
phaseoli declined rapidly in lake water. The initially rapid decline
of the two pseudomonads and R. phaseoli was followed by a period of
slow loss of viability, but viable cells of the other species were not
found after 10 days. The rapid initial phase of decline was not a
result of Bdellovibrio spp., bacteriophages, or toxins in the water
since Bdellovibrio spp. were not present and passage of the lake water
through filters that should not have removed bacteriophages or soluble
toxins led to the elimination of the rapid phase of decline. We
suggest that the decline in lake water of bacteria that are resistant
to starvation may be a result of protozoan grazing and that the extent
of growth of introduced species may be limited by the supply of
available carbon and sometimes of nitrogen and phosphorus, and by
predation by indigenous protozoa.
PAGE 59
-------
Schoor, W.P., D.E. Williams, and J.J. Lech. 1988. Combined Use of
Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects on Fundulus
grandis, the Gulf Killifish. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17:437-441.
(ERL,GB 565).
Sublethal biochemical markers were used to identify liver enzyme
induction in fish from a bayou in Pensacola, FLorida. Gulf killifish,
Fundulus grandis, from a nonpolluted site were used in the study which
included laboratory-induced fish and their various controls as well as
the fish captured in the bayou. The biochemical markers tested were
total content of cytochrome P-450, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and
ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase activities, and the specific induction of
the LM4b isozyme of the cytochrome P-450 system. The findings suggest
that enzyme induction occurred at a sublethal level, indicating the
presence of liver cytochrome P-450 inducing substances in the bayou.
Shirley, Michael A., and Charles L. McKenney, Jr. 1987. Influence of
Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of the Larvae and
Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus. In: Physiology
Pollution of Marine Organisms. Winona B. Vernberg, editor, University of
South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC. Pp. 275-297. (ERL,GB 562*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-106331.
Short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of the organochlorine
insecticide, lindane, caused alterations in ionic and osmotic
regulatory abilities and related compensatory metabolic mechanisms in
the xanthid crab Eurypanopeus depressus. A lindane exposure
concentration of 1.45 ug/L reduced hemolymph osmotic concentrations in
adult crabs; however, chloride ion regulation was more sensitive,
being disrupted at a lindane exposure concentration of 0.07 ug/L.
Larval stages proved to be more sensitive to lindane exposure than
adults. A lindane exposure concentration of 0.01 ug/L increased larval
mortality and altered larval respiration and ammonia excretion rates.
Zoeae, megalopae and adults of the crab, E. depressus, appear to
possess different response patterns to hypoosmotic stress and lindane
exposure.
PAGE 60
-------
Sinclair, James L., and Martin Alexander. In press. Effect of Bacterial
Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of Alternative Prey. Appi.
Environ. Microbiol. l9p. (ERL,GB X537*).
A study was conducted on the influence of growth rate and initial
population size on the survival of bacteria subjected to grazing by
protozoa. In a mixture containing Tetrahymena thermophila and a
streptomycin—resistant Bradyrhizobium sp., the growth rate of
Salmonella thompson was varied by adding differing concentrations of
streptomycin. S. thompson initially increased in number, but the
population density fell as grazing pressure increased. The organisms
that grew the fastest in culture declined to a smaller extent than the
slow growers. The decline occurred in sewage containing protozoa but
not in samples from which protozoa had been eliminated. In sewage
inoculated with 70 to 190 cells per ml of the test species, the
densities of two of the three fast growing bacteria increased, but the
numbers of the slow growing test organisms declined. In protozoa—free
sewage, the abundance of the three fast growing but not the slow
growing species declined. In cultures containing T. thermophila, a
test bacterium, and a high desity of Enterobacter aerogenes cells as
alternative prey, only a fast growing Pseudomonas sp. of three test
bacteria increased appreciably in abundance. Based on these data, we
suggest that in environments supporting active predation by protozoa,
bacterial species that grow quickly and reach high densities will be
dominant among the surviving prey species.
Sinclair, James L., and Martin Alexander. In press. Effect of Protozoan
Predation on Relative Abundance of Fast— and Slow—Growing Bacteria. Can. J.
Microbiol. l4p. (ERL,GB X597*).
The survival of six bacterial species that had different growth rates
was tested in raw sewage and sewage that was rendered free of
protozoa. when test bacteria were added to protozoa—free sewage at
densities of approximately 10 to the fifth power to 10 to the sixth
power cells/mL, five of the six species did not decline below 10 to
the fifth power cells/mL. If protozoa were present, the population
sizes of all test species were markedly reduced, but bacterial species
able to grow faster in artifical media had the larger number of
survivors. When the same bacteria were inoculated into protozoa—free
sewage at densities of less than 10 to the third power cells/rnL, only
the three species able to grow quickly in artificial media increased
in abundance. When the six species were inoculated at the same
densities into sewage containing protozoa, the three slow—growing
species were rapidly eliminated, and two of the three fast—growing
species survived in detectable numbers. We suggest that in
environments with intense protozoan predation, protozoa may alter the
composition of the bacterial community by eliminating slow—growing
bacteria.
PAGE 61
-------
Somerville, Charles C., and Rita R. Colweli. In press. Chitinolytic
Enzymes: Cloning, Characterization and Applications. In: Developments in
Industrial Microbiology. Society for Industrial Microbiology, Washington,
DC. 20p. (ERL,GB X561*).
Each year millions of pounds of chitin containing wastes are generated
by the seafood industry. The abundance of chitin, and its unique
chemical and physical properties have made it the subject of
considerable scientific interest. Several medical and industrial uses
for chitin, chitosan and N—acetylglucosaxnine are currently being
explored. The majority of available technologies use chitosan or
partially deacetylated chitin, due in part to the insolubility of
native chitin. Enzymes which degrade chitin have long been known to
exist in nature, and may prove important in producing utilizable
compounds from chitinous wastes. Recently molecular techniques have
been used to study chitinase determinants of members of the genus
Vibrio. A novel plasmid, which carries the chitinase operon of V.
vulnificus, was constructed by cloning partial digests of chromosomal
DN into the plasmid vector pBR322. Chitinase, chitobiase and a lacY
complementing transferase activities were expressed in Escherichia
coli. Potential applications for this and similar clones include their
use in the production of chitin byproducts, reclamation of shellfish
processing wastes, insect control systems, specific DNA probes for
similar genes, templates for directed mutagenesis studies of
structure/function relationships, and model systems for the study of
the evolution of environmentally important genes.
Spain, J.C., and C.C. Somerville. In press. Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by
Aquatic Microbial Communities. In: Proceedings: 2nd International Symposium
on Microbial—Enhanced Oil Recovery, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GP ,
August 16, 1984. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA . 23p. (ERL,GB
X485*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB85—191971.
This paper describes laboratory experiments that studied the fate of
jet fuel in several types of situations that could be encountered in
the field. Benzene, toluene, and p—xylene were the only components of
the fuel that dissolved in the water to significant concentrations.
All three compounds volatilized within 24 h and, thus, did not remain
in the water long enough for microbial degradation to affect their
fate. Inclusion of sediment (500 mg/i dry weight) did not retard the
disappearance of the fuel components, and rates of disappearance were
identical in controls sterilized with HgCl2.
Stahl, David. 1987. Use of rRNA Sequences to Characterize Natural Microbial
Populations. EPA/600/X—87/445, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 25p.
The report defines novel and innovative methods to identify and
monitor genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMS) in complex
environments. Procedures can be used to examine nucleic acids isolated
from the environment and to describe the composition of
microbiological communities.
PAGE 62
-------
Stahl, David A., Berdena Flesher, Howard R. Mansfield, and Larry
Montgomery. In press. Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes
for Studies of Rumen Microbial Ecology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 22p.
(ERL,GB X562*).
To address the long-standing need for more precise descriptions of
natural microbial ecosystems, the 16S ribosomal RNAs were used to
track certain species and phylogenetically coherent groups of
microorganisms in their natural setting without culturing. Species-
and group-specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide hydridization
probes were developed to enumerate various strains of Bacteroides
succinogenes and Lachnospira multiparus in the bovine rumen before,
during and following perturbation of that ecosystem by the addition of
the ionophore antibiotic monensin. Based on probe hybridization,
relative numbers of L. multiparus were depressed about two-fold during
monensin addition and demonstrated a transient five- to ten-fold
increase immediately following removal of the antibiotic from the
diet. The most pronounced population changes were observed among
different strains of B. succinogenes, as evaluated by three
hybridization probes.
Tagatz, M.E., R.S. Stanley, G.R. Plaia, and C.H. Deans. 1987. Responses
of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:21-25. (ERL,GB 569).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-213229.
Macrobenthic animal communities that colonized uncontaminated and
fenvalerate-contaminated sand (0.1, 1 and 10 ug/g dry weight, nominal)
in boxes placed for 8 weeks in an estuary were compared to assess
effects of fenvalerate on community structure. As much as 27% of
initial concentrations of this synthetic pyrethrin persisted in
sediment at the end of the test. The average number of species (35.6)
in communities in five replicates exposed to 10 ug/g was significantly
less than that in the control (47.8) and lower concentrations (45.0
and 46.2). Of the dominant phyla collected (Annelida, Mollusca,
Chordata, and Arthropoda), abundance of chordates only (primarily
lancelets, Branchiostoma caribaeum) was reduced by 10 ug
fenvalerate/g. Biological indices applied to the data showed the
greatest structural differences for communities exposed to the highest
concentration, but these did not differ substantially from those for
the control. Effective concentration for exposure via the sediment was
five orders of magnitude greater than that for waterborne exposure
determined in earlier benthic community studies.
PAGE 63
-------
Tagatz, Marlin E., and Roman S. Stanley. 1987. Sensitivity Comparisons of
Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to Toxicants in Single Species Acute Tests
and Community Tests. EPA/600/X-87/167, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 16p.
96-h LCBOs from single species acute toxicity tests were compared with
concentrations that affected abundance (P less than or equal to 0.05)
of the test species in benthic communities. These tests were used to
determine if species sensitivity differed when benthic animals were
tested singly or in a community. Nine species of five phyla were
acutely exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,
fenvalerate, or pentachlorophenol, chemicals whose toxicity had been
determined in benthic community tests. In most instances, the toxicity
of chemicals in acute tests was similar to that in community tests.
When species sensitivity differed, the differences in LCSOs and effect
concentrations in community tests were no more than one order of
magnitude. Range of LCBOs reported for taxa similar to the species
tested in community tests varied greatly but usually included values
in agreement with the effect concentration determined for the
community species. Because results are similar to those of community
tests, acute tests can have valid environmental application where the
experimental communities share many attributes with natural
communities.
Takacs, Richard L., Richard B. Forward, Jr., and William Kirby-Smith. In
press. Effects of the Herbicide Alachlor in Larval Development of the
Mud-Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould). Estuaries. 14p. (ERL,GB X590*).
The effects of the herbicide alachlor, in both technical grade and
commercial product form (Lasso), were tested for acute toxicity on
larvae of the estuarine crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii. The generalized
effect is a reduction in survival and a lengthening of developmental
time with an increase in concentration. The LC50 values were inversely
proportional to exposure time and ranged from 10 to 27 ppm. Lasso
was slightly more toxic than technical grade alachlor.
Trevors, J.T., T. Barkay, and A.W. Bourquin. In press. Gene Transfer
Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A Review. Can. J.
Microbiol. 27p. (ERL,GB 584*).
The exchange of genetic material between microorganisms in soil and
aquatic environments is considered in light of the potential of
foreign gene desamination from engineered organisms to indigenous
bacteria. Abundant indirect evidence suggests that natural isolates
can serve as donors and recipients of genetic material. Studies have
mostly documented such transfer of plasmid coded antibiotic and metal
resistances. However, the scarce information which is available
indicates that in situ gene transfer occurs at very low frequencies
due to biological and physical parameters of the soil and aquatic
environments.
PAGE 64
-------
Vogelbein, W.K., J.W. Fournie, and RN. Overstreet. 1987. Sequential
Development and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic
Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus. J. Fish Biol.
31(Suppl.A):145—153. (ERL,GB X546*).
Formation of hepatic melano—macrophage centres (MMC’S) in Rivulus
marmoratus was induced with the coccidian parasite Calyptospora
funduli. Experimental infections were produced by feeding infected
intestine and hepatopancreas from grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) to
individual parasite—free fish. Livers of fish samples 5—150 d
post—infection were examined histologically. Mild diffuse
inflammation, initiated during early merogony (5—8 d), consisted of
eosinophilic granulocytes and heterophils. Liberation of merozoites
(8—12 d) resulted in extensive hepatocyte degeneration which augmented
leukocyte exudation considerably. During gamogony (15—18 d),
mononuclear cells became a predominant component of the cellular
exudate. Focal lesions considered to be early MMC’s became apparent
during early sporogony (20—25 d). Pigment content increased
progressively; melanin, however, was never a major component. Oocysts
first elicited a granulomatous reponse between 40 and 50 d. This
suggests that MMC formation in this case is an inflammatory process in
which mononuclear cells recruited from peripheral circulation play a
dominant role. MMC development appears to be elicited by macrogamont
degeneration, whereas granuloma formation probably is a response to
oocysts.
Walker, W.W., C.R. Cripe, P.H. Pritchard, and A.W. Bourquin. In review.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro
Estuarine Water and Sediment/Water Systems. Chemosphere. 18p. (ERL,GB
641*).
First—order biotic degradation rate constants of 14 pesticides were
determined in estuarine water and sediment/water slurry systems. Test
systems used environmentally realistic concentrations of pesticides in
sterile and nonsterile samples of water and sediment taken directly
from the field. Thiobencarb, suiprofos, chlorothalonil,
diclofop—methyl, fenthion, oxyfluorfen, methoxychlor, phorate, and
trifluralin all showed significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01)
more degradation in the presence of nonsterile sediment than in the
presence of sterile sediment. Most of these nine pesticides
biodegraded significantly faster in flasks containing sediment than in
those with water alone. Endosulfan and PCNB, however biodegraded
faster in the absence of sediment. EPN and chlorpyrifos were degraded
primarily by abiotic processes. Methomyl did not significantly degrade
under any test conditions. Oxyfluorfen and chiorpyrifos were also slow
to degrade, with half—lives of generally over two weeks in nonsterile
sediment. Diclofop—methyl and phorate were the least persistent, with
half—lives of a few days or less.
PAGE 65
-------
Walsh, Gerald E. 1987. Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal
Toxicity Tests. EPA/600/X-87/460, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 17p.
A marine algal culture medium prepared from modified Aquil is
described. The medium supports rapid growth of algae with normal
morphology. Two marine diatom, Minutocellus polymorphus and
Skeletonema costatum, were maintained in stock culture in the medium,
and toxicity tests with 19 substances were performed. The tests
demonstrated that modified Aquil is a good medium for determination of
toxicity to algae. It is recommended that modified Aquil be used in
marine algal toxicity tests because its composition is known, it
supports rapid growth, and it is easy to prepare.
Walsh, Gerald E. In press. Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation of Its
Presence in the Gulf of Mexico. Fla. Sci. 6p. (ERL,GB 643*).
Comparison of the developmental stages of Bostrichobranchus digonas
Abbott and B. pilularis Verrill shows that the species are distinct.
Although B. pilularis has been reported from the Gulf of Mexico,
descriptions are similar to those of B. digonas. Published literature
and information presented here indicate that B. digonas is present in
shallow water between central and northwestern Florida.
PAGE 66
-------
Walsh, Gerald E. 1988. Methods for Toxicity Tests of Single Substances and
Liquid Complex Wastes with Marine Unicellular Algae. EPA/600/8-87/043, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 97p.
This manual describes methods for laboratory toxicity testing with
marine unicellular algae. It consists of six parts: Part I describes
principles of aquatic toxicity testing with algae. It describes algal
growth curves and factors that influence algal growth including light,
temperature, composition of culture medium, and pH. Methods for
maintenance of algal cultures, choice of species for testing,
estimation of population density, detection of living and dead cells,
expression of toxicant effect, and bioaccumulation are discussed. Part
II defines terms related to algal toxicity testing, describes
equipment needed for algal toxicity tests, and gives detailed methods
for preparation of algal growth medium and estimation of population
density by cell counts and spectroscopy. Part III describes the
rcommmended toxicity test with single substances. The test is
conducted for 48 h, at which time population densities of control and
treated cultures are measured and the median effect concentration and
growth rates are calculated. Part IV gives methods for estimating
effects of liquid complex wastes on growth of algae. Methods are
described for analysis of whole waste, its organic and inorganic'
fractions, anion, cation, base/neutral, and acid subtractions, and
particulate matter. Part V describes a method for estimation of
bioaccumulation of single substances by algae in culture. Part VI
gives a method for distinguishing living and dead algal cells. Each of
the above tests addresses a different aspect of hazard evaluation of
single substances or mixed waste with regard to inhibition or
stimulation of algal population growth, survival, and possible
introduction of toxic substances into food chains. When population
growth tests are combined with studies on bioaccumulation and
algicidal or algistatic properties of a toxicant, an overview of
important effects is obtained, and several relevant effects criteria
provide a base for regulation of single substances and mixtures of
substances.
Walsh, Gerald E. In press. Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine
Unicellular Algae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23p. (ERL,GB 606*).
Toxicity testing with unicellular algae requires application of the
principles of phycology and microbiology to culturing, handling, and
exposing the organisms. This brief review describes major aspects of
algal toxicity testing, including growth curves, factors that
influence population growth in culture (light, temperature, medium
composition, pH, and salinity), choice of test species, measurement of
population density, enumeration of living and dead cells, numerical
expression of toxic effects, and bioaccumulation.
PAGE 67
-------
Walsh, Gerald E., Patrice M. Bohannon, and Paul B. Wessinger-Duvall. In
press. Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue.
Can. J. Bot. 6p. (ERL,GB 644*).
Irradiation by microwaves allows for rapid killing and fixing of plant
tissue, with excellent cellular integrity for histological
examination. One or two exposures to microwaves for three seconds in
formalin/acetic acid/alcohol gave good preservation of nuclei,
chloroplasts, and other plant structures. The microwave method offers
a considerable saving of time over traditional methods for killing and
fixing plant tissue.
Walsh, Gerald E., Christine H. Deans, and Leslie L. McLaughlin. 1987.
Comparison of the ECBOs of Algal Toxicity Tests Calculated by Four Methods.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:767-770. (ERL,GB 588).
ECBOs (calculated concentrations that would inhibit growth by 50%) of
21 pesticides in unicellular algal toxicity tests were calculated by
straight-line graphical interpolation, moving average interpolation,
probit analysis and the binomial method. EC50s of 18 tin compounds
were calculated by graphical interpolation, moving average and probit
methods. A total of 187 tests was analyzed. Values of the EC50 were
essentially identical when calculated by each method, and it is
concluded that straight-line graphical interpolation, the simplest and
most rapid method, can be used to estimate relative toxic effect on
algal population growth.
Walsh, Gerald E., Leslie L. McLaughlin, Mark J. Yoder, Paul H. Moody,
Emile M. Lores, Jerrold Forester, and Paul B. Wessinger-Duvall. In press.
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests. J. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9p. (ERL,GB 627*).
The marine diatom, Minutocellus polymorphus, is suited for use as a
test species in algal toxicity tests. Its responses to 19 toxicants in
a modification of Aquil, a chemically defined phytoplankton culture
medium, compared favorably with those of Skeletonema costatum, a
common test species. The alga grows rapidly, allowing a test duration
of 48 h, thus minimizing complications due to toxicant degradation,
volatilization, and adsorption to test vessel walls. These and other
characteristics argue strongly for use of M. polymorphus as a standard
organism in algal toxicity tests.
PAGE 68
-------
Walsh, Gerald E., Mark J. Yoder, Leslie L. McLaughlin, and Emile M. Lores.
1987. Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds
in Six Growth Media. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 14(3):215-222. (ERL.GB
597).
Marine unicellular algae, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira
pseudonana, and Chlorella sp., were exposed to the industrial
brominated compounds, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP),
decabromobiphenyloxide (DBBO), hexabromocydododecane (HBCD),
pentabromomethylbenzene (PBMB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and the
herbicide, bromoxynil (BROM), in six algal growth media. Saturation
concentrations of DBBO (1 mg liter-1), PBMB (1 mg liter-1), and PBEB
(0.5 mg liter-1) reduced growth by less than 50%. EC50s of the other
compounds varied with growth medium, with high EC50/low EC50 ratios
between 1.3 and 9.9. Lowest ECSOs, 9.3 to 12.0 ug liter-1, were
obtained with S. costatum and HBCD. It is concluded that responses to
toxicants in different media are the results of interactions between
algae, growth medium, toxicant, and solvent carrier.
Wang, Yei-Shung, Eugene L. Madsen, and Martin Alexander. In press.
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 17p. (ERL,GB
X489*).
Monuron [ 3-( 4-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea] was mineralized when
added to sewage at a concentration of 10 ug/L but not a 10 mg/L.
Organic products were formed at both concentrations. Products with the
chromatographic characteristics of 4-chlorophenylurea and
4-chloroaniline were generated during the decomposition of the higher
herbicide concentration. Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,
1-dimethylurea] and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-
methoxy-1-methylurea] were mineralized when added to sewage at a
concentration of 500 ng/L but not at 2.0 mg/L. No evidence for
cometabolism of the higher levels of these two herbicides was
obtained, but significant amounts of an unknown product appeared at
the lower diuron levels. Chlorobenzilate (ethyl
4,4'-dichlorobenzilate) was cometabolized in water samples from Beebe
Lake and mineralized if the samples also contained freshwater
sediments. Mineralization did not occur if glucose and inorganic
nutrients were added to sediment-free lake water. Chlorobenzilate was
transformed to organic products but not to C02 by microorganisms in
water samples from three other lakes, but the pesticide was
mineralized in sediment-containing water from two of those lakes. The
results thus show that a pesticide may be cometabolized at one
concentration or in samples from one type of environment and
mineralized at a lower concentration or in samples from a different
type of environment.
Wilhour, Raymond G. In press. Introduction to National Crop Loss Assessment
Network. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY. 8p. (ERL,GB 639*).
This paper summarizes the concept of the National Crop Assessment
Network (NCLAN), organized to assess the effects of air pollutants.
03, S02, and N02, on agriculture. Research objectives and
contributions of the U.S. EPA and Department of Agriculture are
described. The program is viewed as a model in planning, management,
and integration of complex environmental research issues.
PAGE 69
-------
Winstead, James T., and John A. Couch. 1987. Development of Bivalve
Mollusc Models for Carcinogenesis Studies. EPA/600/X-87/331, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 25p.
Spontaneous neoplastic diseases have been reported in many aquatic
animals. Numerous studies suggest a correlation between neoplasia in
aquatic organisms and human pollution of estuaries with known
carcinogenic agents such as chemicals. Because aquatic species are
susceptable to neoplasia, researchers have begun to use them as models
in carcinogen assay test systems. To date, the most successful
carcinogenic assay systems developed with aquatic organisms use marine
and freshwater fish. The use of shellfish, especially bivalve
molluscs, as models in experimental carcinogenesis studies has been
limited. Bivalve molluscs have a history of spontaneous neoplasia, are
ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, and appear to be suitable test
animals for use in long-term exposures to known carcinogenic agents.
Recent experimental studies, exposing bivalves to carcinogenic agents,
show the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, soft-shell clam, Mya
arenaria, and freshwater mussel, Unio pictorum, capable of developing
hematopoietic neoplasia and tumors in vital organs such as kidney,
gills, digestive system and heart.
Winstead, James T., and John A. Couch. In press. Enhancement of Protozoan
Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American Oysters, Crassostrea
virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA).
Dis. Aquat. Org. 20p. (ERL,GB 645*).
Oysters, Crassotrea virginica, exposed to high concentrations (600
mg/1) of n-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) during winter months (Feb.- May)
showed significant enhancement of an epizootic apicomplexan parasite,
Perkinsus marinus. The parasite reproduced and caused atypical
pathosis in exposed oysters at water temperatures below its normal
range (20 degrees C). The reasons for this enhancement are not clear
but may reflect damage to the oysters' nonspecific cellular immune
system by the DENA.
Wolf, P.H., J.T. Winstead, and J.A. Couch. 1987. Proctoeces sp.
(Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea commercialis and
Crassostrea araasa. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. 106(4):379-380. (ERL,GB 605).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88-199385.
The occurrence of Protoeces sp., a cosmopolitan digenetic trematode,
is reported from two different species of Australian oysters. The low
prevalence of the helminth is attributed to the intertidal environment
inhabited by the Australian oysters.
PAGE 70
-------
Wolfe, D.A, M.A. Champ, D.A. Flemer, and A.J. Mearns. 1987. Long—Term
Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and Management of
Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems. Estuaries. lO(3):181—193. (ERL,GB
X580*).
Long—term records of biological data are extremely valuable for
documenting ecosystem changes, for differentiating natural changes
from those caused by humans, and for generating and analyzing testable
hypotheses. Long—term sampling, however, is generally discouraged by a
variety of institutional disincentives, so that today such records are
uncommon. We discuss approaches for overcoming these disincentives
through improved research planning and design, including clearer a
priori definition of management and regulatory actions and information
needs, more rigorous adherence to hypothesis formulation and testing,
and proper spatial and temporal scaling in sampling. We distinguish
between prospective study design, in which the foregoing elements are
essential for cost—effectiveness, and retrospective analysis, which
relies on reconstruction of long—term records from existing data sets.
We demonstrate the great value of retrospective analysis of
encountered data, and argue for renewed attention to archival of data
sets with documented data quality, intercalibration and documentation
of methodologies, and long—term storage of samples for future
analysis. Such practices are essential to ensure the quality of
long—term records that are reconstructed.
Zelibor, J.L., Jr., M. Tamplin, and R.R. Colwell. 1987. Method for
Measuring Bacterial Resistance to Metals Employing Epifluorescent Microscopy.
J. Microbiol. Methods. 7:143—155. (ERL,GB X578*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB88—219803.
Direct viable counting method has been developed which can be used to
measure resistance of bacteria to metal (DVcMR bioassay). Results
obtained using DVcMR were compared with classical cultural methods and
proven superior. The direct viable counting method was modified by
addition of Hepes buffer and heavy metals at increasing concentrations
and used as a bioassay to evaluate the metal resistance patterns for
pure cultures of bacteria. The percent resistance (%R) plotted against
metal concentration used in the bioassay proved to be a sensitive
measurement of the level of resistance of the strain. Regression
analysis was used to determine the concentration of metal resulting in
%R = 50, which permitted differentiation of resistance from
sensitivity to the metal. Evaluation of test strains resistant to
arsenic or manganese showed a parabolic curve, whereas sensitive
strains demonstrated a logarithmic curve fit. The DV MR bioassay
method to determine %R was approximately twice as sensitive for
detecting metal—resistant strains and 23 times for metal—sensitive
strains, compared with cultural methods. It is concluded that the
DV MR bioassay may be better suited for use in microbial
biogeochemistry, i.e., contamination monitoring and mineral
prospecting, than existing cultural methods.
PAGE 71
-------
Zyistra, Gerben J., Stephen M. Cuskey, and Ronald H. Olsen. In press.
Construction of Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research. In: Classical
and Molecular Methods to Assess Environmental Applications of Microorganisms.
N. Levin, R. Seidler, and P. Pritchard, editors, llp. (ERL,GB X602*).
Authors describe a series of selftransmissible and
nonselftransmissible (cloning vector) plasmids constructed to compare
results from different laboratory tests and plasmid systems. Plasmids
were designed to overcome problems of reproducibility, confusion due
to use of different genetic structures with a wide range of
capabilities, and background contamination when enumerating released
organisms or recipients in gene transfer determinations. Inclusion of
one or n re such plasmids may alleviate some ambiguity in analysis of
data from different environmental milieus.
PAGE 72
-------
KEY RD TITLE INDEX
PAGE 73
-------
PAGE 74
-------
KE )PD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
GE
E M
A
Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro Estuarine Water 65— 2
Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and Estuarin 55— 3
Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment /,Fate of Fenthion in Sa 14— 3
Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Benzoate—Dependent Induction 17— 2
Abundance of Fast— and Slow—Growing Bacteria /,Effect of Protozoan Preda 61— 2
AC1100 /,Cloning, Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes S 58— 1
Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes /,Pharmacokinetic Model for the 48— 2
Acetyl—B—D—Glucosaminide /,Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4 47— 1
Acid /,Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Axnines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16— 2
Acids from Agarose Gels /,Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery 51— 1
Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures 15— 3
Toxic Effects in Freshwater Organisms /,Experiences with Single—Sp 38— 2
“ Tests and Community Tests /,Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine B 64— 1
Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Variabi 52— 1
Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+ Stress 3— 1
of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Pollutant Stress 2— 4
Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan, and in 22— 2
Adsorption to Soils and Sediments /,DNA 50— 2
Descriptor in Exposure Concentrations Predictions: Studies wi 11— 2
Aerobic Degradation of Trichioroethylene /,Preliminary Development of a 46— 3
aeruginosa PAO1 via meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolis 16— 2
PAO recA Gene /,Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginos 33— 2
recA Analog and Its Protein Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant Alle 33— 2
rec—102 is a Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 33— 1
FAQ recA Gene /,Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomon 33— 1
Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Analog of Phage Lambda cI Prot 44— 1
in a Freshwater Environment /,Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and 49— 1
/,Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwa 58— 2
PAO Is Inducible by DNA—Damaging Agents /,Expression of the r 44— 2
PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning o 17— 1
Bacteriophages: Identification and Characterization of the No 32— 2
/,Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwa 59— 1
affinis, with Notes on Identification of Each Species /,Laboratory Cultu 41— 1
Cultured in the Laboratory /,Salinity Tolerance of Young Topsme 42— 3
Again at Risk Analysis /,Microbial Ecologist Looks Once 2— 1
Agar Media /,Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on 30— 2
Agarose Gels /,Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic 51— 1.
Alachlor in Larval Development of the Mud—Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii 64— 2
Algae /,Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine Unicellular 67— 2
to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six Growth Media /,Responses of 69— 1
Algal Toxicity Tests /,Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine 66— 1
Toxicity Tests /,Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for 68— 3
Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water /,Multiplication of 29— 1
Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characterization of the Pseu 33— 2
“ of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa FAQ recA Gene /,Characterization of 33— 1
Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Metabolism of Estuarine 38- 3
amasa /,Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Sacco 70— 3
American Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcino 70— 2
and Pacific Basin Experience and Knowledge of Carcinogens and M 13— 3
Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via meta Cleavage of Homoprotocate 16— 2
by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mu 17— 1
Axnphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment—Source Tox 10— 3
Anaerobes /,Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl 18— 2
Analog and Its Protein Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant Allele of the P. aer 33— 2
of Phage Lambda cI Protein /,Cloning and Characterization of the 44— 1
Anomalous Effects of Concentration on Biodegradation of Organic Chemical 1— 3
Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental Vibrio 5— 3
PAGE 75
-------
KEY RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
E M
A
Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella nigricans /,Goussia gir 32— 1
Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2÷ Stress /,Adaptation of 3— 1
Microbial Communities to Pollutant Stress /,Adaptation of 2— 4
Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake B 47— 2
Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future 51— 2
Microbial Communities /,Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by 62— 2
“ Animals in Field Studies /,Cage for Use with Small 25— 3
Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNA /,Capacity of 25— 1
U Organisms /,Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to 37— 4
Microbial Communities /,Metabolism of Fenthion by 56— 1
Species /,Multispecies System for the Preliminary Evaluation of 23— 2
ft Environment /,Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradabilit 15— 1
Ecosystems and Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals /,Toxic Effec 20— 2
Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via meta Cleavag 16— 2
Hydrocarbons /,Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation o 6— 2
Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: Pathway Descript 17— 1
Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus /,Metabolism of 6— 3
Compounds /,Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That 46— 2
Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal Toxicity Tests 66— 1
Aryl Substituent Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes /,Relationship 18— 2
Assay for Chemical Carcinogens /,Microinjection of Fish Embryos as a Lab 27— 1
Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxici 42- 1
Atherinops affinis, with Notes on Identification of Each Species /,Labor 41— 1
affinis, Cultured in the Laboratory /,Salinity Tolerance of Y 42— 3
Atherinopsis californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Note 41— 1
Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake Bay /,Aquatic Pollution Problems, N 47— 2
Coast of Florida /,Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea: M 15— 2
Australian Oysters, Saccostrea commercialis and Crassostrea amasa /,Proc 70— 3
B
886 /,Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage 32— 2
—D—Glucosaminide /,Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Methyl 47— 1
Bacillus /,Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect 54— 2
Bacteria and the Environment 2— 3
to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNA /,Capacity of Aquatic 25— 1
/,Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relative Abundance of Fast— 61— 2
Plasmid Association /,Evolution of a 5— 2
Introduced into Lake Water /,Factors Affecting the Survival and 59— 3
in Lake Water /,Multiplication of Alien and Indigenous 29— 1
in the Natural Environment /,Survival Strategies of 57— 2
with Emphasis on the Marine Environment /,Transient Phase Betwe 32— 3
Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of Alternative P 61— 1
Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable Count /,Metabolic Activity o 57— 1
Resistance to Metals çloying Epifluorescent Microscopy /,Met 71— 2
Populations in Lake Water /,Role of Sublethal Injury in the De 27— 2
Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Analog of Phage Lambda ci Protein /,Cloni 44— 1
Bacteriophages: Identification and Characterization of the Novel Virus B 32— 2
Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobact 44— 3
Baculoviruses of Invertebrates Other Than Insects /,Inclusion Body Virus 13— 2
bahia in Static Exposures /,Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Tox 15— 3
“ (Mysidacea: Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida /,Occurrence 15— 2
“ /,Optimization of Environmental Factors During the Life Cycle of M 39— 2
“ /,Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids 52— 1
Basin Experience and Knowledge of Carcinogens and Marine Species /,Revie 13— 3
Bass from the Hudson River. III. Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimi 48— 1
Bay /,Aquatic Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesap 47— 2
Ecosystem and Lessons Learned /,Characterizing the Chesapeake 21— 2
Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic Degradation of Trichloroethylen 46— 3
PAGE 76
-------
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
GE
EM
B
Benthic Communities /,Fieid Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test 19— 1
Animals Exposed to Toxicants in Single Species Acute Tests and C 64— 1
Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of th 17— 2
beryllina /,Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water 40— 2
Bibliography for Northwest Florida 1900—1985 /,Environinental 39— 3
Bioaccumulation of l,2,4—Trichlorobenzene from Food and Water Sources by 28— 2
Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects on Fundulus 60— 1
Biodegradability of Toxic Organic Substances in the Aquatic Environment 15— 1
Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals /,Anomalous Effects of Concentration 1— 3
of Sediment Associated Chemicals /,Assessing the 55— 1
by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical 69— 2
of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities 62— 2
in Microcosms /,Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Envirorunen 49— 2
Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAUl via meta Cleavage of Homo 16— 2
Aniines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: Pathway Description, Mapp 17— 1
Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro E 65— 2
Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and Management 71— 1
Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol in Labor 56— 3
Biology: The Role of Biotechnology /,Modern 59- 2
and Ecology /,Role of Pathobiology in Experimental Marine 13— 4
Biotechnology /,Modern Biology: The Role of 59— 2
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater a 55— 3
and Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment /,Fate of Fen 14— 3
Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson River. III. Tissue Disposition 48— 1
Body Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of Invertebrates Other Than Insects /,In 13— 2
Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes /,Tumors of 5— 1
Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation of Its Presence in the Gulf of M 66— 2
Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of 10— 3
Brominated Organic Compounds in Six Growth Media /,Responses of Marine U 69— 1
Butylphthalate /,Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the Self—Fe 18— 1
C
ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage D3: a Functional An 44— 1
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies 25— 3
Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field /,Comparison of 9— 2
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on Identifi 41— 1
Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNP 25— 1
Carcinogen N—nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) /,Enhancement of Protozoan Patho 70— 2
Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic Organisms 12— 2
Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fun 26— 2
/,Microinjection of Fish Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for C 27— 1
and Marine Species /,Review of North American and Pacific Ba 13— 3
Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode /,Squamous Cel 22— 1
Cardiovascular System /,Thmors of the 22— 3
caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Ch 10— 3
Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes /,Tumors of Bone, 5— 1
Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 vi 16— 2
“ of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO: Pa 17— 1
Catalyzed by Anaerobes /,Reiation hip Between Reductive Dehalogenation a 18— 2
Caulobacter crescentus /,Expression of Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas 7— 1
crescentus /,Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by 6— 3
Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode /,Squamou 22— 1
Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable Count /,Netabolic Activity of Bacteria 57— 1
in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for Endogenous Origin, Morphogenes 14— 2
Centres in Rivulus marmoratus /,Sequential Development and Morphology of 65— 1
cepacia ACllOO /,Cloning, Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal 58— 1
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Prote 33— 2
of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—102 is a 33— 1
PAGE 77
-------
KEY )RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
C
Characterization and Applications /,Chitinolytic Enzymes: Cloning, 62— 1
of the ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriop 44— 1
of the Novel Virus B86 /,Molecular Characterization of 32— 2
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages: Identificatio 32— 2
Characterize Natural Microbial Populations /,Use of rRN Sequences to 62— 3
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned 21— 2
Chemical Concentration and Environment /,Biodegradation by Mineralizatio 69— 2
Carcinogen N—nitrosodiethylamine (DENT ) /,Enhancement of Protoz 70— 2
Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine Pancreatic Neopla 26— 2
Carcinogens /,Microinjection of Fish Embryos as a Laboratory As 27— 1
Chemicals /,Anomalous Effects of Concentration on Biodegradation of Orga 1— 3
/,Assessing the Biodegradation of Sediment Associated 55— 1
to Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures /,Effect of Food Avail 15— 3
/,Toxic Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosys 20— 2
/,Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: 8— 1
to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Aniphioxus (Branchiost 10— 3
Chesapeake Bay /,Aquatic Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Inclu 47— 2
Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned /,Characterizing the 21— 2
Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Methylumbelliferyl—N—Acetyl—B—D—Glucosaini 47— 1
Chitinolytic Enzymes: Cloning, Characterization and Applications 62— 1
Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems /,Physical and Biological Parame 56— 3
Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia testudinuin and Its Epiphytes in the Nor 36— 3
cholerae /,Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viabi 5— 3
Chromatography in the Purification of 5S rRNT s Suitable for Sequence Ana 37— 1
Chromosomal Genes Specifying Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pse 58— 1
ci Protein /,Cloning and Characterization of the ci Repressor of Pseudom 44— 1
Classifying Insect Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus /,Workshop on Pro 54— 2
Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel 36— 2
Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Am 16— 2
Cloning, Characterization and Applications /,Chitinolytic Enzymes: 62— 1
and Characterization of the ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aerugino 44— 1
Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying 58— 1
of Essential Genes /,Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Anti 17— 1
Coast, Including Chesapeake Bay /,Aquatic Pollution Problems, North Atla 47— 2
of Florida /,Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea: Mysidae) o 15— 2
Coastal Marine Systems /,Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in R 71— 1
Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure Concentrations Pred ii— 2
coli in Lake Water /,Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of 29— 2
Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estuar 63— 2
comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp. nov. /,Transfer of Bacteroid 44— 3
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Eff 60— 1
Cometabolism Determined by Chemical Concentration and Environment /,Biod 69— 2
coninercialis and Crassostrea ainasa /,Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) 70— 3
Coninunities to Hg2÷ Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial 3— 1
to Pollutant Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial 2— 4
/,Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial 62— 2
/,Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems 19— 1
of the Gulf of Mexico: Ecotoxicological Assessment Technique 20— 1
/,Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial 56— 1
/,Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Drilling Fluids on Sea 45— 2
/,Use of Gene Probes in the Rapid Analysis of Natural Microb 50— 1
Coninunity on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Effect of Plasmid 58- 2
on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Potential for Tran 59— 1
Structure of Estuarine Sediments from Microcosms and the Field 21— 1
Tests /,Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals E 64— 1
Compared with Manm alian Lesions /,N—Nitrosodiethylamine—Induced Hepatoca 12- 1
Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Fe 4— 2
PAGE 78
-------
KEY JRD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
C
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged E 9— 2
of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic Acids from Aga 51— 1
and Implementation /,Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participa 19— 2
of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine Sediments from 21— 1
Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to Toxicants in Single 64— 1
Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,M 42— 1
Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a 49— 1
Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic H 6— 2
Construction of Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research 72— 1
Contaminant Impact in Estuarine Ecosystems /,Design of Field Studies to 8— 2
Effects /,Field Studies in Estuarine Ecosystems: Assessing 9— 1
Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Coloni 63— 2
Content of Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf o 36— 3
Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms /,Inter—Taxa 37— 4
Count /,Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cells Enumerated by Direct Viabl 57— 1
Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) /,Effects of the Herbicide Alachlo 64— 2
Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen N—nitrosodjeth 70— 2
amasa /,Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oy 70— 3
crescentus /,Expression of Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Ca 7— 1
/,Metaboljsm of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter 6— 3
Crop Loss Assessment Network /,Introductjon to National 69— 3
of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in 36— 3
Crustacean /,Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity 4— 2
/,Influence of an Insect Growth Regulator on Larval Developme 39— 1
Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant Stress /,Alteratjons in Growth, R 38— 3
Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal Toxicity Tests /,Artjficial 66— 1
of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, 41— 1
on Agar Media /,Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by 30— 2
Cultured in the Laboratory /,Salinity Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Ather 42— 3
Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stages of Atheri 42— 1
Cycle of Mysidopsis bahia /,Optimization of Environmental Factors During 39— 2
Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared with Maxnm 12— 1
D
Damaging Agents /,Expression of the recA Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44— 2
Data Comparison and Implementation /,Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Part 19— 2
“ Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and Management of Estuari 71— 1
Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake Water /,Role of Sublethal Injur 27— 2
Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro Estuarine Water and Sedi 65— 2
Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and Estuarine Water 55— 3
of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 /,Clo 58— 1
of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons /,Constructing Microbia 6— 2
Rates in Water and Sediment /,Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh 14— 3
of Trichloroethylene /,Preliminary Development of a Bench—Sc 46— 3
Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter crescentus /,Expr 7— 1
Degrade Aromatic Compounds /,Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorgani 46— 2
Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent Removal Reactions Catalyzed by 18— 2
DEN ) /,Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections 70— 2
Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of the VIOL Pla 17— 2
Derived Jet Fuel /,Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale— 56— 2
Design of Field Studies to Assess Contaminant Impact in Estuarine Ecosys 8— 2
Detectable by Culture on Agar Media /,Viable Legionella pneuntophila Not 30— 2
Detecting Recombinant DNT in the Environment /,Methods for 31— 1
Detection of Specific Genomes in the Environment /,Gene Probes as a Tool 3— 3
Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems /,Physic 56— 3
Determined by Chemical Concentration and Environment /,Biodegradatjon by 69— 2
Development of a Selective Plating Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration 24— 3
of the Mud—Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) /,Effects o 64— 2
PAGE 79
-------
KE M)RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
D
Development of a Marine Crustacean /,Influence of an Insect Growth Regul 39— 1
of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic Degradation of 46— 3
and Preliminary Toxicity Test Results /,Produced (Formation) 45— 1
and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic Melano—Macr 65— 1
Developmental Responses in the Self—Fertilizing Fish, Rivulus marmoratus 18— 1
Di—n—Butylphthalate /,Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the Se 18— 1
Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity Tests /,Minutocellus polymorphus, a New 68— 3
Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea commercialis and Crassostrea 70— 3
digonas: Confirmation of Its Presence in the Gulf of Mexico /,Bostrichob 66— 2
Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water’ and Naphthalene on Embryos of the Inland 40- 2
Discharges on Seagrasses /,Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of 31— 2
Disposition and Routes for Elimination /,Dynamics of Polychlorinated Bip 48— 1
Distribution of Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment 3— 2
of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRN1 s and Sign 37— 3
DN /,Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid 25— 1
Adsorption to Soils and Sediments 50— 2
Damaging Agents /,Expression of the recA Gene of Pseudomonas aerugin 44— 2
from Sediments /,Extraction and Purification of Microbial 50— 3
Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations /,Mechanisms of 54— 1
“ in the Environment /,Methods for Detecting Recombinant 31— 1
and Its Effects on Fitness /,Stability of Recombinant 35— 1
Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on Transduction i 58— 2
Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on Transduction in 59— 1
Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and Implem 19— 2
Fluid Discharges on Seagrasses /,Ecosystem Perspective on Poten 31— 2
Fluids on Seagrass Communities /,Microcosm Studies on the Effec 45— 2
Fluids /,Toxicity of Sediment—Incorporated 10— 2
Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Variability of the Acute 52— 1
Dynamics of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson Ri 48— 1
E
Ecologist Looks Once Again at Risk Analysis /,Microbial 2— 1
Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: Osmerida 41— 2
/,Role of Pathobiology in Experimental Marine Biology and 13— 4
“ /,Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies 63— 1
Ecosystem and Lessons Learned /,Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay 21— 2
Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges 31— 2
Ecosystems /,Design of Field Studies to Assess Contaminant Impact in Est 8— 2
Assessing Contaminant Effects /,Field Studies in Estuarine 9— 1
and Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals /,Toxic Effects on In 20— 2
Ecotoxicological Assessment Techniques /,Impact of Pollutants on Plant a 20— 1
Ecotoxicology /,Inferring Population—Level Significance from Individual— 4— 1
Ectothermic Organisms /,Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of 12— 2
Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella nigricans /,Goussia girellae n. sp. 32— 1
Elimination /,Dynamics of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Striped Bass from 48— 1
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: 0 41— 2
Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Topsmel 41— 1
Embryos: Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to N—M 26— 2
as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical Carcinogens /,Microinjection 27— 1
of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina /,Teratological Effec 40— 2
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Respon 1— 1
Emphasis on the Marine Environment /,Transient Phase Between Growth and 32— 3
Employing Epifluorescent Microscopy /,Method for Measuring Bacterial Res 71— 2
Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and Estuarine Systems /,Effects of a Fu 23— 1
Systems for Testing Microbial Pest Control Agents 13— 1
Energy Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant St 38— 3
Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads /,Development of a Selective Plating 24— 3
Microorganisms /,Fitness and the Fate of Genetically 34— 3
PAGE 80
-------
KEY JRD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
E
Engineered Genetic Sequences /,Potential for Transfer and Establishment 43— 1
Microorganisms into the Environment /,Release of Genetically 11— 1
Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in Mier 70— 2
Enumerated by Direct Viable Count /,Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cell 57— 1
Enumeration of Injured, Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads 24— 3
of Viable Environmental Vibrio cholerae /,Fluorescent Antibo 5— 3
Environment /,Bacteria and the 2- 3
/,Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determine 69— 2
/,Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FF5 Between Pseudomonas ae 49— 1
/,Distribution of Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the 3— 2
/,Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine 1— 2
/,Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genome 3— 3
/,Methods for Detecting Recombinant DNh in the 31— 1
/,Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean 26— 1
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbi 59— 1
/,Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms into the 11— 1
“ /,Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Tox 15— 1
/,Survival Strategies of Bacteria in the Natural 57— 2
/,Tracking Microorganisms and Genes in the 2— 2
/,Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotrop 32— 3
Environmental Bibliography for Northwest Florida 1900—1985 39— 3
Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel 56— 2
Vibrio cholerae /,Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for 5— 3
Factors During the Life Cycle of Mysidopsis bahia /,Optimi 39— 2
Environments: II. Transport and Biodegradation in Microcosms /,Fate of F 49— 2
1. Factors Affecting Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates 14— 3
Enzymes: Cloning, Characterization and Applications /,Chitinolytic 62— 1
Epifluorescent Microscopy /,Method for Measuring Bacterial Resistance to 71— 2
Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico /,Seasonal Changes in the Stand 36— 3
Escherichia coli in Lake Water /,Factors Involved in Multiplication and 29— 2
Essential Genes /,Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseu 17— 1
Estuaries: The Relationship of Scale to Variability /,Field Sampling in 36— 1
Estuarine Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant Stress /,Alterations in 38— 3
Water and Sediment/Water Systems /,Biological and Abiotic Degr 65— 2
Water and Sediment Samples /,BiotiC and Abiotic Degradation Ba 55— 3
Crustacean /,Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory 4— 2
Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field /,Comparison of Labor 9- 2
Ecosystems /,Design of Field Studies to Assess Contaminant Imp 8— 2
Systems /,Effects of a Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multis 23— 1
Ecosystems: Assessing Contaminant Effects /,Field Studies in 9— 1
Benthic Communities /,Field Validation of Multi—Species Labora 19— 1
and Coastal Marine Systems /,Long—Term Biological Data Sets: T 71— 1
Microbial Populations /,Mechanisms of DNT Utilization by 54— 1
Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Relat 12— 1
and Marine Organisms /,Overview of Safety of Microbial Insecti 14— 1
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field /,Quantitative Compari 21— 1
Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate 63— 2
Benthic Animals Expo ed to Toxicants in Single Species Acute T 64— 1
Eubacterial 5S rRN1 s and Significance for Sequence Analysis /,Distributi 37— 3
European Flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) /,Exocrine Pancreatic A 22— 2
Evolution of a Bacteria/PlaSmid Association 5— 2
Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Purification of 5 37— 1
Exemplary Evidence for Endogenous Origin, Morphogeriesis, and Role /,Over 14— 2
Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valencie 22— 2
Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to N—Methyl—N’— 26— 2
Pancreas /,Tumors of the 24— 2
Experience and Knowledge of Carcinogens and Marine Species /,Review of N 13— 3
PAGE 81
-------
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
E M
E
Experiences with Single—Species Tests for Acute Toxic Effects in Freshwa 38— 2
Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying Degradation of the Herbicide 58— 1
of Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter cre 7— 1
of the rec1 Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible b 44— 2
Extraction and Purification of Microbial DNA from Sediments 50— 3
Extrapolation from Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology /,Inferring Popula 4— 1
F
Fast— and Slow—Growing Bacteria /,Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relat 61— 2
Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel /,Environmental 56— 2
of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: ii. Transport and Biodegrad 49— 2
of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic 14— 3
of Pollutants 55— 2
of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms /,Fitness and the 34— 3
of p—Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems /,Physical and Biologi 56— 3
Fenthion in the Field /,Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results w 9— 2
in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and Biodegradation in 49— 2
in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and Abi 14— 3
by Aquatic Microbial Communities /,Metabolism of 56— 1
Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean /,Comparison and Evaluation of Fi 4— 2
/,Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Con 63— 2
Fertilizing Fish, Rivulus marmoratus, Induced by the Plasticizer, Di—n—B 18— 1
Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobac 44— 3
succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp. nov. 44- 3
intestinalis sp. nov. /,Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes 44— 3
Field Studies /,Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in 25— 3
and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Cru 4- 2
/,Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of 9— 2
Studies to Assess Contaminant Impact in Estuarine Ecosystems /,Des 8— 2
Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship of Scale to Variability 36— 1
Studies in Estuarine Ecosystems: Assessing Contaminant Effects 9— 1
Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine 19— 1
/,Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estu 21— 1
Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersio 1— 1
Model as an Indicator for Teratogenic Substances 41— 3
Embryos: Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed t 26- 2
Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical Carcinogens /,Microinjec 27— 1
Rivulus marmoratus, Induced by the Plasticizer, Di—n—Butylphthalat 18— 1
Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology /,Inferring Population—Level Signific 4— 1
Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests w 42— 1
“ /,Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine 48— 2
A Literature Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemic 8— 1
/,Thmors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in 5— 1
Fitness and Gene Stability 34— 2
“ and the Fate of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 34— 3
/,Stability of Recombinant DNA and Its Effects on 35— 1
Fixing of Plant Tissue /,Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and 68— 1
Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic Substance 15— 1
flesus (Linnaeus) /,Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse 22— 2
Florida 1900—1985 /,Environmental Bibliography for Northwest 39— 3
/,Occurrence of Nysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea: Mysidae) on the Atl 15— 2
Flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) /,Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas i 22— 2
Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation 19— 2
Discharges on Seagrasses /,Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impa 31— 2
Fluids on Seagrass Communities /,Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Dri 45— 2
/,Toxicity of Sediment—Incorporated Drilling 10— 2
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Variability of the Acute Toxicity 52— 1
Fluorescent Pseudomonads /,Development of a Selective Plating Protocol f 24— 3
PAGE 82
-------
KEY ’X)RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
E M
F
Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environme 5— 3
Food and Water Sources by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) /,Bioaccumulation 28— 2
Availability on the Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to Mysidopsis 15— 3
Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /, 1— 1
FPS Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Freshwater Environment /,Conjuga 49— 1
Freshwater and Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples /,Biotic and Abiotic 55— 3
Environment /,Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pse 49— 1
Community on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Effect 58— 2
and Estuarine Systems /,Effects of a Fungal Mycoherbicide in 23— 1
Organisms /,Experiences with Single—Species Tests for Acute T 38— 2
Environment: Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natu 59— 1
Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities /,Biodegradation of Jet 62— 2
“ /,Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet 56— 2
Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish /,Combined Use of Biochemical Indic 60— 1
grandis Exposed to N—Methyl—N’—Nitro—N—Nitrosoguanidine /,Micro 26- 2
Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and Estuarine S 23— 1
Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment 1- 2
Future /,Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the 51— 2
G
Gas Production: Test Method Development and Preliminary Toxicity Test Re 45— 1
Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica 36— 2
Gels /,Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic Acids f 51— 1
gen. nov. as Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestin 44— 3
Gene /,Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and It 33— 2
“ /,Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—1 33— 1
“ of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible by DNP —Damaging Agents / 44— 2
Stability /,Fitness and 34— 2
Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the Envir 3— 3
Probes in the Rapid Analysis of Natural Microbial Communities /,Use 50— 1
Genes /,Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Regi 17- 2
Specifying Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cep 58— 1
of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter crescentus /,Expression of De 7— 1
/,Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas ae 17— 1
in the Environment /,Tracking Microorganisms and 2— 2
Genetic Sequences /,Potential for Transfer and Establishment of Engineer 43- 1
Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads /,Development of a Selec 24— 3
Engineered Microorganisms /,Fitness and the Fate of 34— 3
Engineered Microorganisms into the Environment /,Release of 11— 1
Genomes in the Environment /,Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of 3- 3
Girella nigricans /,Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) i 32— 1
girellae n. sp. (z picomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella nigric 32— 1
Glucosaminide /,Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Methylumbe 47— 1
Goode /,Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronu 22— 1
Gould) /,Effects of the Herbicide Alachlor in Larval Development of the 64— 2
Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girell 32— 1
Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRN1 s and Significance for Sequence Analysi 37— 3
grandis, the Gulf Killifish /,Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to 60— 1
Exposed to N_Methyl—N’—NitrO--N—NitroSOgUaflidifle /,Microinjection 26— 2
Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum 10— 3
Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Fl 22— 2
Growing Bacteria /,Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relative Abundance o 61— 2
Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans As 38— 3
“ on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of Alternative Prey /,Effe 61— 1
of Bacteria Introduced into Lake Water /,Factors Affecting the Su 59— 3
Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine Crustacean /,Influenc 39— 1
Media /,Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organ 69— 1
and Nongtowth of HeterotrOpic Bacteria with Emphasis on the Mann 32— 3
PAGE 83
-------
KE )RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
G
Gulf of Mexico /,Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation of Its Presence 66— 2
Killifish /,Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublet 60— 1
of Mexico: Ecotoxicological Assessment Techniques /,Impact of Pollu 20— 1
“ of Mexico /,Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Co 36— 3
Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode /,Squainous Cell Carcinoma in th 22— 1
Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters /,Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Med 28— 1
H
Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons /,Constructing Microbial Strains for D 6— 2
harrisii (Gould) /,Effects of the Herbicide Alachior in Larval Developme 64— 2
Hepatic Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus /,Sequential Dev 65— 1
Hepatocarcinogenesis in Estuarine Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegat 12— 1
Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 /,Cloning, Physical Mapp 58— 1
Alachlor in Larval Development of the Mud—Crab Rhithropanopeus 64— 2
Heterotropic Bacteria with Emphasis on the Marine Environment /,Transien 32— 3
Hg2+ Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to 3— 1
Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseu 16— 2
HPLC /,Purification of tRNt , 5S rRNA and 16S rRN1 by 37— 2
Hudson River. III. Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimination /,Dynain 48— 1
Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. 44— 3
Hybridization Probes for Studies of Rumen Microbial Ecology /,Use of Phy 63— 1
Hydrocarbons /,Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of Halogen 6— 2
in the Marine Environment /,Fungi and 1— 2
Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmorat 1— 1
Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) /,Embryo Ecology of the Pacific 41— 2
I
Identification of Each Species /,Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Lar 41— 1
and Characterization of the Novel Virus B86 /,Molecular C 32— 2
Impact in Estuarine Ecosystems /,Design of Field Studies to Assess Conta 8— 2
of Pollutants on Plant and Animal Communities of the Gulf of Mexi 20— 1
Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on Seagrasses /,Ecosystem Perspecti 31— 2
Implementation /,Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comp 19— 2
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides 36— 2
Inclusion Body Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of Invertebrates Other Than In 13— 2
Incorporated Drilling Fluids /,Toxicity of Sediment— 10— 2
Indicator for Teratogenic Substances /,Fish Model as an 41— 3
Indicators of Pollutant Stress /,Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, an 38— 3
to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects on Fundulus grandis, th 60— 1
of Exposure to Chemicals /,Toxic Effects on Individuals, Popu 20— 2
Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water /,Multiplication of Alien and 29— 1
Individual—Level Effects: An Extrapolation from Fisheries Science to Eco 4— 1
Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and Indicators of Exposu 20— 2
Infections in American Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Ch 70— 2
Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontar 23- 2
Inferring Population—Level Significance from Individual—Level Effects: A 4— 1
Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Ainines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 17— 1
Injured, Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads /,Development o 24— 3
Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake Water /,Role of 5 27— 2
Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina /,Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dini 40— 2
Insect Growth Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine Crustacean /,I 39— 1
ft Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus /,Workshop on Procedures for 54— 2
Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine Organisms /,Overview of Safety of M 14— 1
Insects /,Inclusion Body Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of Invertebrates 0th 13— 2
Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 37— 4
intestinalis sp. nov. /,Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) t 44— 3
Introduced into Lake Water /,Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth o 59— 3
Introduction to National Crop Loss Assessment Network 69- 3
Invertebrates Other Than Insects /,Inclusion Body Viruses. II. Baculovir 13— 2
PAGE 84
-------
KEY JRD TITLE INDEX
P I
A T
GE
E M
I
Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature Review and Test Results with Sedi 8— 1
Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the Purification 37— 1
Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue /,Microwave 68— 1
J
Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis 41— 1
Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Tenuttinck & Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecil 28— 1
Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Corrununities /,Biodegradation of 62— 2
“ Fuel /,Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived 56— 2
Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) /,Ex 22— 2
K
Kepone and Methyl Parathion /,Validity of Partition Coefficient as the A 11— 2
Killifish /,Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal P 60— 1
Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue /,Microwave Irradiation for Rapid 68— 1
Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0 17— 2
L
Lake Water /,Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Intro 59— 3
“ Water /,Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escheric 29— 2
“ Water /,Multiplication of Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in 29— 1
“ Water /,Role of Sublethal Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Popula 27— 2
Lambda ci Protein /,Cloning and Characterization of the ci Repressor of 44— 1
Larval Development of the Mud—Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) /,Ef 64— 2
Development of a Marine Crustacean /,Influence of an Insect Growt 39— 1
Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops 41— 1
latipes (Temininck & Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters /,Rh 28— 1
Learned /,Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons 21— 2
Leiostomus xanthurus) /,Bioaccumulation of l,2,4—Trichlorobenzene from F 28— 2
Lesions Compared with Mammalian Lesions /,N—Nitrosodiethylaxnine—Induced 12— 1
/,N—Nitrosodiethylamine—Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Estuarin 12— 1
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Co 42— 1
Cycle of Mysidopsis bahia /,Optimization of Environmental Factors D 39— 2
Linnaeus) /,Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxost 22— 2
Liquid Chromatography in the Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Seque 37— 1
Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and 71— 1
Look at the Future /,Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a 51— 2
Looks Once Again at Risk Analysis /,Microbial Ecologist 2— 1
Loss Assessment Network /,Introduction to National Crop 69— 3
M
Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Response 63— 2
Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus /,Sequential Development and Mo 65— 1
Mammalian Lesions /,N—Nitrosodiethylaniine—Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis i 12— 1
Management of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems /,Long—Term Biologica 71— 1
Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen 5 1— 1
Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying Degradation of th 58— 1
of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential Genes /,Initial Catabolis 17— 1
Marine Algal Toxicity Tests /,Artificial Culture Medium for Use in 66— 1
“ Environment /,Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the 1— 2
“ Crustacean /,Influence of an Insect Growth Regulator on Larval De 39— 1
Systems /,Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, 71— 1
Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity Tests /,Minutocellus polymorphus 68— 3
organisms /,Overview of Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estua 14— 1
“ Fishes /,Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in 48— 2
Unicellular Algae /,Principles of Toxicity Testing with 67— 2
Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six Growth M 69— 1
Species /,Review of North American and Pacific Basin Experience a 13— 3
Biology and Ecology /,Role of Pathobiology in Experimental 13— 4
“ Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature Review and Test Results wi 8— 1
“ Environment /,Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Het 32— 3
PAGE 85
-------
KEY RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
E M
M
marinus) Infections in American Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed 70— 2
marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Nang 1— 1
Induced by the Plasticizer, Di—n—Butylphthaj.ate /,Reproducti 18— 1
/,Sequentia]. Development and Morphology of Experimentally Ind 65— 1
Marsh Environments: ii. Transport and Biodegradation in Microcosms /,Fat 49— 2
Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and Abiotic Degradation 14— 3
Mechanisms of DN Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations 54— 1
Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticu 28— 1
Media /,Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Comp 69— 1
/,Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar 30— 2
Medium for Use in Marine Algal Toxicity Tests /,Artificia]. Culture 66— 1
Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus /,Sequential Development 65— 1
Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode /,Squanious Cell Carcinoma in the Gul 22— 1
Menidia beryllina /,Teratological Effects of 2 1 4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produc 40— 2
meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolism of Aromatic Biogen 16— 2
Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable Count 57— 1
Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant Stress /, 38— 3
of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus 6— 3
of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities 56— 1
by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic Compounds /,Trichloro 46— 2
Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment /,Distribution of 3— 2
Metals Employing Epifluorescent Microscopy /,Method for Measuring Bacter 71— 2
Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples 55— 3
N’—Nitro --N_Nitrosoguanjdj.n /,Microinjection of Chemical Carcinog 26— 2
Parathion /,Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption D 11— 2
/,Rapid Test for Chitinase 47— 1
Mexico /,Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation of Its Presence in the 66— 2
Ecotoxicological Assessment Techniques /,Impact of Pollutants on 20— 1
/,Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of 36— 3
Microbial Communities to Hg2+ Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic 3— 1
Communities to Pollutant Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic 2— 4
Communities /,Biodegradatjon of Jet Fuel by Aquatic 62— 2
Strains for Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons / 6— 2
Pest Control Agents /,Enclosed Systems for Testing 13— 1
DN from Sediments /,Extraction and Purification of 50— 3
Populations /,Mechanisms of DN Utilization by Estuarine 54— 1
Communities /,Netabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic 56— 1
Ecologist Looks Once Again at Risk Analysis 2— 1
Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic Species /,Nultispecie 23— 2
Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine Organisms /,Overview of S 14— 1
Community on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Potentia 59— 1
Community Structure of Estuarine Sediments from Microcosms and 21— 1
Communities /,Use of Gene Probes in the Rapid Analysis of Natu 50— 1
Ecology /,Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes f 63— 1
Populations /,Use of rRNA Sequences to Characterize Natural 62— 3
Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Drilling Fluids on Seagrass Communit 45— 2
Microcosms /Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: ii. Transport 49— 2
“ and the Field /,Quantitatjve Comparison of Microbial Communit 21— 1
Microinjectjon of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine 26— 2
of Fish Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical Carcin 27— 1
Microorganisms in the Environment /,Distribution of Metal—Resistant 3— 2
/,Fitness and the Fate of Genetically Engineered 34_ 3
into the Environment /,Release of Genetically Engineered 11— 1
and Genes in the Environment /,Tracking 2— 2
That Degrade Aromatic Compounds /,Trichloroethy lene Metab 46— 2
Microscopy /,Method for Measuring Bacterial Resistance to Metals Employi 71— 2
Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue 68— 1
PAGE 86
-------
KE? )RD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
G E
E N
M
Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical Concentration and 69— 2
Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared w 12— 1
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity 68— 3
Mobility in the Ocean Environment /,Plasmid 26— 1
Model as an Indicator for Teratogenic Substances /,Fish 41— 3
for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes /,Pharmacokirietic 48— 2
Modern Biology: The Role of Biotechnology 59— 2
Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages: Ide 32— 2
Morphogenesis, and Role /,Overview and Discussion of Rodlet Cells in Tel 14— 2
Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic Melano—Macrophage Centres i 65— 1
Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthy 22— 2
Mud—Crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) /,Effects of the Herbicide Ala 64— 2
Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communities 19— 1
Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia coli in Lake Water /,Factors 29— 2
of Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water 29— 1
MultispecieS Freshwater and Estuarine Systems /,Effects of a Fungal Myco 23— 1
System for the Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and Pa 23— 2
Mutant Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characterization of t 33— 2
Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characteriza 33— 1
Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—l02 is a Mutant Allele of the Pse 33— 1
Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial SS rBNhs and Significance for Seq 37— 3
and Cloning of Essential Genes /,Initial Catabolism of Aromat 17— 1
Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and Estuarine Systems 23— 1
Mysidacea: Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida /,Occurrence of Mys 15— 2
Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida /,Occurrence of Mysidopsis bah 15— 2
Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures /,Effect of Food Availability on th 15— 3
bahia (Mysidacea: Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida / 15— 2
bahia /,Optimization of Environmental Factors During the Life 39— 2
bahia) /,Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids 52— 1
Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drillin 52— 1
N
N—nitrosodiethylamifle (DEN ) /,Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkin 70— 2
• sp. (I picomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the opaleye Girella nigricans /,Gou 32— 1
—Nitrosoguanidine /,Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small F 26— 2
_Methyl —N’—Nitro—N—NitrOSOguaflidifle /,Microinjection of Chemical Carcin 26— 2
‘—Nitro—N—NitrOSoguanidifle /,Microinjectiofl of Chemical Carcinogens mt 26— 2
—Nitrosodiethylarnifle—Induced HepatocarcinogefleSis in Estuarine Sheepshe - 12— 1
—Acetyl—B—D--GlUcosaIfliflide /,Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 47— 1
—Butylphthalate /,Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the Self— 18— 1
Naphthalene on Embryos of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina /,Tera 40— 2
Negative Eubacterial 5S rRN s and Significance for Sequence Analysis /,D 37— 3
Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to N—Methyl—N’—NitrO—N—NitrosOguani 26— 2
Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared with Mammalian Lesions /,N—Nitros 12— 1
Network /,IntroductiOfl to National Crop Loss Assessment 69— 3
nigricans /,Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Op 32— 1
Nitro—N—Nitrosoguanidifle /,MicroifljectiOfl of Chemical Carcinogens into S 26— 2
nitrosodiethylainine (DEN ) /,Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkinsu 70— 2
Induced HepatocarciflogeflesiS in Estuarine Sheepshead 12— 1
Nitrosoguanidifle /,MicroifljectiOfl of Chemical Carcinogens into Small FiS 26— 2
Nongrowth of HeterotropiC Bacteria with Emphasis on the Marine Environme 32— 3
Nontarget Aquatic Species /,MultispecieS System for the Preliminary Eval 23— 2
Novel Virus B86 /,Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa B 32— 2
Nucleic Acids from Agarose Gels /,Comparison of Several Methods for the 51— 1
0
Ocean Environment /,Plasmid Mobility in the 26— 1
Oil and Gas Production: Test Method Development and Preliminary Toxicity 45— 1
Once Again at Risk Analysis /,Microbial Ecologist Looks 2— 1
PAGE 87
-------
KEY X)RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
E M
0
0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of the ‘IOL Plasmid (p ) in the Absence of 17— 2
Opaleye Girella nigricans /,Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeri 32— 1
Operator—Promoter Region of the ‘IOL Plasmid (pW )) in the Absence of Kno 17— 2
Optimization of Environmental Factors During the Life Cycle of Mysidopsi 39— 2
Organic Chemicals /,Anomalous Effects of Concentration on Biodegradation 1— 3
Compounds in Six Growth Media /,Responses of Marine Unicellular 69— 1
Substances in the Aquatic Environment /,Shake—Flask Test for Est 15— 1
Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Paiaemonetes pugio) and Ainphioxus (Br 10— 3
Organisms /,Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic 12— 2
/,Experiences with Single—Species Tests for Acute Toxic Effect 38— 2
/,Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic 37— 4
/,Overview of Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estuarine an 14— 1
Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for 36— 2
Origin, Morphogenesis, and Role /,Overview and Discussion of Rodlet Cell 14— 2
Oryzias latipes (Teimninck & Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Pet 28— 1
Osmeridae) /,Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretios 41— 2
Overview and Discussion of Rodlet Cells in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence 14— 2
of Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine Org 14— 1
Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen N—nit 70— 2
Saccostrea conunercialis and Crassostrea amasa /,Proctoeces sp. 70— 3
P
P. aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characterization of the Pseudomonas aerugi 33— 2
—Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems /,Physical and Biological Para 56— 3
Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) /,Embryo Eco 41— 2
Basin Experience and Knowledge of Carcinogens and Marine Species 13— 3
Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne 10— 3
Pancreas /,Tuniors of the Exocrine 24— 2
Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jor 22— 2
Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to N—Methyl- -N’—Nitro—N—N 26— 2
PAO1 via meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolism of Aromat 16— 2
recA Gene /,Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Anal 33— 2
recA Gene /,Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aerugino 33— 1
Is Inducible by tEA—Damaging Agents /,Expression of the recA Gene of 44— 2
Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential 17— 1
Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenoi in Laboratory Test 56— 3
Parathion in Freshwater and Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples /,Bioti 55— 3
/,Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descript 11— 2
Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation /,Drilling Fluid Test 19— 2
Pathobiology in Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology /,Role of 13— 4
Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American Oysters, Crassostrea 70— 2
Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic Spec 23— 2
Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential Gene 17— 1
patronus Goode /,Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoorti 22— 1
PCBs in Marine Fishes /,Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of 48— 2
Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American Oysters, Crassostrea virginica 70— 2
Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on Seagras 31— 2
Pest Control Agents /,Enclosed Systems for Testing Microbial 13— 1
Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic Species /,Multispecies System f 23— 2
Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous 36— 2
Peters /,Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Ten-imi 28— 1
Phage Lambda CI Protein /,Cioning and Characterization of the ci Repress 44— 1
Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes 48— 2
Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies of Rumen Microbi 63— 1
Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying Degradat 58— 1
and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chloroph 56— 3
Pisces: Osmeridae) /,E nbryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus 41— 2
Plant and Animal Conuuunities of the Gulf of Mexico: Ecotoxicological Ass 20— 1
PAGE 88
-------
KEY RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
EM
P
Plant Tissue /,Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of 68— 1
Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Ope 17— 2
(p O) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Benzoa 17— 2
DN1 /,Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for 25— 1
Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on Transd 58— 2
Association /,Evolution of a Bacteria/ 5— 2
Mobility in the Ocean Environment 26— 1
“ Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on Transdu 59— 1
Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research /,Construction of 72— 1
in a Natural Freshwater Environment: Effect of Plasmid Donor Co 59— 1
Plasticizer, Di—n---Butylphthalate /,Reproductive and Developmental Respon 18— 1
Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus) /,Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Grea 22— 2
Plating Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration of Injured, Genetically En 24— 3
pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media /,Viable Legionella 30— 2
Poecilia reticulata Peters /,Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Or 28— 1
Pollutant Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to 2— 4
Stress /,Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Metab 38— 3
Pollutants /,Fate of 55— 2
on Plant and Animal Communities of the Gulf of Mexico: Ecotox 20— 1
Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake Bay /,Aqu 47— 2
Effects on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish /,Combined Use 60— 1
Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson River. III. Ti 48— 1
polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity Tests /,Minut 68— 3
Population—Level Significance from Individual—Level Effects: An Extrapol 4— 1
Populations /,Mechanisms of DNP Utilization by Estuarine Microbial 54— 1
in Lake Water /,Role of Sublethal Injury in the Decline of B 27— 2
and Aquatic Ecosystems and Indicators of Exposure to Chemica 20- 2
/,Use of rRNA Sequences to Characterize Natural Microbial 62— 3
Predation in the Presence of Alternative Prey /,Effect of Bacterial Grow 61— 1
on Relative Abundance of Fast— and Slow—Growing Bacteria /,Eff 61— 2
Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion /,Validity of Part 11— 2
Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and Pathogenicity of Microbial Pes 23— 2
Development of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic De 46— 3
Toxicity Test Results /,Produced (Formation) Water from Oil 45— 1
Presence in the Gulf of Mexico /,Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation 66— 2
of Alternative Prey /,Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan P 61— 1
pretiosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) /,Enibryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt 41— 2
Prevoortia patronus Goode /,Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden 22— 1
Prey /,Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence 61— 1
Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine Unicellular Algae 67— 2
Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the Environmen 3— 3
in the Rapid Analysis of Natural Microbial Communities /,Use of G 50— 1
for Studies of Rumen Microbial Ecology /,Use of Phylogenetically 63— 1
Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation /,Drilling 19— 2
Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect Toxin—Producing Specie 54— 2
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea co 70— 3
Promoter Region of the VIOL Plasmid (p ’MO) in the Absence of Known Plasmi 17— 2
Protein Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAO rec 33— 2
/,Cloning and Characterization of the cl Repressor of Pseudomona 44— 1
Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration of Injured, Genetically Engineered 24— 3
Protozoan predation in the Presence of Alternative Prey /,Effect of Bact 61— 1
predation on Relative Abundance of Fast— and Slow—Growing Bact 61— 2
Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American Oysters, C 70— 2
Pseudomonads /,Developmeflt of a Selective Plating Protocol for Recovery 24— 3
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid 16— 2
aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein Product: rec—l02 Is a 33— 2
aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characterization of recA Mutants 33— 1
PAGE 89
-------
KE’Y )RD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
GE
E N
P
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—102 is a Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas ae 33— 1
aeruginosa Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Analog of Phage La 44— 1
cepacia AC1100 /,Cloning, Physical Mapping and Expression of 58— 1
aeruginosa in a Freshwater Environment /,Conjugal Transfer o 49— 1
aeruginosa /,Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Nat 58— 2
putida in Caulobacter crescentus /,Expression of Degradative 7— 1
aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible by DNA—Damaging Agents /,Express 44— 2
aeruginosa PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, a 17— 1
aeruginosa Bacteriophages: Identification and Characterizati 32— 2
aeruginosa /,Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Nat 59— 1
pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment 10— 3
Purification of 5S rRNl .s Suitable for Sequence Analysis /,Application of 37— 1
of Microbial DNA from Sediments /,Extraction and 50— 3
of tRNA, 5S rRNA and 16S rRNA by HPLC 37— 2
putida in Caulobacter crescentus /,Expression of Degradative Genes of Ps 7— 1
ç ) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Benzoate—Depend 17— 2
Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature Review and 8— 1
Q
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine Se 21— 1
R
R68.45 and FPS Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Freshwater Environmen 49— 1
rec—102 Is a Mutant Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAO recA Gene /,Characte 33— 2
102 is a Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Gene / 33— 1
recA Gene /,Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog a 33— 2
Analog and Its Protein Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant Allele of the P 33— 2
“ Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—102 is a Mutant Allele of th 33— 1
“ Gene /,Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 33— 1
Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible by DNA—Damaging Age 44— 2
Recipients for Plasmid DNA /,Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as 25— 1
Recognizing and Classifying Insect Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus / 54— 2
Recombinant DNA in the Environment /,Methods for Detecting 31— 1
DNA and Its Effects on Fitness /,Stability of 35— 1
Recovery of Nucleic Acids from Agarose Gels /,Comparison of Several Meth 51— 1
and Enumeration of Injured, Genetically Engineered Fluorescent 24— 3
Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, 22— 2
Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent Removal Reactions Ca 18— 2
Region of the TOL Plasmid (p * )) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulat 17- 2
Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine Crustacean /,Influence of an 39— 1
Regulatory Genes /,Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Pr 17— 2
Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms into the Environment 11— 1
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes /,Relationship Between Reductiv 18— 2
Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Arialo 44— 1
Reproduction, and Energy Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans As Indicato 38— 3
Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the Self—Fertilizing Fish, R 18— 1
Resistance to Metals E uploying Epifluorescent Microscopy /,Nethod for Me 71— 2
Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment /,Distribution of Metal— 3— 2
Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivu 1— 1
Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field /, 9— 2
in the Self—Fertilizing Fish, Rivulus marmoratus, Induced by t 18— 1
of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with 63— 2
of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in 69— 1
reticulata Peters /,Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias lat 28— 1
Ehabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Sch 28— 1
Bhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould) /,Effects of the Herbicide Alachior in 64— 2
Risk Assessment Research /,Construction of Plasmids for Use in 72— 1
Analysis /Microbial Ecologist Looks Once Again at 2— 1
River. III. Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimination /,Dynamics of 48— 1
PAGE 90
-------
KE’ WORD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
GE
EM
R
Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in 1— 1
marmoratus, Induced by the Plasticizer, Di—n—Butylphthalate /,Re 18— 1
marmoratus /,Sequential Development and Morphology of Experiment 65- 1
Rodlet Cells in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for Endogenous Origin, Morp 14— 2
Routes for Elimination /,Dynamics of Polychiorinated Biphenyls in Stripe 48— 1
rRNP by HPLC /,Purification of tRNP ., 5S rRNP and 16S 37— 2
and 16S rRN1 by HPLC /,Purification of tRNP , 55 37— 2
Sequences to Characterize Natural Microbial Populations /,Use of 62— 3
rRN1 s Suitable for Sequence Analysis /,Application of Ion—Exchange High— 37— 1
and Significance for Sequence Analysis /,Distribution of Mutations 37— 3
Rumen Microbial Ecology /,Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Pr 63— 1
S
S rBNP.s Suitable for Sequence Analysis /,Application of Ion—Exchange Hig 37— 1
rPNAs and Significance for Sequence Analysis /,Distribution of Mutatio 37— 3
rRNf and 16S rRN1 by HPLC /,Purification of tRN1 , 37— 2
rRNPk by HPLC /,Purification of tRNh, 5S rRNP and 1” 37— 2
Saccostrea commercialis and Crassostrea amasa /,Proctoeces sp. (Trematod 70— 3
Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine Organisms /,Ove 14— 1
Salinity Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in th 42— 3
Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and Biodegradation in Microcosms 49— 2
Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and Abiotic Degrada 14— 3
Scale to Variability /,Field Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship of 36— 1
Treatment System for Aerobic Degradation of Trichloroethylene /,Pr 46— 3
Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters /,Rhabdomyosarcoma in th 28— 1
Science to Ecotoxicology /,Inferring Population—Level Significance from 4— 1
Seagrass Communities /,Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Drilling Flui 45— 2
Seagrasses /,Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Flui 31— 2
Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassi 36— 3
Sediment Associated Chemicals /,Assessing the Biodegradation of 55— 1
Water Systems /,Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobioti 65— 2
Samples /,Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parath 55— 3
/,Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affec 14— 3
Sorbed Chemicals /,Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebra 8— 1
Incorporated Drilling Fluids /,Toxicity of 10— 2
Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Pal 10— 3
Sediments /,DNh Adsorption to Soils and .50— 2
/,Extraction and Purification of Microbial DN1 . from 50— 3
from Microcosms and the Field /,Quantitative Comparison of Mic 21— 1
Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estuarine Macrofa 63— 2
Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to Toxicant 64— 1
Sequence Analysis /,Application of Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid 37— 1
Analysis /,Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacteri 37— 3
Sequences /,Potential for Transfer and Establishment of Engineered Genet 43— 1
to Characterize Natural Microbial Populations /,Use of rRNP 62— 3
Sequential Development and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic 65— 1
Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and Management of Estuarine an 71— 1
Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic Sub 15— 1
Shale—Derived Jet Fuel /,Environmental Fate and Effects of 56— 2
Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions 12— 1
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Wa 10— 3
Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved 36— 2
Silverside Menidia beryllina /,Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophen 40— 2
Slow—Growing Bacteria /,Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relative Abunda 61— 2
Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) /,Embryo Ecology of the P 41— 2
Soils and Sediments /,DNA Adsorption to 50— 2
Sorbed Chemicals /,Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and F 8— 1
Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes 10— 3
PAGE 91
-------
KEY ’K)RD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
S
Sources by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) /,Bioaccumulation of 1,2,4—Trichi 28— 2
sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella nigricans /,Goussi 32— 1
(Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea commercialis 70— 3
nov. /,Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter 44— 3
Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stages 42— 1
Specifying Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia A 58— 1
Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) /,Bioaccuniulation of 1,2,4—Trichlorobenzene 28— 2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus Goode 22— 1
Stability /,Fithess and Gene 34— 2
of Recombinant DNA and Its Effects on Fithess 35— 1
Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental Vibrio cholerae 5— 3
Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia testudinum and Its Epi 36— 3
Static Exposures /,Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of 15— 3
Strains for Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons /,Construct 6— 2
Strategies of Bacteria in the Natural Environment /,Survival 57— 2
Stress /,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+ 3— 1
/,Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Pollutant 2— 4
0 /,Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Metabolism of E 38— 3
Striped Bass from the Hudson River. III. Tissue Disposition and Routes f 48— 1
Structure of Estuarine Sediments from Microcosms and the Field /,Quantit 21— 1
Sublethal Pollution Effects on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish /,Co 60— 1
Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake Water / 27— 2
Substances /,Fish Model as an Indicator for Teratogenic 41- 3
in the Aquatic Environment /,Shake—Flask Test for Estimation 15— 1
Substituent Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes /,Relationship Betw 18— 2
succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as Fibrobacter succinoge 44— 3
succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp. nov. /,Transfer 44— 3
Suitable for Sequence Analysis /,Application of Ion—Exchange High—Perfor 37— 1
Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Uni 1— 1
Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces: Osmeridae) /,Embryo Ecology of 41— 2
Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake Water /,Factors Aff 59— 3
of Escherichia coli in Lake Water /,Factors Involved in Multipi 29— 2
0 Strategies of Bacteria in the Natural Environment 57— 2
T
T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 /,Cloning, Physical Mapping and Expressi 58- 1
Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms /,Inter— 37— 4
Techniques /,Inipact of Pollutants on Plant and Animal Communities of the 20— 1
Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for Endogenous Origin, Morphogenesis, and R 14— 2
Temminck & Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters /,Rhabdomyosa 28— 1
Teratogenic Substances /,Fish Model as an Indicator for 41— 3
Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water’ and Naphth 40— 2
Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthi 9— 2
Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation /,Dril 19— 2
Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communities /,Field validation of Mul 19— 1
Systems /,Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fat 56- 3
Method Deve1o nent and Preliminary Toxicity Test Results /,Produced 45- 1
Results /,Produced (Formation) Water from Oil and Gas Production: T 45— 1
for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Methylumbelliferyl—N—Acetyl—B—D-- 47— 1
“ for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic Substances in t 15— 1
Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals /,Toxicity of Pyrethroids to 8— 1
Testing Microbial Pest Control Agents /,Enclosed Systems for 13— 1
“ with Marine Unicellular Algae /,Principles of Toxicity 67— 2
Tests /,Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal Toxicity 66— 1
Utilization of Ectothermic Organisms /,Carcinogenicity 12— 2
“ with Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean /,Comparison and Evalu 4- 2
for Acute Toxic Effects in Freshwater Organisms /,Experiences with 38— 2
with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, 42— 1
PAGE 92
-------
KEY DRD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
GE
EM
T
Tests /,Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal T 68— 3
and Community Tests /,Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic 64— 1
/,Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to 64— 1
testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico /,Seasonal C 36— 3
Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico /, 36— 3
Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimination /,Dynainics of Polychiorina 48— 1
/,Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant 68— 1
Tissues in Fishes /,Tumors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft 5— 1
IOL Plasmid (pWWO) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes /,Be 17— 2
Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the Laborat 42— 3
Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the Environment /,Gene Pro 3— 3
Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on Identification of Each Speci 41— 1
Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the Laboratory /,Salinity Tole 42— 3
Toxic Effects in Freshwater Organisms /,Experiences with Single—Species 38— 2
Organic Substances in the Aquatic Environment /,Shake—Flask Test f 15— 1
“ Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and md 20— 2
Toxicants in Single Species Acute Tests and Community Tests /,Sensitivit 64— 1
Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) 10— 3
Toxicity Tests /,Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal 66— 1
Tests with Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean /,Comparison 4— 2
Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed 9— 2
of Four Chemicals to Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures /,Eff 15— 3
to Aquatic Organisms /,Inter—Taxa Correlations for 37— 4
Tests with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for 42— 1
Tests /,Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use i 68— 3
Testing with Marine Unicellular Algae /,Principles of 67— 2
Test Results /,Produced (Formation) Water from Oil and Gas Prod 45— 1
of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature 8— 1
of Sediment—Incorporated Drilling Fluids 10— 2
of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Variability o 52— 1
Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future /,Aquatic 51- 2
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus /,Workshop on Procedures for Recogni 54— 2
Tracking Microorganisms and Genes in the Environment 2— 2
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Effect of Plasmid Donor Concent 58— 2
of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment: Effect of 59— 1
in Pseudomonas aeruginosa /,Potential for Transduction of P 59— 1
Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Freshwate 49— 1
and Establishment of Engineered Genetic Sequences /,Potential f 43— 1
of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. 44— 3
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria wi 32— 3
Transport and Biodegradation in Microcosms /,Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Ma 49— 2
Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea commercialis and C 70— 3
Trichlorobenzene from Food and Water Sources by Spot (Leiostomus xanthur 28— 2
Trichloroethylene /,Preliminary Development of a Bench—Scale Treatment S 46— 3
Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic Corn 46— 2
tRN , 5S rRN and 16S rRNP by HPLC /,Purification of 37— 2
Tumors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes 5— 1
of the Cardiovascular System 22— 3
“ of the Exocrine Pancreas 24— 2
U
Unicellular Algae /,Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine 67— 2
Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six Growth Media /, 69— 1
Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fi 1— 1
V
valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus ( 22— 2
Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine Benthi 19— 1
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposu 11— 2
PAGE 93
-------
KEY )RD TITLE INDEX P I
AT
G E
E N
V
Variability /,Field Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship of Scale to 36— 1
of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidops 52— 1
variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared with Mammalian Lesio 12— 1
via meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid /,Catabolism of Aromatic Bi 16— 2
Viable Environmental Vibrio cholerae /,Fluorescent Antibody Staining Met 5— 3
“ Count /,Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cells Enumerated by Direc 57— 1
“ Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media 30— 2
Vibrio cholerae /,Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration o 5— 3
virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen N—nitrosodiethylainine (DEN 70— 2
Virus 886 /,Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteri 32— 2
Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of Invertebrates Other Than Insects /,Inclusi 13— 2
Vitro Estuarine Water and Sediment/Water Systems /,Biological and Abioti 65— 2
W
Water Sources by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) /,Bioaccumulation of 1,2,4— 28— 2
Systems /,Biological and Ahiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compoun 65— 2
and SedimentiWater Systems /,Biological and Abiotic Degradation of 65— 2
and Sediment Samples /,Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Met 55— 3
/,Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced 59— 3
/,Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia c 29— 2
and Sediment /,Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Fac 14— 3
/,Multiplication of Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in Lake 29— 1
“ from Oil and Gas Production: Test Method Development and Prelimina 45- 1
/,Role of Sublethal Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations 27— 2
and Naphthalene on bryos of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryl 40- 2
Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Gr 10— 3
X
xanthurus) /,Bioaccumulation of 1,2,4—Trichlorobenzene from Food and Wat 28— 2
Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro Estuarine Water and Sediment/Water Syst 65— 2
Y
Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the Laboratory /,Salinit 42— 3
PAGE 94
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
PAGE 95
-------
PAGE 96
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
A
Abel, Daniel C.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,l—1
Ahearn, Donald G.
Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment/,1—2
Ahearn, Donald G., Joint Author.
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,56—3
Alexander, Martin
Anomalous Effects of Concentration on Biodegradation of Organic
Chemicals/, 1—3
Microbial Ecologist Looks Once Again at Risk Analysis/,2—l
Alexander, Martin, Joint Author.
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment/,69—2
Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of
Alternative Prey/, 61—1
Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relative Abundance of Fast— and
Slow—Growing Bacteria/, 61—2
Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake
Water/, 59—3
Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia coli in Lake
Water/, 29—2
Multiplication of Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water/,29—l
Role of Sublethal Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake
Water/, 27—2
Atlas, Ronald M.
Tracking Microorganisms and Genes in the Environment/,2—2
B
Barkay, Tamar
Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+ Stress/,3—1
Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Pollutant Stress/,2—4
Bacteria and the Environxnent/,2—3
Distribution of Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment/,3—2
Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the
Environxnent/, 3—3
Barkay, Tamar, Joint Author.
Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNA/,25—l
PAGE 97
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
B
Barkay, Tamar, Joint Author.
Direct Viable Counting Method for Measuring Tolerance of Aquatic Microbial
Conmiunity to HG(II)/,35—3
EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental Release/,35—2
Extraction and Purification of Microbial DNP from Sediments/,50—3
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/, 64—3
Barnthouse, Lawrence W.
Inferring Population—Level Significance from Individual—Level Effects: An
Extrapolation from Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology/,4—l
Baughman, Douglas S.
Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with
Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean/,4—2
Bengtsson, Ake, Joint Author.
Effects of Pulp Mill and Ore Smelter Effluents on Vertebrae of Fourhorn
Sculpin: Laboratory and Field Comparisons/,38—l
Bengtsson, Bengt—Erik, Joint Author.
Effects of Pulp Mill and Ore Smelter Effluents on Vertebrae of Fourhorn
Sculpin: Laboratory and Field Comparisons/,38—l
Biggs, Robert B., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,21—2
Black, John J.
Tumors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes/,5—l
Black, John J., Joint Author.
Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma
valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus
(Linnaeus )/, 22—2
Blacksburn, James W., Joint Author.
Modern Biology: The Role of Biotechnology/,59—2
Bohannon, Patrice M., Joint Author.
Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue/,68—l
Borthwick, Patrick W., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7—2
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—l
Bouma, Judith E.
Evolution of a Bacteria/Plasmid Association/,5—2
PAGE 98
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
B
Bouma, Judith E., Joint Author.
Effects of Segregation and Selection on Instability of Plasmid pACYC184 in
Escherichia coli B/,34—4
Bourquin, Al W., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2—3
Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro
Estuarine Water and Sediment/Water Systems/,65—2
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Sainples/,55—3
Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DN /,25—l
EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental Release/,35—2
Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel/,56—2
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/, 64-3
Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus/,6—3
Preliminary Development of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic
Degradation of Trichloroethylene/, 46—3
Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,15—l
Brayton, P.R.
Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental
Vibrio cholerae/, 5—3
Burge, W.D., Joint Author.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
Burlage, Robert S., Joint Author.
Methods for Detecting Recombinant DN in the Environment/,31—l
C
Capuzzo, Judith N.
Development of Physiological Indices to Predict the Effects of Chronic
Pesticide Exposure on Zooplankton Populations/,6—l
Chakrabarty, A.M., Joint Author.
Cloning, Physical Mapping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying
Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1 IOO/,58—l
Champ, M.A., Joint Author.
Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and
Management of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems/,7l—l
Chapman, Peter, J.
Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of Halogenated Aromatic
HydrocarbOfls/ , 6—2
PAGE 99
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
C
Chapuan, Peter, J., Joint Author.
Cloning, Physical Napping and Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying
Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100/,58—l
Chatterjee, Deb K.
Expression of Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter
crescentus/, 7—1
Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus/,6—3
Chatterjee, Deb K., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2—3
Chatterjee, Pramita, Joint Author.
Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DN /,25—l
Expression of Deqradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter
crescentus/, 7—1
Clark, James R.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
Comparison of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the
Field and in Laboratory Test Systems/,lO—l
Design of Field Studies to Assess Contaminant Impact in Estuarine
Ecosystems/, 8—2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7—2
Field Studies in Estuarine Ecosystems: Assessing Contaminant Effects/,9—l
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—l
Toxicity of Sediment—Incorporated Drilling Fluids/,lO—2
Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,lO—3
Clark, James R., Joint Author.
Bioaccumulation of l,2,4—Trichlorobenzene from Food and Water Sources by
Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus )/, 28—2
Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia
testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico/,36—3
Cleveland, Mary E., Joint Author.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,ll—2
Colwell, Rita R.
Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms into the Environment/,ll—l
Coiwell, Rita R., Joint Author.
Application of Ion-Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNA5 Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,37—1
PAGE 100
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
C
Coiwell, Rita R., Joint Author.
Chitinolytic Enzymes: Cloning, Characterization and Applications/,62—1
Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic Acids from Agarose
Gels/, 51—1
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rBN1 s and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,37—3
Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental
Vibrio cholerae/, 5—3
Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable
Count/, 57—1
Method for Measuring Bacterial Resistance to Metals Employing Epifluorescent
Microscopy/, 71—2
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26—1
Purification of tRN , 5S rRNP and 16S rRNA by HPLC/,37—2
Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Me
thylumbelli fe ryl—N—Acetyl—B—D—Glucosaminide/, 47—1
Survival Strategies of Bacteria in the Natural Environnient/,57—2
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
Connolly, John P.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,11—2
Connolly, John P., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and
Biodegradation in Microcosms/,49—2
Couch, John A.
Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic Organisms/,12—2
Enclosed Systems for Testing Microbial Pest Control Agents/,l3—1
Inclusion Body Viruses. II. Baculoviruses of Invertebrates Other Than
Insects/, 13—2
N—Nitrosodiethylamine—Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Estuarine Sheepshead
Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasm.5 and Related Lesions Compared with
Mammalian Lesions/, 12—1
Overview of Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine
Organisms/, 14—1
Review of North American and Pacific Basin Experience and Knowledge of
Carcinogens and Marine Species/,13—3
Role of Pathobiology in Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology/,l3—4
PAGE 101
-------
AW:’HOR INDEX
C
Couch, John A., Joint Author.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia in Selected Fish
Species/, 30—1
Develoç*nent of Bivalve Mollusc Models for Carcinogenesis Studies/,70—l
Effects of a Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and
Estuarine Systems!, 23—1
Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American
Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen
N—nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)/, 70—2
Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine
Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to
N—Methyl--N’ —Nitro--N—Nitrosoguanidine/, 26-2
Multispecies System for the Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and
Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic
Species!, 23—2
Overview and Discussion of Rodlet Cells in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for
Endogenous Origin, Morphogenesis, and Role/,14—2
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
conmiercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,70—3
Tumors of the Cardiovascular Systenv,22—3
Courtney, Lee A.
Overview and Discussion of Rodlet Cells in Teleosts: Exemplary Evidence for
Endogenous Origin, Morphogenesis, and Role/,14—2
Courtney, Lee A., Joint Author.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia in Selected Fish
Species/, 30—1
N—Nitrosodiethylamine—Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Estuarine Sheepshead
Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions Compared with
Manim lian Lesions/, 12-1
Cripe, Claude R.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Envirorunents: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,14—3
Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environinent/,l5—l
Cripe, Claude R., Joint Author.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro
Estuarine Water and Sediment,’Water Systems/,65—2
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,55—3
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and
Biodegradation in Microcosnis/,49—2
PAGE 102
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
C
Cripe, Claude R., Joint Author.
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,56—l
Cripe, Geraldine M.
Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to
Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures/,l5—3
Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea: Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of
Florida/, 15—2
Cripe, Geraldine M., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol—A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,25—2
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies/,25—3
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—1
Crow, S.A., Joint Author.
Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment/,1—2
Cuskey, Stephen M.
Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of the
WL Plasmid (p ) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes/,17—2
Biological Containment of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms/,16—1
Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic .Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via
meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acid/,16—2
Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic P mines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential
Genes/, 17—1
Cuskey, Stephen N., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2—3
Construction of Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research/,72—1 -
D
Davis, William P.
Reproductive and Developmental Responses in the Self—Fertilizing Fish,
Rivulus marmoratus, Induced by the Plasticizer, Di—n—Butylphthalate/,18—1
Davis, William P., Joint Author.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,l—l
DeFlaun, Mary F., Joint Author.
Mechanisms of DNPk Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations/,54—1
DeWeerd, Kim A.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,l8—2
Deans, Christine H.., Joint Author.
Comparison of the EC5Os of Algal Toxicity Tests Calculated by Four
Methods/, 68—2
PAGE 103
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
D
Deans, Christine H., Joint Author.
Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms/,37—4
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/, 63—2
Diaz, Robert 3.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/, 19—i
Dickson, K.L., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,51—2
Duke, Thomas W.
Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and
Implementation/, 19—2
Impact of Pollutants on Plant and Animal Communities of the Gulf of Mexico:
Ecotoxicological Assessment Techniques/, 20—i
Toxic Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and
Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals/,20—2
Duke, Thomas W., Joint Author.
Drilling Fluids: Effects on Marine Organisms and Considerations of Their
Potential Hazard/, 53—1
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/, 31-2
Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia)/, 52—1
E
Ellersieck, Mark R., Joint Author.
Experiences with Single—Species Tests for Acute Toxic Effects in Freshwater
Organisms/, 38—2
Elston, Ralph A., Joint Author.
Goussia girellae n. sp. picomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella
nigricans/, 32—1
F
Fede ne, Thomas W.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,21—1
Flemer, David A.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,2l—2
Flemer, David A., Joint Author.
Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and
Management of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems/,71—1
Flesher, Berdena, Joint Author.
Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as
Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp.
nov./, 44—3
PAGE 104
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
F
Flesher, Berdena, Joint Author.
Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies of Rumen
Microbial Ecology/, 63—1
Forester, Jerrold, Joint Author.
Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to
Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures/,15—3
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
Forward, Richard B., Jr., Joint Author.
Effects of the Herbicide Alachior in Larval Development of the Mud—Crab
Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould)/,64—2
Foss, Steven S., Joint Author.
Effects of a Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and
Estua rifle Systems/, 23—1
Multispecies System for the Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and
Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic
Species/, 23—2
Overview of Safety of Microbial Insecticides to Estuarine and Marine
Organisms/, 14—1
Fournie, John W.
Effects of a Fungal Mycoherbicide in Enclosed Multispecies Freshwater and
Estuarine Systems/, 23—1
Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma
valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus
(Linnaeus )/, 22—2
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms Induced by Methylazoxymethanol Acetate in the
Guppy Poecilia reticulata/,24—1
Multispecies System for the Preliminary Evaluation of Infectivity and
Pathogenicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents in Nontarget Aquatic
Species/, 23—2
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus
Goode/, 22—1
Tumors of the Cardiovascular Systeuv,22—3
Tumors of the Exocrine pancreas/,24—2
Fournie, John W., Joint Author.
Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella
nigricans/, 32—1
Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine
Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to
N_Methyl_N _NitrO_N_NitrOSogUaflidifle/v 26—2
Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Temminck &
schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters/,28—1
PAGE 105
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
F
Fournie, John W., Joint Author.
Sequential Development and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic
Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus/,65—l
Tumors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes/,5—l
Fowle, John R., III, Joint Author.
EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental Release/,35—2
Friedman, S.D., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Hondo (EXXON) and Eureka
(Shell), to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,52—2
Produced (Formation) Water from Oil and Gas Production: Test Method
Development and Preliminary Toxicity Test Results/,45—l
G
Genthner, Barbara R.
Development of a Selective Plating Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration of
Injured, Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads/,24—3
Genthner, Fred J.
Capacity of Aquatic Bacteria to Act as Recipients for Plasmid DNA/,25—l
Genthner, Fred J., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2—3
Development of a Selective Plating Protocol for Recovery and Enumeration of
Injured, Genetically Engineered Fluorescent Pseudomonads/,24—3
Gilliam, W.T., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,14—3
Goodman, Larry R.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol—A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,25—2
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies/,25—3
Goodman, Larry R., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to
Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures/,15—3
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7—2
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,42—l
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—l
Grimes, D.J.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26-l
PAGE 106
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
G
Grizzle, John M.
Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine
Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to
N—Methyl—N’ —Nitro--N—Ni trosoguanidine/, 26—2
Microinjection of Fish Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical
Carcinogens/, 27—1
Gurijala, Koteswara R.
Role of Sublethal Injury in the Decline of Bacterial Populations in Lake
Water/, 27—2
Gurijala, Koteswara R., Joint Author.
Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia coli in Lake
Water/, 29—2
Gustin, Denise, Joint Author.
DN1 Adsorption to Soils and Sediments/,50—2
H
Halsell, Darrel G., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol—A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,25—2
Hamelink, J.L., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,5l—2
Hamilton, Steven J., Joint Author.
Effects of Pulp Mill and Ore Smelter Effluents on Vertebrae of Fourhorn
Sculpin: Laboratory and Field Comparisons/,38—1
Harvey, Jim, Joint Author.
Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus/,54—2
Harwell, Christine C., Joint Author.
Ecosystem Perspective on potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/, 31—2
Harwell, Mark A., Joint Author.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/, 31—2
Hawkins, William E.
Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Teirtminck &
schiegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters/,28—l
Hawkins, William E., Joint Author.
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms Induced by Methylazoxyiflethaflol Acetate in the
Guppy poecilia reticulata/, 24 —l
Tumors of Bone, Cartilage, and the Soft Tissues in Fishes/,5—1
Tumors of the Exocrine Pancreas/,24— 2
Heitmuller, Paul T.
BioaccumulatiOfl of 1,2,4—Trichlorobeflzefle from Food and Water Sources by
Spot (LeiostomuS xanthurus)/, 28 — 2
PAGE 107
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
H
Hemmer, Michael J., Joint Author.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae )/, 41—2
Fish Model as an Indicator for Teratogenic Substances/,41—3
Influence of Environmental Temperature on Sex—ratios in the Tidewater
Silverside, Menidia peninsulae (Pisces: Atherinidae)/,40—1
Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on
Identification of Each Species/,41—l
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,42—1
Reproductive Ecology of the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae
(Pisces: Atherinidae) from Santa Rosa Island, Florida/,42—2
Reproductive Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soldado, Mexico/,57—3
Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water’ and
Naphthalene on Embryos of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina/,40—2
Henis, Yigal
Factors Involved in Multiplication and Survival of Escherichia coli in Lake
Water 29—2
Multiplication of Alien and Indigenous Bacteria in Lake Water/,29—l
Herman, Roger L., Joint Author.
Tumors of the Cardiovascular Systenv,22—3
Hermansson, M., Joint Author.
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria with
Emphasis on the Marine Environment/,32-3
Hinton, David E.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia in Selected Fish
Species/, 30—1
Howse, Harold D., Joint Author.
Tumors of the Cardiovascular Systenv,22—3
Huggett, Robert J., Joint Author.
Aquatic Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake
Bay!, 47-2
Hussong, D.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
I
Ingley—Guezou, Anne, Joint Author.
Effect of Food Availability on the Acute Toxicity of Four Chemicals to
Mysidopsis bahia in Static Exposures,’,15—3
PAGE 108
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
3
Jam, Rakesh K.
Methods for Detecting Recombinant DN in the Environment/,31—1
Jeffrey, Wade H., Joint Author.
Mechanisms of DN Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations/,54—l
Jones, G.W., Joint Author.
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria with
Emphasis on the Marine Enviroriment/,32—3
K
Kelly, John R.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/,3 1—2
Kent, Michael L.
Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella
nigricans/, 32—1
Kilbane, John J.
Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages:
Identification and Characterization of the Novel Virus B86/,32—2
Kimerle, R.A., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,51—2
Kirby—Smith, William, Joint Author.
Effects of the Herbicide Alachlor in Larval Development of the Mud—Crab
Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould)/,64—2
Kjelleberg, S.
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria with
Emphasis on the Marine Environment/,32—3
Koenig, Christopher C., Joint Author.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,1—1
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/, 19—1
Kokjohn, Tyler A.
Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—l02 is a
Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAD recA Gene/,33—1
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein
Product: The Les Phenotype/,34—1
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein
Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant i 1lele of the P. aeruginosa PAD recA Gene/,33—2
Kokjohn, Tyler A., Joint Author.
Cloning and Characterization of the ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Analog of Phage Lambda ci Protein/,44—1
Expression of the recA Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible by
DNA—Damaging Agents/, 44—2
PAGE 109
-------
AUTHOR INI)EX
L
Last, G.A., Joint Author.
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAS and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,37—3
Lech, J.J., Joint Author.
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,60—1
Lenski, Richard E.
Effects of Segregation and Selection on Instability of Plasmid pACYC184 in
Escherichia coli B/,34—4
Fitness and Gene Stability/,34—2
Fitness and the Fate of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms/,34—3
Stability of Recombinant DNA and Its Effects on Fithess/,35—l
Lenski, Richard E., Joint Author.
Evolution of a Bacteria/Plasmid Association/,5—2
Levin, Morris A.
EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental Release/,35—2
Levin, Morris A., Joint Author.
Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus/,54—2
Lewis, Russell L., Joint Author.
DNA Adsorption to Soils and Sediments/,50—2
Liebert, Cynthia
Direct Viable Counting Method for Measuring Tolerance of Aquatic Microbial
Community to HG(II)/,35—3
Liebert, Cynthia, Joint Author.
Distribution of Metal—Resistant Microorganisms in the Environment/,3—2
Linkfield, Tim, Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,18—2
Livingston, Robert 3.
Field Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship of Scale to Variability/,36—l
Livingston, Robert 3., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Coninunities/, 19—1
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,21—1
Lores, Emile M.
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,36—2
Lores, Emile N., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
PAGE 110
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
L
Lores, Emile N., Joint Author.
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Nysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7—2
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/, 69—i
Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water’ and
Naphthalene on Embryos of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina/,40—2
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—1
Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Axnphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,lO—3
Luckenbach, N., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/, 19—1
N
MacDonell, M.T.
Application of Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNP .S Suitable for Sequence l˝nalysis/,37—l
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial SS rRN1 s and
Significance for Sequence Analysis!, 37—3
Purification of tRNA, 5S rRNt and l6S rRNA by HPLC/,37—2
MacDonell, M.T., Joint Author.
Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic Acids from Agarose
Gels/, 51—1
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26—1
Macauley, John N. -
Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia
testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico/,36—3
Macauley, John M., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Two Generic Drilling Fluids and Six Additives, Alone and
Combined, to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,53—2
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Rondo (EXXON) and Eureka
(Shell), to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,52—2
Comparison of the Seagrass Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the
Field and in Laboratory Test Systems/,lO—l
Macek, D.J., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,51—2
Mackiernan, Gail B., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,21—2
PAGE 111
-------
AUThOR INDEX
M
Madsen, Eugene L., Joint Author.
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environnient/,69—2
Mahaf fey, William R., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/, 46—1
Mansfield, Howard R., Joint Author.
Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies of Ruinen
Microbial Ecology!, 63—1
harden, P., Joint Author.
Transient Phase Between Growth and Nongrowth of Heterotropic Bacteria with
Emphasis on the Marine Environment/,32—3
Matthews, Edward, Joint Author.
Influence of an Insect Growth Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine
Crustacean/, 39—1
Mayer, Foster L., Jr.
Effects of Pulp Mill and Ore Smelter Effluents on Vertebrae of Fourhorn
Sculpin: Laboratory and Field Comparisons/,38—1
Experiences with Single—Species Tests for Acute Toxic Effects in Freshwater
Organisms/, 38—2
Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms/,37—4
Mayer, Foster L., Jr., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,51—2
Maziarz, T.P., Joint Author.
Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel/,56—2
McErlean, Andrew J., Joint Author.
Environmental Bibliography for Northwest Florida 1900—l985/,39—3
McKenney, Charles L., Jr.
Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, and Energy Metabolism of Estuarine
Crustaceans As Indicators of Pollutant Stress/,38—3
Influence of an Insect Growth Regulator on Larval Development of a Marine
Crustacean/, 39—1
Optimization of Environmental Factors During the Life Cycle of Mysidopsis
bahia/, 39—2
McKenney, Charles L., Jr., Joint Author.
Influence of Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of
the Larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus/,60—2
McLaughlin, Leslie L., Joint Author.
Comparison of the EC5Os of Algal Toxicity Tests Calculated by Four
Methods/, 68-2
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
PAGE 112
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
M
McLaughlin, Leslie L., Joint Author.
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/,69—l
Means, Susan M.
Environmental Bibliography for Northwest Florida 1900—1985/,39—3
Mearns, Alan J., Joint Author.
Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and
Management of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems/,71—1
Meeter, Duane A., Joint Author.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Nicrocosms and the Fieid/,21—l
Middaugh, Douglas P.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae)/, 41—2
Fish Model as an Indicator for Teratogenic Substances/,41—3
Influence of Environmental Temperature on Sex—ratios in the Tidewater
Silverside, Menidia peninsulae (Pisces: Atherinidae)/,40—l
Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmeit, Atherinopsis
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on
Identification of Each Species/,4l—1
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,42—1
Reproductive Ecology of the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae
(Pisces: Atherinidae) from Santa Rosa Island, Florida/,42—2
Salinity Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the
Laboratory/, 42—3
Teratological Effects of 2,4,—Dinitrophenol, ‘Produced Water’ and
Naphthalene on Embryos of the Inland Silverside Menidia beryllina/,40—2
Middaugh, Douglas P., Joint Author.
Reproductive Rhythxnicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soidado, Mexico/,57—3
Miller, Robert V.
Cloning and Characterization of the ci Repressor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacteriophage D3: a Functional Analog of Phage Lambda ci Protein/,44—l
Effects of Physico—Chemical and Biological Factors on Genetic Exchange in
Aquatic Environments/, 43—2
Expression of the recA Gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO Is Inducible by
DNPk—Damaging Agents/, 44—2
Potential for Transfer and Establishment of Engineered Genetic
Sequences/, 43—1
PAGE 113
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
M
Miller, Robert V., Joint Author.
Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec—102 is a
Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Gene/,33—l
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein
Product: The Les Phenotype/,34—1
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa recA Analog and Its Protein
Product: rec—102 Is a Mutant Allele of the P. aeruginosa PAD recA Gene/,33—2
Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Freshwater Environment/, 49—1
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,58—2
Molecular Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteriophages:
Identification and Characterization of the Novel Virus B86/,32—2
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment:
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,59—l
Montgomery, Larry
Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as
Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp.
nov./, 44—3
Montgomery, Larry, Joint Author.
Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies of Rumen
Microbial Ecology/, 63—1
Montgomery, Richard M.
Produced (Formation) Water from Oil and Gas Production: Test Method
Development and Preliminary Toxicity Test Results/,45—l
Montgomery, Richard N., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Two Generic Drilling Fluids and Six Additives, Alone and
Combined, to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,53—2
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Rondo (EXXON) and Eureka
(Shell), to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,52—2
Montgomery, Stacy 0., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Trichioroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/, 46—1
Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Drilling Fluids on Seagrass
Communities/, 45—2
Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic
Compounds/, 46—2
Moody, Paul H., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol—A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,25—2
PAGE 114
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
N
Moody, Paul H., Joint Author.
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,36—2
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—l
Moore, David W., Joint Author.
Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with
Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean/,4—2
Moore, James C., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7—2
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,36—2
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—l
Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,lO—3
Morris, S.C., Joint Author.
Application of Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNAS Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,37—l
Purifiáation of tRN1 , SS rRN and l6S rRN by HPLC/,37—2
Morton, R. Dana
Microcosm Studies on the Effects of Drilling Fluids on Seagrass
Communities/, 45—2
Mount, Donald I., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,51—2
Toxic Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and
Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals/,20—2
Mueller, Leonard H., Joint Author.
Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel/,56—2
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and
Biodegradation in Microcosms/,49—2
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,56—l
N
Nehlsen, Willa, Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,21—2
Nelson, Michael J.K.
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
BiodegradatiVe Pathway/, 46—1
PAGE 115
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
N
Nelson, Michael JK.
Preliminary Development of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic
Degradation of Trichloroethylene/, 46—3
Trichioroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic
Compounds/, 46—2
Nguyen, Toai T., Joint Author.
Stability of Recombinant DNA and Its Effects on Fitness/,35—1
0
O’Brien, Mark
Rapid Test for Chitinase Activity That Uses 4—Me
thylumbelli feryl—N--Acetyl—B—D--Glucosaminide/, 47—1
O’Brien, Mark, Joint Author.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
O’Connor, Joseph M.
AquatIc Pollution Problems, North Atlantic Coast, Including Chesapeake
Bay!, 47-2
Dynamics of Polychiorinated Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson River.
III. Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimination/,48—1
Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes/,48—2
O’Morchoe, Susan
Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Freshwater Environment/, 49—i.
O’Neill, Ellen J.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and
Biodegradation in Microcosms/,49—2
O’Neill, Ellen 3., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,14—3
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Coimnunities/,56—1
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,56—3
Ogram, Andrew V.
DNA Adsorption to Soils and Sediments/,50—2
Extraction and Purification of Microbial DNA from Sediments/,50—3
Use of Gene Probes in the Rapid Analysis of Natural Microbial
Co!Tlnunities/, 50—1
Ogunseitan, 0., Joint Author.
Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Freshwater Envirorunent/, 49—1
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Conm unity on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,58—2
PAGE 116
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
0
Ogunseitan, 0., Joint Author.
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment:
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,59—l
Olsen, Ronald H., Joint Author.
Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Amines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 via
meta Cleavage of Homoprotocatechuic Acicl/,16—2
Construction of Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research/,72—l
Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Aniines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential
Genes/, 17—1
Ortiz—Conde, B.A.
Comparison of Several Methods for the Recovery of Nucleic Acids from Agarose
Gels/, 51—1
Ortiz—Conde, B.A., Joint Author.
Application of Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNPks Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,37—l
Distribution of Mutations in Grain Negative Eubacterial 5S rPNt s and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,37—3
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26—l
Purification of tRNP%, 5S rRNP . and 16S rRNP by HPLC/,37—2
Overstreet, Robin M., Joint Author.
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms Induced by Methylazoxymethanol Acetate in the
Guppy Poecilia reticulata/,24—l
Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Temminck &
Schlegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters/,28—1
Sequential Development and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic
Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus/,65—l
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus
Goode/, 22—1
P
Parrish, Patrick R.
Acute Toxicity of Two Generic Drilling Fluids and Six Additives, Alone and
Combined, to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,53—2
Acute Toxicity of Two Used Drilling Fluids, Hondo (EXXON) and Eureka
(Shell), to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,52—2
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,5l—2
Drilling Fluids: Effects on Marine Organisms and Considerations of Their
Potential Hazard/, 53—1
Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Nysids (Mysidopsis
bahia)/, 52—1
PAGE 117
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
P
Parrish, Patrick R., Joint Author.
Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and
Implementation/, 19—2
Impact of Pollutants on Plant and Animal Communities of the Gulf of Mexico:
Ecotoxicological Assessment Techniques/, 20—1
Produced (Formation) Water from Oil and Gas Production: Test Method
Develoçznent and Preliminary Toxicity Test Results/,45—1
Patrick, James N., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,9—2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,7-2
Toxicity of Pyrethroids to Marine Invertebrates and Fishes: A Literature
Review and Test Results with Sediment—Sorbed Chemicals/,8—1
Toxicity of Sediment—Incorporated Drilling Fluids/,10—2
Waterborne and Sediment—Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Axnphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,10—3
Paul, John H.
Mechanisms of DN1 Utilization by Estuarine Microbial Populations/,54—1
Pearson, A.D.,, Joint Author.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
Peccoraro, Vincent, Joint Author.
Initial Catabolism of Aromatic Biogenic Antines by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO: Pathway Description, Mapping of Mutations, and Cloning of Essential
Genes/, 17—i
Penttila, Daniel E., Joint Author.
anbryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae )/, 41—2
Pillidge, C.J., Joint Author.
Application of Ion—Exchange High—Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRMI˝s Suitable for Sequence Analysis!, 37—1
Purification of tRNA, 5S rRNA and 16S rBNA by HPLC/,37—2
Pizza, John C., Joint Author.
Dynamics of Polychiorinated Biphenyls in Striped Bass from the Hudson River.
III. Tissue Disposition and Routes for Elimination/,48—1
Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes/,48—2
Plaia, Gayle R., Joint Author.
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvale rate!, 63—2
Price, Kent S., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,21—2
PAGE 118
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
P
Price, W. Allen, Joint Author.
Seasonal Changes in the Standing Crop of Chlorophyll Content of Thalassia
testudinum and Its Epiphytes in the Northern Gulf of Mexico/,36—3
Pritchard, Parmely H.
Assessing the Biodegradation of Sediment Associated Chemicals/,55—l
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,55—3
Environmental Fate and Effects of Shale—Derived Jet Fuel/,56—2
Fate of Pollutants/,55—2
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,56—1
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,56—3
Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus/,54—2
Pritchard, Parmely H., Joint Author.
Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Pollutant Stress/,2—4
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/, 46—1
Biological and lthiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro
Estuarine Water and Sediment,’Water Systems/,65—2
Fate of. Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,14—3
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: II. Transport and
Biodegradation in Microcosms/,49—2
Preliminary Development of a Bench—Scale Treatment System for Aerobic
Degradation of Trichloroethylene/, 46—3
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,l8—2
Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,l5—1
Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms That Degrade Aromatic
Compounds/, 46—2
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,ll—2
Putnam, Marshall R., Joint Author.
Microinjection of Chemical Carcinogens into Small Fish Embryos: Exocrine
Pancreatic Neoplasm in Fundulus grandis Exposed to
N_Methyl —N’—NitrO—N—NitroSOgUanidifle/, 26—2
PAGE 119
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
P
Putnam, Marshall R., Joint Author.
Microinjection of Fish Embryos as a Laboratory Assay for Chemical
Carcinogens/, 27—1
R
Ray, G.L.., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Conununities/, 19—i
Rosen, Aaron E., Joint Author.
Inferring Population—Level Significance from Individual—Level Effects: An
Extrapolation from Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology/,4—1
Roszak, D.B.
Metabolic Activity of Bacterial Cells Enumerated by Direct Viable
Count/, 57—i
Survival Strategies of Bacteria in the Natural Environmerzt/,57—2
Roszak, D..B., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26—l
Russell, G.A.
Reproductive Rhythinicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soldado, Mexico/,57—3
S
Sangodkar, U.M.X.
Cloning, Physical Mapping arid Expression of Chromosomal Genes Specifying
Degradation of the Herbicide 2,4,5—T by Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100/,58—l
Saye, D.J.
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,58—2
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment:
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,59—i
Sayler, Gary S.
Modern Biology: The Role of Biotechnology/,59—2
Sayler, Gary S., Joint Author.
Conjugal Transfer of R68.45 and FP5 Between Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Freshwater Environment/, 49—1
DNA Adsorption to Soils and Sediments/,50—2
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,58—2
Extraction and Purification of Microbial DNA from Sediments/,50—3
Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the
Environment/, 3—3
Methods for Detecting Recombinant DNA in the Environment/,31—l
PAGE 120
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
S
Sayler, Gary S., Joint Author.
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in a Natural Freshwater Environment:
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Microbial Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,59—l
Tracking Microorganisms and Genes in the Environxnent/,2—2
Use of Gene Probes in the Rapid Analysis of Natural Microbial
Communities/, 50—i
Scheuerman, Phillip R.
Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake
Water/, 59—3
Schmidt, John P., Joint Author.
Factors Affecting the Survival and Growth of Bacteria Introduced into Lake
Water/, 59—3
Schneider, Bill, Joint Author.
Workshop on Procedures for Recognizing and Classifying Insect
Toxin—Producing Species of Bacillus/,54—2
Schoor, W. Peter
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,60—l
Scott, Geoffrey I., Joint Author.
Comparison and Evaluation of Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with
Fenvalerate on an Estuarine Crustacean/,4—2
Seidler, Rarnon, Joint Author.
EPA Developing Methods to Assess Environmental Release/,35—2
Shenker, Jonathan M., Joint Author.
Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on
Identification of Each Species/,41—l
Salinity Tolerance of Young Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, Cultured in the
Laboratory/, 42—3
Shirley, Michael A.
Influence of Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/?’letabolic Responses of
the Larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus/,60—2
Sinclair, James L.
Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of
Alternative Prey/,61—i
Effect of Protozoan Predation on Relative Abundance of Fast— and
Slow—Growing Bacteria/,6l— 2
Smith, A.G., Joint Author.
Inter—Taxa Correlations for Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms/,37—4
Snodgrass, Robert E., Joint Author.
Goussia girellae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriorina) in the Opaleye Girella
nigricans/, 32—1
PAGE 121
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
S
Somerville, Charles C.
Chitinolytic Enzymes: Cloning, Characterization and Applications/,62—1
Somerville, Charles C., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,62—2
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environnient/,26—l
Spain, Carol 11., Joint Author.
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p—Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,56—3
Spain, Jim C.
Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,62—2
Spain, Jim C., Joint Author.
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Saznples/,55—3
Sprenkle, Amy B., Joint Author.
Benzoate—Dependent Induction from the 0P2 Operator—Promoter Region of the
VIOL Plasmid ( * )) in the Absence of Known Plasmid Regulatory Genes/,17—2
Stahl, David A.
Use of Phylogenetically Based Hybridization Probes for Studies of Rumen
Microbial Ecology/, 63—1
Use of rRNA Sequences to Characterize Natural Microbial Populations/,62—3
Stahl, David A., Joint Author.
Transfer of Bacteroides succinogenes (Hungate) to Fibrobacter gen. nov. as
Fibrobacter succinogens comb. nov. and Fibrobacter intestinalis sp.
nov./, 44—3
Stanley, Roman S., Joint Author.
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/, 63—2
Sensitivity Con arisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to Toxicants in
Single Species Acute Tests and Conmiunity Tests/,64—1
Straube, W.L., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,26-1
Suflita, Joseph M., Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,18—2
Suter, G.W., II, Joint Author.
Inferring Population—Level Significance from Individual—Level Effects: An
Extrapolation from Fisheries Science to Ecotoxicology/,4—1
T
Tagatz, Marlin E.
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/, 63—2
PAGE 122
-------
AUThOR INDEX
T
Tagatz, Marlin E.
Sensitivity Comparisons of Estuarine Benthic Animals Exposed to Toxicants in
Single Species Acute Tests and Community Tests/,64—1
Takacs, Richard L.
Effects of the Herbicide Alachlor in Larval Development of the Mud—Crab
Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould)/,64—2
Takita, T., Joint Author.
Laboratory Culture of Embryonic and Larval Jacksmelt, Atherinopsis
californiensis, and Topsmelt, Atherinops affinis, with Notes on
Identification of Each Species/,4l—1
Tamplin, M.L., Joint Author.
Method for Measuring Bacterial Resistance to Metals Employing Epifluorescent
Microscopy/, 71—2
Teh, Swee J., Joint Author.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia in Selected Fish
Species/, 30—1
Thornton, S., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/, 19—1
Tiedje, James M., Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,18—2
Tippie, Virginia K., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,21—2
Trevors, J.T.
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/, 64—3
V
Vethaak, A.D., Joint Author.
Exocrine Pancreatic Adenomas in the Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma
valenciennesi Jordan, and in the European Flounder, Platichthys flesus
(Linnaeus)/,22—2
Vogelbein, W.K.
Sequential Development and Morphology of Experimentally Induced Hepatic
Melano—Macrophage Centres in Rivulus marmoratus/,65—1
Vogelbein, W.K., Joint Author.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Gulf Menhaden, Prevoortia patronus
Goode/, 22—1
W
Walker, William W.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation of Xenobiotic Compounds in In Vitro
Estuarine Water and Sediment/Water Systems/,65—2
Walker, William W., Joint Author.
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Saxnples/,55—3
PAGE 123
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
W
Walker, WilliaiuW., Joint Author.
Exocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms Induced by Methylazoxymethanol Acetate in the
Guppy Poecilia reticulata/,24—l
Rhabdomyosarcoma in the Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes (Ternminck &
Schiegel) and Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters/,28—l
Shake—Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,15—l
Walsh, Gerald E.
Artificial Culture Medium for Use in Marine Algal Toxicity Tests/,66—l
Bostrichobranchus digonas: Confirmation of Its Presence in the Gulf of
Mexico/, 66—2
Comparison of the EC5Os of Algal Toxicity Tests Calculated by Four
Methods/, 68—2
Methods for Toxicity Tests of Single Substances and Liquid Complex Wastes
with Marine Unicellular Algae/,67—l
Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue/,68—1
Minutocellus polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine Unicellular Algae/,67—2
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/,69—1
Walter, R., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2—3
Wang, Yei—Shung
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment/,69—2
Weiner, R.M., Joint Author.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
Weiss, E., Joint Author.
Viable Legionella pneumophila Not Detectable by Culture on Agar Media/,30—2
Wessinger—Duvall, Paul B., Joint Author.
Microwave Irradiation for Rapid Killing and Fixing of Plant Tissue/,68—l
Minutocellus polynorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
White, David C., Joint Author.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,2l—l
Wilhour, Raymond G.
Introduction to National Crop Loss Assessment Network/,69—3
PAGE 124
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
W
Williams, D.E., Joint Author.
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,60—l
Winstead, James T.
Development of Bivalve Mollusc Models for Carcinogenesis Studies/,70—l
Enhancement of Protozoan Pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) Infections in American
Oysters, Crassostrea virginica, Exposed to the Chemical Carcinogen
N—nitrosodiethylamine (DENA)/, 70—2
Winstead, James T., Joint Author.
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
commercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,70—3
Wolf, P.H.
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
conifoercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,70—3
Wolfe, D.A
Long—Term Biological Data Sets: Their Role in Research, Monitoring, and
Management of Estuarine and Coastal Marine Systems/,71—1
Wolfe, L.E., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi—Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,l9—l
Woods, M.E., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt—Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,14—3
Y
Yoder, Mark J., Joint Author.
MinutocelluS polymorphus, a New Marine Diatom for Use in Algal Toxicity
Tests/, 68—3
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/,69—1
z
Zelibor, J.L., Jr.
Method for Measuring Bacterial Resistance to Metals Employing Epifluorescent
Microscopy!, 71—2
Zylstra, Gerben J.
Construction of Plasmids for Use in Risk Assessment Research/,72—l
PAGE 125
------- |