U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICAT10N SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
SOUTH RED IRON LAIC
MARSHALL COUOTY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VIII
WORKING PAPER No, G20
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING & SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
•';-<;. P.O. 699-440
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REPORT
ON
SOUTH RED IRON LAI€
MARSHALL COUNTY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VI11
WORKING PAPER No, 620
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIROWENTAL PROTECTION
AND THE
SOUTH DAKOTA NATIONAL GUARD
JANUARY/ 1977
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreward ii
List of South Dakota Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 1
III . Lake Water Quality Sumary 3
IV. Nutrient Loadings 4
V. Literature Reviewed 8
VI. Appendices 9
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•11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration comitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 5303(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 5303(c)], clean lakes [ 53l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ 5106 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
freshwater lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the South Dakota Departments of
Environmental Protection and Game, Fish and Parks for professional
involvement, to the South Dakota National Guard for conducting the
tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to those wastewater
treatment plant operators who voluntarily provided effluent samples.
Allyn Lockner, Secretary, and Blame Barker and Duane Murphy,
Department of Environmental Quality; Douglas Hansen, Department
of Game, Fish and Parks; and James Hayden, Director, State Lakes
Preservation Committee provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary reports, and
provided critiques most useful in the preparation of this Working
Paper series.
Major General Duane L. Corning, the Adjutant General of South
Dakota, and Project Officer Colonel Robert D. Chalberg, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the South Dakota National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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lv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Albert Kingsbury
Alvin Lincoln
Angostura Fall River
Brant Lake
Byron Beadle
Clear Marshall
Clear Minnehaha
Cochrane Deuel
Cottonwood Spink
Deerfiel d Pennington
Enemy Swim Day
Herman Lake
John Hamlin
Kampeska Codington
Madison Lake
Mitchell Davidson
Norden Hamlin
East Oakwood Brookings
West Oakwood Brookings
Pactola Pennington
Pickerel Day
Poinsett Brookings, Lake
Red Iron South Marshall
Richmond Brown
Roy Marshall
Sand Brown
Sheridan Pennington
Stockdale Custer
East Verinillion McCook
Wall Minnehaha
Waubay Day
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V
SOUTH RED IRON LAKE
Lake Sampling Site
Mi.
Map Location
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SOUTH RED IRON LAKE
STORET NO. 4623
I. INTRODUCTION
South Red Iron Lake was included in the National Eutrophication
Survey as a water body of interest to the South Dakota Departments
of Envirormental Protection and Game, Fish and Parks. Tributaries and
nutrient sources were not sampled, and this report relates only to the
lake sampling data.
I I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that South Red Iron Lake is meso-eutrophic.
It ranked third in overall trophic quality when the 31 South
Dakota lakes sampled in 1974 were compared using a combination
of six parameters*. Seven of the lakes had less median total
phosphorus, six had less and one had the same median ortho-
phosphorus, 12 had less and one had the same median inorganic
nitrogen, four had less mean chlorophyll a, and six had greater
mean Secchi disc transparency.
Survey limnologists noted extensive beds of submerged and
emergent macrophytes in the littoral areas in September.
B. Rate—Limiting Nutrient:
Because of a loss of inorganic nitrogen in the sample, the
algal assay results are not representative of conditions in
See Appendix A.
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2
the lake at the time the sample was collected.
The lake data indicate phosphorus liuritation in April
but nitrogen limitation in September.
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3
III. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICSt
A. Lake Morphometrytt:
1. Surface area: 2.51 kilometers 2 .
2. Mean depth: 2.1 meters.
3. Maximum depth: 4.6 meters.
4. Volume: 5.271 x 106 m 3 .
B. Precipitation*:
1. Year of sampling: 36.7 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 56.2 centimeters.
t Table of metric equivalents--Appendix B.
tt Murphey, 1974.
* See Working Paper No. 175, “...Survey Methods, 1973-1976”.
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4
IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
South Red Iron Lake was sampled three times during the open—water
season of 1974 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each
time, samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from
two stations on the lake and from two depths at each station (see map,
page v). During each visit, a single depth-integrated (near bottom to
surface) sample was composited from the stations for phytoplankton
identification and enumeration; and during the first visit, a single
18.9-liter depth-integrated sample was composited for algal assays.
Also each time, a depth-integrated sample was collected from each of
the stations for chlorophyll a analysis. The maximum depth sampled
was 2.4 meters at both stations.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix C and are
summarized in the following table (the July nutrient samples were not
preserved properly and were not analyzed).
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A. SUMMARY D -“‘Y ICAL AND CHEMICAL A ACTE I5T1CS FOR LAIE RED IRON SUUT,i
STO 4ET COu)E ‘.623
1ST SAMPLING C . ./29/74 ?NO SAMPLING C 7/10/74)
2 SITES 2 SiTES
3RD SAMPLING ( 9/18/74)
2 SITES
PA AMETEW
RANGE
MEAN
MEDiAN
RANGE MEAN MEDIAN
ANGE
MEAN
MEDIAN
IC)
12.1
— 12.3
12.?
12.2
25.1
— 25.4 25.2 25.2
15.5
— 15.6
15.6
15.6
DISS OXY (MG/i..)
10.0
— 10.0
10.0
10.0
7.4
— 7.4 7.4 7.4
1.2
— 9.8
9.5
9.6
CNDCTVY (NCROMO)
415.
— 459.
438.
438.
758.
— 765. 762. 762.
515.
— 51 .
515.
515.
P i (STAND UNITS)
8.4
— 8.5
8. .
8.4
8.7
- 8.9 8.8 8.8
8.8
— 8.9
8.9
8.9
TO ALk (MG/I)
196.
— 216.
207.
208.
. *a***
************.*********
355.
— 360.
357.
355.
TOT P (MG/L
0.023
— 0.050
0.037
0.038
—******..*o*..***......
0.01+0
— 0.068
0.051
0.046
ORTHO P (MG/L)
0.002
— 0.018
0.009
0.007
**Q**
0.008
— 0.011
0.010
0.011
NO2. I03 (MG/L)
0.070
— 0.140
0.097
0.090
* ****
****•**** *••** e••
0.020
— 0.020
0.020
0.020
AMMONIA (MG/I)
0.040
0.050
0.047
0.050
*****9
..*******O*9**Q****** Ø*
0.030
— 0.040
0.03?
0.0’.0
KJEL N (MG/I)
1.300
— 1.400
1.3s0
1.350
—0•0*0*• *0•*.O **
1. 00
— 2.000
1.800
1.900
INO G N (MG/L)
0.110
— 0.190
0.145
0.140
*Q****
*a*****Q** **QO***...
0.050
— 0.060
0.057
0.060
T(TAL N (MG/L)
1.380
— 1.540
1.447
1.435
*O**.*
** ***O•*OØGO*******
1.520
— 2.020
1.820
1.920
Cr’L PYL A (UGh)
3.6
5.1
‘ ..3
4.3
7.0
— 14.8 10.9 10.9
5.3
— 5.5
5. ’ .
5.4
SLCCHI (METERS)
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.8
— 3.2 2.5 2.5
U’
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6
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling Dominant Algal Units
Date — Genera per ml
04/29/74 1. Melosira p. 1,531
2. Chroomonas p. 557
3. cryptomonas a• 371
4. Fragilaria a• 278
5. Synedra A2. 186
Other genera 509
Total 3,432
07/10/74 1. Melosira a 661
2. Chroomonas !P• 441
3. Ahabaena p. 397
4. Stephanodiscus p. 44
5. Synedra a• 44
Other genera 87
Total 1 ,674
09/18/74 1. Melosira p. 506
2. Anabaena a 119
3. I locystis !P 60
4. phanizomenon p. 30
5. L.yngb.ya !2.• 30
Other genera 29
Total 774
2. Chlorophyll a -
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date - Number ( pg/i) —
04/29/74 1 5.1
2 3.6
01/10/14 1 7.0
2 14.8
09/18/74 1 5.3
2 5.5
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7
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
A 48% loss of inorganic nitrogen occurred in the assay sample
between the time of collection and the beginning of the assay,
and the results are not representative of conditions in the lake
at the time the sample was taken (04/29/74).
The lake data indicate phosphorus limitation in April but
nitrogen limitation in September (the mean inorganic nitrogen/
orthophosphorus ratios were 16/1 and 6/1, respectively).
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8
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Murphey, Duane G., 1974. Personal communication (lake morphometry).
SD Dept. of Env. Prot., Pierre.
Petri, Lester R., and L. Rodney Larson, 1966(?). Quality of water
in selected lakes of eastern South Dakota. Rept. of mv. #1,
SD Water Res. Comm., Pierre.
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9
Vi. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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LA’cE DATA TO BE USED IN RANKINGS
LAKE MEDIAN MEDIAN 500— MEAN 15 MEDIAN
CODE LAKE NAME TOTAL P INO’ G N MEAN SEC CHLORA MIN oo 0155 ORTHO I
4601 LAKE ALBERT 0.321 0.170 489.111 106.289 9.200 0.019
4602 ALVIN LAKE 0.067 0.970 442 ,833 4.700 9.400 0.017
4603 ANGOSTURA RESERVOIR 0.019 0.160 423.333 3.717 13.000 0.005
4604 8°ANT LAKE 0.194 0.130 432.833 34.150 11.800 0.113
4605 LAKE. HYRON 0.443 0.370 488.333 149.350 9.000 0.146
4606 CLEAR LAKE 0.027 u.075 430.167 11.983 8.800 0.009
460’ CLEAR LAKE 1.400 0.270 495.333 691.000 7.000 0.468
4603 COCPIRAP%E LAKE 0.037 0.150 446.000 15.683 15.000 0.008
4609 COTTO’ WOOD LAKE 0.685 0.265 490.333 112.017 8.600 0.417
4610 DEEFFI(LD RESERVOIR 0.033 0.080 303.333 3.650 15.000 0.022
4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 0.037 0.085 442.600 14.200 8.200 0.013
4612 LAKE HERMAN 0.340 0.155 485.000 58.733 8.600 0.174
4613 ST JOHN LAKE 0.34s 0.080 489.400 1 0.880 9.800 0.025
‘614 LAKE KAMPESKA 0.220 0.105 468.889 20.567 8.200 0.128
4615 MADISON LAKE 0.250 0.000 445.555 22.578 14.000 0.107
4616 LAKE MITCHELL 0.099 0.085 465.833 14.883 13.800 0.015
4617 LACE NflROEN 0.256 0.165 488.667 46.800 10.000 0.050
4618 OAIcdOOu LAcE EAST 0.146 0.175 487.000 113.600 10.000 0.009
4619 OAKW000 LAKE WEST 0.181 0.135 485.833 159.667 9.bO O 0.021
4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 0.011 0.070 248.444 1.478 11.000 0.006
4621 PICKEREL LAKE 0.049 0.095 439.833 15.833 9.600 0.009
4622 LAKE POINSETT 0.115 0.315 468. 44 40.211 10.000 0.023
4623 LAKE RED IRON SOUTP 0.042 0.110 430.333 6.883 7.600 0.010
4624 RICHMOND LAKE 0.187 0.150 410.000 18.467 10.000 0.144
4625 ROY LAKE 0.034 0.070 431.000 13.333 11.000 0.010
4626 SAND LAKE 0.489 0.110 471.800 65.790 12.800 0.288
4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 0.053 0.105 394.000 15.433 15.000 0.016
‘-‘‘8 CTr r AOr • A.2:%’ 0 - 150 432.000 25.400 15.000 0.109
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LA’ E DATA TO BE USED IN RANKINGS
LAKE MEDIAN MEDIAN 500— MEAN 15— MEDIAN
CODE LAKE NAME !OTAL P INORG P4 MEAN SEC CHLOHA PUN DO 0155 O’flHO P
4629 LAKE VERMILLIOP4 0.21 % 0.100 472.833 100.800 9.200 0.092
4630 WALL LAcE 0.194 0.159 441.667 55.267 7.400 0.076
4631 WAUdAY LA ( NQRTM 0.093 0.145 469.555 127.033 11.400 0.023
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PERCENT OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES (NUMBER OF LAKES WITH HIGHEP VALUES)
LAKE P EOIAN MEDIAN 500— MEAN 15— MEDIAN INDEX
CODE LAKE NAME TOTAL P INORG N MEAN SEC CIILORA MIN 00 DISS OPT iO P NO
45)1 LAKE ALBEPT 20 C ) 20 ( 6) 10 C 3) 23 C 7) 68 C 201 60 C 18) 201
4602 ALVIN LAKE 67 C 20) 0 C 0) 57 ( 17) 90 C 27) 63 C 19) 63 C 19) 340
4603 ANGOST’JRA PESER 0IP 97 C 29) 30 ( 9) 87 1 26) 93 C 28) 20 1 6) 100 i 30) 427
46 4 8RANT LAKE 40 C 12) 53 1 16) 70 C 21) 47 C 14) 27 1 8) 23 ( 7) 260
4505 LAKE BYRON 10 C 3) 3 C 1) 17 C 5) 7 C 2) 73 C 22) 13 1 4) 123
4606 CLEAR LAKE 93 C 2B 93 1 28) 83 C 25) 83 C 25) 77 ( 23) 90 1 27) 519
4607 CLEAR LAKE 0 C 0) 10 C 3) 0 1 0) 0 1 0) 100 1 30) 0 C 0) 110
46 8 COCHRAI. E LAKE 83 C 25) 40 C 11) 50 C 15) 67 1 20) 5 1 0) 93 C 28) 338
‘.609 COTTONwOOD LAKE 3 1 1) 13 C 4) 3 1 1) 20 C 6) 82 C 24) 3 C 1) 124
4610 DEERFIELD RESERVO1i 90 C 27) 88 C 26) 97 C 29) 97 1 29) 5 1 0) 53 1 16) 430
4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 80 1 24) 82 C 24) 60 1 18) 77 1 23) 88 1 26) 73 1 22) 460
4612 LAKE HERMAN 17 C 5) 33 C 10 27 1 8) 33 1 101 82 1 241 10 3 202
4613 ST JOHM LAKE 13 C 4) 88 C 26) 7 C 2) 13 1 4) 53 16) 43 C 13) 217
4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 33 C 10) 65 C 19) 40 C 12) 57 C 17) 88 C 26) 20 C 6) 303
‘.615 MADISON LAKE 27 C 8) 77 C 23) 53 1 163 53 C 16) 13 1 4) 30 1 9) 253
4616 LAKE MITCHELL 60 1 18) 82 C 24) 47 1 14) 73 C 22) 17 C 5) 70 C 21) 349
4617 LAKE NORDEN 23 C 7) 23 C 7) 13 C 4) 40 C 12) 45 C 12) 40 1 12) 184
4618 OAKWOOD LAKE EAST 53 1 16) 17 1 5) 20 C 6) 17 1 5) 45 C 12) 85 1 25) 237
4619 OAKW000 LAKE WEST 50 C 15) 50 1 15) 23 1 7) 3 1 1) 58 1 17) 57 1 17) 241
4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 100 C 30) 98 1 29) 100 1 30) 100 1 30) 35 C 10) 97 1 29) 530
4621 PICKEREL LAKE 73 1 22) 73 1 22) 67 1 20) 63 1 19) 58 C 17) 85 1 25) 419
4622 LAKE POINSETT 57 1 17) 7 C 2) 43 C 13) 43 C 13) 45 C 12) 47 1 14) 242
4623 LAKE RED IRON SOUTH 77 1 23) 58 C 17) 80 C 24) 87 1 26) 93 C 28) 78 C 23) 413
4624 RICHMOND LAKE 47 C 14) ‘.0 C 11) 90 1 27) 60 C 18) 45 C 12) 17 1 5) 299
4625 ROY LAKE 87 C 26) 98 1 29) 77 1 23) 80 C 24) 35 ( 10) 78 1 23) 455
4626 SAND LAKE 7 1 2) 58 C 17) 33 C 10) 30 C 9) 23 C 7) 7 ( 2) 158
4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 70 C 21) 65 C 19) 93 C 28) 70 C 21) 5 C 0) 67 1 20) 370
8 ‘ (A’) E 10 ‘. 1’ 7 I C 1 I ‘ 0 27 ‘ M) ‘25
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PERCENT OF LAKES ITK HIG iER VALUES (NUM8ER OF LAKES WITH HIGHEF VALUES)
LAKE MEDIAN MEDIAN 500— MEAN 15— MEDIAN INDEX
CODE LAKE NAME TOTAL P Ir.IORG N MEAN SEC CrILOI A MIN DO 0155 ORTriO P NO
‘629 LAKE VERMILLION 37 ( 11) 70 1 21) 30 C 9) 27 1 8) 68 I 20) 33 1 13) 265
4630 WALL LAKE 43 ( 13) 27 C 8) 63 I 19) 37 1 11) 97 29) 37 C 11) 304
‘631 WAUBAY LAKE NORTH 63 C 19) 47 C 14) 37 1 11 10 ( 3) 30 1 9) 50 ( 15) 237
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LAKES RANKED BY INDEX NOS.
RANK LAKE CODE LAKE NAME INDEX NO
1 4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 530
2 4506 CLEAR LAKE 519
3 4623 LAKE RED IRON SOuTH 473
4 4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 460
5 4625 ROY LAKE 455
6 4610 DEERFIELD RESERVOIR 430
7 4603 ANGOSIURA RESERVOIR 427
8 4621 PICKEREL LAKE 419
9 4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 370
10 4616 LAKE MITCHELL
11 4b02 ALVIN LAKE 340
12 4608 COCHRANE LAKE 338
13 4630 WALL. LAKE 304
14 4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 303
15 4624 RICHMOND LAKE 299
16 4629 LAKE VERMILLION 265
37 4604 BRANT LAKE 260
18 4615 MADISON LAKE 253
19 4622 LAKE POINSETT 242
20 4619 OAKW000 LAKE WEST 241
21 4631 WAUBAY LAKE NOHTH 237
22 4618 OAKW000 LAKE EAST 237
23 4628 STOCKADE LAKE 225
24 4613 ST JO iN LAKE 217
25 4612 LAKE HERMAN 202
26 4601 LAKE ALBERT 201
27 4617 LAKE NORDEN 1 4
28 6 SAl cE 3
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L ES RANIc D By INDEX NOS.
RAN’c LAPcE CODE LAKE NAME INDEX NO
29 4609 COTT JNWOOO LAKE. 124
30 4605 LAKE bYRON 123
31 4bi 7 CLEAR LAKE 110
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APPENDIX B
CONVERS ION FACTORS
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CONV IRS ION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 = feet
CubIc meters x 8.107 x l0 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = lbs/square mile
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APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
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STOr-T r ETI IE AL Jg 1 7S/1ti25
46230 1
2 30.0 096 16 00.0
LAKE r
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ST.)r ET ,IETRIE.VAL uArE 75/ill ’S
‘.62302
45 31 00.0 96 17 00.0
LMa E r ED I OIJ SUuTFI
46337 SOUt i A tOTA
I IEPALE.S 21112i.i2
4 0011 FEET DEPirl
U03 )(, 0&77 0009’. 00400 00410 00610 00625 0u630 O Obll
DAlE TI’ .E Th . TER DO T .ANSP C DUCTVY PH I ALt NN3—N TOT r JEL ‘ O2&NO3 PriOS—DIS
F QM OF TEM’-’ SECC -’I FIELD CACO3 TOTAL N N—IOTAL ORTrIO
10 DAY FEET CENT ‘4GFL LrJCME.S MICPOMPtO SU MG/L M( /L MG/L MG/L MG/L P
74/04/20 12 50 0000 12.1 65 418 8.45 204 0.050 1.300 0.100 0.005
12 50 0007 12.1 10.0 415 8.40 196 0.040 1.400 0.070 0.002K
7 ’ ./07/Lu 10 45 0000 25.3 7.4 126 765 8.80
10 45 0008 25.1 7.4 763 8.70
7 /(,9/1 13 35 0000 15.6 ‘ .6 45 515 8.85 355 0.030 2.000 0.020K 0.011
13 35 000w 1., 0.2 515 8.87
0066b 32217 0 031
DATE TIP4F DE Tr PHOSTOT Ct4LRPHYL INCOT LI
FROM OF A REMN ING
TO DAY FEET MG/L P JG/L PEI CENT
74/04/29 12 50 0000 U.023 3.6
12 50 00U7 v.035
74/07/10 10 45 0000 14.8
7’./09/18 13 35 0000 5,5
13 35 0007 0.0
13 35 0310 12.0
K VALUE KNOWN TO BE
LESS THAN INDICATED
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