ERA United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA 006 634 FLOW REDUCTION DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM ------- Final Report Contract No. 68-01-6052 FLOW REDUCTION: DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM March 1982 Prepared For: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Program Operations Facility Requirements Division Prepared By: INTASA, Inc. 1030 Curtis Street Menlo Park, CA 94025 ------- PREFACE Flow Reduction: Develooina a Public Information Program , is the third volume of a three—volume series pertaining to wastewater flow re- duction analysis and program planning. With increasing nunters of com- munities becoming interested in the potantial benefits of flow reduction, and with the introduction of flow reduction analysis requirements into the treatment facilities Planning (Step 1) phase of EPA ’s Construction Grants Program, a need was felt to provide guidance on flow reduction analysis procedures and on developing ccuimtunity programs. Each volume of this series thus works toward the ultimate objective of developing coninunity flow reduction programs that are practical, cost effective and able to be implemented. • Part I of the first voligne, Flow Reduction: Methods, Analysis Procedures, Examples , provides background information on flow reduction, Including Its role in facilities planning, its re- lationship to other water and wastawater programs, and case examples of coiiinunittes which have implemented programs. Part II of the same volume provides a step—by—step methodology to serve as a guide In carrying out the flow reduction analysis. Descriptions of various flow reduction measures are included along with an assessment of their cost effectiveness. • Part III , the second votune, demonstrates the flow reduction methodology by applying it to two real world comunities. These documented case studies not only clarify the procedure but highlight the nature of flow reduction’s costs and bene- fits. • This volume. Part IV , Is a package of flow reduction public information material designed to supplement a comunity’s flow reduction program. This package consists of general guidance in developing a public information program, examples of speci- fic techniques conetunities have used, and original clip art as well as a mini-catalog of materials available from other com- munities that can be adapted for direct use in a coninunity’s program. Through these three interrelated documents, It is hoped that com- munity leaders and planners will find the practical rationale and overall guidance needed to consider and realize the potential of flow reduction in their particular settings. i. ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . • . . • , • . . • . • LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . a a a • e . . • • a • • • . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLED EN1’S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • • PART IV. FLOW REDUCTION: DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM Section A Why Implement a Coamunity Flow Reduction Program? SectIon 9 Informing and Educating the Public About Piow Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • Section C Public Information Techniques 1. Mailing/DistrIbution of Printed Material . . . 2. News Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Personal Contact . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • 4. Miscellaneous Events, Activities, Displ ys 5. Selecting Techniques for a Conim.inity Program . SectIon 0 Key Elements of a Public Information Program Section £ Highlights of Three Coimiunities 1 Flow Reduction Public Infori tion Programs . . . . . . . . . 1. Marfcopa Association of Governments, P ieonix, Arizona 2. Pj Association of Govelnlifients, Tucson, Arizona 3. llowardCounty, Maryland..... 4. Observations on Apparent Effectiveness of Programs Section F Materials to Assist In Developing YourOwn Public Information Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. OvervIew of Materials Provided . . . . . . . 2. Example of a hlleast_Costa Program Impimentation - Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 iv V Vi I 2 • 5 5 • 7 7 • 8 • a • 10 • 17 • 17 • 25 • 28 3]. 33 • 33 • 34 38 11 ------- CONTENTS (Conc 1 uded) Appendix A Reproductions of Clip Art for Use in a Coninunity Flow ReductIon Public Information Program . A-i Appendix B Ass .e t1ons and Calculations Used in Developing Fact/t rk Sheets in Appendix A on Savings From Flow Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . B—i Appendix C Mini—Catalog of Flow Reduction/Water Conservation Materials . . . . . . . . . . . C—i lii ------- LISi” OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 PotentIal Benefits From Reducing Wastawater Flows . . . 1 Figure 2 Reasons for Implementing a Flow Reduction Public !nfonnationProgram.................. 3 Figure 3 The Three Essential Components of Cotirunication . . . . S Figure 4 Miniintan Requirements of an Effective Public Informetion Progranr • . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 FIgure 5 Sample 30—Second Public Service Announcement for Radio Used in ricopa Association of Governments’ Program . 19 Figure 6 Sample 30—Second TV Public Service Announcement Used in Maricopa Association of Governments’ Program . . . . 19 Fl gure 7 Contents of Second Program Broc? ure . . . . . 21 Figure 8 Chart From Brochure Which Accompanies Slide Show Pro- duced for PAG “SLQ t 4 THE FLOW” Program . . . . . . . . 26 FIgure 9 Flyer Introducing Water 3111 Modification to Howard County WatarUsers . . . . . . •...... 30 iv ------- LIST OF TABLES Table I Techniques Available for Use in a Public Information Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table II Examples of Money and Skills nated to Public In- formation Programs . . . . .•. . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table III Suggested Audiences, Messages, and Comunication Techniques for a Public Information Program . . . . . 12 Table IV Novel ideas Implemented in Public Information Pro- grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table V Estimated Budget for Maricopa Association of Govern- merits’ Flow Reduction Public Information Program . . 23 Tab1 VI Sumary of Apparently Effective Flow seduction Pro- gram Elements used in Pima County, Arizona and Howard County, Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Table VII Example of “Least-Cost” Program and Implementation Strategy . . . . . . . . • • 35 V ------- ACXNOWLE G14ENTS Flow Reduction: Developing a Public Information Program was pre- pared under the direction of Myron Tiemens, Deputy Director of EPA’s Facility Requirewenta Division, and 3ar ara Veaman, Public Education Consultant to EPA. 30th provided cQumlants and guidance which greatly benefited this doc .esent. Contractor on this project was IN1’ASA, Inc. of Menlo Park, Cal 1- fornia. Micolaos V. Arvartitidis, President of INTASA, supervised pre- paration of this doc2unent and performed coordination with EPA. Day-to- day project management was the responsibIlity 0 f 3111 Betchart; research and writing on the project was by Sandra Postal. Sa]ly Davenport created the “flow Down” theme and designed the clip art material for use by corn- rnunitles in their public information programs. Original art rk for the “flow Down” program was prepared by Phil Frank of Sausaifto, Cal ifornia. Layout and product’ton of original clip art was by Lynn Marsh of Palo Alto, Cal $fornia. F na1ly, the UITkSA teem wishes to acknowledge all those both in- side and outside of EPA who took the time to review and coninent on draft #e.rsions of this doc inent, and who contributed material for it. vi ------- FLOW REDUCTION: DEVELOPING A PUBLIC INFORMATiON PROGRAM A. Why Implement a Con nunity Flow Reduction Program ? Wastewater flow reduction represents a new thrust in municipal wastewater management. increasing rnmibers of comunities are finding flow reduction an attractive addition to more conventional strategies for achieving cost—effective wastewater management. As its name implies, flow reduction focuses on reducing the quantity of wastewater flowing In- to a municipal wastewater treatment plant. This Is accomplished by re- ducing water use, and thus flow reduction is closely tied to water conser- vation. A successful flow reduction program implemented at the con nunity level can y eld potential benefits to Individual residents and the com- munity as a whole. Examples of these benefits are illustrated in Figure 1 and listed below it. Lower weter supoly Lower westawetur c l lec- requlraaants and costs tion and treatesnt costs BENEFITS OF REDUCED FLOW / ‘N Lower hot tar ener ’ Lass pollution of clean requlr nts and costs eater Ft give I PO1V41’IAI. BENEFITS FROM UCING W*STEW.TEN FLOWS • Lowar costs of collecting and treating the c iinunity’s wastewater. Reduced flows may enable a conmtunlty to postpone expansion of Its existing treatment facilities or to construct arid operate a facility smaller In size than would otherwise have been possible. Substantial savings may result both in capital and in operation and maintenance costs. 1 ------- • Avoiding the adverse economic and environmental consequen- ces of reaching or exceeding treatment capacity before ad- ditional facilities can be built. O Dollar savings to Individual residents, including substan- tial energy cost savings from less use of hot water. En- ergy to heat water can account for 15 to 25 percent or more of a household utility bill. • Energy savings to the coninunity from collecting. ptmping and treating less water and wastewater. • Environmental quality. Saving water that otherwise enters sewers prevents clean water from becoming polluted. spiraling costs of labor, materials and energy make these benefits incroasingly difficult to Ignore. Moreover, comeunities applying for Federal grants to help pay the cost of constructing new wastewater treat- ment facilities now are required by EPA to consider the potential bene- fits of flow reduction tn their Step 1. facilities planning process. Fec— eral funds through EPA s Construction Grants Program are in short supply. Flow reduction is one means of enabling a limited amount of available funds to go further toward meeting camunity and nationwide water quality goal.s and needs. Thus, with the exception øf exempted co Tmunities, an evaluation of alternative flow reductIon methods is now a required com- ponent of treatment facilities planning. B. Informing and Educating the Public About Flow Reduction Neither the coninunity nor its residents will reap the benefits of flow reduction until people are motivated to take action. Informed com- munity leaders can play a vital role in providing this motivation by in- forming the public about flow reduction, the actions each individual can take to bring It about, and the benefits they and the comunity can ex- pect to receive as a result. Facts themselves often are sufficient moti- vation, but. they must be conmunicated effectively to the public. Energy utility bills will not be reduced until householders know about hot water saving devices such as shower flow restricters and faucet aerators, and why and how to use them. Gallons of water will continue to be wasted un- til individuals are told about pluiting leaks and how to find and fix them, toilet dams and how to install them, water wasting habits and how 2 ------- to change them, and the dollars these simple actions can save. Specific reasons for Implementing a flow reduction public information program are depicted in Figure 2 and Include: 1Y !IL IT A PUBLXC INFORMTION PROGRAM? • Public understanding and support are esuntlal to an overall flow reduction progran. • It responds to EPA’s cost..,ffectiveness guidelines. • It’s a cost-effective neans of reducing flows. • It can improve utilityj’publtc relations. Figure 2 REASONS FOR !? LD’IENTING A FLOW REDUCTION Pt LIC INFORMATION PROGRAM • Public information is a vital component of any flow reduc- tion endeavor. The success of any prog am depends upon the degree to which the public understands and supports the flow reduction measures taken. • Consideration of a public information program presently is required of conmiunities in Step 1 of EPA’s Construction rants Program. EPA’s Cost Effectiveness Guideflnes [ Sec- tion 8 (c) (4)] state that along with performing a flow re- duction analysis, a grantee shall, as a minlnu.in: “Develop and provide for Implementing a rec u.oended flow reduction program. This shall Include a public Information program highlighting effective flow reduction measures, their costs, and the savings of weter and costs for a typical household and for the comunity’ 1 (U.S. EPA, Septenter 1978). • An effective public Information program can be one of the most cost-effective means of reducing wastewater flows. MeasUreable benefits can be achieved with minimal expendi- tures. • As one public Infonnation specialist for a California utili- ty pointed out, a well—run public Information program can significantly improve utility relations with the public. In some cases, these public relations benefits may be as important as the actual water savings and reduced wastewater flows resulting from a program (Vossbrink, 1980). The remainder of this vol ne is devoted to assisting those town managers, mayors, public works directors and concerned citizens who take the initiative to implement a comunity flow reduction public information 3 ------- program, recognizing what benefits a flow reduction program can provide for their cc miun1ty or simply desiring to carry out EPA ’s flow reduction requirements in a fruitful manner. There are few models of such programs available from which to draw guidance. Ho ver, nimierous ter conservation programs that have been Implemented provide valuable insight into the fundamentals of any public Information program aimed at influencing public behavior. The Intent in the following pages Is not to develop a ready—made program but to provide Incentives, ideas and overall guidance In developing a program to comuni- cata the whats, whys and hows of flow reduction to the residents 0 f a specific coninunlty. To rd this and, four sections and three Appendices follow: • Section C contains a discussion and listing 0 f available public information techniques. The purpose of this sec- tion Is to help generate Ideas as to w iat technicues may prove effective in particular comeunity circunstancec. • Section 0 provides suggestions and guidance for develop- ing a comunity program, including establishing effective combinations of targeted audiences, motivating messages and comunication techniques. • Section E describes the flow reduction public information programs lmpleuented In three different cc mnunit1es. The purpose of these narratives Is to provide a feel for var- ious aspects of developlvig a program by relating how these c imnunities perceived the need for a program, selected techniques, developed program strategies and handled the logistics of program Implementation. O 5ect on F provides suggestions on how to use the atariai In the Appendices to implement a coumiunity program. A strategy for using these materials is described to show how the materials can fit together to create an effective package and to provide Initial ideas for implementing an actual program. • Appendices A, B, and C contain a package of original pub- lic information materials, necessary background Informa- tion, and a mini-catalog of available existing materials, respectively. Together, these materials can assist a corn- tnunity In developing a relatively simple, low—budget pro- gram or a more elaborate one and thus are pertinent to any cuimunity’s needs. 4 ------- C. Public tn1or natlon Techniques Comunication involves three essential components:- an audience, a message, and a medi%an for conveying the message to the audience (Fig- ure 3). EffectIve communication is achieved with the proper mix and Figure 3 ThE THREE ESSENTIAL CCI4PONENTS ac CCMPIUNICATIC1 interaction of elements comprising each of these three components. This section surveys communication methods suitable for a flow reduction pub- lic information program. These techniques fall into four basic catego- ries: • Mailing/distribution of printed material • News media • Personal contact • Miscellaneous events, exhibits, displays. Specific examples 0 f techniques in each category are listed in Table I and discussed below. 1. Mailing/DIstribution of Printed Material Most public information programs will make use of direct mailings In order to ensure that a large majority of the relevant community mem- bers at least receive, if not read, information about the program. Ma- terial for mailing or mass distribution can be prepared and delivered for a wide range of costs depending upon how elaborate the material is (e.g., whether it requires professional preparation or is prepared by 5 ------- TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE FOR USE IN A PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM Mafljrm/Distribution of Printed Material Personal Contact • Water bill inserts sent to utility C JStcaei1 a— Tang with the regular water blU. • hewsietters nailed separately fr the water bill arid :ual1y re elaborita than bill Inserts. • 3rochures either cal l.d to residences or nade a— vaflable t central locations such as banks and supsimarkets. • Fact iheets on ented toward either gsneral water users or special groups, relating Information about water-saving devices and measures, energy savings and dollar savings. • i,oer stickers wnici can be made available frma central locat ons either free of charge or at mm- lual cost. • Posters displayed around town to r tI th pro- gram. News Media . aio r TV aublic service arenouncenents , generally ‘.) ar 6 seconds in length and broaacast between programs. Many radio and T V stations 1 especially lii -clatively siall co iunities . will rk free of cI trge with the city utility or program coordinator to help prepare public service annauncints. • “ wsoaoer oublic service armauncaminta . • P— f 1 3 conferences . Th.sa are especially beneficial in tue eariy stages of a pvoqram or to armounca ifornation that is re1ative y cmaplez or of major i ’ or anca. 11w. program di rector or a utl 1 Ity rap— rasentat ve Inbreed about all aspects f the pro- gram c i . ’ serve as the sogkesperson. Visual aids such as charts and graphs are often useful in high— tl hting the main pointS at the conference. • Pre is tours In wM h representatives from various ne d a tour the wastawatar trea unt facilities. This serves the dual purpose cit providing the nedia wi a better widerstanding of the wantawater sys- t and possibly generating relatively In—depth nws stories which will educate the public. • —ess infovmatlon kits consisting of written mate— a! containing facts about the caimunity’s waste- water sf tuition and the flow reduction program. These can be prepared and distributed prior to a press tonferenca or simply provided to the media as reference met.eri a I for future news stori en. • Local rad1 and IV shows at times provide a use- 7 1 loran 1 dIscusi of c n*ity Issues. probten c. ana proqr . An interesting and in— formative discussion bstwbon the talk show ned— erat r and the utility or program represest tive can increase public understanding md acceptance of a flaw reduction program and Increase the pro— gram’s credibility. • Pr ’; covera e of program-related news I teng can g e t ly I ricrease the public’ s awareness ol’ the pro— ;ra e. Making certain that the local media are in- for examole, of the mayor’s planned tour of the treatment plant or the announcenent of the winning poster In a flow reduction poster content significantly adds to the program’s visibility. • School presentations to educate youngsters at o’ wastewater treateent and to encouraqe their p. r- tic2pation in activities which sport the flow reduction program. Progr ns car :. idapte f r students at various grade levels. • Presentations to local youth grouos such as scout- ing troops or ecclo clubs. • Talks at civic and conservation aroup neetin s such as the Lions Club 1 lks Club. League of i’ osnen Voter : or the Sierra Club. •• iLree ient facility tours , O Ifl to the public, given peritaps one saturaay nerning eacn nionth. • Public neetfnis or worlcshoo on practical neasures homeowners or apar tent dwellers can take to pro- mete flow reduction and stressing the dollar savings these measures will yield. • jntainina a taleohone 1nfornati n service and ad- vertising the pnone nunoer ‘jeopie can call fcr in- formation about such things as purchasing r,trofi: devices, Installing such devices, or any problems with these devices people nay encounter. • rtshoos or meetings with soeciallzed qrouDs who na be impacted by the program ir wnosa support can si n ficaritly increase the likelihood of program success. Personally. interacting at the outs t of a rogr n wi mambers of the liamebuilders AssocIation and o.4ners • local hardware and pli.wbing st res, for exainola, . ! increase the likelihood th t they will sup ore sno enhance the oven 11 flow reduction prog ra m. Miscellaneous Events, AC jvj 4 , Ci1 g • ‘ !ov1nc exhibits that can be d spiayed pericd- cally at thoppfii malls, fairs and other central locations. • Contests for the beet flow rothzctlon poster, slogan, or logo. • Use of local billboards to adiert-se the ro;ram. • Oiveloping curriculun natarials for cise in schools, dealing with local wastawatar treatment conditions, huiz1nq indoor water wasting habits, or giving matiweatical problems that involve caiculaei-g wa- ter, energy, and dollar savings from various con- servation measures. • lent cards f r restaurant tables. • Using available werkbooks on water conservation to supplement ichool curricula. • øeveloplng slide shows to accompany talks azmd pro- sentat Ions. • £ncouragi ng the utility director, the nayor, a nd/ or other Influential c r ’w’lty leaders to write a • lettsr—t*—the—ed1t r for publication in the local newspaper •rplaining the flcw reduction program and encouraging w ity support. 6 ------- city or utility staff) and how it Is distributed (e.g., whether it is sent along with a utility bill or mailed separately). Relatively simple material, like the bill stuffers included in the clip art package Appen- dix A) can be produced for just a few cents per copy. 2. News Media Local newspapers, radio stations, and television stations can be valuable resources to a coimiunity public information campaign. Effective use of the mass media allows many people to be reached through conveyance of a single message. Preparation of materials for broadcast may require professional expertise, however, and may at times be prohibitively expen- sive. Programs initiated in response to an existing or impending crisis situation can benefit significantly from the news media since these cir— c .mtstances themselves are news Items which will receive media attention. The results of a survey conducted to measure public sentiment to- ward a conservation campaign implemented in Santa Clara County, Cal ifor- nia underscores the importance of v rking with all three major news me- dia -— newspapers, radio stations and TV stations. Of those survey re- spondents indicating an awareness of the program, 38 percent indicated that their primary awareness was from newspapers, 1]. percent from radio, 16 percent from television, and 9 percent from other means (e.g. group demonstrations) (PRx, 1981). 3. Personal Contact Face-to—face comunication with selected groups and individuals in the comaunity can give the program a valuable personal touch, although it does require considerable time and energy from program or utility staff. Personal contact techniques allow for two—way comunication, af- fording the public an opportunity to ask questions and air their concerns as well as providing the program coordinators with some useful feedback on public views. A utility or other Implementing authority lacking the staff and time needed to make personal contacts should not discount these techniques too readily. Frequently, comunity inmit ers such as retired teachers, principals, or meii ers of local civic or conservation groups 7 ------- will volunteer to speak throughout the conrunity. They must be asked to do so however, and then be informed about the program and provided with adequate materials. 4. MIscellaneous Events, Activities, Di lays A host of miscellaneous techniques are available as Indicated ear- lier in Table I; the individual applicability of each depends upon the local setting and circuestances. Applying some Ingenuity to knowledge of the kinds of activities and projects that have been used can result In some very effective aublic thformation techniques. 5. SelectIng Technicues for a Coninunity Program No single set of co runication techniques will be best In every situation; the combination of techniques selected for a program should be suited to the particular circt.mtstances of the counnunity where it will be implemented. Several coninunity characteristics are likely to be im— portent: • Nature of •rogram goals . Depending upon whether the goals of the flow reduction program are lainediate (e.g., crisis- related) or long term, certain techniques nay be n re ef- fective and appropriate than others. For example, empha- sizing the news media (e.g., Press releases, press confer- ences, news stories) is likely to be valuable in a program with short-term goals for alleviating pending overloads of the wasteweter treatoent plant. • Resourc’ 3f the agency or authority Imolementing the program . Zn selecting comunication techniques, trade— of s inevitably will be needed due to limitatIons In the resources of the Implementing authority, including: - Funds . Many techniques require professional guidance and can quickly sap funds available to the program. For example, a decision to prepare TV or radio public service announcements, print elaborate brochures, or produce short flints for news release, may require the elimination of some other techniques. - Skills . Speaking, writing, photography, and design skills are needed In order to employ some techniques. It is Important to capitalize on skills available a— fang those persons who are implementing the program. 8 ------- - Time . Selection of certain techniques will be inhib- ited because of the time demands they place on the implementing authority’s staff. If understaffing Is already a problem, sending an in—house speaker out to schools and club meetings several times each week may not be feasible. • Availability of volunteered and donated time and skills . Obtaining voluntary assistance from comunity groups and individuals as well as donations of time and service from local professionals can help alleviate the resource limi- tations in developing a program. Voluntary help from lo- cal youth groups and service clubs can reduce substantial- ly the amount of In—house staff time necessary to carry out the program. Using coninunity volunteers and obtain- ing donated time and services provides the dual advantages of expanding the quantity of funds, skills, and time avail. able, and of getting comunity members actively supporting and involved in the program. Table II gives some recent examples of t ney and services donated to public informa- tion programs. • Characteristics of the audience or public . These include: - egree of awareness about conanunity water supply and wastewater Issues and problems. - Likely degree of public acceptance and receptivity of a flow reduction program. For example, in co,mnunities where public resistance is expected, a program strong- ly emphasizing personal contact with key coritnunity groups nay be essential. - Extent to which influential coninunity groups or lead- ers support the program. Techniques can and should be chosen to capitalize on this support where it ex- ists. Media coverage of a mayor expressing support for the program or of a local civic group sponsoring a program—related activity can help broaden the base of support throughout the coinnuni ty. Table II EXN LE3 OF NEY AE SXILI.S DONATED TO P LIC INFORMATION P GRAP5 • The Phoenix. Arizona Maricoon Association of Governments ’ flow reduction program obtained about S28Q, Q rth of donated time and skilli (Frank, Nev er, 1980). • The Oakland. California East D cv Municipal Utility Oistrict j water con- ser4atTon program benefited from donations of air tine by local radio and TY stations. Finding Itself underitaffed to carry out cirtain com- ponents of the program, the District utilized local Ca Fire Girls to distribute posters and to help organize a “water falr comlste with •xh1b1t and skits. • The Pinellas County Water Oe artnent af Clearwater. Florida sponsored an intensive. one—sear water conservatiOn p lIc thfovisatlon program that received donated advertising and pi&ic relations assistanc. valued at around S25OI ,000. The Osparteent’s expenditures for extensive media ad- vertising, billboard displays, slide shows, and logo stai s amounted to only about $10,000 (Mutcalf and Eddy. 1976). 9 ------- 0. Ke Elements of a Public Information Program No nmyor, to i manager, public works director or other coimlunity leader should allow lack of confidence in developing and implementing a public information program to prevent him or her from undertaking the ef- fort. Even tile Tiost experienced public relations or advertising firm cannot produce effectivecampaigns every time -- much depends on subjec- tive factors. The important advantage that a coninunity leader brings to this endeavor is knowledge of and sensitivity to tile local citizenry and the Issues that concern them st. Armed ii1th facts about flow reduc- tion, basic comnunication tools, and some guidance on using these facts and tools, one can and should have confidence in approaching the task of developing a program. Again, the facts about flow reduction should rnoti- vate the public to respond, but they must be coninunicated effectively. No public information program is recomended here as the best or must likely to succeed in every case. However, based on experience the drawn from past programs and th expertise of public information special- ists, even the bare minimun program should have a strate ’ that incorpo- rates three fundamental guidelines (Figure 4): 10 Fi w, 4 N11I1) J REOUI VIENT5 O AN I RCTTVI P *.1C XNFCRJ TION P GMM co jnic*t1oi Tbrouqfl 4u1t1p e P d1 a Rip.tltlon of F.suqss Tilloring Infor t1an to Kay Auttencu ------- • Select techniques from several different categories of corn- munication media (i.e., mailing/mass distribution of prin- ted material, news media, personal contact, soecial events and exhibits). Only in this way will the program’s messages reach most of the community. • Repeat program messages . A “one—shot” program stands lit- tle chance of success. • Tailor information to specific key audiences . This requires identifying the crucial audiences to be reached in the com- munity and determining the factual message that will moti- vate each to respond. Following these seemingly straightforward rules will not guarantee success, but will give the program a firm foundation upon which to build. The success of a program ultimately hinges upon the ability to coninuni- cate to targeted persons and groups a message that will motivate them to respond. The most effective audience/message/technique combinations will be different for different coimnunitles. Suggested audiences, motivating messages and techniques to considerln developing a program are shown in Table III. Finding out what messages and program strategies are most ltkely to motivate water users In a particular coninunity is a difficult but cru- cial task. In the Maricopa County, Arizona program, described in a sub- sequent section, the primary message to the public was that the area’s wastewater treatment facilities uld reach their capacity in six to eight months —— a message that In this instance did not motivate people to act. On the other hand, In Santa Clara County, California, where treatment facilities had reached capacity and overloads were polluting San Francisco Bay, residents appeared to respond to this message of treat- ment plant capacity problems. In Madera, California, a primary message to motivate residents to conserve was that water revenues were insuffi- cient to pay the increasingly high cost of energy for punping water, re- quiring $60,000 to be taken out of the city Treasury to pay the utility bill (Butterfield, 1981). For many programs, including the Pima County, Arizona program described in a later section, the substantial savings in water and energy costs that homeowners can realize through conservation! flow reduction measures has been an effective motivating message. This message of home owner cost savings Is emerging as perhaps the strongest and most nearly universal motivation for people to support coninunity flow reduction/conservation programs (Butterfield, 1981). 11 ------- Tible UI SU S11D A1 WICES, MESSAGES, AlSO !‘!WIICATtON TEC3 IIQUE5 FOR PURL IC !lSFO ATtON PROGRAM Key Audience m’ Moti vati no M.uaee( 5 ) Particular’y *ppropy1 ate l’eclini aims Nine awners/ aparaant renta,s Aparos,nt oi.nars C v1c grtups, u li: inter- est groups (e.g. Lions Club, SIerrs C , League of Wosen Vateii) I4omebuilders Association Kar .ars and p7t binq supply store owners and managers School chi ldrei, Scøut troops and youth groups • Fin rudi tton mewmres SCYS Water, iIw , end dollari with ilidmal cost. little ffort, a nd no thconvenissce. • Fin redu t1on saves tea do11ar by decreasing ml ty expendi turin for building and event. mg tru insnt facilities. • Rtrofittlnq rental ailts saves iuoney at minimal cost and with no tenant di uati sfactl on. • A cncerned coulunmity leaders, tn.y can ignite the progra. • 4ater-savi ng features can enhance the attractiveness of Inaes toxtentlal buyers. • Th S prigra represents an XVOrtIaIi ty to efliliacs public visibility and in. prove tilel r Image. • Increased sales revenues can be obtained If they advertl e, display and stock water-saving devices. • Saving water is f ai. • Saving water Is something they and the tally can do at me. • F n nedtction activities cai be fim and help the cv , 1 ty. • ¶4at!r bill Inserts. • Madla pi.Ølic service an- no*aica,nts. • Presentations. • ali1bits of devices and cost saving information. • Tru uent facility tours. • !nlermation flyers nailed to landlords. • P ’egent!tl ens at neeti migs to encourag. acti ‘c S upoort and suggest Ictivitles they can do. • Wor h ps or meetl’iqs of einber representat, yes. • !nf rmat1on flyers. • Wcrtshops or meetings. • Information flyers. • Puzzles about conservation. • Math problein snowing water, ener ’ savings. • Essay/poster contests. • 1aka-I e class assigruients on reading water, gas meters. • Activitlin to earn a water- saving badge or certificate. • Pri entation at club meet- legs. • ContestS of exMbit for dis- play at fairs or shopping centers. ------- While educating and Informing the public about flow reduction and its benefits Is the core of any program, relying only on the increased public awareness that this brings about to get people to take action is tenuous. Studies have shown that the link betwaen educating people about environmental matters and influencing their behavior generally is weak (Baiinann, 1981; Bell et al , 1978). A strategy is needed that not only informs people about what behavioral changes are In order but also ac- tively prompts them to make those changes and reinforces those changes when they occur. Accomplishing this requires no additional coarunication techniques, but rather requires that techniques be Implemented in a se- quence, time frame and manner such that these prompting and reinforcing effects result. Prompts -— written, spoken, or visual messages that en- courage a specific action -— are especially Important when the program is getting underway. Billboard messages, posters, press conferences and exhibits are just a few techniques wall suited for this task. ReinfGrce- ment involves influencing behavior through positive incentives (e.g. giving water credits for a level of monthly water use below a certain amount), negative incentives, or feedback. Feedback, in particular, is essential if water users are to continue their efforts over an extended period of time. Showing water users that their conservation efforts are having a positive effect can help motivate them to continue their efforts; making them aware that they could be do- ing better can motivate them to try harder. One technique several coimnunitles have used to provide feedback on an individual basis to water users Is to highlight on the water bill how the quantity of water used that particular month compares with the pre- vious month or with the same month of the previous year. Occasional press conferences also can provide feedback by informing the public of measur- able reductions in wastewater flows to the treatment plant, or relating how many of the comunity’s residents have Installed retrofit devices. Sending speakers to local service club meetings provides another oppor- tunity to give feedback on overall program performance. Combining an awareness of available coninunicatlon techniques, mo- tivating messages and audiences to be reached with a small measure of Ingenuity can result In an exciting and effective public information pro- gram. Table IV describes some ideas that conmiunities around the nation have implemented. 13 ------- Table IV NOVEL IDEAS IMPLE?IENTED IN PUBUC INFORMATION PROGRAMS The Mann Municipal Water District in Northern California CONVEY ORIGINAL distributed a brochure entitled ‘Water Saving lips - From Our Consui rs° containing suggestions received from its &lJ r wI’I CijPI- own customers on ways to save water, energy and money. SUMERS WATER CREDITS The Goleta County Water District in Goleta, California AND CASH RE established a water conservation credit program where- — by District customers using less than 700 cubIc feet FUNDS (5,236 gallons) of water per month averaged over the prevIous year qualified for a cash refund or water cre- dit. Westminster, Colorado’s water conserv tlon prograw has in- cluded an annual Water Awareness Week during which an in— SPECIAL wAT q tensive public information effort draws attention to the importance of water conservation. In preparation for this AWARENESS week during May 1980, the city encouraged school children WEEX to submit drawinqs, essays and poems on ter conservation themes to be displayed In City Hall. Schools were also invited to schedule 30—45 minute tours of Westniinister’s water plant. The East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland , CLASSROOM California developed “The Official Captain Hydro Water Conservation Workbook.” Many comeunities throughout ‘4ORIGOOKZ the country have included the Workbook in their school curricula. Its wide—ranging use and acceptance attests to the effectiveness of this education technique. A water conservation program In Yin inia implemented DEIONSTRATION through the Virginia Water Resources search Center has MODELS Included demonstration models showing how to fix leaks and how to retrofit showers, toilets, and faucets. The Virginia program has also included workshops for ichool teachers to “ihow them how to incorporate water use and conservation lessons into science curricula. FOR SCHOOL The Virginia teachers have responded enthusiastically to these workshops and to the water conservation work- book developed for use in schools. About 15,000 copies of the workbook, which included take—home assignments, have also been distributed to 4—H clubs (Birch, 1980). 14 ------- Table IV (Continued) Water conservation exhibits displayed at shopping centers, SPECIAL EX- county fairs, 4—H clubs and garden clubs have been very HIBITS-—WATEP well received by Virginia coiiinunltles . Some of these ex- hibits include a cauliputer quiz which estimates an mdlvi- USE COMPUTER dual’s water use based on his or heranswers to several QUIZ questions and suggests ways of cutting back water use. As part of Its water conservation public information PRESENTATIONS effort, the Illinois Department of Coninerce arid Com- munity Affairs made presentations to local housing TO HOUSING authorities on the use of water conservation devices AUTHORITIES housing and structures undergoing renovation (Illinois Department of Coninerce and Community Affairs, 1979). Also as part of the Illinois procram , contacts were made 1 CONTACTING with manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers to encourage PLUMBING promotion of their water saving devices. The message con- veyed was that such promotion can bring them profits and SUPPLIERS provide a valuable community service. A nunber of coninunities have enclosed simple flyers TELL HOW To or inserts with water bills explaining how to read a water meter. Making people aware of their water use READ METERS is an essential first step in achieving water savings; the consciousness-raising effect of this one technique enhances the effectiveness of all others. The Denver Water Department’s water conservation efforts include a computer analysis which allows the utility to USE WATER point out Increases or decreases in water use on each customer’s water bill. Periodic feedback on how users BILLS TO GIVE are doing in their own conservation efforts has been FEEDBACK found to be an effective tool for reinforcing behavior or motivating users to take firmer action. INVOLVE The Denver program involved students In performing In- home water-wasting checks and provided them with rewards STUDENTS and incentives for Implementing water conservation prac- tices. 15 ------- Table IV (Concluded) Denver’s proq am also included enlisting pl nbing rnartufac- RATING SYSTZM turers, suppliers, and the construction Industry In develop— FOR WATER- ing a water-use rating system. When attached to pl .m ing fixtures and appliances, these ratings make consisners aware USING APPLI- of and allow then to compare the quantities of water used ANCES by various household appliances (Denver Water Department, 1979). Several public information programs, Including those of the Goleta County Water District and the City of San COOPERATION Buenaventura in California , obtained the cooperation FROM LOCAL of local restaurants in serving water only to customers RESTAURANTS reqi sting It. Table tents small card folded in half and placed on the table) ware distributed for use in these restaurants. The cards told how much water and ener j wnuld be wasted by automatically serving ice water to every patron. 16 ------- E. Highlights of Three Counnunities’ Flow Reduction Public Information Programs 1.. Marlcopa Association of Governments, Phoenix, Arizona Wastewater flows to Maricopa County, Arizona’s largest wastewater treatment plant were only 600,000 gallons per day short of the plant’s capacity In late 1.978. Projections showed that the 115 million gallon per day plant, serving Phoenix, Tempe, Glendale and several other Arizona cities, could only acconmiodate an additIonal 6,000 persons and that its capacity would be exceeded In approximately four to eight months. Several smaller treatment plants in the county were also either at or near capa- city. As viewed then, no additional capacity from facility expansions would be available until October 1981 at the earliest -— three years away. Tn November 1978, the Marfcopa Association of Governments (stAG), a voluntary association representing 1 cities and towns in Maricopa County and the Maricopa County Government, launched a full-scale flow re- duction public Information/education program in an attempt to alleviate the c unty’s severe treatment capacity problem. The focus of the program was not to raise fears about art impending crisis but rather to educate the public about the county’s wastewater treatment problems and how in- dividuals could help to relieve them. The severity of the situation de- mended that a program get underway quickly and remain active. One of MAG’s first steps was to secure the services of a public relations firm to help shape an effective public Information campaign. An initial period of research and planning resulted in the selec- tion of twelve distinct public information techniques to comprise the first phase of the flow reduction program. A flexible but well-ordered plan for Implementing the selected program components was also developed in this planning stage. The elements comprising MAG’s flow reduction pub- lic information program are briefly described below (fAaricopa Association of Governments, 1979): • Program themes . Three themes were created to establish an identity for the program and to lend continuity to all pro- gram components: 17 ------- A cartoon—i Ike character named “Share Faucet.” - A catchy name for the program - WOW,” an acronym for itlatch Our Wastewater.” — A program slogan -— “Help Slow the Flow! Watch Our Wa stawa tar.” • First brochure entitled, “The Who, What, When, Where, Why and How of WOWK . This easy-to—read, yet Informative bro- chure briefly described the county’s wastewater problem and the ob4ectives of the WOW program. A total of 15,000 brochures were distributed, the mijority going to city and town halls, the news media, hardware and plunbing stores, individuals on the hAG’s 208 water quality mailing list, and uienters of the Central Arizona Home Builder’s Associ- ation. r-ey were later used for program presentations and distrlbuta to local civic groups. • Low . The public relations fire designed a sheet of dif- ferent size drawings of the “Share Faucet” logo, called a “logo bug sheet.” The purpose of the logo bug was to give continuity to all visual components of the program - - newspaper ads, brochures, billboards, and the like. Dur- ing the spring of 1979, an average of 35 logo bugs per week appeared In the county’s t largest newspapers. • Press kit . Aninforimtion package, consisting of a bro- chure, logo bug sheet, program fact sheet, and outline of an upcoming press conference, was prepared for distribu- tion to city officials and media representatives who uld attend the conference. • Newspaper public service announcements . Over 60 newspaper ar ic1es were published during the initial seven months of the program covering a range of topics, including the coun- ty’s wastewatar orobleme, “Shara Faucet” tips of the week, and announcements of program activities. • Radio and TV public service announcements . Seven televi- s ion spots were produced, mostly from donated efforts. These spot announcements, conmiwiicatlng ways to reduce water use, were estimated to have been broadcast more than 350 tImes during the first seven months of the program. The technique of using radio public service announcements was judged to be one of the most effective measures In the program and was clearly the technique that reached the most people. Figure 5 descrIbes one of the 30..second ra- dio announcements used throughout the program. Figure 6 portrays a 30-second TV public service annøuncement used In the program (Marlcopa Association of Governments, 1979). 18 ------- CUT 1: 2229-A - “SMIR-A-FAUCET ” : SO 1IO EFFECTS: SW RA FAUCET VOICE OVER 501110 EFFtCTS DRIPS OF LEAKY FAUCET “A leaky faucat can ste hundreds of gallons of tar - and our sewage plants are near capacity. This Is Share Faucit asking you to help, so don’t MAN HIJ ING, WATER let the faucet run while you’re brushing your RUNNING... teeth - or shaving. Avoid unnecessary flushing BATHROOM SOUNDS and find out about water saving devices, lake a LITTLE KIDS SPUSH— four-e lnute shoir instead of a bath. Or ‘Shar- 1MG & TALKING a—Faucet’ with a friend. spread the ‘WOW” ward... ANIMATED DRIPS I4elp slow tJ flaw. Watch Our Wastewatert” — —- _____p__ - e ene LOCAL LIVE TAG: “WOW’ Is a p lIc service caa aign sponsored by the 1 r1copa Association of Governments to help stow the flow of wastawater in our Valley. FIgure 5 SAMPLE 30-SECOND PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT FOR RADIO USED IN MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS’ PROGRAM VIDEO: AL IQ : ESTABLISH SNOT OF BATHROOM 50USD EFFECTS OF DRIPPING (INCREASES TO A SINK. SLOW ZOOM i ’D EXTREME GUBH 3ETHEEJS FIRST SPOKEN WORD AND ... ‘OA r) 0.05 E-UP OF LEAKY FAUCET ANNOUNCER VOICE OVER SQUID EFFECTS: A single leaky faucet can waste hiroreos of gallons of precious water each day. DISSOLVE TO ANNOUNCER STANDING Water that ends up Iii our IN FRONT OF WATER RtBIIING INTO ‘ WATER l ’REAT)SENr PUNT sewage rea 1 .en p But here in the Valley, these plants are operating near capacity. And it’s go- Ing to take time to build new ones. DROP DISSOLVE TO ANNOUNCER IN FRONT SOUND EFFECTS: If we don’t cut back on OF OPEN AIR POOLS OF SEWAGE the wastewater we put into the systel today , we’ll be drowning in sowage problens DISSOLVE TO SNOT OF WAGNER SPINNING AGAINST DARK 3AC ROP One little washer can do a lIMO LAYS WRENCH DOWN BESIDE WAGNER big job. CUT/DISSOLVE TO 514AM FAUCET TAG TAG Help slow the flow. Watch SI ERIMP0SED: ‘Watch Our Wasts.atert ” A Sponsored by llaricopa uW ’ Wastewater. Association of Governments. Figure 6 SAMPLE 30-SECOND TV PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT USED IN MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERNMENTS’ PROGRAM 19 ------- • “ Share Faucat ’ ooster . A color poster, depicting the theme character along with a caption encouraging support of the program, was displayed in har are and phmibthg supply stores and markets. It was also used to enhance program presentations. • Billboards . Over 50 full or partial billboards were do- nated to advertise the flow reduction program. Without the donations of a local advertising company and a home building company, the production and display costs of this conruMcation meditait uld have made it Infeasible. • Second brochure: “The Hows of WOW. ” A second brochure, completed in nid—t{ovee er 1975, described six ways to re- duce water use, including better water-using habits, in- stalling water-saving devices, and checking for leaks (Fig- ure 7). ThIs brochure was: - inserted with the water bill - distributed to hardware and phmibing suooly stores, drug stores and markets - distributed by the Central Arizona Home Builders As- sociation during customer wal k—thraughs - distributed at program presentations - distributed by some banks, mobile home parks and Boy Scout troops. o Radio and TV news coverage and local shows . News coverage and segments on local radio and TV shows covered various topics related to the Cøunty’s wastewater problems and the WOW program. • Slide Show . An 11 —minuta color-sound slide show was pre- pared primarily for use in program presentations to local c!ubs and organizations and in schools. A letter was sent to over 200 civic groups explaining the purpose and avail- ability of the slide presentation. The response from these groups indicated it uld likely be an important program technique. A total of 23 presentatIons ware made in less than three months. In addition to these planned tachnlques the Association’s flow reduction program was supplemented by several unplanned activities under- taken by supportive comunity groups and businesses. These activities added very little to overall program COStS and included: 20 ------- • six ways you can help slow the flow! Shara. says the place to start saving water is in the bathroom —it accounts for nearly 75% of the water we use in the home. 1. TOILET FWSHING—OLJR NUMBER I WATER WASTER Eaoh day you and I use about 45 gallonsof water juat flushing the toilet. Every time you flush, 5 to 7 gallonsotwater flaws into the sswec Most toilets osi operate on less. What you can d • Oon’t flush the toilet for Just a soiled tissue; put a basket nearb ,t • Reduce the amount of water used in flushing by displacing some of the volume in the tank. In- U water-saving devices like pl c bottles, weighted and pl ed in the tank, or toilet dams, which reduce er used by as much as 2 gal- lone per flus 2. SHOWERS USE LESS WATER.. .TRY SING- ING SHO I TER SONGS I While bathing does not u.s. tp as much water as th toilet. it runs a good second 30 gallons per day Share ggts • 1 ce shorter showers, 4 to 5 minutes maximum. • Allow small children to Shara Faucerby bath- ing togethi • flirrr shower off while lathering up, then on again forthe rinse. • Install flow-control showerheads, which limit shower flow to about 3 gallons per minute (and faucet aerators which limit flow to about t5 gal- tone per minute) cutting water flow by as much as 50%. Essyto in lI and available in most hard- stores . 5. WASH ONLYRJLL LOADS of dishes and clothes! 6. PLUG ICUR BA1W cHEcK i.uxv ROOM SINK when F WCE1S by inst*lI- weshing hands, ing new washers? face, etc., thus At normal water avoiding water (and pressure, a leaky money) running faucet can waste as down the drain. muoftas 170 gal- Always think Ions of water every 24 hours. CONTENTS OF SECOND PROGRAM BROCHURE 2]. 3. N W OFF while Ing teeth orshavingl 4. Figure 7 ------- • A voluntary oroaram by the Homebuilders Association of Central Arizona to include low—flush toilets, faucet aerators and low—flow shower heads In new home coflstruc• tion. The Homebuilders Association used the logo bug - In its new home advertisements and encouraged its mem- bers to display the Association’s program poster. • Purchase and display of water-saving devices by a chain of convenience markets. • A survey of hardware and plunthing supply stores to sat- isfy public demand for 1m ormation on where low-flow devices could be purchased. The survey yielded infor- mation on the types, quantities and approximate costs of devices carried by various stores. O Fact sheets , an outgrowth of the survey described above, providing descriptions of water-saving devices, informa- tion on water savings and costs associated with the de— vices, and tips for installing the devices. • A booth on ‘law reduction developed by a local Boy Scout troop for an annual scout festIval. A unique feature of this flow reduction public information program was the amount of time and services donated to ft. A rather elaborate program directed toward an audience ntmibering close to one million people was developed with surprisingly smell expenditures by the Assoclatf on 1t self. Approximately $280,000 worth of public relations information and TV and radio air time were included In the program at an actual cost of about $30,000 (Frank, Noventer 1980). A disaggregatad estimated budget for the first phase of MAG’s flow reduction public information program is shown in Table V. In July 1980, t months before funding for the MAG program official- ly ran out, the program was discontinued because of perceived ineffective- ness (Frank, July 1981). To meets Its stated flow reduction objectives, including a g.5 percent reduction In per capita wastewater flows for the period 1980 through 2000, MAG replaced the voluntary public Information program with an effort to Implement piwabing code revisions requiring in- stallation of low-flow plunting fixtures in all new construction and as replacements In existing construction. By January 1, 1981, most of the comunities belonging to the Maricopa Association of Gover wients had Im . plemented the municipal code revisions. Although there is still an 22 ------- Table V ESTIMATED BUOGET FOR MARICOPA ASSOCIATION OF GOVERI1ENTS’ FLOW REDUCTION PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM Production A ncy Cost Cost Total Cost Program Elmeent (3) ($40/lw) (S) Research and p1 nni eq 2000 2000 First brochure (quantity: 15,000) 1440 350 1800 Logobuq 390 80 470 Newspapsr public service ads 300 240 540 Press kIt 270 240 510 Program fact sheet —-- News r.1ei e — 120 120 Shopping center letter 35 80 L15 News conference notification 35 80 115 Radio public service ads 500 240 740 News c ferenca 320 320 iv public service spots 200 2000 Poster (2 color) 240 1040 Bill stuffer (quantity: 250,000) 2380 160 2540 Billboard snipes 570 240 810 5—part TV series ——— 320 320 Second brochore (quantity: 30,000) 1312 320 2132 Distribution of logo bug 15 160 175 Miscellaneous ns releases 100 800 900 Miscellaneous supervision — 680 680 Conti ngsnçy time -— 2000 2000 Totals $10,447 319,407 23 ------- occasional radio, TV or newspaper spot advertisement for the program., no further voluntary public information efforts are planned at this time. Why did what outwardly appears to be a well-organized, comprehen- si-ye public information program lead to abandonment because of perceived ineffectiveness? Though the answer Is plagued with uncertainties, a MAG staff samba? close to the program offered three possible reasons (Frank, July 1981). Flr t, there was no pubitcally—perceived crisis situation no Imainent health hazard or threat of sanctions - to serve as a rally- Ing point for publ Ic support. Radio and TV coverage began to decline when It became clear that what existed was a severe problem and not a crisis of the moment. MAG never intended to portray the problem as a crisis, but rather relied on an accurate portrayal of the problem to be sufficient motivation for support. Second, the content of the MAG public information material did not convey the message that home owners may re- altze substantial cost-savings from flow reduction measures; thus, no financial incentive was provided. Preliminary, cursory analyses had in- dicated to the MG staff that these cost savings would not be substantial (though it was later concluded that a more detaf led look at costs and sav- ings to thehome owner may have led to a different Nnding). Thus, water user cost savings was not emphasized in the program material. Finally, the MAG staff felt constrained by the available budget even with the sub- stantial voluntary support from coninunity groups and enterprises. !n all, one would have to conclude that the MG program represented a valiant attempt to achieve cost-effective flow reduction through a pub- lic lnlormatlon/education campaign at a time when few coemunitles had even considered flow reduction’s possibilities. The program’s aoparent lack of success can be attributed most directly to the absence of a mes- sage that motivated the public to respond with support. In the absence of a comeunity crisis, real or perceived, and without public perception of potential financial benefits, sufficient support never materialized. Insight about flow reduction programe has clearly been gained through MG’s efforts. Additional information about the program can be obtained by contacting f’ rk Frank, 208 Program Ii nager for MPG (address and phone mister provided in Bibliography). Arrangements to borrow or purchase a copy of the MG slide show and possibly other materials can also be made through Mr. Frank. 24 ------- 2. Pima Association of Governments, Tucson, Arizona “Slow the Flow” Is the central theme of the Pima Association of Governments’ (PAG) flow reduction public Information program. Introduced in Septenter 1979, the “Slow the Flow” program focuses on reducing indoor water use. “Slow the Flow” has been ia lemented in tandem with another Tucson program called “Beat the Peak,” introduced by the Tucson Water Department in June 1977 and oriented toward reducing peak su mier water demand. “Slow the Flow” is promoted actively during Septenter through Mass while “Seat the Peak” is emphasized during the three sumner months when outdoor water use is greatest. “Slow the Flow” Is sponsored jointly by PAG, the City 0 f Tucson, Pima County Wastewatar Management and the League of Women Voters. The program is also jointly funded, including funding from the Tucson Water Ut ii I ty. PAG’s “Slow the Flow” program has successfully used traditional coninunication techniques: messages placed on billboards, flyers sent out in water bills, exhibits displayed at libraries and shopping malls, volun- teer groups used to distribute materials, and advertisements placed in newspapers and on buses —— all promoting the “Slow the Flow” theme. Pub- lic information material was developed to support a retrofit program through which nearly 100,000 watersaver kits containing toilet tank bags and plastic shower flow restrictors have been distributed county-wide through public libraries, banks and other organizations. Along with mak- ing effective use of standard public Information program techniques, the PAG program includes several features that highlight how programs can be tailored to meet the needs of an Individual coninunity: • Brochure for Tenants and Landlords . After learning that many of the people refusing the water saving kits were apartment dwellers not responsible for paying their water bills, PAG added to Its program a brochure specifically designed for apartment tenants. The brochure, entitled “The Renters Guide to Easy Water Conservation,” asks ten- ants to consider the question: “Why conserve water if your landlord foots the bill?” The brochure stresses the savings in energy costs that tenants can realize from the hot water saved by using flow reduction devices as well as the conriunity and taxpayer benefits of reduced long-term 25 ------- westeweter treatment costs. Though spec if I cal 1 y des I gned for tenants, the brochure contains Infonnation sefu1 to landlords; ntinerous aparthent and mobile home park managers have requested it. The PAG brochure has reached over 4,000 apartment owners and 20,000 renters. • Slide Show on Retrofitting . A 10-minute slide—tape produc- tion focusing on the costs and benefits of retrofitting homes with various weter saving devices has been shown to over 50 comeunlty groups. The slide show has been well re- ceived at group presentations and Is considered one of the strongest elements of PAGEs program (Dorsey, July 1981). A four-page brochure, containing the chart shown In Figure 8, is distributed to those viewing the slide show and helps to enphaslze the message of home owfler’s cost savings. AINIU*1. ETU I ON INV TIIOST 37 5% lO S 175 __ ___ ___ I I ___ — Stici s Rul Estata Gold Faucit IIS Aerator SPic r 4ead sa’t It Ulng. iIth a single 1nes is.it n t on. water saving devica. you can en Joy . .nal annual etw, s. n ’ that you will Piave no probmnn fir 1ng othsr n. for. nsy In your poctet. Figure 1 CIVRT FROM B*OOIURE tCX ACCJIPAIIIES SLIDE SHOW P- DUC FCR PM SLOW T iar oe m - 26 ------- • Appeal to Senior Citizens . The large., elderly retired population In the area was found to be a key audience for coninunlcatlon about water conservation. The signi- ficant proportion of their cost-of-living represented by the cost of water and energy coupled with their fixed Incomes motivates these elderly residents (both perma- nent and long-term winter residents) to adopt water sav- ing practices. An especially enthusiastic response to the slide show has come from senior citizens. The pro- gram’s messages reach these people through PAG presen- tations to organizations of retired federal employees, church groups, and gatherings of retirement colmiunity residents. • Use of Civic Groups and Schools . The local chapter of the League of Women Voters co—sponsors the “Slow the Flows ’ program. The league received an $8,000 EPA grant to fund teacher workshops on water conservation and flow reduction. O Demonstration Model for Presentation . A working model of a toilet tank made of transparent acrylic is used In presentations to schools and comnunity groups to de- monstrate how to Install toilet dams. Current plans for the PAG flow reduction program include a more in- tensive effort to encourage apartment and mobile home owners to install water saving devices in their rental units, and to encourage more managers of phanbing and hardware supply stores to display and stock water saving fixtures In a visible location in their stores. Over 25 percent of these store managers have agreed to participate. Beginning in September or October of 1981, PAG will also be working with a small water company that serves several mobile hcme parks to conduct a test of public use and ac- ceptance of more expensive water saving devices (con ared to the devices contained in the water—saving kits). Plans also Include continuing with the techniques that have been used during the program thus far. Though no surveys were conducted to determine the extent to which the public has been motivated to take specific actions, the techniques used thus far have been judged relatively effective based on overall pub- lic response (Dorsey, July 1981). Presentations to coimnunity groups are generally followed by significant numbers 0 f requests for more informa- tion. A local TV station has recently used information contained in “Slow the Plow” public Information material in developing a documentary on the groundwater situation In the region and the need for conservation. 27 ------- Carol Dorsey, the principal coordinator and person responsible for implementing the PAG TM Slow the Flow’ program, feels that the techniques used have proven to be an effective package . Billboard messages and signs on buses may not motivate individuals to take action but are needed to give credibility and visibility to the program. Water bill Inserts and especially the slide show have provided strong motivation for public support. Finally, the strongest message comeunicated through the program has appeared to be the dollar savings • particularly hot water energy cost savings to water users from Implementing flow reduction measures (Dorsey, July 1981). Persons deSiring to learn more about the PAG program can contact Carol Dorsey of the Plum Association of Governments (address and phone rn.inber provided in Bibliography). Arrangements car, also be made through Ms. Qorsey to purchase cople3 of the slides and script used in the slide show or other “Slow the Flowfl program materials. 3. Howard County, Maryland Howard County, Maryland began implementing its water conservation! f1 w reduction program in March 1980 in an attempt to avoid unnecessary expansion of water and wastewater treatment facilities and in response to stipulations for obtaining funds through EPA’s Construction Grants Pro- gram. Howard County has undergone relatively rapid residential develop- nent. To help offset the increased water demand and wastawater flows caused by residential growth and to help reduce water and sewer system expansion costs, a specific program goal of reducing per capita residen- tial use by 15 percent (from 77 gpcd to 65 gpcd) was established. Implemented through the Bureau of Environmental Services in the De- par-tnient of Public Worics, Howard County’s program has included a strong public information component to support the County’s efforts In retrofit- ting water-using fixtures in existing residences (including single family homes, townhouses, apartment complexes and condominluans). Specific ele- ments of Howard County’s ongoing flow reduction public information pro- gram include the following: • Contactlnq Target Audiences . Residential associations, apart nt complex owners and townhouse owners have been contacted through letters designed to stimulate their as ------- Interest in the County’s program. These letters conveyed the results of a retrofitting program involving 2,500 ren- tal apartment units which Indicated that savings of 20 to 25 percent in water and sewer costs and 10 to 12 percent In hot water energy costs could be expected from installa- tion of faucet flow restrjctors, shower head flow restric- tors., and toilet dams, along with leak repair. Each let- ter briefly described what the retrofitting program in- cluded, how it would be carried out, and the telephone num- ber of the appropriate person to contact about participa- ting In the program. • Reinforcing with Water Bills . Water bills were modified to help residential customers monitor their monthly water use and compare it to the county’s conservation goal of 65 gallons per capita per day (gpcd). Each water bill pro- vides the current and preceding month’s average daily usage rate (total water use for the billing period divided by the nunter of days In the billing period). A flyer was distributed with the water bills when the com- parative water use feature was added to draw the custo- mers’ attention to it and to encourage them to compare their actual water use with the program goal of 65 gpcd (Figure 9). The flyer encouraged those exceeding their goal to call the Bureau of Environmental Services to obtain free water sav- ing devices and ideas on how to save additional water. A status report on the program subsequently prepared by the Bureau indicated that 200 phone calls had been received and that 80 of these calls resulted in a visit to the Bureau to obtain water saving devices (Irvin, June 1981). • Other Reinforcing Techniques . A booklet entitled “The Worth of Waters ’ was prepared which describes the Howard County water supply and water treatment systems. This booklet has been mailed to customers along with monthly water bills. A slide show based on the booklet was also developed. • Targetina to the Student Audience . An emphasis on in—school education has included three specific elements (Irvin, June 1981): - Placing two water conservation films in the county’s Department of Education dia Center and making the films available to environmental education classes. - Including water conservation curriculum materials in the environmental education coursework carried out in schools. It is expected that a revised version of the Captain Hydro series (see Appendix C), developed for the East Say Municipal Utility District of Oakland., Cal Ifor- nia, will be purchased for use in classrooms. Consider- ation also has been given to use of the “Water and Man” 29 ------- activity guides and lesson plans developed by Water and 1’an., Inc. of Salt Lake City, Utah. Distributing vater conservation kits to schools wnen requested front the Bureau. At the time of this writing, approximately 2,500 kits had been distributed. S Jiliig new has beeui added to your water bill. It’s a new way to ewu your water consition. 3çfnning with this bill, your average daily witir use (the total nt er of gallons you used during th, billing pen- ad) will be d1s layed. Far 9 ,inison purposes, your average daily water use for the last billing period will also be dis- played. In addition, wa have .stabl ished a Water C nserc.tion Goal - the maber of gallons per day (65) for sech of your household iu ens which - ,p -.sents efficient water use. The table below will halo you to deterwine the goal for your en- tire ftly. C ane your ictual water use— this bill and last bill-— witit your goal. If you’re using nere water than your goal, call the 8w... of £nvirai ental Services, at 992-2338, for fre- water savers and w t sense Ideas to help prevent water waste. NU1 BER OF CONSERVATION GOAL HOUSE)iOLD ERS GALLONS PER DAY 1 55 2 3 195 4 250 5 325 6 390 7 1455 $ 520 Figure 9 FLYER INT OUCIN8 WATER VU. P OIP1CAT1ON TO OIA COtntTY WATER U RS 30 ------- • Use of Newspaper Publicity . Program publicity included press coverage by several newspapers including the Howard County Bureau 0 f the Baltimore Sun and an Associated Press article in the Washington Post . These articles ex- plain the rationale and goals of the program and the spe- cific elements that comprise it. They also have served to personalize the program by highlighting the dynamic per- sonality and enthusiasm of the program’s manager, Albert Frank. Costs to date of Implementing the device Installation and accompany- ing public Information/education program have Included three to six months of one staff person’s salary for program planning and approximately $32,000 for production and purchasing of materials (Frank, September 1981). Pro- gram coordinator Al Frank estimates that 15 percent of the county’s goal of a 3.5 percent reduction in per capita residential water use has been achieved. An estimated water savings of 150,000 gallons per day re- sulted from the device installation/public information program in the first year. Public reaction to the program has been positive and plans are to keep the program ongoing (Frank, September 1981). A key feature of Howard County’s program has been tile targeting of specific residential groups and associations as prime candidates for par- ticipating in the program. Through personal contact and an effective mo- tivating message, the Howard County program has gained the support of key coimnunity groups and individuals. Additional Information about Howard County’s program can be obtained by contacting Albert Frank, Program Manager for Water Conservation with the Howard County Bureau of Environ- mental Services (address and phone n mter provided in Bibliography). 4. Observations on Apparent Effectiveness of Programs The foregoing narratives on flow reduction programs in Pima County and Howard County provide empirical evidence about potentially-receptive audiences, messages appropriate for those audiences, and media for com- municating these messages. Observations on the apparent effectiveness of the programs in Pima and Howard Counties are sumarized In Table VI. The experience 0 f the Maricopa Association of Governments is excluded from this siminary because of the program’s apparent lack of success, as perceived by the Program Manager. 31 ------- mu. Yr SUPWRY OF AFPAflNILY EFECTTYE FUW RCUCT1ON PWAM E.DENTS U D IN PUS CWXrf, ARI M AND HOWARD C3PITY, PSRYLANO tenants, Landlords and Msidential Associations S Savings In mar y costs to tanants by using flow re- duction dewiest to reduce hot water use. Caavity and tax payer benefits of reducing long..ts’ie waste- water D’ee nt cons. - die Brochure distributed to tenants, apartrt o *rs, mobile home part managers. R.trofitting can san 20— 25 partaut in water and s r cons and 10.42 per- cat in hot water aner’fl costs — Latter conveying re- sults of retrofitting 2400 renal units with water saving de— den. ks.aars, Fixed Inane Gnias and Civic Grows Mtrofitting with water- saving devices sans ta- i, and provi des a sttstsn— tial asual return on D i- S Slid. show on costs and benefits of retro- fitting with accom- pnying brochure. Residential Cjj e toners 5tudants Ccn sre monthly ‘star use to conmunity 5 con serva— tion goal of 65 gpcd. IMdantand the. cflh of water In terms of local water siwply and waste— water trea t systs. install toilet s to reduce wastewater flow. l¼djfied ‘star bills showing cur’ent and preceding average monthly water usa, with accanying ex- planatory flyer. SookIet acen—panyfnq water bills and slide presentation. Working modal of toi- let tank for use In presentations. Understand the benefits of water conservation. Islanent water conser- vation at ha. Water conservation files and currictilte , materials. Water conservation kits distr ibuted In school s. PiSI ic4t-targe Articles explaining the rationale,_goals and pro- ye . el its of a aeii ’s flow reduction gra. Sac aware of cay- nity’s flow reduction progra and goals. ¼wspapers. Billboards and signs in buses. 32 ------- F. Materials to Assist in Developing Your Own Public Information Pro- gram 1. OvervIew of Materials Provided Materials included in Appendices A, B, and C are intended to pro- vide the basic elements for designing a relatively simple or more elabo- rate coimiunity-specific flow reduction program. You are the best judge of what may be effective In your coninwilty. Thus, the materials are or- ganized so as to provide flexibility In deciding what to include In your program and how specific to the coninunlty you want the public information to be. The material is organized as follows: • Appendix A: “FLOW DOWN Program” Clip Art . The envelope at the back of this booklet contains a set of original, reproducable clip art suitable for implementing a “least- cost” flow reduction program built around a FLOW DOWN theme. Clip art Is provided for a poster, a bunper sticker, print media advertisements (e.g., newspapers, newsletters), triple—fold “how—to” brochures, and fact/ work sheets. Appendix A contains copies of this art with accompanying instructions and possible uses. All material In Appendix A emphasizes positive financial and environmental Incentives to motivate and reinforce water—saving/flow reducing actions. In all, 18 pieces of original clip art are provided. Each can be per- sonalized by adding the name and address of the entity sponsoring the program (utility, agency, and the like). • Apoendix B: Assunptions and Calculations . This provides information (e.g., water and energy rates) on assuiiptions and calculations used to develop the fact/work sheet clip art in Appendix A (e.g., energy and cost savings from fix- ing a leaky faucet). It can be used to modify the clip art to more accurately reflect coiiinunity conditions, or to develop additional material. • Appendix C: Mini-Catalog 0 f Available Flow Reduction/ Water Saving Materials . This provides examples of ma- terials available from sources around the country and in- formation on cost and ordering. Although much of the material was developed for water conservation programs (which focus on Indoor and outdoor water use), these ma- terials can be equally effective in flow reduction pro- grams (which focus primarily on indoor water use). Ma- terial in Appendix C can be used-to au9nent the FLOW DOWN clip art (e.g., with material designed for elemen- tary school students) or to develop a different program. 33 ------- In addition to the meterial and information in the Appendices, a detailed bibliography and list of references is provided for those de- siring further information. 2. Examole of a “Least—Cost” Program Implementation Strategy The clip art in Appendix A Is intended to provide coumiunities with the basic elements of a pLthlic Information program while sparing them the drain on limited in-ho’ise staff resources, or the expense of engaging the services of a professional advertising agency, layout and graphic design artist, or technical concept development professional. As such it repre- sents a least-cost” program. Costs also can be kept reasonable by en- listing the services and talents of various civicand youth groups in your conmtunity, individual volunteers and business donors, as shown through the experiences of other coainunity flow reduction/water conserva- tion programs. The clip art in Appendix A should assist in motivating the citizens in your coimtunity to participate in a flow reduction program, and to take positive actions with an eye toward saving money in water and energy use as well as flowing down the amount of water entering comuunity sewers, including both clean water and wastewater. An example of how to use this clip art in implementing your program Is provided In Table VII , which identifies target audiences, messages conmiunicated, and possible coulnuni- cation or distribution media for each item in Appendix A. The clip art itself is characterized as follows: • Focus on 31q Water and/or Energy Users . Some of the main indoor household water and/or hot water energy users are showers, toilets, faucets, and leaks. The clip art focuses on these uses. • Emphasize Practical and Low—Cost Flow Reduction Measures . Relativelylow cost flow reduction/water saving measures are featured for each use. • Emphasize Monetary Savings . Each household can save money in water use and/or hot water energy use by adopting the measures promoted In the clip art. • Emphasize Environmental Benefit . In addition to saving money, Individuals and households can reduce the amount of clean water flowing into sewers, the amount of 34 ------- Table VII IXNWLI Of tAST-COST” PROGRAM AND DWL1I NTAT ION STRATEGY Audience(s ) Message(s ) Clip Art from Appendii A Possible Couiisunlcat ion/ DistributIon Media a Public-At-large Turn Drops Into Dollars; Flow Down Poster • Pimubing & Hardware Stores a Schools & Libraries • Coiwaunity Office Buildings • Displays (of water saving devices). • Chaaèer of Couuauerce • Bus Stations FLOW IXMI Bumper Sticker • Volunteer Groups (e.g., Scout Troups, 4-il Clubs) Door-to- Door Distribution. • Comeunity and/or Utility Office Buildings (Available for Pickup). Turn Drops into Dollars: Sup- port the 110W I)0WN Program. Flow down household sewage. Reduce coumsunity costs for sewage treatment. Contribute to a cleaner environment. Print Media “Teaser Ad (Watch this space...) • Comeunity Newspaper • Utility Newsletter • Church Newsletter • School Newspaper • 4-li Club Newsletter • Civic Groups Newsletters Availability of “FLOW DOWtI ”; Guides for (1) Reading Water Meter (2) fIxing Leaky Fau- cet, 13) inserting Flow Re- strictor Three (3) Print Media Adver- t isements. • Possible coumiunication media as above. A simple specific action can reduce the amount of clean water flowing into the sewers and save dollars as well as energy in some cases. (I) “Find and Repair Leaks” (faucets). (2 )”Reduce Shower Water Use.” (3)”lnsert Toi- let Dams.” (4) ”Find and Repair teaks” (toilets). Four (4) Print Media Mver- tisemeists. • As above. • Junior high or High School Students • Scout Troops You can save money hi waLes and energy costs for your household, asid (how down the amount of clean water entering Liaiuiusunlty sewers. Fact/Work Sheets (as described above). how-b” Iriple Folds (as de- si.siIieJ above). • Environmental Education Classes. • Special Projects. (,J 01 • 4-Il Clubs • Displays at County Fairs, and the like. ------- 141110 VII (Continued) Au4Ience ) • hued inctime Groups • tenants and Landlords • Iloaaeowners • Nubile iloee Parks LA) G b You con check your pluatilny sys- tea for leaks by lunilag Law to read your water enter. You ciii (in leaky faucets end save water. You can Insert a flow restrictor In your shower md save dollars and energy. Finding and repairing leaky few- cets can save enney In water end energy costs, and flow dowa the aneunt of clean water in sewers. F iedkig and repairing toilet leaks can save auney In water use, and flow dawn the awaunt el clean water going Into sewers. Ait Froa en4l. iIow.I ON Triple Fold on Read- lug Water Paiters. NSIOW4 ON Triple Fold on F in- leg lealy Faucets. ‘ li e u -To TM triple Fold on In- serting Slew Restriciors. Fact/Work Slinat en Leaky Fan- cets, and foreulas (or Calcu- lit leg Household Costs and Savings true Repairing Leaks. Fact/Work Sheet on Toilet Water Use, and Formulas for Calculating household Costs and Savings f row Repairing Leaks. Possible Couiniunlcat lon/ Distribullon Nudie • Uandou t at Group Nuetleg • Mail with Utility Bills • Volunteer Groups, Reor-lo- Door DIstrIbutIoN. • C’”.”uity and/or Utility 01- f ices Libraries, and the like LAva liable for Pickup) • Possible distribut lon/cos- un lcation media as above, and consider also: • Herdeare and Piuudiing Stores. • As above. • As above. • A* above. • In addition to the above au- diences. consider; ilamebuilder’s Associations Inserting flow restrictors In showers can save money In water and energy costs, and flow dowuu the amount 01 household sewage. Sac 1/Wail Sheet on Shower Water Use, eiud Ioaiuulas for Calcula- ting household Costs and Sav- ings true inserting Flow Restric- tort. • As above. • Stellar to the preceding, consider also Skimebuilder’s Atsoc lit Ions Insta l l liig faucet aerators or spray taps, or flow restrictors or controllers, can save money In water and energy costs, and flow down the amount of buote- hold sewage. Fact/Work Sheet on Faucet Water Use, arnl lormulas (or Calcula- hug i lousiJ iold Costs and 5ev- usgs traua Installing hater-Re- ducluig Devices. a As above. Reducing toilet waler use by Installing shiuple devices or hal1 w trap toIleI can save iw)usey In wale. costs, and flow down thu auuuunt of waslewater enter log the sewer. Fact/Work Sheet on Toilet Water Use, auni Formulas for Calculi thug lk usuhuld Cutts and Sav- ings lrua Iuistel ltssg Water-Be- diu.huig liuv Ices or Shallow hap 1ul let .. a As above • As above. ------- wastewater in coemiunity sewers, and the amount of wastewater flowing to trea nt facilities. • Provide Central Theme . A central theme -— FLOW DOWN - is provided as a unifying device for a flow reduction program. tre specific instructions for reproducing the clip art, and suggestions for using It, are provided In Appendix A. 37 ------- REFERENCES AHD B IBL IOGRAPHY Baunmnn, Duane D. April, 1981. “Information Programs and Consumer Adop- tion of Water Conservation.” Abstract of paper presented at the 1981 National Water Conservation Conference, Denver, Colorado. - Bell, Paul A., Jeffrey D. Fisher, and Ross J. Loomis. 1978. Environmental Psychology . Reprint of Chapter Ten: Changing Behavior to S vironment.” W.3. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Birch, Sandra. December 1980. Personal Comunication. Virginia Water Resources Research Center. Blacksburg, Virginia. Butterfield, Suzanne. July 1981. Personal Comunication. Chief of the Office of Water Conservation, Department of Water Resources. Sacramento, California. California Department of Water Resources. January 1976. Proceedings: An Urban Water Conservation Conference . Los Angeles, California. California Department of Water Resources. May 1976. Water Conservation in California . Bulletin No. 198. Sacramento, California. California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. May 1977. Corm unity Water Management for the Drought and Beyond: A Handbook for Local Govern- ment . Sacramento, California. California Department of Water Resources. 1978. A Pilot Water Conserva- tion Program . ulletin No. 191. (Including Appendices A—F). Sacramento, California. Consumer Reports. October 1978. Volume 43, No. 10. Denver Water Department. June 1979. ExecutIve Suiwiary of Denver Water Department Inst tut1onalized Water Conservation Program. Denver, Colo- rado. Dorsey 1 , Carol. July 1981. Personal Comunicatlon. Pima Association of Goverrm ents. Tucson, Arizona. Flack, Ernest 3., Wade P. Weakley, and Duane W. Hill. 1977. Achieving Urban Water Conservation: A Handbook . Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, Colorado State University. Fort Collins, Colorado. Frank 2 , Albert. September 1981. Personal Conmtunlcation. Program Manager for Water Conservation. Howard County Bureau of Environmental Services. Ellicott City, Maryland. 38 ------- References (Continued) Frank 3 1 Mark. November 1980 and July 1981. Personal Coi nunication. Maricopa Association of Governments. Phoenix, Arizona. Illinois Department of Comerce and Comunity Affairs. November 1979. Illinois Water Conservation Program . Irvin, James M. June 1981. Chief, Bureau of Environmental Services, Department of Public Works of Howard County. Internal memo regarding status of water conservation program. Ellicott City, Maryland. Lattie, James. 1977. UP lic Education for Water Conservation.’ in Conmtunity Water Management for the Drought and 8eyond . California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. Sacramento, California. t4aricopa Association of Governments. July 1979. “MAG 208 Flow Reduction Program Progress Report.” Phoenix, Arizona. Maricopa Association of Governments 208 Staff. July 1980. Assessment 0 f Plumbing Code Revisions in Achieving Wastewater Flow Reductiän . Marl- copa Association of Governments. Phoenix, Arizona. McGhee, Ronnie, Mary Reardon and Arleen Shulman, eds. 1978. in Water Conservation . National Association of Counties Research, Inc. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1976. Water Savinqs . Prepared for the Santa Clara Valley Water District. San Jose, California. Muller, John G. 1975. “The Potential for Energy Savings Through Reduc- tions In Hot Water Consianptlon.” in Proceedings -— Conference on Water Conservation and Sewage Flow Reduction With Water-Saving Devices . Penn- sylvania State University. July 1975. Nelson, John Olaf. March 1977. North Mann’s Little Coinoendiun of Water Saving Ideas . North Mann County Water District. Novato, Califor- nia. Nelson, John 0. No date. “Flow Reduction by Sensible Water Conserva- tion.” North Mann County Water District. Novato, California. Pennsylvania State UnIversity. July 1975. Proceedlrics - Conference on Water Conservation and Sewa Flow Reduction with Water-Saving Devices . University Park, Pennsylvania. PRx. 1981. Santa Clara County Water Conservation Campaign, Program No. 1. -— Final Report. Prepared for California DWR, Santa Clara Valley Water District, and City of San Jose. Cupertino, California. 39 ------- References (Continued) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water Resources. April 1979. An Annotated Bibliography on Water Conservation . Prepared by Planning and Management Consultants, Ltd. Contract No. DACW72—78—M-0742. Fort Belvoir, Virginia. U.S. Depar tent of Energy. 1980. The Low Cost/NoCost Ener v Conserva- tion Proaram In Mew naland: An Evaluation . Prepared by Booz, Allen & Hamilton for U.S. DOE Market Davelopment Branch. Contract No. AMO1 . 80CS21366. Washington, D.C. (Program Included distribution of plastic sho r flow restri ctors.) U.S. EPA. Septeither 27, 1978. “Municipal Wastewater Trea nent Works Construction Grants Program (40 CFR, Part 35, Subpart E). Federal Reqi s- Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA. January, 1979. M micioal Wastewatar Manacement — Citizens Guide to Facility Planning . Prepared by the Conservation Foundation f r the Office of Water Program Operations. Washington, D.C. Clem L. Rastat- tar, ed. U.S. EPA. January 1979. Municipal Wastewater Manacement - Public Involve— rnent Activities Guide . Prepared by the Conservation Foundation for the Office of Water Program Operations. Washington, D.C. Clam L. Rastatter, ed U.S. EPA. February 16, 1979. “State and Local Assistance, Grants for Construction of l’reateent Works’ (40 CFR, Part 35, Subpart E). Feder!l R g1c r . (Regulations on Public Participation In the Municipal Waste- water Treateent Works Construction Grants Program Carried Out Under the Clean Water Act). Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA. 1979. Proceedings: National Conference on Water Conservation & Municipal Wastewatar FTow Reduction . Helu in C iicago, Illinois. Novem- ber 1978. Prepared by E nvfro C ntroT, Inc. for EPA Office of Water Pro- gram Operations. Contract No. 68—03—2674. Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA. March 1980. Residential Water Conservation: An Annotated Bibliography . Prepared for the U.S. [ Jeparthient Of Piousing. anG urban Development by Pabon, Sims, Smith and Associates, mc. Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA. March 1981. Flow Reduction: Methods, Anal sis Procedures 1 Examples . Prepared by INTASA, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, for EPA Office or Water Program Operations, Facility Requilrements Division. Washington, D.C. Vossbrink, David J. November 1980. Personal Coninunication. Sr. Public Information Representative, East Bay Municipal Utility District. Oakland, California. 40 ------- References (Conci uded) Washington Suburban Sanitary Comlsslon. February 1973. Final and Cpm- prehensive Report; Cabin John Dralnace Basin Water-Saving Customer Education and Appliance Test Proaram . Hyattsville, Maryland. Washington Suburban Sanitary Coianission (WSSC). Noveuther 1974. final and Comprehensive Report Washington Suburban Sanitary Comission’s Water Conservation/Wastewater Reduction/Customer Education and Behavioral Change Program . Hyattsvllle, Maryland. eefla eaaoa aeaaa a aa a n aaeeaaaaa an aaaaa anan aa aaflaaeefla I.. For more information about the PAG flow reduction program, contact: Ms. Carol Dorsey Pima Association of Governments 405 Transamerica Building Tucson, Arizona sioi (602) 792—1093 2. For more infor tion about the Howar4 County conservation orogram, contact: Mr. Albert Frank Howard County Bureau of Environmental Services 3430 Court House Drive Ellicott City, Maryland 21043 (301) 992—2:328 3. For more information about the MAG flow reduction program, contact: Mr. Mark Frank Maricopa Association of Governments Water Quality Management Program 111 South Third Avenue, Rm 300 Phoenix, Arizona 85003 (602) 262—8528 41 ------- Appendix A REPRODUCTIONS OF CLIP ART FOR USE IN A COMMUNIT( FLOW REDUCTION INFORMATION PROGRAM ------- AppendIx A REPRODUCTIONS OF CLIP ART FOR USE IN A COMMUNITY FLOW REDUCTION PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM This appendix presents reproductions of camera-ready art v rk, which is contained in an envelope at the back of this document. Each piece is nuntered separately., and sufficient art work is provided to product 18 pieces of p .th1ic information material. Because some of the material Is intended to be printed on two sides, there are 26 pieces of clip art provided In all. The reproductions of the clip art are presented on the left-hand side of this appendix, and size information and suggested uses are listed on the right-hand, facing, page. Your printer can provide you with more specific information such as costs associated with various printing pro- cesses (e.g., offset or xerographic), different kinds of paper stock (e.g., 20-weight standard white bond or colored stock), and the like. Reproductions of clip art for the following pieces of public infor- mation material are provided: $ Theme Poster : “FLOW DOWN! Turn Drops Into Dollars...”. (Clip Art Piece No. 1.). • Theme Bumper Sticker : “FLOW DOWN” (Clip Art Piece No. 2). • Teaser Advertisement for Program : “Turn Drops Into Dollars Supoort the FLOW DOWN Program” (Clip Art Piece Mo. 3). • Three Advertisements for How—To Series : “FLOW DOWN Guide to Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Piece No. 4); “FLOW DOWN Guide to Inserting Flow Restrictors” (Clip Art Piece Mo. 5); and “FLOW DOWN Guide for Reading Your Water Meter” (Clip Art Piece No. 6). • Three Triple-Fold How-To Brochures : “FLOW DOWN Guide to Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 7 and 8 for two—sided printing; “FLOW DOWN Guide to Inserting Shower Flow Restrlctors” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 9 and 10 for two- sided printing); and, “FLOW DOWN Guide for Reading Your Water Meter” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 11 and 12 for two-sided printing). A-i ------- • Four Advertisements to tivate Reducing Water Use and Flow- ing Down Amount of ilousehold Sewage : “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Showor Water Use” (Clip Art Piece No. 13); “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks” (Clip Art Piece No. 1.5); and., FLOW DOWN: Insert Toilet Dams” (Clip Art Piece Mo. 1.6). • Five Fact/Work Sheets : “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Faucet Water Use” (Clip Art Pleces los. 17 and 18 for two—sided print- Ing); “FLOW DO l: Reduce Shoi r Water Use” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 19 and 20 for two-sided printing); “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Toilet Water Use” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 21 and 22); “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Toilets” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 23 and 24 for double—sided printing); and, “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 25 and 26 for double-sided printing). A-2 ------- A- 3 ------- FLOW POWt’4 NCUS HQt.D S!W ANP.. • SAVE WATER, N .RGY AM’ MOt Y. • REPUC! COMMUNITY COSTS CR_5EWA E 1 !AT,4 ENT. 1 A EWVI OHI’V%!NT CALPLOR WRfT! ------- Clip Art Piece No. 1: Theme Poster “Flow Down! Turn Drops Into Dollars...’ . • Size : 8—+ inches wide by 11 inches deep (can be repro- duced this size or enlarged to 17 by 22 inches). • Suqqested Uses : Display in local hardware, building supply and plimting stores, schools and libraries, office buildings, and other places In your coninunity where people gather. Consider using a colored ink (e.g., water blue) on white paper, or black ink on a colored stock, to achieve a poster effect. A- 5 ------- ------- C li o Art Piece No. 2: Theme Biiirner Sticker ‘FLOW DOWN” . • Size : Three 2—3/4 by 11 inch originals provided on one 8-4 by U. inch master. • Su ested Use : Make available for pick-up in central locations (e.g., town hail, library), or have volun- teer groups distribute door to door. Consider the use of colored ink or colored adhesive— backed paper stock to enhance the visibility of the btiiiper sticker A- 7 ------- Turn Drops into Do11ar I Support the “FLOW DOWN” Program I I • Flow down household sewage I I • Reduce community costs br sewage trealn ent • Contribute ba cleaner environment I ...•...•.•..... ....•...e.................•..•..fl.. S . ..... I Watch this space to find out how your bousehol4 can: f I • Save up So 50% oI your energy costs tar healing waler. I • Save 30% or more on your wader costs. 0 I • liecluce your household sewage by 35.000 galloes a year. I I .. ....... ..... ....... .I.............................. I — — m am. ._ ._ — ——— —— — I IFLOW DOWN I 1, Guide P ova. .le from: ‘to FIxInq ------- Clip Art Piece No. 3: Teaser Advertisement for FLOW DOWN Program . • Size : 6 inches wide by 4 inches deep. O Su ested Uses : Run advertisement in local newspaper, civic group or utility newsletters, and/or local busi- ness house organs to elicit curiosity about the pro- gram. Consider running ft for several days in local news- papers so readers will Identify the theme and will take note of similar ads (e.g., Clip Art Pieces Mo’s. 4, 5, and 6). Contact civic groups and local businesses to secure their support for program and agreement to run ad in the same time period as newspaper ads are running. Clip Art Piece Mo. 4: Advertisement for “Guide to Fixing Leaky Faucets ” (one of a series of three similar advertise- ments). • Size 3 .’ Inches wide by 3 Inches deep. • Sua ested Uses : Run advertisement in local newspaper, civic group and utility newsletters, and/or local busi- ness house organs to announce availability of how-to “Guide to Fixing Leaky Faucets” (Clip Art Pieces No’s. 7 and 8). Consider asking local hardware and/or building and pl iibing supply stores to integrate the ad into their advertising, and to make the how—to guides available at their facility. A- 9 ------- FLOW DOWN v iia 1e fr: FLOW DOWN vc 11i :b1e fro Guide to Inserting Flow Restrictors I I I 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I _J Guide for Reading your Water Meter I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I L I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I— A— 10 ------- Clip Art Piece Mo. 5: Advertisement for “Guide to Insert- ing Flow Restrlctorsu ( one of a series of three similar adverti semer%ts). • Size : 3—& Inches wide by 3 inches deep. O S ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Piece No. 4. (This piece of clip art advertises the availability of the how—to “Guide for Inserting Flow Restrictors -— Clip Art Pieces No’s. 9 and 10). Clip Art Piece No. 6: Advertisement for “Guide to Reading Your Water Meter ” (one of a series of three similar adver- tisements). • Size : 3-4 inches wide by 3 Inches deep. • Su ested Uses : Please see suggested use for Clip Art Piece Mo. 4. (This piece of clip art advertises the availability of the how-to “Guide for Reading Your Water Meter -— Clip Art Pieces No’s. 11 and 12). A— 1.1 ------- - - - I I YOT3B PaOBL 4 i I I • Leaking i ucets waste water. •Drippingfat. cetycauseaspotinthesink. I • Cønstt dnpping is inoyng. I I __ 1 WEAT YOU N’ n : 1 I I I • A box of assorted size washers. unlees you ow the s ze. I I • A screwdriver. 1 • An adjustable wrench. I I L... ..........•.•.•••• ••••••••s•• ••..••.....•• •••• • •..... . I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I ..............................l s.............s.........................1 .IFLOW DOWN I.. I Guidet 1 to Fixing I Leckyl I Faucets 1 1 1 I I I ——— ———— ———— — — — — ——— —— — ———————— _4 A- 12 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 7: Side 1, of How—To “Guide to Fixing Leaks Faucets ” (one of a series of three how—to guides). • Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (ask your printer to print t o copies on a standard 8-4 by 11 sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 8, SIde 2, can be repro- duced similarly on the other side of the paper). • Su ested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as an insert to utility bills. Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential user groups such as fixed—income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two— color effect. A— 1.3 ------- —I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I 1 1 I I $ I I I I IL I 2. 1 I o w tar thnt Loos.n p.u kI q ut with wr,uch. to tha f u t you . gninq Most nu 1 n by t 1rrtirIq I to r.p r. Then tu on tb. tut r.t c ount.rc cc cwts.. I I tjj w t .r stops flowing. I ....e................•••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••• •I I I I I I S I I I I I I .1 I 1 I S 0 1 1 I I I I I I R. cv. the s w holding th. old 1 I Us. the h dJ . to pull out the .Lv . wc hr t the bottom of the v k7e I I unit. unit. I I • .• •.......... ..,4’ .•..•• ••••••••••• ••••••••• I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I IS. S. I I Put in new w ber 4 r.pI . Tighten the p1 v’ 4 tg nut. T __ ___ umon $ s ew. Put i iv. mft b&i on t t the shuto Iv.. I I fitacst. Tuxn h md1 . to the pzup.r I pcs1tI . I I I __ ___ I ———————————— ——— — — — —— — — — — — —— — d A.. 14 ------- Side 2 of How—To “Guide to Fixing ____________ a series of three how—to guides). • Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8— 1 Inches deep printer to print two copies on a standard inch sheet — this piece of clip art will on the reverse side of the Clip Art Piece 1). • Su cested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art Piece Mo. 7. Consider also, adding your own logo and message (e.g., “Distributed by the Flow Down Ccninittee as a Public Service”), and print one copy on an 8—1 by 11 Inch sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece No. 8 can be used either in combination with Piece No. 7 or as a sepa- rate piece. Clip Art Piece Leaky Faucets ’ No. 8: (one of (ask your 8+ by 11 be printed M c. 7, Side A— 15 ------- U I I __ I I Wlif INSERT A SHOWER FLOW RL’STRlCTOR? I I • Your shower may be sending out 5-6 gallons of water a I I ‘ ute — more th you reaLly need. I 1 • A flow resthctor c saw’e you 30% or more of your water I L for si owennq — that c ount t oS5O I r a 1 • It ’s ea yto insert—a q zi k 1 dc-it-yourseLf job. I I 1. 1 I •••,••••• I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I . I 1 l I I I I I I 1 1 * I I •••••••••••••••••••, qs........•u.e•••••••e•• •s•se••• ••••s••••s••••s J iow I DOWN I I Guide I to I Insertizig Shower Flow Restrictors I I I I I I L......... A- 16 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 9: Side 1 of How-To “Guide to Inserting Shower Flow Restrictors ” (one of a series of three how—to guides). • Size : 5-3 inches wide by 8 Inches deep (ask your printer to print t copies on a standard 8—3 by 11 inch sheet - — Clip Art Piece Ito. 10, Side 2, can be reproduced similarly on the other side 0 f the paper). • Su ested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as an insert to utility bills. Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential user groups 3uch as fixed income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a t- color effect. A—li ------- 1 I I I I STA ’WABD SHOWER ARM I I I I • Unscrew the shower head s I shown. I • Place f1c w restrictor i the I I waterline. I 1 •Screwshowerheadbcdcon. I 1 1 àFtow I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 1 I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ‘.—.-‘ 3ALLA1 4DSWrVE. SHOWER ARM I • Remove the shower head s 1 shown. I I • Remove the ruhber ring if u present. I • Place shower resthctar over I thebdllinthewaterline. •Replacethertibberring 1 if present. •Screwshawerheadbcckon. I I I I ____ — — — —— —— —— — — — — — .IJ A— 18 ------- Clip Art Piece Mo. 10: SIde 2 of How—To ‘Guide to Inserting Showar Flow Restrictorsu tone of a series of three how-to guides). • Sugqested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art Piece No. 9e Consider also, adding your own logo and message (e.g., “Distributed by the Flow Down Comittee as a Public Service”), and print one copy on a 8—+ by 11 inch sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece Mo. 10 can be used either in combination with Piece M c. 9 or as a separ- ate piece. • Size : 5-4 inches wide by 8—* Inches deep printer to print two copies on a standard Inch sheet -— this piece of clip art will on the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. (ask your 8—4 by 11 be printed 9, Side 1). A- 19 ------- U I _______ I If your house h a water meter. you c check the piui hing I I syst.m for leak is five y steps: I 1 1. F!nd th. water eter (it may be outdoors or tucked away I inad kcor erofthebazeme t). 2. Make sure water is X”g . I 3. Read the dial (or dials) and record the reading. I 4.lSor) ”i”uteer..chackth.meter. I 5.Utheread inghaschged ,youhavecleck.DiVidethO niii her of gallons by the elapsed time and you’ll ow I the rate — gallons per “ “ute or per hour — of your I • water loss. I I U I U I II I I FLOW 1DO I Guide for I Recding your’ I Wcter Meter 1 ______ ______ __ — — — A— 20 ------- C i lo Art Piece No. 11: Side 1 of How—To “Guide for Reading Your Water Meter ’ (one of a series of three how—to guides). Size: 5—4 printer to Inch sheet reproduced inches wide by 8—4 inches deep print two copies on a standard -— Clip Art Piece No. 12, SIde similarly on the other side of (ask your 8—4 by 11 2, can be the paper). • Suggested Uses : to utility bills. Fold In thirds and use as an insert Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential user groups such as fixed Income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two- color effect. A—fl ------- —— —— —— ———— —— ————— ———— — — ___u I I I 1 .1 I I I I Ifycuxm.terlOOk3UkeaC I odometer. just read it 3 you I would the c mileage. But note that the l t number on the right I I is a zero. ind never chges. It I 1 is for tens of gallons. *b.ich , recorded by the hand on the I small dial. II I I I I Should the eter record cubic 1 feet. multiply by 7.5 to convert to 1 I __________ gallons of water. 1 I Ezumple:3cubicfeetX7.5 22 .S I gallons I 1 I I I I I S I 1 Som. water otIrs read like electric I .t.rs they b.ave o set of th’ that I ust be read in series. sttlnq with I the ith that r.c rds thou ds or nü- I 1l of gcllcns (or c hic te.t). YouIl find the h m’ s move ou t.r I I cjcck wize on oni iai. then ciochwti. I I. the next. 4 eønfinue to alternate —. I To çet th. total gall s . read each dial I the hand is between two numbers I read th. lower on.. I I I 1 I I —— — — —— — —— ———— ——— —— —— — —— —_——— — A- Z2 ------- Cit p Art Piece No. 12: Side 2 of How—To “Guide for Readi Your Water Meter” . • Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8-4 inches deep (ask your printer to print two copies on a standard 8— by U inch sheet — this piece of ciip art will be printed on the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No..11, Side 1). • Su ested Uses : Please refer to uses for Clip Art Piece No. 11. Consider also, adding your own logo and “Distributed by the Flow Down Coimilttee Servlcei, and print’ one copy on an 8-4 sheet. In this way, Clip Art Piece No. either in co thination with Piece No. 1]. rate piece. message (e.g., as a Public by 11 inch 12 cart be used or as a sepa- A— 23 ------- A 5-MINUTE SHOWER • Can send 25 or more gallons down thedz m Can cost a household $50 to $160 a yeor for hot water energy. You c save 25. 50% by inserting flow res ictors. t 11i low flow shower heads, or ti ki’ g shorter showerz d help flow down the sewage. FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use I I I 1 1 I I I __ I I __ I I I I I 1 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I — — —— ——— — — ——— ———— —— — —— — —— — — — — — A. LEAKY FAUCET • Can send thcu.sandz of gallons of clean water into the sewer each ye . • You can save $25.a ye or more by fir g one leaky faucet — and • help flow down clean water going into th. sewer. FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I A- 24 ------- Clip Art Pieces No’s. 13 and 14: Advertisements to Motivate Reducing Water Use and Flowing Down Amount of Household Sewage - - “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use” and “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks ’ (two of a series of four similar advertise— merits. • Size : 3-4 inches wide by 2-4 inches deep. • Suggested Uses : Run advertisements in local newspaper, civic group and utility newsletters, and/or local busi- ness house organs to motivate taking shorter showers and/ or installing flow.reducing devices as well as finding and repairing leaky faucets. Consider asking local hardware and/or building and plunting supply stores to integrate the ad into their own advertising, and to make flow—reducing devices (e.g., low—flow shower heads) available at their fa— C ii I ty. Consider also, printing the advertisements on colored paper and using as utility bill Inserts. A— 25 ------- I _______ U I ALEAKYTOILET I •Cs.ndupto90.000 gallons of c1 water into the sewers each y . • Often cm ot be seen orhe d. i • You con save over 350 a ye by I Rga1ecJcytoilet— dhelp I I flew down the cleon water going I I into the sewers. I I I FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks ._——_______________________ — —— — _. F———— —— ——— ————————— — A STANDARD TOILET I • Con send 38.500 more I 1 gallons of household water into the I sewer each ye . I • Con easily be t with toilet to I scve3C%ofthiswater. 1 I • You c save on your water bill — I d help flew down the sewage. I 1 I FLOW DOWN: Ins&t Toilet Dam c I A- 26 ------- Clip Art Pieces No’s. 15 and 16: Advertisements to Motivate Reducing Water Use and Flowing Do wt M ount of Household Sewage - — FEOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaks” and “FLOW DOWN: Insert Toilet Dams” (two of a series of four similar advertisements) . • Size : 3-4 inches wide by 2—4 Inches deep. • Su ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Pieces No’s. 13 and 14. A- 27 ------- 1 I I I I I I FLOW I DOWN I I I Reduce Faucet I WaterUse A ci .istouier service message from I I I I I Sat. up to $45 a year In water and enarg casts I and I Flow dowu the aount of household swcge I I I I ____ II I __ __ I I I 1 1• I __ i I I I ___ I I __ I 1 I I I I [[[J I FAUc i USE FACTS I I II I 1 I I I I I 1• I __ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I —————— ——— — ————————— —— — —— ———— — — — — — • tnstaLl faucet aerators or spray taps. (Cost: generally $5 or less il you buy d install.) cth are p ct ca1 d efficient for washing disbes d vegetables. . • Inst all flow. restrictors or controllers. (Coat: S I to 38 if you buy a d install.) • Turn faucet off while shaving, br i hing teeth. d w hing vegetables. (Coat: SO..) Typical 4-person househ gallons a year. old faucet water use: 10,220 Typical cost of that fauce t water: 56 or more a year. I— . Typic a1 cost of energy to . .ct that wuter. $ 15 a y ! g lecter.’ (Assume a-fourth of faucet 0 a ye ! oi J water heater.’ water Is hot water) . Typil savthqs with a faucet X% to 50% a 3.XO to 5, gdllc s retrofit device: ------- •Cltp Art Piece No. 17: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet ‘FLOW DOWN: Reduce Faucet Water Use ’ (one of a series of five smaller fact/work sheets. • Size : 5-3 inches wide by 8—3 inches deep (ask your printer to print o copies on a standard 8-3 by 11 inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 18 can be reproduced similarly on the other side of the sheet). • Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility bill insert. Also, this piece Is appropriate for distribution to potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park mangers. Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two- color effect. A- 29 ------- U I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 l I I I I I I 1 I I I I U I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I FTGUBING r YEARLY COST OF FAUCET WAT To flgtix. yot ysarly . .ul. . ale. aae thai f =*L (1) 1. qtkof . OL t r a per day(In mIn”—)z til ” - per nin” (rypiwA1y 5) z 5 day. p.ry.er • g i py.er. To fi w . i&.t ut. aestb. f Uowthq foiu1 Per 1. TII ’ of FIGURING ThE YEARLY COST OF HOT WAT FOR FAUCETS To kiq z. ow ta .1er ty, q . r all t takee to heat hc” M j at water. mum. that .4ourthaf the frr’ tt aa is hot. 4 us• the LolIaeIn foxuL gi,lløos of hot cqe n water (43 x 3.33 x 3.W2 g!tll ” of rh.miq* in .ut hotwater z 3.33 z t puraxuz. OQO bot ui. 11 z 3.33 x e q. in water tpsratux. 35. — kiLowatt b.ou (of .1er icty ) • _____ (of (of oil) • £.. yuer.twod ta psiator. of mzoq ioto th. ‘a c ut WV Suh ......- 60? h . the isat.q yeor . .ot aaier s zb. 1im q . io 4 ..i!a4 to is the tai ul FIGURiNG TEE YEARLY COST OF FAUCET WAT USE (60 y.u dy at of to heat fw t wiit&1 + y.erly of — y. 1y cost he FIGURING YOUR SAV 1GS FROM PLOWING DOWN FAUCET WAT I USE Multiply the tocof y.erl in (60 by the 9i t0n of water a vad hy “ ‘ flow v 4 11 1 (t7plcally X% to 5 ) y. ly cost he Mw u watit z (.30 . ) • yserly savings. A-30 ------- Clip Art Piece Mo. 18: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Faucet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 54 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re— produced 1 t copies to a standard 8- by 11 inch sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece Mo. 17). • Suo ested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Piece No. 17. A—31 ------- F FLOW I DOWN: I Reduce Shower I I Water Use I I I A customer ser ic meesag. from I I I I I. I I I I Save zp to 350 a ye in waiiz us. and energy costs I and I Flow down the aeunf of household sewage I I I I I • T.nj.rt flow r.stz ctors. ( C .t2 35 or lees if you buy d instalL) I I • Install low flow shower heads. (Cast 313 or use if you buy and I I I • l’ak. ho’ter showers. (Cøst 50.) i I I I I...... ....., S. • • • • S ••SSSSS SSS• •• •SS •••••••• SS••••SS SS• •SSSS S •S• ••S S• S••S j I I I SHOWER SE FACTS I I Typical 4.persen household shower us. 18.250 gallons of water a yeor. I Typicalcostofthatshcwerwater 511 or areayeor.’ I I Typical cost of ensegy to beat water 553 a yeor for gos water heater.’ I (ossue h lf of shower water is hot 371 a y.or for oil water heater.’ I water d that water heater I s set 5152 a y.or for .lec ic at 140°?) wat heater.’ u Typical sav gs from rsd” 4 ”g shower water use: 25% to 50% or 4.5w to I j 9.XO gallons of water each yor. I I ‘To calculate yew cost and savings. twn the page. I I —— — — — —————————— ———————— ——— A-32 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 19: SIde 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5—+ Inches wide by 8— Inches deep (ask your printer to print t copies on a standard 8— by 1]. inch sheet - Clip Art Piece No. 20 can be reproduced similarly on the other side of the sheet). • Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility bill insert. Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential users such as fixed-Income persons, tenants and landlords, home ot A ers, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a two— color effect. A— 33 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I FIGURING THE YEARLY COST OF SHOWER WA zt To flqw. va . r 1 Y oti fO $ho,w..IL the fsUowthq for ii1az (1) (shew p.r day z ( mlw”-. p.r 1 i,..* . .I ) x ( gMt#%11 5 per lflWe) (tyfly 5) z (315 day. per y. a” To flq . yoer w t cost. as the tol )cwtng he ul ? ‘ “ P 1’ x p.1.000 q 1l .i osz at FIGURING THE YEARLY COST OF HOT WATER FOR SHOWERS To f quze how n” h .L.cot ty. gos. or oil t takie to kist hcushoW shower wotir. bait at the shower w. & . r zs hot. d u s e the following fot ulos of hot S 1.33 (3) (4) (5) cb g. in woter x t. pevanhx. 3.072 r4b . at hoe -. S 5.33 z ch q. in t pstutur 51.000 at hat chqe in waj s z L33 z tsmpsrutuz, 3& - hours ( 0 1 .I.c y) • thee s (of os • _____ (of oil) MullipLy your sw.rby the ratou a .nt eo.i y bill to dotstan. how much you pay t C hOt w.U1 lioft. • y virufl t.mp.sture of water o ’ -g into th. house is ahow 6O’T Suhv nq ‘F a= the semng an yaw Water heater giver the cAoug. n temp . rotww sd to in the famuiq. FIGURiNG THE YEARLY COST OF SHOWER WATER USE Adthcoy 4L h.c o swat e rf r a (5) y ly tcf .os gyto beat shower water • ysorly cost of er — ysaily cost ot w e r FIGURING YOUR SAVINGS FROM FLOWING DOWN SHOWER WATER USE Multiply the total y .oxly In (5)by the pru uaica of water dby in sertIng flow Insta llIng Low flow sh rhoalsort”g shorturs wws(typically 25 te3 O%) (7) y.oily cost of shower w it s (.25 or .30) — , eorlv vinaa. A-34 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 20: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Shower Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re— produced, two copies to a standard 8—4 by 1]. inch sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 19). • Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Piece No 19. A—35 ------- I I FLOWIDOWN I I Reduce Toilet Water Use I I I A customer service message from 1 S. I I I I Save upto 310 cyearln w4er costs I ___ I Flow down the amoont of wa iewatsr ent. ’1ng the sewer I I I I • Insicll toilet d1!i s. (Cost about $5 a par.) I I • Fill 2 quart- ise plastic bottles with water d a few I I elean stones. Set in toilet t - (Cost: $0.) 1 • rn t Jl a shallow trap toilet when remode1 ng. (Cost: i • cony ional models.) I I • I TOn.ET w& USE FACTS I I i I Yearly toilet water use or a 4-person householth 36.500 to I 51.Ouu gaLlons. I I Yearly water saved by reducing toilet water use: Up to 30% 1 I 10.350 to 15,300 gallons by Lnav’J1 ’g toilet I I Typical yearly cost far toilet water : $32 - $31.’ I I I I I I ‘To calculate yow cost and possible savings, turn page. 1 I I — — — — — — A—36 ------- CUD Art Piece No. 21: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: duce Toilet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (ask your printer to print tv copies on a standard 8—* by 11. Inch sheet - Clip Art Piece No. 22 can be reproduced similarly on the other side of the sheet). • Suqoested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility bill insert . Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two- color effect. A— 37 ------- F I I I _ I F!GUR G YOUR YEARLY TOUIZT WAI JSE 1 ii I ___ __ __ __ I • g toilat wW IT i ui th. foUaw q &L.s of tkum I • Tb. v ’ ’d nof 1 tof lie a 5.1 ill p thah g • E i,tdvaL 1* iii-i y• I i 1 I Mow ppIy tb. ol1owtnq u1 I (13 “ of p*’- i iib.l4 z ll ’ ” of w e pie iluth x ii thie of fluakie u psi p.i-— pie dgy z 368 dcyi psi ‘ .si — j. ty b iiboL toilie w tsi u s. I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I, I FIGURING YOUR YEARLY TOUIET WAT t COST I I I To qux. yo y 1y mIl.i w Iie t. ua th. toilawlnç t mia1 f g 1 ofw i esip .r y j 1.10 y Lyçfottoi1iew tii. I I I I I I i iz4LNG ABOUT POTE1 TIAL SMINGS i I I I I L th. W thgt . D.C. sith rb. (Iu . 19U0 I • Wotsi ciew 90epsr 1.X0g Ic”- I • • S.w.rcoie SL10pse 1.OO0 th L I ! tysaxLy$1.1i1.it w .f 4. b,,h4MI th ibiithw 3S.3 toSl.10 ______ i • Tody . .4t oiei - a . - bitwaai 4Wysi. I • T. iy Ia w.uX biewqsn 540456Iy . u I y 1 1 liq toflat d. .d “ “ ‘ bY 1.5 q•” t ’ Pie tlusb I • Y. ly i vid In 4- i . bous.bald w 10.9 g -’ t 1 I • Tiusily wiXi d w .i ilu wsii tid w’4 by p1.90. I L _ i A-38 ------- Cl1 p Art Piece No. 22: Side 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Reduce Toilet Water Use ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5—+ inches wide by 8—+ inches deep (to be re - produced, two copies to a standard 8—+ by 11 inch sheet, as the reverse side 0 f Clip Art Piece No. 21). • Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Piece No. 21. A- 39 ------- I 1 I 1 I I I I I I FLOW DOWN: I Find and Repair Leaky Toilets I I I I I A cuatoer service eesage fro 1 I I I I I I p .........................................se.s........................... I I Scv.SSOayeazozmczein water costs by repairlagaleckytoil.t 1 and i Flow down the euat of clean water going Into sewers f I I I • Buy a bottle of red food coloring at the grocery store. (Ceat lees I I fhi Si.) I I •P’ztouti2drcpscffoodcoloringintothet k I I • W t 10 to 15 1tIi tuteo. I •Ifredsbcwsupinthetoiletbow l.youhavea leck. I I p ....................e............................. S. SSS..•SS•S•.••••••••• • LEAKY TOUIET FACTS I I I C1. water going into the sewer from one leaky toilet upto 90.000 I gallonsaye . I I Toilet 1.aI generaily ‘znn’ t be seen or hord utilities reccrnniend the I I dy. test to detect toilet l.a . Typical cost of toilet 1.ak about SSS a in water costs ( aw” h g a I 90J3 gallon leak).’ I I I I l’a calculate yaw cost and potential vings. tw the page. 1 I I — A-40 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 23: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Toilets ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5 + inches wide by 8—* inches deep (ask your printer to print two copies on a standard 8-* by 11 inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 24 can be reproduced similarly on the other side of the sheet). • Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility bill insert. Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential users such as fixed—income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and mobile park managers. Consider using colored Ink and/or paper for a two— color effect. A-41 ------- To ftqiix. y r Tu Y u 4 • uss ib. aL1owthq giilloiut last p.rday x 5 day. — ___ ___ - — I I I I FIGUBD(G YOUR WAT LOSS FROM A LEAKY TOflIET I I I Estth cte your water loss “ 4 g the following rules of th” : I • A “r” 4 ”g toilt ” can waste 4 gallons hour — 96gdilon scd y. • Toilets with “silent leaks” use upto 250 gallons a day. I I If you ksøw how torecd your water mter. you may be able to get I a more precise e.timate. However, some slow lacks go unde- t.cted by a water meter. I • - 1 I I I I FIGtIBZNG YOUR YEARLY WAT L COST I I I ••••••••••• I I ______________ I- _ _ _ l.O y. iyst Of w’41t r” 4 ”q tat1. 41 tla D ThThLIZ4G ABOUT POTE4TIAL SAVINGS In the W ,h4i gton. D.C. suburbs (June 1980): • Water cost was 90c per 1.000 gaLlons. • Sewer cost was $1.10 per 1.000 gallons. If a “r”g toilet’ in that suburb used 96 gallons a day • Yearly water costs were $32. • Yearly sewer costs were 539. If a ‘sflent-Z.ak ” used 250 gallons a day • Yearly water costs were $82. • Yearly sewer coats were $100. A-42 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 24: SIde 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “Fl..OW DOWN: F nQ and Repair Leaky Toilets ” (one of a series of five similar fact/work sheets). • SIze : 5 -4 inches wide by 8.4 inches deep (to be re- produced, two copies to a standard 8.4 by 1]. Inch sheet, as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 23). • Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip A rt Piece No. 23. A -43 ------- I I I FLOW I DOWN: I I I Find a d Repair I Leaky Faucets I I j A ciistomsr ser ic. message I I I i I I I I I ‘.—. . I I I __ I 52$ a 7e ’ or more In water ias. d en.7 castl I and I I Flow dow i the amount of clean w tez in zewen I I •Checkse ldousedtapsinth.bas.ment. (Cost:your I I t i me.) I • Check utility faucets. (Cosb your time.) I • Check garbage disposaL coupllnqs. (Cost: your time.) I • • Repair or replace old fittings. (Cost: supplies tz your I tim.ortha ofyourpl itther.) • I I, LEAXY FAUCET FACTS I I—. _ _ I C water d w the drain — cn leak 700 to 33.000 gallons a year. I Typical cost of leaks Lu a hous.hold I . of yoz water bill.’ • ‘ryptc l eñxgy cost for hot water 1e 537 a year for gos heater.’ I f ( .uing a 4500 gullou per ye leak. 535 ayeor far oil heater.’ I I td that water heater is W at 140F) 578 ayear far elec 1c heater.’ I I j 1,0 caJctLlats yoar cost d potential savings. rwn page. 1 I I I A-44 ------- Clip Art Piece No. 25: Side 1 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Faucets ” (one of a series of five simi- lar fact/work sheets). O Size : 5-4 inches wide by 8—3 Inches deep (ask your printer to print two copies on a standard 8-3 by 11 inch sheet -— Clip Art Piece No. 26 can be repro- duced similarly on the other side øf the sheet). • Suggested Uses : Fold in thirds and use as a utility bill insert. Also, this piece is appropriate for distribution to potential users such as fixed-Income persons, tenants and landlords, home owners, and bila park managers. Consider using colored ink and/or paper for a two- color effect. A-4 5 ------- FIG UBING T] YEABLY COST OF WAT LOST FROM ONE LEAK _____I. k 4 “ j th. following rulos of thumb: • Aolowètp - ____ • Aslow1l4Iiy p - ____ • £f dztp — ____ • Aimttllitr..wn - 2goil Io7 To qu. th. following ‘ - -— “ (1) g”II of .t lø t x z pi i g” 11 of FIGURING THE TEABLY COST OF I GT FOR A OT WAT L LEAK x - • 3.Dfl I1 of .. ut& x 3.33 63.000 x JVRg fl w4li t puIot1U. r’ of wot z 3.33 z th q. In t pwotuz.’ ‘A i . y, .mund t.mp atwe ci . 4.. ‘ into th. houa z ohout 60F. Sithvting 60’ ? b th. s.ffinq on yui h4u1 th. bq. t.mps’otwszci d to in th. f u.1c. FIGURING THE TOTAL YEARLY COST OF A ROT WAT L LEAK U I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I a To ftquz. out how u h .L.c t ty. g . or oil it tak to hoot th. wutar z in on liok. a th. following (3) g fl =ge in w4t (3) (4) I 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I _1 — lowott houz (of .l ithty) — (of goni — g’I7ll ” (of oil) Multiply your aww by th. rotson o gy bill to dot ina how oiuch you 9 O T f a hot u4L liofi . Add th.coot of gy 4)ob j,.toth.Cmotof . . u. . fr=(l3. (5) y ly c of wotar’ Iy of ioqy — ysorly onit of hot wotar lick ------- CHD Art Piece No. 26: SIde 2 of Fact/Work Sheet “FLOW DOWN: Find and Repair Leaky Faucets (one of a series of five simi- lar fact/work sheets). • Size : 5—4 inches wide by 8—4 inches deep (to be re- produced, two copies to a standard 8 - by 11. inch sheet., as the reverse side of Clip Art Piece No. 25). • Suggested Uses : Please see suggested uses for Clip Art Piece No. 25. A-47 ------- Appendix B ASSUMPTWNS AND CALCULATIONS USED I? DEVELOPING FACT/WORK SHEETS IN APPENDIX A ON SAVINGS FROM FLOW REDUCTION ------- Appendix B ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS USED IN DEVELOPING FACT/WORK SHEETS IN APPENDIX A ON SAVINGS FROM FLOW REDUCTION Understanding the assianptlons and calculations used in developing the fact and work sheets for the clip art package will allow you to de- velop fact/work sheets more specific to your cofmtunlty if you so choose. The calculations are simple and easily adaptable to suit your comunity’s characteristics. These assumptions and calculations pertain to water and energy rat s, water temperature, water heating efficiency, the amount of energy required to heat water, and cost savings resulting from the sav- ings of water and energy. • Water rates . A water rate of 6O per 1,000 gallons is as- si.sned, based on a typical average cost of 60C/1,000 gallons for water supply (U.S. EPA, 1979). This cost can be ad- justed to reflect the costs actually paid by water users of a particular con!nunity. Actual coninunity costs should be available from the local water utility. • Enerqy rates . Energy rates used for electricity, gas, and oil are as follows: — 8t per kWh for electricity. - 57 per therm for gas. — $1.00 per gallon for oil. Actual rates for a specific coniiiunlty should be available from the electric utility serving the area. • Water temperature . The amount of energy required to heat water to a certain temperature will vary depending upon the water’s ambient temperature. Energy use described in the Appendix A itmterial Is based on a typical ambient water temperature of 60°F and water heater setting of 140°F. Thus, water is being heated 80°F. B—i ------- • Efficiency of water heaters . Heating water for domestic use involves Inefficiencies that must be taken into ac- count in calculating hot water energy use. Depending upon factors such as the type c 1 f fuel used in heating water and the amount of insulation around the water heater, these inefficiencies may be substantial. The efficiency factors used for the Appendix A material ac- count for heat lost in the process of heating the water itself and heat loss from a water tank with no extra in- sulation: - electric water heaters: 90% efficIency. - gas water heaters: 65% efficiency. - oil water heaters: 65% efficiency. • Enerq ’ required to heat water . The basic formula used in calculating hot water energy use in Appendix A takes the form change in water Gallons of hot water x 8.33 x temoerature factor converting energy to appropriate units where each component of the formula is interpreted as follows: - gallons of hot water refers to the number of gallons being heated for a given use or the n mter of sal- ions saved from a conservation measure. - 8.33 Btu’s of gas are needed to raise one gallon of water one degree Fahrenheit. - change in water temperature refers to the number of degrees the water is being heated from its ambient temperature to the temperature setting of the water heater. Appendix A material assumes this temperature change to be 80°; water is heated from an ambient level of 60° to 140°, a typical water heater setting. A different temperature change can be used where am- bient water temperature differs from 60°F. the conversion factor In the denominator accomplishes two tasks: (1) the energy expressed In Btu’s Is con- verted to kWh’s of electricity, therms of gas, or gal- lons of oil, as appropriate, and (2) the efficiency of heating water is taken Into account by using the fac- tors .90 for electrIcity, .65 for gas, and .65 for oil. 8—2 ------- For example, there are 3.413 Btu’s/kWh and heating with electricity is 90% efficient. Thus, the con- version factor for electricity is 3,413 kWhs x .9 3,072 kWh’s. • Translating energy savinas Into dollar savings . Calcu- lating dollar savings from hot water energy saved sim- ply involves multiplying the quantity of energy saved (in kWh’s, therms or gallons, as appropriate) by the fuel rate. For example, a savings of 800 kWh’s at a rate of 8 /kWh yie1ds a savings of 800 kWh’s x 8t/kWh $64. • Calculating Total Cost Savings From Flow Reduction Measures . The total cost savings from specific flow reduction measures or groups of measures is the sum of the savings in water costs (water saved x water rate) and energy costs (energy saved x fuel rate). Where sewer charges are aDplied to water users based on the quantity of water used, saving water also re- sults in savings on sewer costs. Total cost savings for residents in these cornunities would consist of water, sewer and energy cost savings. B— 3 ------- Appendix C MINI-CATALOG OF FLOW REDUCTION/WATER CONSERVATION MATERIALS ------- Appendix C MINI-CATALOG OF FLOW REDUCTION/WATER CONSERVATION MATERIALS This appendix contains reproductions of excerpts from selected flow reduction/water conservation materials that are available from a variety of institutions in the U.S. at the time of this writing (1981). These materials can be used to augment the clip art package in Appendix A or to serve as a basis for developing another type of pi lic education pro- gram for the comunity. On the right-hand page facing each reproduction, information is provided about the item(s) depicted in the excerpt to facilitate evalua- tion of its suitability for inclusion In the comunity 1 s public education program. Cost and other ordering Information is also provided on the facing page. C—i ------- COMMUNITY REI.AT1ONS AIDS the dawns I. . invoic, and Correspondence Sftiftsra. F r purchases over 500 of any of tile items in’ this group, you may nave your utflIty s name and address and phone flumber imprinted at a nominal charge. Water Conservation P,mpffl.t S.d . .. This series of c lorfthly helpful enve- cpe siuffer is designed to malce custo- mers aware of the true value of drinking water. The uniform theme is that people should use all tile water they need, but use it wisely, not wastefully. Two four- page Iuf1.t — S. a Leak Seeker and “By Thi Dawns Early Ligflt’—are print- 94 on brightly colored paper far mul- mum impact at minimum cost. Twooignt- page tolders— ”S Basic Ways to Con- serve water and” “25 Things You Can Do”— .ars printed in full color. Samples available on request. Order tilS following catalog numbers: By tile Dawn’s Early Ugilt .. No. 70011 B. a Leak Seeker No. 70012 25 ThIngs You Can Do No. 70013 5 BasIc Ways No.70014 - Volume discount prices available an request 0u.idty 30. 1,000- 5 .000.’ sos ame 24,111 No. 70011 .05 .045 .04 No. 70012 .06 .045 .34 No. 70013 .10 .38 .06 S. Conserve Water Ramindar SUckers. Another type of envelope stufler is this sheet of seven cartoon StickerS. The individual stickers peel easily from a paper backing and emphasize the lisa. But Can’t Abuse” theme. Utility custo- mars are encouraged to display the stick. era near showerS. hcusahold faucetS. washing machines, garden hose connec- tion. etc. Samples available on re- quest NO. 70015 Quesily 30. 1,000. 4, 5,000. 2’,IW *000 NO. 70011 .10 .08 .06 ‘ Water Conservation at Home Booklet. This professionally designed. four- color. 16-page booklet is 3% • X OSS. It dramatically but .nt.rtainingfy drivSs home the Importance of conserving water at home. Eye-catching drawings throughout add to ite appeal. Samples available on request No. 70001 Ousuidly 30 1,100. L00 so,ooe- - 4,_ , 1ee Na. 70001 .17 .14 .12 ‘ ,Ir, g YOU CAN CO TO PREVENT WATER WASTE ‘p I BASIC WAYS TO CONSERVE WATER -• . ——-—.(-—— . —. — —a’ saily Ii ht *000• I• ------- American Water Works Association Items . Please see description on facing page. (All items bear AWliLA copyright.) Ordering Information . Write to: American Water Works Association Data Processing Department 6666 W. Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80523 Cost . As indicated on the facing page. Additional Information . The AWWA issues an annual oublication catalog. The excerpt on the facing page is reproduced from its 198]. catalog. Pub- lication catalogs for subsequent years can be obtained by writing to the above address. EPA appreciates AWWA’s permission to advertise the avail- ability of these materials in this docunent. C-3 ------- Water Conservation • Water Conservadon Films. Color public serv cs announce- mints for tilivision on water con- srvatton. U cludes first -p tics award winners n Public Relations Society of America competition I’). Series stres s uniform theme—use $11 the water you rued, but use t wisaly. All spots ‘16mm sound fIlm, 30 seconds. $3S.00 each. orangutans- And new. ocd people lefl have a liWs swd 5cmiwe ’5t0 saw water. No. 70026 P en m.- Some of us are b?,esd with an abundance of wster. ... No. 70027 Homeowner — Iley, there. Old you know that every day svery one of us uses 60 gallons of water? NO . 70026 C— 3ac awful, this country Piad a lot of unfriendly land. •. No.70026 oo.y Ird-. Sometlmes it seems like well never run out of water. 4o. 70030 it tskss a lot of doing by a lot of people to get safe. clean water to yourboms. No.70031 ‘Sometimes things just disappear. raKe water. No. 70032 •Comp4et. Set— (s*vl 20 perCent) $200.,.. NO. 70033 Why Water WorKs— The first and only pamphlet and slide 11 50w that teds graduating high school students why acareei’in thewalersuOply industry maksssense. Utilities can use the pamphlets as hand-outs and Iris slide show for personal aopeararic at high school career day events or similar job-counselling programs. Sliøe srtow is designed so you can insert your own local slides and job descriptions. No.70034 144 2 50 200 •acfl tao each 1004 lde Show: 31 sfldss and saipt .... $2 5.00 Water Follies— An international awuø -wiflrnflg lull- color cartoon movie that convinces audiencas of the benefits of water con- servation. MuaiC and sound effects sup- port the comical characters as they dem- ons1r ts good arid bad conserlatiofl habits; theres no language barrier be- cause the message is seen, not narrated. Th minutes long in i6mm color sound film. siso.oo *OCSCWF C-4 ------- American Water Works Association tt ns . Please see description on facing page. (Mi ftems bear AWWA copyright.) Ordering Information . Write to: American Water Works Association Data Processing Department 6666 W. Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80523 Cost . As Indicated on the facing page. Additional Information . The AWWA Issues an annual publication catalog. The excerpt on the 4 ing page Is reproduced from its 1981 catalog. Pub- lication catalogs for subsequent years can be obtained by writing to the above address. EPA appreciates AWbiA’s permission to advertise the avail- ability of these materials In this doc .w ent. C- 5 ------- Easy ways to SAVE WATER MONEY & ENERGY at home WOtCt S who dnve b /cc / cs out of the ,, w.j’ to save 4C a ga//on at a cut-rare gas station never dre n they may be wasting 40 & msnutl in the shower P0T0 MAC RIVER & TRAILS C0UNC L 1 2 South Maritet Street Frederick. Maryland 21701 1981 produced by Grant T9O1 057010 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 8y inv.swig five sanpl& wterccrisa wng HOW TO SAVE WATER device& / .‘. been saving $11 a month on water and energy bi1Js— or just one p& cn/’ THE EAThROOM is ike an r c Niagar Falis’. mat consumes a 75% of me water we us in e Damming bacx me tons ot watei fiøw neeo ass y from s owers anø bathroom faucets me ev water an energy sa isngs. written by Edwin F. Wese y. Jr. illustrated Dy BilFie Sturgeon Julte Flaherry Suz e Potter 7S 1 OF WAlE WEU EVERY DAY FLO W IHRCL BAT - iF ------- Potomac River and Trails Council Item . Handbook entitled “Easy Ways to Save Water, Money, and Energy at Home.” Availability . Single or multiple copies of 100,000 or more available as of August 1981. Ordering rnformation . Write to: Potomac River Trails Council Mr. Ed Wesely 12 South Market Street Frederick, MD 21701 Cost . (1981 prices): $1.35 for single copy (Includes postage and handling). .50 up to 100 copies (postage and handling additional). .40 over 100 copIes (postage and handling additional). .37 over 1,000 copies (postage and handling additional). .35 over. 10,000 copies (postage and handling additional). .30 over 50,000 copies (postage and handling additional). .25 over 100,000 copIes (postage and handling additional). Additional Infot nation . Contains up—to-date, useful range of costs for water, wastewater, and energy services. EPA appreciates the Potomac River and Trails CounciPs cooperation In granting permission to adver- tise the availability of its handbook in this doczauent. C- i ------- .- -w tNP J’ ‘J A CUSTOMER HANDBOOK ON WATER-SAVING AND WASTE WATER-REDUCTION PUBLISHED AS A PUBLIC SERVICE BY THE WASHINGTON SUBURBAN SANITARY COMMISSION ,• • .. . -.. ,• .. .‘ , 0% I • •• ,. . • 4 • • • : • . SAVE—(sáv) v. to pr servo for - the lulure. protect from unneces- sary loss or waste. .• p. ••• •‘ ‘. I I A I. •: •. : , . . • •‘ • !•••• •. ‘• -.•S .• . p • •. I. •_. • •. I. ‘ ••. ••• 4, •L• II1 .I1’._i S ,_ p a, • .•i “p., WASTE (wásl) v. to use un- necessarily, to squander. U .,. I$IS ------- The Washington Suburban Sanitary Coniiiission Items . Handbooks (bearing WSSC copyright): • “Water .Saving and Waste Reduction Handbook for Apartment Residents” • “A Customer Handbook on Water-Saving and Wastewater-Reduction” Availability . Copies available upon reqiest as of August 1981. Ordering Information . Write to: Washington Suburban Sanitary Coimiission Public Information Office 4017 Hamilton Street Hyattsville, MD 20781 Cost . Cost of printing and mailing pamphlets (about $1 in August 1981). Additional Information . EPA appreciates the Washington Suburban Sanitary Comission’s cooperation in granting permission to advertise the avail- ability of these materials In this docianent. c- ------- Reduced Flush Devices It is Ukely that your toilet’s wa: closet contains from five to seven gailons of water, and that some of this wati - .s not needed for most flushing requirements. Devices sucn as bottles anc manual flush mechanisms are available which can allow an adequate but reduced-quantity flush. *DAMS, BOTTL2S Objects placed in a conventional toilet tank to reduce the volume do not change the water level, or head, when the tank 13 full. This allows the flush water to maintain the same effective velocity. The simplest example is a brick. When placed in the tank. it rests on the bottom dispIa ng a volume of water equal to its cubic measurement. Most tanks do not empty completely, so a brick lying on the bottom of the tank is almost useless. If stood on end there is a real danger it will tip over and crack the tank. UM ApE Better than a brick is a plastic bottle filled with water and eighted with pebbles. Pebbles weigh the bottle down to keep it from interfering with toilet mechanisms. AM M4( 1 u PL 1Ic OT LE — — P’astic dams prohibit a gallon or more of water from flushing. Care should be taken when installing the dam devices. If dams — I (bottles, too) work free, they can interfere with toilet mechanisms and cause more wasteage than they can save. But working - properly, these devices can save considerable amounts of water. gp wrr * DUAL FLUSH Dual flush devices make it possible to select an appropriate amount of flushing watey needed far either solid or liquid wastes. There are many possible conñgurations. Onedeviceia a weight thatis attached to thetank ball sothatwben thetriplever is released, the tank ball immediately drops to end the flush cycle. A lead weight. inserted in the flapper works this way. Another device involves a single handre which is pressed in one direction for a par al flush ax d .n the other direction for a full flush. S o cro V’oflèy Wcter Dis iict $750 i”a4 t.,ti....., , $ 3o 11L PII1n4 2 - 0 FF LT 3 c—la ------- Santa Clara County, talifornia Items . How to Fact Sheets: • “How to Fix Leaky Faucets” (text and illustrations) • “Toilets: Fix Leaks & Reduce Flush” (text and illustrations) • “Save Water With a Shower” (text only) • “Stop the Water Bandit” (stickers and pins) Availability . Limited quantitIes (up to five oi each piece) Ordering Information . Write to: Santa Clara Valley Water District Public Information Office 5750 Almaden Expressway San Jose, CA 95118 (408) 265—2600 Cost . None as of August 1981. Additional Information . The how—to fact sheets are appropriate for use as handouts or utility bill inserts. They are considerably more detailed than the how-to series provided in the clip art package (Appendix A). EPA appreciates Santa Clara County Water District’s cooperation in grant- ing permission to advertise the availability of these materials in this document. C—li ------- Department of Water Resources P. 0. Box 388 Sacramento 95802 (915) 4454228 WATER CONSERVATiON information bulletin TOILET DAMM3NG DEVICES Toilet dams save water by blocking .ff part if the toilet rank, requiring eu waisT to fill the remaining part. Savings con range as ugh as two gallons per flush. These devices do not change he wa t.? level wiien h. tank is full thus allowing th. flush water to maintain the same .K.ctuv, velocity. A properly installed device can scv.as much as 5 to 10 percent of the freik waler us.d within a horn.. This is a p rttol Its? of devices on rue market. Th. list is not com ehensive, and listing do.. r, t constitute an endorsement or a guarantee by the Cil fornia Department of Water esaurces. U any devices iave been omitted rom ri ,. list, the Depanment would like to be informed. Check your telephone directory or a local plumiung ec let for the devices you wan?. Mote: Federal policy prohibits the listing of individual it nufacturers. For inforina- tion on how to obtain this and other ‘inforination bulletins’, please see facing page. Save Water- Save Energy. Save Money $ 7Pl C— 12 ------- California Department of Water Resources Items . Information Bulletins on Manufacturers and/or DistVIbutors: • “Toilet Darning Devices” O “Low Flush Toilets” • “Low Vol ane Showar Heads and Adapters’ • “Automatic Dishwashers” • “Automatic Clothes Washers” • “Faucet Flow Control s” • “Toilet Flush Adapters” Availability . Upon request as 0 f August 1981. Ordering Information . Write to: Department of Water Resources Mr. John Engdahl P.O. Box 388 Sacramento, CA 95802 Cost . None as of August 1981. Additional Information . EPA appreciates the California DWR’s cooperation In allowing advertisement of the availability of these information bulle- tins. C- 13 ------- NUFACTURERS AND/OR DISTRIBUTORS OF WATER.’SAVING DEVICES This is a listing of those 1tP M which are recognized as tofTt pro- ducts, that is, they may be added to existing faucets, showers, toilets, and certain other parts of your Indoor plmibing systems. The installation of these devices will reduce costs for water, se wage trea ent and energy. aen—— n—p ____ The listing of any product does not constitute an endorsement by the State of Illinois. — — Provided by the Departnent of Local Government Affairs with funding assI s- tance from Illinois Environmental Protection Agency and the Division of Water Resources, Ill inios Department of Transportation, Did we overlook a manufacturer? If we did, would you let us know Illinois Interagency Water Management/ Conservation Comeittee 303 East Monroe Springfield, IL 6V06 WISE WATER USE IS GOOD FOR THE SYSTEM WATER SY i 4 SEWER SYSTEM ENERGY SYSTEM ECO SYSTEM ECONOMIC SYSTEM C-14 ------- 4 Illinois Interagency Water Management/Conservation Comittee Iteni . List of where to obtain devices for retrofit: “Manufacturers and/ or Distributors of Water-Saving Devices” Availability . Upon request as of August 1981. Ordering Information . Write to: Illinois Interagency Water Management/ Conservation Coamiittee 303 East Monroe Springfield, IL 62706 Cost . None as of August 1981. Additional Information . EPA appreciates the Conii ittee’s cooperation in granting permission to advertise the availability 0 f this item. C-i 5 ------- ‘1 LI’ ’J ;UI L./ .j J 7 PRESENTED BY: California D.partmwt of Watr Ruourase, California Department of ucadon and Your Local Water Supplier ------- - 4 East Bayj unicipal UtfTlty District Items. Workbook and Teacher’s Guide for Primary School Students (bearing ! raay MUD copyright): • “Water Play” • “Water Play Teacher’s Guide” Availability . Single or multiple copies available as of November 1981. Ordering Inior ation . Write to: East Bay Municipal Utility District P.O. Box 24055 Oakland, CA 94623 Cost . $.35 per copy up to 5000 copies. Additional Information . This primary school workbook and teacher’s guide was prepared as a part of Project TER (Water Awareness Through Education and Research). The overall program Is not intended to be a separate science unit on water; rather it encompasses every area of the curriculum and spans grades Kindergarden through 12th. EPA appreciates East Bay MUD’s coopera- tion in granting permission to advertise the availability of Its material in this publication. c-il ------- a-I/n .wIp$ I pp a.c’ s PJRi //15 11(11 F j C.. 18 ------- East Bay Municipal Utility District ttems . Workbook and Teacher’s Guide for Upper Elementary School Students (bearing East Bay MUD’s copyrights): • “The Official Captain Hydra Water Conservation Workbook”. • “The Official Captain Hydra Water Conservation Workbook Teacher’s Guide.” Availability . Single or multiple copies available in English or Spanish as of November 1.981. Ordering Information . Write to: East Bay Municipal Utility District P.O. Box 24055 Oakland, CA 94623 Cost . $.35 per copy up to 5000 copies. Additional Information . This upper elementary school workbook and teacher’s guide was prepared as a part of Project WATER (Water Awareness Through Education and Research). The overall program Is not Intended to be a separate science unit on water; rather’ it encou asses every area of the currlculuan and spans grades Kindergarden through 12th. A complete list of n terials Is available on request. C-i 9 ------- |