United States Office of Water EPA-823-B-95-003
Environmental Protection (4305) August 1995
Agency
&EPA QUAL2E Windows
Interface User's Manual
-------
FOREWORD
Water quality standards are implemented through a process of calculating Waste Load Allocations (WLAs)
and/or Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). Ultimately Permit Limits are developed based on the
calculated WLAs and TMDLs. Many of these required calculations are preformed with computer simulation
models. Either steady-state or dynamic modeling techniques may be used.
The Office of Science and Technology develops and maintains analytical tools to assist in performing
analysis of water quality problems. The Windows interface developed for the OUAL2E model will help users
prepare input files more efficiently. Default values for constants are included in the interface to provide
reasonable numbers with which to begin the modeling. Integrated data manipulation options, stream
network graphics, and plotting capabilities are among the many useful features included in ihe QUAL2E
-Windows interface. Different screens or parts of screens will be active or inactive depending on the input.
This feature reduces the potential for making mistakes during data entry.
This document is an Agency software user’s manual. It does not establish or affect legal rights or
obligations. It does not establish binding requirements. This document is expected to be revised
periodically to reflect changes in this rapidly evoMng area. Comments from users will be welcomed. Send
comments to U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Standards and Applied Science
Division (4305), 401 M Street SW, Washington. DC 20460.
Tudor T. Davies
Director
Office of Science and Technology
-------
United States Office of Water EPA-823-B-95-003
•' Environmental Protection (4305) August 1995
Agency
xe/EPA~~ QUAL2E Windows
Interface User's Manual
-------
CONTENTS
Section
Page
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, DISCLAIMER. TRADEMARKS
1. INTRODUCTION
1
2. TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND
3
2.1 Overview of QUAL2E
3
- 2.2 Prototype Presentation
3
2.3 Uncertainty Analysis
4
2.4 Data Requirements
4
2.5 Output File
6
2.6 Model Limitations
6
3. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE QUAL2E IMPLEMENTATION IN WINDOWS
7
4. MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
11
4.1 Minimum System Requirements
11
4.2 Installing the Software
11
5. USING THE QUAL2E WINDOWS INTERFACE
13
5.1 Accessing an Existing File or Opening a New File
13
5.2 - File Naming Conventions
13
5.3 Saving Input Files
14
5.4 Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing Output Files
5.5 Submitting an Input File to the Model
14
16
5.6 QUAL2E Windows Interface Commands and Function Keys
16
5.7 Import File Option in QUAL2E 17
5.8 How to Use the Graphics Routine
17
5.9 Array Screen Capabilities in OUAL2E
18
5.10 Unit Conversion
19
6. EXAMPLE RUNS
21
6.1 Example I - Dirty River Reaches DO/BOD/TEMP Simulation . .
21
.6.2 Example 2 - Withlacooctlee River QUAL2E and Uncertainty Analysis
32
6.3 Example 3 - Dynamic/Diurnal Simulation
32
iii
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
APPENDIX A QUAL2E WINDOWS INTERFACE DESIGN 35
REFERENCE 53
iv
-------
TABLES
Number Page
3.1 Input Screen Sequence in OUAL2E Windows Interface 8
3.2 Element Types Used in QUAL2E 9
6.1 Example Run Matrix for QUAL2E Windows Interface 22
6.2 Example Input files with QUAL2E Windows and QUAL2E 23
FIGURES
2.1 QUAL2E Constituent Interactions 5
5.1 Different Files and Their Usage in a QUAL2E Model Run 15
6.1 Sketched Stream System for a Study Area 23
62 Computational Elements In Example I 24
6.3 Entering Data in OUAL2E Windows Interface Screens 25
6.4 OUAL2E Graph from Example I 33
6.5 Phosphorus Concentration vs. Distance .. 33
V
-------
1. INTRODUCTION
The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model
(QUAL2E) is a comprehensive and versatile stream
water quality model. It can simulate up to 15 water
quality constituents in any combination desired by
the user (Brown and Bamwell, 1987). The model Is
applicable to dendritic streams that are well mixed.
It uses a finite-difference solution of the advective-
dispersive mass transport and reaction equations.
The model is intended for use as a water quality
planning tool.
OUAL2E-UNCAS is an enhancement to QUAL2E
that allows the user to perform uncertainty analysis.
Three uncertainty options are employed in QUAL2E-
UNCAS: sensitivity analysis, first order error analy-
sis, and Monte Carlo simulation.
The QUAL2E Windows interface was developed to
assist the user in data input and model execution
and to make a complex model user-friendly. The
Windows interface was developed for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Science
and Technology, Standards and Applied Science
Division, to help the Division implement the Total
Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. This user’s
guide provides instructions on the use of the
QUAL2E interface and illustrates its use with three
example runs. The Windows interface integrates
the QUAL2E model and data handling needs to
make the model implementation user-friendly. A
brief description of the QUAL2E model structure is
presented to facilitate subsequent discussions.
This guide is divided into six sections. Section 2
provides a technical summary of the QUAL2E
model, as well as the model structure, the input re-
quirements, and the output Section 3 describes the
Windows Implementation of the OUAL2E model,
Including descriptions of the screen sequences,
changes made for ease of use, and limitations Of the
Implementation. SectIon 4 provIdes minimum re-
quirements and Instructions for installing the soft-
ware. Section 5 provIdes the Information necessary
to use the OUAL2E Interface, Including:
Accessing an Existing File or Opening a
New File
File-Naming Conventions
Saving Input Files
• Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing
Output Files
• Submitting an Input File to the Model
• QUAL2E Windows Interface Commands
and Function Keys
• Import File Option in QUAL2E
• How to Use the Graphics Routine
• Array Screen Capabilities in QUAL2E
• Unit Conversion
Section 6 contains three example runs that highlight
user entry and model output Appendix A provides
the screen structure and descriptions of the vari-
ables for the Windows Interface.
I
-------
2. TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND
2.1 OvervIew of OUAL2E
QUAL-l was initially developed by the Texas Water
Development Board in the 1 960$. Several improved
versions of the model were developed by EPA as
part of this effort, and after extensive review and
testing the QUAL-Il series became widely used.
Present support for the model is provided by the
Environmental Protection Agency’s Center for
Exposure Assessment Modeling (CEAM).
QUAL2E simulates up to 15 water quality constitu-
ents in branching stream systems. The model uses
a finite-difference solution of the advective-disper.
sive mass transport and reaction equations. A
stream reach is divided into a number of computa-
tional elements, and for each computational
element, a hydrologic balance in terms of stream
flow (e.g., m 3 /s), a heat balance in terms of
temperature (e.g., °C), and a material balance in
terms of concentration (e.g., mg/I) are written. Both
advective and dispersive transport processes are
considered in the material balance. Mass is gained
or lost from the computational element by transport
processes, wastewater discharges, and withdra*als.
Mass can also be gained or lost by Internal
processes such as release of mass from benthic
sources or biological transformations.
The program simulates changes in flow conditions
along the stream by computing a series of steady-
state water surface profiles. The calculated stream-
flow rate, velocity, cross-sectional area, and water
depth serve as a basis for determining the heat and
mass fluxes into and out of each computational
element due to flow. Mass balance determines the
concentrations of’ conservative minerals, coliform
bacteria, and nonconservative constituents at each
computational element. In addition to material fluxes,
major processes included in mass balance are
transformation of nutrients, algal production, benthic
and carbonaceous demand, atmospheric reaeration,
and the effect of these processes on the dissolved
oxygen balance. OUAL2E uses chlorophyll a as the
indicator of planktonic algae biomass. The nitrogen
cycle is divided into four compartments: organic
nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and
nitrate nitrogen. In a similar manner, the phos-
phorus cycle is modeled by using two compart-
ments. The primary internal sink of dissolved oxy-
gen In the model is biochemical’ oxygen demand
(BOO). The major sources of dissolved oxygen are
algal photosynthesis and atmospheric reaeratlon.
The model is applicable to dendritic streams that are
well mixed. It assumes that the major transport
mechanisms, advection and dispersion, are signifi-
cant only along the main direction of flow (the
longitudinal axis of the stream or canal). It allows
for multiple waste discharges, withdrawals, tributary
flows, and incremental inflow and outflow. It also
has the capability to compute required dilution flows
for flow augmentation to meet any pre-specified dis-
solved oxygen level.
Hydraulically, QUAL2E is limited to the simulation of
time periods during which both the stream flow in
river basins and input waste loads are essentially
constant.. QUAL2E can operate as either a steady-
state or a quasi-dynamic model, making it a very
helpful water quality planning tool. When operated
as a steady-state model, it can be used to study the
impact of waste loads (magnitude, quality, and
location) on instream water quality. By operating the
model dynamically, the user can study the effects of
diurnal variations In meteorological data on water
quality (primarily dissolved oxygen and temperature)
and also can study diurnal dissolved oxygen varia-
tions due to algal growth and respiration. However,
the effects of dynamic forcing functions, such as
headwater flows or point loads, cannot be modeled
in QUAL2E.
2.2
Prototype Presentation
Prototype representation In QUAL2E consists of
dividing a stream into a network consisting of
Headwater, BReaches, and Junctions. The
fundamental reason for subdividing sections of a
stream into reaches is that QUAL2E assumes that
some 26 physical, chemical, and biological param-
3
-------
eters (model input parameters or coefficients) are
constant along a reach. Fo example, different
values for Manning’s roughness coefficient,
sediment oxygen demand, and algal settling rate
can be specified by the user for different reaches,
but each of these values remains constant over a
particular reach. However, the state variables
chinge within a reach; e.g., DO is calculated at
each computational element and thus can vaiy
within a reach. The question that must be addressed
in order to define a reach is what constitutes
signiflcant 1 ’ change in these model lnputs—signlfi-
cant in the sense of their impact on simulation re-
sults, not necessarily in the sense of change In the
inputs themselves.
Mass transport in the QUAL2E computer program is
handled in a relatively simple manner. There seems
to be some confusion about QUAL2E’s transport
capabilities because It is sometimes called a ‘ quasi-
dynamic’ model. However, iti all of the computer pro-
grams in the QUAL series, there Is an explicit as-
sumption of steady flow; the only time-varying forcing
functions are the climatologic variables that primarily
affect temperature and algal growth. A more appropn-
ate term for this capability is ‘dial’ indicating variation
over a 24-hour period. The forcing function used for
estimating transport is the stream flow rate, which, as
mentioned above, is assumed to be constant Stream
velocity, cross-sectional area, and depth are computed
from stream flow.
One of the most important considerations In
determining the assimilative capacity of a stream is
its ability to maintain an adequate dissolved oxygen
concentration. The OUAL2E program performs die-
solved oxygen balance by includIng major source
and sink terms in the mass balance equation. As
shown in Figure 2.1, the nitrogen cycle is composed
of four compartments: organic nitrogen, ammonia
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen. The
phosphorus cycle Is similar to, but simpler than, the
nitrogen cycle, ha’ing only two compartments.
Ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand
(CBOD) is modeled as a first-Order degradation
process in QUAL2E. If the modeler uses BOD5 as
an input, OUAL2E converts 5-day BOO to ultimate
BOD for internal calculations. Oxidation processes
involved in CBOD decay and In the nutrient cycles
represent the primary internal slnk of dissolved
oxygen in the OUAL2E program. The major source
of dissolved oxygen, in addition to that supplied from
algal photosynthesis, Is atmospheric reaeration.
2.3 UncertaInty Analysis
Uncertainty analysis for model simulations is
assuming a growing Importance In the field of water
quality management. QUAL2E allows the modeler
to perform uncertainty analysis on steady-state
water quality simulations. Three uncertainty analy-
sis techniques are employed In QUAL2E-UNCAS:
sensitivity analysis, first-order error analysis, and
Monte Carlo simulation. With this capability, the
user can assess the effect of model sensitivities and
of uncertain Input data on model forecasts. Quantifi-
cations of the uncertainty In model forecasts will
allow assessment of the risk (probability) of a water
quality variable being above or below an acceptable
level. The user can select the Important Input vari-
ables to be perturbed and locations on the stream
where the uncertainty analysis Is to be applied.
2.4 Data R.qulr.rn.nts
OUAL2E requIres some degree of modeling
sophistication and expertise on the part of a user.
The user must supply more than 100 indMdual in-
puts, some of which require considerable judgment
to estimate. The Input data In OUAL2E can be
grouped into three categories: a streamlriver sys-
tem, global variables, and forcing functions. Addi-
tionally, there are three data groups for simulation
control and uncertainty analysis.
The first step In preparing the OUAL2E Inputs is to
deóxlbe a complete streamf river system by applying
the rules that are defined by the model. The stream
system should be divided into reaches, which are
stretches of stream that have uniform hydraulic
characteristics. Each reach Is then subdivided into
computational elements of equal length. Thus, all
reaches must consist of an integer number of
computational elements. Functionally each compu-
tational element belongs to one of seven types (de-
scribed later). River reaches are the basis of most
Input data.
The global variables Include simulation variables,
such as units and simulation type, water quality con-
stituents. and some physical characteristics of the
basin. Up to 15 water quality constituents can be
modeled by QUAL2E.
Forcing functions are user-specified Inputs that drive
the system being modeled. These Inputs are speci-
fied In terms of flow, water quality characteristics,
4
-------
(Reaeration)
Figure 2.1 QUAUE Constituent Interactions
K 3
a 2 LL
U 2 P
5
-------
and local climatology. OUAL2E accommodates four
types of hydraulic and mass-load-forcing functions
in addition to local climatological factors: headwater
inputs, point sources or withdrawals, incremental
inflow/outflow along a reach, arid the downstream
boundary concentration (optional).
Local climatological data are required for the simula-
tion of algae and ten erature. The temperature simu-
lation uses a heat balance across the air-water
interface and thus requires values of wet and dry bulb
air temperatures, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity,
and cloud cover. The algal simulation req Mes values
of net solar radiation. For dynamic simulations, these
climatological data must be input at regular time
intervals over the course of the simulation and are ap-
plied uMormly over the entire river basin. For model-
ing steady-state temperature and algae, average daily
local dimatological data are required and may valy
spatially over the basin by reach.
The uncertainty analysis procedures incorporated into
the computer program guide the user in the calibration
process, in addition to providing information about the
uncertainty associated with the calibrated model.
To create OUAL2E input flies, the user has to follow
data type sequences within one particular input file.
There are five different input files for which certain
combinations must be created before running the
model.
2.5 Output File
OUAL2E produces three types of tables—hydraulics,
reaction coefficient, and water quality—in the output
file. The hydraulics summary table contains flows,
velocities, travel time, depths, and cross-sectional
areas along each reach. The reaction coefficient
table lists the reaction coefficients for simulated con-
stituents. The water quality table reports constituent
concentrations along a reach. A summary of
temperature calculations may also be induded.
2.6 Model Limitations
OUAL2E his been designed to be a relatively gen-
eral program; however, certain dimensional limita-
tions were Imposed during program development
(Brown and Barnwell, 1987). These limitations are:
• Reaches: a maximum of 50
• Computational elements: no more than 20
per reach or a total of 500
• Headwater elements: a maximum of 10
• Junction elements: a maximum of 9
• Point source and withdrawal elements: a
maximum of 50
6
-------
3. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE QUAL2E
IMPLEMENTATION IN WINDOWS
The OUAL2E Windows interface is designed to be
as user-friendly as possible. The interface consists
of 24 screens that cover all the data required by
OUAL2E and QUAL2E-UNCAS. The first 20
screens represent the data for OUAL2E, and the
last four screens are for OUAL2E-UNCAS. The
screen input sequence for OUAL2E is given in Table
3.1. In general, the interface is divided into six data
components: OUAL2E simulation control, a stream
system, global variables, functional data, climatology
data, and uncertainty analysis. The QUAL2E simu-
lation control describes simulation control variables
and number of reaches in the reach system. A
complete stream system is described by the reach
connection, element type, and a computational
length. River reaches, which are aggregates of com-
putational elements, are the basis of most data
input. The global variables include number of con-
stituents to be simulated, geographical and clima-
tological information, option for plotting DO/BOD,
and kinetics and temperature correction factors.
The functional data provide flow data, reaction co-
efficients, and forcing functions. Initial conditions,
boundary conditions, and point source loads are in-
put as forcing functions. The global climitology
data are required only for diurnal DO simulations.
The uncertainty analysis (optional) data consist of
types of uncertainty analyses, input and output
conditions, and input variables with perturbations.
Of 24 screens, the first 3 screens where a complete
stteam system is entered are most important be-
cause the majority of the data on the following
screens are dependent upon the Information given
by Screens 1-3. The stream system can be de-
scribed by reach name, beginning and ending reach
in terms of river miles or kilometers, and an
indication of the headwater. The sequence of the
reaches given on Screen 2 is used by the interface
to display the reach connections. Each reach is
then subdivided into computational elements of
equal length, which are also displayed on the reach
graphics screen. Once this information has been
provided, the interface will automatically link all
reaches to a stream system and assign the element
types as headwaters, junctions, standards, or a
downstream boundary on Screen 3.
There are seven different types of computational
elements: headwater element, standard element, up-
stream element from a junction, junction element,
downstream element, point source, and withdrawal
element. A headwater element begins every tnbu-
tary as well as the main river system, and therefore
must always be the first element in a headwater
reach. A standard element is one that does not
qualify as one of the remaining six element types.
An upstream element from a junction Is used to
designate an element on the mainstream that Is just
upstream of a junction. A junction element has a
simulated tributary entering it. A downstream ele-
ment is defined as the last element in a stream sys-
tem. Point sources and withdrawals represent ele-
ments that have inputs (waste loads and unsimu-
lated tributaries) and water withdrawals, respec-
tively. Table 3.2 lists seven element types allowed
in the OUAL2E input (represented below as num-
bers) and eight in the OUAL2E interface (indicated
by capital letters).
Certain element types on Screen 3 are grayed out,
such as headwater elements and junction elements.
This means those types or fields cannot be
changed. The only element types or fields that can
be changed are the standard elements where the Ss
are located. The standard elements could be further
defined as point sources, withdrawals, or dams.
The user should indicate the locations of point
sources, withdrawals, or dams if they are applied.
River reaches and computational elements are the
basis of most data Input. Screen 4 is used to iden-
tify water quality parameters to be simulated. As
mentioned previously, QUAL2E can simulate up to
15 water quality constituents in any combination de-
sired by the user. Constituents that can be modeled
are:
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
7
-------
Table 3.1 Input Screan S.quenc In QUAUE Windows Inte,fac
Data
Component
Deacilpt lon
of Input
Data
Content
OUAL2E
Oats
Typ.
Intsrfac
Input
File
Input
Screan
No.
1
OUAL2E
Simulation
Title, simulation type, unit, time-step
Uncertainty analysis, flow augnentatlon,
trapezoidal channels, no. of reaches
I
‘RUN
3
2
Stream
system
Reach ID and river miles /km, headwater, camp.,
length
Element type for each reach
2
3
Global
variables
Water quality (no. of constituents)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Plot DO/BOO
Geographical &
ckmatologicai data
1st., long., dust., elev., evap.
1
Title line
Ust reach numbers to be
pl atted
4
Functional
data
Global kinetics, tOmp. correct. factor
Pow
Observed DO file ‘.00
7
Flow au ’nentation
1A, lB
‘RUN
3
Hydraulic data/local
climatology
5, 5A
BOO/DO, algae. N.
P. reaction coeffIcient
6, 6A, 68
Forcing function
Initial conditions
7, 7A
8,9
10
11
12. 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Incremental inflow
8, 8A
Headwater
10, bA
11, 11 A
Point loads/withdrawals
Dams
12
Downstream boundary
ia 13A
5
Clknatolog-
ical data
Global climatological data file
‘CU
20
6
UncertaInty
Malysis
Sensitivity analysis, first order error analysIs.
Monte Carlo simulation
14,9
.UNS
21
22
Input conditions, output
Input variables for sensitivity analysis
8
Input variables for first order and Monte Carlo
analyses
‘VAR
23
Reach (element) numbers to be printed
I’UNS
24
8
-------
Table 3.2 Element Types Used In OUAL2E
OUAL2E
OUAL2E
ELEMENT TYPE
P4TERFACE
MODEL
Headwater
H
I
Standard
S
2
Upst eam of a junction
U
3
Junction
J
4
Most downstream
E
5
Point source
P
6
Withdrawai
w
7
Dam
D
Temperature
Algae as chlorophyll a
• Phosphorus cycle (organic and dissolved)
• Nitrogen cycle (organic, ammonia (NH 3 ), -
nitrite (NO 3 ), nitrite (NO 2 ))
• Coliforms
• Arbitrary nonconservative constituent
• Three conservative constituents
Water quality constituents can be simulated under
either steady-state or quasi-dynamic conditions. If
either the phosphorus cycle or the nitrogen cycle is
not being simulated, the model presumes they will
not limit algal growth. Note that QUAL2E can simul-
ate either ultimate BOO or 5-day BOO (8005).
The model simulates ultimate BOO in the general
case. If the user wishes to use 5-day BOO for Input
and output, the program will internally make the con-
version to ultimate BOD. On Screen 4, If only BOD
Is chosen, the ultimate BOO will be simulated; if
both BOO and BOD5 are selected, the 5-day BOD
input/output option is applied.
Geographical and climatologlcal data are entered on
Screen 5. Cllmatological data can be varied with
reaches or constant throughout reaches depending
on the simulation type. Temperature correction fac-
tors could be defaults by the model or user-speci-
fied. PJso, if the user hasobserved DO datathat
are stored In a .DO file, that could be specified
under Observed Dissolved Oxyg.n file on Screen
5. The observed data are stored on Screen 7.
Functional data are input on Screens 10 through 19.
Flow characteristics of the reach system can be
described by dispersion coefficients, discharge co-
efficients or a geographical representation (i.e.,
trapezoidal channels), and Manning’s n. Flow aug-
mentation may be applied when the DO concen-
tration drops below some required target level.
9
-------
4. MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
4.1 Minimum System Requirements ing QUAL2E for Windows. Close all open appli-
cation., Including FILE MANAGER, before you
The system runs under Microsoft Windows ’. The start the setup program.
minimum system requirements are provided below
STEP 2. Start Windows, and then choose file
• Windows Version 3.1 Run.
• 80386 processor
• 4 megabytes RAM STEP 3: Type A:SETUP (or B:SETUP If the disk
• 10 megabytes hard disk space is in the B drive). Click on the OK
- button or press ENTER.
NOTE: A math coprocessor is recommended but
not required. STEP 4: You will be asked to enter the location
of the directory where you would like
4.2 Installing the Software QUAL2E to be loaded. When you
confirm this or enter a new directory, the
STEP 1. Insert the QUAL2E Setup Disk (i.e.. loading will begin.
OUAL2E DISK 1) into drive A or drive
B. Please note that the QUAL2E Windows
interface consists of two disks.
NOTE: You must have 10 megabytes of space on
the hard disk drive on which you are install- STEP 5. You are ncw ready to use OUAL2E.
11
-------
5. USING THE QUAL2E WiNDOWS INTERFACE
Once you have finished loading the software, you
will be ready to access the QUAL2E Windows inter-
face. This section details how to use the capabili-
ties available in the QUAL2E interface. It describes
the following:
• Accessing an Existing File or Opening a
New File
• File Naming Conventions
NOTE: The Input files must be in the same location
as the .EXE files (the QUAL2E executable
files). If you elect to read In an existing file
from a different directory 1 the directory in
whIch the file Is located becomes the default
directory for OUAL2E. All the data files for
QUAL2E must exist in the default directory.
It Is strongly recommended that you not
save Input files In any location other than
the QUAL2E directory.
• Saving Input Files
• Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing
Output Files
• Submitting an Input File to the Model
• OUAL2E Windows Interface Commands
and Function Keys
• Import File Option in QUAL2E
• How to Use the Graphics Routine
Array Screen Capabilities
• Unit Conversion
5.1 Accessing an Existing File or
Opening a New File
When you first enter the QUAL2E Windows Inter-
face, you will be automatically assigned a new file.
The new file name and number will appear at the
top of the screen in parentheses, for example,
(OAL2E###.INP).
TQ access an existing file, click on the FILE option
on the very top line, select the OPEN option, and
select the file you want from the list that appears.
If you made any changes to the previously opened
file, you will be asked whether you want to save the
file. This is to remind you that opening a flew file
will overwrite the existing screens. The OUAL2E
Windows interface does not allow you to open more
than one input file concurrently.
5.2 File Naming Conventions
All files created by QUAL2E in Windows have a file
naming convention as explained below:
1. The first five characters are the function name
(i.e., QAL2E); the next three digits are sequen-
tially assigned numbers that indicate the number
of the input file that you are currently creating.
2. The file extension indicates the type of file, as
explained below:
File Names Description of the file
QAL2E###.INP QUAL2E Windows
Interface Input file
This file contains all
the input data
required for QUAL2E
in one file.
QUAL2E Windows
graphics file
This file contains all
the Input data that
were entered to
create a particular
graph.
The following Input files are generated by the
OUAL2E WindowS interface when you choose to
submit the QAL2E###.INP file to the model for
execution. These files can be read by the interface
later through an IMPORT function. These fi!es wi!!
be in your directory.
OALGR###.INP
13
-------
QAL2E###.RUN
OAL2E###.DO
QAL2E###.CLI
OAL2E###.UNS
QAL2E###.VAR
QUAL2E input file
Observed Dissolved
Oxygen data file
Climatology data file
Uncertainty Input file
Variance uncertainty
input file
Note that the QAL2E###.RUN file is always required
for a OUAL2E execution. It is the actual input file
for the program. The RUN file Is generated by the
QUAL2E Windows interface prior to executing the
program. You have the option of importing an
existing RUN file into the QUAL2E Windows inter-
face. Always save your current file before importing
a RUN file because the imported file will overwrite
all tha values on the screens without gMng you a
choice. Other input files are optional depending on
the data availability and the simulation type. The
DO file is used when observed DO data are avail-
able. The CLI file is needed for quasi-dynamic sim-
ulations. The UNS and VAR files are needed for
the uncertainty analysis. Two additional files are
generated by the program: QAL2E###.DOU and
QAL2E###.RCH. These files remain invisible. A
schematic of all the files and their uses is given in
Figure 5.1.
Output Files
These files are generated by the OUAL2E model:
QAL2E###.OUT
OAL2E*##.DOU
5.3 Saving input Flies
OUAL2E model
tabulated output file
Simulation results In
data blocks
If you opened an existing file to edit, when you
choose to save the file, the existing interface input
file will be overwritten with the new values unless
you choose the SAVE AS option under FILE menu
and assign a new file name. If you are as ignIng a
new name to a file, remember to follow the naming
conventions described In section 52.
QUAL2E will ask you whether you wish to save the
interface input file when you exit the interface
functions or when you reach the last sa-een of an
interface function. However, if you have accessed
an existing file and made alt the changes before
reaching the last screen, you may save the input file
by proceeding to the FILE optiOn and selecting the
SAVE option. Once you have completed an
interface Input file, you may submit It to the OUAL2E
model for execution. When you submit the interface
Input file to the model, the input file will be validated
by the Windows Interface. If any error is detected
(e.g., a BOO decay value of more than 2 or a
latitude value outside the range of 0-90 degrees)
during the validation, you will be Informed of the
error and taken to the incorrect entry so that you
can correct it immediately.
5.4 SettIng Up a Default Editor for
Viewing Output Flies
The default editor for viewing and editing OUAL2E
output files is the WRITE program in Windows.
However, you may choose any other data editor
(e.g., EDIT.EXE) for viewing the output by selecting
the Utilities menu on the top menu bar of the saeen
and using the Setup Output File Viewer option. The
path and executable name of the output file editor
should be specified under this option. If you do not
have any special text editor to choose, you may
check the default WRITE.EXE setup using the
above-mentioned procedure.
After each execution of OUAL2E from the Windows
interface, you will be asked whether you want to
view the OUT file. If you decide to see the output,
the .OUT file will be opened using the editor of your
choice. It Is important to note that the OUAL2E
Windows interface does not have any button or
menu Item that allows you to see an existing output’
file without running the program. You may want to
use WRITE in the ACCESSORIES group of the
Windows Program Manager to open, edit, and save
an output file at any time. Select alt the texts in the
file (by cticldng before the first character of the
output file and dragging he mouse pointer to the
end while keeping the left mouse button pressed),
and choose the landscape option in Print Setup
under FILE menu to avoid wraparound of text’
Additionally, when the text is selected, you may
switch to a fixed width font, such as Courier or Une
Printer, to see the text vertically aligned. Click on
the Fonts option under the Character menu to open
the font selection box.
14
-------
frr j Files invisible to the user
Import
FIgure 5.1 Different Files and Their Usage In a
I ] Possible user interaction
‘II..
Import
Prepare QUAL2E
interfaceinput file
(QAL2E ,INP)
QUAL2E input file
from a previous run
(QAL2E###.RUN)
Saved for future use
View output file
(QAL2E###.OLrF)
QUAUE Model Run.
15
-------
5.5 SubmItting an input File to the
Model
When you have completed the Input, file for the
interface that you are in, select the RUN button to
run the model with the input file you created. When
you select the RUN option, alt the entries in the file
will be validated. If any errors are detected during
the validation, QUAL2E will put up a message
informing you of the type of error detected and will
then take you to the prompt that Is Incorrect Once
all valid entries are made, the file is submitted to the
appropriate model for execution. An Icon will
appear at the bottom of the screen for those blocks
for which the OUAL2E model Is celled. When the
processing of the Interface Input file is complete,
OUALE2 will execute and will ask you whether you
want to view the output file. If you indicate that you
wish to view the output file, OUAL2E will show it
using a text editor. You can annotate the results if
you choose to do so. To exit from the WRITE text
editor, choose Exit from the File menu or press the
ALT and F keys simultaneously (ALT-F); then press
the X key. You will return to the interface screens.
5.6 QUAL2E Windows Interface
Commands and Function Keys
All the Windows Interface screens have a series of
buttons Immediately below the menu bar to make
frequently used commands easily accessible.
These buttons and the commands they represent
are accessible in three ways: (1) dick on a button
with the left mouse key to perform the function It
names, (2) press the ALT key along with the
underhned letter in the button title (e.g. ALT-N for
the next screen), or (3) dIck the left mouse button
on the Tool menu and select one of the options
listed underneath. However, to activate the Graphics
option, click on the Utilities menu Instead of the Tool
menu and select Graphics.
The buttons and the commands they represent are
explained below:
NEXT Button This option allows you to move to
thenextscreenintheinterface. IfthOreareln-
correct va!ues on the screen In which you are
working and you attempt to move, to another
screer.. OUAL2E will inform you of the erro. and
allow you the option of going back (and correct-
Ing the error at a later time) or correcting the er-
ror before moving on. The cursor will blink at
the prompt with the Incorrect envy It you elect to
correct the error before moving on.
BACK button ThIs button allows you to move back
one screen. If there are incorrect values on the
screen In which you are working and you
attempt to move to another screen, OUAL2E will
Inform you of the error and allow you the option
of going back (and correcting the error at a later
time) or correcting the error before moving on.
The cursor will blInk at the prompt with the in-
correct entry If you elect to correct the error be-
fore moving on.
INDEX FunctIon Instead of moving backward and
forward throu the screens, you may use the
INDEX feature to hop back and forth between
screens. To access thIs feature, position the
cursor over the INDEX button and dick with the
mouse button, or enter ALT-N. All the screens
available In this option will be displayed with the
screen titles. Certain screens will be grayed
out, indicating that these screens are not
accessible due to the selections made on other
screens. The screen that you were in when you
selected the INDEX button will be highlighted in
blue text.
If you wish to see the prompts that appear on
each screen, press the EXPAND button at the
bottom of th INDEX screen. The screen names
and numbers will then Include all the prompts
contained In the screens. You may contract the
screen again to the normal display of just the
screen names and number . by clicking on the
CONTRACT button.
To move to the screen that you want, position
the cursor over the screen number of any non-
gray screen and dick the left mouse button.
You are taken Immediately to that screen. To
exit the INDEX screen and return to the previ-
ous screen, dick on the CANCEL button.
HELP button This option allows you to access the
on-line help for the OUAL2E Windows interface.
Two different types of help are available:
Prompt-Level Help, which contains Information
on the specific prompt on which your cursor Is
located or on which you are entering data, and
18
-------
General H.lp, which contains a general de-
scription of the OUAL2E system.
To access General Help, move the cursor to
the button bar and the dick on the HELP button,
or press ALT-H from the keyboard. A menu will
appear. Select the HELP INDEX option or enter
I from the key board. A window will appear with
a screen title Description of this run. Click on
the Search button on the Help Screen to find a
topic. You can type in the topic or scroll through
the list of available topics. When you find the
topic you are looking for, dick the left mouse
button on the topic twice and then click on the
GO TO button.
To access Prompt-Level Help, move the cursor
over to the prompt on which you would like in-
formation and press the Fl function key or dick
on the HELP button.
When you are finished viewing Help, exit the
Help window either by entering ALT-F, X from
the keyboard or by double-clicking the left
mouse button on the icon located at the top left
corner of the window. You will be returned to
the screen in which you were previously
working.
CALC button This option allows you to access the
Calculator Function within Windows, should you
require the use of a calculator at any screen in
OUAL2E. You may invoke a scientific calculator
by clicking on the View menu of the calculator
and selecting Scientific.
TOP button This option allows you to move to the
first screen in OUAL2E from any screen without
having to use the INDEX function.
RUN button This option allows you to submit an
interface input file that you have created to the
OUAL2E mOdel for execution. If Incorrect
entries are present in the file when you click on
this button, OUAL2E will inform you that you
have incorrect values and will take you to the
appropriate prompt so that you can correct the
value and resubmit the file.
RESTORE button This option allows you to restore
the default values that were In the file before
you started making changes for a screen. This
is an option that allows you to replace pre-
existing values on a particular screen without
having to exit the system or go back to every
variable that you changed. However, If you
move to another screen, all the changes be-
come permanent.
GRAPHICS button This option allows you to graph
the OUAL2E output results. There are two
types of graphs: flow vs. distance and pollutant
concentrations vs. distance along the river sys-
tem. The graphics routine also has the capabil-
ity of drawing the network connections of the
river system.
5.7 Import File Option In QUAL2E
The import file option allows you to access existing
input files that are generated from other model runs.
The OUAL2E Interface can import all five Input files:
.RUN, .DO, .CLI, .UNS, and .VAR files. (See Section
5.2, File Naming Conventions.) The IMPORT option
can be used to access any one of these five types
of files. The filename indicates the type of data that
the file contains. For example, if you Import a file
with a DO extension, it will replace all data on the
Observed Dissolved Oxygen Screen. This option
allows you to mix and match different types of data.
The IMPORT option can be selected from the menu
bar at the top of OUAL2E Interface window. Click
on IMPORT to see a list of the five types of Import
files. Once you select the file type you want, you
will see a window similar to the Windows Open File
option, except that only one type of file will be listed.
Move your cursor over the file that you would like to
import and click twice in quick succession to bring
the data Into the OUAL2E interface. If you dick only
once on a filename, a short description of the file
will be shown in a box at the top of the window.
5.8 How to Use the Graphics Routine
The Graphics Program can be accessed by clicking
on the Graphics button with the mouse. A window
similar to the QUAL2E Windows interface will ap-
pear. You can select two types of graphics: display
of reaches and graphs. When a OUAL2E output file
is selected, you can dick on the REACHES button
to view the entire stream network. There two options
for plotting graphs: flow vs. distance and concentra-
tion of a water quality constituent vs. dlstancó. The
giaph plotting option is provided to allow you to
represent the results in easy-to-understand formats.
17
-------
STEP 1. The graphics option is accessible
through a GRAPHICS button on the
third line from the top of the QUAL2E
Windows Interface een. It is also
accessible using u.raphics option
under the Utilities menu (ALT-U, G).
STEP 2. The Graph Selection screen will appear.
You must first select a OUAL2E output
file. To see a list of the files that exist In
your default directory, dick on the arrow
to the right of the filename box. From
the puli- down menu, select the file that
you would like to use as input for
graphics.
STEP 3. Select the type of graph from the list
provided. Then specify a starting reach
and an ending reach. If the starting
reach and the ending reach are not In
the same branch or the ending reach is
not located downstream from the start-
ing reach, you will see a message in-
forming you that you need to make
another selection.
StEP 4. Click the ‘RUN button when you have
made all the selections on the first
screen. You will see a box informing
you that the selections you made will
be sav9d under the filename shown at
the top of the’ screen (e.g.,
QALGROOI .INP).
STEP 5. Next you will see a list of files in a box
with the title GRAPHIC SELECTION.
The file that was just generated will be
selected. You may select up to four
graphs from the list presented. Choose
OK to draw the graph&
STEP 6. The graphs that you selected will be
drawn on the screen. Once drawn, you
have two options:
PRINT: To print the graphs(s) on the
screen, select the GRAPH
option at the top of the
screen and ‘select PRINT.
The file will be printed to the
default Windows printer.
EDIT: This option allows you to
copy the image and paste it
to any Windows application
through the Clipboard. To do
this, click on EDIT at the
menu bar and select COPY.
Then switch to the target
Windows application (e.g.,
WordPerfect) and choose
Paste or Paste Special to
complete the cut-and-paste
function.
The features and lunltatlons of the graphics program
lndude:
• The graphics routine can draw up to three
pollutants for one graph. It can display two
pollutants with two Y-axes for one graph.
• You can display up to four graphs at a
time. You need to create the first three
graphs by going through the graph plothng
cycle three times and entering a new file
name each time. (This is the file name
shown at the top of the screen:
QALGR###.INP for the OUAL2E graphs.)
To change the file name, click on the File
menu and choose New from the Graph
Selection screen. If you do not select a
new file name, when you hit the fiUN but-
ton the new graph will overwrite the previ-
ously drawn graph. Finally, you need to go
through a fourth cycle in which you plot the
fourth graph, select all four graph files in
the Graph Selection pop-up window, and
choose OK.
• The observed DO data cannot be plotted
along with model predicted values.
5.9 Array Screen Capabilities In
QUAL2E
There are many array screens ln OUAL2E, such as
hydraulIc data, Initial conditions, and others. At
these screens, you have two additional capabilities
that are not available on regular screens in
QUAL2E.
1. EDIT: Copy and Pasts
This option is available from the menu bar at the top
of the Window (ALT-E). You can use this capability
to copy/cut a selected block of data (either rows or
columns or both) and paste it to another area if the
18
-------
same data are to be duplicated or you can use it to
copy data from a spreadsheet program where you
might have data (e.g., climatological data) and paste
it for use by OUAL2E. To select a block, click the
left mouse button on the top left cell of the desired
block and drag the mouse to the bottom right cell,
keeping the left mouse button pressed. The first cell
selected will be highlighted rather than In reverse
video as are the remaining cells in the area that YOU,
have selected. Choose Copy or Cut from the Edit
menu, depending on what you would like to do. ‘To
paste the block that you just copied, move to the
area to which you want to copy the block and select
the Paste option from EDIT. You will see a mes-
sage warning you that any data existing in the
selected area will be overwritten.
To select a block that is larger or wider than a
screen, proceed to the cell that will begin your block
and click with the left mouse button. Then move the
screen by clicking on the scroll bars so that you can
view the last cell in the desired block, position the
cursor above the last cell, and press the SHIFT key
and the left mouse button simultaneously. This will
highlight the area that you want.
2. ArithmetIc Box
One of the key features of the OUAL2E Windows
interface is its ability to provide mathematical calcu-
lations in columns so that you can easily change
certain rows of values in an array screen (the
screen where the same variable requires a row of
entries).
This feature is selected by clicking on the variable
title in any array, for instance, TEMP (initial tem-
perature in the reach). A window will pop up,
allowing you to do arithmetic operations for a
specific number of rows in that column. You will be
able to access an arithmetic function that allows you
to add, subtract, multiply, or divide any single or
range of values for that variable. For example, you
might choose to add 3 degrees to all the values in
the - temperature array by using the arithmetic
function.
5i0 Unit Conversion
The QUAL2E interface permits the use of either
metric or U.S. units. A conversion routine has been
developed for the OUAL2E interface to allow a
variable’s unit to be changed from one type to
another. If you choose U.S. units at the beginning
of the process for generating an interface input, the
unit titles and default values for the variables will be
supplied to the interface. If you decide later to
change to metric units, the Windows interface will
display a message asking whether you want the
variables converted from one unit to another. If you
choose YES, the interface will display the appropri-
ate units and do the conversion for the variables
that require a unit, If you choose NO, the interface
will only provide the unit titles for the variables and
will not convert the values.
19
-------
6. EXAMPLE RUNS
7. Reach 3
8. Reach 4
9. Reach 5
10. Reach 6
11. Reach 6
6.1 Example I - Dirty River Reaches
DO/BOD/TEMP Simulation
This is an example of the OUAL2E model’s ability to
simulate three water quality constituents: tempera-
ture, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ultimate car-
bonaceous BOD (CBODU) in a steady state mode
with metric units. A sketched stream system for a
study area is shown in Figure 6.1. The network
connections and computational elements for Ex-
ample I are shown in Figure 6.2. The data that are
presented consist of the following: -
These data come from past gaged data and
special survey data on velocities and depths.
1. Dirty River Vet = 0.25 Q 0
Depth = 0.44 Q055
2. Clear Creek Vet = 0.38 031
Depth = 0.51 QOIl
3. Bull Run Vel = 0.28 Q° ,
Dépth=0.48Q°
4. Pond ye! = 0.065 QO as
Depth = 1.1 Qo o5
A. Flowdata
2. Reach 1
3. Reach I
This section contains three example runs to illustrate
how to make the best use of the QUAL2E Windows
interface. The example runs were selected in an at-
tempt to exercise the major portions of the QUAL2E
interface. A matrix of QUAL2E interface with the
various runs is shown in Table 6.1. The QUAL2E
interface generates five different input files. For a
base OUAL2E run, a RUN file is required; an ob-
served DO file is needed when there are observed
data; a CLI file is applied if there are data for quasi-
dynamic (i.e.. diurnal variations) simulations. For an
uncertainty analysis run, an UNS file and a VAR file
are needed in addition to a RUN file and/or a DO
file. The first example is designed to simulate three
water quality constituents: temperature, dissolved
oxygen (DO), and ultimate carbonaceous BOD
(CBODU) in a steady state mode with metric units.
The second example includes a OUAL2E uncer-
tainty analysis in which all five input files are gen-
erated by the interface with U.S. units. The last
example performs a quasi-dynamic/diurnal simula-
tion for most of the conventional pollutants.
These examples were obtained from EPA and
demonstrate the potential applications of the
OUAL2E/OUAL2EU model. The interface runs can
be checked using the input files supplied by EPA
along with the distribution package for QUAL2E.
The example input files prepared for testing the
OUAL2E Windows interface and corresponding files
used for OUAL2E are listed in Table 6.2.
4. Reach 2
5. Reach 2
From gaged data and drainage area ratio analysis,
the following information was developed:
1. Reach I Flow at the headwater of Dirty
River = 0.5 m 3 /s
Point source discharge from the
SIP = 0.48 m 3 /s
Incremental flow in Dirty River
above junction with Clear Creek
= 1241 m 3 /s
Reservoir release Into Clear
Creek = 0.38 m 3 /s
Incremental flow in Clear
Creek above junction with
Bull Run = 0.388 m 3 /s
Flow at headwater of Bull Run
= 0.14 m 3 /s
Incremental flow in Bull Run
= 0.003 m 3 /s
Incremental flows = 0.015 m 3 /s
Incremental flows = 0.015 m 3 /s
Incremental flows = 0.108 m 3 /s
Withdrawal at the diversion
= 0.5 m 3 /s
6. Reach 3
Figure 6.3 (a), (b), and (C) show the screen where
these thta are entOred.
B. Hydraulic data
21
-------
Tabls 8.1 Exampl. Run Matrix for QU
AL2E Windows Iritsrfacs
Component EXAMPLE
RUN
QUAUE 1 2 3
Simulation
Steady state U U
Dynamic
Water quality constituents
Temperature U
CB0DU . U
DO U U
Algae U
Phosphorus U
Nitrogen U
Fecal coliform
Non-conservative
Conservative
Observed DO data U
Temperature correction factors
Default
User-defined U U
Climatological data
Reach vanable
Global U
Functional data
Headwaters
Point sourcesfwithdrawals
Dams
Row augmentation
Downstream condition U
Trapezoidal channels
Uncertainty analysis
Sensitivity
First order error U
Monte Cailo
Units
U.S. units U
Metric U U
22
-------
Table 6.2 Example Input Flies with QUAUE Windows and OUAUE
Example
Type of File
QUAL2E Interface
QUAL2E Model
,
QUAL2E Wndows Interface Input
OAL2EOOI.INP
QUAL2E Input
QAL2EOO1 RUN
WRKSHOP1 .DAT
Measured Dissolved Oxygen input
OAL2EOO1 DO
WRKSPDO.DAT
2
QUAL2E Windows Interface Input
QAL2EOO2.INP
OUAL2E input
QAL2EOO2.RUN
WTHBASE1 .DAT
Measured DO Input
OAL2EOO2.DO
WTHDO.DAT
Uncertainty Input
OAL2EOO2.UNS
WTHUAF1 .DAT
Variance uncertainty Input
OAL2EOO2.VAR
WTHINV.DAT
3
QUAL2E Wndows Interface input
QAL2EOO3.INP
OUAL2E Input
QAL2EOO3.RUN
DIURNL.DAT
Climatology Input
QAL2EOO3.CU
DINTMP.DAT
Reservoir
— S -
STP\
EE 5:l .
USGS Gage
Figure 6.1 Sketched Stream System for a Study Area.
USGS Gage
23
-------
Most Upstream Point
Figure 6. Computational Element. In Example 1.
Point Load Number 1
(Type 6)
Reach No.
— S Element
(Type 2)
— (Type 3)
4— JunctIon No.2
(Type 4)
4— WIthdrawal No.2
(Type 7)
4- Crype 5)
q, Lengthof
( p Computational Element
Headwater Number I
(Type 1)
4-
ii
0
Compu tationaI Element No.
Most Downstream Point
24
-------
W I DOJJ
1vI I
Elle gdft Tool )Ldlltlee Import Help
Help [ f4ext II flock II lop IndexI I Bun O ento!!I [ ompaicoll oIc
th b
FLOW (m3lo) (11:1 0.261
—
REACH
NO.
FLOW
(m3M
TEMP
(C)
DO
(mp
BOO
(mpØ)
CONS 01
CONS 02
CONS 03 P41
1
0.261
18
1
20
1
I
I
2
0.001
iS
1
5
I
I
I
3
0.00
iS
1
5
1
I
I
4
0.01!
18
1
5
1
I
I
5
0.01!
10
1
5
1
I
I
6
0.101
1 8
1
50
-
L 1 J
I
Bus lIReiltorel
IGroplIlcoll o c
DO
J J_
.:
BOO U I
) CONS 01 COf4S 62
1.71
5
2.1
20.1
L!
(b)
Figure 6.3 EnterIng Data in OUAL2E Windowo Interfaca Scra no.
25
-------
OUAI 71 IOAL ?f ‘Ii IN
Ejle L III T eI UWIISS lWpo,t if sip
tiari __ __ ___
roini I o,i 1 ; ri Wit
LW ] I • I L2 ______
1t’ ’dr tuiIii D. ?,t
DISPER CONST (13:1 0• I
REACH
NO.
DISPER
CONSI
0 COEFF
VEL
0 D
VEL
0 COEFF
DEPTH
0 U
DEPTH
MAI4N G
SIDE SLOPE 1
(mimJ
1
60
.2
.3 !
.14
.5
.Oi
.
-2
60
.3
.31
.51
.51
.Od
3
120
.2
.3!
.4!
.5
.0
I
600(
.06
.1!
1.1
.0
.0
5
20(
.3
.31
.51
.61
.0
6
100
.2
.3
.4
0.3
.0
-
!LJ — - L.
Flgur. 6.3 (continu.d)
(d)
NAME (1):I UVR CTY SiP
(c)
tile LIII T sl UtIllles Impolt help
QUAI 71 lOft ?1 OUt .IN1’
28
-------
ADAM COEFF ( 11:1 1.25
REACH ELE I ADAM I BOA&4 I X FLOW I HEIGHT DAMJ
NO. NO. COEFF I COEFF IOVERDAMI ‘L
5 1 -.
. (0)
—
O’..’AI ?L IQAI ?i liii I .INPI
tile
ton
IDOl
vjijrne, I DOfl M IO
__ r r __ I 1 ___
hut) iritt [ )() Fir dr;ti(Il Fl i?r C oti ,t iri
DOD DECAY tljdayI (1!: I 06
REACK
NO.
BOD DECAY
IOy .
BOO SETIUNG
Ilfd.yJ
SOD RATE
glm2-da 4
•iv ,
REAERA110N
1
0.1
t
0.
Thadeston and Kienkot
2
0.1
(
O’Connor and Dobbini
3
0.1
I
I
O’Connor and Dobblas
4
0.1
0.1
1
O’Conflor and Dobbins
5
0.1
I
I
O’Connor and Dobblns
6
0.1
I
0.!
Thsckston and Krcnkcl
LJ L.
FIgure 6.3 (contInued)
(f)
V
tile tOll TQOI flhiUes ulfipolt Help
_________________________________________ ( JUAI 1 1O, I /1 lJ1 ) I INF
Ii Ij I rrr r a Ii - Erzrn
Dani 1li aer jtior ,
1 .2
1.11
1.1
3.1
27
-------
( JUAt : Iü, t F ( ( [ (I ( Nil
iii . tait Toll muues imDon M I I I
r,tI [ 1 ( J iki Iitii i) t t tiit
BOO DECAY (1 14 1 )1 (11:1 ° I
REACH
NO.
DOD DECAY
(1Iday
BOO SETTUNG
(1 1da ) 1
SOD RATE
(g u2-ds)1
1V
REAERAflON
1
0. )
I
0.
Tha stsn and Krenkel
2
0.)
)
O’Connor and Dobblas
3
0.1
I
O’Connor snd Dobbins
4
0.)
0.1
1
O’Connor and Dobblas
5
0.)
I
O’Connor and Dsbblns
6
0.)
0.I
Thad . u and Krenkel
!LJ
(9)
OI AI ;‘i )1) t l ( ( ( (I Nil
—
ble an TQoI uimes lmpon usup
I mp r ituiri (orrclijr 1
DOD
Decoy
Set I ag
I 1.047
I 1.021
I
‘I
ssnpborvs
.
I
i
00
Reaers sn
SODupts
mb’ogen
1.0159
I 1.060
I
Algae
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
i]
Nsn-w seiv.tlve
I
I
I
I
I
1
FIgure 6.3 (contlnu.d)
(h)
28
-------
QUA ?E {OA ?U U i I
File Edit Tool Utilities l po,t HelD
Evaporation effident
Latitude (deg) 142.5 I AE ((m lhrlJmbaiI to
___ I1
Longitude (deg) I°3•3 I
BE Qmflu4f(mb.riitIsJJ 5.55e4
Standard meridian ( degJJlS. I ______
rTemperiture rredion fsdors
Basin elevation (m) 1150 1 I o DatSUN
Dust attenuation coefl. 0.13 I [ I) User .pedfled
CIlmatologIcal Data Output Print
o Reach variable temp. 0 Summrny
• Global values
Z ClImatologIcal dat. printout
Cilmatological file i I
DO and DOD pint
Number of 001900 plots 2 I
Observed Dissolved Oxygen file lwRKSH0Pl.Dt I
(I)
FIgure 6.3 (continued)
5. Dirty River below Clear Creek = 5.0 mg/I for Clear Creek and Bull Run
Vel = 0.22 Q 0 , Depth = 0.43 0° =20 mg/I for Dirty River above Clear Creek
= 50 mg/I for Dirty River below Clear Creek
6. Dam information for reaeration:
4. Headwater quality
• All of the flow passes over the crest of the
dam. Dirty river: DO = 8.3 mg/I, CBODU = 20.0
mg/i, T = 22.0°C
- The dam has a height of 3 meters and acts
as a weir with free-falling flow. From reservoir DO = 0.0 mg/I, CBODU =
10.0 mg/I, T=15.O°C
- Assume a=1.25 and b=1.1.
Bull Run: DO = 5.0 mg/I, CBODU = 5.0 mg/i,
T = 21.0°C
7. Manning’s n Is assumed constant for all
reaches, with a value of 0.04.
These water quality data are entered on the same
screens as those for flow data, Figures 6.3 (a) and
Hydraulic data are entered on the screens shown in (b).
Figure 6.3 (d) and (e).
D. Sediment oxygen demand
C. Water quality data
Samples showed the following:
1. Incremental inflow water temperature=18.0°C
2. Incremental DO = 1.0 mg/I for all reaches 1. 0.5 gm/m3-day for Dirty River above Clear
3. Incremental CBODU Creek
29
___ I ___ I Li r Li J
Grtiqra iI i c iI ai I CIinatnInijit iI ftit I
-------
2. 1.0 gm /m2-day for Pond
2. Dust attenuation coefficient — 0.13
3. 0.5 gmfrn2-day for Dirty River below Clear
Creek
Sediment oxygen demand data are entered on a
screen tided as BOD and DO reaction rate con-
stants, shown in Figure 6.3(f).
E. Point source (or discharge) and withdrawal data
1. Point source: 0=0.48 m 3 /s, DO = 4.0 mg/I,
CBODU = 5.0 mg/I, T = 25.0°C
2. Withdrawal: 0= 0.5 m 3 /s
These data are entered on the screen shown in
Figure 6.3(c).
F. Reaction rates
1. The bio-oxidation rate for CBODU was de-
termined from long-term BOD tests:
- For all reaches of the Dirty River, K 1 =
0.6 per day.
- For all reaches of Clear Creek and Bull
Run, K 1 = 0.6 per day.
2. The BOD setthng rate is zero, except in the
pond where it is 0.1 per day.
3. The reaeration coefficient Is to be calculated
by the O’Connor and Dobbins method (Op-
tion 3) for all reaches of the Clear River and
Bull Run, and it is to be computed by the
Thackston and Krenkel method (Option 5) in
all reaches of the Dirty River.
4. Temperature adjustments to the reaeration
rate-coefficient are to be made using the
O’Connor and Dobbins theta value (1.0159).
Decaying and settling rates of biochemical oxygen
demand are entered on the same screen as for
SOD. Temperature adjustments to the rate coeffi-
cients are made in the Temperature Correction Fac-
ors screen, shown in Figure 6.3(h).
G. Temperature information
1. Evaporation coefficient Use Lake Hefner
equation AE = 0.0 and BE = 0.0000056.
3. Location of basin: metropolis; longitude =
83.3, standard meridian — 75, Latitude =
42.5, Basin elevation - 150 m
4. Local climatology: cloudiness = 0.25, Dry
bulb temperature -25.0°C, wet bulb tem-
perature = 20.0°C, atmospheric pressure =
980 mbar, wind speed — 2.5 rn/s.
These data are provided In the Geographical and
Climatological data screen, as shown In Figure 6.3
(I).
The steps that you must follow for this example are
explained in detail below:
STEP 1. Select the OUAL2E Windows Interface by
clicking twice on the OUAL2E icon.
STEP 2. Select an existing file called
QAL2EOO1.INP In the OUAL2E interface
by selecting the le option, followed by
the Qpen option. The file will be loaded
into the OUAL2E interface. A total of 24
screens are available to you when you
click on the INDEX button that illustrates
the overall structure of the input file. (The
other screens are grayed out due to
choices made in the sample run.)
Normally, OUAL2E requires you to pro-
vide information on the reach system of
the study area, simulation- control vari-
ables, functional data, and climatology
data. Since you are retrieving an existing
Input file, you are not required to do this.
STEP 3. Examine the Input file In detail and famil-
iarize yourself with It by using the NEXT
and BACK buttons to move through the
screens and the HELP button to obtain
general and detailed Information about the
Interface and specific prompts. Areas on
which you should focus are given below:
How to dsscrlbs a complet. stream
system
The first three screens are most Important
because the majority of the data on the
following screens are dependent upon the
information given by Screens 1-3. First,
you must enter the number of reaches in
30
-------
the system on Screen 1. If you do not
enter this number, the interface will not let
you access other screens. Then, you are
required to give the reach name, begin-
fling and ending river miles or kilometers
for each reach, an indication of the
headwaters, and an element length. The
sequence of the reaches that you provide
on Screen 2 should always be entered
from the most upstream reach to the most
downstream reach. The element length is
a computational unit that has to be
divIsible by all reaches. The information.
on Screen 2 will be used to display the
reach connections. Remember that river
reaches and computational elements are
the basis of most data input.. It is sug-
gested that you draw a reach network
system before entering the data.
How to use the unit conversion
The unit selection appears on the first
screen. The QUAL2E interface permits
two sets of units: metric and U.S. units.
Metric units, for example, are selected for
Example 1 (QAL2EOO1 .INP). If you want
to change to U.S. units, you can simply
click on U.S. units. Then a windows mes-
sage wilt ask you whether you would like
to convert all the variables from metric to
U.S. units or just change the unit titles for
the variables without converting the van-
ables’ values. At this point, you need to
choose YES, NO, or Cancel.
Select YES to convert all the variables
from one unit to another. Select NO to
change the unit titles for the variables’ re-
quired units. Select Cancel to return to
the original unit selection.
Certain important screens are detailed
below.
Screens 1
The stream simulation is set to be steady
state. Metric units are chosen for the
model input and output. Since there is no
uncertainty analysis involved for this ex-
ample, Screens 21-24 are grayed. Sim-
ilarly, Screen 10 is grayed because flow
augmentation is not applied. The number
of reaches in the stream system is six.
Screen4
This screen lists 15 water quality con-
stituents that can be simulated. Select
the constituents that you want to simulate.
Three constituents are selected in
Example 1.
Screen 5
Screen 5 defines the basin geographic
Information, temperature correction option.
climatological data, and DO/SOD plot.
You can define the temperature coeffi-
cients or use the model default values.
Climatological data can be varied from
one reach to another or specified as con-
stant values for all reaches. The
DO/SOD plot Is an option for the model
input. It is applied when a user has
observed DO data and wants to calibrate
the model to compare the predicted DO
with the observed DO. You can either
select an existing DO file, which contains
the data, or indicate the number of points
for each BOD/DO plot and enter the
measured data on Screen 7. Example I
chooses to select an existing DO input
file, called WRKSHOP1 .DO, and the data
can be seen on Screen 7.
STEP 4. Submit the QUAL2E interface Input file to
the OUAL2E model for execution by click-
ing on the UN button. An icon appears
at the bottom of the screen with the words
QUAL2E MODEL EXECUTION. When
the processing Is complete, a message
appears: OUAL2E completed. Do you
want to view the output flle? Select OK to
view the output using the default editor.
After viewing the tabulated output, press
ALT-F and X in sequence to return to the
QUAL2E main menu.
STEP 5. You might also want to plot a OUAL2E
graphic. Click on the Graphics button.
Select a OUAL2E output file (e.g.,
QAL2EOOI OUT). Once you have chosen
the QUAL2E output, click on the Reaches
button to view a network diagram of the
stream network and computational ele-
ments. This plot should be similar to
Figure 6.2. If you want to make a hard
copy for the plot, you can use the Erint
option to send the plot directly to the
31
-------
printer or use the dit and Copy/Paste
option to place the graph in another
Windows package such as the Clipboard.
To graph flow vs. distance, dick on flow
vs. distance as the type of graph, and
then define the starting reach as I and
ending reach as 6. Click the Run button
to view the graph.
To graph water quality constituents, select
water quality constituents as the type of
graph and define the starting and ending
reaches. When you click on Run, a Pol-
lutant Selection screen will appear with a
list of pollutants. Select the pollutants you
want to plot and dick on Run again. A
window will list all the graphs in the
default directory. Select the graphs you
would like to see and choose OK.
QUAL2E Graphics allows you to draw up
to four graphs on the same screen. To
do this, you should create different graphs
and then select up to four graphs that you
want to see on one screen. An example
OUAL2E graph is provided in Figure 6.4.
6.2 Example 2—Withiacoochee River
QUAL2E and Uncertainty Analysis
This exercise demonstrates how to use the un-
certainty analysis option. A OUAL2E base run is
performed first, followed by an uncertainty run. The
Wuthlacoochee River basin Is located in Florida and
is a simple reach system containing II reaches.
Two point source loads are applied in Example 2.
Six water quality parameters are simulated: tem-
perature, BOD, algae, DO, phosphorus, and
nitrogen. In the uncertainty analysis, the First Order
Error analysis is used and a default input perturba-
tion of 5 percent is used for computing sensitivity
coefficients. In addition, the variance of each input
variable is given on Screen 23.
The steps that you must go through for this example
run are explained below:
STEP 1. Select the QUAL2E Windows Interface
option from the main QUAL2E menu.
Choose FILE option, followed the
Open option. A list of QUAL2E input files
will appear. Select a QUAL2E interface
file, QAL2EOO2.INP. Since an uncertainty
analysis is Involved, you will see Un-
certainty analysis Is selected on Screen 1.
STEP 2. FamiliarIze yourself with this input file and
the screens in the OUAL2E option by
moving through the screens using the
NEXT, BACK, or INDEX option.
You can easily change a number of rows
In a column using a feature available in
array screens of the OUAL2E Windows
interface (screens where the same vari-
able requires one or more rows of
entries). If you click on the variable In
these screens, you will be able to add,
subtract, multiply, or divide for any single
value or range of values for this variable.
You can therefore change all zero values
for a variable to a single default by addIng
the default value that you want to all the
zero values in the array.
STEP 3. Submit the OUAL2E input file to the
OUAL2E model for execution by clicking
on the UN button. An icon will appear
at the bottom of the screen with the words
OUAL2E MODEL EXECUTION. When the
processing is complete, the output will be
shown in the default output file viewer
(I.e., default editor). View the output
carefully.
STEP 4. If you want to draw a QUAL2E graphic,
dick on the Graphics Button. A OUAL2E
graphIc for Example 2 Is shown in Figure
6.5. To exit from OUAL2E, press ALT-F
forF ileand then Xfor Exit
6.3
Example 3—DynamlclDiurnal
Simulation
This example sImulates a simple river system with
a total of five reaches and nine water quality constit-
uents for a OUAL2E run. This is a dynamic/diurnal
simulation with a total simulation of 60 hours and a
time step of 1 hour. SInce It is a dynamIc simula-
tion, the cilmatologlcal data are required at regular
time Intervals over the course of the simulation.
There Is an existing climatological input file available
for input. The input file, DIURNAL.CLI, can be read
32
-------
Flow (QAL2EOOI .0W) (Flow Rat.)
2 . 0
50 40 30 2
I S3
S O( UE 1.OUT)(Cw &vI.Ion)
:,
II
Pd &
0 0/ DOIJMQ&
50 40 30
Rjyq K4onw4cRoM Ito6)
Ruch 245 (QAL2EOOI .OUT) (Flow Rat.)
0.3 /
02
0. 1
I 0.0
ItI OITWCI! (I ..øIwi2to5)
ch2,45 .Q (4 L2 1.OUfl
lC rI .,.1*uSOfl)
: # , _ —?“ :, ,.,,
‘. / c .c
4 ‘. II
3. ,4
10’M M.
0
5 5 5 0
K ( c ws 2105)
Figure 6.4 QUAL2E Graph from Example 1.
Phosphorus (QAL2EOO2.OUT) (Concentration)
I;’ \ is
5 .. _______
0.16
/ OROPINMQIL
/ O S .PINMOIL
30 2b
Figure 6.5 Phosphorus Concentration vs. Distance.
* PI$MO1L
flow
/
/
33
-------
through the Import function. In this example, the
downstream boundary conditions are known and
specified in the interface input file. The model solu-
tion will, therefore, be constrained to match the
known concentrations.
The steps that you must follow for this example are
explained in detail below:
STEP 1. Select the QUAL2E Windows Interface
option from the main OUAL2E menu.
Next open the QUAL2E interface file,
OUAL2EOO3.INP. The file will be loaded
into the QUAL2E interface. Move through
the screens and familiarize yourself with
this option. Use the help information
available to you throt gh the HELP button
to answer any questions you might have
about any prompts.
STEP 2. Go to Screen 3 for the computational
element set-up. The entire system con-
sists of a total of five reaches, three headwaters,
two junctions, and one downstream element. There
are no point source loads or withdrawals in the
system, so the fields on Screen 3 that are not
grayed represent the standard elements.
STEP 3. You may use the jPORT function on the
main menu bar at the top of the OUAL2E
window. When you select the IMPORT
option, you will see a list of five types of
input files. Choose the QLI file type and
select the DIURNL.CLI file from the list
presented. The climatological data with 3-
hour intervals will be entered on Screen
20. Click INDEX to move to Screen 20
and check the climatic data.
STEP 4. Next, click on the fiUN button. The
output file will be displayed when it is
ready. If you want to plot the model re-
sults, dick on the Graphics button.
34
-------
APPENDIX A:
QUAUE WINDOWS INTERFACE DESIGN
This appendix contains the structures and variables for the OUAL2E Windows interface. Table A.1
provides input variables and the screen sequence in OUAL2E. There are a total of 24 screens in the
OUAL2E interface. The input screen sequence (see Table 3.1) reflects the overall structure of the,QUAL2E
model. Screen numbers are assigned to cover all the general input’requirements discussed previously.
Table A. 1 identifies the variables for each screen. This table contains the following for OUAL2E:
1. Input code used in OUAL2E
2. Data type
3. Description of the variable
4. QUAL2E variable
5. Screen number (SCR No.)
6. Control number (CON No.)
7. Control type (CON Type)
8. Item, type, range, default, and unit
Input code and data type are used in the uncertainty analysis part of QUAL2E. They are listed here for
proper cross-referencing of the variables. Refer to Appendix B of The Enhanced Stream Water Quality
Models QUAL.2EandOUAL2E-UNCAS: Documentation and LiserManualfor more details. Screen number,
control number, and control types are used internally by the OUAL2E Windows interface. Each variable has
a unique control number on a particular screen in the interface. For example, if you refer to the first page
of Table A.1, a vanable NUMB is defined as Number of reaches, which is the last control on the first
screen. In the QUAL2E###.RUN file it is the 10th card of Data Type 1; i.e.. if you were to prepare an input
file (QUAL2E###.RUN) without using the interface, you would enter Number of reaches in the 10th row of
the group named Data Type 1. The NUMB’s type is integer, its range is from I to 50. and the default
should be 1. These data are used by the OUAL2E model.
A total of five input files may be needed for a QUAL2E run. Refer to Section 5.2 to see which files are
required and which are optional.
35
-------
Table A.1 input Variables and Screen Sequence in QUAL2E
Input
Data
QUAUE
code
Typ
1
.
1
1
1
I
1
I
1
1
1
Description
OUAL2E Simulation
Description of this run
Simulation lype
Steady-state
Dynamic
Unif
U.S.unuts
Metric
Uncertainty analysis
Flow augmentation
Trapezoidal channels
Max. Iterations
Time step (hours)
Starting day of sirnualtion
Total simulation length (hours)
Time increment for RPT2
(hours)
Stream system
Number of reaches
VARIABLE
1TTLEO1,02
STEA
INPU
FlOW
TRAP
MAXI
TIME
STAN
MAXI
NUMB
SCR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
CS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
CT
1
5
6
6
5
6
6
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
ftsm
Type
-
C160
F
I
F
F
I
Rang.
.
1-
0-
1-366
0-
1-50
Default
30
0.0
180
0.0
0.0
1.0
Units
.
2
2
2
2
1
Array screen, 1(16) determine
Stream Reach System
REACH NO.
REACHNAME
BEGIN RIVER *s (mile) or (km)
END RIVER (mile) or (krTI) —
HEAD WATER
DELTA.X i (mile) or (kin)
s I of rows
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
1
1
1
4
1
I
C15
F
F
F
0-50
0-
0-
..
.
0.0
0.0
1.0
miie.km
mile,km
•
4
4
•‘ Array screen, 1(16) determines I of rows
shrink column width, 5(4-22) has the same
combo-list
Computational Element
REACH NO. 3
TOTAL \nELE 3
1
2
?
?/ca
I
I
2-20
41
— Headwater
Standard
Junct’on
Point source -
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
C4
1
2
4
6
36
-------
Table A.1 (continued)
Input
code
Data
Type
Descuiptian
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Item
Type
Range
Default
Unit.
Withdrawal
3
5
7
Dam
3
6
2
4
2
3
4
3
C4
Standard
3
1
2
U/S junction
3
2
3
Downstream
3
3
5
Point source
3
4
6
Withdrawal
5
7
‘
Dam
3
6
2
4
3
3
5
3
C4
4
4
3
6
3
C4
4
5
3
7
3
C4
4
6
3
8
3
C4
...
3
...
C4
4
20
3
22
3
C4
Water Quality Simulation
Temperature
T1TLEO6
4
1
4
BOD
TITLEO7
4
2
4
Algae
TITLEO8
4
‘
4
Phosphorus cycle
1TTLEO9.10
4
4
4
Nitrogen cycle
TITLE1I.12
4
5
4
Dissolved Oxygen
T ITLEI3
4
6
4
Fecal coliform
T ITLE14
4
7
4
Conservative constituent
4
8
4
.
Number of constituents
4
9
1
I
0-3
Constituent #1
TITLEO3
4
10
1
C4
Unit
4
11
1
C4
Constituent #2
TITLEO4
4
12
1
C4
Unit
•
4
13
1
C4
Constituent #3
TITLEO5
4
14
1
C4
-
Unit
Non-conservative -
Constituent name
4
15
1
C4
‘flTLEO15
4
16
4
.
4
17
1
C4
Unit
4
18
1
C4
S
1
Specified die boundary
constituent concentrations
FIXE
.
4
19
4
.
BOD5
‘
4
20
4
1
5-day ultimate BOO convorsion
Kcoetf.
4
21
1
F
0.23
-
37
-------
Table LI (contlnu.d)
Input
cods
Data
Type
-
Ds.cilptlon
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
5CR
CS
CT
Item
Typs
Rang.
O•f suit
Units
Geographical and Climatologucal
Data
,
1
I
1
I
Latitude (dog)
Longitude (dge)
Standard meridian (dog)
BasinElevaticn(ft)
LA1T
STAN
ELEV
5
5
5
5
1
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
F10.0
F10.0
FlOG
F
0.90
0-180
0-180
-400-
34
85
75
1000
DEG
DEG
DEG
ft
12000
1
Dust attenuation coeff
5
5
1
F
0.05-
0.15
0.06
1
Evaporation coeff
5
5
ECOE
F-AE
I
AE
5
6
1
F
0.0006-
0.0068
0.0010
3
(ftThr)I(i
n-Hg)
,
5
—
—
F
0.0000
05-
0.0000
094
(m/hr)/
mbar
5
0.0000
62
ECOE
F-BE
1
BE
5
7
1
F
0.0001
6 .
0.0001
6
(ttihr)ii
n-Hg-
mph
5
F
0.0002
72
.
5
F
0.0000
032-
0.0000
032
(m/hr)/
mbar-
rn/s
5
F
0.0000
055
Temp correction factors
5
8
5
Default
5
9
6
User specified
5
10
6
Climatological data
5
11
5
Reach variable temp
5
12
6
Globalvalues
5
13
8
Clumatologlcal iWut file
5
14
3
Outputprlnt
5
5
—
.
1
Summaty
WRIT
5
15
4
1
Cllmatological data printout
PRIN
5
16
4
1
DOandBODplot
PLOT
5
17
4
# of DOIBOD plots
5
18
1
1-50
Observed Dissotved Oxygen
inputfile
‘
5
19
.3
C12
list all the reach numbers
‘7(18)determineslofrows& 1(16j+1 determunes#of
columns
-
38
-------
Table A.1 (contlnóed)
Input
code
Data
Type
Description
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Item
Type
Rang.
Default
Units
Reach Numbers for DO/BOD tobe Plotted
PLOT
6
1
7
I
050
#LOC
6
2
1
I
Ri
6
3
4
R2
6
4
4
R3
6
5
4
...
6
...
4
R50
6
52
4
Array screen, load values
from 5(18) if DO input file is
available
f I I e I s
available
or create Observed DO
input file
Observed Dissolved Oxygen
Data
PLOT
7
1
3
I
RIVER LOCATION %n (mile) or
(km)
7
2
1
F
mi le,km
MIN DO n (mg/I)
7
3
1
F
0.0-25.0
0.0
mg/I
AVE DO \n (mg/I)
7
4
1
F
0.0-25.0
0.0
mg/i
MAX DO zi (mg/i)
7
5
1
F
0.0-25.0
0.0
mg/I
Required only algae, N, or P are
simulated
.
Global Kinetics
Oxygen uptake by
8
5
NH3O
XYUP
1A
Ammonia oxidation (mg 0/mg
N)
0_UP
8
1
1
F
3.-3.5
3.43
m g
0/mg
N
N020
xyup
1A
Nitrite oxidation (mg 0/mg N)
8
2
1
F
1.-1.2
1.14
m g
0/mg
N
1A
Algae
8
5
AGYO
XYPR
iA
Oxygen production by growth
(mg 0/mg A)
0_PR
8
3
1
F
1.4-1.8
1.6
m 9
0/mg A
AGYO
XVUP
IA
Oxygen uptake by respiration (mg 0/mg A)
8
4
1
F
1.6-2.3
2.0mg
0/mg
A
AGYN
CON
IA
Nitrogencontent(mgN/mgA)
N_CO
8
5
1
F
0.08-
0.09
0.085
m 9
N/mgA
AGYP
CON
1A
Phosphorus content (mg P/mg
A)
•
8
6
1
F
0.012-
0.015
0.014
m g
P/mg A
AGYG
ROMX
IA
Max. specific growth rate
(1/day)
ALG_
8
7
1
F
1. 3.
- 2.5
39
-------
Table A.i (contlnu.d)
Input
D .tS
OUAL2E
cods
AGYR
ESPR
Type
IA
Description
Respiration rate (1/day)
VARIABLE
5CR
8
CS
8
CT
1
Item
Type
F
Rang.
0.05.0.5
Default
0.05
Units
NHAL
FSAT
1A
Nitrogen half saturation coeff
N_HA
8
9
1
F
0.02.0.4
02
•
PHAL
FSAT
1A
Phosphorus half saturation coon
8
10
1
F
0.02.0.1
0.04
AGYE
XTLN
IA
Linear coeff.
,
UN_
8
11
1
F
0.0.003
0.0007
5
(lflt)/(u
-
chalfl)
AGYE
XTNL
1A
Nonlinear coeft.
8
12
1
F
0.0.003
0.0
(1/m)/(
ug-
thaw)
Light
8
5
1A
Light Function
UGH
8
13
3
I
1-3
1
IA
Half saturation
.
8
1
1A
Simth’s function
.
8
2
1 A
Steele. function
.
8
—
3
IA
Saturation coeff.
8
14
1
F
0-0.15
0.11
BTU/ft
2-mm
8
0.0.04
0.03
Langle
yslmin
1A
Intensity
8
15
1
F
0-1500
1300
BTU/ft
2-mm
-
8
0-400.0
350.0
Langle
ys/min
1A
Light ave. from sloar radiation
8
16
3
I
1-4
2
IA
Daily-temp
DAIL
8
1
IA
Daily-data
8
2
1 A
24 hourly-temp
8
3
IA
24hourty-data
8
4
LAVG
FACT
IA
Light averaging factor
,
8
17
1
F
0.85-1.0
.
0.92
NUMB
DLH
IA
Number of daylight hours
NUMB
8
18
1
F
4.-18.0
14.0
TDYS
OLAR
1A
Daily radiation (BTURI2) or
(Langley.)
8
19
1
F.
0-1500.
1300.0
BTU/ft
2,Lang l
eys
1A
1A
Light nutrient kiteractlons
Multiplicative
ALGY
8
8
20
3
1
I
1-3
2
1A
Limiting nutrient
8
•
2
IA
Harmoni mean
8
3
APRE
FNH3
IA Algal preference factor for NH3
8
21
—
1
—
F
0.1-0.9
0.9
A/TFA
id
1A Solar radiation factor
ALG/
8
fl
1
F
0.4-0.5
0.44
40
-------
Table A.1 (contlnu.d)
Input
code
Data
Type
Description
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Itsm
Type
Rings
Dsfault
‘Units
NHIBF
ACT
1A
Nitrification inhibition coeff.
8
23
1
F
0.-10.0
10.0
Temperature Correction Factors
TC/BO
DDC
lB
BOO decay
9
1
1
F
1-1.1
1.047
TC/BO
DST
lB
BOD settling
9
‘ 2
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
TCIBE
AER
lB
Reaeration
9
3
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
IC/SO
0
lB
SOD uptake
9
4
1
.
F
1-1.1
1.060
Nitrogen
9
5
TCINH
2DC
lB
Organic N decay
9
5
1
F
1-1.1
1.047
TC/NH
2ST
18
Organic N settling
9
6
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
IC/NH
2ST
18
Ammonia decay
9
7
1
F
1-1.1
1.083
TC/NH
3SC
lB
Ammonia source
9
8
1
F
1.1.1
1.074
TC/N
020C
lB
Nitrite decay
9
9
1
F
1-1.1
1.047
Phosphorus
9
5
IC/PR
GDC
18
Organic P decay
.
9
10
1
F
1-1.1
1.047
TC/PR
GST
18
Organic P settling
9
11
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
TC/PO
4SC
18
Dissolved P source
9
12
1-
F
1-1.1
1.074
•
Algae
9
5
IC/AL
GRO
lB
Growth S
9
13
1
F
1-1.1
1.047
.
TC/AL
RES
18
Respiration
9
14
1
F
1.1.1
1.047
TC/AL
SET
lB
Settling
9
15
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
TC/CL
ID
lB
Coliform decay
9
16
1
‘
F
1-1.1
1.047
Non-conservative
9
5
IC/AN
CDC
lB
Decay
,
9
17
1
F
1-1.1
1.000
IC/AN
CST
lB
Settling
9
18
1
F
1-1.1
1.024
.
TC/AN
CSC
lB
Source
9
19
1
F
1 1.1
- 1.000
41
-------
T Is Al (continued)
Input
code
Oats
Typ.
DesculpUon
OUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Nsm
Type
Rang.
Dsfault
Units
Array screen, 1(16) determines 0 of rows
.
.
Load all headwaters unto a comb-list for
12(4-9)
,
Flow Augmentation
REACH NO.
10
1
?
3
#OFHEAD
10
2
1
I
0-100
0
3
MIN DO n(mg/l)
10
3
1
F
0.-15.
5.0
mgIl
3
SOURCEI*1
10
4
3
0-100
0
,
3
SOURCE 1*2
10
5
3
0-100
0
3
SOURCE/#3
10
6
3
0-100
0
3
SOURCE /04
10
7
3
0-100
0
3
SOURCE/#5
10
8
3
0-100
0
3
SOURCE /06
10
9
3
0-100
0
‘‘ Array screen, 1(16) determines
I of rows
Hydraulic Data
5
REACH NO.
11
1
1
I
1-50
DISPS
N-K
5
DISPER riCONST
11
2
1
F
6.6000.
60.0
ft2Is .m
2/day
COEF
OV-A
5
0 COEFF ,iVELOCrrj
11
3
1
F
0.-
0.0
EXPO
OV-B
5
0 EXP nVELOCITY
11
4
1
F
0.0-1.0
0.00
COEF
OH-C
5
0 COEFF si DEPTh
11
1
1
0-
0.00
EXPO
OH-D
5
__________________
0 EXP riDEPTh
11
6
1
F
0.0-1.0
0.00
MANN
INGS
5
MANNING
11
7
1
F
.001-.05
0.02
TRAP-
SS I
5
SIDE ‘ JiSLOPE 1
11
8
1
F
0. 0.
1000.
1 tIlt
m
TRAP-
SS2
5
SIDE ‘ii SLOPE 2
11
,
9
1
F
0. 0.
1000.
ft lft,mI
m
TRAP-
WTH
5
WIDTh
U
10
1
F
0-
ft,m
TRAP-
,
5
SLOPE
.
11
11
1
F
0.0-1.0
ft/ft,m/
m
ELEV
ATIN
5A
ELEV
11
12
1
F
.400-
12000
1000.0
ft
.
-120..
3650.
305
m
DUST
ATTN
5A
DUST ,COEFF
11
13
1
F
.01-.15
.06
42
-------
Table A.1 (continued)
Input
code
CLOU
Data
Type
5A
Description
CLOUD
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
5CR
CS
14
CT
1
item
Type
F
Range
0.0.1.0
Default
0.0
Units
D
DRYB
ULB
5A
DRY/TEMP
11
15
1
F
1.-100.
70.
F
2.55
20
C
WETB
ULB
5A
WET/TEMP
‘
11
16
1
F
1.-laO.
60.
F
2.-55.
15.0
C
ATMP
RES
SA
BAROMETRIC /PRESSURE
.
11
17
1
F
27.33.
30.
in-Hg
900.-
1100.
1017.
mbar
WIND
VEL
5A
WIND/SPEED
11
18
-
1
F
0.-100.
0.0
ft/s
.
0 .
0.0
rn/s
Array screen, 1(16) determines # of rows
BOD and DO Reaction Rate
Constants
.
REACH NO.
12
1
?
B 0 D
DECA
6
BOD DECAY \n(1/day)
12
2
1
F
0.-lO.
0.0
1/day
B 0 D
SETT
6
BOO SET UNG \%(1/day)
12
3
1
F
0.-lO.
0.0
1/day
S 0 D
RATE
6
SOD RATE si(gIft2-day) or
(f/mv-day)
12
4
1
F
0.-i.
0.0
g / ft 2-
day,
F
0.-lO.
0.0
9/rn 2-
day
6
TYPE \n REAERATION
12
5
3
I
1-8
3
‘
6
Singlecoeff.
12
1
6
Churchill
12
2
6
O’Connor and Dobbins
12
3
6
Owens, Edwards, and Gibbs
12
4
6
Thackston and Krenkei
12
5
6
Langbien and Durum
12
6
6
Power function
12
7
6
Tsivoglou-Wallace
12
8
6
REAERATION %ri COEFF.
12
6
1
F
0.-100.
0.0
6
COEFF
12
7
1
F
0-
0.0
iIft,1/rn
6
EXPONENT
12
8
1
F
0-
0.0
Array screen. 1(16) determines # of rows
.
N. P. and Algae Coefficients
I
-
6A REACH NO.
13
1
?
—
43
-------
Tabi. A.1 (continued)
Input
Data
•
QUAUE
code
N H 2
Type
6A
Ducdptlon
0-N n HYDROLYSIS
VARtABLE
SCR
13
CS
2
CT
1
11am
Typs
F
Rang.
0.-lO.
Dsfault
0.0
Units
I/day
DECA
-
N H 2
6A
0-N SET UNG
13
3
1
F
0. -lO.
0.0
I/day
SETT
.
N H 3
6A
NH3 ii OXIDATION
13
4
1
F
0.-lO.
0.0
I/day
DECA
N H 3
6A
NH3 \n BENThOS
13
5
1
F
0-
. 0.0
rnglft2-
SRCE
0.0
day
mg/rn2-
day
N 0 2
6A
N02 n OXIDATION
13
6
1
F
0.-lO.
2.0
1/day
DECA
PORG
6A
O-P\n DECAY
13
7
1
F
0.-lO.
0.0
1/day
DEC
.
PORG
6A
0-P n SETTLING
13
8
1
F
0-
0.0
1/day
SET
D I S P
6A
DIS-P ‘ n BENThOS
13
9
1
F
0-
0.0
mg/ft2-
SRC
0.0
day
mglrn2-
day
CHLA’
6B
CHL-A S, ALGAE
13
10
1
F
1.-lO0.
10.0
u g
ART
._____
chla/m
g algae
A L G
68
ALGAE ‘ v i SETTLING
13
11
1
F
0-3.
1.0
ft/day.
SETT
L T E X
68
NON-ALGAL ‘v i LIGHT EXT
13
13
12
1
F
0-1.0
0-3
1.0
0.0
rn/day
lIft
TNCO
.
COLI
68
COUFORM
13
13
13
•
1
F
0-24.0
0.-lO.
0
0.0
1/rn
1/day
DEC
A N C
6B
NON-CONS ‘vi DECAY
13
13
14
1
F
.-..
0-
0.0
1/day
DECA
A N C
6B
NON-CONS ‘vi SETTLING
13
15
1
F
0-
0.0
1/day
SETT
,
A N C
68
NON-CONS ‘vi BENThOS
13
16
1
F
0-
0.0
rng/ft2-
SRCE
7
7
—.
,
0-
.
0.0
day
mg/rn2-
day
Array screen, 1(16) determines # of rows
‘name’ is obtained from Screen No. 6 if
any
Initiai Conditions of the Stream
REACH NO. —
TEMP
14
14
1
2
.
?
1
F
1-50
35.-135.
,
1
70.0
,
F
44
-------
Table A.1 (continued)
Input
Data
QUAUE
cods
Type
Description
VARIABLE
5CR
CS
CT
ftsm
Type
Rang.
2-55.0
Dsfsult
21.0
Units
C
7
7
7
DO
BOO
CONS #1 name
14
14
14
3
4
5
1
1
?/1
F
F
F
0.-15.
0-1000.
0-
0.0
0.0
mg/I
mg/I
f r o m
6(11)
7
7
7
7
7A
7A
7A
7A
7A
7A
7A
CONS#2 iname
CONS #3\nname
NON-CONS iname
COLIFORM
CHL-A
ORG-N
NH3-N
N02-N
N03-N
ORG.P
DIS-P
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
?I1
?/1
?I1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
from
6(13)
I r o m
6(15)
f r o m
6(18)
No./10
Cml
ugh
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/I
mg/i
mg/I
Array screen. 1(16) determines # of rows
name is obtained from Screen No. 6 if
any
Incremental Inflow
INCRF
8
8
REACH NO.
FLOW
15
15
1
2
7
1
F
ft3/s.m
LOW
.
I
3/s
1NCRT
8
TEMP
15
3
1
F
35.-135.
70.0
F
EMP
2.-55.0
21.0
C
I N C A
8
DO
,
15
4
1
F
0.-i 5.
0.0
mg/I
DO
1NCR
8
BOO
15
5
1
F
0-1000.
0.0
mg/i
BOD
I NC R
8
CONS #1 ti name
15
6
7/1
F
0-
1 r o m
CM1
—
—
—
6(11)
I NCR
8
CONS #2 ,i name
15
7
?/1
F
0-
I r a rn
CM2
6(13)
I NCR
8
CONS #3 n name
15
8
7/1
F
0-
1 r o m
CM3
,
-
6(15)
I N C A
8A
NON-CONS si name
15
9
7/1
F
0-
1 r a m
ANC
6(18)
INCA
UA
COLIFORM
15
10 1
F
0-
No./10
COLt
Dm1
—
45
-------
Table Al (continuid)
input
code
Data
Type
Description
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Item
Type
Rings
Default
Units
I N C A
CHLA
8A
CHL-A
15
11
1
F
0-
ugh
1NCR
NH2N
8A
ORG-N
15
12
1
F
0-
mg/I
INCA
NH3N
8A
NH3-N
15
13
1
F
0-
‘.
mg/I
INCA
NO2N
8A
NO2-N
15
14
1
—
F
0-
mg / i
INCA
NO3N
8A
N03-N
15
15
1
F
0-
mg/I
INCR
PORG
8A
ORG-P .
15
16
1
F
0-
mg/i
1NCR
DISP
8A
DIS-P
15
.17
1
F
0-
mg/I
Array screen
‘name is obtained from Screen No. 6 if
any
Headwater Source Data
10
HEADWATER \n NAME
16
1
?
HWTR
FLOW
HWTR
10
10
FLOW
TEMP
16
16
2
3
1
1
F
F
35-135.
70.0
ft3/s ,m
3 ’s
F
TEMP
,
2.-55.0
21.0
C
HWTR
DO
10
DO n(mg/I)
16
4
1
.
F
0.-15.
0.0
mg/i
HWTR
BOD
10
BOD \ri(mghl)
16
5
1
F
0-1000.
0.0
mg/I
HWTR
CM1
10
CONS #1 nname
16
.
6
?/1
—
F
I r o m
6(11)
HWTR
CM2
10
CONS *2 iname
16
7
?/1
F
I r o m
6(13)
HWTR
CM3
10
CONS *3 \rrname
16
8
—
?/1
—
—
F
I r 0 m
6(15)
HWTR
ANC
1OA
NON-CONS nname
16
9
?/1
F
I r o m
6(18)
HWTR
cou
bA
COUFORM i(NoJ10Oml)
16
10
1
F
No./10
Omi
HWTR
CHLA
1OA
CHAL-A
16
11
1
F
ug / I
HWTR
NH2N
1OA
ORG-N
.
16
12
1
F
mg/i
HWTR
NH3N
bA
NH3-N
16
13
.
1
F
mg / I
46
-------
Table A.1 (contInued)
Input
Data.
QUAL2E
code
Type
Description
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Item
Type
Range
Default
Units
HWTR
1OA
N02-N
16
14
1
F
mgi
NO2N
HWTR
1OA
N03-N
16
15
1
F
mg /I
NO3N
HWTR
WA
ORG-P
16
16
1
—
F
mg/i
PORG
HWTR
DISP
bA
DIS-P
16
17
1
F
mg/I
Array screen
total U of point loads & withdrawals determines U
of rows
‘n
any
ame Is obtained from Screen No. 6 if
-
,
11
Point Loads and Withdrawals
REACHNO.
ELENO.
17
17
1
2
1
1
F
TYPE
17
3
1
C
NAME
17
4
1
PTLD
11
TREAT
\n(%)
17
5
1
F
0.0-1.0
0.0
TFCT
PTLD
11
FLOW
17
6
1
F
-999.-
0.0
ft3/sm
FLOW
999
3/s
PTLD
11
TEMP
17
7
1
—
F
35-135.
70.0
F
TEMP
2..55.0
21.0
C
PTLD
11
DO
17
8
1
F
0.-15.
0.0
mg/I
DO
PT L 0
11
BOO
17
9
1
F
0.-bOO.
0.0
mg/I
BOO
PTLD
11
CONS
#1\nname
17
10
?/1
F
0-
f r o m
CMI
.
6(11)
PT L D
11
CONS
#2 ainame
17
—
11
?I1
F
0-
f r o m
CM2
6(13)
PTLD
11
CONS #3 viname
17
12
?/1
F
0-
from
CM3
-
6(15)
P LTD
hA
NON-CONS iname
17
13
?/1
F
0-
f r 0 m
ANC
6(18)
PTLD
hA
COLIFORM
17
14
1
F
0-
No./10
COLI
OmI
PT L 0
hA
CHL A
17
15
1
F
0-
ug /1
CHLA
PTLD
hA
ORG-
N -
17
16
1
F
0-
mgi
NH2N
PTLD
IhA
NH3-N
17
16
1
F
0-
-
mg/I
NH3N
47
-------
Tibis A.1 (conthwsd)
Input
Dats
QUAUF
cods
P IL D
NO2N
Type
I 1A
Dswlptlan
N02-N
VARIABLE
5CR
11
CS
17
CT
1
Item
Typs
F
Rings
0-
Dsfsult
Units
mgfl
PT ID
NO3N
hA
N03 -N
17
18
1
—
F
0-
‘
mg/I
PT L D
PORG
hA
ORG-P
17
19
1
F
0-
,
mg/I
PTLD
DISP
hA
DIS-P
17
20
1
F
0-
mg/I
Array screen
,
Dam Roaecatuon
12
REACHNO.
18
1
?
12
ELEC
18
2
?
I
1-20
DAMS
ACOF
12
ADAM tiCOEFF
18
3
1
F
.5-2.0
1.0
DAMS
BCOF
12
BDAM nCOEFF
18
4
1
F
.01-1.5
1.0
DAMS
FRAC
12
% FLOW OVER DAM
18
5
1
F
0.0-1.0
0.0
12
HEIGHT suDAM
18
6
1
F
0-
0.0
ft.m
name s obtained from Screen No.6 if
any
Downstream Boundary
13
Temperature
19
1
1
F
35.-135.
70.0
F
‘
2.-55.0
21.0
C
13
Dissolved oxygen (mg/I)
- 19
2
.1
F
0.-15.
0.0
mg/I
13
BOO concentration (mg/i)
19
3
1
F
0-1000.
0.0
mg/I
13
Conservative *1 (name)
19
4
?/1
F
0-
1 r o m
6(11)
.
13
Conservative *2 (name)
19
5
?I1
F
0-
f r o m
6(13)
13
Conservative *3 (name)
19
6
‘1/1
F
0-
1 r o m
6(15)
19
5
F
0-
13
Non-conservatIve (name)
,
19
.
7
WI
F
0-
from
6(18)
13
Coliform (N0JIOO ml)
19
8
1
F
0-
No./10
OmI
ChloraØi dl a (ug/I)
19
19
9
1
F
0-
13A
Organic N as N (mg/I)
10
1
F
0-
mg/I
I 3A
M monia as N (mg/I)
19
11
1
F
0-
mg/I
13A
NitrlteuN (mg/I)
19
12
1
F
0-
mg/I
13A
Nitrate as N (mg/I)
19
13
1
—
F
0-
mg/I
48
-------
Table Al (continued)
Input
code
STAD
ATN
Data
Type
13A
I 3A
Description
Organic Phosphorus as P (mg/i)
Dissolved Phosphorus (mg/I)
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
19
19
Cs
14
15
CT
1
I
ftem
Array screen, load values from 7(14) if Climatological input file is
available
or create Climatology input
file
Global Values of Clirna ology
Data
MON \n(mm)
DAY \n(dd)
YEAR n(yy)
HOUR (hh)
SOLAR \n RADIATION
CLOUD
DRY TEMP
WET TEMP
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Type
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Ran
0-
0-
1-12
1-31
1-99
0-23
0..550.
0-150.0
0.-i.
1.-ito
1.0-38.0
1.-lao.
1.0-38.0
27-33.
900.-
1100.
0-100.
0-36.
Default
1
1
86
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
60.
15.0
60.
UnIts
mg/I
mg/I
BTUIft
2-hr
Langle
yflir
F
C
F
C
in Hg
mbar
___
BAROMETRIC %,i PRESSURE
WIND .ji SPEED
Uncertainty Analysis
Description of uncertainty
analysis
Uncertainty
Sensitivity analysis
First order error analysis
Monte carlo simulation
Magnitude of input perturbation
(%)
Number of simulations
Input condition
Single/Multiple perturbation
2-level factorial design
All inputs
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
9
10
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
I
5
6
6
6
1
I
5
6
6
6
F
F
C80
15.0
30.
1017.0
0.0
0.0
ft/s
rn/s
49
-------
Tabi. Al (continuod)
Input
Data
QUAUE
.
.
cods
Typs
1,IA.
lB
Description
Generic inputs
# of input variables
Global
VARIABLE
,SCR
21
21
21
CS
12
13
14
CT
6
1
4
Itsm
Typ.
Rang.
‘
Dsf suit
Units
5,5A
6.6A.
6B
Hydraulic/Climatology
Reaction coefficient
21
21
15
16
4
4
8.8A
10.10
A
Incremental flow
Headwater
21
21
17
18
4
4
11,11
A
Point loads
21
19
4
12
Dams
Input
variance data Ide
21
21
20
21
4
3
Intermediate
output
21
22
5
None
21
23
6
Complete
Limited
•
21
21
24
25
6
6
Output variables
Hydraulic
Quality
Internal
21
21
21
21
26
27
28
5
4
4
4
VARIABLE. 24(3), were obtained from appropriate
Input code
Input
Analysis
Tr’PE
Single
Multiple
Fractonal
Variables for Sensitivity
22
a
22
22
1
.
3
1
2
3
-
#OFINPUT
VARIABLE
22
22
2
3
1
3
I
C
PERTURBATION
(%)
22
4
1
F
CreatefEdit Input Variance
Data File
see Table 2 for 25(12)
Input Vanables
for First Order . and Monte
Carlo Analysis
•
GENERIC ‘v -i GROUP
VARIABLE ‘v i NAME
23
COEFF ‘vi VARIATION
23
1
load
23
2
C20
load
23
3
C30
1
F
50
-------
Table Al (continued)
Input
cods
Data
Type
Description
QUAL2E
VARIABLE
SCR
CS
CT
Item
Type
Range
Default
Units
PROBABIUTY DF
23
4
3
C15
•
Normal
23
1
Log-normal
2
Select Element Number to be
Printed
REACH NO.
24
1
El
24
2
4
-
E2
24
3
4
...
24
...
E20
24
21
4
51
-------
REFERENCE
Brown, L. C., and T. O.Bamwell, Jr. 1987. The Enhanced Stream Water Quality Models QUAL2E and
OUAL2E-UNCAS: Documentation and User Manual. EPA-60013-87/007. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Athens, GA. May.
53
------- |