ERA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA 006 634
FLOW REDUCTION
DEVELOPING A PUBLIC
INFORMATION PROGRAM
-------
Final Report Contract No. 68-01-6052
FLOW REDUCTION:
DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
March 1982
Prepared For:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water Program Operations
Facility Requirements Division
Prepared By:
INTASA, Inc.
1030 Curtis Street
Menlo Park, CA 94025
-------
PREFACE
Flow Reduction: Develooina a Public Information Program , is the
third volume of a three—volume series pertaining to wastewater flow re-
duction analysis and program planning. With increasing nunters of com-
munities becoming interested in the potantial benefits of flow reduction,
and with the introduction of flow reduction analysis requirements into
the treatment facilities Planning (Step 1) phase of EPA ’s Construction
Grants Program, a need was felt to provide guidance on flow reduction
analysis procedures and on developing ccuimtunity programs. Each volume
of this series thus works toward the ultimate objective of developing
coninunity flow reduction programs that are practical, cost effective and
able to be implemented.
• Part I of the first voligne, Flow Reduction: Methods, Analysis
Procedures, Examples , provides background information on flow
reduction, Including Its role in facilities planning, its re-
lationship to other water and wastawater programs, and case
examples of coiiinunittes which have implemented programs. Part
II of the same volume provides a step—by—step methodology to
serve as a guide In carrying out the flow reduction analysis.
Descriptions of various flow reduction measures are included
along with an assessment of their cost effectiveness.
• Part III , the second votune, demonstrates the flow reduction
methodology by applying it to two real world comunities.
These documented case studies not only clarify the procedure
but highlight the nature of flow reduction’s costs and bene-
fits.
• This volume. Part IV , Is a package of flow reduction public
information material designed to supplement a comunity’s flow
reduction program. This package consists of general guidance
in developing a public information program, examples of speci-
fic techniques conetunities have used, and original clip art as
well as a mini-catalog of materials available from other com-
munities that can be adapted for direct use in a coninunity’s
program.
Through these three interrelated documents, It is hoped that com-
munity leaders and planners will find the practical rationale and overall
guidance needed to consider and realize the potential of flow reduction in
their particular settings.
i.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . • . . • , • . . • . •
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . a a a • e . . • • a • • • . . .
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLED EN1’S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • •
PART IV. FLOW REDUCTION: DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
Section A Why Implement a Coamunity Flow Reduction Program?
SectIon 9 Informing and Educating the Public About Piow
Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • •
Section C Public Information Techniques
1. Mailing/DistrIbution of Printed Material . . .
2. News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Personal Contact . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • •
4. Miscellaneous Events, Activities, Displ ys
5. Selecting Techniques for a Conim.inity Program .
SectIon 0 Key Elements of a Public Information Program
Section £ Highlights of Three Coimiunities 1 Flow Reduction
Public Infori tion Programs . . . . . . . . .
1. Marfcopa Association of Governments, P ieonix, Arizona
2. Pj Association of Govelnlifients, Tucson, Arizona
3. llowardCounty, Maryland.....
4. Observations on Apparent Effectiveness of Programs
Section F Materials to Assist In Developing YourOwn Public
Information Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. OvervIew of Materials Provided . . . . . . .
2. Example of a hlleast_Costa Program Impimentation -
Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
iv
V
Vi
I
2
• 5
5
• 7
7
• 8
• a
• 10
• 17
• 17
• 25
• 28
3].
33
• 33
• 34
38
11
-------
CONTENTS (Conc 1 uded)
Appendix A Reproductions of Clip Art for Use in a Coninunity
Flow ReductIon Public Information Program . A-i
Appendix B Ass .e t1ons and Calculations Used in Developing
Fact/t rk Sheets in Appendix A on Savings From
Flow Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . B—i
Appendix C Mini—Catalog of Flow Reduction/Water Conservation
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . C—i
lii
-------
LISi” OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1 PotentIal Benefits From Reducing Wastawater Flows . . . 1
Figure 2 Reasons for Implementing a Flow Reduction Public
!nfonnationProgram.................. 3
Figure 3 The Three Essential Components of Cotirunication . . . . S
Figure 4 Miniintan Requirements of an Effective Public Informetion
Progranr • . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
FIgure 5 Sample 30—Second Public Service Announcement for Radio
Used in ricopa Association of Governments’ Program . 19
Figure 6 Sample 30—Second TV Public Service Announcement Used
in Maricopa Association of Governments’ Program . . . . 19
Fl gure 7 Contents of Second Program Broc? ure . . . . . 21
Figure 8 Chart From Brochure Which Accompanies Slide Show Pro-
duced for PAG “SLQ t 4 THE FLOW” Program . . . . . . . . 26
FIgure 9 Flyer Introducing Water 3111 Modification to Howard
County WatarUsers . . . . . . •...... 30
iv
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table I Techniques Available for Use in a Public Information
Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Table II Examples of Money and Skills nated to Public In-
formation Programs . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table III Suggested Audiences, Messages, and Comunication
Techniques for a Public Information Program . . . . . 12
Table IV Novel ideas Implemented in Public Information Pro-
grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table V Estimated Budget for Maricopa Association of Govern-
merits’ Flow Reduction Public Information Program . . 23
Tab1 VI Sumary of Apparently Effective Flow seduction Pro-
gram Elements used in Pima County, Arizona and
Howard County, Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table VII Example of “Least-Cost” Program and Implementation
Strategy . . . . . . . . • • 35
V
-------
ACXNOWLE G14ENTS
Flow Reduction: Developing a Public Information Program was pre-
pared under the direction of Myron Tiemens, Deputy Director of EPA’s
Facility Requirewenta Division, and 3ar ara Veaman, Public Education
Consultant to EPA. 30th provided cQumlants and guidance which greatly
benefited this doc .esent.
Contractor on this project was IN1’ASA, Inc. of Menlo Park, Cal 1-
fornia. Micolaos V. Arvartitidis, President of INTASA, supervised pre-
paration of this doc2unent and performed coordination with EPA. Day-to-
day project management was the responsibIlity 0 f 3111 Betchart; research
and writing on the project was by Sandra Postal. Sa]ly Davenport created
the “flow Down” theme and designed the clip art material for use by corn-
rnunitles in their public information programs. Original art rk for the
“flow Down” program was prepared by Phil Frank of Sausaifto, Cal ifornia.
Layout and product’ton of original clip art was by Lynn Marsh of Palo Alto,
Cal $fornia.
F na1ly, the UITkSA teem wishes to acknowledge all those both in-
side and outside of EPA who took the time to review and coninent on draft
#e.rsions of this doc inent, and who contributed material for it.
vi
-------
FLOW REDUCTION: DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATiON PROGRAM
A. Why Implement a Con nunity Flow Reduction Program ?
Wastewater flow reduction represents a new thrust in municipal
wastewater management. increasing rnmibers of comunities are finding
flow reduction an attractive addition to more conventional strategies
for achieving cost—effective wastewater management. As its name implies,
flow reduction focuses on reducing the quantity of wastewater flowing In-
to a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This Is accomplished by re-
ducing water use, and thus flow reduction is closely tied to water conser-
vation.
A successful flow reduction program implemented at the con nunity
level can y eld potential benefits to Individual residents and the com-
munity as a whole. Examples of these benefits are illustrated in Figure
1 and listed below it.
Lower weter supoly Lower westawetur c l lec-
requlraaants and costs tion and treatesnt costs
BENEFITS OF
REDUCED FLOW
/ ‘N
Lower hot tar ener ’ Lass pollution of clean
requlr nts and costs eater
Ft give I PO1V41’IAI. BENEFITS FROM UCING W*STEW.TEN FLOWS
• Lowar costs of collecting and treating the c iinunity’s
wastewater. Reduced flows may enable a conmtunlty to
postpone expansion of Its existing treatment facilities
or to construct arid operate a facility smaller In size
than would otherwise have been possible. Substantial
savings may result both in capital and in operation and
maintenance costs.
1
-------
• Avoiding the adverse economic and environmental consequen-
ces of reaching or exceeding treatment capacity before ad-
ditional facilities can be built.
O Dollar savings to Individual residents, including substan-
tial energy cost savings from less use of hot water. En-
ergy to heat water can account for 15 to 25 percent or
more of a household utility bill.
• Energy savings to the coninunity from collecting. ptmping
and treating less water and wastewater.
• Environmental quality. Saving water that otherwise enters
sewers prevents clean water from becoming polluted.
spiraling costs of labor, materials and energy make these benefits
incroasingly difficult to Ignore. Moreover, comeunities applying for
Federal grants to help pay the cost of constructing new wastewater treat-
ment facilities now are required by EPA to consider the potential bene-
fits of flow reduction tn their Step 1. facilities planning process. Fec—
eral funds through EPA s Construction Grants Program are in short supply.
Flow reduction is one means of enabling a limited amount of available
funds to go further toward meeting camunity and nationwide water quality
goal.s and needs. Thus, with the exception øf exempted co Tmunities, an
evaluation of alternative flow reductIon methods is now a required com-
ponent of treatment facilities planning.
B. Informing and Educating the Public About Flow Reduction
Neither the coninunity nor its residents will reap the benefits of
flow reduction until people are motivated to take action. Informed com-
munity leaders can play a vital role in providing this motivation by in-
forming the public about flow reduction, the actions each individual can
take to bring It about, and the benefits they and the comunity can ex-
pect to receive as a result. Facts themselves often are sufficient moti-
vation, but. they must be conmunicated effectively to the public. Energy
utility bills will not be reduced until householders know about hot water
saving devices such as shower flow restricters and faucet aerators, and
why and how to use them. Gallons of water will continue to be wasted un-
til individuals are told about pluiting leaks and how to find and fix
them, toilet dams and how to install them, water wasting habits and how
2
-------
to change them, and the dollars these simple actions can save. Specific
reasons for Implementing a flow reduction public information program are
depicted in Figure 2 and Include:
1Y !IL IT A PUBLXC INFORMTION PROGRAM?
• Public understanding and support are esuntlal to
an overall flow reduction progran.
• It responds to EPA’s cost..,ffectiveness guidelines.
• It’s a cost-effective neans of reducing flows.
• It can improve utilityj’publtc relations.
Figure 2 REASONS FOR !? LD’IENTING A FLOW REDUCTION Pt LIC
INFORMATION PROGRAM
• Public information is a vital component of any flow reduc-
tion endeavor. The success of any prog am depends upon
the degree to which the public understands and supports
the flow reduction measures taken.
• Consideration of a public information program presently is
required of conmiunities in Step 1 of EPA’s Construction
rants Program. EPA’s Cost Effectiveness Guideflnes [ Sec-
tion 8 (c) (4)] state that along with performing a flow re-
duction analysis, a grantee shall, as a minlnu.in: “Develop
and provide for Implementing a rec u.oended flow reduction
program. This shall Include a public Information program
highlighting effective flow reduction measures, their costs,
and the savings of weter and costs for a typical household
and for the comunity’ 1 (U.S. EPA, Septenter 1978).
• An effective public Information program can be one of the
most cost-effective means of reducing wastewater flows.
MeasUreable benefits can be achieved with minimal expendi-
tures.
• As one public Infonnation specialist for a California utili-
ty pointed out, a well—run public Information program can
significantly improve utility relations with the public.
In some cases, these public relations benefits may be as
important as the actual water savings and reduced wastewater
flows resulting from a program (Vossbrink, 1980).
The remainder of this vol ne is devoted to assisting those town
managers, mayors, public works directors and concerned citizens who take
the initiative to implement a comunity flow reduction public information
3
-------
program, recognizing what benefits a flow reduction program can provide
for their cc miun1ty or simply desiring to carry out EPA ’s flow reduction
requirements in a fruitful manner.
There are few models of such programs available from which to draw
guidance. Ho ver, nimierous ter conservation programs that have been
Implemented provide valuable insight into the fundamentals of any public
Information program aimed at influencing public behavior. The Intent in
the following pages Is not to develop a ready—made program but to provide
Incentives, ideas and overall guidance In developing a program to comuni-
cata the whats, whys and hows of flow reduction to the residents 0 f a
specific coninunlty. To rd this and, four sections and three Appendices
follow:
• Section C contains a discussion and listing 0 f available
public information techniques. The purpose of this sec-
tion Is to help generate Ideas as to w iat technicues may
prove effective in particular comeunity circunstancec.
• Section 0 provides suggestions and guidance for develop-
ing a comunity program, including establishing effective
combinations of targeted audiences, motivating messages
and comunication techniques.
• Section E describes the flow reduction public information
programs lmpleuented In three different cc mnunit1es. The
purpose of these narratives Is to provide a feel for var-
ious aspects of developlvig a program by relating how these
c imnunities perceived the need for a program, selected
techniques, developed program strategies and handled the
logistics of program Implementation.
O 5ect on F provides suggestions on how to use the atariai
In the Appendices to implement a coumiunity program. A
strategy for using these materials is described to show
how the materials can fit together to create an effective
package and to provide Initial ideas for implementing an
actual program.
• Appendices A, B, and C contain a package of original pub-
lic information materials, necessary background Informa-
tion, and a mini-catalog of available existing materials,
respectively. Together, these materials can assist a corn-
tnunity In developing a relatively simple, low—budget pro-
gram or a more elaborate one and thus are pertinent to
any cuimunity’s needs.
4
-------
C. Public tn1or natlon Techniques
Comunication involves three essential components:- an audience,
a message, and a medi%an for conveying the message to the audience (Fig-
ure 3). EffectIve communication is achieved with the proper mix and
Figure 3 ThE THREE ESSENTIAL CCI4PONENTS ac CCMPIUNICATIC1
interaction of elements comprising each of these three components. This
section surveys communication methods suitable for a flow reduction pub-
lic information program. These techniques fall into four basic catego-
ries:
• Mailing/distribution of printed material
• News media
• Personal contact
• Miscellaneous events, exhibits, displays.
Specific examples 0 f techniques in each category are listed in Table I
and discussed below.
1. Mailing/DIstribution of Printed Material
Most public information programs will make use of direct mailings
In order to ensure that a large majority of the relevant community mem-
bers at least receive, if not read, information about the program. Ma-
terial for mailing or mass distribution can be prepared and delivered
for a wide range of costs depending upon how elaborate the material is
(e.g., whether it requires professional preparation or is prepared by
5
-------
TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR USE IN A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
Mafljrm/Distribution of Printed Material
Personal Contact
• Water bill inserts sent to utility C JStcaei1 a—
Tang with the regular water blU.
• hewsietters nailed separately fr the water bill
arid :ual1y re elaborita than bill Inserts.
• 3rochures either cal l.d to residences or nade a—
vaflable t central locations such as banks and
supsimarkets.
• Fact iheets on ented toward either gsneral water
users or special groups, relating Information about
water-saving devices and measures, energy savings
and dollar savings.
• i,oer stickers wnici can be made available frma
central locat ons either free of charge or at mm-
lual cost.
• Posters displayed around town to r tI th pro-
gram.
News Media
. aio r TV aublic service arenouncenents , generally
‘.) ar 6 seconds in length and broaacast between
programs. Many radio and T V stations 1 especially
lii -clatively siall co iunities . will rk free of
cI trge with the city utility or program coordinator
to help prepare public service annauncints.
• “ wsoaoer oublic service armauncaminta .
• P— f 1 3 conferences . Th.sa are especially beneficial
in tue eariy stages of a pvoqram or to armounca
ifornation that is re1ative y cmaplez or of major
i ’ or anca. 11w. program di rector or a utl 1 Ity rap—
rasentat ve Inbreed about all aspects f the pro-
gram c i . ’ serve as the sogkesperson. Visual aids
such as charts and graphs are often useful in high—
tl hting the main pointS at the conference.
• Pre is tours In wM h representatives from various
ne d a tour the wastawatar trea unt facilities.
This serves the dual purpose cit providing the nedia
wi a better widerstanding of the wantawater sys-
t and possibly generating relatively In—depth
nws stories which will educate the public.
• —ess infovmatlon kits consisting of written mate—
a! containing facts about the caimunity’s waste-
water sf tuition and the flow reduction program.
These can be prepared and distributed prior to a
press tonferenca or simply provided to the media
as reference met.eri a I for future news stori en.
• Local rad1 and IV shows at times provide a use-
7 1 loran 1 dIscusi of c n*ity Issues.
probten c. ana proqr . An interesting and in—
formative discussion bstwbon the talk show ned—
erat r and the utility or program represest tive
can increase public understanding md acceptance
of a flaw reduction program and Increase the pro—
gram’s credibility.
• Pr ’; covera e of program-related news I teng can
g e t ly I ricrease the public’ s awareness ol’ the pro—
;ra e. Making certain that the local media are in-
for examole, of the mayor’s planned tour
of the treatment plant or the announcenent of the
winning poster In a flow reduction poster content
significantly adds to the program’s visibility.
• School presentations to educate youngsters at o’
wastewater treateent and to encouraqe their p. r-
tic2pation in activities which sport the flow
reduction program. Progr ns car :. idapte f r
students at various grade levels.
• Presentations to local youth grouos such as scout-
ing troops or ecclo clubs.
• Talks at civic and conservation aroup neetin s such
as the Lions Club 1 lks Club. League of i’ osnen Voter :
or the Sierra Club.
•• iLree ient facility tours , O Ifl to the public, given
peritaps one saturaay nerning eacn nionth.
• Public neetfnis or worlcshoo on practical neasures
homeowners or apar tent dwellers can take to pro-
mete flow reduction and stressing the dollar savings
these measures will yield.
• jntainina a taleohone 1nfornati n service and ad-
vertising the pnone nunoer ‘jeopie can call fcr in-
formation about such things as purchasing r,trofi:
devices, Installing such devices, or any problems
with these devices people nay encounter.
• rtshoos or meetings with soeciallzed qrouDs who na
be impacted by the program ir wnosa support can si n
ficaritly increase the likelihood of program success.
Personally. interacting at the outs t of a rogr n wi
mambers of the liamebuilders AssocIation and o.4ners •
local hardware and pli.wbing st res, for exainola, . !
increase the likelihood th t they will sup ore sno
enhance the oven 11 flow reduction prog ra m.
Miscellaneous Events, AC jvj 4 , Ci1 g
• ‘ !ov1nc exhibits that can be d spiayed pericd-
cally at thoppfii malls, fairs and other central
locations.
• Contests for the beet flow rothzctlon poster, slogan,
or logo.
• Use of local billboards to adiert-se the ro;ram.
• Oiveloping curriculun natarials for cise in schools,
dealing with local wastawatar treatment conditions,
huiz1nq indoor water wasting habits, or giving
matiweatical problems that involve caiculaei-g wa-
ter, energy, and dollar savings from various con-
servation measures.
• lent cards f r restaurant tables.
• Using available werkbooks on water conservation to
supplement ichool curricula.
• øeveloplng slide shows to accompany talks azmd pro-
sentat Ions.
• £ncouragi ng the utility director, the nayor, a nd/
or other Influential c r ’w’lty leaders to write a
• lettsr—t*—the—ed1t r for publication in the local
newspaper •rplaining the flcw reduction program
and encouraging w ity support.
6
-------
city or utility staff) and how it Is distributed (e.g., whether it is
sent along with a utility bill or mailed separately). Relatively simple
material, like the bill stuffers included in the clip art package Appen-
dix A) can be produced for just a few cents per copy.
2. News Media
Local newspapers, radio stations, and television stations can be
valuable resources to a coimiunity public information campaign. Effective
use of the mass media allows many people to be reached through conveyance
of a single message. Preparation of materials for broadcast may require
professional expertise, however, and may at times be prohibitively expen-
sive. Programs initiated in response to an existing or impending crisis
situation can benefit significantly from the news media since these cir—
c .mtstances themselves are news Items which will receive media attention.
The results of a survey conducted to measure public sentiment to-
ward a conservation campaign implemented in Santa Clara County, Cal ifor-
nia underscores the importance of v rking with all three major news me-
dia -— newspapers, radio stations and TV stations. Of those survey re-
spondents indicating an awareness of the program, 38 percent indicated
that their primary awareness was from newspapers, 1]. percent from radio,
16 percent from television, and 9 percent from other means (e.g. group
demonstrations) (PRx, 1981).
3. Personal Contact
Face-to—face comunication with selected groups and individuals in
the comaunity can give the program a valuable personal touch, although
it does require considerable time and energy from program or utility
staff. Personal contact techniques allow for two—way comunication, af-
fording the public an opportunity to ask questions and air their concerns
as well as providing the program coordinators with some useful feedback
on public views. A utility or other Implementing authority lacking the
staff and time needed to make personal contacts should not discount these
techniques too readily. Frequently, comunity inmit ers such as retired
teachers, principals, or meii ers of local civic or conservation groups
7
-------
will volunteer to speak throughout the conrunity. They must be asked to
do so however, and then be informed about the program and provided with
adequate materials.
4. MIscellaneous Events, Activities, Di lays
A host of miscellaneous techniques are available as Indicated ear-
lier in Table I; the individual applicability of each depends upon the
local setting and circuestances. Applying some Ingenuity to knowledge
of the kinds of activities and projects that have been used can result
In some very effective aublic thformation techniques.
5. SelectIng Technicues for a Coninunity Program
No single set of co runication techniques will be best In every
situation; the combination of techniques selected for a program should
be suited to the particular circt.mtstances of the counnunity where it will
be implemented. Several coninunity characteristics are likely to be im—
portent:
• Nature of •rogram goals . Depending upon whether the goals
of the flow reduction program are lainediate (e.g., crisis-
related) or long term, certain techniques nay be n re ef-
fective and appropriate than others. For example, empha-
sizing the news media (e.g., Press releases, press confer-
ences, news stories) is likely to be valuable in a program
with short-term goals for alleviating pending overloads of
the wasteweter treatoent plant.
• Resourc’ 3f the agency or authority Imolementing the
program . Zn selecting comunication techniques, trade—
of s inevitably will be needed due to limitatIons In the
resources of the Implementing authority, including:
- Funds . Many techniques require professional guidance
and can quickly sap funds available to the program.
For example, a decision to prepare TV or radio public
service announcements, print elaborate brochures, or
produce short flints for news release, may require the
elimination of some other techniques.
- Skills . Speaking, writing, photography, and design
skills are needed In order to employ some techniques.
It is Important to capitalize on skills available a—
fang those persons who are implementing the program.
8
-------
- Time . Selection of certain techniques will be inhib-
ited because of the time demands they place on the
implementing authority’s staff. If understaffing Is
already a problem, sending an in—house speaker out
to schools and club meetings several times each week
may not be feasible.
• Availability of volunteered and donated time and skills .
Obtaining voluntary assistance from comunity groups and
individuals as well as donations of time and service from
local professionals can help alleviate the resource limi-
tations in developing a program. Voluntary help from lo-
cal youth groups and service clubs can reduce substantial-
ly the amount of In—house staff time necessary to carry
out the program. Using coninunity volunteers and obtain-
ing donated time and services provides the dual advantages
of expanding the quantity of funds, skills, and time avail.
able, and of getting comunity members actively supporting
and involved in the program. Table II gives some recent
examples of t ney and services donated to public informa-
tion programs.
• Characteristics of the audience or public . These include:
- egree of awareness about conanunity water supply and
wastewater Issues and problems.
- Likely degree of public acceptance and receptivity of
a flow reduction program. For example, in co,mnunities
where public resistance is expected, a program strong-
ly emphasizing personal contact with key coritnunity
groups nay be essential.
- Extent to which influential coninunity groups or lead-
ers support the program. Techniques can and should
be chosen to capitalize on this support where it ex-
ists. Media coverage of a mayor expressing support
for the program or of a local civic group sponsoring
a program—related activity can help broaden the base
of support throughout the coinnuni ty.
Table II
EXN LE3 OF NEY AE SXILI.S DONATED TO P LIC INFORMATION P GRAP5
• The Phoenix. Arizona Maricoon Association of Governments ’ flow reduction
program obtained about S28Q, Q rth of donated time and skilli (Frank,
Nev er, 1980).
• The Oakland. California East D cv Municipal Utility Oistrict j water con-
ser4atTon program benefited from donations of air tine by local radio
and TY stations. Finding Itself underitaffed to carry out cirtain com-
ponents of the program, the District utilized local Ca Fire Girls to
distribute posters and to help organize a “water falr comlste with
•xh1b1t and skits.
• The Pinellas County Water Oe artnent af Clearwater. Florida sponsored an
intensive. one—sear water conservatiOn p lIc thfovisatlon program that
received donated advertising and pi&ic relations assistanc. valued at
around S25OI ,000. The Osparteent’s expenditures for extensive media ad-
vertising, billboard displays, slide shows, and logo stai s amounted to
only about $10,000 (Mutcalf and Eddy. 1976).
9
-------
0. Ke Elements of a Public Information Program
No nmyor, to i manager, public works director or other coimlunity
leader should allow lack of confidence in developing and implementing a
public information program to prevent him or her from undertaking the ef-
fort. Even tile Tiost experienced public relations or advertising firm
cannot produce effectivecampaigns every time -- much depends on subjec-
tive factors. The important advantage that a coninunity leader brings to
this endeavor is knowledge of and sensitivity to tile local citizenry and
the Issues that concern them st. Armed ii1th facts about flow reduc-
tion, basic comnunication tools, and some guidance on using these facts
and tools, one can and should have confidence in approaching the task of
developing a program. Again, the facts about flow reduction should rnoti-
vate the public to respond, but they must be coninunicated effectively.
No public information program is recomended here as the best or
must likely to succeed in every case. However, based on experience
the
drawn from past programs and th expertise of public information special-
ists, even the bare minimun program should have a strate ’ that incorpo-
rates three fundamental guidelines (Figure 4):
10
Fi w, 4 N11I1) J REOUI VIENT5 O AN I RCTTVI P *.1C
XNFCRJ TION P GMM
co jnic*t1oi
Tbrouqfl
4u1t1p e
P d1 a
Rip.tltlon
of
F.suqss
Tilloring
Infor t1an to
Kay Auttencu
-------
• Select techniques from several different categories of corn-
munication media (i.e., mailing/mass distribution of prin-
ted material, news media, personal contact, soecial events
and exhibits). Only in this way will the program’s messages
reach most of the community.
• Repeat program messages . A “one—shot” program stands lit-
tle chance of success.
• Tailor information to specific key audiences . This requires
identifying the crucial audiences to be reached in the com-
munity and determining the factual message that will moti-
vate each to respond.
Following these seemingly straightforward rules will not guarantee
success, but will give the program a firm foundation upon which to build.
The success of a program ultimately hinges upon the ability to coninuni-
cate to targeted persons and groups a message that will motivate them to
respond. The most effective audience/message/technique combinations will
be different for different coimnunitles. Suggested audiences, motivating
messages and techniques to considerln developing a program are shown in
Table III.
Finding out what messages and program strategies are most ltkely
to motivate water users In a particular coninunity is a difficult but cru-
cial task. In the Maricopa County, Arizona program, described in a sub-
sequent section, the primary message to the public was that the area’s
wastewater treatment facilities uld reach their capacity in six to
eight months —— a message that In this instance did not motivate people
to act. On the other hand, In Santa Clara County, California, where
treatment facilities had reached capacity and overloads were polluting
San Francisco Bay, residents appeared to respond to this message of treat-
ment plant capacity problems. In Madera, California, a primary message
to motivate residents to conserve was that water revenues were insuffi-
cient to pay the increasingly high cost of energy for punping water, re-
quiring $60,000 to be taken out of the city Treasury to pay the utility
bill (Butterfield, 1981). For many programs, including the Pima County,
Arizona program described in a later section, the substantial savings in
water and energy costs that homeowners can realize through conservation!
flow reduction measures has been an effective motivating message. This
message of home owner cost savings Is emerging as perhaps the strongest
and most nearly universal motivation for people to support coninunity
flow reduction/conservation programs (Butterfield, 1981).
11
-------
Tible UI
SU S11D A1 WICES, MESSAGES, AlSO !‘!WIICATtON TEC3 IIQUE5 FOR
PURL IC !lSFO ATtON PROGRAM
Key Audience
m’ Moti vati no M.uaee( 5 )
Particular’y *ppropy1 ate
l’eclini aims
Nine awners/
aparaant renta,s
Aparos,nt oi.nars
C v1c grtups, u li: inter-
est groups (e.g. Lions Club,
SIerrs C , League of Wosen
Vateii)
I4omebuilders Association
Kar .ars and p7t binq
supply store owners and
managers
School chi ldrei,
Scøut troops and youth
groups
• Fin rudi tton mewmres
SCYS Water, iIw , end
dollari with ilidmal
cost. little ffort, a nd
no thconvenissce.
• Fin redu t1on saves tea
do11ar by decreasing
ml ty expendi turin
for building and event.
mg tru insnt facilities.
• Rtrofittlnq rental ailts
saves iuoney at minimal
cost and with no tenant
di uati sfactl on.
• A cncerned coulunmity
leaders, tn.y can ignite
the progra.
• 4ater-savi ng features can
enhance the attractiveness
of Inaes toxtentlal buyers.
• Th S prigra represents an
XVOrtIaIi ty to efliliacs
public visibility and in.
prove tilel r Image.
• Increased sales revenues
can be obtained If they
advertl e, display and
stock water-saving devices.
• Saving water is f ai.
• Saving water Is something
they and the tally can
do at me.
• F n nedtction activities
cai be fim and help the
cv , 1 ty.
• ¶4at!r bill Inserts.
• Madla pi.Ølic service an-
no*aica,nts.
• Presentations.
• ali1bits of devices and
cost saving information.
• Tru uent facility tours.
• !nlermation flyers nailed
to landlords.
• P ’egent!tl ens at neeti migs
to encourag. acti ‘c S upoort
and suggest Ictivitles they
can do.
• Wor h ps or meetl’iqs of
einber representat, yes.
• !nf rmat1on flyers.
• Wcrtshops or meetings.
• Information flyers.
• Puzzles about conservation.
• Math problein snowing water,
ener ’ savings.
• Essay/poster contests.
• 1aka-I e class assigruients
on reading water, gas meters.
• Activitlin to earn a water-
saving badge or certificate.
• Pri entation at club meet-
legs.
• ContestS of exMbit for dis-
play at fairs or shopping
centers.
-------
While educating and Informing the public about flow reduction and
its benefits Is the core of any program, relying only on the increased
public awareness that this brings about to get people to take action is
tenuous. Studies have shown that the link betwaen educating people about
environmental matters and influencing their behavior generally is weak
(Baiinann, 1981; Bell et al , 1978). A strategy is needed that not only
informs people about what behavioral changes are In order but also ac-
tively prompts them to make those changes and reinforces those changes
when they occur. Accomplishing this requires no additional coarunication
techniques, but rather requires that techniques be Implemented in a se-
quence, time frame and manner such that these prompting and reinforcing
effects result. Prompts -— written, spoken, or visual messages that en-
courage a specific action -— are especially Important when the program
is getting underway. Billboard messages, posters, press conferences and
exhibits are just a few techniques wall suited for this task. ReinfGrce-
ment involves influencing behavior through positive incentives (e.g.
giving water credits for a level of monthly water use below a certain
amount), negative incentives, or feedback.
Feedback, in particular, is essential if water users are to continue
their efforts over an extended period of time. Showing water users that
their conservation efforts are having a positive effect can help motivate
them to continue their efforts; making them aware that they could be do-
ing better can motivate them to try harder.
One technique several coimnunitles have used to provide feedback on
an individual basis to water users Is to highlight on the water bill how
the quantity of water used that particular month compares with the pre-
vious month or with the same month of the previous year. Occasional press
conferences also can provide feedback by informing the public of measur-
able reductions in wastewater flows to the treatment plant, or relating
how many of the comunity’s residents have Installed retrofit devices.
Sending speakers to local service club meetings provides another oppor-
tunity to give feedback on overall program performance.
Combining an awareness of available coninunicatlon techniques, mo-
tivating messages and audiences to be reached with a small measure of
Ingenuity can result In an exciting and effective public information pro-
gram. Table IV describes some ideas that conmiunities around the nation
have implemented.
13
-------
Table IV
NOVEL IDEAS IMPLE?IENTED IN PUBUC INFORMATION PROGRAMS
The Mann Municipal Water District in Northern California CONVEY ORIGINAL
distributed a brochure entitled ‘Water Saving lips - From
Our Consui rs° containing suggestions received from its &lJ r wI’I CijPI-
own customers on ways to save water, energy and money. SUMERS
WATER CREDITS The Goleta County Water District in Goleta, California
AND CASH RE established a water conservation credit program where-
— by District customers using less than 700 cubIc feet
FUNDS (5,236 gallons) of water per month averaged over the
prevIous year qualified for a cash refund or water cre-
dit.
Westminster, Colorado’s water conserv tlon prograw has in-
cluded an annual Water Awareness Week during which an in— SPECIAL wAT q
tensive public information effort draws attention to the
importance of water conservation. In preparation for this AWARENESS
week during May 1980, the city encouraged school children WEEX
to submit drawinqs, essays and poems on ter conservation
themes to be displayed In City Hall. Schools were also
invited to schedule 30—45 minute tours of Westniinister’s
water plant.
The East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland ,
CLASSROOM California developed “The Official Captain Hydro Water
Conservation Workbook.” Many comeunities throughout
‘4ORIGOOKZ the country have included the Workbook in their school
curricula. Its wide—ranging use and acceptance attests
to the effectiveness of this education technique.
A water conservation program In Yin inia implemented DEIONSTRATION
through the Virginia Water Resources search Center has MODELS
Included demonstration models showing how to fix leaks
and how to retrofit showers, toilets, and faucets.
The Virginia program has also included workshops for
ichool teachers to “ihow them how to incorporate water
use and conservation lessons into science curricula.
FOR SCHOOL The Virginia teachers have responded enthusiastically
to these workshops and to the water conservation work-
book developed for use in schools. About 15,000 copies
of the workbook, which included take—home assignments,
have also been distributed to 4—H clubs (Birch, 1980).
14
-------
Table IV (Continued)
Water conservation exhibits displayed at shopping centers, SPECIAL EX-
county fairs, 4—H clubs and garden clubs have been very HIBITS-—WATEP
well received by Virginia coiiinunltles . Some of these ex-
hibits include a cauliputer quiz which estimates an mdlvi- USE COMPUTER
dual’s water use based on his or heranswers to several
QUIZ
questions and suggests ways of cutting back water use.
As part of Its water conservation public information
PRESENTATIONS effort, the Illinois Department of Coninerce arid Com-
munity Affairs made presentations to local housing
TO HOUSING authorities on the use of water conservation devices
AUTHORITIES housing and structures undergoing renovation
(Illinois Department of Coninerce and Community Affairs,
1979).
Also as part of the Illinois procram , contacts were made 1 CONTACTING
with manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers to encourage PLUMBING
promotion of their water saving devices. The message con-
veyed was that such promotion can bring them profits and SUPPLIERS
provide a valuable community service.
A nunber of coninunities have enclosed simple flyers
TELL HOW To or inserts with water bills explaining how to read a
water meter. Making people aware of their water use
READ METERS is an essential first step in achieving water savings;
the consciousness-raising effect of this one technique
enhances the effectiveness of all others.
The Denver Water Department’s water conservation efforts
include a computer analysis which allows the utility to USE WATER
point out Increases or decreases in water use on each
customer’s water bill. Periodic feedback on how users BILLS TO GIVE
are doing in their own conservation efforts has been FEEDBACK
found to be an effective tool for reinforcing behavior
or motivating users to take firmer action.
INVOLVE The Denver program involved students In performing In-
home water-wasting checks and provided them with rewards
STUDENTS
and incentives for Implementing water conservation prac-
tices.
15
-------
Table IV (Concluded)
Denver’s proq am also included enlisting pl nbing rnartufac- RATING SYSTZM
turers, suppliers, and the construction Industry In develop— FOR WATER-
ing a water-use rating system. When attached to pl .m ing
fixtures and appliances, these ratings make consisners aware USING APPLI-
of and allow then to compare the quantities of water used ANCES
by various household appliances (Denver Water Department,
1979).
Several public information programs, Including those of
the Goleta County Water District and the City of San
COOPERATION Buenaventura in California , obtained the cooperation
FROM LOCAL of local restaurants in serving water only to customers
RESTAURANTS reqi sting It. Table tents small card folded in half
and placed on the table) ware distributed for use in
these restaurants. The cards told how much water and
ener j wnuld be wasted by automatically serving ice
water to every patron.
16
-------
E. Highlights of Three Counnunities’ Flow Reduction Public Information
Programs
1.. Marlcopa Association of Governments, Phoenix, Arizona
Wastewater flows to Maricopa County, Arizona’s largest wastewater
treatment plant were only 600,000 gallons per day short of the plant’s
capacity In late 1.978. Projections showed that the 115 million gallon
per day plant, serving Phoenix, Tempe, Glendale and several other Arizona
cities, could only acconmiodate an additIonal 6,000 persons and that its
capacity would be exceeded In approximately four to eight months. Several
smaller treatment plants in the county were also either at or near capa-
city. As viewed then, no additional capacity from facility expansions
would be available until October 1981 at the earliest -— three years
away.
Tn November 1978, the Marfcopa Association of Governments (stAG),
a voluntary association representing 1 cities and towns in Maricopa
County and the Maricopa County Government, launched a full-scale flow re-
duction public Information/education program in an attempt to alleviate
the c unty’s severe treatment capacity problem. The focus of the program
was not to raise fears about art impending crisis but rather to educate
the public about the county’s wastewater treatment problems and how in-
dividuals could help to relieve them. The severity of the situation de-
mended that a program get underway quickly and remain active. One of
MAG’s first steps was to secure the services of a public relations firm
to help shape an effective public Information campaign.
An initial period of research and planning resulted in the selec-
tion of twelve distinct public information techniques to comprise the
first phase of the flow reduction program. A flexible but well-ordered
plan for Implementing the selected program components was also developed
in this planning stage. The elements comprising MAG’s flow reduction pub-
lic information program are briefly described below (fAaricopa Association
of Governments, 1979):
• Program themes . Three themes were created to establish an
identity for the program and to lend continuity to all pro-
gram components:
17
-------
A cartoon—i Ike character named “Share Faucet.”
- A catchy name for the program - WOW,” an acronym for
itlatch Our Wastewater.”
— A program slogan -— “Help Slow the Flow! Watch Our
Wa stawa tar.”
• First brochure entitled, “The Who, What, When, Where, Why
and How of WOWK . This easy-to—read, yet Informative bro-
chure briefly described the county’s wastewater problem
and the ob4ectives of the WOW program. A total of 15,000
brochures were distributed, the mijority going to city and
town halls, the news media, hardware and plunbing stores,
individuals on the hAG’s 208 water quality mailing list,
and uienters of the Central Arizona Home Builder’s Associ-
ation. r-ey were later used for program presentations and
distrlbuta to local civic groups.
• Low . The public relations fire designed a sheet of dif-
ferent size drawings of the “Share Faucet” logo, called
a “logo bug sheet.” The purpose of the logo bug was to
give continuity to all visual components of the program - -
newspaper ads, brochures, billboards, and the like. Dur-
ing the spring of 1979, an average of 35 logo bugs per
week appeared In the county’s t largest newspapers.
• Press kit . Aninforimtion package, consisting of a bro-
chure, logo bug sheet, program fact sheet, and outline of
an upcoming press conference, was prepared for distribu-
tion to city officials and media representatives who uld
attend the conference.
• Newspaper public service announcements . Over 60 newspaper
ar ic1es were published during the initial seven months of
the program covering a range of topics, including the coun-
ty’s wastewatar orobleme, “Shara Faucet” tips of the week,
and announcements of program activities.
• Radio and TV public service announcements . Seven televi-
s ion spots were produced, mostly from donated efforts.
These spot announcements, conmiwiicatlng ways to reduce
water use, were estimated to have been broadcast more than
350 tImes during the first seven months of the program.
The technique of using radio public service announcements
was judged to be one of the most effective measures In the
program and was clearly the technique that reached the
most people. Figure 5 descrIbes one of the 30..second ra-
dio announcements used throughout the program. Figure 6
portrays a 30-second TV public service annøuncement used
In the program (Marlcopa Association of Governments, 1979).
18
-------
CUT 1: 2229-A - “SMIR-A-FAUCET ” :
SO 1IO EFFECTS: SW RA FAUCET VOICE OVER 501110 EFFtCTS
DRIPS OF LEAKY FAUCET “A leaky faucat can ste hundreds of gallons of
tar - and our sewage plants are near capacity.
This Is Share Faucit asking you to help, so don’t
MAN HIJ ING, WATER let the faucet run while you’re brushing your
RUNNING... teeth - or shaving. Avoid unnecessary flushing
BATHROOM SOUNDS and find out about water saving devices, lake a
LITTLE KIDS SPUSH— four-e lnute shoir instead of a bath. Or ‘Shar-
1MG & TALKING a—Faucet’ with a friend. spread the ‘WOW” ward...
ANIMATED DRIPS I4elp slow tJ flaw. Watch Our Wastewatert”
— —- _____p__ - e ene
LOCAL LIVE TAG: “WOW’ Is a p lIc service caa aign sponsored by
the 1 r1copa Association of Governments to help
stow the flow of wastawater in our Valley.
FIgure 5 SAMPLE 30-SECOND PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT FOR RADIO USED IN
MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS’ PROGRAM
VIDEO: AL IQ :
ESTABLISH SNOT OF BATHROOM 50USD EFFECTS OF DRIPPING (INCREASES TO A
SINK. SLOW ZOOM i ’D EXTREME GUBH 3ETHEEJS FIRST SPOKEN WORD AND ... ‘OA r)
0.05 E-UP OF LEAKY FAUCET
ANNOUNCER
VOICE OVER
SQUID EFFECTS: A single leaky faucet can
waste hiroreos of gallons
of precious water each day.
DISSOLVE TO ANNOUNCER STANDING Water that ends up Iii our
IN FRONT OF WATER RtBIIING INTO ‘
WATER l ’REAT)SENr PUNT sewage rea 1 .en p
But here in the Valley,
these plants are operating
near capacity. And it’s go-
Ing to take time to build
new ones.
DROP
DISSOLVE TO ANNOUNCER IN FRONT SOUND EFFECTS: If we don’t cut back on
OF OPEN AIR POOLS OF SEWAGE the wastewater we put into
the systel today , we’ll be
drowning in sowage problens
DISSOLVE TO SNOT OF WAGNER
SPINNING AGAINST DARK 3AC ROP One little washer can do a
lIMO LAYS WRENCH DOWN BESIDE WAGNER big job.
CUT/DISSOLVE TO 514AM FAUCET TAG TAG Help slow the flow. Watch
SI ERIMP0SED: ‘Watch Our Wasts.atert ” A
Sponsored by llaricopa uW ’ Wastewater.
Association of Governments.
Figure 6 SAMPLE 30-SECOND TV PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT USED IN
MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS’ PROGRAM
19
-------
• “ Share Faucat ’ ooster . A color poster, depicting the theme
character along with a caption encouraging support of the
program, was displayed in har are and phmibthg supply
stores and markets. It was also used to enhance program
presentations.
• Billboards . Over 50 full or partial billboards were do-
nated to advertise the flow reduction program. Without
the donations of a local advertising company and a home
building company, the production and display costs of
this conruMcation meditait uld have made it Infeasible.
• Second brochure: “The Hows of WOW. ” A second brochure,
completed in nid—t{ovee er 1975, described six ways to re-
duce water use, including better water-using habits, in-
stalling water-saving devices, and checking for leaks (Fig-
ure 7). ThIs brochure was:
- inserted with the water bill
- distributed to hardware and phmibing suooly stores,
drug stores and markets
- distributed by the Central Arizona Home Builders As-
sociation during customer wal k—thraughs
- distributed at program presentations
- distributed by some banks, mobile home parks and Boy
Scout troops.
o Radio and TV news coverage and local shows . News coverage
and segments on local radio and TV shows covered various
topics related to the Cøunty’s wastewater problems and the
WOW program.
• Slide Show . An 11 —minuta color-sound slide show was pre-
pared primarily for use in program presentations to local
c!ubs and organizations and in schools. A letter was sent
to over 200 civic groups explaining the purpose and avail-
ability of the slide presentation. The response from these
groups indicated it uld likely be an important program
technique. A total of 23 presentatIons ware made in less
than three months.
In addition to these planned tachnlques the Association’s flow
reduction program was supplemented by several unplanned activities under-
taken by supportive comunity groups and businesses. These activities
added very little to overall program COStS and included:
20
-------
• six ways you can
help slow the flow!
Shara. says the place to start saving water is in the bathroom
—it accounts for nearly 75% of the water we use in the home.
1. TOILET FWSHING—OLJR NUMBER I
WATER WASTER
Eaoh day you and I use about 45 gallonsof water
juat flushing the toilet. Every time you flush, 5 to
7 gallonsotwater flaws into the sswec Most toilets
osi operate on less.
What you can d
• Oon’t flush the toilet for Just a soiled tissue; put
a basket nearb ,t
• Reduce the amount of water used in flushing by
displacing some of the volume in the tank. In-
U water-saving devices like pl c bottles,
weighted and pl ed in the tank, or toilet dams,
which reduce er used by as much as 2 gal-
lone per flus
2. SHOWERS USE LESS WATER.. .TRY SING-
ING SHO I TER SONGS I
While bathing does not u.s. tp as much water as
th toilet. it runs a good second 30 gallons per day
Share ggts
• 1 ce shorter showers, 4 to 5 minutes maximum.
• Allow small children to Shara Faucerby bath-
ing togethi
• flirrr shower off while lathering up, then on again
forthe rinse.
• Install flow-control showerheads, which limit
shower flow to about 3 gallons per minute (and
faucet aerators which limit flow to about t5 gal-
tone per minute) cutting water flow by as much as
50%. Essyto in lI and available in most hard-
stores .
5.
WASH ONLYRJLL
LOADS of dishes
and clothes!
6.
PLUG ICUR BA1W cHEcK i.uxv
ROOM SINK when F WCE1S by inst*lI-
weshing hands, ing new washers?
face, etc., thus At normal water
avoiding water (and pressure, a leaky
money) running faucet can waste as
down the drain. muoftas 170 gal-
Always think Ions of water every
24 hours.
CONTENTS OF SECOND PROGRAM BROCHURE
2].
3.
N W OFF
while
Ing teeth orshavingl
4.
Figure 7
-------
• A voluntary oroaram by the Homebuilders Association of
Central Arizona to include low—flush toilets, faucet
aerators and low—flow shower heads In new home coflstruc•
tion. The Homebuilders Association used the logo bug -
In its new home advertisements and encouraged its mem-
bers to display the Association’s program poster.
• Purchase and display of water-saving devices by a chain
of convenience markets.
• A survey of hardware and plunthing supply stores to sat-
isfy public demand for 1m ormation on where low-flow
devices could be purchased. The survey yielded infor-
mation on the types, quantities and approximate costs
of devices carried by various stores.
O Fact sheets , an outgrowth of the survey described above,
providing descriptions of water-saving devices, informa-
tion on water savings and costs associated with the de—
vices, and tips for installing the devices.
• A booth on ‘law reduction developed by a local Boy Scout
troop for an annual scout festIval.
A unique feature of this flow reduction public information program
was the amount of time and services donated to ft. A rather elaborate
program directed toward an audience ntmibering close to one million people
was developed with surprisingly smell expenditures by the Assoclatf on 1t
self. Approximately $280,000 worth of public relations information and
TV and radio air time were included In the program at an actual cost of
about $30,000 (Frank, Noventer 1980). A disaggregatad estimated budget
for the first phase of MAG’s flow reduction public information program
is shown in Table V.
In July 1980, t months before funding for the MAG program official-
ly ran out, the program was discontinued because of perceived ineffective-
ness (Frank, July 1981). To meets Its stated flow reduction objectives,
including a g.5 percent reduction In per capita wastewater flows for the
period 1980 through 2000, MAG replaced the voluntary public Information
program with an effort to Implement piwabing code revisions requiring in-
stallation of low-flow plunting fixtures in all new construction and as
replacements In existing construction. By January 1, 1981, most of the
comunities belonging to the Maricopa Association of Gover wients had Im .
plemented the municipal code revisions. Although there is still an
22
-------
Table V
ESTIMATED BUOGET FOR MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERI1ENTS’
FLOW REDUCTION PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
Production A ncy
Cost Cost Total Cost
Program Elmeent (3) ($40/lw) (S)
Research and p1 nni eq 2000 2000
First brochure
(quantity: 15,000) 1440 350 1800
Logobuq 390 80 470
Newspapsr public
service ads 300 240 540
Press kIt 270 240 510
Program fact sheet —--
News r.1ei e — 120 120
Shopping center letter 35 80 L15
News conference
notification 35 80 115
Radio public service
ads 500 240 740
News c ferenca 320 320
iv public service
spots 200 2000
Poster (2 color) 240 1040
Bill stuffer
(quantity: 250,000) 2380 160 2540
Billboard snipes 570 240 810
5—part TV series ——— 320 320
Second brochore
(quantity: 30,000) 1312 320 2132
Distribution of
logo bug 15 160 175
Miscellaneous ns
releases 100 800 900
Miscellaneous supervision — 680 680
Conti ngsnçy time -— 2000 2000
Totals $10,447 319,407
23
-------
occasional radio, TV or newspaper spot advertisement for the program., no
further voluntary public information efforts are planned at this time.
Why did what outwardly appears to be a well-organized, comprehen-
si-ye public information program lead to abandonment because of perceived
ineffectiveness? Though the answer Is plagued with uncertainties, a MAG
staff samba? close to the program offered three possible reasons (Frank,
July 1981). Flr t, there was no pubitcally—perceived crisis situation
no Imainent health hazard or threat of sanctions - to serve as a rally-
Ing point for publ Ic support. Radio and TV coverage began to decline
when It became clear that what existed was a severe problem and not a
crisis of the moment. MAG never intended to portray the problem as a
crisis, but rather relied on an accurate portrayal of the problem to be
sufficient motivation for support. Second, the content of the MAG public
information material did not convey the message that home owners may re-
altze substantial cost-savings from flow reduction measures; thus, no
financial incentive was provided. Preliminary, cursory analyses had in-
dicated to the MG staff that these cost savings would not be substantial
(though it was later concluded that a more detaf led look at costs and sav-
ings to thehome owner may have led to a different Nnding). Thus, water
user cost savings was not emphasized in the program material. Finally,
the MAG staff felt constrained by the available budget even with the sub-
stantial voluntary support from coninunity groups and enterprises.
!n all, one would have to conclude that the MG program represented
a valiant attempt to achieve cost-effective flow reduction through a pub-
lic lnlormatlon/education campaign at a time when few coemunitles had
even considered flow reduction’s possibilities. The program’s aoparent
lack of success can be attributed most directly to the absence of a mes-
sage that motivated the public to respond with support. In the absence
of a comeunity crisis, real or perceived, and without public perception
of potential financial benefits, sufficient support never materialized.
Insight about flow reduction programe has clearly been gained through
MG’s efforts. Additional information about the program can be obtained
by contacting f’ rk Frank, 208 Program Ii nager for MPG (address and phone
mister provided in Bibliography). Arrangements to borrow or purchase a
copy of the MG slide show and possibly other materials can also be made
through Mr. Frank.
24
-------
2. Pima Association of Governments, Tucson, Arizona
“Slow the Flow” Is the central theme of the Pima Association of
Governments’ (PAG) flow reduction public Information program. Introduced
in Septenter 1979, the “Slow the Flow” program focuses on reducing indoor
water use. “Slow the Flow” has been ia lemented in tandem with another
Tucson program called “Beat the Peak,” introduced by the Tucson Water
Department in June 1977 and oriented toward reducing peak su mier water
demand. “Slow the Flow” is promoted actively during Septenter through
Mass while “Seat the Peak” is emphasized during the three sumner months
when outdoor water use is greatest.
“Slow the Flow” Is sponsored jointly by PAG, the City 0 f Tucson,
Pima County Wastewatar Management and the League of Women Voters. The
program is also jointly funded, including funding from the Tucson Water
Ut ii I ty.
PAG’s “Slow the Flow” program has successfully used traditional
coninunication techniques: messages placed on billboards, flyers sent out
in water bills, exhibits displayed at libraries and shopping malls, volun-
teer groups used to distribute materials, and advertisements placed in
newspapers and on buses —— all promoting the “Slow the Flow” theme. Pub-
lic information material was developed to support a retrofit program
through which nearly 100,000 watersaver kits containing toilet tank bags
and plastic shower flow restrictors have been distributed county-wide
through public libraries, banks and other organizations. Along with mak-
ing effective use of standard public Information program techniques, the
PAG program includes several features that highlight how programs can be
tailored to meet the needs of an Individual coninunity:
• Brochure for Tenants and Landlords . After learning that
many of the people refusing the water saving kits were
apartment dwellers not responsible for paying their water
bills, PAG added to Its program a brochure specifically
designed for apartment tenants. The brochure, entitled
“The Renters Guide to Easy Water Conservation,” asks ten-
ants to consider the question: “Why conserve water if
your landlord foots the bill?” The brochure stresses the
savings in energy costs that tenants can realize from the
hot water saved by using flow reduction devices as well
as the conriunity and taxpayer benefits of reduced long-term
25
-------
westeweter treatment costs. Though spec if I cal 1 y des I gned
for tenants, the brochure contains Infonnation sefu1 to
landlords; ntinerous aparthent and mobile home park managers
have requested it. The PAG brochure has reached over 4,000
apartment owners and 20,000 renters.
• Slide Show on Retrofitting . A 10-minute slide—tape produc-
tion focusing on the costs and benefits of retrofitting
homes with various weter saving devices has been shown to
over 50 comeunlty groups. The slide show has been well re-
ceived at group presentations and Is considered one of the
strongest elements of PAGEs program (Dorsey, July 1981).
A four-page brochure, containing the chart shown In Figure
8, is distributed to those viewing the slide show and helps
to enphaslze the message of home owfler’s cost savings.
AINIU*1. ETU I ON INV TIIOST
37 5%
lO S 175 __
___ ___ I I ___ —
Stici s Rul Estata Gold Faucit IIS
Aerator SPic r 4ead
sa’t It Ulng. iIth a single 1nes is.it n t on. water
saving devica. you can en Joy . .nal annual etw, s.
n ’ that you will Piave no probmnn fir 1ng othsr n. for.
nsy In your poctet.
Figure 1 CIVRT FROM B*OOIURE tCX ACCJIPAIIIES SLIDE SHOW P-
DUC FCR PM SLOW T iar oe m -
26
-------
• Appeal to Senior Citizens . The large., elderly retired
population In the area was found to be a key audience
for coninunlcatlon about water conservation. The signi-
ficant proportion of their cost-of-living represented
by the cost of water and energy coupled with their fixed
Incomes motivates these elderly residents (both perma-
nent and long-term winter residents) to adopt water sav-
ing practices. An especially enthusiastic response to
the slide show has come from senior citizens. The pro-
gram’s messages reach these people through PAG presen-
tations to organizations of retired federal employees,
church groups, and gatherings of retirement colmiunity
residents.
• Use of Civic Groups and Schools . The local chapter of
the League of Women Voters co—sponsors the “Slow the
Flows ’ program. The league received an $8,000 EPA grant
to fund teacher workshops on water conservation and flow
reduction.
O Demonstration Model for Presentation . A working model
of a toilet tank made of transparent acrylic is used
In presentations to schools and comnunity groups to de-
monstrate how to Install toilet dams.
Current plans for the PAG flow reduction program include a more in-
tensive effort to encourage apartment and mobile home owners to install
water saving devices in their rental units, and to encourage more managers
of phanbing and hardware supply stores to display and stock water saving
fixtures In a visible location in their stores. Over 25 percent of these
store managers have agreed to participate. Beginning in September or
October of 1981, PAG will also be working with a small water company that
serves several mobile hcme parks to conduct a test of public use and ac-
ceptance of more expensive water saving devices (con ared to the devices
contained in the water—saving kits). Plans also Include continuing with
the techniques that have been used during the program thus far.
Though no surveys were conducted to determine the extent to which
the public has been motivated to take specific actions, the techniques
used thus far have been judged relatively effective based on overall pub-
lic response (Dorsey, July 1981). Presentations to coimnunity groups are
generally followed by significant numbers 0 f requests for more informa-
tion. A local TV station has recently used information contained in “Slow
the Plow” public Information material in developing a documentary on the
groundwater situation In the region and the need for conservation.
27
-------
Carol Dorsey, the principal coordinator and person responsible for
implementing the PAG TM Slow the Flow’ program, feels that the techniques
used have proven to be an effective package . Billboard messages and
signs on buses may not motivate individuals to take action but are needed
to give credibility and visibility to the program. Water bill Inserts
and especially the slide show have provided strong motivation for public
support. Finally, the strongest message comeunicated through the program
has appeared to be the dollar savings • particularly hot water energy
cost savings to water users from Implementing flow reduction measures
(Dorsey, July 1981).
Persons deSiring to learn more about the PAG program can contact
Carol Dorsey of the Plum Association of Governments (address and phone
rn.inber provided in Bibliography). Arrangements car, also be made through
Ms. Qorsey to purchase cople3 of the slides and script used in the slide
show or other “Slow the Flowfl program materials.
3. Howard County, Maryland
Howard County, Maryland began implementing its water conservation!
f1 w reduction program in March 1980 in an attempt to avoid unnecessary
expansion of water and wastewater treatment facilities and in response to
stipulations for obtaining funds through EPA’s Construction Grants Pro-
gram. Howard County has undergone relatively rapid residential develop-
nent. To help offset the increased water demand and wastawater flows
caused by residential growth and to help reduce water and sewer system
expansion costs, a specific program goal of reducing per capita residen-
tial use by 15 percent (from 77 gpcd to 65 gpcd) was established.
Implemented through the Bureau of Environmental Services in the De-
par-tnient of Public Worics, Howard County’s program has included a strong
public information component to support the County’s efforts In retrofit-
ting water-using fixtures in existing residences (including single family
homes, townhouses, apartment complexes and condominluans). Specific ele-
ments of Howard County’s ongoing flow reduction public information pro-
gram include the following:
• Contactlnq Target Audiences . Residential associations,
apart nt complex owners and townhouse owners have been
contacted through letters designed to stimulate their
as
-------
Interest in the County’s program. These letters conveyed
the results of a retrofitting program involving 2,500 ren-
tal apartment units which Indicated that savings of 20 to
25 percent in water and sewer costs and 10 to 12 percent
In hot water energy costs could be expected from installa-
tion of faucet flow restrjctors, shower head flow restric-
tors., and toilet dams, along with leak repair. Each let-
ter briefly described what the retrofitting program in-
cluded, how it would be carried out, and the telephone num-
ber of the appropriate person to contact about participa-
ting In the program.
• Reinforcing with Water Bills . Water bills were modified
to help residential customers monitor their monthly water
use and compare it to the county’s conservation goal of
65 gallons per capita per day (gpcd). Each water bill pro-
vides the current and preceding month’s average daily usage
rate (total water use for the billing period divided by the
nunter of days In the billing period).
A flyer was distributed with the water bills when the com-
parative water use feature was added to draw the custo-
mers’ attention to it and to encourage them to compare their
actual water use with the program goal of 65 gpcd (Figure 9).
The flyer encouraged those exceeding their goal to call the
Bureau of Environmental Services to obtain free water sav-
ing devices and ideas on how to save additional water. A
status report on the program subsequently prepared by the
Bureau indicated that 200 phone calls had been received and
that 80 of these calls resulted in a visit to the Bureau to
obtain water saving devices (Irvin, June 1981).
• Other Reinforcing Techniques . A booklet entitled “The Worth
of Waters ’ was prepared which describes the Howard County
water supply and water treatment systems. This booklet has
been mailed to customers along with monthly water bills. A
slide show based on the booklet was also developed.
• Targetina to the Student Audience . An emphasis on in—school
education has included three specific elements (Irvin, June
1981):
- Placing two water conservation films in the county’s
Department of Education dia Center and making the
films available to environmental education classes.
- Including water conservation curriculum materials in
the environmental education coursework carried out in
schools. It is expected that a revised version of the
Captain Hydro series (see Appendix C), developed for the
East Say Municipal Utility District of Oakland., Cal Ifor-
nia, will be purchased for use in classrooms. Consider-
ation also has been given to use of the “Water and Man”
29
-------
activity guides and lesson plans developed by Water and
1’an., Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah.
Distributing vater conservation kits to schools wnen
requested front the Bureau. At the time of this writing,
approximately 2,500 kits had been distributed.
S Jiliig new has beeui added to your water bill. It’s
a new way to ewu your water consition.
3çfnning with this bill, your average daily witir use
(the total nt er of gallons you used during th, billing pen-
ad) will be d1s layed. Far 9 ,inison purposes, your average
daily water use for the last billing period will also be dis-
played.
In addition, wa have .stabl ished a Water C nserc.tion
Goal - the maber of gallons per day (65) for sech of your
household iu ens which - ,p -.sents efficient water use. The
table below will halo you to deterwine the goal for your en-
tire ftly.
C ane your ictual water use— this bill and last bill-—
witit your goal. If you’re using nere water than your goal,
call the 8w... of £nvirai ental Services, at 992-2338, for
fre- water savers and w t sense Ideas to help prevent
water waste.
NU1 BER OF CONSERVATION GOAL
HOUSE)iOLD ERS GALLONS PER DAY
1 55
2
3 195
4 250
5 325
6 390
7 1455
$ 520
Figure 9 FLYER INT OUCIN8 WATER VU. P OIP1CAT1ON TO OIA COtntTY
WATER U RS
30
-------
• Use of Newspaper Publicity . Program publicity included
press coverage by several newspapers including the Howard
County Bureau 0 f the Baltimore Sun and an Associated
Press article in the Washington Post . These articles ex-
plain the rationale and goals of the program and the spe-
cific elements that comprise it. They also have served
to personalize the program by highlighting the dynamic per-
sonality and enthusiasm of the program’s manager, Albert
Frank.
Costs to date of Implementing the device Installation and accompany-
ing public Information/education program have Included three to six months
of one staff person’s salary for program planning and approximately $32,000
for production and purchasing of materials (Frank, September 1981). Pro-
gram coordinator Al Frank estimates that 15 percent of the county’s
goal of a 3.5 percent reduction in per capita residential water use has
been achieved. An estimated water savings of 150,000 gallons per day re-
sulted from the device installation/public information program in the
first year. Public reaction to the program has been positive and plans
are to keep the program ongoing (Frank, September 1981).
A key feature of Howard County’s program has been tile targeting of
specific residential groups and associations as prime candidates for par-
ticipating in the program. Through personal contact and an effective mo-
tivating message, the Howard County program has gained the support of key
coimnunity groups and individuals. Additional Information about Howard
County’s program can be obtained by contacting Albert Frank, Program
Manager for Water Conservation with the Howard County Bureau of Environ-
mental Services (address and phone n mter provided in Bibliography).
4. Observations on Apparent Effectiveness of Programs
The foregoing narratives on flow reduction programs in Pima County
and Howard County provide empirical evidence about potentially-receptive
audiences, messages appropriate for those audiences, and media for com-
municating these messages. Observations on the apparent effectiveness
of the programs in Pima and Howard Counties are sumarized In Table VI.
The experience 0 f the Maricopa Association of Governments is excluded
from this siminary because of the program’s apparent lack of success, as
perceived by the Program Manager.
31
-------
mu. Yr
SUPWRY OF AFPAflNILY EFECTTYE FUW RCUCT1ON PWAM E.DENTS U D
IN PUS CWXrf, ARI M AND HOWARD C3PITY, PSRYLANO
tenants, Landlords
and Msidential
Associations
S
Savings In mar y costs to
tanants by using flow re-
duction dewiest to reduce
hot water use. Caavity
and tax payer benefits of
reducing long..ts’ie waste-
water D’ee nt cons.
- die
Brochure distributed
to tenants, apartrt
o *rs, mobile home
part managers.
R.trofitting can san 20—
25 partaut in water and
s r cons and 10.42 per-
cat in hot water aner’fl
costs —
Latter conveying re-
sults of retrofitting
2400 renal units
with water saving de—
den.
ks.aars, Fixed
Inane Gnias and
Civic Grows
Mtrofitting with water-
saving devices sans ta-
i, and provi des a sttstsn—
tial asual return on D i-
S
Slid. show on costs
and benefits of retro-
fitting with accom-
pnying brochure.
Residential Cjj e
toners
5tudants
Ccn sre monthly ‘star use
to conmunity 5 con serva—
tion goal of 65 gpcd.
IMdantand the. cflh of
water In terms of local
water siwply and waste—
water trea t systs.
install toilet s to
reduce wastewater flow.
l¼djfied ‘star bills
showing cur’ent and
preceding average
monthly water usa,
with accanying ex-
planatory flyer.
SookIet acen—panyfnq
water bills and slide
presentation.
Working modal of toi-
let tank for use In
presentations.
Understand the benefits
of water conservation.
Islanent water conser-
vation at ha.
Water conservation
files and currictilte ,
materials.
Water conservation
kits distr ibuted In
school s.
PiSI ic4t-targe
Articles explaining the
rationale,_goals and pro-
ye . el its of a
aeii ’s flow reduction
gra.
Sac aware of cay-
nity’s flow reduction
progra and goals.
¼wspapers.
Billboards and signs
in buses.
32
-------
F. Materials to Assist in Developing Your Own Public Information Pro-
gram
1. OvervIew of Materials Provided
Materials included in Appendices A, B, and C are intended to pro-
vide the basic elements for designing a relatively simple or more elabo-
rate coimiunity-specific flow reduction program. You are the best judge
of what may be effective In your coninwilty. Thus, the materials are or-
ganized so as to provide flexibility In deciding what to include In your
program and how specific to the coninunlty you want the public information
to be. The material is organized as follows:
• Appendix A: “FLOW DOWN Program” Clip Art . The envelope
at the back of this booklet contains a set of original,
reproducable clip art suitable for implementing a “least-
cost” flow reduction program built around a FLOW DOWN
theme. Clip art Is provided for a poster, a bunper
sticker, print media advertisements (e.g., newspapers,
newsletters), triple—fold “how—to” brochures, and fact/
work sheets. Appendix A contains copies of this art
with accompanying instructions and possible uses. All
material In Appendix A emphasizes positive financial
and environmental Incentives to motivate and reinforce
water—saving/flow reducing actions. In all, 18 pieces
of original clip art are provided. Each can be per-
sonalized by adding the name and address of the entity
sponsoring the program (utility, agency, and the like).
• Apoendix B: Assunptions and Calculations . This provides
information (e.g., water and energy rates) on assuiiptions
and calculations used to develop the fact/work sheet clip
art in Appendix A (e.g., energy and cost savings from fix-
ing a leaky faucet). It can be used to modify the clip
art to more accurately reflect coiiinunity conditions, or
to develop additional material.
• Appendix C: Mini-Catalog 0 f Available Flow Reduction/
Water Saving Materials . This provides examples of ma-
terials available from sources around the country and in-
formation on cost and ordering. Although much of the
material was developed for water conservation programs
(which focus on Indoor and outdoor water use), these ma-
terials can be equally effective in flow reduction pro-
grams (which focus primarily on indoor water use). Ma-
terial in Appendix C can be used-to au9nent the FLOW
DOWN clip art (e.g., with material designed for elemen-
tary school students) or to develop a different program.
33
-------
In addition to the meterial and information in the Appendices, a
detailed bibliography and list of references is provided for those de-
siring further information.
2. Examole of a “Least—Cost” Program Implementation Strategy
The clip art in Appendix A Is intended to provide coumiunities with
the basic elements of a pLthlic Information program while sparing them the
drain on limited in-ho’ise staff resources, or the expense of engaging the
services of a professional advertising agency, layout and graphic design
artist, or technical concept development professional. As such it repre-
sents a least-cost” program. Costs also can be kept reasonable by en-
listing the services and talents of various civicand youth groups in
your conmtunity, individual volunteers and business donors, as shown
through the experiences of other coainunity flow reduction/water conserva-
tion programs.
The clip art in Appendix A should assist in motivating the citizens
in your coimtunity to participate in a flow reduction program, and to take
positive actions with an eye toward saving money in water and energy use
as well as flowing down the amount of water entering comuunity sewers,
including both clean water and wastewater. An example of how to use this
clip art in implementing your program Is provided In Table VII , which
identifies target audiences, messages conmiunicated, and possible coulnuni-
cation or distribution media for each item in Appendix A. The clip art
itself is characterized as follows:
• Focus on 31q Water and/or Energy Users . Some of the main
indoor household water and/or hot water energy users are
showers, toilets, faucets, and leaks. The clip art focuses
on these uses.
• Emphasize Practical and Low—Cost Flow Reduction Measures .
Relativelylow cost flow reduction/water saving measures
are featured for each use.
• Emphasize Monetary Savings . Each household can save money
in water use and/or hot water energy use by adopting the
measures promoted In the clip art.
• Emphasize Environmental Benefit . In addition to saving
money, Individuals and households can reduce the amount
of clean water flowing into sewers, the amount of
34
-------
Table VII
IXNWLI Of tAST-COST” PROGRAM AND DWL1I NTAT ION STRATEGY
Audience(s )
Message(s )
Clip Art from Appendii A
Possible Couiisunlcat ion/
DistributIon Media
a Public-At-large
Turn Drops Into Dollars; Flow
Down
Poster
• Pimubing & Hardware Stores
a Schools & Libraries
• Coiwaunity Office Buildings
• Displays (of water saving
devices).
• Chaaèer of Couuauerce
• Bus Stations
FLOW IXMI
Bumper Sticker
• Volunteer Groups (e.g., Scout
Troups, 4-il Clubs) Door-to-
Door Distribution.
• Comeunity and/or Utility Office
Buildings (Available for Pickup).
Turn Drops into Dollars: Sup-
port the 110W I)0WN Program.
Flow down household sewage.
Reduce coumsunity costs for
sewage treatment. Contribute
to a cleaner environment.
Print Media “Teaser Ad
(Watch this space...)
• Comeunity Newspaper
• Utility Newsletter
• Church Newsletter
• School Newspaper
• 4-li Club Newsletter
• Civic Groups Newsletters
Availability of “FLOW DOWtI ”;
Guides for (1) Reading Water
Meter (2) fIxing Leaky Fau-
cet, 13) inserting Flow Re-
strictor
Three (3) Print Media Adver-
t isements.
• Possible coumiunication media as
above.
A simple specific action can
reduce the amount of clean
water flowing into the sewers
and save dollars as well as
energy in some cases.
(I) “Find and Repair Leaks”
(faucets). (2 )”Reduce Shower
Water Use.” (3)”lnsert Toi-
let Dams.” (4) ”Find and Repair
teaks” (toilets).
Four (4) Print Media Mver-
tisemeists.
• As above.
• Junior high or High School
Students
• Scout Troops
You can save money hi waLes
and energy costs for your
household, asid (how down the
amount of clean water entering
Liaiuiusunlty sewers.
Fact/Work Sheets (as described
above).
how-b” Iriple Folds (as de-
si.siIieJ above).
• Environmental Education Classes.
• Special Projects.
(,J
01
• 4-Il Clubs
• Displays at County Fairs, and
the like.
-------
141110 VII (Continued)
Au4Ience )
• hued inctime Groups
• tenants and Landlords
• Iloaaeowners
• Nubile iloee Parks
LA)
G b
You con check your pluatilny sys-
tea for leaks by lunilag Law to
read your water enter.
You ciii (in leaky faucets end
save water.
You can Insert a flow restrictor
In your shower md save dollars
and energy.
Finding and repairing leaky few-
cets can save enney In water end
energy costs, and flow dowa the
aneunt of clean water in sewers.
F iedkig and repairing toilet
leaks can save auney In water
use, and flow dawn the awaunt
el clean water going Into sewers.
Ait Froa en4l.
iIow.I ON Triple Fold on Read-
lug Water Paiters.
NSIOW4 ON Triple Fold on F in-
leg lealy Faucets.
‘ li e u -To TM triple Fold on In-
serting Slew Restriciors.
Fact/Work Slinat en Leaky Fan-
cets, and foreulas (or Calcu-
lit leg Household Costs and
Savings true Repairing Leaks.
Fact/Work Sheet on Toilet
Water Use, and Formulas for
Calculating household Costs
and Savings f row Repairing
Leaks.
Possible Couiniunlcat lon/
Distribullon Nudie
• Uandou t at Group Nuetleg
• Mail with Utility Bills
• Volunteer Groups, Reor-lo-
Door DIstrIbutIoN.
• C’”.”uity and/or Utility 01-
f ices Libraries, and the
like LAva liable for Pickup)
• Possible distribut lon/cos-
un lcation media as above,
and consider also:
• Herdeare and Piuudiing Stores.
• As above.
• As above.
• A* above.
• In addition to the above au-
diences. consider;
ilamebuilder’s Associations
Inserting flow restrictors In
showers can save money In water
and energy costs, and flow dowuu
the amount 01 household sewage.
Sac 1/Wail Sheet on Shower Water
Use, eiud Ioaiuulas for Calcula-
ting household Costs and Sav-
ings true inserting Flow Restric-
tort.
• As above.
• Stellar to the preceding,
consider also Skimebuilder’s
Atsoc lit Ions
Insta l l liig faucet aerators or
spray taps, or flow restrictors
or controllers, can save money
In water and energy costs, and
flow down the amount of buote-
hold sewage.
Fact/Work Sheet on Faucet Water
Use, arnl lormulas (or Calcula-
hug i lousiJ iold Costs and 5ev-
usgs traua Installing hater-Re-
ducluig Devices.
a As above.
Reducing toilet waler use by
Installing shiuple devices or
hal1 w trap toIleI can save
iw)usey In wale. costs, and flow
down thu auuuunt of waslewater
enter log the sewer.
Fact/Work Sheet on Toilet Water
Use, auni Formulas for Calculi
thug lk usuhuld Cutts and Sav-
ings lrua Iuistel ltssg Water-Be-
diu.huig liuv Ices or Shallow hap
1ul let ..
a As above
• As above.
-------
wastewater in coemiunity sewers, and the amount of wastewater
flowing to trea nt facilities.
• Provide Central Theme . A central theme -— FLOW DOWN - is
provided as a unifying device for a flow reduction program.
tre specific instructions for reproducing the clip art, and suggestions
for using It, are provided In Appendix A.
37
-------
REFERENCES AHD B IBL IOGRAPHY
Baunmnn, Duane D. April, 1981. “Information Programs and Consumer Adop-
tion of Water Conservation.” Abstract of paper presented at the 1981
National Water Conservation Conference, Denver, Colorado. -
Bell, Paul A., Jeffrey D. Fisher, and Ross J. Loomis. 1978. Environmental
Psychology . Reprint of Chapter Ten: Changing Behavior to S
vironment.” W.3. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Birch, Sandra. December 1980. Personal Comunication. Virginia Water
Resources Research Center. Blacksburg, Virginia.
Butterfield, Suzanne. July 1981. Personal Comunication. Chief of the
Office of Water Conservation, Department of Water Resources. Sacramento,
California.
California Department of Water Resources. January 1976. Proceedings:
An Urban Water Conservation Conference . Los Angeles, California.
California Department of Water Resources. May 1976. Water Conservation
in California . Bulletin No. 198. Sacramento, California.
California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. May 1977. Corm unity
Water Management for the Drought and Beyond: A Handbook for Local Govern-
ment . Sacramento, California.
California Department of Water Resources. 1978. A Pilot Water Conserva-
tion Program . ulletin No. 191. (Including Appendices A—F). Sacramento,
California.
Consumer Reports. October 1978. Volume 43, No. 10.
Denver Water Department. June 1979. ExecutIve Suiwiary of Denver Water
Department Inst tut1onalized Water Conservation Program. Denver, Colo-
rado.
Dorsey 1 , Carol. July 1981. Personal Comunicatlon. Pima Association of
Goverrm ents. Tucson, Arizona.
Flack, Ernest 3., Wade P. Weakley, and Duane W. Hill. 1977. Achieving
Urban Water Conservation: A Handbook . Colorado Water Resources Research
Institute, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado.
Frank 2 , Albert. September 1981. Personal Conmtunlcation. Program Manager
for Water Conservation. Howard County Bureau of Environmental Services.
Ellicott City, Maryland.
38
-------
References (Continued)
Frank 3 1 Mark. November 1980 and July 1981. Personal Coi nunication.
Maricopa Association of Governments. Phoenix, Arizona.
Illinois Department of Comerce and Comunity Affairs. November 1979.
Illinois Water Conservation Program .
Irvin, James M. June 1981. Chief, Bureau of Environmental Services,
Department of Public Works of Howard County. Internal memo regarding
status of water conservation program. Ellicott City, Maryland.
Lattie, James. 1977. UP lic Education for Water Conservation.’ in
Conmtunity Water Management for the Drought and 8eyond . California
Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. Sacramento, California.
t4aricopa Association of Governments. July 1979. “MAG 208 Flow Reduction
Program Progress Report.” Phoenix, Arizona.
Maricopa Association of Governments 208 Staff. July 1980. Assessment
0 f Plumbing Code Revisions in Achieving Wastewater Flow Reductiän . Marl-
copa Association of Governments. Phoenix, Arizona.
McGhee, Ronnie, Mary Reardon and Arleen Shulman, eds. 1978.
in Water Conservation . National Association of Counties Research, Inc.
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1976. Water Savinqs . Prepared for the Santa Clara
Valley Water District. San Jose, California.
Muller, John G. 1975. “The Potential for Energy Savings Through Reduc-
tions In Hot Water Consianptlon.” in Proceedings -— Conference on Water
Conservation and Sewage Flow Reduction With Water-Saving Devices . Penn-
sylvania State University. July 1975.
Nelson, John Olaf. March 1977. North Mann’s Little Coinoendiun of
Water Saving Ideas . North Mann County Water District. Novato, Califor-
nia.
Nelson, John 0. No date. “Flow Reduction by Sensible Water Conserva-
tion.” North Mann County Water District. Novato, California.
Pennsylvania State UnIversity. July 1975. Proceedlrics - Conference on
Water Conservation and Sewa Flow Reduction with Water-Saving Devices .
University Park, Pennsylvania.
PRx. 1981. Santa Clara County Water Conservation Campaign, Program No.
1. -— Final Report. Prepared for California DWR, Santa Clara Valley Water
District, and City of San Jose. Cupertino, California.
39
-------
References (Continued)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources. April 1979.
An Annotated Bibliography on Water Conservation . Prepared by Planning
and Management Consultants, Ltd. Contract No. DACW72—78—M-0742. Fort
Belvoir, Virginia.
U.S. Depar tent of Energy. 1980. The Low Cost/NoCost Ener v Conserva-
tion Proaram In Mew naland: An Evaluation . Prepared by Booz, Allen &
Hamilton for U.S. DOE Market Davelopment Branch. Contract No. AMO1 .
80CS21366. Washington, D.C. (Program Included distribution of plastic
sho r flow restri ctors.)
U.S. EPA. Septeither 27, 1978. “Municipal Wastewater Trea nent Works
Construction Grants Program (40 CFR, Part 35, Subpart E). Federal Reqi s-
Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. January, 1979. M micioal Wastewatar Manacement — Citizens
Guide to Facility Planning . Prepared by the Conservation Foundation f r
the Office of Water Program Operations. Washington, D.C. Clem L. Rastat-
tar, ed.
U.S. EPA. January 1979. Municipal Wastewater Manacement - Public Involve—
rnent Activities Guide . Prepared by the Conservation Foundation for the
Office of Water Program Operations. Washington, D.C. Clam L. Rastatter,
ed
U.S. EPA. February 16, 1979. “State and Local Assistance, Grants for
Construction of l’reateent Works’ (40 CFR, Part 35, Subpart E). Feder!l
R g1c r . (Regulations on Public Participation In the Municipal Waste-
water Treateent Works Construction Grants Program Carried Out Under the
Clean Water Act). Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. 1979. Proceedings: National Conference on Water Conservation
& Municipal Wastewatar FTow Reduction . Helu in C iicago, Illinois. Novem-
ber 1978. Prepared by E nvfro C ntroT, Inc. for EPA Office of Water Pro-
gram Operations. Contract No. 68—03—2674. Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. March 1980. Residential Water Conservation: An Annotated
Bibliography . Prepared for the U.S. [ Jeparthient Of Piousing. anG urban
Development by Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, mc. Washington, D.C.
U.S. EPA. March 1981. Flow Reduction: Methods, Anal sis Procedures 1
Examples . Prepared by INTASA, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, for EPA Office or
Water Program Operations, Facility Requilrements Division. Washington,
D.C.
Vossbrink, David J. November 1980. Personal Coninunication. Sr. Public
Information Representative, East Bay Municipal Utility District. Oakland,
California.
40
-------
References (Conci uded)
Washington Suburban Sanitary Comlsslon. February 1973. Final and Cpm-
prehensive Report; Cabin John Dralnace Basin Water-Saving Customer
Education and Appliance Test Proaram . Hyattsville, Maryland.
Washington Suburban Sanitary Coianission (WSSC). Noveuther 1974. final
and Comprehensive Report Washington Suburban Sanitary Comission’s
Water Conservation/Wastewater Reduction/Customer Education and Behavioral
Change Program . Hyattsvllle, Maryland.
eefla eaaoa aeaaa a aa a n aaeeaaaaa an aaaaa anan aa aaflaaeefla
I.. For more information about the PAG flow reduction program, contact:
Ms. Carol Dorsey
Pima Association of Governments
405 Transamerica Building
Tucson, Arizona sioi
(602) 792—1093
2. For more infor tion about the Howar4 County conservation orogram,
contact:
Mr. Albert Frank
Howard County Bureau of Environmental Services
3430 Court House Drive
Ellicott City, Maryland 21043
(301) 992—2:328
3. For more information about the MAG flow reduction program, contact:
Mr. Mark Frank
Maricopa Association of Governments
Water Quality Management Program
111 South Third Avenue, Rm 300
Phoenix, Arizona 85003
(602) 262—8528
41
-------
Appendix A
REPRODUCTIONS OF CLIP ART FOR USE IN
A COMMUNIT( FLOW REDUCTION INFORMATION
PROGRAM
-------
AppendIx A
REPRODUCTIONS OF CLIP ART FOR USE IN A COMMUNITY
FLOW REDUCTION PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM
This appendix presents reproductions of camera-ready art v rk,
which is contained in an envelope at the back of this document. Each
piece is nuntered separately., and sufficient art work is provided to
product 18 pieces of p .th1ic information material. Because some of the
material Is intended to be printed on two sides, there are 26 pieces of
clip art provided In all.
The reproductions of the clip art are presented on the left-hand
side of this appendix, and size information and suggested uses are listed
on the right-hand, facing, page. Your printer can provide you with more
specific information such as costs associated with various printing pro-
cesses (e.g., offset or xerographic), different kinds of paper stock
(e.g., 20-weight standard white bond or colored stock), and the like.
Reproductions of clip art for the following pieces of public infor-
mation material are provided:
$ Theme Poster : “FLOW DOWN! Turn Drops Into Dollars...”.
(Clip Art Piece No. 1.).
• Theme Bumper Sticker : “FLOW DOWN” (Clip Art Piece No. 2).
• Teaser Advertisement for Program : “Turn Drops Into Dollars
Supoort the FLOW DOWN Program” (Clip Art Piece Mo. 3).
• Three Advertisements for How—To Series : “FLOW DOWN Guide
to Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Piece No. 4); “FLOW
DOWN Guide to Inserting Flow Restrictors” (Clip Art Piece
Mo. 5); and “FLOW DOWN Guide for Reading Your Water Meter”
(Clip Art Piece No. 6).
• Three Triple-Fold How-To Brochures : “FLOW DOWN Guide to
Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 7 and 8 for
two—sided printing; “FLOW DOWN Guide to Inserting Shower
Flow Restrlctors” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 9 and 10 for two-
sided printing); and, “FLOW DOWN Guide for Reading Your
Water Meter” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 11 and 12 for two-sided
printing).
A-i
-------
• Four Advertisements to tivate Reducing Water Use and Flow-
ing Down Amount of ilousehold Sewage : “FLOW DOWN: Reduce
Showor Water Use” (Clip Art Piece No. 13); “FLOW DOWN: Find
and Repair Leaks” (Clip Art Piece No. 1.5); and., FLOW DOWN:
Insert Toilet Dams” (Clip Art Piece Mo. 1.6).
• Five Fact/Work Sheets : “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Faucet Water
Use” (Clip Art Pleces los. 17 and 18 for two—sided print-
Ing); “FLOW DO l: Reduce Shoi r Water Use” (Clip Art Pieces
Mo’s. 19 and 20 for two-sided printing); “FLOW DOWN: Reduce
Toilet Water Use” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 21 and 22); “FLOW
DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Toilets” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s.
23 and 24 for double—sided printing); and, “FLOW DOWN: Find
and Repair Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 25 and 26
for double-sided printing).
A-2
-------
A- 3
-------
FLOW POWt’4 NCUS HQt.D
S!W ANP..
• SAVE WATER, N .RGY
AM’ MOt Y.
• REPUC! COMMUNITY COSTS
CR_5EWA E 1 !AT,4 ENT.
1 A
EWVI OHI’V%!NT
CALPLOR WRfT!
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 1: Theme Poster “Flow Down! Turn Drops
Into Dollars...’ .
• Size : 8—+ inches wide by 11 inches deep (can be repro-
duced this size or enlarged to 17 by 22 inches).
• Suqqested Uses : Display in local hardware, building
supply and plimting stores, schools and libraries,
office buildings, and other places In your coninunity
where people gather.
Consider using a colored ink (e.g., water blue) on
white paper, or black ink on a colored stock, to
achieve a poster effect.
A- 5
-------
-------
C li o Art Piece No. 2: Theme Biiirner Sticker ‘FLOW DOWN” .
• Size : Three 2—3/4 by 11 inch originals provided on
one 8-4 by U. inch master.
• Su ested Use : Make available for pick-up in central
locations (e.g., town hail, library), or have volun-
teer groups distribute door to door.
Consider the use of colored ink or colored adhesive—
backed paper stock to enhance the visibility of the
btiiiper sticker
A- 7
-------
Turn Drops into Do11ar
I Support the “FLOW DOWN” Program
I
I • Flow down household sewage
I
I • Reduce community costs
br sewage trealn ent
• Contribute ba cleaner environment
I
...•...•.•..... ....•...e.................•..•..fl.. S . .....
I Watch this space to find out how your bousehol4 can: f
I • Save up So 50% oI your energy costs tar healing waler.
I • Save 30% or more on your wader costs. 0
I • liecluce your household sewage by 35.000 galloes a year. I
I .. ....... ..... ....... .I.............................. I
— — m am.
._ ._ — ——— —— —
I
IFLOW
DOWN I
1,
Guide P
ova. .le from: ‘to FIxInq
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 3: Teaser Advertisement for FLOW DOWN
Program .
• Size : 6 inches wide by 4 inches deep.
O Su ested Uses : Run advertisement in local newspaper,
civic group or utility newsletters, and/or local busi-
ness house organs to elicit curiosity about the pro-
gram.
Consider running ft for several days in local news-
papers so readers will Identify the theme and will
take note of similar ads (e.g., Clip Art Pieces Mo’s.
4, 5, and 6).
Contact civic groups and local businesses to secure
their support for program and agreement to run ad in
the same time period as newspaper ads are running.
Clip Art Piece Mo. 4: Advertisement for “Guide to Fixing
Leaky Faucets ” (one of a series of three similar advertise-
ments).
• Size 3 .’ Inches wide by 3 Inches deep.
• Sua ested Uses : Run advertisement in local newspaper,
civic group and utility newsletters, and/or local busi-
ness house organs to announce availability of how-to
“Guide to Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces No’s.
7 and 8).
Consider asking local hardware and/or building and
pl iibing supply stores to integrate the ad into their
advertising, and to make the how—to guides available
at their facility.
A- 9
-------
FLOW
DOWN
v iia 1e fr:
FLOW
DOWN
vc 11i :b1e fro
Guide
to Inserting
Flow Restrictors
I
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_J
Guide
for
Reading
your
Water Meter
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
L
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I.
I
I—
A— 10
-------
Clip Art Piece Mo. 5: Advertisement for “Guide to Insert-
ing Flow Restrlctorsu ( one of a series of three similar
adverti semer%ts).
• Size : 3—& Inches wide by 3 inches deep.
O S ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
Art Piece No. 4.
(This piece of clip art advertises the availability
of the how—to “Guide for Inserting Flow Restrictors -—
Clip Art Pieces No’s. 9 and 10).
Clip Art Piece No. 6: Advertisement for “Guide to Reading
Your Water Meter ” (one of a series of three similar adver-
tisements).
• Size : 3-4 inches wide by 3 Inches deep.
• Su ested Uses : Please see suggested use for Clip Art
Piece Mo. 4.
(This piece of clip art advertises the availability of
the how-to “Guide for Reading Your Water Meter -— Clip
Art Pieces No’s. 11 and 12).
A— 1.1
-------
- - -
I I
YOT3B PaOBL 4 i
I I
• Leaking i ucets waste water.
•Drippingfat. cetycauseaspotinthesink. I
• Cønstt dnpping is inoyng. I
I __ 1
WEAT YOU N’ n : 1
I I
I • A box of assorted size washers. unlees you ow the s ze. I
I • A screwdriver. 1
• An adjustable wrench. I
I
L... ..........•.•.•••• ••••••••s•• ••..••.....•• •••• • •..... .
I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I 1
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I ..............................l s.............s.........................1
.IFLOW
DOWN I..
I Guidet
1 to
Fixing I
Leckyl
I Faucets 1
1 1
I
I
I
——— ———— ———— — — — — ——— —— — ———————— _4
A- 12
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 7: Side 1, of How—To “Guide to Fixing
Leaks Faucets ” (one of a series of three how—to guides).
• Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (ask your
printer to print t o copies on a standard 8-4 by 11
sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 8, SIde 2, can be repro-
duced similarly on the other side of the paper).
• Su ested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as an insert
to utility bills.
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential user groups such as fixed—income persons,
tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park
managers.
Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two—
color effect.
A— 1.3
-------
—I
1 I
I I
I I
I I
1 I
1 1
I I
$
I I
I I
IL I
2. 1
I o w tar thnt Loos.n p.u kI q ut with wr,uch.
to tha f u t you . gninq Most nu 1 n by t 1rrtirIq
I to r.p r. Then tu on tb. tut r.t c ount.rc cc cwts.. I
I tjj w t .r stops flowing.
I ....e................•••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• •I
I I
I I
I S I
I I
I I
I .1
I 1
I S 0 1
1 I
I I
I
I
I R. cv. the s w holding th. old 1
I Us. the h dJ . to pull out the .Lv . wc hr t the bottom of the v k7e I
I unit. unit. I
I • .• •.......... ..,4’ .•..•• ••••••••••• ••••••••• I
I 1
I I
1 I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
1 I
IS. S. I
I Put in new w ber 4 r.pI . Tighten the p1 v’ 4 tg nut. T
__ ___ umon
$ s ew. Put i iv. mft b&i on t t the shuto Iv.. I
I fitacst. Tuxn h md1 . to the pzup.r
I pcs1tI . I
I
I __ ___ I
———————————— ——— — — — —— — — — — — —— — d
A.. 14
-------
Side 2 of How—To “Guide to Fixing
____________ a series of three how—to guides).
• Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8— 1 Inches deep
printer to print two copies on a standard
inch sheet — this piece of clip art will
on the reverse side of the Clip Art Piece
1).
• Su cested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art
Piece Mo. 7.
Consider also, adding your own logo and message (e.g.,
“Distributed by the Flow Down Ccninittee as a Public
Service”), and print one copy on an 8—1 by 11 Inch
sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece No. 8 can be used
either in combination with Piece No. 7 or as a sepa-
rate piece.
Clip Art Piece
Leaky Faucets ’
No. 8:
(one of
(ask your
8+ by 11
be printed
M c. 7, Side
A— 15
-------
U
I
I __ I
I Wlif INSERT A SHOWER FLOW RL’STRlCTOR?
I
I • Your shower may be sending out 5-6 gallons of water a I
I ‘ ute — more th you reaLly need. I
1 • A flow resthctor c saw’e you 30% or more of your water I
L for si owennq — that c ount t oS5O I
r a
1 • It ’s ea yto insert—a q zi k 1 dc-it-yourseLf job.
I I
1. 1
I •••,•••••
I I
I I
1 1
I I
I I
1 1
I I
I I
I I
I I
I . I
1 l
I I
I I
I I
1 1
* I
I •••••••••••••••••••, qs........•u.e•••••••e•• •s•se••• ••••s••••s••••s
J iow
I DOWN
I I
Guide I
to I
Insertizig
Shower
Flow Restrictors
I I
I I
I I
L.........
A- 16
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 9: Side 1 of How-To “Guide to Inserting
Shower Flow Restrictors ” (one of a series of three how—to
guides).
• Size : 5-3 inches wide by 8 Inches deep (ask your
printer to print t copies on a standard 8—3 by 11
inch sheet - — Clip Art Piece Ito. 10, Side 2, can be
reproduced similarly on the other side 0 f the paper).
• Su ested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as an insert
to utility bills.
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential user groups 3uch as fixed income persons,
tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park
managers.
Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a t-
color effect.
A—li
-------
1 I
I I
I STA ’WABD SHOWER ARM I
I I
I • Unscrew the shower head s
I shown.
I • Place f1c w restrictor i the I
I waterline. I
1 •Screwshowerheadbcdcon. I
1 1
àFtow
I I
I I
I I
1 I
I I
I I
1 1
I I
1 1
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I
I
I ‘.—.-‘ 3ALLA1 4DSWrVE.
SHOWER ARM
I • Remove the shower head s
1 shown. I
I • Remove the ruhber ring if
u present.
I • Place shower resthctar over
I thebdllinthewaterline.
•Replacethertibberring 1 if
present.
•Screwshawerheadbcckon.
I I
I I
____ — — — —— —— —— — — — — — .IJ
A— 18
-------
Clip Art Piece Mo. 10: SIde 2 of How—To ‘Guide to Inserting
Showar Flow Restrictorsu tone of a series of three how-to
guides).
• Sugqested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art
Piece No. 9e
Consider also, adding your own logo and message (e.g.,
“Distributed by the Flow Down Comittee as a Public
Service”), and print one copy on a 8—+ by 11 inch
sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece Mo. 10 can be used
either in combination with Piece M c. 9 or as a separ-
ate piece.
• Size : 5-4 inches wide by 8—* Inches deep
printer to print two copies on a standard
Inch sheet -— this piece of clip art will
on the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No.
(ask your
8—4 by 11
be printed
9, Side 1).
A- 19
-------
U
I _______
I If your house h a water meter. you c check the piui hing I
I syst.m for leak is five y steps: I
1 1. F!nd th. water eter (it may be outdoors or tucked away I
inad kcor erofthebazeme t).
2. Make sure water is X”g . I
3. Read the dial (or dials) and record the reading.
I 4.lSor) ”i”uteer..chackth.meter. I
5.Utheread inghaschged ,youhavecleck.DiVidethO
niii her of gallons by the elapsed time and you’ll ow I
the rate — gallons per “ “ute or per hour — of your I
• water loss. I
I U
I
U I
II I
I FLOW
1DO
I Guide
for
I Recding
your’
I Wcter Meter
1 ______ ______
__ — — —
A— 20
-------
C i lo Art Piece No. 11: Side 1 of How—To “Guide for Reading
Your Water Meter ’ (one of a series of three how—to guides).
Size: 5—4
printer to
Inch sheet
reproduced
inches wide by 8—4 inches deep
print two copies on a standard
-— Clip Art Piece No. 12, SIde
similarly on the other side of
(ask your
8—4 by 11
2, can be
the paper).
• Suggested Uses :
to utility bills.
Fold In thirds and use as an insert
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential user groups such as fixed Income persons,
tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park
managers.
Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two-
color effect.
A—fl
-------
—— —— —— ———— —— ————— ———— — — ___u
I
I I
1 .1
I I
I I
Ifycuxm.terlOOk3UkeaC
I odometer. just read it 3 you
I would the c mileage. But note
that the l t number on the right I
I is a zero. ind never chges. It I
1 is for tens of gallons. *b.ich ,
recorded by the hand on the I
small dial.
II I
I I
I Should the eter record cubic
1 feet. multiply by 7.5 to convert to 1
I __________ gallons of water.
1 I
Ezumple:3cubicfeetX7.5 22 .S
I gallons
I 1
I I
I I
I S I
1 Som. water otIrs read like electric
I .t.rs they b.ave o set of th’ that
I ust be read in series. sttlnq with
I the ith that r.c rds thou ds or nü-
I 1l of gcllcns (or c hic te.t).
YouIl find the h m’ s move ou t.r I
I cjcck wize on oni iai. then ciochwti. I
I. the next. 4 eønfinue to alternate
—.
I To çet th. total gall s . read each dial
I
the hand is between two numbers
I read th. lower on..
I I
I 1
I I
—— — — —— — —— ———— ——— —— —— — —— —_——— —
A- Z2
-------
Cit p Art Piece No. 12: Side 2 of How—To “Guide for Readi
Your Water Meter” .
• Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8-4 inches deep (ask your
printer to print two copies on a standard 8— by U
inch sheet — this piece of ciip art will be printed
on the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No..11, Side 1).
• Su ested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art
Piece No. 11.
Consider also, adding your own logo and
“Distributed by the Flow Down Coimilttee
Servlcei, and print’ one copy on an 8-4
sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece No.
either in co thination with Piece No. 1].
rate piece.
message (e.g.,
as a Public
by 11 inch
12 cart be used
or as a sepa-
A— 23
-------
A 5-MINUTE SHOWER
• Can send 25 or more gallons down
thedz m
Can cost a household $50 to $160 a
yeor for hot water energy.
You c save 25. 50% by inserting
flow res ictors. t 11i low flow
shower heads, or ti ki’ g shorter
showerz d help flow down
the sewage.
FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use
I I
I
1 1
I I
I __ I
I __ I
I I
I I
1 1
I I
I I
1 1
I I
I I
I I
— — —— ——— — — ——— ———— —— — —— — —— — — — — —
A. LEAKY FAUCET
• Can send thcu.sandz of
gallons of clean water into the
sewer each ye .
• You can save $25.a ye or more
by fir g one leaky faucet — and
• help flow down clean water going
into th. sewer.
FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
A- 24
-------
Clip Art Pieces No’s. 13 and 14: Advertisements to Motivate
Reducing Water Use and Flowing Down Amount of Household Sewage
- - “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use” and “FLOW DOWN: Find
and Repair Leaks ’ (two of a series of four similar advertise—
merits.
• Size : 3-4 inches wide by 2-4 inches deep.
• Suggested Uses : Run advertisements in local newspaper,
civic group and utility newsletters, and/or local busi-
ness house organs to motivate taking shorter showers and/
or installing flow.reducing devices as well as finding
and repairing leaky faucets.
Consider asking local hardware and/or building and
plunting supply stores to integrate the ad into their
own advertising, and to make flow—reducing devices
(e.g., low—flow shower heads) available at their fa—
C ii I ty.
Consider also, printing the advertisements on colored
paper and using as utility bill Inserts.
A— 25
-------
I _______ U
I ALEAKYTOILET
I •Cs.ndupto90.000
gallons of c1 water into the
sewers each y .
• Often cm ot be seen orhe d. i
• You con save over 350 a ye by
I Rga1ecJcytoilet— dhelp I
I flew down the cleon water going I
I into the sewers. I
I I
FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks
._——_______________________ — —— — _.
F———— —— ——— ————————— —
A STANDARD TOILET I
• Con send 38.500 more I
1 gallons of household water into the I
sewer each ye . I
• Con easily be t with toilet to I
scve3C%ofthiswater. 1
I • You c save on your water bill —
I d help flew down the sewage. I
1 I
FLOW DOWN: Ins&t Toilet Dam c I
A- 26
-------
Clip Art Pieces No’s. 15 and 16: Advertisements to Motivate
Reducing Water Use and Flowing Do wt M ount of Household Sewage
- — FEOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks” and “FLOW DOWN: Insert
Toilet Dams” (two of a series of four similar advertisements) .
• Size : 3-4 inches wide by 2—4 Inches deep.
• Su ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art
Pieces No’s. 13 and 14.
A- 27
-------
1
I I
I I
I I
FLOW I
DOWN I
I I
Reduce Faucet
I WaterUse
A ci .istouier service message from
I I
I I
I Sat. up to $45 a year In water and enarg casts
I and I
Flow dowu the aount of household swcge I
I
I
I ____ II
I __ __ I
I I
1 1•
I __ i
I I
I ___ I
I __ I
1 I
I I
I [[[J
I FAUc i USE FACTS I
I II
I 1
I I
I I
I 1•
I __ I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
—————— ——— — ————————— —— — —— ———— — — — — —
•
tnstaLl faucet aerators or spray taps. (Cost: generally $5
or less il you buy d install.) cth are p ct ca1 d
efficient for washing disbes d vegetables.
.
•
Inst all flow. restrictors or controllers. (Coat: S I to 38 if you
buy a d install.)
•
Turn faucet off while shaving, br i hing teeth. d
w hing vegetables. (Coat: SO..)
Typical 4-person househ
gallons a year.
old faucet water use:
10,220
Typical cost of that fauce
t water: 56 or more a year.
I—
.
Typic a1 cost of energy to
.
.ct that wuter.
$ 15 a y ! g lecter.’
(Assume a-fourth of faucet
0 a ye ! oi J water heater.’
water Is hot water)
.
Typil savthqs with a faucet
X% to 50% a 3.XO to 5, gdllc s
retrofit device:
-------
•Cltp Art Piece No. 17: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet ‘FLOW DOWN:
Reduce Faucet Water Use ’ (one of a series of five smaller
fact/work sheets.
• Size : 5-3 inches wide by 8—3 inches deep (ask your
printer to print o copies on a standard 8-3 by 11
inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 18 can be reproduced
similarly on the other side of the sheet).
• Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility
bill insert.
Also, this piece Is appropriate for distribution to
potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants
and landlords, home owners, and mobile park mangers.
Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two-
color effect.
A- 29
-------
U
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
l
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
U
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
FTGUBING r YEARLY COST OF FAUCET WAT
To flgtix. yot ysarly . .ul. . ale. aae thai f =*L
(1) 1. qtkof . OL t r a per day(In mIn”—)z til ” - per nin” (rypiwA1y 5) z
5 day. p.ry.er • g i py.er.
To fi w . i&.t ut. aestb. f Uowthq foiu1
Per 1. TII ’ of
FIGURING ThE YEARLY COST OF HOT WAT FOR FAUCETS
To kiq z. ow ta .1er ty, q . r all t takee to heat hc” M j at water.
mum. that .4ourthaf the frr’ tt aa is hot. 4 us• the LolIaeIn foxuL
gi,lløos of
hot
cqe n water
(43
x
3.33
x
3.W2
g!tll ” of
rh.miq* in .ut
hotwater
z
3.33
z
t puraxuz.
OQO
bot ui. 11
z
3.33
x
e q. in water
tpsratux.
35.
— kiLowatt b.ou
(of .1er icty )
• _____
(of
(of oil)
• £.. yuer.twod ta psiator. of mzoq ioto th. ‘a c ut WV Suh ......-
60? h . the isat.q yeor . .ot aaier s zb. 1im q . io
4 ..i!a4 to is the tai ul
FIGURiNG TEE YEARLY COST OF FAUCET WAT USE
(60 y.u dy at of to heat fw t wiit&1 + y.erly of — y. 1y cost he
FIGURING YOUR SAV 1GS FROM PLOWING DOWN FAUCET
WAT I USE
Multiply the tocof y.erl in (60 by the 9i t0n of water a vad hy “ ‘ flow
v 4 11 1 (t7plcally X% to 5
) y. ly cost he Mw u watit z (.30 . ) • yserly savings.
A-30
-------
Clip Art Piece Mo. 18: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Reduce Faucet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 54 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re—
produced 1 t copies to a standard 8- by 11 inch
sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece Mo. 17).
• Suo ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
Art Piece No. 17.
A—31
-------
F
FLOW I
DOWN: I
Reduce Shower I
I Water Use I
I I
A customer ser ic meesag. from
I I
I I
I.
I I
I I
Save zp to 350 a ye in waiiz us. and energy costs I
and
I Flow down the aeunf of household sewage
I I
I I
I • T.nj.rt flow r.stz ctors. ( C .t2 35 or lees if you buy d instalL) I
I • Install low flow shower heads. (Cast 313 or use if you buy and
I I
I • l’ak. ho’ter showers. (Cøst 50.) i
I
I I
I...... ....., S. • • • • S ••SSSSS SSS• •• •SS •••••••• SS••••SS SS• •SSSS S •S• ••S S• S••S j
I I
I SHOWER SE FACTS
I I
Typical 4.persen household shower us. 18.250 gallons of water a yeor. I
Typicalcostofthatshcwerwater 511 or areayeor.’ I
I Typical cost of ensegy to beat water 553 a yeor for gos water heater.’
I (ossue h lf of shower water is hot 371 a y.or for oil water heater.’
I water d that water heater I s set 5152 a y.or for .lec ic
at 140°?) wat heater.’ u
Typical sav gs from rsd” 4 ”g shower water use: 25% to 50% or 4.5w to I
j 9.XO gallons of water each yor. I
I ‘To calculate yew cost and savings. twn the page.
I I
—— — — — —————————— ———————— ———
A-32
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 19: SIde 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Reduce Shower Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5—+ Inches wide by 8— Inches deep (ask your
printer to print t copies on a standard 8— by 1].
inch sheet - Clip Art Piece No. 20 can be reproduced
similarly on the other side of the sheet).
• Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility
bill insert.
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential users such as fixed-Income persons, tenants
and landlords, home ot A ers, and mobile park managers.
Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a two—
color effect.
A— 33
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I .
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
FIGURING THE YEARLY COST OF SHOWER WA zt
To flqw. va . r 1 Y oti fO $ho,w..IL the fsUowthq for ii1az
(1) (shew p.r day z ( mlw”-. p.r 1 i,..* . .I ) x ( gMt#%11 5 per lflWe)
(tyfly 5) z (315 day. per y. a”
To flq . yoer w t cost. as the tol )cwtng he ul
? ‘ “ P 1’ x p.1.000 q 1l .i osz at
FIGURING THE YEARLY COST OF HOT WATER FOR SHOWERS
To f quze how n” h .L.cot ty. gos. or oil t takie to kist hcushoW shower
wotir. bait at the shower w. & . r zs hot. d u s e the following fot ulos
of hot
S 1.33
(3)
(4)
(5)
cb g. in woter
x t. pevanhx.
3.072
r4b . at hoe
-.
S
5.33
z
ch q. in
t pstutur
51.000
at hat
chqe in
waj s
z
L33
z
tsmpsrutuz,
3&
- hours
( 0 1 .I.c y)
• thee s
(of os
• _____
(of oil)
MullipLy your sw.rby the ratou a .nt eo.i y bill to dotstan. how much you
pay t C hOt w.U1 lioft.
• y virufl t.mp.sture of water o ’ -g into th. house is ahow 6O’T
Suhv nq ‘F a= the semng an yaw Water heater giver the cAoug. n
temp . rotww sd to in the famuiq.
FIGURiNG THE YEARLY COST OF SHOWER WATER USE
Adthcoy 4L h.c o swat e rf r a
(5) y ly tcf .os gyto beat shower water • ysorly cost of er — ysaily cost ot
w e r
FIGURING YOUR SAVINGS FROM FLOWING DOWN SHOWER
WATER USE
Multiply the total y .oxly In (5)by the pru uaica of water dby in sertIng flow
Insta llIng Low flow sh rhoalsort”g shorturs wws(typically 25
te3 O%)
(7) y.oily cost of shower w it s (.25 or .30) — , eorlv vinaa.
A-34
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 20: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Reduce Shower Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re—
produced, two copies to a standard 8—4 by 1]. inch
sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 19).
• Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
Art Piece No 19.
A—35
-------
I
I
FLOWIDOWN
I I
Reduce Toilet Water Use I
I
I
A customer service message from 1
S.
I I
I I
Save upto 310 cyearln w4er costs I
___ I
Flow down the amoont of wa iewatsr ent. ’1ng the sewer I
I I
I • Insicll toilet d1!i s. (Cost about $5 a par.) I
I • Fill 2 quart- ise plastic bottles with water d a few I
I elean stones. Set in toilet t - (Cost: $0.) 1
• rn t Jl a shallow trap toilet when remode1 ng. (Cost:
i • cony ional models.) I
I
• I
TOn.ET w& USE FACTS I
I i
I Yearly toilet water use or a 4-person householth 36.500 to I
51.Ouu gaLlons. I
I Yearly water saved by reducing toilet water use: Up to 30% 1
I 10.350 to 15,300 gallons by Lnav’J1 ’g toilet I
I Typical yearly cost far toilet water : $32 - $31.’ I
I I
I I
I ‘To calculate yow cost and possible savings, turn page. 1
I I
— — — — — —
A—36
-------
CUD Art Piece No. 21: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
duce Toilet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (ask your
printer to print tv copies on a standard 8—* by 11.
Inch sheet - Clip Art Piece No. 22 can be reproduced
similarly on the other side of the sheet).
• Suqoested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility
bill insert .
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants
and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers.
Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two-
color effect.
A— 37
-------
F
I I
I _ I
F!GUR G YOUR YEARLY TOUIZT WAI JSE
1 ii
I ___ __ __ __ I
• g toilat wW IT i ui th. foUaw q &L.s of tkum I
• Tb. v ’ ’d nof 1 tof lie a 5.1 ill p thah g
• E i,tdvaL 1* iii-i y• I
i 1
I Mow ppIy tb. ol1owtnq u1 I
(13 “ of p*’- i iib.l4 z ll ’ ” of w e pie iluth x ii thie of fluakie
u psi p.i-— pie dgy z 368 dcyi psi ‘ .si — j. ty b iiboL toilie w tsi u s.
I I
I I
I I
1 1
I
I I
I
I I,
I FIGURING YOUR YEARLY TOUIET WAT t COST I
I
I To qux. yo y 1y mIl.i w Iie t. ua th. toilawlnç t mia1
f g 1 ofw i esip .r y
j 1.10 y Lyçfottoi1iew tii.
I I
I
I I
I i iz4LNG ABOUT POTE1 TIAL SMINGS i
I I
I
I L th. W thgt . D.C. sith rb. (Iu . 19U0 I
• Wotsi ciew 90epsr 1.X0g Ic”- I
• • S.w.rcoie SL10pse 1.OO0 th L I
! tysaxLy$1.1i1.it w .f 4. b,,h4MI th ibiithw 3S.3 toSl.10
______ i
• Tody . .4t oiei - a . - bitwaai 4Wysi. I
• T. iy Ia w.uX biewqsn 540456Iy . u
I y 1 1 liq toflat d. .d “ “ ‘ bY 1.5 q•” t ’ Pie tlusb
I • Y. ly i vid In 4- i . bous.bald w 10.9 g -’ t 1
I • Tiusily wiXi d w .i ilu wsii tid w’4 by p1.90.
I
L _ i
A-38
-------
Cl1 p Art Piece No. 22: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Reduce Toilet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (to be re -
produced, two copies to a standard 8—+ by 11 inch
sheet, as the reverse side 0 f Clip Art Piece No. 21).
• Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
Art Piece No. 21.
A- 39
-------
I 1
I 1
I I
I I
I I
FLOW DOWN: I
Find and Repair Leaky Toilets I
I I
I I
A cuatoer service eesage fro
1 I
I I
I I
I
p .........................................se.s...........................
I I
Scv.SSOayeazozmczein water costs by repairlagaleckytoil.t 1
and
i Flow down the euat of clean water going Into sewers f
I I
I • Buy a bottle of red food coloring at the grocery store. (Ceat lees I
I fhi Si.) I
I •P’ztouti2drcpscffoodcoloringintothet k I
I • W t 10 to 15 1tIi tuteo.
I •Ifredsbcwsupinthetoiletbow l.youhavea leck.
I I
p ....................e............................. S. SSS..•SS•S•.•••••••••
• LEAKY TOUIET FACTS I
I I
C1. water going into the sewer from one leaky toilet upto 90.000 I
gallonsaye . I
I Toilet 1.aI generaily ‘znn’ t be seen or hord utilities reccrnniend the I
I dy. test to detect toilet l.a .
Typical cost of toilet 1.ak about SSS a in water costs ( aw” h g a
I 90J3 gallon leak).’
I I
I I
l’a calculate yaw cost and potential vings. tw the page. 1
I I
—
A-40
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 23: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Find and Repair Leaky Toilets ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5 + inches wide by 8—* inches deep (ask your
printer to print two copies on a standard 8-* by 11
inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 24 can be reproduced
similarly on the other side of the sheet).
• Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility
bill insert.
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants
and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers.
Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a two—
color effect.
A-41
-------
To ftqiix. y r Tu Y u 4 • uss ib. aL1owthq
giilloiut last p.rday x 5 day. —
___ ___ - —
I
I I
I FIGUBD(G YOUR WAT LOSS FROM A LEAKY TOflIET
I I
I Estth cte your water loss “ 4 g the following rules of th” :
I • A “r” 4 ”g toilt ” can waste 4 gallons hour —
96gdilon scd y.
• Toilets with “silent leaks” use upto 250 gallons a day. I
I If you ksøw how torecd your water mter. you may be able to get
I a more precise e.timate. However, some slow lacks go unde-
t.cted by a water meter. I
• - 1
I
I
I
I FIGtIBZNG YOUR YEARLY WAT L COST
I I
I ••••••••••• I
I ______________
I- _ _ _
l.O
y. iyst Of w’41t r” 4 ”q tat1. 41 tla D
ThThLIZ4G ABOUT POTE4TIAL SAVINGS
In the W ,h4i gton. D.C. suburbs (June 1980):
• Water cost was 90c per 1.000 gaLlons.
• Sewer cost was $1.10 per 1.000 gallons.
If a “r”g toilet’ in that suburb used 96 gallons a day
• Yearly water costs were $32.
• Yearly sewer costs were 539.
If a ‘sflent-Z.ak ” used 250 gallons a day
• Yearly water costs were $82.
• Yearly sewer coats were $100.
A-42
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 24: SIde 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “Fl..OW DOWN:
F nQ and Repair Leaky Toilets ” (one of a series of five similar
fact/work sheets).
• SIze : 5 -4 inches wide by 8.4 inches deep (to be re-
produced, two copies to a standard 8.4 by 1]. Inch
sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 23).
• Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
A rt Piece No. 23.
A -43
-------
I
I I
FLOW I
DOWN: I
I I
Find a d Repair I
Leaky Faucets I
I
j A ciistomsr ser ic. message I
I I
i I
I
I I
I ‘.—. .
I I
I __ I
52$ a 7e ’ or more In water ias. d en.7 castl
I and I
I Flow dow i the amount of clean w tez in zewen
I I
•Checkse ldousedtapsinth.bas.ment. (Cost:your I
I t i me.) I
• Check utility faucets. (Cosb your time.) I
• Check garbage disposaL coupllnqs. (Cost: your time.) I
• • Repair or replace old fittings. (Cost: supplies tz your
I tim.ortha ofyourpl itther.)
• I
I,
LEAXY FAUCET FACTS I
I—. _ _
I C water d w the drain — cn leak 700 to 33.000 gallons a year.
I Typical cost of leaks Lu a hous.hold I . of yoz water bill.’
• ‘ryptc l eñxgy cost for hot water 1e 537 a year for gos heater.’ I
f ( .uing a 4500 gullou per ye leak. 535 ayeor far oil heater.’ I
I td that water heater is W at 140F) 578 ayear far elec 1c heater.’ I
I
j 1,0 caJctLlats yoar cost d potential savings. rwn page. 1
I
I I
A-44
-------
Clip Art Piece No. 25: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Find and Repair Leaky Faucets ” (one of a series of five simi-
lar fact/work sheets).
O Size : 5-4 inches wide by 8—3 Inches deep (ask your
printer to print two copies on a standard 8-3 by 11
inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 26 can be repro-
duced similarly on the other side øf the sheet).
• Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility
bill insert.
Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to
potential users such as fixed-Income persons, tenants
and landlords, home owners, and bila park managers.
Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two-
color effect.
A-4 5
-------
FIG UBING T] YEABLY COST OF WAT LOST FROM ONE LEAK
_____I. k 4 “ j th. following rulos of thumb:
• Aolowètp - ____
• Aslow1l4Iiy p - ____
• £f dztp — ____
• Aimttllitr..wn - 2goil Io7
To qu. th. following ‘ - -— “
(1) g”II of .t lø t x z pi i g” 11 of
FIGURING THE TEABLY COST OF I GT
FOR A OT WAT L LEAK
x
-
•
3.Dfl
I1
of .. ut&
x
3.33
63.000
x
JVRg fl w4li
t puIot1U.
r’
of wot
z
3.33
z
th q. In
t pwotuz.’
‘A i . y, .mund t.mp atwe ci . 4.. ‘ into th. houa z ohout 60F.
Sithvting 60’ ? b th. s.ffinq on yui h4u1 th. bq.
t.mps’otwszci d to in th. f u.1c.
FIGURING THE TOTAL YEARLY COST OF A ROT WAT L LEAK
U
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
1
I
a
To ftquz. out how u h .L.c t ty. g . or oil it tak to hoot th. wutar z in on
liok. a th. following
(3) g fl
=ge in w4t
(3)
(4)
I
1
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_1
— lowott houz
(of .l ithty)
—
(of goni
— g’I7ll ”
(of oil)
Multiply your aww by th. rotson o gy bill to dot ina how oiuch you
9 O T f a hot u4L liofi .
Add th.coot of gy 4)ob j,.toth.Cmotof . . u. . fr=(l3.
(5) y ly c of wotar’ Iy of ioqy — ysorly onit of hot wotar lick
-------
CHD Art Piece No. 26: SIde 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN:
Find and Repair Leaky Faucets (one of a series of five simi-
lar fact/work sheets).
• Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re-
produced, two copies to a standard 8 - by 11. inch
sheet., as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 25).
• Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip
Art Piece No. 25.
A-47
-------
Appendix B
ASSUMPTWNS AND CALCULATIONS USED I?
DEVELOPING FACT/WORK SHEETS IN APPENDIX A
ON SAVINGS FROM FLOW REDUCTION
-------
Appendix B
ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED IN DEVELOPING FACT/WORK SHEETS IN
APPENDIX A ON SAVINGS FROM FLOW REDUCTION
Understanding the assianptlons and calculations used in developing
the fact and work sheets for the clip art package will allow you to de-
velop fact/work sheets more specific to your cofmtunlty if you so choose.
The calculations are simple and easily adaptable to suit your comunity’s
characteristics. These assumptions and calculations pertain to water and
energy rat s, water temperature, water heating efficiency, the amount of
energy required to heat water, and cost savings resulting from the sav-
ings of water and energy.
• Water rates . A water rate of 6O per 1,000 gallons is as-
si.sned, based on a typical average cost of 60C/1,000 gallons
for water supply (U.S. EPA, 1979). This cost can be ad-
justed to reflect the costs actually paid by water users
of a particular con!nunity. Actual coninunity costs should
be available from the local water utility.
• Enerqy rates . Energy rates used for electricity, gas,
and oil are as follows:
— 8t per kWh for electricity.
- 57 per therm for gas.
— $1.00 per gallon for oil.
Actual rates for a specific coniiiunlty should be available
from the electric utility serving the area.
• Water temperature . The amount of energy required to heat
water to a certain temperature will vary depending upon
the water’s ambient temperature. Energy use described in
the Appendix A itmterial Is based on a typical ambient
water temperature of 60°F and water heater setting of
140°F. Thus, water is being heated 80°F.
B—i
-------
• Efficiency of water heaters . Heating water for domestic
use involves Inefficiencies that must be taken into ac-
count in calculating hot water energy use. Depending
upon factors such as the type c 1 f fuel used in heating
water and the amount of insulation around the water
heater, these inefficiencies may be substantial. The
efficiency factors used for the Appendix A material ac-
count for heat lost in the process of heating the water
itself and heat loss from a water tank with no extra in-
sulation:
- electric water heaters: 90% efficIency.
- gas water heaters: 65% efficiency.
- oil water heaters: 65% efficiency.
• Enerq ’ required to heat water . The basic formula used
in calculating hot water energy use in Appendix A takes
the form
change in water
Gallons of hot water x 8.33 x temoerature
factor converting energy to appropriate units
where each component of the formula is interpreted as
follows:
- gallons of hot water refers to the number of gallons
being heated for a given use or the n mter of sal-
ions saved from a conservation measure.
- 8.33 Btu’s of gas are needed to raise one gallon of
water one degree Fahrenheit.
- change in water temperature refers to the number of
degrees the water is being heated from its ambient
temperature to the temperature setting of the water
heater. Appendix A material assumes this temperature
change to be 80°; water is heated from an ambient
level of 60° to 140°, a typical water heater setting.
A different temperature change can be used where am-
bient water temperature differs from 60°F.
the conversion factor In the denominator accomplishes
two tasks: (1) the energy expressed In Btu’s Is con-
verted to kWh’s of electricity, therms of gas, or gal-
lons of oil, as appropriate, and (2) the efficiency of
heating water is taken Into account by using the fac-
tors .90 for electrIcity, .65 for gas, and .65 for oil.
8—2
-------
For example, there are 3.413 Btu’s/kWh and heating
with electricity is 90% efficient. Thus, the con-
version factor for electricity is 3,413 kWhs x .9
3,072 kWh’s.
• Translating energy savinas Into dollar savings . Calcu-
lating dollar savings from hot water energy saved sim-
ply involves multiplying the quantity of energy saved
(in kWh’s, therms or gallons, as appropriate) by the
fuel rate.
For example, a savings of 800 kWh’s at a rate of 8 /kWh
yie1ds a savings of 800 kWh’s x 8t/kWh $64.
• Calculating Total Cost Savings From Flow Reduction
Measures . The total cost savings from specific flow
reduction measures or groups of measures is the sum
of the savings in water costs (water saved x water
rate) and energy costs (energy saved x fuel rate).
Where sewer charges are aDplied to water users based
on the quantity of water used, saving water also re-
sults in savings on sewer costs. Total cost savings
for residents in these cornunities would consist of
water, sewer and energy cost savings.
B— 3
-------
Appendix C
MINI-CATALOG OF FLOW REDUCTION/WATER CONSERVATION MATERIALS
-------
Appendix C
MINI-CATALOG OF FLOW REDUCTION/WATER CONSERVATION MATERIALS
This appendix contains reproductions of excerpts from selected flow
reduction/water conservation materials that are available from a variety
of institutions in the U.S. at the time of this writing (1981). These
materials can be used to augment the clip art package in Appendix A or
to serve as a basis for developing another type of pi lic education pro-
gram for the comunity.
On the right-hand page facing each reproduction, information is
provided about the item(s) depicted in the excerpt to facilitate evalua-
tion of its suitability for inclusion In the comunity 1 s public education
program. Cost and other ordering Information is also provided on the
facing page.
C—i
-------
COMMUNITY REI.AT1ONS
AIDS
the
dawns
I. .
invoic, and Correspondence Sftiftsra.
F r purchases over 500 of any of tile
items in’ this group, you may nave your
utflIty s name and address and phone
flumber imprinted at a nominal charge.
Water Conservation P,mpffl.t S.d . ..
This series of c lorfthly helpful enve-
cpe siuffer is designed to malce custo-
mers aware of the true value of drinking
water. The uniform theme is that people
should use all tile water they need, but
use it wisely, not wastefully. Two four-
page Iuf1.t — S. a Leak Seeker and
“By Thi Dawns Early Ligflt’—are print-
94 on brightly colored paper far mul-
mum impact at minimum cost. Twooignt-
page tolders— ”S Basic Ways to Con-
serve water and” “25 Things You Can
Do”— .ars printed in full color. Samples
available on request. Order tilS following
catalog numbers:
By tile Dawn’s Early Ugilt .. No. 70011
B. a Leak Seeker No. 70012
25 ThIngs You Can Do No. 70013
5 BasIc Ways No.70014
- Volume discount prices available an
request
0u.idty
30.
1,000-
5 .000.’
sos
ame
24,111
No. 70011
.05
.045
.04
No. 70012
.06
.045
.34
No. 70013
.10
.38
.06
S.
Conserve Water Ramindar SUckers.
Another type of envelope stufler is this
sheet of seven cartoon StickerS. The
individual stickers peel easily from a
paper backing and emphasize the lisa.
But Can’t Abuse” theme. Utility custo-
mars are encouraged to display the stick.
era near showerS. hcusahold faucetS.
washing machines, garden hose connec-
tion. etc. Samples available on re-
quest NO. 70015
Quesily
30.
1,000.
4,
5,000.
2’,IW
*000
NO.
70011
.10
.08
.06
‘
Water Conservation at Home Booklet.
This professionally designed. four-
color. 16-page booklet is 3% • X OSS. It
dramatically but .nt.rtainingfy drivSs
home the Importance of conserving
water at home. Eye-catching drawings
throughout add to ite appeal. Samples
available on request No. 70001
Ousuidly 30 1,100. L00 so,ooe-
- 4,_ , 1ee
Na. 70001 .17 .14 .12 ‘
,Ir,
g
YOU CAN CO
TO PREVENT
WATER WASTE
‘p
I
BASIC WAYS
TO CONSERVE
WATER
-• .
——-—.(-—— .
—. — —a’
saily
Ii ht
*000•
I•
-------
American Water Works Association
Items . Please see description on facing page. (All items bear AWliLA
copyright.)
Ordering Information . Write to:
American Water Works Association
Data Processing Department
6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80523
Cost . As indicated on the facing page.
Additional Information . The AWWA issues an annual oublication catalog.
The excerpt on the facing page is reproduced from its 198]. catalog. Pub-
lication catalogs for subsequent years can be obtained by writing to the
above address. EPA appreciates AWWA’s permission to advertise the avail-
ability of these materials in this docunent.
C-3
-------
Water
Conservation
• Water Conservadon Films.
Color public serv cs announce-
mints for tilivision on water con-
srvatton. U cludes first -p tics award
winners n Public Relations Society
of America competition I’). Series
stres s uniform theme—use $11 the
water you rued, but use t wisaly. All
spots ‘16mm sound fIlm, 30 seconds.
$3S.00 each.
orangutans-
And new. ocd people lefl have a
liWs swd 5cmiwe ’5t0 saw water.
No. 70026
P en m.-
Some of us are b?,esd with an
abundance of wster. ... No. 70027
Homeowner —
Iley, there. Old you know that
every day svery one of us uses 60
gallons of water? NO . 70026
C—
3ac awful, this country Piad a
lot of unfriendly land. •. No.70026
oo.y Ird-.
Sometlmes it seems like well
never run out of water.
4o. 70030
it tskss a lot of doing by a lot of
people to get safe. clean water to
yourboms. No.70031
‘Sometimes things just disappear.
raKe water. No. 70032
•Comp4et. Set—
(s*vl 20 perCent) $200.,.. NO. 70033
Why Water WorKs—
The first and only pamphlet and slide
11 50w that teds graduating high school
students why acareei’in thewalersuOply
industry maksssense. Utilities can use
the pamphlets as hand-outs and Iris
slide show for personal aopeararic at
high school career day events or similar
job-counselling programs. Sliøe srtow is
designed so you can insert your own
local slides and job descriptions.
No.70034
144 2 50
200 •acfl
tao each
1004
lde Show: 31 sfldss and saipt .... $2 5.00
Water Follies—
An international awuø -wiflrnflg lull-
color cartoon movie that convinces
audiencas of the benefits of water con-
servation. MuaiC and sound effects sup-
port the comical characters as they dem-
ons1r ts good arid bad conserlatiofl
habits; theres no language barrier be-
cause the message is seen, not narrated.
Th minutes long in i6mm color sound
film. siso.oo *OCSCWF
C-4
-------
American Water Works Association
tt ns . Please see description on facing page. (Mi ftems bear AWWA
copyright.)
Ordering Information . Write to:
American Water Works Association
Data Processing Department
6666 W. Quincy Avenue
Denver, CO 80523
Cost . As Indicated on the facing page.
Additional Information . The AWWA Issues an annual publication catalog.
The excerpt on the 4 ing page Is reproduced from its 1981 catalog. Pub-
lication catalogs for subsequent years can be obtained by writing to the
above address. EPA appreciates AWbiA’s permission to advertise the avail-
ability of these materials In this doc .w ent.
C- 5
-------
Easy ways to SAVE
WATER
MONEY &
ENERGY
at home
WOtCt S who dnve b /cc / cs out of the ,, w.j’
to save 4C a ga//on at a cut-rare gas station
never dre n they may be wasting 40 & msnutl
in the shower
P0T0 MAC RIVER & TRAILS C0UNC L
1 2 South Maritet Street
Frederick. Maryland 21701
1981
produced by Grant T9O1 057010 from
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8y inv.swig five sanpl& wterccrisa wng HOW TO SAVE WATER
device& / .‘. been saving $11 a month on water
and energy bi1Js— or just one p& cn/’
THE EAThROOM is ike an r c
Niagar Falis’. mat consumes a
75% of me water we us in e
Damming bacx me tons ot watei
fiøw neeo ass y from s owers
anø bathroom faucets me ev
water an energy sa isngs.
written by Edwin F. Wese y. Jr.
illustrated Dy BilFie Sturgeon
Julte Flaherry
Suz e Potter
7S 1
OF
WAlE
WEU
EVERY
DAY
FLO W
IHRCL
BAT - iF
-------
Potomac River and Trails Council
Item . Handbook entitled “Easy Ways to Save Water, Money, and Energy at
Home.”
Availability . Single or multiple copies of 100,000 or more available as
of August 1981.
Ordering rnformation . Write to:
Potomac River Trails Council
Mr. Ed Wesely
12 South Market Street
Frederick, MD 21701
Cost . (1981 prices):
$1.35 for single copy (Includes postage and handling).
.50 up to 100 copies (postage and handling additional).
.40 over 100 copIes (postage and handling additional).
.37 over 1,000 copies (postage and handling additional).
.35 over. 10,000 copies (postage and handling additional).
.30 over 50,000 copies (postage and handling additional).
.25 over 100,000 copIes (postage and handling additional).
Additional Infot nation . Contains up—to-date, useful range of costs for
water, wastewater, and energy services. EPA appreciates the Potomac
River and Trails CounciPs cooperation In granting permission to adver-
tise the availability of its handbook in this doczauent.
C- i
-------
.- -w
tNP J’ ‘J
A CUSTOMER
HANDBOOK
ON
WATER-SAVING
AND
WASTE WATER-REDUCTION
PUBLISHED AS A PUBLIC SERVICE BY
THE WASHINGTON SUBURBAN
SANITARY COMMISSION
,• • .. . -.. ,• .. .‘ ,
0% I • •• ,. . • 4
• • • : • .
SAVE—(sáv) v. to pr servo for -
the lulure. protect from unneces-
sary loss or waste. .•
p.
•••
•‘
‘. I
I
A
I.
•: •. : , . . • •‘
• !•••• •. ‘•
-.•S .• . p • •.
I. •_. • •. I. ‘ ••. ••• 4,
•L• II1 .I1’._i
S
,_ p
a, • .•i
“p.,
WASTE (wásl) v. to use un-
necessarily, to squander.
U .,. I$IS
-------
The Washington Suburban Sanitary Coniiiission
Items . Handbooks (bearing WSSC copyright):
• “Water .Saving and Waste Reduction Handbook for Apartment
Residents”
• “A Customer Handbook on Water-Saving and Wastewater-Reduction”
Availability . Copies available upon reqiest as of August 1981.
Ordering Information . Write to:
Washington Suburban Sanitary Coimiission
Public Information Office
4017 Hamilton Street
Hyattsville, MD 20781
Cost . Cost of printing and mailing pamphlets (about $1 in August 1981).
Additional Information . EPA appreciates the Washington Suburban Sanitary
Comission’s cooperation in granting permission to advertise the avail-
ability of these materials In this docianent.
c-
-------
Reduced Flush Devices
It is Ukely that your toilet’s wa: closet contains from five to seven gailons of
water, and that some of this wati - .s not needed for most flushing requirements.
Devices sucn as bottles anc manual flush mechanisms are available which
can allow an adequate but reduced-quantity flush.
*DAMS, BOTTL2S
Objects placed in a conventional toilet tank to reduce the volume do not change
the water level, or head, when the tank 13 full. This allows the flush water to
maintain the same effective velocity.
The simplest example is a brick. When placed in the tank. it
rests on the bottom dispIa ng a volume of water equal to its cubic
measurement. Most tanks do not empty completely, so a brick
lying on the bottom of the tank is almost useless. If stood on end
there is a real danger it will tip over and crack the tank.
UM ApE
Better than a brick is a plastic bottle filled with water and
eighted with pebbles. Pebbles weigh the bottle down to keep it
from interfering with toilet mechanisms.
AM M4( 1 u
PL 1Ic OT LE
— — P’astic dams prohibit a gallon or more of water from flushing.
Care should be taken when installing the dam devices. If dams
— I (bottles, too) work free, they can interfere with toilet mechanisms
and cause more wasteage than they can save. But working
- properly, these devices can save considerable amounts of water.
gp wrr
* DUAL FLUSH
Dual flush devices make it possible to select an appropriate amount of flushing
watey needed far either solid or liquid wastes. There are many possible
conñgurations.
Onedeviceia a weight thatis attached to thetank ball sothatwben thetriplever
is released, the tank ball immediately drops to end the flush cycle. A lead weight.
inserted in the flapper works this way.
Another device involves a single handre which is pressed in one direction for a
par al flush ax d .n the other direction for a full flush.
S o cro V’oflèy Wcter Dis iict
$750 i”a4 t.,ti....., , $ 3o 11L PII1n4 2 - 0
FF LT 3
c—la
-------
Santa Clara County, talifornia
Items . How to Fact Sheets:
• “How to Fix Leaky Faucets” (text and illustrations)
• “Toilets: Fix Leaks & Reduce Flush” (text and illustrations)
• “Save Water With a Shower” (text only)
• “Stop the Water Bandit” (stickers and pins)
Availability . Limited quantitIes (up to five oi each piece)
Ordering Information . Write to:
Santa Clara Valley Water District
Public Information Office
5750 Almaden Expressway
San Jose, CA 95118
(408) 265—2600
Cost . None as of August 1981.
Additional Information . The how—to fact sheets are appropriate for use
as handouts or utility bill inserts. They are considerably more detailed
than the how-to series provided in the clip art package (Appendix A).
EPA appreciates Santa Clara County Water District’s cooperation in grant-
ing permission to advertise the availability of these materials in this
document.
C—li
-------
Department of Water Resources
P. 0. Box 388 Sacramento 95802
(915) 4454228
WATER CONSERVATiON
information bulletin
TOILET DAMM3NG DEVICES
Toilet dams save water by blocking .ff part if the toilet rank, requiring eu waisT to fill the remaining
part. Savings con range as ugh as two gallons per flush. These devices do not change he wa t.? level wiien
h. tank is full thus allowing th. flush water to maintain the same .K.ctuv, velocity. A properly installed
device can scv.as much as 5 to 10 percent of the freik waler us.d within a horn.. This is a p rttol Its? of
devices on rue market. Th. list is not com ehensive, and listing do.. r, t constitute an endorsement or a
guarantee by the Cil fornia Department of Water esaurces. U any devices iave been omitted rom ri ,. list,
the Depanment would like to be informed. Check your telephone directory or a local plumiung ec let for the
devices you wan?.
Mote: Federal policy prohibits the listing of
individual it nufacturers. For inforina-
tion on how to obtain this and other
‘inforination bulletins’, please see
facing page.
Save Water- Save Energy. Save Money
$ 7Pl
C— 12
-------
California Department of Water Resources
Items . Information Bulletins on Manufacturers and/or DistVIbutors:
• “Toilet Darning Devices”
O “Low Flush Toilets”
• “Low Vol ane Showar Heads and Adapters’
• “Automatic Dishwashers”
• “Automatic Clothes Washers”
• “Faucet Flow Control s”
• “Toilet Flush Adapters”
Availability . Upon request as 0 f August 1981.
Ordering Information . Write to:
Department of Water Resources
Mr. John Engdahl
P.O. Box 388
Sacramento, CA 95802
Cost . None as of August 1981.
Additional Information . EPA appreciates the California DWR’s cooperation
In allowing advertisement of the availability of these information bulle-
tins.
C- 13
-------
NUFACTURERS AND/OR DISTRIBUTORS OF WATER.’SAVING DEVICES
This is a listing of those 1tP M which are recognized as tofTt pro-
ducts, that is, they may be added to existing faucets, showers, toilets,
and certain other parts of your Indoor plmibing systems. The installation
of these devices will reduce costs for water, se wage trea ent and energy.
aen—— n—p ____
The listing of any product does not constitute an endorsement by the State
of Illinois.
— —
Provided by the Departnent of Local Government Affairs with funding assI s-
tance from Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and the Division of
Water Resources, Ill inios Department of Transportation,
Did we overlook a manufacturer? If we did, would you let us know
Illinois Interagency Water Management/
Conservation Comeittee
303 East Monroe
Springfield, IL 6V06
WISE WATER USE IS GOOD FOR THE SYSTEM
WATER SY i 4 SEWER SYSTEM
ENERGY SYSTEM ECO SYSTEM
ECONOMIC SYSTEM
C-14
-------
4 Illinois Interagency Water Management/Conservation Comittee
Iteni . List of where to obtain devices for retrofit: “Manufacturers and/
or Distributors of Water-Saving Devices”
Availability . Upon request as of August 1981.
Ordering Information . Write to:
Illinois Interagency Water Management/
Conservation Coamiittee
303 East Monroe
Springfield, IL 62706
Cost . None as of August 1981.
Additional Information . EPA appreciates the Conii ittee’s cooperation in
granting permission to advertise the availability 0 f this item.
C-i 5
-------
‘1 LI’ ’J ;UI L./ .j
J 7
PRESENTED BY: California D.partmwt of Watr Ruourase, California
Department of ucadon and Your Local Water Supplier
-------
- 4 East Bayj unicipal UtfTlty District
Items. Workbook and Teacher’s Guide for Primary School Students (bearing
! raay MUD copyright):
• “Water Play”
• “Water Play Teacher’s Guide”
Availability . Single or multiple copies available as of November 1981.
Ordering Inior ation . Write to:
East Bay Municipal Utility District
P.O. Box 24055
Oakland, CA 94623
Cost . $.35 per copy up to 5000 copies.
Additional Information . This primary school workbook and teacher’s guide
was prepared as a part of Project TER (Water Awareness Through Education
and Research). The overall program Is not intended to be a separate science
unit on water; rather it encompasses every area of the curriculum and spans
grades Kindergarden through 12th. EPA appreciates East Bay MUD’s coopera-
tion in granting permission to advertise the availability of Its material
in this publication.
c-il
-------
a-I/n
.wIp$
I pp a.c’ s
PJRi //15
11(11
F
j
C.. 18
-------
East Bay Municipal Utility District
ttems . Workbook and Teacher’s Guide for Upper Elementary School Students
(bearing East Bay MUD’s copyrights):
• “The Official Captain Hydra Water Conservation Workbook”.
• “The Official Captain Hydra Water Conservation Workbook
Teacher’s Guide.”
Availability . Single or multiple copies available in English or Spanish
as of November 1.981.
Ordering Information . Write to:
East Bay Municipal Utility District
P.O. Box 24055
Oakland, CA 94623
Cost . $.35 per copy up to 5000 copies.
Additional Information . This upper elementary school workbook and teacher’s
guide was prepared as a part of Project WATER (Water Awareness Through
Education and Research). The overall program Is not Intended to be a
separate science unit on water; rather’ it encou asses every area of the
currlculuan and spans grades Kindergarden through 12th. A complete list of
n terials Is available on request.
C-i 9
------- |