SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
t/tbstracts from the aDiterature
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This publication, prepafed by the
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
under contract to the Federal solid waste management program,
is reproduced as received from the contractor.
Any questions regarding errors or inconsisteitcies
should be referred directly to the contractor.
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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Note: The Federal solid waste management program is unable to
furnish reprints of the cited publications, with the exception of
papers authored by program personnel. If copies of publications
are not available in local libraries, readers should contact the
author(s) or publisher to obtain reprints.
An Environmental Protection Publication
This publication is also in the Public Health Service numbered
series as Public Health Service Publication No. 91—1967, Supple-
ment J; its entry in two government publication series is the
result of a publishing interface reflecting the transfer of the
Federal solid waste management program from the U.S. Public
Health Service to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NO. 53-60514
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3
Stock Number 5502—007 7
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THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIES
1941 — 1971
Since its beginning over a quarter century ago, the Federal
program in snlid waste management has had a number of organizational
aegises, as well as several organizational titles. One constant,
though, has been quite visible throughout the program’s development,
and that is its unflagging interest in bibliography.
Collecting past data on a problem by a literature search is the
classic first step used in the scientific method of problem solving.
Thus, in 1941, the first workers in the Federal program searched the
world—wide literature for information that had been published on solid
wastes. The resultant bibliography was then published as a service to
other workers in the field and became a periodic publication in the
Public Health Service series. This step was taken again in 1965,
following the passage of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, when the early
bibliographies were reprinted and made more widely available. The
literature search was then extended through 1971, and the present
bibliography is one of these that will bring the series up to date.
—-SAMTJEL HALE, JR.
Deput : 1os stant A&unistravor
for Solid Waste 1 agemer t
ii i
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature
1967
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (Public Law 89—272, Title II)
and its amended legislation, the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 (Public
Law 91—512, Title I), authorized collection, storage, and retrieval of
information relevant to all aspects of solid waste management.
Although the literature represented by this bibliography does not
include all the solid waste literature published in 1967, numerous
periodical and nonperiodical titles covering both the foreign and
domestic literature were screened for inclusion. No effort was made to
separate strictly technical material from that which is more general.
The bibliography is arranged in categories corresponding to the various
administrative, engineering, and operational phases of solid waste
management. Indices include subject, corporate author, author, and
geographical location cited. Addresses of periodical sources are
provided.
This project is the result of the combined efforts of the Solid
Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) and the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories under contracts PH 86—67—182 and PH 86—68—194.
Primary SWIRS personnel involved in this project were John A. Connolly
and Sandra E. Stainback.
--THOMAS F. WILLIAMS, Dir ector
Technical Information Staff
Office of Solid Waste Management
v
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CONTENTS
Page
Law/Regulations(includes ordinances and bills)
Economics(includes costs, fees, taxes, and
financing)
Storage (includes receptacles, containers,
and sacks)
Collection and Disposal——General
Collection and Transportation of Refuse
Disposal(multisystems only). See al so
Specific methods
Agricultural wastes(includes crop residues and
animal manures)
Automobile(abandoned autos, processing, separating,
salvaging, reduction, collection of autos.
Recycling of automobile parts will be found
under Automobile, not under Recycling)
Compost/Composting(includes equipment processes
and marketing)
Processing/Reduction(excludes composting and
incineration)
Incineration(includes all burning processes
and pyrolysis)
Incineration——Europe
Industrial wastes
Hazardous wastes(iricludes pesticides) .
Packaging wastes(includes plastic, glass,
and metals)
Recycling(includes reclamation, utilization,
salvage, recovery and reuse).
See al -so Automobile
Fly ash utilization. See al-so Recycling
Sanitary landfill(iricludes all land disposal).
Street cleaning(includes snow removal and
sweeping equipment)
Training, Education, and Publit Relations
Health/Safety
Litter
Management(includes the facility as well as
overall concept of the system)
Analysis of solid waste. See Specific category
Bulky wastes. See Specific category .
Institutional wastes. See Specific category
Ocean disposal(includes all waterways) .
Research. See Training, Education, and Public
Relations
Separation. See Recycling
Sludge(includes sewage sludge and slurry).
See Specific category
Transport(includes pipelines, pneumatic systems,
rail, truck, or barge haul). See Collection
and Transportation of Refuse
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Author Index
Corporate Author Index
Geographical Location Index
Subject Index
90
• . 104
115
122
• • 147
• • 168
225
230
235
289
301
317
322
325
330
• . 333
1
12
14
19
40
58
80
355
365
378
381
386
vii
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LAW/REGULATIONS
67-0001
Amendment proposed to Solid Waste Disposal
Act. Refuse Removal Journal, lO(ll):24,
Nov. 1967.
Senate Bill 1646, introduced April 27, 1967,
is discussed. As an amendment to the Solid
Waste Disposal Act, it would permit the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
to make grants to State, interstate,
municipal, and intermunicipal agencies, as
well as to organizations composed of public
officials which are eligible for assistance
under sections of the Housing Act of 1954.
The amendment would allow the federal
government to pay up to two-thirds of the
cost of a single municipality’s study and
three-quarters of the cost for a study of
more than one area.
67-0002
American Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. 346 p.
The program featured discussions of:
Federal, State, and local problems involving
beautification; aesthetic concepts in
community development; recognition of
aesthetics as a public purpose; common law
nuisance doctrine; enabling legislation; and
recent legislative approaches. Other topics
covered are: the use of police power and
eminent domain in achieving aesthetic goals;
non-governmental programs involving
beautification; valuation problems Involving
aesthetic control; techniques of conveying
differing rights; effect of aesthetic land
use restrictions on marketability; the tax
aspects of aesthetic enhancement; the
developing jurisprudence of aesthetics;
planning and zoning, with special emphasis
on the local level; the future of aesthetic
control; and an extensive review of current
literature in the field. Numerous citations
of court decisions dealing with the legal
concepts and issues of aesthetics are
included.
67-0003
Atherton, E. B. Valuation problems involving
aesthetic programs. In American Bar
Association National Institute; Proceedings;
Junkyards, Geraniums, and Jurisprudence;
Aesthetics and the Law, Chicago, June 2-3,
1967. p. 112 - 126 .
Some basic rules and prerequisites of
evaluation which govern the acquisition of
property for aesthetic purposes are
discussed. The prerequisites are:
understanding of State and Federal laws
and obtainment of necessary legal counsel;
obtainment of necessary easement of cost to
procure particulars from administrative or
engineering personnel; and determination
of highest and best use from individual data
and judgement. Supplementing the 1965
Highway Beautification Act, the Federal
Highway Administration has issued Policy and
Procedure Memorandum 80-9 entitled
‘Acquisition Procedures for the Control of
Outdoor Advertising Signs and Junkyards, and
for Landscaping and Scenic Enhancement.’
Signs and junkyards lawfully in existence
as of Oct. 22, 1965, must be appraised,
acquired, and paid for, or otherwise
controlled by negotiation and payment
of just compensation to each interest. The
fee simple estate, cost to cure, leasehold
estate, and the leased fee estate as applied
to appraisals and scenic easements are
discussed. The maximum compensation for
both the landowner and the sign owner may
not exceed the capitalized economic rental
value. Valuation of junkyards as presently
practiced is discussed in depth.
67-0004
Billett, J. 0. Nuisance doctrine. In
American Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkvards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.72-86.
The nuisance doctrine is classified,
defined, and discussed alorig with citations
of many court cases. The courts generally
recognize that the States and municipal
governments could not only suppress
nuisances which were denounced by the common
law, but also could specify legislatively
what shall be deemed a nuisance so long as
its determination is not arbitrary or
capricious. However, even though the States
and local governments have a wide discretion
in declaring certain conditions to be public
nuisances and may add to the common law a
list of nuisances, they cannot under the
guise of the police power abate that which is
not in fact a nuisance. Instead of the
health, safety or morals aspect, upon which
the doctrine of nuisances was initially
based, some courts have recently been able
to sanction abatement of land uses which have
merely impalpable harmful effects on the
surrounding areas. Because of its drastic
nature in the elimination of non-conformity
as nuisance, other approaches may be
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Law/Regulations
preferable and should be considered
thoroughly at the time legislation is being
considered.
67-0005
Bosley, J. J. Legislative needs for a
metropolitan solid waste disposal program.
In L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p. 6 1- 63 .
The cooperation of local jurisdictions is
essential for an effective metropolitan
disposal program. Existing legal authority
for such cooperation in the Washington, D.C.
area is described. But, the problem cannot
be solved with the existing legislation.
Some legal alternatives for the Washington
area are discussed, e.g. a nonprofit
corporation composed of the local governments
and a metropolitan authority.
67-0006
Court decision may affect U.S. landfill
regulations. Refuse Removal Journal,
l0(5):23, May 1967.
The Superior Court of San Mateo County,
California, found ‘that the proposed use
(by Sanitary Fill Company) of the Sierra
Point site as a garbage disposal area
(for San Francisco’s wastes) is a public
nuisance.’ If this precedent is allowed
to stand, it could, by its influence, mark
the end of every fill and refuse disposal
operation in the country.
67-0007
Court forbids price fixing. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(7):32, July 1967.
The Department of Justice has filed a
judgment in the U. S. District Court
of Philadelphia forbidding seven former or
present officials of the Pennsylvania
Refuse Removal Association to fix prices or
restrain trade, or to be either officers or
directors of any trash association for 5
years. During a 3-week trial in 1964,
the Antitrust Division of the Justice
Department charged several members of the
Association with meeting as early as 1960
to make agreements not to solicit customers
from each other. The present judgement
concluded the civil antitrust suit against
the Association.
67-0008
Disposal damage ruled a tax loss. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(2):34, Feb. 1967.
Damage by a garbage disposal may be classed
as casualty loss for income tax deduction in
the same category as storm, shipwreck, or
fire.
67-0009
Dunham, A. Preservation of open space by
private arrangements. In American Bar
Association National Institute; Proceedings;
Junkyards, Geraniums, and Jurisprudence;
Aesthetics and the Law, Chicago, June 2-3,
1967. p. 95 - 99 .
Laws have been passed authorizing various
agencies of government to acquire absolute
or limited interest in land not to be used
directly by the public, in order to preserve
open space, scenic beauty, or other aesthetic
values in our society. Yet, many people
are involved in political, educational,
and legal campaigns to pressure the
legislative bodies to exercise their power
to permit the use of open space for other
competing purposes which are admittedly in
the public interest such as school buildings,
bed for a highway, museums, stadiums,
convention halls, fire houses, and police
stations. A well rounded program on the
legal problems of open space should include
considerations of the legal techniques to
preserve the victory in hard won battles
for open space. A case in point involves
the area known as Grant Park, and its
ramifications are discussed. The basic law
of private property or the law concerning
easements and how it can be applied to
perpetuate open spaces is discussed.
Through the use -of the rights of private
property, many people with little or much
accumulated wealth can benefit their
fellow men.
67- OOtO
Farr, F. S. Posies, politics, and the courts.
I American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the
Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 283 - 292 .
Efforts to conserve and protect the natural
resources of our country involve the
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0005—00 12
administrative, legislative, and judicial
branches of our government at all levels—
local, State, and national. Historical
instances and court cases dealing with these
efforts are discussed. The Highway
Beautification Act of 1965 aims to impose
controls on outdoor advertising, to hide
ugly junkyards visible from the road and to
enhance the scenic beauty of the highway.
By far the most controversial part of the
Act is Title I relating to outdoor
advertising. The Act exempts on-premise
point—of—purchase signs. These comprise
90 percent of the urban billboards.
There are some 839,000 signs of all sizes
and shapes and description far removed
from commercial or industrial activity of
any kind. These are signs which clutter up
the rural roadside and uglify many natural
areas. The Act provides for a penalty of
a reduction in a State’s Federal highway
allotment by 10 percent for not complying
with the billboard or junkyard provisions
of the Act. The Act is not effective until
1970 and the Act provides for true
negotiation and formal agreements between
the individual States and the Secretary on
size, lighting, and spacing of billboards,
and the definition of an unzoned industrial
or commercial area where outdoor advertising
is permitted. The Secretary may suspend the
imposition of the penalty when he deems it
to be in the public interest.
67-0011
Gooder, D. N. Brakes for the beauty bus.
In American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Ghicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 127 - 149 .
The inherent problems in governmental
intrusion into the area of beautification
and aesthetics are discussed. Aesthetic
goals can best be achieved by voluntary
techniques that involve, in part, governmental
cooperation. Various court cases are cited
where aesthetic considerations may or may
not provide the sole support of a police
regulation. There are substantial
differences in court attitudes toward
police power and restrictions on private
property in the various States. It is clear
that the courts are aware of the dangers
involved in permitting government to rule
in the aesthetic field. The techniques of
‘amortization of non-conforming uses’ relating
to land and structures of various States
is discussed, and court decisions are cited.
Compensation is not the whole question
involved. The use of governmental power to
its fullest constitutional extent is advocated
by some, and all other considerations are
brushed aside. Over the past 10 years there
has been a growing concern among members of
Congress as well as government officials
and others with regard to whether the persons
and businesses which are being displaced
have been required to bear a disproportionate
share of the burden of these federally
assisted programs. It is clear that the
question in connection with governmental
programs whether for beautification or
otherwise, is not fully resolved by answering
the question of whether to compensate or not.
A serious question remains as to the items
of damage for which compensation will be
paid. These ‘incidental’ items are listed
and discussed.
67-0012
Herrmann, C. Using research experimentation
to improve the urban environment. In American
Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 254 - 262 .
The experiment involves the development of
a new research method for studying human
reaction to the urban freeway, with
particular emphasis given to the roadside
environment. The study was limited to a
consideration of the urban highway as seem
in motion. The input was a series of slides
shown in sequence so that the viewer
had a feeling of being driven on the
road. The slides were shown for 5 to 10
seconds each with a similar interval in
between. The observer saw slide sequences
of: the route as it is; the route with
large signs removed; the route with utility
poles removed; and the route with both
large signs and utility poles removed. The
results of the test, theoretical tindings,
practical findings, observer evaluation
statistics, and the bipolar adjective factor
are discussed. Two observations are offered:
first, it has been possible to work
effectively on a complex problem of urban
visual environment under controlled
laboratory conditions; and secondly, the
synthesis of several research methods on the
problem of human response to the urban
roadside has produced some interesting, new
insights at both the theoretical and
practical levels.
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Law/Regulations
67-0013
Johnson, R. R. Recent legislative approaches
are enabling legislation to accomplish
aesthetic objectives. In American Bar
Association National Institute; Proceedings;
Junkyards, Geraniums, and Jurisprudence;
Aesthetics and the Law, Chicago, June 2-3,
1967. p.29-71.
A discussion in depth Is presented on:
current scope of aesthetic controls;
government control of private land use; and
aesthetic objectives and public purposes
as related to legislative programs.
Legislative programs fall into three main
categories. The preservation of open spaces,
protection of the highway, and land use
controls based upon aesthetic considerations
are defined and discussed. Through the use
of a State’s police powers, the so-called
‘greenbelt zonirig technique has been used
by some States to protect open space.
Taxing methods, zoning ordinances, and various
approaches to preserve open space are
outlined. Comments are made on the Highway
Beautification Act as passed by Congress
in 1965, and its effects on land use
controls are discussed. Outdoor advertising
and junkyards have long been the primary
targets for control based upon aesthetic
considerations. The passage of this Act
has had far reaching effects on junkyards.
A list of references, conclusions, and an
appendix are presented.
67-0014
Johnson, R. R. The jurisprudence of
aesthetics. In American Bar Association
National Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards,
Geraniums, and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and
the Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.327-346.
In the early development of our legal system
simple rules emerged from the common law
which placed restraints upon the inherent
sovereign police power. Such a rule was
the one against aesthetics, which provided
that ‘aesthetic considerations alone are not
sufficient to sustain a restriction upon
the use of property.’ This simple formula
was a check against arbitrary government
power. Court cases involving this rule are
cited. Once it became accepted as part of
the responsibility of the law to see that
private land uses which conflict with the
welfare of the community as a whole did not
occur, court decisions began to refine the
role of aesthetics under the police power
and to place new importance on the concept
of ‘general welfare.’ While aesthetics
alone would not justify an exercise of
the police power, it could be given some
weight In conjunction with upholding the
legislation on grounds of safety, health,
morals, or welfare. Commencing in 1963,
three State supreme courts ruled squarely
on this question and upheld the control of
land use on aesthetic considerations alone.
If the point is ever reached where aesthetic
factors constitute a legal force, the
courts will be faced with the question of
whether a particular police power regulation
is a reasonable means of achieving the
goals of preserving amenities in community
development or whether the restriction
amounts to an arbitrary standard of
community taste or preference.
67-0015
Jurisdiction of garbage removal: sanitary
district or village? Public Works,
98(6):84, June 1967.
Incorporated Village of Atlantic Beach v.
Kimmel, 223 NE 2nd 489(N.Y., 1967)
was an action by the village for a declaratory
judgement, establishing that it has sole
and exclusive power and jurisdiction to
provide for the collection or removal of
garbage within its territorial limits, while
also restraining the defendants (Sanitary
District Commissioners) from providing for
such collection and disposition after the
existing contract expired. The plaintiff
village insisted that any contract the
sanitary district might sign for the period
after the present contract expires, should
exclude the plaintiff village. The court
recognized that practical difficulties
are likely to be encountered in the case
of sewer, water, or other improvement districts
which, by their nature, are required to
function as units. However, the court held
that the village was empowered to render
garbage disposal services and to contract
for such services upon expiration of the
contract which had previously controlled
the garbage removal.
67-00 16
Kentucky adopts incinerator laws. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(12):36, Sept. 1967.
Kentucky’s Air Pollution Control Commission
has adopted strict regulations to give its
staff more enforcement powers regarding
incinerator design and specifications.
Minimum construction criteria for
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0013—0020
incinerators, emission of air contaminants,
and regulation of open burning are included
in these regulations.
67-0017
Kratovil, R. Aesthetics and the marketability
of title. In American Bar Association
National Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards,
Geraniums, and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and
the Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.247-253.
Various court decisions are cited in regard
to aesthetics within the ambit of public
interests that are accorded legal
protection under the police power in an
affluent society. Whether junkyards or
billboards become unlawful as a result of the
exercise of the police power without
compensation, or under the power of eminent
domain with payment of just compensation,
is a matter that deeply concerns the
landowners and industries involved. A
substantial encroachment on adjoining land
by a substantial building renders title
to both tracts of land unmarketable but
when the building that encroaches on
neighboring land is old or dilapidated,
or a temporary structure of small value, or
a structure that is removable at only slight
effort or expense, the title is deemed
marketable. However, if there is no
unlawful structure on the land, but the
land is subject to some valid, prospective
police power enactment forbidding future use
of the land for billboards or junkyards,
it would not appear necessary to mention
these enactments in a contract of sale.
Laws that have not been violated do not
render title unmarketable It is reasonable
to assume that the existence of any record
of a scenic easement, whether acquired by
purchase or by condemnation, must be shown
on any future contract of sale, or else the
title will be deemed unniarketable.
67-0018
Leverich, R. C. The preservation of scenic
beauty—one way to get there. In American
Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 151 - 158 .
Simply stated, the program involves
selecting scenic areas carefully, evaluating
their beauty potential and obtaining those
land use rights which will enable
preservation, restoration, or enhancement of
the potential. The easement program is
workable and there can be great benefits in
this type of program. The easement program
provides for continued useful land use
by owners. The true objective of this
program is not to deprive owners of usable,
marketable property merely for the
convenience of agencies unwilling to
assume a cooperative relationship with
owners. There is no merit in a preservation
program which does not provide for the
fullest possible utilization of beauty.
Some of the problems encountered are:
failure to provide leadership; failure to
provide positive thinking; and valuation
problems. There is much confusion associated
with valuation problems on a scenic easement
parcel and these problems are outlined and
discussed. Three suggestions are presented
for the appraisers: understand the objective
of the program; remember the definition of
fair market value and highest and best
use; and use common sense and good judgement
and negotiate settlement if necessary.
67-0019
Levin, 0. R. Review of current literature.
In American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 308 - 326 .
A review of a selected group of available
documents relating the legal elements of
aesthetics is presented. It provides an
excellent background for the formulation of
legal inferences and the analysis of legal
issues. Some of these will supply the data
needed to support assertions of various kinds
involving the aesthetics subject matter.
The bibliography includes such sub-jects as:
general books, demand, protection and/or
enhancement, programs, benefits—economic
impact standards, complementary facilities,
existing scenic roads and parkways, Federal
agency activities, financing, legislation,
planning and research, and maps and guides.
67-0020
Lewis, P. H. Environmental awareness.
American Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.lOO lll.
Topics under discussion are: environmental
patterns, human impact, human needs,
inventory tools, and awareness centers. A
variety of choices is both possible and
necessary for the intelligent allocation
5
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Law/Regulations
and utilization of the resources found in
the natural environment. With this
awareness the time has cone for a second
look at our basic landscaDe resources. The
following environmental factors are outlined
and discussed: weather, toxic patterns, fire
hazards, floods, disease vectors, cropland,
scientific patterns, landscane personality,
ethnic patterns, environmental corridor
patterns, individual resources and resource
nodes, potential reservoirs, utility and
transportation, human waste and disposal,
aquifer recharge, ground water, building
materials, and volcanic earthquake patterns.
Techniques must be developed for presenting
these environmental studies to the general
public in conceptual and pictorial form.
Until clear pictures and concepts about
man and his environment, the problems, and
potential and causal relationships are
disseminated and become part of the common
stock of knowledge, there can be little
progress in guiding human imuact in harmony
with identified natural and cultural value
patterns.
67-0021
Litter detectives catch the guilty. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(7):36, July 1967.
Three detectives in St. Louis sifted through
litter on vacant lots in order to find names
and addresses on cartons, advertising
materials, sales slips, etc. Last year they
came up with 780 cases of illegal dumping
and fotnid the guilty party in 152 of then.
Illegal dumping of trash and refuse is a
violation of a city ordinance and the
violator is subject to a fine of $1 to $500,
or 90 days in lail, or both, on conviction.
67-0022
Litter law tidied by Minnesota bill. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(12):18, Dec. 1967.
Faced with a multitude of laws that provide
capricious penalties for convicted litterers,
the State Assembly has passed a bill
providing uniform penalties for all types
of littering, namely, from $10 to $200 in
fines, imprisonment of up to 30 days, or
both. The State Senate conservation
committee has unanimously approved the bill.
67-0023
Montano, J. N. Problems in condemnation of
property rirhts involving aesthetic controls.
In American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 2 l3-229.
The program to keeo America beautiful or to
restore its beauty is being concentrated
along the routes of the Interstate Highway
and primary highway systems. The program
concentrates on three methods: control of
outdoor advertising, control of lunkyards,
and preservation of areas by the acquisition
of scenic easements. Questions arise as to
whether or not this program can be carried out
by the use of police power, the exercise of
the power of eminent domain, or a combination
of the two. There are also questions of
whether or not the power of eminent domain
could be used for the control and preservation
of aesthetics. After the condemnation suit
is filed, these issues max’ have to he
resolved: is the purpose for the taking
or limitation of the use of property for a
public use; is there a necessity for the
taking or limiting of the use of the property
iii question; and have bona fide negotiations,
where required by law, been conducted and
concluded by a failure to agree upon the
compensation to be paid for the taking or
damaging of a property right. Bona fide
negotiations generally fall into two general
classes: what constitutes an attempt to
purchase; and with whom must negotiations
be conducted. Two rules are most commonly
used for measuring compensation: the
measure of compensation is a difference
between the value of the entire property
before taking and the value of the property
remaining after the taking; and the
compensation is equal to the value of the
land taken plus the difference in market value
of the remainder before and after the taking.
Just compensation shall have to be determined
and paid when either relocation, removal,
or disposal becomes necessary and is done
so under the exercise of the power of
eminent domain. Citations of various court
cases are presented.
67-0024
Mullen, B. J. Scenic easements: techniques
of convevancing. In American Bar Association
National Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards,
Geraniums, and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and
the Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.23O-246.
Some techniques of convevancing through
condemnation and variances relating to
6
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002 1—002 7
scenic easements are discussed. Wisconsin,
for a number of years, has been buying
scenic easements for the purpose of
imoroving the scenery along its highways.
The fee title concept as practiced is
discussed, along with its recent changes
and the various legal problems
encountered. To solve the problem, a rather
simmie one-sheet easement conveyance was
prepared and is presented. Wisconsin has
a ‘quick take’ eminent domain law and about
25 percent of the scenic parcels have been
acquired to date by condemnation. The
‘excess’ disposal procedure, as involved
in the easement conveyances, when employed
for minor right relinquishments, as in the
case of a scenic right, is time-consuming
and a nuisance to undertake. As a result, a
bill is being proposed to grant authorization
to the State Highway Commission to grant
variances or release of conditions without
having to follow the burdensome ‘excess’
disposal procedure. The terms of the
proposed bill are included, as are scenic
easement forms.
67-0025
Netherton, R. D. Federal, State, and
local programs for beautification. In
American Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.159-178.
The following topics are discussed: the
public character of present beautification
programs; inventorying beautification
programs; neighborhood beautification;
community beautification; open space and park
lands; and fragile pronerties. Generally,
the Federal role has been one of providing
incentive through promulgation of national
policy, technical assistance, and financial
help through the technique of grants-in-aid.
This Federal activity has been and will be
the source of a much more extensive set of
programs by State and local governments. The
most successful Federal aid programs have
been those which have left the choice of
means for accomplishment of oblectjves to
the States and localities. There are many
instances where the private citizen, acting
alone or with his neighbors, can and should
take the initiative in promoting amenity
and the aesthetic values of his environment.
The public, through its governmental agencies,
is the major owner of land in the nation.
The Federal Government owns 22 percent of
the land in the 48 contiguous States and
one-third of the land on a 50 State basis with
Alaska and Hawaii included. Add to this
the lands owned by State and local government,
and various special purpose agencies, and
one begins to see how the programs which
manage these land resources can indeed
affect manTs environment. Various agency
programs have been instituted as a means
of conservation and beautification and
these programs are discussed and appended.
67-0026
Netherton, R. D. Police power vs. eminent
domain. In American Bar Association
National Institute; Proceedings; Junkvards,
Geraniums, and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and
the Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.1-22.
The concepts and issues of nolice power
vs. eminent domain in relation to the legal
limits, policy limits, and combinations of
the two are discussed. In any discussion
of police power and eminent domain for
aesthetic purposes, there emerges an
interplay between the two approaches on the
question of when to pay and when not to pay.
One point of view seeks a definition of the
ultimate limits of the State’s constitutional
power to regulate land uses. The other
viewpoint stresses the policy decisions
which seek to do what seems fair and
sensible for both the public and private
interests in an affluent society. Both
view points are needed for balanced
equitable and imaginative handling of
aesthetic programs. The interests of the
public are served best by selective use
of eminent domain along with land use
regulation so that amenity and natural
beauty in the environment can be developed
with other resources. It is hoped that when
the choice between police power and eminent
domain is made, it is done with care and
candor, so that it will clarify rather than
obscure the evolution of the law.
67-0027
New York to set junkyard controls. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(8):56, Aug. 1967.
A law to regulate junkyards and scrap-metal
processing facilities within 1,000 ft of its
major highways has been passed by the New
York State legislature. Regulations will be
established by the State Superintendent
of Public Works by January 1st. New York
would lose $28 million in Federal highway
funds if such regulations are not adopted.
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Law /Regulations
67-0028
Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Commission. Legal aspects of junk auto
disposal. Falls Church, Va.. May 1967.
39 P.
This study is concerned with the legal
aspects pertaining to junk cars in the
various jurisdictions of the Northern
Virginia Region, including the removal of
such vehicles from both public and private
property, and the subsequent handling of the
cars on the way to their intended destination,
the scrap processor. Legal means employed
or proposed by other governmental
jurisdictions are explored. Conclusions are
that existing provisions which are available
under Virginia law present a broad and solid
basis for the effective removal of junk and
abandoned motor vehicles from both public and
private pronertv. The timely disposition of
junk and abandoned motor vehicles after
removal is hampered by the 60-day waiting
period. Local and regional junk automobile
collection points, established with
coordinated planning, could serve for the
removal and disposition of junk cars within
an orderly scrap cycle. The junk automobile
problem should be presented to the Virginia
Advisory Legislative Committee so they can
study it and recommend legislation to the
General Assembly. Once the General Assembly
has enacted enabling legislation, model
ordinances should be formulated for the
guidance of the local governing bodies of
Virginia.
67-0029
Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Commission. Removal of junk cars from
public and private property; procedures after
removal of junk cars. In Legal aspects of
junk auto disposal. Falls Church, Va.,
May 1967. p- 3 - 13 .
Sheriffs, police officers, and other officers
are directed by Virginia law to nick up and
store any ‘motor vehicle, trailer or
semitrailer, or part thereof’ found
unattended and hazardous to traffic on the
highways. Such removal is reported to the
Division of Motor Vehicles and to the owner
of the vehicle, who can get possession of
the vehicle upon payment of removal and
storage costs. The State law further provides
that local governing bodies nay adopt
ordinances for the removal and disposition
of any ‘unattended or abandoned’ vehicle
from both public property and privately
owned property when it constitutes a traffic
hazard. The legal problems connected with
the handling of abandoned cars removed from
both public and private property in Northern
Virginia are beset with time—consuming
procedures required by law and administrative
regulations. Recently a 1966 amendment to
the Virginia Law has permitted a 90—day
statutory waiting period to be reduced to
60 days and authorizes the sale without
advertising of the junking of vehicles of
an appraised value of less than $50.
However, all vehicles, including the
junked ones, must still be held for the
full 60 days. A concentrated effort
should be made to get junk cars completely
out of circulation and converted to scrap,
rather than permitting them to get into
the hands of purported users. This often
results in the same car being impounded
several times.
67-0030
Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Commission. General observations concerning
Northern Virginia; what others are doing to
solve the problem. In Legal aspects of
junk auto disposal. Falls Church, Va.,
May 1967. p. 13 - 27 .
Outlying areas of Loudoun, Prince William,
and Fairfax Counties are victimized by
automobile hulks left near isolated farm
houses by parties unknown and known, who have
taken the more valuable parts for their own
use and for sale in the Washington area
where prices are higher. It is suspected
that many of these cars are brought down from
the Washington area where compliance with
zoning and other ordinances prevents their
abandonment. There is little incentive
financially for property owners to remove
junk cars from their premises and deliver
them over to a scrap processor. New
Hampshire has a motor vehicle junkyard
law, which is primarily an act to license
and regulate auto wrecking yards. In 1963
the District of Columbia gave the
Metropolitan Police Department the job
of collecting and disposing of junk vehicles.
An estimated 15,000 junk cars have been
removed from private property in the District
since the removal program began. A new
approach to the problem of cleaning up
automobile junkvards was proposed to the
Maryland State legislature in 1967; its
provisions would require dealers to dismantle
old automobiles within 6 months of acquiring
them and dispose of the bodies or pay a tax
of $20. In 1965, the legislature of the
State of New York enacted a general law in
relation to the regulation of automobile
S
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0028—00 34
junkvards, declaring that ‘a clean, wholesome
attractive environment is of importance to
the health and safety of the inhabitants.
670031
Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Commission. Application of the law in
general. In Legal aspects of junk auto
disposal. Falls Church, Va., Nay 1967.
p. 2 7- 3 3.
There are two basic methods of imposing
controls over accumulation of junk
automobiles: ‘zoning’ and ‘licensing’.
These methods of control are derived from
the police powers which may be delegated by
the State legislature to local municipal and
county bodies. Some municipalities have
attempted to prevent location of automobile
wreckers, scrap dealers, and junkyards by
prohibiting, through zoning ordinances,
their location within the jurisdictional
limits. In some States, zoning ordinances
include a time limit on the operation of
automobile scrap yards in order to give the
operators sufficient tine to amortize their
investment in the enterprise. Some State
legislatures have delegated to counties,
cities, and towns the power to license
junkyards and impose reasonable standards
for their operation. The licensing method
can be used to regulate existing junkyards,
whereas zoning cannot affect their
operation. Licensing regulations can also
require the licensee to maintain his
premises in a safe condition free from
hazard to health. Enforcement
responsibilities over automobile junkyards
have been vested in different levels of
government. The jurisdictions in the
Northern Virginia Region have available to
them a wide variety of legal tools which
may he used in removing and disposing
of abandoned and junk automobiles. Among
these are zoning, policing, and licensing
ordinances. In addition, local governmental
jurisdictions can look to their charters for
added authority for coping with their
specific problems concerning abandoned and
junk cars.
67-0032
O’Harrow D. Planning, zoning, and aesthetic
control. In American Bar Association
National Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards,
Geraniums, and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and
the Law, Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.293-307.
There are three types of action we can use
in reaching the objective of making our
nation and its cities more beautiful. He
can eliminate, we can yreserve, and we can
create. There is considerable difference
between the elimination of ugliness and
defining beauty as the absence of ugliness.
The problem here is defining ugliness. The
successful campaign to rid the territory of
Hawaii of billboards used the very simple
and unambiguous prinoi le, ‘billboards must
go’ . The implied definition is that
beauty is a landscape without billboards.
Aesthetic control is land-use control, and
land-use control ordinances have been
recognized as laws that can be unnecessarily
harsh on individuals. Thus, they are
generally unsatisfactory. The program of
aesthetic control can be attained by the
use of a variety of devices: calling on
public purchase, both of fee titles and
development rIghts; using eminent domain
where necessary; using tax concessions
and tax penalties; and eventually using
the police power through more strict zoning
and development control.
67-0033
Oregon institute urges waste laws. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(l2):44, Dec. 1967.
State Senator Cornelius Bateson of Oregon,
principal sponsor of State legislation to
govern the collection and disposal of solid
wastes, considers that solid waste control
will be a pressing problem in Oregon in the
near future. He cites packaging of consumer
products, increased industrial wastes,
population increases, and land shortage as
reasons for action on solid waste control
legislation. The new Oregon Solid Waste
Division of the Oregon Sanitary Service
Institute will start hearings preparatory
to issuing State regulations on solid waste
disposal.
67-0034
San Francisco crisis reborn with filing of
$4.6 million suit. Refuse Removal Journal,
lO(l2):14, Dec. 1967.
In November, Brisbane voters approved a
5-year extension of the landfill operations
by Sanitary Fill Company. A new suit has
now been filed by 46 Brisbane citizens which
asks for both preliminary and permanent
inlunctions against the disposal of San
Francisco’s refuse within the Brisbane
municipality’s borders. It seeks $50,000
actual and $50,000 exemplary damages for
each of the 46 plaintiffs. The City of
San Francisco, Sanitary Fill Company,
Golden Gate Disposal Company, and 50
9
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Law/Regulations
individuals have been named as defendants.
Furthermore, a plan to erect an incinerator
in San Francisco is veiled in possible
complications. The site preferred by the
contractors is near a Pacific Gas and
Electric plant, but in an area slated for
redevelopment. The local Redevelopment
Agency will not have a plan ready until
December 1968, and there is no assurance
their plan will include the projected
incinerator site. The Bay Area Air
Pollution Control District, fixed on
developing its own pilot model incinerator,
has refused to give any advance endorsement
either.
67-0035
Seaborg, C. T. Testimony. In Establish a
select Senate committee on technology and
the human environment. Washington,
Government Operations Committee,
Subcommittee on Intergovernmental Relations,
U.S. Senate, Mar. 20, 1967.
Dr. Seaborg presented to a Senate
subcommittee a talk concerning the
technological-environmental relationship.
Our basic environment has not changed much
since man began Inhabiting the earth, but
we have changed and with little regard for
our environment. We are polluting our
atmosphere with 125 million tons of
particulate matter each year. Per capita
production of solid waste has risen from
2.75 lb per day in 1920 to more than 5 lb per
day at this time and is increasing at an
average rate of 5 percent per year. Our
modern technology has been the cause of most
of our pollution problems. While extremely
efficient at converting natural materials,
technology has overlooked the necessity of
reconverting the waste into usable,
nontoxic materials. As technology has
created the problem, it is for technology
to solve it. It is indicated that
cybernetics and nuclear power are two very
important tools in controlling our
environment and examples are given of what
future accomplishments might be made in
these areas of research.
7-0036
Searles, S. Z. Aesthetics in the law. In
American Bar Association National Institute;
Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums, and
Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p. 263 - 282 .
The law of aesthetics has been developed
over the years through the exercise of the
police power and the power of eminent domain.
The police power utilized in zoning cases
recognizes that restrictions may be imposed
upon the individual in order to benefit the
general welfare, health, safety, or morals
of the whole community so long as the
restriction is reasonable and is neither
discriminatory nor arbitrary. Numerous
court cases are discussed to indicate when
police power, as distinguished from eminent
domain, becomes unreasonable and burdensome.
Earlier courts considered aesthetics outside
the scope of the concept of public use in
eminent domain. However, courts later
began to change their attitude recognizing
the social values inherent in aesthetic
considerations. The device known as the
scenic easement is receiving more and more
attention at the present tine. Through
the use of the scenic easement, public
acquisition of an interest, in the nature of
a negative easement preventing development,
is obtained while ownership of the fee remains
undisturbed. However, in some cases where
the burden would be too much on the property
owner, the whole fee is taken. The law of
aesthetics is becoming more important today
than It has been in the past. The courts
have come to the realization that the
aesthetic factors previously considered
outside the context of oublic use are
equally as important as other factors, not
only in connection with values but also with
the public health and welfare.
67-0037
Split $500 daily in illegal payments. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(l):lO, 38, Jan. 1967.
Eighteen men were suspended from New York’s
Sanitation Department, charged with having
split up to $500 a day in cash payments
from private contractors who dumped at a
city-owned marine transfer station. The
scheme cost the city $350,000 a year and had
continued since 1949. The investigation
began September 1966. Private contractors
are supposed to buy city dump tickets from
the Sanitation Department to turn in when
they use the city’s disposal facilities.
Besides often paying for half the refuse
dumping, which runs between $6 and $28
deoending on truck size, the contractors
were also allowed to dump their refuse when
the station was closed to others. A
wholesale work slowdown was averted when
Uniformed Sanitation Association president
John J. DeLury and Commissioner Kearing
smoothed differences that were created by these
discriminating practices. The Commissioner has
joined with the president to see that all
contractors will be treated fairly in the future.
10
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0035 —00 4 2
67-0038
State court rules in dumping case. Refuse
Removal Journal, l0(3):26, Mar. 1967.
Demolition material discarded by a
contractor is classified as refuse and
must be dumped in assigned areas in
Massachusetts.
67-0039
Sues for private contracting rights.
Refuse Removal Journal, l0(7):20, July 1967.
Superior Court in Seattle has ruled that
the owner of a three-unit apartnent building
has won the right not to pay for a city
refuse collection service which he did not
require, and has issued an injunction
restraining the city from imposing refuse
collection fees on the plaintiff. Under the
terms of a contract with private haulers,
the City of Seattle is obliged to pay then
for collection from all residential buildings
of less than five apartments, while owners of
larger houses can make their own
arrangements for removal. This owner had
spent about $3,000 to provide a chute-type
system in his building to eliminate use
of refuse cans, and the container he
installed was approved by the city’s
Building Department. He had then contracted
privately for removal by a private disposal
firm and held that the municipal ordinance
was ‘unreasonable and discriminatory’ since
it required him to pay fees to the city for
removal.
67-0040
Train, R. E. The law and the environment.
In American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Geraniums,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967. p.87-94.
The Conservation Foundation is discussed.
The conservationists’ new and highest
priorities are no longer confined to wildlife,
forests, and productive land, hut are turning
to deprived environments such as
polluted air and water, ugly physical
surroundings, absent play areas, and noise.
Thus, conservation is suddenly becoming
‘people oriented’. Conservation is defined
as the rational use of the physical
environment to promote the highest quality of
living for mankind. Conservation usually
involves conflicts of interest. Law can
provide orderly and effective processes
whereby conflicts of interest in making
choices can be resolved in the best interest
of society as a whole; can provide the means
of establishing and protecting the public
interest in resources; and can become an
instrument whereby ecological principles
and conservation values can be translated
into guidelines and directives for effective
social action on behalf of environmental
quality. The incredibly complex overlapping
political arrangements constitute a major
obstacle to environmental quality in this
country. Communications between agencies are
often minimal or non-existent. Highways,
parks, zoning, sanitation, public
housing, air, and water pollution abatement,
are cases in point.
67-004 1
Trash battle leads to death. Refuse
Removal Journal, l0(2):lO, Feb. 1967.
One man in Dallas, Texas, reported another
to police for emptying a pickup truck full
of refuse near his home. Since he was fined
$20, he returned to the informer’s home and
shot the informer nine times and killed him.
The informer’s son shot and disarmed the
second man.
67-0042
Tunnard, C. Notes of the lack of aesthetic
principles as a guide to urban beautification.
In American Bar Association National
Institute; Proceedings; Junkyards, Ceraniuns,
and Jurisprudence; Aesthetics and the Law,
Chicago, June 2-3, 1967.
The present approach to environmental
aesthetics is discussed. These ideas are
incorporated in the following over-all
concepts: the principle of orderly grouping
in the regulation of the placing of high rise
buildings and other tall structures; the
extension of the viewing perimeter; the
preservation and rehabilitation of whole
urban districts; and the reestablishment
of the concept of the shared environment.
The age of the 70’s and 80’s cannot afford
to be the age of clutter. Proliferating
autonomous agencies suc.h as parking and
housing authorities, and even baseball
park authorities will not be able to deal
with the new ways of living together in the
city that society will have to devise.
1 1
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Law/Regulations
Architectural control works well in
established areas. A great lack in the
field of aesthetic interest is technical
knowhow. There is a lack of controlling
ideas in the area of urban aesthetics.
67-0043
Two indicted for bribery in N.Y. sanitation
scandal. Refuse Removal Journal,
lO(5):48, May 1967.
Vincent Starace and Frank .3. Scarpinato,
former ranking employees in New York City’s
Sanitation Department, were indicted on
charges of conspiracy and taking $25,000 in
bribes to promote enrnloyees to high-ranking
posts.
67-0044
U.S. Congress, Senate. Air Quality Act of
1967. Amending the Clean Air Act as
Amended. Report of the Committee on Public
Works to Accompany S.780. Report 403.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
July 15, 1967. 86 p.
The need for legislation, the legislative
history, and hearings on the problem of air
pollution are reviewed. The major provisions
of the bill (S. 780) to amend the Clean Air
Act are reported: authority for the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
to set ambient air quality standards and go
to court to enforce any violation of
standards; designation of air quality
regions; publication of information on the
control technology required to achieve air
quality; an expanded research program and
grants for controlling pollution from fuels
and vehicles, and planning for intrastate
air quality standards; Federal preemption of
the right to set standards on automobile
exhaust emissions; establishment of a
President’s Air Quality Advisory Board;
Federal assistance to the States to develop
motor vehicle emission and device inspection
systems; cost analysis of the effects of
air pollution control. A section-by-section
analysis of S. 780 is followed by a comparison
with existing provisions of the law and
changes in the existing law.
674045
Use State weight and length laws as guide
for trailers. Refuse Removal Journal,
lO(4):40, Apr. 1967.
New truck trailer weight and length laws in
many States allow transport firms to step
ui ca acity from four-axle tractor
semi-trailer units to five-axle rigs and
to double bottoms in the West and Midwest.
Semi-trailers 40-ft long may be hauled
throughout the United States.
67-0046
Vaughan, R. D. Assistance available under
the Solid Waste Disposal Act. In L. Weaver,
ad. Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management for
Metropolitan Washington, July 19—20, 1967,
Public Health Service Publication
No. 1729. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office. p.155—166.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 is
explained. Several examples of work done
under grants from the Solid Wastes program
are described. The Act provides aid for
demonstration projects, State survey and
planning prolects, research prolects, and
training of personnel. The program also
provides technical assistance for public
and private agencies. Future plans and
proposed legislation are discussed.
ECONOMICS
67-0047
Combustibles cost double.
82(ll):39, Nov. 1967.
American City,
Costs for collecting and disposing of
combustible material in Kenosha, Wisconsin,
are almost twice those for noncombustible
material. All combustible material goes
to the incinerator, except when collections
run considerably above normal or when the
furnaces are under repair. During 1966 the
city crews collected 12,698 tons of
combustible material. The total cost of
collection, including incineration, labor,
gas, oil, and repairs on equipment, amounted
to $23.96 per ton. Incineration alone
averaged $3.56 per ton. During the same
period of time 15,703 tons of noncombustible
material was collected. Residue from the
12
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004 3—005 3
incinerator brought the total of non
combustibles to 19,277 tons for the year.
Total cost for collection and disposal,
including landfill maintenance, gas, labor,
oil, and repairs on equipment, came to $12.53
per ton. Landfill alone averaged 68 cents
per ton. The number of employees and the
equipiqent available to the Kenosha Waste
Division is outlined.
67-0048
Contractor granted annual rate review.
Refuse Removal Journal, lO(3):26, Mar. 1967.
Refuse collection rates in Bremerton,
Washington, are going up 12 1/2 cents monthly
bringing the basic rate up to $1.72.
67-0049
Financing water, sewage, and solid waste
disposal. Public Uorks, 98(1O):l74, Oct.
1967.
Amendments to Act 185, P. A. of 1957 have
made available to Upper Peninsula (Michigan)
communities a new way to finance water,
sewer, and garbage disposal systems. These
amendments authorize Upper Peninsula counties
to establish departments and boards of
public works for the purpose of providing
the services named to the residents of a
county. The more important facts
incorporated in the amendments are listed.
Conditions under which open dumps or
modified open dumps are permitted to
operate are specified in Act 87.
67-0050
Milwaukee pushes disposal planning. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(6):32, June 1967.
Milwaukee County may issue revenue bonds
to purchase disposal sites and build
incinerators if a bill recently introduced
in the State legislature passes.
67-0051
New collection system bills Illinois
residents directly. Refuse Removal Journal,
lO(lO):36, Oct. 1967.
Normal, Illinois, recently put a new refuse
collection system into effect for its 14,000
residents. A local firm provides contract
pickup service, and the householder will
be billed directly for the service, along
with water and sewage charges. Each resident
will be charged $1.30 per month for each
unit and the full cost for pickup and
dumping of refuse will total $59,300 for
this fiscal year. Businesses, apartment
and rooming houses, trailer courts, schools
and churches are not included in the general
residential contract. Refuse pickup is at
curbside with an extra charge being levied
for backdoor pickup.
67-0052
Presuhn, A. Cost problems with waste
incinerator plants. Brennstoff -Waerne-
Kraft, l9(lO):489-492, Oct. 1967.
A method for separating the costs involved
in the waste incineration from the total
costs of a combined waste-coal incinerator
plant designed to produce electric energy
and to supply heat to remote apartment
houses, is demonstrated at the power
station Nord in Munich. A separate cost
calculation is indispensable for economic
operation of the plant. To obtain the
investment and operating costs for the
waste incineration alone, the total costs
of the entire plant have to be determined
and the share the waste incineration takes
in it calculated. This is best done by
assessing the additional costs involved in
the construction, maintenance, etc. of the
facilities for the waste incineration. A
difficult problem in the cost calculation
is the determination of the economic value
of the waste. The heating value of the
waste and the scrap contained in the waste
represent an economic value. To find the
economic value of the waste, the heat
consumption per kwh of a modern power
station without waste incineration is
compared to the heat consumption per kwh
of a power plant utilizing waste
incineration. The difference between the
two values is the primary energy inherent
in the waste used for energy production.
The proceeds obtained from the sale of the
scrap together with this difference value
constitute the economic value of the waste.
For better illustration of the cost
calculation a numerical example is given.
(Text -German)
67-0053
$7,684,409 is bid for Seattle area. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(l0):20, Oct. 1967.
The low bid for collecting refuse in
Seattle’s North End was the General Disposal
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Economics
Corporation’s bid of $7,684,409. This is
about $3.6 million under that rendered by
the holder of the present contract. The
new agreement covers the years 1968 to 1972.
The low bid of $5,688,839 for the South End
collection originated from the present
contract holder, the National Disposal
Contractors, Inc. The combined bids
exceeded by about $239,000, the estimate
made by a consulting firm retained by
Seattle to examine refuse collection.
67-0054
Suburbs urge user tax for incinerator.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(7):32, July 1967.
West Allis, West Milwaukee, Wauwatosa, and
South Milwaukee are fighting the proposed
financing of a $5,500,000 incinerator by
general obligation bonds. This incinerator
is the first phase of an incinerator program
f or Milwaukee County. The suburbs argue
they would have to pay taxes for the new
incinerator which they will not use, as three
have their own, while West Milwaukee
contracts with West Allis. The four suburbs
prefer that the county issue revenue bonds
under which the incinerator would be
financed by the users.
STORAGE
67-0055
Buehler, W., and P. J. Proc. Experience with
waste containers made of low-pressure
polyethylene. Staedtehygiene, l8(l0):236-
241, Oct. 1967.
Waste containers made of low-pressure
polyethylene were subjected to tests for
resistance to heat, corrosion, fire, etc.
In a heat chamber the containers endured a
temperature of 125 C for 24 hr without
losing their shape. No mechanical stress
was applied. A burning cigarette thrown
into an empty container melted the surface
of the wall but was not capable of burning
a hole or igniting the material. Wind
resistance was tested. Empty containers
flipped over at a wind velocity of 45 km
per hr (wind intensity 6), full containers
at 95 kin per hr (wind force 10.5), showing
that the containers are an easier prey to
the wind than tinned sheet steel containers.
The containers withstood about 2,000
tiltings without wear arid tear. The noise
made by plastic containers filled with glass
bottles on a shaking table was much less
than for tinned sheet steel containers.
The containers are quite resistant to
weather conditions. Containers placed in
solutions of high molecular phenol
derivatives, formaldehyde, chloride
containing insecticides, and highly active
wetting agents, showed no damage whatever.
(Text - German)
67-0056
Ecke, D. H., and D. D. Lisdale. Fly and
economic evaluation of urban refuse systems.
Part I. Control of green blow flies
(Phaenicia) by improved mcthods of
residential refuse storage and collection.
California Vector Views, 14(4):l9-27, Apr.
1967.
Green blow fly production from household
garbage containers and the density of adult
green blow flies in four comparable areas
of 500 homes each in Santa Clara, California,
were compared. Traps collected all fly
larvae migrating from 40 representative
garbage containers in each area. Adult fly
density was determined at 20 standardized
attraction stations. It was found that
control must be evaluated in terms of total
fly production as well as frequency or
distribution of fly sources. Using these
criteria, tabulated data showed the
following results: once—a—week metal
cans——extremely high production from about
67 percent of containers; once—a—week
paper bags——high production from about
10 percent of the containers; twice—a—week
paper bags——no containers with consistently
high production. The study further showed
that mixed refuse containers are independent
fly sources with little or no dependence on
nearby sources as to their productivity.
67-0057
Fla inm, H., and N. Rotter. Comparative
experimental investigations of steel
trash barrels and paper garbage bags.
Staedtehygiene, 18(2):39-45, Feb. 1967.
Four series of experiments, performed in
1965—1966 in Vienna, Austria, were aimed
at determining advantages and disadvantages
of paper waste bags over steel trash barrels.
The steel and the paper containers were each
charged with 10 kg vegetable garbage and 10
kg boiled beef skull bones, and were
placed side by side in a sunny corner of
a back yard. The tests lasted from 12 to 26
days. At three different points inside the
14
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005 4—0 06 1
containers temperatures were measured and
recorded. The temperatures in the paper
bag were consistently below those in the
steel container. While considerable
rotting and many flies were found in the
steel container, the material in the paper
bag was only slightly rotted, and only a
few flies were present. Also, it was
substantially dryer. This was caused by
both capillary action through the paper and
evaporation and subsequent diffusion through
the paper wall. This was confirmed by
charging the containers with agar and placing
them in a room with controlled temperature
and humidity. After three weeks the agar
in the steel container and in a paraffinated
paper bag had lost about 10 percent of its
weight while the agar in an untreated bag
had lost 50 percent. Other advantages
of the paper bags are lightness, less noisy
handling, and no necessity for specially
designed garbage collecting vehicles.
The fire hazard often mentioned is
not serious since people using the bags
will naturally be more cautious with hot
ashes. Seven diagrams illustrate the
measured temperatures and weight losses.
(TextGerman)
67-0056
Flintoff, F. The problem of che city centre.
Public Cleansing, 57(6):297298, June 1967.
Since many buildings have no provisions
for refuse storage and removal, redevelopment
is necessary. The period of storage at the
primary point in the building would normally
be short and transfers to nain storage would
take place at least daily and often more
frequently. The distance between these two
points should be short and passenger lifts
should not be used. The storage area should
be on the ground floor. Trailers (over 20
cu yd) and proprietary containers (8 to 16 cu
yd) are satisfactory and economical for
removal of refuse from the storage area. Any
‘on-site’ disposal methods must be judged by
certain standards. It must be free of dust,
noise, and odor, child and animal proof, and
present no fire risk. Efficiency is more
important chan cost.
67-0059
1-laher, K. The art of storage management.
Modern Maintenance Management, 19(4):2628,
Apr. 1967.
The efficient storage of cleaning equipment
and materials is discussed. It is stressed
that good design of the storage area
promotes maximum utilization of space. Heavy
equipment should be readily accessible and
shelves that can sustain weights of fron
200 to 300 lb will prove most beneficial
in maintaining an orderly storeroom. Proper
care of equipment, cleanliness, good
lighting, and temperature control, as well as
intelligent inventory control, all contribute
to successful storage management.
67-0060
Improvement in the collection of waste
through plastic containers. Wasser und
Abwasser, 108(30):861, July 1967.
Waste increases with standard of living.
In Hamburg between 1952 and 1966 the
population increased by about 30 percent;
the amount of waste by 300 percent. The
packing material for food and other daily
required products makes up a good deal of
the accumulating waste. In the age of oil
and remote heating systems, domestic
incineration no longer exists. The
conventional material used for waste
containers is tinned sheet steel. A
110-liter container of this material weighs
about 25 kg; the waste in it often weighs
much less. In cooperation with waste
container manufacturers, the chemical
industry has developed a container of
low-pressure polyethylene, combining high
mechanical strength and resistance against
weather and chemical substances in waste.
Containers come in sizes of 110, 70, 50, and
35 liters, shaped to fit the tilting devices
of commonly used waste removal trucks.
(Text—German)
67-006 1
MacKay, D. Challenge of a new town. Public
Cleansing, 57(5):261-270, May 1967.
East Kilbride, one of the most modern towns
in Britain, is faced with many problems. The
paper sack system of storage and collection
of refuse has been introduced. The system
was given consideration because; (1) The
system requires less personnel. (2) Sack
holders were provided by the Development
Corporation. (3) The town lay-out was ideal.
(4) The initial pilot scheme proved that
there would be a substantial saving. For
future use, tipping areas were surveyed and
the problem of installation of incinerator
on-site units at multi-story buildings was
considered. Since anti-litter campaigns
15
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Storage
and sweepers have not been successful, litter
is still a major problem. In the discussion
which followed, Mr. J. R. Bonser spoke on
the problems encountered when two old boroughs
and one new one formed London Borough of
Waltham Forest. Mr. W. Lewis spoke on the
public cleansing service in a new town. Other
questions brought up concerned a waste paper
salvage scheme, litter problems, dustbins,
legislature concerning wastes and fees.
67-0062
McCarthy, F. S. Lightweight bins and
dustless loading. Public Cleansing,
57(3):129-134, Mar. 1967.
The weight and volume of refuse continues
to increase; the former in the region of
2½ percent, and the latter, 6 percent per
annum. Therefore, it seems more advantageous
to replace the 2 2 cu ft steel dustbin with a
3¼ cu ft plastic bin. It not only holds
more but is also easier and safer. These
new bins have been introduced in the new
dustless refuse collection system at
Birmingham, Westminster, Borough of
Marylebone, Bangor, and Oldbury. These
bins: reduce fly nuisance; prevent spillage;
provide permanently covered storage; and
reduce noise. The cost of the plastic
dustbin is higher than the steel——82s
6d compared to 70s 7d—but as more are
purchased the price will go down. New
collection vehicles with closed bodies that
are accessible only through shutters have
been designed. Through studies in the City
of Westminster, it is apparent that the
labor cost of operating the dustless bin
system has been no greater than for
conventional bin methods.
67-0063
Midland Centre see, hear about, and speak
about bulk containers. Public Cleansing,
57(9):460—46l, Sept. 1967.
Powell Duffryn Engineering Company, Ltd.,
showed a film to the Midland Centre of the
Institute of Public Cleansing and the
Midland Centre of the Association of
Public Health Inspectors detailing various
methods of bulk loading of refuse. The
film showed various types of containers
being used for refuse removal in a number
of large towns and in docks. It further
illustrated how the bulk container system
could be applied to Street cleansing by
using bulk containers as temporary depots for
the storage of street sweepings. W. P.
Warren of Powell Duffryn discussed in detail
the merits and economics of bulk container
systems and pointed out that one system
comprising a total of b8,000 capital
together with one man only, could in one
year comfortably undertake the collection
of 25,000 cu yd of refuse at a cost per
cu yd of 3s 6d, equivalent to only 3½d per
standard 2—1/2.-cu—ft bin. Other advantages
of the system are that there is a minimum
of floor space used at the generating point,
no auxiliary labor is required, and the
capital investment at each generating point
is minimal. The film and prepared talk
were followed by a discussion period.
67-0064
New regulations mean changes in refuse
storage. Public Cleansing, 57(4):2l0, Apr.
1967.
The habit of markets of throwing refuse in
the street must be stopped. The director of
cleansing of Westminster will supply each
stall with paper sack Containers and will
site, within the market, Dempster containers
of l2—cu—yd capacity into which the
stallholders can dispose of their refuse
sacks. The container could be picked up,
hauled, and dumped by the same vehicle.
67.0065
94% vote aye’. American City,
82(7):78-79, July 1967.
About one-third, or 1,300 families, of the
residents of Barrington, Rhode Island, began
to dispose of household refuse and garbage
in specially treated paper refuse sacks as
part of a three-phase study financed by a
grant from the U.S. Public Health Service.
The community is required to keep accurate
records of its operations and experience
with the sack system. After nine months
experience with the system the following
observations have been made: the refuse
sack system brings significant savings in
time; less spillage occurs at the truck
and blowing of trash and dust is
substantially minimized; and 94 percent
of the householders favor the sack system.
One problem encountered with the system is
animal depredation. When phase II of the
experiment begins on July 1, 1967, another
2,000 families will join the experiment.
The holders will then be slightly modified
as to animal guard, and the bags will be
stronger, and more moisture- and
16
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006 2—00 70
grease-resistant, particularly around the
seams. The final and third phase is slated
to begin July 1, 1968. At the end of the
experimental period, the town will decide
whether to adopt and finance the system.
67.0066
Pingen, I. Plastic sacks--a Dutch view.
Public Cleansing, 57(ll):595-598, Nov. 1967.
After a discussion of the disadvantages
of the various refuse containers used at
present in Holland, the advantages of the
plastic bag both to the public and to the
collection service are listed: (1) Large
amounts of refuse can be stored if sufficient
bags are in stock. (2) The filled bags can be
fully sealed. (3) Only the disposable, light
bag has to be placed on the pavement, rather
than a heavy bin which must be brought back
into the house. (4) The refuse bin stays
clean. (5) The work is lighter and the
handling easier for collectors. (6) Loading
is dust-free. (7) There is greater
productivity per collection unit. (8)
Important economies are achieved on the
repair and purchase of refuse bins. Research
conducted during recent years has produced
a bag which, with a minimum thickness of
material, provides sufficient strength
that the full bag can be removed from
the refuse bin and transported. Several
requirements for a good bag are listed, as
are some of the disadvantages of the plastic
bag which are, however, considered minor.
67-0067
Plastic liners now in use in Lebanon, Ohio,
collection. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(3):32, Mar. 1967.
Plastic refuse can liners are reducing
collection time from 12 to 20 percent and
loading time 20 percent in Lebanon, Ohio,
where they are now in voluntary use. Their
use will become mandatory when voluntary
use reaches 75 percent. An experiment was
conducted with a letter of instruction
sent to the 550 customers who were to
participate. A packet of bags was tossed
to the front doors like newspapers. The
liners are moisture proof and prevent can
soiling and rusting. The customer
‘twist-ties’ the plastic bag which he
places at curbside.
67-0068
Public acceptance of refuse sack system
grows with experience. Public Works, 98(11):
91-92, Nov. 1967.
The new refuse collection system, using
paper sacks for refuse disposal and
storage in Tecumseh, Michigan, is described.
Before initiation of the new system,
municipal garbage collection was not
compulsory and many of the residents hauled
their own refuse to the city dumps. With
the prohibition of open dumps, a sanitary
landfill operation was started and
municipal refuse collection became
compulsory. Residents are charged $15 per
year for once-a-week pickup at the back
door. This charge includes 50 paper
sacks per year. Additional sacks are
available at 30 cents each. Both the
collectors and the present contractor are
staunch supporters of the paper sack system.
Collection is considerably faster and
neater, and offers several advantages at
the landfill site, such as neater disposal
and faster settling. The residents at first
were definitely against the system, but
experience with it has considerably reduced
complaints.
67-0069
Refuse sacks perform indoors. American City,
82(1l):39, Nov. 1967.
The St. Regis Paper Company’s sack refuse-
disposal system has been selected for all
rest rooms in State buildings in Milwaukee.
Twenty- one 100-A type steel cabinets
enclosing the sacks accumulate more than
500 lb of refuse daily. The sacks hold
50 percent more material than the
conventional 20-gal containers, therefore
requiring less frequent servicing. The
steel cabinets have self-closing covers
that keep odors in, and since they are
gasketed for a tight seal, fire that starts
inside will soon extinguish itself for lack
of oxygen. The new system requires only
half the time for servicing as was required
with the circular containers, and the paper
sacks have also solved the spillage problem
at the loading bay.
67-0070
Report of a British committee investigating
waste removal methods. Staedtehygiene,
l8(12):293, Dec. 1967.
Upon conclusion of its investigations,
the British government-appointed committee
17
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Storage
on waste removal methods published its
report under the title ‘Refuse Storage and
Collection’. The committee urged reforms
of the waste collecting and disposal methods
in almost all municipalities, and suggested
the use of waste paper bags and standardized
dust-free waste collecting trucks.
According to the committee, the waste paper
bags have a number of advantages. They are
hygienic, lightweight, economic, and can be
handled quietly. The committee suggested
that the Public Health Act of 1936 be
amended by law to require the use of refuse
paper bags. (Text-German)
67-0071
Rogers, P. A., and G. .3. Bellenger. Fly and
economic evaluation of urban refuse systems,
Part II. An efficiency analysis of paper
bag containers. California Vector Views,
14(5):29-36, May 1967.
An economic evaluation of once-a-week
garbage can service, twice-a-week garbage
can service, once-a-week service from
suspended paper bag containers, and
twice-a-week service from suspended paper
bag containers was conducted in this
study. Four comparable areas of
approximately 500 homes each, one for each
of the four systems studied, were selected
in the City of Santa Clara. Evaluation
was based on a time and motion study which
compared the various aspects of pickup
service between each of the four areas. Up
to 30 percent savings in manpower was
achieved by substituting paper bags for
metal cans; but unless the collection
system was actually designed around the
paper bag concept, the savings in time
would probably not be sufficient to pay
for the additional cost of the paper bags.
67-0072
Sanitary trash container. Rohr—Armatur—
Sanitar-Heizung, 22(9):722, Sept. 1967.
The firm Hausrat-Import introduced a plastic
trash container whose lid opens by stepping
on a pedal. Inside there is a roll
installed with 20 disposable waste bags
which are torn off to line the container.
(Text German)
67-0073
Schulz, H. The waste paper bag: its
advantages and functions within a
waste-collecting system geared to sheet
and plastic containers. Staedtehygiene,
18(lO):234-236, Oct. 1967.
Waste paper bags have been in use in Hamburg,
West Germany, for about 6 years and their
light weight has proved to be a great
advantage, simplifying waste collection
and making it less hazardous to personnel.
Burdensome cleaning, which is necessary when
sheet steel or plastic containers are used,
is eliminated. Waste paper bags can be
removed noiselessly and dust free. Fewer
personnel are required since one man is
capable of removing about 200 to 250 full
bags within 9 hr, which is about double the
amount in cubic meters that can be removed
with sheet steel containers. The higher
amount of waste accumulating during
holidays can be easily handled by paper
bags by simply compressing the waste a
little bit, a procedure that could not be
done with sheet steel containers because
emptying would be hampered. Also, less
sophisticated waste removal trucks are
required. The great obstacle which prevents
the wider use of paper bags lies in the
fact that in the larger cities the waste
collecting system using sheet steel
containers has been so well established
that a switchover to paper bags would
involve high cost. However, the waste
paper bag can be used in households to
collect excess waste accumulating during
holidays, in hospitals where the hygienic
requirements lead to a need f or frequent
waste disposal, and in areas where waste
has to be carried down steep ramps or
staircases. (Text-German)
In a continuation of a previous article
(Staedtehygiene 1966, No. 6) the various
advantages of waste paper bags are stresed.
Waste paper bags make waste disposal more
hygienic, dust free, and noiseless. The
bags are easy to handle and no special
trucks are required for transporting them
away. No cleaning or exchange and return
of containers is necessary. The price
of one bag, which fluctuates between DM 1
and ON 1.50, seems to have been accepted
by most people. The dealer’s margin per
bag lies between 15 and 25 Pfennig. The
municipality sells them to retailers for
80 to 85 Pfennig, a price which covers
the costs of transportation, storage, and
waste removal. In households the paper bag
is used chiefly for the disposal of extra
amounts of waste which accumulate during
holidays. However, bottles pose a problem
since they break and rip the bags. Most of
the waste baskets along highways have been
replaced by waste paper bags. A simple ring
fixed to a pole holds the bag. For hospitals,
67-0074
Schwarzbach, F.
experience with
Staedtehygiene,
Further practical
waste paper bags.
l8(4):85-91, Apr. 1967.
18
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00 71—00 82
a movable fixture is available into which the
bags may be hung. (Text—German)
67-0075
Sells residents paper sacks for household
garden waste. Refuse Removal Journal,
l0(8):46, Aug. 1967.
Dundee, Scotland, sells paper sacks to
householders for collection of garden
refuse. The cost, 21 cents per sack,
covers the cost of the sack, collection,
and disposal. Over 8,000 have been sold
in the last 9 months. Local authorities
anticipate including the collection of
garden refuse as part of their service if
a report of the Working Party on Refuse
Collection suggests it. Pulverization
is also being considered for overall
disposal. Dundee is changing over to large-
capacity compaction vehicles instead of
the non-compression types used previously.
67-0076
St. Louis studies container system. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(6):43, June 1967.
St. Louis is studying replacement of cans
or drums by 1—cu—yd containers—steel plate
boxes on wheels with doors on top.
67-0077
Suburb prohibits 55 gallon drums. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(l):37, Jan. 1967.
Residents of Hazel Crest, Illinois, will be
fined $5 to $200 per day if they do not
replace the 55-gal drums with receptacles
20 to 30 gal in size and fitted with tight
lids. Storage of old furniture, bundles,
branches, or paper on private property is
prohibited.
67-0076
Urge householders use plastic sacks.
Removal Journal, l0(2) :32, Feb. 1967.
Refuse
Officials in Bellaire, Texas, estimate that
refuse collection labor costs can be cut
20 percent if plastic sacks are used
throughout the community. Sacks cost
about 10 cents each.
67-0079
Versatile holder for refuse sacks. Public
Cleansing, 57(ll):583. Nov. 1967.
A new and versatile sack carrier has been
put on the market recently. The design
of the carrier enables the unit, which is
illustrated, to hold various diameter
disposal sacks both of psper and plastic
with a simple, but efficient fixing
arrangement. The unit is constructed of
robust steel galvanized to B.S.S. and is
fitted with a rigid plastic lid. The free
standing init can be supplied assembled or
dismantled for economic storage. A wall
mounting type can also be supplied and
each model can be protected if required.
67-0080
Waste can snuffs flames. Modern
Maintenance Management, 19(3) :43, Mar. 1967.
When a fire starts inside this waste
paper container, the combustion products rise
toward the doneshaped cover and are trapped
underneath. Oxygen is kept from entering the
container and the fire is immediately
suffocated.
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL—General
67-0081
Ames, J. Public cleansing in Czechoslovakia.
Public Cleansing, 57(2):110ll2, Feb. 1967.
Even in the snallest towns the Continental
system of refuse storage and collection is
in operation, with vehicles fitted with
compaction devices used to reduce bulk and
provide an economic payload. Most of the
vehicles are badly battered. Although the
refuse contained a high degree of ash and was
very dusty, the employees have no overalls.
Refuse from large towns is taken to a large
‘factory’ or incinerator, where it is
incinerated after the extraction of metals.
All organic matter is processed and made into
manure. Refuse from small towns is usually
taken to an old quarry. Many wonen are
employed as street cleaners. Czechoslovakian
roads are in very poor condition and curbs
are found only in large towns. Most
medium-size towns are the hub of the market
for nearby farmers who bring in their cattle,
poultry, etc. to sell. Public conveniences,
therefore, are not up to the general
standard of sanitation. Both soap and
disinfectant are scarce.
67 0082
Amount of refuse collected in England and
Wales. Public Works, 98(3):86, Mar. 1967.
The total weight of refuse collected and
disposed of by local authorities in England
19
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Collection and Disposal—General
and Wales in the 1963 to 1964 period was
approximately 15 million tons, representing
some 100 million cu yd. These figures are
included in a report of a study by the
Institute of Public Cleansing which
appeared in the English publication, Public
Cleansing. Production of refuse has
increased from 1.75 to 2.1 lb per person
per day over the past 12 years.
67-0083
APWA Congress, 1967. Public Cleansing,
57(12):659, Dec. 1967.
The 73rd annual meeting of the American
Public Works Association in Boston, which
was attended by just under 6,000 delegates
and over 200 exhibitors, is described.
Exhibits in the public cleansing field
ranged from paper sacks and bulk containers
to pulverizers and water—cooled furnaces.
There was also a model of a Rail Haul
project, a study sponsored by the APWA
Research Foundation, the New York
Central Railroad, and the Solid Waste
Program of the U.S. Public Health Service,
based on transfer stations with compaction
devices, railhaul, and sanitary landfill.
The congress sessions relating to public
cleansing were, for the second year in
succession, organized by the Institute for
Solid Wastes. The topics discussed Included
the evaluation of refuse handling systems,
the use of paper sacks for refuse collection,
compaction achieved in sanitary landfills,
studies and attempts to regionalize refuse
disposal in various States in the United
States and in and around metropolitan
Toronto, the pros and cons of waste heat
recovery from the incineration of refuse,
and the progress on a selection of studies
sponsored by the USPHS Solid Waste Program.
67-0084
Arnst, F. An illustrated report on the
INTAPUC exhibition. Staedtehygiene,
18(lO):246-255, Oct. 1967.
The LNTAPUC (International Association
for Public Cleansing) exhibition was
held In Paris. The variety of waste
collecting trucks, waste containers,
hydraulic waste presses, waste crushers,
street cleaning vehicles, sweepers, etc.,
was great. Brief descriptions of the
objects on display are given, together
with 38 photographs. Special mention must
be made of the rubber waste containers
displayed by a French company. The
containers are heavier than those made of
plastic but they are very sturdy and
noiseless in handling. (Text-German)
67-0085
Arnst, F. New developments in departments
for municipal Street cleaning and garbage
collecting. Staedtehygiene, l8(6):135-l39,
June 1967.
The City of Freiburg i. Br., West Germany,
streamlined its municipal street cleaning
department and its trash collecting
operations. Thus the city was able to
improve its budget over a period of four
years from an annual deficit of 745,000
DM to a surplus of 587,000 UN, with the
greatest savings realized in wages. The
work force could be reduced because the
trash collection operation was speeded up
and improved by replacing the steel trash
cans with 35—liter plastic trash cans.
Public acceptance of the plastic trash
cans was excellent, especially since they
are cleaned monthly by a special municipal
cleaning truck. The trash is dumped in
layers over an area which is not usable
agriculturally and which is subsequently
planted with poplar trees. Recently the
city started to build up a 60 m high hill
of trash which will be used as a fog-free
helicopter airport. Its runway will be
1,000 m long. Street cleaning operations
have become less costly since large
containers were located below street level
in several places throughout the city.
Street cleaning machines dump the trash
into these containers which are then
picked up by special tnicks with lifting
devices. Standardization of trucks and
machines has reduced their maintenance
costs. In the future, an electronic data
processing center will monitor all
municipal operations and do all
bookkeeping. The example of Freiburg may
not be directly applicable to other
cities but can serve as a model.
(Text-German)
67.0086
Blnnewies, F. W. Solid waste handling
by Federal installations. In L. Weaver,
ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management for
Metropolitan Washington, July 19-20,
1967. Public Health Service Publication
No. 1729. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office. p.4l43.
Most of the waste collected in the
National Capital Parks is burned in
20
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0083—0090
incinerators or dumps operated by the
District of Columbia or other
municipalities. Over 300,000 cans of
trash were collected in the National
Capital Parks in 1966. A current problem
is disposal of trees with Dutch Elm
disease. A control for the disease is
being sought and trees affected are
burned. The National Capital Parks spend
about $500,000 annually for sanitation
and $200,000 for Dutch Elm disease
control.
67-0087
Bjoerkman, A. Soviet streets are the
cleanest. American City, 82(6):102-103,
June 1967.
There is an absence of packaging in the
USSR, but the main reason for clean streets
is public discipline. Soviet authorities
will post names, photographs, and
addresses of offenders. Soviets use
flushers. Manual Street cleaning is done
by women who use birch brooms. Refuse has
low paper content and averages 20 lb per cu
yd. There is separate collection of raw
garbage for animal feeding. There are
refuse chutes in newer houses in the
outer districts. Garbage is not wrapped
because of paper shortage. The Soviets
use sanitary landfills mostly but are
developing composting plants.
67-0088
Black, R. J. Solid wastes handling. In
Environmental aspects of the hospital.
v.2. Supportive departments. Public
Health Service Publication No 930—C--16.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1967. p. 20 — 27 .
In this guide for developing environmental
control programs in the modern hospital,
the responsibilities of supportive
departments are given special attention.
The principal types of solid wastes
found in a hospital are: garbage, paper,
trash, and other dry combustibles;
treatment room wastes; surgery wastes;
autopsy wastes; and noncombustibles such
as cans and bottles. Average weight and
volume of solid wastes have been estimated
as between 7 and 8 ’2 lb and about 0.7 cu ft
per patient per day. Adequate facilities
for handling wastes include: waste chutes;
waste rooms; on-site incineration;
hauling for off-site disposal; waste
containers and carts; garbage grinders;
and storage rooms. Personnel performing
collection, storage, and incineration work
should be trained in protective techniques
necessary for the proper handling of
pathogenic wastes, medicines, empty
containers with residual hydrocarbon
products, and trash saturated with
inflammable liquids.
67-0089
Bremser, L. W. Solid waste disposal
study for the Washington metropolitan area.
In L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication Nc. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p.25-33.
Results of a 1965 study jointly sponsored
by the Northern Virginia Regional Planning
Commission, the Metropolitan Washington
Council of Governments and the Maryland
National Capital Park and Planning
Commission are presented. Collection can
be handled on a local level, but the lack
of adequate facilities and space for
disposal is a problem for every jurisdiction
in the region. Landfill and incineration
needs for various areas are briefly
discussed. Landfill methods are suitable
only in Prince Georges, Charles, Fairfax,
and Prince William counties. Refuse
quantities for the various counties are
given and projected for 1980 and 2000. A
table gives projected minimum and maximum
landfill requirements for areas in the
region. Potential disposal sites are
discussed. Since adequate sites are scarce,
any suitable land should be acquired as
soon as possible. Transportation of
solid wastes is also briefly discussed.
67-0090
Cleansing in Cherbourg. Public Cleansing,
57(4):223-224, Apr. 1967.
In 1965 Cherbourg introduced dustless
loading. Eleven hundred dustless bins
were bought as a start. Cherbourg has
decided to abandon curbside collection
and have bins brought out from premises
and the empty bins returned. Until 1962
disposal was by incineration. Now the
incinerator has been demolished and a
Gondard pulverizer erected on the site.
The town operates a landfill site 7
miles from the collection areas. Unsold
pulverized material creates very little
nuisance, and rejects are also dumped on
the tip.
21
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Collection and Disposal--General
67-0091
Conrad Engineers. Tenement refuse disposal
systems and artificial illumination of
communal areas. Los Angeles, Mar. 1967.
26 p. (Distributed by National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Va.,as
Publication No. PB 180 879.)
An investigation of two types of refuse
disposal systems as they apply to
rehabilitated tenement buildings is
summarized. The packer-type system in
which refuse is compressed is considered
superior but may not be economically
feasible. The refusechute and large cart
systems are not as expensive. The
feasibility of incineration is also
considered in relation to the problems of
atmospheric pollution. It is suggested
that when tenement building rehabilitation
is undertaken on a large scale, it may
be a better solution to install in each
building a refuse collection system such
as chute and packer, or chute and rolling
cart, and then provide an incinerator within
each square block of buildings. Also
included are a bibliography, the Local
Laws of the City of New York, excerpts from
the Air Pollution Control District of
Los Angeles County, NultipleChamber
Incinerator Design Standards for Los
Angeles County, and the proposed Criteria
Used for Upgrading Existing Apartment House
Incinerators in the City of New York.
67-0092
Conrad Engineers. Tenement refuse disposal
systems. In Tenement refuse disposal systems
and artificial illumination of communal areas.
Los Angeles, Mar. 1967. p. 1 — 16 . (Distributed
by National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Va., as Publication No.
PB 180 879.)
In facing the problem of refuse disposal
in rehabilitated tenement buildings, ease
and convenience to the tenants are of
paramount importance. It is suggested
that a refuse chute with doors on each
floor be incorporated into every design.
With a refuse chute installed, a decision
must be made as to hOw to handle the refuse
in the collection area. The packer-type
and cart —type systems each have advantages,
and both are superior to methods presently
in use. The packer-type has proved to
be workable in the trial installation,
and shows promise of reducing the refuse
handling problem to a manageable level.
The cost of the machines, purchased on
a one-at-a-time basis, makes an
installation more expensive than competing
systems. This additional investment
may be too great for the economics of
a rehabilitated tenement building, but
the system has so many attractive features
that it should not be abandoned. The
rolling cart system is less expensive
in initial cost and has lower continuing
maintenance costs. Sanitation of the
carts and their accumulated refuse in
the hot, summer months may be a problem.
The components of the system are available
at competitive prices, and, at least in
the City of New York, the municipal
collection system is capable of handling
it. Initial cost and operating cost
comparisons are tabulated.
67-0093
Construction equipment exhibition.
Public Cleansing, 57(ll):591, Nov. 1967.
Over 200 exhibitors occupied the 40-acre
site at Crystal Palace, London, during
the Fourth International Construction
Equipment Exhibition which opened on Oct.
2. Leading construction equipment
manufacturers from Europe, Canada, Japan,
the United States, and the U.S.S.R.
exhibited 389 separate classifications
and demonstrated mechanical diggers,
tractors, bulldozers, excavators, and
other earth moving machinery. Many of
the machines were of new design and in
some instances completely revolutionary.
Of importance to local authorities were
the wide range of earth moving machines,
ancillary equipment, attachments, powered
and non—powered land tools, compressors,
welding equipment, engines, cranes,
dumpers, fork lift trucks, etc. Ten
technical papers were also presented
an various subjects. Of particular
interest to cleansing officers were
those dealing with organization of
a plant depot, changes in shape and
structure of the labor force, recruitment
and training, computer contribution
to productivity, safety and accidents,
and building regulations.
67.0094
Contractor-innovator: stationary packer
serves camera plant. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(9):24-25, Sept. 1967.
The operation of Henry B. Russell & Sons,
Inc., the largest private refuse hauler
of about 20 operating in the city of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, is described.
This firm has developed its own
equipment, including a patented container
on which the hook and bars are eliminated.
22
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00 9 1—009 7
The Russells utilize adaptors to double
the capacity of a 2-yd cart, and have also
designed special vents for bins to
receive dusts. One source of the dust
has been the grinding of sunglasses from
a Polaroid Corporation plant serviced
almost entirely by the container system.
The first stationary packer, for use at
the Polaroid plant, was installed at the
beginning of 1967. It is an SPA with a
4-yd hopper attached to a 40-yd container.
Another will be installed at the camera
and film building. Collection vehicles
used by the Russells are mainly ‘950’
Fords, and the firm maintains its own
maintenance garage. Collected wastes
are trucked to incinerators operated by
the Boston Metropolitan Commission, or
to a landfill within 30 miles of the
Cambridge city limits. Leonard J. Russell,
Treasurer and General Manager of the
firm, is running for office on the
Cambridge City Council. He is the first
man in the wastes management industry in
Cambridge to do so.
67-0095
Correa, A. Y. Collection, transportation,
and final disposition of garbage. Boletin
de la Oficina Sanitaria Panainericana,
63(6):530-535, Dec. 1967.
The problem of garbage collection and
disposal of solid wastes in Mexico is
briefly outlined. The method of
sanitary landfills, ultinately to be
used as parking lots and recreation
grounds, is cited. Where this technique is
used, the surrounding land appreciates
in value, water contamination is reduced,
and breeding grounds for insects and
rodents are eliminated. Publicity and
promotional campaigns in Mexican cities
are followed up by the establishment of
specific programs to improve garbage
collection by utilizing mechanical street
sweepers and more efficient load-packer
vehicles. Between 1967 and 1970, the
projected collection and disposal of
solid wastes should service 78 localities,
encompassing the principal cities.
Garbage to be disposed of daily averages
750 g per person. This sanitation
program is a manifestation of social
justice which is sought by the people.
(Text - Spanish)
67-0096
Dealing with domestic refuse. Engineering,
203(5267):499-508, Mar. 31, 1967.
This report surveys the equipment available
for collection and disposal of domestic
refuse and considers the content of refuse
according to its source. Collection is
the first point discussed, one or two variants
of the dust bin and the Binsac paper sack
system being mentioned briefly. Two
centralized collection systems are explained
in detail, the first based on the chute
method and the second on suction. Pictures
and descriptions of bulk refuse skips,
compression and loading mechanisms, hoisting
equipments and tipping trucks are given.
Problems arising in connection with transfer
stations and salvaging are described, as well
as uses for salvaged materials. Controlled
tipping, incineration, pulverization, and
composting are compared in terms of pollution,
disposal efficiency, handling and cost.
67-0097
Eggen, A., and 0. A. Powell. Waste disposal
in Connecticut; collection vs. disposal.
In Feasibility study of a new solid waste
system DUST/TR-670l. Hartford, Conn.,
University of Hartford, Division of Urban
Science and Technology, Nov. 1967. p. 9 - 11 .
A questionnaire was mailed to 26
Connecticut towns with populations greater
than 25,000 requesting information on
their waste disposal practices and costs.
The group was chosen to include most of
the relatively urban proportion of
Connecticut’s population. It was
concluded from a study of the distribution
of population that solid waste systems
designed for 50,000 people could easily
serve single towns or groups of two or
three smaller towns; that units sized
for 100,000 could handle cities or
several larger suburbs; and units sized for
200 to 300 thousand could serve a single
city and part of its suburban cluster. There
was a strong tendency for municipalities
to handle their solid waste problems
themselves, a trend consistent with
Connecticut’s suspicion of regionalism.
Waste collection is mostly by packer
body truck. Almost all towns dispose of
an unseparated mixture of garbage and
rubbish; only 27 percent practice salvage.
Solid waste collection and disposal
costs are summarized. Operating costs
for collection are two or three times
disposal costs, but the total costs are
much closer. Disposal costs are
increasing by less than 5 percent per year.
Collection costs are probably increasing
mainly due to rising labor costs while
disposal costs are increasJng because of
the necessity of shifting to sanitary
laridfilling and incineration.
23
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Collection and Disposal—General
67-0098
80,000 dust-bin loads a day. Institute
of Materials Handling Journal, 7(3):8081,
Aug. 1967.
A talk by the general manager of the
Birmingham SAlvage Department to members of
the Birrainghani Section of the Institute
of Materials Handling in January 1967 is
reported. The refuse collection and
disposal system of Birmingham, its
personnel, equipment, and operation are
described. Comments include the type
of dust bins and vehicles used in
collection, extraction of ferrous metals by
magnets, recovery of semi-precious metals
by hand which are sold as salvage, and
recovery of woolen garments which can be
reprocessed and remade into cloth. With
many items, such as paper, the cost of
recovers- is not justified by the price
obtained, and disposal by incineration
is used. Recovery from the sale of
salvageable items is about h250,000 per
year, while the cost of the disposal
service to the city is about b2,250,000
per year.
67-0099
Einbrodt, H. J., and H. Reploh.
Composition and characteristics of street
rubbish of a large industrial city.
Staedtehygiene, l8(6):120-l25, June 1967.
Thirty-five samples of street rubbish
from seven streets of an industrial city
of the Ruhr Valley, Germany, were taken
and the various grain sizes determined.
The spectrum of grain sizes of all samples
ranged from 25 microns to 8 mm. Regardless
of the neighboring industry, the highest
frequency of dust particles lay
between 100 and 200 microns and at 500
microns, and an astonishingly similar pattern
of grain sizes was found to exist throughout
the city. A heat loss analysis showed that
street dust is composed of 91.5 percent
mineral and 8.5 percent organic substances.
Chemical analysis indicated that the
particles of size 20 to 25 microns were
composed of silicondioxide (38%), or organic
substances (18%), and of various other
substances such as lead, MgO, potassium
oxide, calcium oxide, alumina, and ferric
oxide. Among the 100 to 200 micron particles
an increase in silicondioxide contents was
found which further increased among the 400
to 500 micron class. The low amount of
organic and combustible substances indicates
that street dust is suited neither for
incineration nor for compostiug.
(Text German)
67-0100
Eppes, N. H., C. R. Richards, and G. 1.
Nash. Refuse collection and disposal in
Caroline County Maryland. College Park,
Maryland Technical Advisory Service,
University of Maryland, May 1967. 141 p.
A study of refuse collection and disposal
in Caroline County, Maryland, does not
attempt to provide a detailed plan for
solving the problem in the area. A
general discussion of the refuse problem
as it relates to local government and an
outline of the pertinent legal powers
delegated by the State of Maryland to
counties and municipalities in general
and to this County in particular are
included. The current situation within
the County with respect to refuse collection
and disposal is covered, including individual
discussion of methods and sites in use
at each of the eight incorporated
municipalities. A summary of the
county-wide problem of illegal dumping
of refuse is included as are photographs
of the legal sites and various illegal
roadside dumping places. Graphs and data
indicating population of the area,
estimated refuse generation, and maps are
included. Discussion of the overall
problem includes mention of several
alternative or concurrent courses of
action which might be used, and advantages
and disadvantages of each are analyzed
as far as practical. Pour appendices:
Annotated code of Maryland; Advantages
and Disadvantages of Various Refuse
Collection Methods; Comparative Cost
Computations; and Principles for Sanitary
Landfill Operations are included as Is
a selected bibliography.
67-0 101
Erie County Commissioners.
Environmental health survey
County, Pa., 1967.
A comprehensive environmental health survey
of Erie County, Pennsylvania, is presented.
The topics covered are: water, liquid
wastes, solid wastes, air pollution,
housing, recreation, general health,
and planning. The findings of each topic
are supported with data and illustrations.
A list of recommendations for future action
is furnished with each topic. The survey
was sponsored by the Public Health Service.
Erjeland -20 00.
report. Erie
24
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009 8—0106
67-0102
Erie County Commissioners. Solid waste.
In Erieland--2000. Environmental health
survey report. Erie County, Pa., 1967.
A review of solid waste disposal in Erie
County reveals that there are problems which
need corrective action. The main problems
are those concerning inadequate collection
of wastes, and an inadequacy in the final
disposal of the wastes. The County produces
over 500 tons of refuse per day. The
smaller, uneconomic and unhealthy disposal
sites within the County should be closed
and the solid wastes taken to a few,
larger, more economic, and properly
operated disposal facilities. There are
five sanitary landfills, two incinerators,
and at least 14 open dumps in Erie
County. The County Health Department,
through the use of existing laws and
regulations, has not been able to control
or elininate these unhealthy dumps. Only
1,500 persons out of the County population
of 250,682 are receiving solid waste
collection twice per week in the sunner.
It has been found that little or no
provision is currently made for the
handling of or disposal of industrial
wastes. Junk cars and bulky wastes are a
problem in Erie County mainly because of
the lack of regulation concerning the
handling, storage, processing, and
disposal of these wastes. A list of
recommendations is furnished.
67-0103
Evans, L. The lifeline of communication;
the public relations of public cleansing
departments. Presented at Institute of
Public Cleansing, 69th Annual Conference,
Blackpool, England, June 5-9, 1967. 12 p.
A good public relations program can nake
the Public Cleansing Department’s job
easier and more efficient. Public
relations methods can insure a better
appreciation of the public cleansing
service, win public cooperation, inform
the public of the many facets of the job
of public cleansing, and attract people
to careers in public cleansing. A
deliberate and planned public relations
policy, formulated by a professional
public relations officer, is necessary.
In decisions affecting the public,
information should be widely disseminated
before the final decision is taken.
67-0104
Felons used as pickup crews in Chesapeake,
Virginia. Refuse Removal Journal,
lO(lO):30, Oct. 1967.
Chesapeake City, Virginia, recently
dismissed 158 public works employees, most
of whom were laborers in the sanitation,
sewage, maintenance, and traffic
engineering departments, for declining to
end a walkout. Inmates from the State
prison were then recruited to collect the
refuse. Members of the labor union
warned the residents that prisoners were
manning the refuse trucks, but these
warnings seemed ineffective, as there was
no cooperation from householders in the
area.
67-0105
The fight against dirt in Moenchengladbach.
Staedtehygiene, l8(12):293-294, Dec. 1967.
During a football game in Moenchengladbach,
West Germany, a group of youngsters
demonstrated for a cleaner city. This was
only part of the city’s drive to improve
its waste collection system; posters,
photographs, and a call to publish essays
on this subject in newspapers were used
to assure the cooperation of the public.
The municipality officially introduced
the use of refuse paper bags for waste
disposal where existing containers were
overloaded, and intends to recommend the
use of special paper bags for the
disposal of bulky wastes. (Text—German)
67-0106
Finland’s refuse handling methods:
Computation without organization. Refuse
Removal Journal, l0(l2):20, 26, Dec. 1967.
Refuse collection and disposal methods in
Finland are described. Because Finland
is sparcely populated, she has experienced
no difficulties in disposing of wastes,
either by composting or dumping. Few
towns feature a community refuse service,
and most communities merely assign and
manage enough dumps for the use of
residents. Communities with refuse service
may use contractors competing with private
haulers; this contract service is usually
only to haul refuse away from town.
Because of wide variations in amounts of
refuse hauled, trips are invoiced by
computer according to the quantity of
25
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Collection and Disposal—General
waste picked up, rather than by contracts
based on the number of customers serviced.
Domestic rubbish is traditionally kept in
containers within the houseyards, so the
trucks must either drive into the yard
or the crews must take the containers to
the truck and back. Ordinary open trucks
have been used up to now to collect refuse,
but a system of interchangeable boxes for
refuse trucks is becoming popular, with
a special exchange-box of steel replacing
the old concrete boxes. To get away from
the uithygienic open collection trucks,
the Finns are using the Norba KB-system,
developed with the cooperation of Malmo,
Sweden’s sanitation service. Special
aluminum or fiber glass bins are utilized,
with collection by special hand carts for
transfer of the rubbish to collection
points. Several towns are using, or
contemplating using, this Swedish system,
and most private contractors use it.
67-0107
Fredericks, T., and C. Sanders. Work
methods and standards. In Proceedings;
Fifth Annual Seminar and Equipment Show,
Governmental Refuse Collection and
Disposal Association, San Francisco,
Nov. 9-11, 1967. p. 42 - 45 .
Proceedings of a two member panel are
presented. The first paper discusses
work method evaluation studies as carried
Out by the American Building Maintenance
Company. Time standards are established
for cleaning buildings by using a
breakdown of sq ft area regarding
composition of the floor. Work is
classified, a d each employee is trained in
one aspect of cleaning. Use of craft
paper bags f or waste collection has
simplified this operation. The second
paper briefly discusses the city operated
refuse collection in Covina, California.
Seven trucks are used, two men to a truck.
Trucks average 350 hauls per day with once
a week pick up. Two front loader trucks
are used for commercial routes.
67-0108
Galler, W. S. Study and investigation of
solid waste disposal, City of Raleigh,
North Carolina. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste Research
and Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. A-7.
The current method of waste disposal is
by sanitary landfill, but current sites
will be fillnd in 3 to 5 years and land
values have risen. Therefore future sites
will require long distance hauls or high
initial costs. A study, begun in January
1967, will evaluate new sites as well as
alternative disposal methods. The
collection system will also be studied
using a simulation model developed at
Northwestern University. Cost saving
factors will be investigated as well as
the feasibility of separate collection
of certain wastes. Landfill sites found
acceptable from an engineering standpoint
will be evaluated using a site selection
model. A market analysis will be made
to determine whether composting would be
economically feasible along with salvage
of metallic and glass items.
67-0109
Goldie, J. H. Notes from a new town in
the Kingdom of Fife. Public Cleansing,
57(ll):6l4-615, Nov. 1967.
The town of Glenrothes has inaugurated a
pilot scheme using 3¼—cu—ft paper sacks
for refuse collection. Contrary to
expectations, demands for extra paper sacks
have been low. This may be due to a
special waste paper collection which is
in operation at this time. Since a new
16—cu--yd screw—compression Norba, built
onto a Ford chassis with a 182 in. wheel
base, has just recently been put into
operation, it is too early to give
accurate performance information on the
system. In the near future a pulverizing
plant will be constructed to cover the
disposal of refuse in Kirkcaldy area. The
plant, the Dano Egsetor Type III, is
initially designed for a population of
40,000, but provision will be made for the
installation of a second Egsetor at a later
date. The plant will incorporate an
overband magnetic separator with tin baler,
and provisions are made for waste paper
sorting, baling, and storing. A double rotor
hanmiermill will reduce all glass to a
powder form. The pulverized material
will be dumped on to an area immediately
adjoining the plant. The new town is
cleansed partly by street orderlies using
barrows equipped either with bins or
paper sacks, partly by a pedestrian—
controlled electric vehicle, and
partly by a Bedford Lacre mechanical
sweeper. An additional Bedford Lacre
suction sweeper fitted with dual controls
will be added in October. Although the
initial cost of poly—propathene brushes is
more than for brass brushes, their life
can be as much as 110 sweeping days as
26
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0107—0113
against 14 sweeping days for the brass
brushes.
67-0110
A good investment. Refuse Removal
Journal, l0(9):14, Sept. 1967.
The American Public Works Congress and
Equipment Show will be held October 1-5
in Boston. Equipment of all types will
be on display, and experts from government
and private industry will discuss latest
techniques at this second annual meeting
of the Institute of Solid Wastes. The
P PWA Show also encourages cooperation
between private contractors and municipal
officials.
67-0111
Hamlin, C. H., and N. Huine. Looking into
the future in hauling and disposal methods.
In Proceedings; Fifth Annual Seminar and
Equipment Show, Governmental Refuse
Collection and Disposal Association,
San Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967. p.55-89.
A proposed unit train disposal system for
disposing of the San Francisco Bay Area’s
solid waste in a sanitary landfill in
the desert is described in detail. Initial
daily collection will average 5,000 tons
requiring 70 cars and four 3,000 hp diesels.
Round trip from Fremont, California,
(starting point for empty covered hopper
cars) will take 36 hr. The plan should
be administered by a limited powers agency
responsible for administration, inspection,
billing, and paying the railroad. For the
next 25 years an area of 8 sq miles with
a fill depth of 15 ft would be required.
Cost would be $2.17 per ton over present
methods. A report of solid wastes
management, primarily domestic, in Germany
resulting from a 2—week study tour is
also discussed. German domestic refuse is
quite similar to American but contains
more ash and fewer cans and bottles.
Collection is handled by the municipal
government and is dustless. German
landfills are often built considerably
above the surrounding land elevation; daily
covering is not typical. Composting
plants at Duisburg and Schweinfurt are
described. Incineration with steam or
electricity production is common in
Germany. Electrostatic precipitators
produce extremely clean exhaust gas.
67-0112
Hansen, N, B. Disposal needs new methods.
Refuse Removal Journal, lO(5):34, 36, 66,
May 1967.
All collection and disposal for S n
Mateo County is handled by private
industry. Landfill has been the primary
disposal method. Canyon sites are not
available. For the tideland sites there
is a shortage of cover material in the
County. There are no sites available
within San Francisco for future disposal.
Many of the disposal sites under
consideration, which were formerly
approved and properly designed into
individual community master plans, cannot
be developed until the overall San
Francisco Bay Conservation and
Development Commission (BCDC) master plan
is completed in 1969. Communities have
risen along the shoreline making
disposal site construction on the
tidelands unacceptable. Sanitary
Fill Company should construct an
incinerator on company holdings as a
long-term solution. Incineration would
raise disposal costs at least three times
over present landfill costs. Landfill
sites would still be required for non—
combustible debris and incinerator
residue. Disposal of refuse originating
outside San Francisco will continue
through landfill with sites located in
remote canyons rather than tideland areas.
Some areas are sufficiently far from San
Francisco to make hauling uneconomical. No
incinerator has as yet been approved for
construction.
67-0113
Hickman, H. L., and J. C. Kennedy. Studies
of characteristics of municipal and
residential solid waste. In Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. F-3.
Studies by the Solid Wastes Program,
U.S. Public Health Service, are in
progress on the composition of and per
capita discharge of residential and
municipal solid waste. Tables show
composition data from a study of wastes
in residential areas of Cincinnati, Ohio,
and municipal areas in the Quad-City
New Jersey Projects. Initial studies
indicated a loading for a medium income
residential area in Cincinnati, Ohio, to
be 2.6 lb per capita per day. Further
27
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Collection and Disposal—General
studies planned will investigate factors
effecting efficiency of collection and
variation in wastes from different residential
dwelling types.
67-0114
Hirten, J. Disposal of refuse and solid
waste materials. In Proceedings; Fifth
Annual Seminar and Equipment Show,
Governmental Refuse Collection and
Disposal Association, San Francisco,
Nov. 9 1l, 1967. p. 49 - 54 .
The San Francisco Planning and Urban
Renewal Association has reviewed
proposals for disposal of San Francisco’s
refuse, and an evaluation of these
proposals, with their advantages and
disadvantages, is presented. The unit
train disposal system would haul refuse
approximately 350 miles to a sanitary
landfill. Costs would be 18 percent above
present levels. A steam generating
incinerator could burn combustibles and
sell the steam to the Pacific Gas and
Electric Company. Costs would increase
42 percent and would not solve
non-combustible or construction debris
disposal. Ocean disposal has been tried
unsuccessfully by New York and Oakland
but further study of the ocean environment
to determine how solid waste might be
injected without harmful effects may
provide positive results. Couiposting is
not economically feasible in view of
competition with fertilizer produced by
the petrochemical industry.
67-0115
Hughes, H. Experience with a Seerdrum.
Public Cleansing, 57(lO):528-529, Oct. 1967.
Three to four men are needed for running
the Seerdrum refuse service in Redditch.
One is the Seerdrum operator, who services
the equipment in the morning, checks the
refuse as it is loaded, and moves the tip
truck from the reject conveyor to the
adjacent tip face. A second man is the
loading driver, who operates a wheeled
tractor. The third member is the produce
and tip control driver, who operates a
tracked tractor (Fiat F. L. 6). A
fourth man can be used to collect tip
tickets from the contractors and to
ensure they unload as close as possible to
the face of the refuse heap.
Costs are about 18s 5d per ton processed.
The minor trouble that has been experienced
in operation and it has been confined to the
product conveyor. The plant consists of
the Seerdrutn, a 3,000—gal watertank, the
electrical control box, etc. Conveyors
discharge from opposite sides of the
building in order to separate rejects from
products effectively.
67-0116
Institute of Public Cleansing Conference
at Blackpool. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 129(3914):24;57-58, June 10,
1967.
The Institute of Public Cleansing Conference
is reviewed including points from the
presidential address, papers, and
discussions. The address gave a brief
survey of the technical and economic
situations which have started the trend
toward adoption of more mechanical methods
of refuse disposal. Papers were presented
on the removal and storage of abandoned
vehicles, the costs of different methods
of refuse collection, the collection,
storage, and equipment weaknesses of
refuse collection services operated by
small authorities, and the use of
pulverization plants to reduce cost and
volume problems of refuse disposal. The
discussions urged introduction of new
schemes for bulky refuse disposal,
suggested screening around refuse bins to
prevent plastics and paper from blowing out,
and recommended new equipment and improved
working conditions.
67-0117
Is the cost justified? Public Cleansing,
57(2):lOO-102, Feb. 1967.
One paper presented to the North East
Central meeting by Mr. R. Stenson raised
much discussion on various alternative
methods of bulk refuse storage and
handling. Conclusions were hard to reach;
although the tanker collection system
reduces the bulk of refuse, it is fairly
expensive. More research is to be
undertaken. Mr. Walker said that the
operation of the Bradford plant resulted
in a 70 percent increase in salvage
income during 1965—1966, the figure rising
from l5,l02 to 26,425. Due to the
increase in refuse (6% annually), more
men, trucks, and dumping areas are
needed. They did find, however, that
hiring students during holidays was
helpful. Leeds changed to 3¼—cu—ft dustbins
and also is responsible for removal and
disposal of abandoned cans. A fairly
extensive system at Meanwood Road operates
in a new reception building with a 350—cu—ft
hopper and an up-swept plate conveyor.
28
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0114—0 122
Mayor Kolleck of Jerusalem asked a tailor
to design and cut smart olive green
uniforms for his sanitation workers.
went up and respect for the workers
increased.
67-0120
Kaupert, R. Ninth Conference of the
International Association for Public
Cleansing, Paris. Staedtehygiene,
18(1O):242-245, Oct. 1967.
67-012 1
Kennedy, J. C., and H. L, Hickman.
Seasonal variation in municipal solid
waste output. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste Research
and Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. F-4.
67-0118
Jerusalem workers in smart uniforms.
Refuse Removal Journal, lO(3):34, Mar. 1967.
Morale
be found. Only 25 percent of all cities
clean the streets daily. The manual
sweeping of streets is still the commonest
method. Paris has only 14 sweepers while
Prague has 48. Paris prefers to wash its
streets. In Germany the heating value of
the waste does not exceed 1,500 kcal per
kg; it is 3,000 keal per kg in the United
States. Only 43 out of 205 incinerator
plants utilize the heat in the United
States. In conclusion, the composting
process is explained briefly. (Text-German)
67-0119
Jones, Henry & Williams, Engineers. Solid
waste study——collection and disposal plan.
Toledo, Ohio, Jan. 1967. 103 p.
A study of Kalamazoo County, Michigan,
authorized by the Kalamazoo County Road
Commission and supported in part by a
grant from the Public Health Service, was
undertaken to provide a solid waste
disposal plan for the area. Conditions
existing at the tics of the report are
cited and alternative methods of
collection and disposal are considered.
Incineration and sanitary landfill are
both feasible methods in the study
area but due to the availability of
land, sanitary landfill is recommended
as more economical. Provisions for
handling commercial refuse are given and
special problems offered by industrial
wastes of a difficult nature are examined.
Costs of the recommended operation are
listed and specific Michigan acts which
could provide authority for the operation
are cited. The terms appearing in the
report are defined.
The USPHS is undertaking a study for its
Solid Wastes Program to determine the
cyclic character of residential solid
waste loads and factors responsible
for such an effect. The weekly loads
collected from the residential areas
of a given municipality were recorded
for a number of years using incinerator
or sanitary landfill records. To
eliminate non—seasonal varying factors,
loads were averaged over 4 weeks. A
variation through the year is thus obtained
and several years are studied to determine
whether this variation repeats in a
cyclic fashion. Graphs are presented for
all the above and a mean seasonal
variational curve for the total years of
record is also presented. Factors
responsible for the cyclic effects are
physiographical and sociological. Curves
will differ for each section of the
country and the project proposes a
computer program to aid in preparing and
evaluating data.
67-0122
Kerr, F. H. Two unusual solid waste
solutions. American City, 82(4):l14-1l5,
Apr. 1967.
Private contractors collect refuse from
Sioux City, but they operate city owned
packers to assure a reliable and sanitary
collection. Commercial material which
is more liquid than solid has to be
isolated in a separate section of the
landfill and stabilized with tree
clippings to prevent a ‘gooey mess’.
Formerly the city’s sewage flowed into
the river. Packers had to make minor
Between June 26 and June 30, 1967, the
9th Conference of the International
Association for Public Cleansing was
held in Paris. About 800 delegates from
all over the world participated. A
survey of the present state of the art in
all fields concerning the disposal of
waste was given. The introduction of plastic
containers as waste containers was
recommended; a switchover to waste paper bags
was considered too costly. The use of the
waste disposer must remain limited because
an overburdening of the drainage system
is feared. The trend towards larger
waste containers was confirmed by the
representatives of all countries. To
reduce the amount of waste it was suggested
that new ways and means of packing shall
29
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Collection and Disposal—General
in-plant changes to minimize the blood,
grease, and hair escaping to the main
sewer. Paunch manure in sanitary landfills
made an unworkable mess so it was
stabilized with trees, debris, and
building materials in a separate landfill.
A Cat D7E dozer covers the paunch manure
mixture. Two Cat D7’s and an International
TD18A compact and cover normal refuse.
Landfill sites are open to the public
for free dumping. The only limitation is
that the refuse must originate within the
city limits. City Council imposed a $1
per month per residence refuse-collection
and disposal fee. Refuse is collected twice
weekly. Residents may set up as many
containers as necessary, but each must not
hold more than 20 gal or weigh more than
75 lb.
67-0123
Kojetinaky, R.
Association for
Staedtehygiene.
As the waste problem became more intricate
due to industrialization, and waste
elimination became more mechanized, the
need fo exchanging experiences became
apparent. In 1928 the national associations
for waste problems of Great Britain, the
Netherlands, and Germany created an
international committee for public
cleansing. The 1st international
conference was held in London in 1931,
the 2nd in Frankfurt an Main in 1935, the
3rd in Vienna in 1938, the 4th in
nsterdam in 1947, the 5th in Edinburgh
in 1953, the 6th in Frankfurt am Main. The
international committee had become the
International Association of Public
Cleansing (INTAPIJC). Mutual exchange of
experiences with new methods and
information on progress and on new
problems was continued at the 7th
conference in Goereborg, Sweden (1961)
and at the 8th in Vienna (1964). Besides
discussing waste disposal, city cleaning,
incineration, corriposting, etc., the
association has published a dictionary
of technical terms in German, English,
and French. A list of the present member
nations and presiding officers is given.
(Text -German)
Japanese trail in waste
Refuse Removal Journal,
38, Apr. 1967.
Japan had no waste disposal problem
prior to World War II. Wastes were used
as fertilizer; and garbage was fed to hogs.
Wastepaper, scrap metals, and glass were
salvaged and utilized. Wealthier
families had yards ample f or incineration.
Since World War II the concentration of
population in cities has led to increases
in the volume of wastes. Chemical fertilizer
is used; livestock is not raised near
cities. It rio longer pays to collect
wastes for reuse. All cities now have
either a Cleanup Division or Cleanup Section
in the Sanitation Bureau. Two hundred and
seventy million dollars is to be expended
from April 1967 to March 1972 to raise solid
waste burning capacity to 600,000 tons a
day—95 percent of all solid wastes
expected to be produced in Japan. Rubbish
and garbage together are put in designated
containers or viriyl bags for collection
twice a week. Collection is without
charge or fee but costs from 20 to 30
cents per household per month. Commercial
establishments pay fees in proportion
to volume produced. Wastes are finally
disposed of by Incineration or utilization.
Procurement of efficient workers is
difficult because of poor pay, inadequate
welfare, discouraging environment,
and little hope for the future.
67-0125
Last word on dustmen. New Scientist,
36(570):331, Nov. 1967.
A humorous account concerning the
ever-increasing amounts of refuse,
particularly refuse which will neither
corrode nor decay, is presented. The
important role of the garbageinen in our
modern society is outlined. As a
solution to the ever-increasing refuse
problem, a rocket-propelled, interplanetary
dustcart, operated by refuse collectors
and designed to deposit our refuse on
the moon, is suggested.
67-0126
Law limits Kansas townships, seek more
active leadership. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(8):34, Aug. 1967.
Open dump burning and spreading is still
used routinely In most Kansas communities.
Townships and counties are not authorized
to provide sanitary disposal facilities
and towns with populations of less than
10,000 cannot provide their own landfill.
This situation may change with the State
Department of Health asking for State
INTAPUC-—International
Public Cleansing.
1(lO):225—227, Oct. 1967.
67-0124
Kojima, R.
disposal.
10(4) :6-p,
30
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012 3—0129
funds to match Federal funds available
under the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965.
Last September the State Department of
Health was designated the official State
agency to work with the Federal agency,
and last spring the Department of Health
was one of the sponsors of a one-day
symposium on solid wastes. Collection
of trash has changed since 1946, when most
Kansas communities used hog feeding to
dispose of organic wastes. Due to World
War II labor shortages, many communities
demanded municipal servite for waste
collection. In 1947, the legislature
authorized cities to establish and
provide service, but private individuals
were still picking up organic material for
hog feed. The pattern of collection changed
even further when vesicular exanthema broke
out among hogs in 1952, leading to a general
ban on the feeding of such raw material.
Despite increased collection of food
refuse by municipalities, the number of
contractors in Kansas has increased 300
percent since the war, as commercial and
industrial waste has risen proportionately.
67-0127
Licking County Regional Planning
Commission. A refuse disposal study for
the Licking County Region. Regional
Report No. 2. Licking County, Ohio,
Mar. 1967. 89 p.
The significant problems of refuse
disposal in Licking County, Ohio, concern
refuse quantity and quality, collection
problems, disposal methods, and legal
and financial difficulties. Recommendations
for solving these problems include public
education, use of proven methods of
collection and disposal, and use of existing
enabling legislation. A general
description of types of refuse and
quantities found and refuse collection
systems including use of kraft paper bags
for storage, and transfer stations are
covered. Refuse disposal methods,
especially sanitary landfill, incineration,
and composting are considered in detail.
Recommendations for a solid waste
disposal program for Licking County include
centralized, organized collection to
eliminate the waste of overlapping
private scavenger routes and provisions
for more efficient and dependable service.
Sanitary landfill is the chosen method of
final disposal due to the availability
of land for such purposes. The
geohydrological setting of the County and
best probable sites and areas for sites are
indicated. Appendices include sanitary
regulations of the Licking County Health
district, recommendations for sanitary
landfill operations by the Ohio
Department of Health, and a bibliography.
67-0128
London centre hears of cleansing practices
in Peru, Sweden, America, France, Germany,
Kuwait, Guernsey, Holland. Public
Cleansing, 57(3):l42-l43, Mar. 1967.
The following report was given by
Mr. McCarthy at a meeting of Corporate
Members of the London Centre. Referring
to his 4 day visit to Lima, Peru, he
said that of the 33 districts (one
encompassing 537,000 people on 7,000
acres) 800,000 persons had no access to
running water and a film showed the
unhygienic conditions at one of
the large refuse tips. Mr. McCarthy
showed films of the Swedish refuse suction
system of moving refuse through pipework
connecting various blocks of flats. Based
on Swedish installation, the cost would
be 108 SF per unit flat on an installation
of 1,700 flats. Mr. Flintoff reported on
an articulated bulk transport vehicle at
Toulouse and impressive architectural
layouts and an opencircuit television
equipped vehicle at Hamburg. At Kuwait,
landfills are desert areas and oil is
sprayed on the face to set fire to it
at the end of each day. Mr. Shults
reported on refuse disposal methods to
be adopted at Guernsey. On this island
of 20 sq mile (50,000 Pop.), dependent on
flowers, tomatoes and the tourist industry,
10 Parish Councils are in charge of refuse
collection. Mr. Shults offered the
suggestion of controlled tipping on a
new site and was invited back to supervise
the project in the summer.
67-0 129
Merchant, A. J. 1984 in 1967. Public
Cleansing, 57(4):189-196, Apr. 1967.
A pneumatic system for conveying refuse over
varying distances is used in Sweden. A
state hospital at Solleftea has three
systems: one for removal of dust and
floor sweepings, another for conveyance of
soiled linen, and a third for removal
and conveyance of general refuse The
maximum distance over which refuse is
to be drawn is 1 nile. The layout
of the pneumatic system is similar
31
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Collection and Disposal—General
to a sewerage pipe system. Incoming
refuse is temporarily stored in a steel
cylinder refuse silo. Final treatment is
on-site incineration. The filtration
of dust is a dry process using six filter
chambers with airtight access doors. Dust
laden air is taken in at the bottom of the
chambers through the cotton bags. To
clean the filters, the bags are shaken,
allowing the dust to fall into the base
of the chambers. It can be washed away
into the sewerage system.
67-0130
Michaelsen, G. S., and A. F. Iglar.
Disposing of disposables. Presented at
Annual Meeting, American Hospital
Association, Chicago, Aug. 21-24, 1967.
The disposal of disposable items is
considered and the field of solid wastes
and the hospital is surveyed. A study at
one 1,100-bed hospital showed that the
amount of predominately combustible packing
material associated with use of syringes
increased from 12 lb per year to 3,000 lb
per year. A survey of 12 hospitals showed
127 disposable items used by various nursing
services, 29 by dietary services, 24 used
in surgical and obstetrical departments,
26 used by hospital laboratories, and
13 used by the housekeeping department.
It is estimated that the heating value of
hospital solid waste will reach from 2,500
Btu to 14,000 Btu per lb by 1975. Categories
of hospital solid waste include garbage,
combustible rubbish, non-combustible
rubbish, radioactive waste, and
biological material. The handling and
disposal of solid wastes from the
hospital is complicated by the
possibility that seemingly innocuous
wastes may include harmful components.
Puncture wounds can be a serious threat
to personnel who handle the solid wastes.
Other wastes, characteristic of the
hospital, are potentially contaminated and
require special collection and disposal
procedures. One example is radioactive
waste. The waste collection system usually
found in a hospital presents hazards.
Since wastes are transported throughout
the hospital, a possible route for spread
of bacterial contamination is created.
Disposal of solid waste on-site is commonly
by grinding or incineration. Air
pollution is frequently noted as a
problem from hospital incinerators. It
is concluded that there is relatively
little known about hospital solid waste.
67-0 131
Music leads trash collectors. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(8):32, Aug. 1967.
Problems of trash collection in Mexico
City, Paris, West Berlin, London, and
Tokyo are described. Mexico City is
running out of landfill space in the dry
lake bed used for this purpose. The
trash dumped there is scavenged by
15,000 rag pickers who often prefer to
live atop the trash heaps. Thus Mexico
City employs more people in its sanitation
work than any other city. Paris has the
greatest density of refuse, almost 3 tons
per km. Collection is dome in the
mornings, from rubber refuse cans
called Poubelles’, but the main problem
is traffic density, which slows down the
trucks on their rounds. Berlin is
running short of space, and in order to
stay within the bounds of the surrounded
city, West Berliners have decided on
construction of incinerators. The first
of two such incinerators will begin operation
this month. Londoners are among Europe’s
biggest individual waste producers: 2
lb per person per day. The Deephams
Incinerator, to be built by 1970, will
hopefully dispose of 700 truckloads a day
and produce 27,000—40,000 kw of electricity.
In Tokyo, refuse has been dumped into the
bay for years, but there is an official move
to end dumping in favor of the use of 12
new burning sites. Public reaction to
burning is similar to that of most
Americans.
67-0132
Myrick, H. N., Seminar Director. Proceedings;
Solid Waste in Urban Environments; a Community
Action Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9, 1967.
University of Houston. 61 p.
The meeting was sponsored by the University
of Houston Coordinating Board, Texas
College and University System in cooperation
with the Texas Air and Water Resources
Foundation; the Houston Chamber of
Commerce; and the Texas State Department
of Health. The papers delivered covered
the following topics: solid waste problems
in Texas; a basic data system for solid
waste; reclamation of solid wastes; refuse
collection; and solid waste disposal through
composting, incineration, and sanitary
landfilling. A list of participants and
their addresses is appended.
32
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0130—0137
67-0134
Neat little bales of garbage.
City, 82(9):32, Sept. 1967.
67-0133
One of the side effects of the war in
National shows boost industry image.
Viet Nan is the appalling state of
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(7):12, July 1967.
sanitation in Saigon. Due to the
thousands of refugees that pour into
The successful National Refuse Equipment
the capital, the local forces cannot cope
Show and Congress, held in June 1967,
with an ever increasing volume of refuse.
demonstrated the strong bonds among the
Since refuse collection and disposal
nation’s private contractors and emphasized
are carried out sporadically and
the need for creating a lasting and
schedules are not maintained, refuse may
fruitful relationship with the Office
lie in the open for weeks. The ‘Refuse
of Solid Wastes and the municipal
Removal Journal’ suggested that perhaps
governments. Lines of communication and
the Saigon government should call on
their use were stressed by many speakers.
United States contractors to do the job.
Conventions planned for the future are
the American Public Works Congress
and Equipment Show in Boston in October,
and the National Refuse Equipment Show in
Chicago in 1968.
67-0136
Not only the tulip fields. Public
Cleansing, 57(11):566-568, Nov. 1967.
American
A review of the Annual Conference of
the Nederlandse Vereiniging van
Reinigings-directeuren is presented.
A Japanese firm renowned for its ‘Car
Exhibits included a large number and
Barbecue Plant’, which compresses old
variety of refuse containers. It is
autos into small packages of high-quality
suggested that some measure of
scrap, now has a similar plant to apply
standardization of containers will be
the same technique to refuse. This
necessary to avoid problems in the future.
material leaves the assembly line in
Strong interest was shown in plastic
neat little bales, completely wrapped
sacks for refuse collection. The main
in wire-mesh vinyl film to eliminate
difficulty in introducing the sack system
odors, and compressed to about 75 lb
is that the cost of sacks, if supplied
per cu ft so the bales will sink, even
free for twice weekly collection would
in sea water. These bales can also
make the system too expensive. Many
be stacked and covered to fill low land,
tricycles, some motorized, designed and
but decomposition will be slow because
equipped for street cleaning work, were
of the air-tight containers,
on exhibition. Papers were presented on
Refuse-collection vehicles dump their
a tour of England, France, Germany, and
loads into a ground-level hopper. The hopper
Holland to study refuse tipping and on
then tilts, depositing the load on a
impressions of cleansing practice in
partly enclosed platform. A sliding
Germany, England and the United States.
cylinder pushes it into a hollow
With growth in volume of refuse, incinerator
rectangular enclosure and a hydraulic
construction is likely to increase.
cylinder co presses it. Wrapping with
Amsterdam has started construction of
the vinyl film is also automatic, and
a 1,900 ton per day power generating
the Tezuka Garbage Process Plant delivers
plant, using Martin grates, which will
the compressed bales into the final chute,
be fed mainly by barge.
These baling plants are available in five
sizes from 50 tons to 500 tons daily
capacity (enough to serve cities of from
20,000 to 200,000 people at current disposal
rates). Prices vary from $416,700 to
67-0137
$1,388,9000, F.0.B. Japan. Power
requirements are relatively high, from
Ogden, N. Trash disposal problems grow
with the population. Diesel and Gas
1,000 to 4,000 hp. They are made by
Turbine Progress, 33(11):30-31, Nov.
Tezuka Kosan Co., Ltd., of Toyko.
1967.
670135
Two kinds of trash disposal problems were
discussed. First, disposal problems in
Non-removal of waste threatens health in
an area where rubbish production is at
Saigon. Public Cleansing, 57(3):125, Nar. 1967.
its maximum (i.e., the Las Vegas ‘strip’)
33
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Collection and Disposal—General
were considered. The Silver State
Disposal Company, which is responsible for
garbage and trash collection in Las Vegas,
utilizes its equipment more extensively
than is customary in the industry with
two shifts of drivers 6 days a week. The
company typifies a trend in switching
to diesel power with the operation of
16 Cummins C-180 engines in new White
model 1564D cab-over-engine trucks. The
advantages of these trucks include increased
trash capacity, more economical idling,
elimination of irritating and time-consuming
engine trouble and longer periods between
overhauls. The second type of disposal
problem involves the destruction of
documents containing confidential
information. Such material cannot be
satisfactorily burned because of its
bulk and its composition, which is
frequently fire-resistant, and
pulpification has proved to be expensive.
At Fleet Disposal, Inc. in Los Angeles,
James O’Connor designed and built a
‘document disintegrator’, a hainrnermill
assembly which reduces to hand size
everything that is dropped into its hopper.
The secondary mill masticates the large
chunks until the end product is fluffy.
It is then hauled to a landfill dump
in a standard rubbish vehicle. The
disintegrator can pulverize unsorted
materials at the rate of 4,000 lb per hr,
whereas the largest incinerators burn
about 1,000 lb per hr and pulping machines
reduce sorted material at a rate of about
1,700 lb per hr.
67-0138
On with the show at Blackpool. Public
Cleansing, 57(9):497-503, Sept. 1967.
The exhibits at the Blackpool Show are
described. Refuse collection, street
cleaning, snow emergency, and ancillary
equipment were represented. Exhibitors
included: Dennis Bros., Glover Webb &
Liversidge, Arenco-Alite, S & D, Ford,
Vauxhall, Perkins, C. A. F., Simon
Compactors, Eagle, Atkinsons, Win.
Bunce, Pye Telecommunications, Southalls,
Shar-na Ware, Butterfields, Reed Medway,
Archers, Industrial Brushes, and Dowson
& Mason. A brief account is presented
highlighting the equipment shown by
each exhibitor—from trucks, compactors
and cranes, to brushes, paper sacks, and
small tools.
67-0139
Paris company is world’s largest private
contractor. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(9):50-51, 54, 74, Sept. 1967.
The French company, Sita (Societe
Industrielle de Transports Automobiles),
the world’s largest private refuse
removal operation, has been servicing Paris
since 1919. It handles about 65 percent
of the total domestic haulage in Paris,
amounting to 980,000 tons, and has branches
in other localities, mostly in the Parisian
suburbs. An affiliate serves Abidjan, the
capital of the Ivory Coast. Commercial
refuse in Paris is collected by a number of
smaller contractors but Sita has only a
small part of this business. Operating
with 485 vehicles in Pails and 190 in the
suburbs, the company collects refuse
daily, and starts early in the morning.
Vehicles, most with a 20 -vd capacity,
are built according to designs by Sita’s
own engineers and are operated by a
driver and three pick-up men. In
Abidjan, both domestic and commercial
wastes are handled, and part is
composted using the Humuci method. The
company has encountered difficulties in
marketing the compost, despite ite high
quality, and sometimes gives it au’av.
Paris also has the largest plant for the
incineration of solid wastes. Located
in Issy-les-Molineaux, this plant can
process about 57 tons an hour; its nominal
capacity is 400,000 tons. This plant is
deemed so successful it is being used
as a prototype for other incinerators,
including one being built at Ivry which
is scheduled for completion by 1969. All
these plants are or will he operated by
TIRU, a branch of the French national
electric companY. Steam for winter heating
and electricity are produced by burning the
refuse. The Martin inclined—stoker-type
furnace used is described.
67-0140
Perry, G. F. H. Bigger Wolverhampton
presents big task for cleansing department.
Public Cleansing, 57(4):201-204, Apr. 1967.
Refuse in the County Borough of
Wolverhampton is collected using a fleet
of trucks. The incinerators receive refuse
from chutes and burn it. They are fitted
with gas-fired after burners and consume
any smoke that may arise from the primary
combustion to comply with clean air
regulations. An area has been supplied
34
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0l3 —0144
with paper sacks instead of dustbins for the
storage of refuse at domestic properties.
Refuse is disposed of at one of five tips or
an incinerator. The increased use of
packaging and the extension of smoke
control areas, with its reduction in
the use of solid fuels for heating, is
giving rise to refuse of greater bulk
than before.; the percentage of cinder and
ash is much less and the proportion of
paper and plastic is much higher. Waste
paper is collected separately; 160 tons per
month are sent Out for pulping and subsequent
reuse; 80 vehicles are used for transport.
The department is controlled by the
Public Works.
67-014 1
Pioneering company began in 1856. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(9):12, 13, 82, Sept.
1967.
Dooley Bros., one of the largest haulers
in the Boston area obtained its first
refuse collection contract with the City
of Boston in the late 1930’s. The company
now also holds a 5-year contract with
the city of Somerville to remove the
residues of its incinerator and other
wastes. It is also engaged in other
municipalities’ household collections.
Among its major commercial accounts
are Boston University, Massachusetts Bay
Transportation Autho ity, the footwear
branch of B. F. Goodrich Co. and two
hospitals, the Boston State and Beth Israel.
In the two hospitals stationary packers
are employed. Even though their installation
involved a comparatively high initial
investment, they are now reducing pickup
costs for the institutions by 25 to 30
percent. To handle the collection and
removal of wastes in the amount produced
at the present time, Dooley Bros. started
with Denpster Dumpmaster units and front—
end type containers. Then it acquired
Leach rear-end loaders. It is now a
distributor, through its equipment company,
of Hercules Galion EZ Pack products. The
number and capacity of incinerators
presently operating in the Boston area
is clearly insufficient. The major
landfill site can continue to serve for
a year or two at the most. Additional
sites are not available in the Greater
Boston area. Some refuse is burned at
sea, but this method of disposal cannot
be undertaken in rough seas or fog. A
metropolitan commission is now charged
with looking into the future and proposing
solutions to the disposal problem, which
is considerable.
67-0 142
Proceedings; Fifth Annual Seminar and
Equipment Show, Governmental Refuse
Collection and Disposal Association,
San Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967. 135 p.
Proceedings of the seminar, sponsored
by the Governmental Refuse Collection
and Disposal Association are presented.
The program included talks on: public
health aspects of refuse collection,
safety practice in refuse collection,
work methods and standards, collective
bargaining for municipalities, proposed
solid waste disposal methods for San
Francisco, proposed unit train—landfill
disposal method for San Francisco,
disposal methods in Germany, Street
cleaning practices, and disposal problems
in San Francisco, Appendices include
names and addresses of attendees,
exhibitors and members of the association,
and the constitution and by-laws of the
association.
67-0 143
proceedings; INTAPUC Ninth International
Conference, Paris, June 26—30, 1967.
International Association of Public
Cleansing. 277 p.
Topics covered in the papers are an
international survey on storage and
collection of house refuse, treatment
of municipal refuse for use in
agriculture, sale of municipal refuse
compost in the Netherlands, incineration
of municipal wastes without heat
utilization, refuse incineration with
heat recovery, and an international survey
on street cleaning and snow clearing.
67-0144
Proceedings; Second Annual Meeting,
Institute for Solid Wastes, Boston, Oct.
3-5, 1967. Chicago, American Public
Works Association. 67 p.
The technical papers presented at the
meeting covered such topics as: information
systems for management of sanitation
departments, regional solid waste disposal
systems, equipment for refuse collection,
and heat recovery in waste incineration.
Also included are: The Report to the
Membership, a list of all Committees and
their Nenbers, a report on the Ninth
Congress of the International Public
35
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Collection and Disposal—General
Cleansing Association held in Paris,
France in June of 1967, the By-Laws
of the Institute for Solid Wastes, and
the APWA Institute for Solid Wastes
membership lists.
67-0145
Putting technology to work on waste.
Public Cleansing, 57(3):145-160, Mar. 1967.
The collection and disposal of refuse is
conducted through a ‘dirt-under-the-rug’
approach and practices need to be
renovated. Investigation and demonstrations
of technical feasibility have been
conducted for incineration, composting,
landfilling, grinding organic wastes,
and salvage and reclamation, but little
research has been directed to the
reduction in volume of refuse. Serious
concern arising from air, water, and
land pollution due to solid wastes has
resulted in investigations and systems
analyses. The different groups which
offer proposals for solving the solid
waste disposal problems were examined
in order to find solutions: solid waste
health departments, sanitary engineering
firms and solid waste disposal process,
and equipment or systems entrepreneurs.
The following problems were examined in
order to find solutions: solid waste
production and initial handling; collection
systems; transportation; and disposal
systems. The disposal systems were further
broken down into ‘disposal without material
or energy recovery’ as: open dump,
sanitary landfill, central incineration,
and on-site incineration; and ‘disposal
with material or energy reclamation’ as:
grinding garbage to the sewers, feeding
wastes to swine, and fertilizer production.
Lack of awareness and inadequate technology
coupled with market, politics, and
existing institutions are major obstacles to
the solution of refuse problems. The
following are some of the reco=endations
made: support the Solid Waste Disposal
Act; conduct comprehensive studies and
investigations; and alert decision-making
public administrators to the refuse
problems.
67-0146
Refuse industry in bay city. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(5):28, 30, 32, 67,
May 1967.
Most of San Francisco’s refuse has been
collected by contractors. There are
four methods: Household and commercial
refuse deposited in metal containers with
organic and inorganic mixed; discarded
food from large restaurants collected
by hog raisers; street refuse collected
by the Street Cleaning Bureau; and
waste paper collected by waste paper
companies. An incinerator, erected in
1896, could handle 300 tons. Since the
refuse amounted to 500 tons per day, much
unburned matter was left among the ashes
to be hauled to San Mateo County and
deposited on low swampy areas. A new
incinerator constructed in 1910 did not
operate. Sanitary Reduction Works found
that operating the old incinerator was a
loss. Because of many scavengers
collecting in the same areas, a law was
passed in 1919 to schedule races a:v
consolidate collectcrs intr a single
company. The incinerator poUutei the
area. The plant was heneveonbed with rats.
In 1926, The City Garbage Removal Company
initiated an ordinance permitting anyone
to collect garbage. Chaos again
prevailed. In 1935, the Board of
Supervisors gave Sanitary Fill Co.
permission to establish a landfill with
a maximum charge of $1.00 per ton to
collectors.
67-0147
Sanitation industry yearbook is published.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(9):36, Sept. 1967.
The Sanitation Industry Yearbook, now
available in its fifth (1968) edition, is
an equipment handbook, operating guide,
encyclopedia, and trend analysis, all in
104 pages. A valuable desk reference
for solid waste managers, it also is a
barometer for the industry. Major
categories in the equipment section
include sanitation equipment, landfill
equipment, packers, balers, incinerators,
plastic barrels, sweepers, snow equipment,
and paper sack systems. In the text
section, the Yearbook continues to
present practical articles for operation
of a private refuse collection company
or a municipal department. The editors
also look seriously at composting
developments, noting that no conclusive
market research study has been published.
67-0148
Sanitation navy. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(6):6-7, 39, June 1967.
New York City has four tugboats and
forty barges which go from nine marine
transfer stations to a 3,000-acre
36
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0 145—0152
landfill at Fresh Kills on Staten Island.
Hopper capacity of the barges is 2,015
cu yd. Mixed refuse pours into the
marine transfer stations at a rate of
7,200 tons a day. Tugs are switched about
by the sanitation department which uses
its own radio frequency. Scheduling is
determined by the tides. If a fire occurs
on a barge, fireboats are sent out. Two
floating dock diggers (large cranes with
lO-cu—yd buckets) can unload a barge in
2 hr and 45 minutes. Marine transfer
disposal costs $3.10 per ton as against
$1.23 per ton for landfill and $5.41 per
ton incineration.
67-0 149
Scottish centre discuss trade waste and
public relations. Public Cleansing,
57(1):21-26, Jan. 1967.
Problems of refuse collection were
discussed at the autumn meeting of the
Scottish centre. The Glasgow corporation
has no legal responsibility to deal with
collection, removal, and disposal of
trade refuse. Mr. Bathgate suggested that
an assessment of the amount of material to be
uplifted from the traders be made and that
a charge be imposed after taking into
consideration the contribution made to the
rates. An allowance of 20 percent of the
output or one bin per day is made with
respect to the domestic part of the refuse.
An allowance of 35 percent is made to
restaurants and 50 percent to hotels.
There is no charge for hospitals and
charitable institutions. Tipping
and disposal facilities should be made
available where Industrialists and
traders remove their own wastes. No
charge is to be made for removal of trade
refuse within limits of normal collection.
Tipping facilities in Aberdeen are available
at a charge of 6s per load no matter
what weight. Waste which could not be
tipped safely—tires, sawdust, etc.—is
refused.
67-0150
Shults, F. Refuse disposal—the Guernsey
problem. Public Cleansing, 57(5):249252,
Nay 1967.
Guernsey, with an area of 24 sq miles and
45,000 population, is economically
dependent on tourists and the production
and exportation of flowers and tomatoes.
Refuse collection begins at 5:00 am and
finishes at moon so that the labour force
can carry on with their second jobs. The
most cormiionly used vehicle is the
side-loader. Collection standards are
below average and are hampered by Guernsey’s
form of government. At St. Sampson,
an average pit, tipping is in a haphazard
manner. The refuse layer depth is about
15 ft, extends the entire 80 ft of the
quarry, and has little more than a thin
skin of primary seal. Recommendations by
the Board of Administration improved the
appearance, compaction, and control of the
tip. The next problem was Dyson’s Quarry,
about 2 acres in extent, waterfilled and
about 100 ft deep. Due to illegal tipping
since before World War II, the depth
registered only 66 ft in the center,
decreasing rapidly toward the bank. The
quarry was drained and dried. The Parish
Council ruled that it was to be used for
controlled tipping unless it created a
nuisance.
67-0151
69th Institute of Public Cleansing
Exhibition. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 129(3913):34-36, June 3, 1967.
Vehicles displayed in the Institute of
Public Cleansing exhibition are described
in some detail. Pictures of many of the
machines are included, and the manufacturers
of all are given. The exhibition contained
gritters, sweepers, loading equipment,
power cranes, tipping trailers, tractors and
others.
67-0152
Spencer, F. J. New concepts in solid wastes
collection in TJrbania, In Proceedings;
Solid Waste in Urban Environments; a
Community Action Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9,
1967. University of Houston. p.4 8 —51.
The problem of solid waste is fundamentally
a materials-handling problem. It is
complicated by the attendant factors of
health hazards and political vulnerability
in urban environments, central to the
handling of all wastes is the consideration
of where the optimum point of eventual
disposal lies. In the situation
where garbage disposers in domestic
kitchens are used in connection with an
aged sewage handling facility, there is
37
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Collection and Disposal—General
a problem of incompatibility of systems.
A central incineration unit might serve
a spread—out community with varYing
population density and varying economic
activities. Systems analysis of household
collection systems had indicated the
advantage of paper-sack collection systems.
Collection of non-residential waste involves
the interposition of a size-reduction
step, preferably at or near the source
of generation, to facilitate achievement
of suitable high bulk densities. Devices
such as shredders, compactors, and other
comminuting units deserve serious
consideration as interfaces between
generation and collection of such
refuse. Preparative conversion is
necessary before efficient collection
of industrial wastes can be applied.
Scrap automobile yards use crushers
and multiple compactors. Spent acid
recovery systems usually recover a portion
of the total fresh acid, the rest
representing a mounting disposal problem.
By-product hydrochloric acid has been
found to be an efficient disposal agent
for metallic and other inorganic wastes.
The redesigning of all packages and
consumable products with a view
towards their disposability is a
necessity. One last concept is the
future use of ultra-high-energy sources f or
refuse disposal.
67-0153
Spilhaus, A. Waste management and control.
Scientist and Citizen, 9(11-12):219-223,
Nov. -Dec. 1967.
It takes less energy to collect and
control wastes at the source. Since
no-return bottles and cans decompose
slowly, perhaps a Federal law could
prohibit or tax their usage. A mass
collection system and disassembly plant
for reusing automobiles is suggested.
A mountain made of junked automobiles can
be used for skiing now, and mined later
when our high grade iron ore supply is
depleted. Prevention of smog and
pollution (air, water, land, noise, and
smell) could eliminate the need for
zoning and long-distance transportation
because citizens would no longer mind
living near industry. Since new
technologies for transportation cannot
be tried in older cities because they must
be physically compatible with waste
systems, it is advised to build an
experimental city with experimental
facilities. One should experiment with
waste heat sewers and utilization of
waste heat for power production in
modern incinerators. Buildings in the
experimental city should be built so
that they can be disassembled like an
erector set in case there are mistakes.
67-0154
Stranger on the shore.
57(11):603, Nov. 1967.
Public Cleansing,
The removal of dumped cars from beaches,
river estuaries, and canals has until
recently been an unsolved problem,
because the soft ground prevailing in
these places prevents ordinary wheeled
or tracked tractors from operating
successfully. Recently an amphibious
vehicle, the Rolba Musk-Duck rubber
tracked tractor with bulldozer blade, was
adopted in Northern Ireland for this kind
of operation. The wreck was attached
to the winch of the Musk-Duck, towed out
of the water to a firm site from which it
could be collected by ordinary transport.
67-0155
Tatarian, S. N. Annual banquet address.
In Proceedings; Fifth Annual Seminar and
Equipment Show, Governmental Refuse
Collection and Disposal Association, San
Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967. p.95-105.
Disposal problems in San Francisco are
discussed. Street cleaning is done under
city management; household and commercial
refuse, if collected and disposed of by
two licensed companies, is regulated to some
extent by the city. History of the
landfill operation at Brisbane, which is
the present disposal site for San
Francisco, is presented. This site will
only be operable for another 5 years,
mainly because of objections from the
city of Brisbane. Alternate methods are
outlined. Desert landfill is a good
possibility but incineration seems most
feasible despite some difficulties. A
proposal being considered and endorsed
by the Chamber of Commerce would produce
steam in the incinerator process and sell
it to the Pacific Gas and Electric Co.
38
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015 3—0159
67-0156
Tokyo. Public Cleansing, 57(2):6567, Feb
1967.
The Public Cleansing Law (1954) centralizes
Tokyo’s cleansing service. Tokyo’s
metropolitan area includes 23 wards,
suburbs, and islands, with a population
of 10,920,577. Their Bureau of Public
Cleansing consists of three Divisions which
are subdivided into 18 sections with
37 branch offices. The Bureau also
includes 9,588 employees, 1,347 vehicles,
161 vessels for refuse, 187 for night
soil disposal and 16 for sweeping. Their
budget totals 21,694,205,000 yen. The
16 mechanical sweepers collect 80 tons
of refuse daily. Fifty-one workmen on
16 vessels collect 48 tons of refuse from
33 rivers daily. Night soil is collected
from cesspools by suction tanker vehicles
and dumped into the sea. Most other
refuse is also transported by barge. The
largest reclamation area is at Tokyo
Bay and the largest landfill site at
Yumenoshima is nearly used up. Most
disposal is free but a charge of 18 en
per 10 kg is imposed for refuse over
10 kg per day or over 200 kg at one time.
Refuse was removed from ‘gomi’ boxes,
but now each householder must provide
a portable receptable with lid for
collection. A total of 9,000 tons is
removed daily. The Bureau also collects
carcasses, inspects septic tanks, and
provides for laborers to cope with the
increase in refuse during spring cleaning.
67-0157
VKW system for Middleton.
57(1):17, Jan. 1967.
The plant can handle 60 tons of refuse per
8 hr day. When arriving at the Depot,
a vehicle will enter one of six tipping
bags and then tip into a reception pit
of 750 cu yd capacity. Dust extraction
is provided. The extracted dust-laden
air is fed as primary air to the furnace.
The refuse will be fed from the pit to the
incinerator charging hopper by a crane.
A feeder at the bottom of the hopper
discharges refuse into the furnace. Grits
and clinker from the incinerator are
conveyed to a clinker storage hopper.
The clinker passes beneath a magnetic
separator and ferrous metals are passed
to a baler. Gases are discharged from
a chimney.
67-0158
Waste collection and disposal in Kenosha.
Public Works, 98(9):68, 70, Sept. 1967.
The Waste Division of the Department of
Public Works in Kenosha, Wisconsin, is
described. The Division has 60 employees
making approximately 40,000 collections
a week. Three men are assigned to the
operation of the incinerator, one is
assigned to landfill maintenance, one is a
janitor, and 55 are assigned to
collection. The Waste Division fleet
consists of 29 16-yd packers for
collections; two 8-yd dump trucks for
removal of ashes from the incinerator,
and a heavy duty tractor for leveling and
covering at the landfill site. Supervision
transportation consists of two pick-up
trucks and a car, all equipped with two-way
radio. The Waste Division operates the
incinerator for burning of combustibles
and a landfill site for the disposal of
non-combustibles. During 1966, the amount
of combustibles collected and disposed of
amounted to 12,698 tons at a cost of $23.96
per ton. A total of 15,703 tons of
non-combustible material was collected and
disposed of at a cost of $12.29 per ton.
At times, many of the trash trucks were also
used for garbage collection in emergencies,
inclement weather, and holiday weeks.
During periods of heavy snow, seven of
the Division’s diesel trucks were also
used for snow plowing, in cooperation
with the Street Division.
67-0159
Whitworth, B. Refuse disposal — am analysis
of alternatives. Public Cleansing,
57(6):321-335, June 1967.
The Local Government Operational Research
Unit has examined long-tern disposal
and collection service for the City of
Coventry. Coventry (pop. 300,000)
disposes of 100,000 tons of refuse per
year with costs of 70s per ton collected
and 7s per ton for disposal. The two
tips now being used will be filled within
5 years. The proposed future sites are
8 miles outside of Coventry and will
require the construction of transport
plants. Capital costs of construction are
2O0,000. These plants would also pulverize
Public Cleansing,
39
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Collection and Disposal--General
or burn the refuse and though more costly,
would save on bulk—haulage and tipping
costs. The aim of the study was to clarify
the costs and other advantages and
disadvantages of several alternatives.
Graphs are presented which show estimated
costs of collection, plants, bulk—haulage
and tip operations, and also the net
income from salvage and from disposal
of trade refuse.
67-0160
Wilson, H. T. Collective bargaining for
municipalities. In Proceedings; Fifth
Annual Seminar and Equipment Show,
Governmental Refuse Collection and
Disposal Association, San Francisco,
Nov. 9-11, 1967. p.46-48.
Public employees feel they need a union
to protect their rights and insure
bargaining power. The Civil Service
Board does not really represent
employees. If complaints are taken
to the Board, the decisions of the
Board are usually management oriented.
California associations are basically
insurance—supported associations, and
management oriented.
67-0161
World survey finds less organic matter.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(9):26, Sept. 1967.
A stmniary of refuse composition is
presented for 15 countries, listing the
percentages of ash, paper, organic matter,
metals, glass, and miscellaneous trash.
In America, paper and plastic wastes are
increasing while food wastes are
decreasing—both factors resulting from
increased packaging and consumption of
frozen foods. Similar trends are
evident in Canada, the United Kingdom,
and Sweden. Generally, the more
electricity, gas, and oil a country uses
for heating, the less its ash refuse
content. Emphasis on consumer packaging
results in increased paper arid plastic
refuse. France, Spain, Switzerland,
the Netherlands, Norway, and Finland
report lower ash refuse content and a
resultant higher proportion of paper.
Refuse totals are increasing in
Rotterdam, Israel, and Czechoslovakia,
with Poland expecting an increase.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
OF REFUSE
67-01 62
Affluence plus paper equals mountains of
debris. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(1O):18, 20, Oct. 1967.
Affluence, and the fact that Sweden is
Europe’s largest consumer of paper,
combine to cause a high refuse yield.
The average Swede generates about 8.8 lb of
refuse a week. Since Swedish refuse is bulky,
compaction vehicles are employed. The vehicle
receptacles hold from 10.9 to 16.4 cu
yd. About 50 percent of the to cns use the
dustless or closed loading method. To
facilitate the transfer of refuse from
the house to the collection vehicle, a
method using mechanical suction has been
used experimentally. Automatically
operated valves, located at the bottom of
refuse chutes, let air and refuse into
a steel tube under vacuum, and the
inrushing air carries the refuse to a
receiving hopper. Different containers
for storing the trash before collection
are described, the most successful being
plastic treated sacks. Since Sweden does
not use home incinerators, devices for
automatically changing the receptacles
under the chutes and units for compressing
the refuse are being installed in large
apartment projects. An incentive pay
system for garbage collectors has been
used successfully and has resulted in
a considerable reduction in both men and
equipment. Collection charges and refuse
collection administration are also
discussed.
67-0163
Arrests and bulk depots help to keep city
clean. American City, 82(9):32, Sept. 1967.
New York City’s Department of Sanitation
arrested 48 truckers in the first 7
weeks of a program designed to crack dovn
on illegal dumpers. Those arrested face
court action and can receive fines up
to $500 for dumping on city streets and
vacant lots. In another move to help
keep vacant lots clean, the department
opened 19 junk depots in the five boroughs
to receive old furniture, appliances,
and similar bulky objects. Householders
may drop off bulky junk at the depots
anytime between 8 am and 8 pm on any day
40
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0160—0168
of the week including holidays. This does
not include garbage, which is collected on
a regular schedule, or commercial waste,
which is collected by private cartmen.
In the first 2 weeks of the
‘haul-it-yourself’ program more than
1,000 tons of junk had been brought to
the depots, and by the end of the second
week it was being brought in at the rate
of 50 truck-loads per day. Those not
wishing to avail themselves of the program
may still utilize the department’s
regular bulk-collection service. This
requires the householder to call the local
borough office of the Sanitation Department
and make a mutually convenient date for
a special free pickup.
67-0164
Attebery, J. S. We’re switching to
diesel-driven refuse trucks. American
City, 82(8):7980, Aug. 1967.
Phoenix, Arizona, is switching to diesel
driven refuse trucks, because they last
longer, cost substantially less to operate
and with proper care do not produce smoke.
Cost comparisons for 20-yd and 24-yd
compactors and 12-yd dump trucks show that
the gasoline-powered units cost respectively
40 percent, 80 percent, and 40 percent more
to operate. In addition, diesel engines
are expected to last 5 years as
compared to 2 years for gasoline engines.
Reduced engine breakdown has also been
experienced with diesel engines. To
prevent excess smoking the fuel flow is
carefully adjusted and checked often
on diesel engines. Further, it has been
found that the use of automatic
transmissions reduces truck maintenance
considerably.
67-0165
Band members lend a hand in New York City’s
schedule. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(12):14, Dec. 1967.
The 10,000-man New York City Sanitation
Department is said to be short some 600
men. Furthermore, the city administration,
the City Council, and others are debating
the city’s ability to afford the Sanitation
Department’s band. Earlier this year the
mayor tried to eliminate the band by
trimming its expenses from the budget, but
the City Council overruled him. The band
has played, until recently, at city functions
since 1912. Its members performed for
seven months of the year and spent part
of the winter sweeping the streets. Now
its members are loading refuse. The
Sanitation Commissioner has promised to
reinstate the band after personnel
problems are solved.
67-0166
Battle tactics for clean fuel. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(7):41, July 1967.
Refuse haulers and landfill operators
must constantly contend with dirt, Clean
fuel and clean air are the prime
requirements for maintaining motor
equipment at peak performance and extending
its life. Dirty fuel will clog filters
and stop the flow of fuels. Keeping
air-borne dust from vital engine parts
is also important. An air pre-cleaner is
often used, as well as an air cleaner, to
prevent leaves or other flying particles
from being drawn into the air cleaner.
67-0167
Benjafield, F. S. Mobile conveyor for
industrial refuse. Public Cleansing,
57(11):584-585, Nov. 1967.
The bulk of the refuse of an industrial
township, outside Pretoria, consists
mainly of broken crockery, broken concrete,
rubber, plastic, metal, glass, etc., of
all shapes and sizes, and in addition,
slurry and plaster-of-paris in semi-liquid
form. To overcome the tedious hand
loading of this refuse a new scheme was
developed, which comprised the use of a
trcughed belt conveyor similar to those used
for stacking bags of grain, or raising clay
from pits, etc. The machine was designed
and was constructed in such a way that it can
be lowered and towed behind the refuse
vehicle. It was recently put into
operation and apart from a few teething
troubles, which were soon rectified, the
machine has been found to function very
satisfactorily. The specifications and
cost of the unit are briefly outlined.
67-0168
British set specs for chute hopper.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(10):16, Oct. 1967.
The British Standards Institution has
issued revised specifications for refuse
41
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
chute hoppers. They include detailed
requirements for the fittings, normally
installed on a landing or in a corridor,
and provisions for the use of certain
materials in the manufacture of hoppers,
such as cast aluminum. The standard does
not restrict the design of hoppers to any
particular pattern, but gives certain
features which are considered essential for
their satisfactory functioning; e.g. to
prevent blockage of the chute the hopper
opening should be of smaller size in
relation to the diameter of the chute.
Copies of the specifications, document BS
1703: Part 1, may be obtained from the
U.S.A. Institute of Standards, or the
British Standards Institution (101-113
Pentonville Road, London, N.1.).
67-0169
A British Shark. Public Cleansing,
57(11):592-593, Nov. 1967.
The German-designed ‘Shark’, which
permanently reduces refuse volume by the
combined effects of the crushing and breaking
action of the rotating ribs in the loading
hopper, the continuous tumbling of the
refuse in the drum during collection, and
the progressive crushing effect of the
spiral plates in the drum, is now
available on a British chassis. An
example of this unit consists of a
‘Shark’ body mounted on a Seddon 14 ton
chassis with seven-seat crew cab and powered
by the well-proven Perkins 6.354 diesel
engine with a full torque pto. Drum
capacities vary, according to the type
of chassis, from approximately 5 cu yd
to 25 Cu yd with an average compression
ratio of 3 to 1. Uncompressed loads of
up to 75 cu yd of refuse can therefore
be obtained. Another modification is
the addition of a lip to the loading
hopper of the Shark refuse collector,
which raises the loading height to a
more convenient level and increases
hopper capacity. The complete unit
incorporates several important safety
features; it has been demonstrated that
maintenance costs are very low.
67-0170
is reviewed, followed by comments by
several cleansing superintendents. The
Report proposes a new classification of
refuse for the purpose of deciding the
powers and obligations of local
authorities. One recommendation is to
separate refuse according to the kind of
premises from which it emanates: domestic,
trade, or industrial. Thus, domestic
refuse would be required to be collected
free of charge, trade refuse would be
collected but subject to a collection fee,
and industrial refuse would not be required
to be collected and could be subject to
a collection fee.
67-01 71
Bugher, R. D. Transportation systems. In
L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p.73-86.
Various factors to be considered when
designing a transportation system for
solid waste disposal are discussed. The
system must consider all elements from
point of waste origin to final treatment.
Present systems are briefly outlined,
equipment is described and some costs
given. Waste transportation aspects
considered are: the characteristics of
the transportation network used (trip
time, reliability, safety, costs), type
and amount of waste, feasibility of
transforming wastes to facilitate transport,
size of area served, spatial distribution
of waste generating units, and operating
authority for the system. Some statistics
concerning these factors are given for
the Washington area. Solutions to the
waste transportation problem may be found
in existing technologies of other fields,
or by developing entirely new technologies.
Various transportation systems are
explored to discover their feasibility for
waste handling. Included are: pipelines;
pneumatic systems, cargo helicopters,
railroads, barges, and trucks. Advantages,
disadvantages, and some cost figures are
given for each system.
Browne, H. H. Report of the working party
on refuse collection: legal and
administrative aspects. Public Cleansing,
57(8):405-416, Aug. 1967.
The report of the Working Party of the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
The service of the Wheatridge Disposal
Co., Arvada, Colorado, is described.
67-0172
Candy plant contract confronts
‘sticky stinging mess’.
Removal Journal, 1O(7):15, 39,
hauler with
Refuse
July 1967.
42
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0169 —017 7
Bought by Marion Gilreath 6 years ago, this
refuse contract business expanded within
4 years to 3,000 residential accounts,
and about 200 commercial ones. To handle
this growth, the original equipment was
replaced with two used rearloading
packers. Now the firm employs two
20yd and one 25-yd Gar Wood Load Packers
on an International chassis. Residential stops
are normally weekly, with a choice of
curbside or carry-out service at $2 or $3
per month, respectively. For commercial
business, %4heatridge employs about 200
rear-loading containers, 2 to 5 yd in
size. These are handled by the Gar Wood
lift attachments or by an electric winch
for the larger units. Pickup frequency
varies from one a week to 7—day—a—week
service for busy restaurants. Measures
for dealing with masses of candy (e.g.
oiling the truck floors) and with bees
are mentioned.
67-0173
Chicago drivers win 50 cent increase.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(3):26, Mar. 1967.
Drivers of private refuse disposal trucks
in Cook and DuPage counties, Illinois,
have won a 50-cent-an-hour wage and
benefit increase over a 3-year period
retroactive to October 1, 1966. On
October 1, 1968, the wages will be $3.86
an hour.
67-0174
Collection team wins 9 percent wage hike.
Refuse Removal Journal, lO(2):7, Feb. 1967.
A 9 percent wage and benefit boost was
won by drivers and helpers employed
by members of the New Jersey Municipal
Contractor’s Association. This means
wage hikes of $619.84 a year for drivers
and $526.76 for loaders.
67-0175
Contractors handle Golden Gate area from
forty-niner days. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(5):14-15, 25, May 1965.
Golden Gate Disposal has 183 stockholders;
all are active in a phase of the business:
maintaining equipment, bill collecting,
and public relations. The company has 105
pieces of equipment and is replacing open
trucks with compaction vehicles. Most
of the equipment is on International
chassis with Allison Automatic transmissions.
Most of Golden Gate’s container operation
is confined to the Golden Gateway
apartment development which supplies its
own containers. Golden Gate also maintains
a building debris container service. Most
commercial accounts put their refuse out
at night for early morning collection.
Paper and polyethylene sacks are easing
the collection job. Cloth and old
corrugated paperboard are salvaged.
67-0176
Convey refuse by vacuum. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(2):34, Feb. 1967.
A London high rise will use a Swedish
system called ‘Centralsug’ that is
vacuum sealed and through which refuse is
conveyed by suction. Refuse accumulated
in the vertical chute is drawn by pressure
through a horizontal pipe to a central
collection point. Turbo—extractors are
used to create a vacuum in the horizontal
pipes. When one chute has been cleared,
the valve closes and the next chute is dealt
with.
67.01 77
Crew of nine for S. African trucks.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(11):42, Nov. 1967.
The refuse collection service of Welkom,
South Africa, is described. Instead of
five top-loader trucks used previously,
two British Paxit Mark II compression-type
trucks and a Dennis Paxit lilA continuous
loader are used. A crew generally consists
of a European driver and 8 to 10 native
loaders. Four English refuse bodies,
purchased in 1936, are also used but have
been modified to collect garden refuse and
to haul 1,000-gal water tanks for
roadwork. Rubbish collected varies from
light and compressible in the business
district, to heavy ashes collected from
residences in the winter. Welkoni’s two
dumping points are located near the east
and west city limits.
43
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
61-0178
Critchley, H. F. The report and the
smaller authority. Public Cleansing,
57(8):418-440, Aug. 1967.
The Report of the Working Party is
reviewed, followed by a discussion by
several cleansing superintendents. In
the Report, the use of polythene bins
for domestic refuse storage was
recommended, as was the weekly washing
of removal vehicles and the use of bins
for refuse collection.
67-0179
Dair, F. R. Vehicle Capacity——tine,
crew size, costs. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(8):6-8, 10, Aug. 1967.
The classical approach to estimating cost
is division into labor, equipment, and
materials. In refuse collection,
materials are free. Householders in
Los Angeles County place refuse in
containers at the curb to be picked up
once a week. Labor cost is $6.35 per
hr for drivers, plus $5.40 per hr for
each additional man. Amortization
expense was based on 6 years straightline
depreciation without interest and with no
salvage value. Collection cost per ton
was obtained by dividing the total hourly
cost by the collection rate. One
approach to the hauling problem is to
transfer the refuse from the collection
vehicle to a bulk-hauling rig and allow the
collection vehicle to return to the route.
A transfer station in South Gate,
California, has been operating since
1957. This station uses the direct-dump
system with the collection vehicles
dumping from a raised platform into
transfer trailers parked below. A
representative cost for a municipal
operation would be approximately $1.25
per ton. There are graphs and tables
relating vehicle and labor costs and
transfer versus direct haul.
67-0180
Danforth, H. L.
faster, safer’.
102-104, Nov. 1967.
The refuse train system of combined
garbage and trash collection in Tucson,
Arizona, is described as highly successful.
Tucson’s 245,000 residents are served by
26 LoDal ‘mother’ trucks (28 cu yd apiece),
61 International Scouts, and 157 4-
and 5-yd train containers (also called
toters). Most of these units operate as
parts of task forces, but a few are held in
reserve. The operation of one typical task
force, which consists of a foreman, two LoDal
trucks with drivers, and four train units
with a Scout Vehicle and three train
containers, is detailed. The task force
picks up about 130 tons of refuse per day.
Daily operating costs of a task force
total about $640. Of this, $180 is for
equipment, $376 is for labor, and $84
covers fringe benefits. For twice-weekly
service, this totals about one dollar per
month per unit served. Proper planning
of routes and the tine needed to get to
the disposal area, are critical factors in
the program. The operators like it because
they say it is better, safer, and faster.
The administration likes it because
production per man-hour is higher, vehicle
operating costs are lower, and it is
flexible. The public prefers it because
it is quiet and efficient, and trash does
not have to be separated from the organic,
decayable garbage.
67-0181
Detachable, bin-type body. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(12):41, Dec. 1967.
A new residential refuse-collection
vehicle called EVO, and marketed by Lodal,
Inc., is described. It features a
detachable, container-type body and a
1-cu-yd loading hopper forward of the
body. A hydraulically actuated compactor
plate or platen compresses the refuse
from this hopper into the detachable body.
When the body is filled, the operators
go to a centralized site, detach the full
container body and receive an empty one.
This exchange takes 2 to 3 minutes. The
filled containers at the centralized site
are then deposited imto a transfer-truck
unit which discharges the containers into
a compactor body, available in 21-, 25-,
or 30-cu-yd capacities. One transfer
truck with one operator is said to
be able to service from 4 to 8 collection
vehicles. Thus, the collection vehicles
can stay on their collection routes almost
continuously. The specifications of the
collection vehicle are listed. Two
operators are needed for one vehicle.
Refuse trains-- ‘better,
American City, 82(11):
44
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0178—0186
67-0182
Dumpster Dinosaur. Waste Trade World,
110(11):16, Mar. 18, 1967.
The Dumpster Dinosaur, supplied by the
materials handling division of Powell
Duffryri Engineering Co. Ltd., handles
gross loads up to 11 tons on a four—
wheeled 16—ton GVW chassis. The
truck draws the container directly
on guide rails on the vehicle, and
a load can be taken up in less than
3 minutes without the driver leaving
his cab. After a pick-up operation, the
Dinosaur performs like a normal road
vehicle, A 13-ton model is also available
on a six-wheeled 12-ton GVW chassis.
Details may be obtained from the firm
at Cambrian House, Maindy, Cardiff.
67-0183
Fairbanks, C. B., and A. I. Price.
Seattle’s new transfer station begins
operating at full capacity on opening
day. APWA Reporter, 34(6):3, 8-11, June 1967.
Seattle’s new transfer station began
operating at full capacity on opening
day, September 28, 1966. This was due in
part to the fact that two of the three
landfills replaced by the transfer
station had been overt illed for almost
6 months, and also to the fact that
equipment and methods were standard
wherever possible. The planning,
compaction mechanism, traffic circulation
and storage, construction, trailers, the
unloading system, and the truck weighing
scale system are described in detail.
During the first 5 months of operation,
this new system has proved more than
satisfactory. Eight hundred tons of
refuse can be handled during a 24-hr
period. The lightweight principle
chosen for the truck tractors and refuse
trailers has permitted consistently
economic payloads. The truck weighing
scale system believed to be one of the
most completely automated systems in
use for this type of operation, has, for
the most part, been highly satisfactory.
It will take more time to evaluate the
traffic circulation layout. To operate
the station on a 24—hr 7—day—week
basis, 15 men per 24—hr period are
required. Over 55,000 tons of refuse
have been handled during the first five
months for a disposal charge of $3.50 per
ton. A diagram of the layout of the
tipping level of the station is provided.
67-0184
5,000 Kuka waste collecting trucks.
Staedtehygiene, 18(12):IrV, Dec. 1967.
Keller and Knappich, GmbH, Augsburg,
Germany, has delivered its 5,000th
waste collecting truck. The vehicle is
equipped with an electric motor in
addition to the combustion engine. This
electric motor drives all accessories during
the loading of the vehicle. The waste
is lifted into a rotating drum where
it is mixed, crushed, and compacted.
This method is space-saving and prevents
fires and insects. The truck is exported
to 47 countries. (Text-German)
67-0185
Gill, J. A vote for good service.
American City, 80(5):96-97, May 1967.
Albuquerque residents would rather have
their refuse collection rates raised
from $1.75 to $2.25 a month than suffer
the inconvenience of reduced service
(placing containers at the curb). With
the additional money, they raised crews
from four to six men per truck. Six more
trucks were added. They plan to buy
uniforms for the men and one tractor and
one scraper for landfill improvement.
67-0186
Good, I. L. Outsize-trash collection
proves popular. American City, 82(1):35,
Jan. 1967.
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, has a city
owned sanitary landfill, but refuse is
collected by 29 private haulers who
charge an additional fee for furniture
and other large objects. Consequently
many people accumulated such trash in
their homes. To prevent this fire
hazard, the city rented two 23—ft—long
trailers for 60 days and had 60 stops
in strategic locations in the city.
Citizens were instructed to bring all
trash to the trailer for disposal. A
fireman prevented dumping of organic
material and garbage.
45
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
67-0187
Hamelin, G. H. Propose train haul to
desert landfill. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(3):1O, 29, 46, Mar. 1967.
The San Francisco Bay Area plans to haul
refuse by train to a landfill site in the
presently unused desert wastelands near
California’s eastern border. Transfer
stations are to be operated at 10-mile
intervals along existing railroads. In
the morning, a train of 70 to 90 empty
cars is cut into two parts at Fremont.
One goes to San Francisco and the other
to Richmond to commence loading. Each
progresses toward Fremont. Then, both
parts joined, the entire train proceeds to
the site 350 miles distant and returns on
a 36-hr cycle. Collection agencies will
dump their wastes into District-owned
transfer stations and pay an established
fee per ton. Revenue is possible from
salvage operations. If economical, a
composting operation could be carried out
at the site with inexpensive return haul.
The railroads are in existence; the
desert is there——unused and waiting.
There should be no objections and the
dump can be conducted in an aesthetic and
sanitary manner.
67-0188
Haul-it-yourself depots in New York.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(9):68, Sept. 1967.
New York City’s Sanitation Department
has set up 19 depots where persons nay
deposit rejected bulky objects. General
household or commercial wastes may not
be included. Open from 8 am to 8 pm all
week, they have been established in
order to discourage householders from
depositing bulky refuse on sidewalks,
vacant lots, fringes of parks, and other
locations. To date, unwanted articles
have been left at the rate of 50
truckloads a day. The Department also has
a service where persons may telephone to
have outsized junk picked up free of
charge at a convenient time.
67-0189
Hauler shows operating cost rise of 23
percent in three years. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(2):39, Feb. 1967.
A California contractor, Municipal
Disposal Service, Inc., requested a
$1.25 per month increase in his
individual collection rates since
operating costs have climbed 23 percent
during the last 3 years. The hauler
also asked for a 10—year contract with
a 10—year option. To give every stop
a uniform type of service, the company
also gives a free 55-gal rubbish
container with handle and wheels to every
customer.
67-0190
Haulers handle hub city routes since
1933. Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(9):30,
Sept. 1967.
Boston, one of the first municipalities
to provide for the collection of solid
wastes by contract, began such
collection in 1910 with about one-half
of the city districts converted to
contract collection in the following
20 years. In 1933, a study recommended
that refuse from the entire city be
collected by contract, and by 1950 the
entire city was covered by private haulers.
At present, Boston is divided into 11
collection districts with contracts
awarded yearly to the lowest responsible
bidder. During 1966, the total cost
to the city for contract collections was
$2,461,798, representing a per capita
cost of $4.00 per year or a unit cost
of $10.00 per ton. Field inspectors
check on contractors’ performance.
Collections in most of Boston are weekly,
with separate collection of rubbish and
garbage. Garbage is collected twice weekly
in June, July, and August, and some
older areas of the city with limited
storage areas have more frequent
collections. An Anti-Litter Campaign is
conducted yearly, with TV and radio
coverage as well as placards and decals on
collection equipment.
67-01 91
lloesch, K. Miscalculations in the
economy of waste removal systems.
Staedtehygiene, 18(12):288-289, Dec. 1967.
An economic system for transporting waste
to the incinerator plant is essential in
keeping overall costs low. Two waste
transportation systems are compared as
to their economy. In the first system
the waste is collected by a truck with
a removable container and transported to
the railroad station where the full
container is removed from the truck and
placed by crane onto a flatbed car.
46
-------
0187—0195
After a number of waste containers have
accumulated at the station the train
brings them to the incinerator plant,
The waste containers are emptied directly
into the furnace, thereby circumventing
intermediate storage of waste. Waste
from communities near the incinerator plant
is transported by trucks to the plant.
Refuse from areas which are not located
near a railroad station is emptied into
the standard railroad containers which are
then loaded onto heavier trucks and
driven to the plant. The second
transportation method brings the entire
waste by railroad to the incinerator
plant. Large cars (type Talbot, volume
102 cu m) are used for this purpose,
thereby eliminating the exchange of
containers. A detailed cost comparison
of the two methods is given. A table, in
which the entire waste disposal costs of
several cities are listed, proves that the
second method is more economical.
(Text-German)
67-0192
Home service: yes but not too much.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(3):18, Mar. 1967.
The Barrington Trucking Company picks
up trash even if not left in the agreed-upon
place. Palatine, Illinois, trustees fear
the extra service may increase collection
cost.
67-0193
Hubiak, N. City yard features island
concept. Public Works, 98(1):9495,
Jan. 1967.
New facilities are described which will
accommodate equipment maintenance, water
supply, street cleaning, refuse collection,
and office activities in Covina, California.
Plans call for a 13,500—sq--ft garage
building and a 15,000—sq—ft combined
warehouse and shops building for the
new City Yard. A concrete apron between
the buildings will provide a common
outdoor work area. A parking area and
an office building are also planned.
Since the City Yard is located in a
residential area, the island architectural
design was used to reduce noise and to
hide the working of the yard from view.
Equipment in the garage includes two
l0,000-gal underground gasoline tanks,
a 10,000-gal diesel fuel tank, and a
monorail with a 4-ton hoist. Cost
of the structure, excluding shop
equipment, was $8.30 per sq ft.
67-0194
Install vacuum collection for $750,000.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(8) :12, 45,
Aug. 1967.
Westminster has approved $750,000 for
the Swedish vacuum refuse system called
Centralsug for apartment houses. Waste
thrown into a chute lands in a container 1
cu yd in size. About 6 seconds are
allowed for the container to empty. The
valve is closed. After shutting, it
provides an effective seal for the
necessary vaccum in the transporter pipe
through which the refuse then travels.
The pipe can be up to 24 in. in diameter
with wall thickness up to 5/l6ths in,
and up to 1 mile long. The refuse travels
at speeds of up to 90 ft per second. The
storage silo is almost 35 ft high since the
refuse must be discharged into it at its
highest point. The vacuum in the system is
provided by high speed turbo air exhausters
driven by 110-kw electric motors.
Refuse is removed at least once a day.
Before the air enters the exhauster
turbines from the transporter pipes, it
passes through six filtration chambers,
each approximately 4 ft in diameter and
containing 60 cotton bags reinforced
internally with wire coil. Dust collects
on the outside of the bags and is removed
by shaking. In Sundeberg, Sweden, the
central storage silo is connected directly
to the incinerator. The Centralsug system
is also described in the February,
1967 issue of Refuse Removal Journal and
the November 11, 1966 issue of Municipal
Engineering.
67-0195
Jackson, D. W. Unusual marriage!
Public Cleansing, 57(5):254, May 1967.
The S. and D. 50-cu—yd Pakamatic
continuous loading refuse collector body
on a Karrier Maxiload 14-ton G. V. W.
chassis illustrates the tendency for
bodywork to become available on a much
wider chassis range. The standard Rootes
47
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
Group Cab has been modified b S. and
D. to acconunodate a seven-man crew, easily
acco odated on the 1 7 6—in, wheel base
model. The Naxiload also has several
features, like power steering, heater,
padded sun visors, hand brake, and
adjustable drivers seat,
67-0196
Jackson, P. Refuse container-train
collection system results in savings.
Public Sorks, 98(2):74-75, Feb. 1967.
Alice, Texas, (population 22,500)
switched to a container-train collection
system in 1964. Businessmen had been
allowing overflow garbage to gather in
the alleys downtown. Alice bought a
Dempster Brothers Dumpmaster 4odel DP45
24DB, a front-loading collection unit.
Containers are placed in the downtown area
mounted on wheels. When full, the
container train calls the Dumpmaster
collection unit by two-way radio to
arrange a meeting for emptying the train.
The city will be saving $64,000 in the
first 6 years of operation. Ninety-five
man-hr per week are saved. Gas and oil
savings are substantial due to reduced
number and size of vehicles. The trains
can move faster and get into smaller alleys
than packer trucks.
67-0197
Japanese city adds mechanized system.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(11):4, Nov. 1967.
Chiba, Japan, a rapidly growing industrial
city of 370,000, has developed a
mechanical refuse collection system. It
combines the action of a collection truck
with a crane, and a new type of container.
The crane used in the operation is the
Kyoci L nic Hydraulic Lorry Crane. The
latter is located in appropriate places,
such as under apartment building chutes
and below ground levels in high-traffic
areas. The crane lifts the in, empties its
contents into the vehicle, and returns the
receptacle to its original position. A
sprayer on the truck can be used to
disinfect the container. The bin which
is made of steel, has the capacity to
hold refuse generated by 40 typical
households. It has an upper cover that
is opened when refuse is deposited,
and the bottom can be opened automatically
while being handled by the crane. The
latter is equipped with a double drum
hoisting mechanism, hydraulic telescoping
boom, and a revolving sieving mechanism.
67-0198
Jenson, E. J., and H. S. Ellis. Pipelines.
Scientific American, 216(1):62-70, 72,
Jan. 1967.
A brief history of pipeline building, the
advances in technology which have increased
their efficiency, and possible uses of
the structures are presented. The first
pipelines were crude cast-iron structures
that leaked badly. In recent years, thin
walled pipes have been developed that
are up to 42 in. in diameter and can
withstand pressures up to 100,000 lb
per sq in. These advances have increased
the popularity of transporting products
in pipelines, and now there is much work
being done on the transmission of solids
through them. At this time most of the solid
matter is transported in the form of
slurries. In some instances this causes
some wear and tear on the pipes,
necessitating additional upkeep, but
on the whole this has been found to be
a minor problem. Recent experimentation
has shown that many types of cargo could
be transported if sealed in capsules.
Cylindrical capsules move through pipelines
very easily, especially if their density
is nearly the sane as the transporting
liquid. Very little added pressure is
needed to move them. Spherical capsules
can also be transported; even if they are
heavier than the liquid, they roll very
easily along the bottom with little
friction. Capsules are less corrosive
to the pipeline than slurries, obviate
the need for separation of solid and
liquid, and do not require a great increase
in pumping power.
67-0199
Jung, R. Flow losses in 90 degree deflections
during pneumatic dust transport.
Brenstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(9)m430-435, Sept.
1967.
Experiments were made to determine the
hydraulic pressure losses when air containing
suspended particles flows through flow
deflectors of various shapes, i.e. either of
circular or rectangular profile with a 90
degree angle, segmented, or round with
different curvature radii. The measurements
were made at air velocities exceeding 25
in per second by adding the dust to the air
stream, passing the suspension through the
test section with the deflector, and then
removing the particles by a cyclone and
reintroducing them into the air stream. The
hydraulic loss coefficients are given for
48
-------
0196—0203
24 different deflector geometries. It
is concluded that the obtained results
can be used only when the flow upstream and
downstream from the deflector is fully
developed. For a transport system with
short, straight tubes, the deflection
losses cannot be defined. Coal dust
and quartz dust gave about the same
values, so that the hydraulic losses seen
to be independent of the type of dust.
(Text-German)
67-0200
Kane, W. C. Development of a municipal
refuse collection sYstem. Colorado
Municipalities, 43(10) :248—249, Oct. 1967.
Loveland, Colorado, considered three
alternatives for refuse collection: (1)
Ceasing city collection and leaving
collection to private haulers would allow
each householder to obtain the type of
service he wants; the cost, however, would be
high, and the city would have no control. (2)
Establishing a mandatory collection
system under a contract with a private
firm eliminates the need for the city
to purchase equipment; however, the cost to
the householder would be higher since
the contractor must make a profit.
(3) A mandatory collection system
operated by city personnel could be
financed from the general fund so no fee
need be charged. However, taxes would be
increased; even businesses and industries
would pay. Each householder can be
charged a set fee to cover the operation.
The city would collect from all areas on
a regularly scheduled basis. Since there
is to be no profit, there is less cost.
Complaints can be handled better with
complete city control. Loveland decided
on weekly mandatory collection, operated
by city personnel. Refuse was to be put in
containers not exceeding 32-gal capacity.
Each citizen would be billed $1 a month.
Two 20-cuvd packer bodies and a 16-cu yd
packer were adequate to cover the city.
Each truck was to cover 24 blocks per day—
making 288 stops. After 2 months of
operation, the city showed a net profit
of $1,300.
67-0201
McClenahan, D. C. Selection of equipment
for refuse collection operations.
Proceedings; Second Annual Meeting,
Institute for Solid Wastes, Boston,
Oct. 3-5, 1967. Chicago, American
Public Works Association. p. 2639 .
There have not been any significant changes
or improvements in collection equipment
for many years. Equipment selection
involves consideration of several factors:
surroundings in which the work is
performed, safety conditions, the abuse
and damage equipment must survive,
the degree of automation desired, the
physical demands the equipment places on the
worker, and labor conditions. Specifications
for equipment should be written by the
purchaser and not by the truck dealer.
It is important not only to see a
demonstration of equipment but also to
give it a tryout. A reference check
should be made with other users of the
equipment. The disadvantages of buying
from the low bidder are considered.
Equipment cost should be judged on
repair parts prices, downtime, and life
of the equipment as well as bid price.
67-0202
Narriot, J. Cost of refuse collection.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer.
129(3912):65-66, May 1967.
This article is comprised of extracts from a
report given on labor, costs, and administration
of refuse collection. In analyzing cost, it
was found that there are three major factors
involved: labor, transport, and equipment.
Specific problems of each area are discussed.
Main points of the report are: the need for
more efficient house—to—house collection;
classification of refuse according to its
source; the need for local authorities
to take the responsibility of refuse
collection to the satisfaction of the
private citizen; and the selection of
vehicles for the type of refuse to be
carried.
67-0203
Marriott, J. The report of the Working
Party on refuse collection. Public
Health Inspector, 75(1O):405-408, July 1967.
Results of a questionnaire sent to local
authorities in 1963 and standards for
service set by the Working Party are
given. Domestic collection is free,
but commercial and industrial premises
are charged a fee. Curbside collection
is used at 15 percent of premises but
involves hardship for the householder.
Step collection (the collector transfers
contents of a bin into a portable
receptacle to avoid a double journey to
the premises) is in operation at 21 percent
of the premises. The Working Party
49
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
requires that either bins be carried out
and returned to premises by collectors
(presently practiced at 30 percent of
rural and 60 percent of urban premises) or
that paper sack systems be used. - The
local authority should provide refuse
storage receptacles. Rear loaders or
dustless loaders should be used.
Collection should he at least once a
week. Wastes from food restaurants
should be removed twice weekly.
Bulky household refuse should be
collected free. In England, nearly
6,000 out of 33,000 manual workers
employed for collecting are in rural
areas. The social stigma attached to the
job, which causes a high turnover rate,
must be removed or minimized by improved
working conditions. The estimated cost
of service in 1965 to 1966 was about b45
million. If the Working Party’s
recommendations are fully implemented,
expenditures will be 20 to 25 percent
higher.
67-02
Mexico City buys 135 diesel trucks.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(3):32, Mar. 1967.
One hundred and thirty-five diesel-operated
Pak-Mor refuse trucks will go into service
in Mexico City to replace vintage trucks
now in use.
67-0205
Millard, R. F. Technical aspects of
the report. Public Cleansing,
57(8):416-418, Aug. 1967.
The future effects of the predicted
changes in refuse volume and density,
as presented in the Report of the Working
Party, are reviewed. In 10 to 15 years’
time, the average amount of household
refuse would be about 5 cu ft per
household each week at a density of less
than 2 cwt per cu yd. These figures mean
either an increase in frequency of collection
will be needed or a larger number of bins.
Since bins larger than 3.25 Cu ft are too
unwieldy, and the ordinary metal dustbin does
not meet the required standard, plastic bins
are recommended. These bins should
be supplied by the local authorities in
all cases. A once—weekly collection is
recommended for food shops, hospitals, hotels
restaurants, and other places where refuse
contains a high proportion of perishables.
The recommended collection vehicles are
two-way tippers and continuous loaders,
the former for bulky refuse and the
latter for general refuse collection.
The Working Party thought the local
authorities should accept responsibility
for cleaning bulk containers, which
cleaning should be done at least once
a month. It was also felt the law should
require developers to provide adequate
storage accommodation before planning
permission was granted.
67-0206
New York hassles with equipment bids.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(2):14, Feb. 1967.
The Department of Purchase and the
Department of Sanitation of New York are
working together to bring about
competitive bidding on refuse truck
bodies and specifications that would enable
American-made tires to compete in bidding
with the French-made Michelin tires.
67-0207
Olds, J. Pipelines to transport organic
wastes. Compost Science, 7(3):3-5, Winter 1967.
A recent trend is the use of pipelines to
move solids in slurries. The flow pattern
maintains a layer of clear liquids between
the solid material and the wall. Organic
ores (garbage, sewage sludge, and manure)
could be taken to central pulverizing
stations to make them physically uniform
and ready for pipeline journey. Garbage
in Stockholm, Sweden, is thrown down a
chute and lands on a valve which also serves
to seal off the vacuum which exists in
the underlying duct during removal
periods. It is carried to a hopper
which is directly connected to an
incinerator.
67-0208
166,000 stops in San Francisco. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(5):24 -25, Nay 1967.
Sunset Scavenger has 166,000 customers with
about 112,000 being residential. It has
92 established routes plus specialized
operations, including paper, wet food
waste, and liquid wastes and uses 152
pieces of equipment. Sunset recently
converted its billing system to the
1BM403. Many householders in depressed
areas try to avoid getting involved with
waste collection and simply set their
50
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0204—02 13
refuse near a neighboring home or take it
to a city receptacle at a park. Sunset is
currently working with the San Francisco
Health Department to set standards for
the containers at apartment locations.
67 -0209
Outline rules for calculating taxable gross
vehicle weights. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(8):38, Aug. 1967.
Tax on the use of a highway motor vehicle
is based on the taxable gross weight.
This taxable gross weight is the sum
of the actual unloaded weight of the
vehicle and of any trailers or semitrailers,
both fully equipped for service, and the
weight of the maximum load normally
carried. The definitions of ‘fully
equipped for service’, ‘weight of the
maximum load’, and ‘a highway motor
vehicle’ are discussed.
67-0210
Per capita volume increases when more
pickups are made. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(10):18, Oct. 1967.
A study, conducted by Northwestern
University and financed by the United
States Public Health Service, revealed that
refuse volume increases when stepped-up
refuse collection frequencies are made.
A survey showed that doubling the
rubbish collections in Chicago’s 17th and
25th wards caused the residents to
dispose of about a third more material.
Apparently increased service causes
additional disposal of refuse.
67-0211
Petie, J. A. New trash train units
acquired by Mesa Samitatiom Department.
Western City, 43(2):37, Feb. 1967.
The city of Mesa, Arizona, is serving
13,360 customers with three 16- to 20
cu—yd packers, one 30-yd transfer truck,
210 containers, and 6 econo trains. These
econo trains each consist of a 314 ton,
four—speed, limited—slip rear-end pick—up
with a 4—cu yd container, and pull three
S-cu yd trailers for a total capacity of
19 cu yd per train. The city of Mesa
also has a brush chipper and six 28-ft
brush trucks. Due to the new equipment,
manpower has been reduced 15 percent.
It appears that there will be another 10
percent reduction and that the volume of
pickup per man hour will increase about
5 percent.
67-0212
Pickup vessel quadruples weekly harbor
debris take. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(11):20, Nov. 1967.
A harbor flotsam recovery boat, called
the Port Retriever, has been put into
operation by the Maryland Port Authority
in the Port of Baltimore. It is a
self-propelled barge equipped with a wire
mesh basket attached to two hydraulically
controlled arms. Operating in conjunction
with the Retriever are two open stows,
a push boat to move the stows, and a
specially equipped truck to lift the
loaded scows from the water and haul them
to the disposal site. Total cost of
the system is about $75,000, with the
Retriever costing about $26,800. The
Retriever, weighing 7.5 tons can accoranodate
up to 1,000 lb in a basket scoop and is proposed
to quadruple the amount of debris collected
irom shipping areas. Previously, open whale
boats with two men and hand scoops had
collected some 15 tons of debris a week.
The Retriever, designed and built by
Bootle Barge Company of Liverpool, is
operated by one man.
67-0213
Pipelines for solid waste disposal.
Public Health Reports, 82(11):1029,
Nov. 1967.
The University of Pennsylvania has
received a $42,724 Public Health Service
grant to explore the use of pipelines
in the collection and transportation of
garbage, trash, and other solid wastes
from homes, industries, and farms to
disposal sites. Data will be provided
on the feasibility of pipeline systems
similar to those used for moving slurries
of pulverized coal and water. Such a
system would reduce the costs of manually
collecting solid wastes and transporting
them by truck. Studies will be done with
different refuse mixtures at varying
particle sizes and concentrations to
provide a basis for determining the
extent to which characteristic movements
of solid waste slurries in pipes nay be
similar to movements of other waterborne
solids. Variations in waste sources,
composition, and quanitities in terms
51
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
of their significance for pipeline
design will be studied. Information will
be gathered on current volume characteristics
of waste disposal. An attempt will be
made to determine pipeline costs and to
compare them with alternative conventional
collection and transportation systems.
67-0214
Plan to study rail transport of refuse.
Public Cleansing, 57(12):667, Dec. 1967.
The Solid Wastes Program in the U.S.
Public Health Service’s National Center
for Urban and Industrial Health has
awarded a grant of $178,200 to the
American Public Works Association, for
a project to Investigate the feasibility
and cost benefits of transportation of
refuse and other solid wastes by rail
from cities to abandoned strip mines
and other land in need of reclamation.
The project is expected to run for 3
years at a total cost of $468,800. The
New York Central System, as well as
cities throughout the country, acting
through the Association’s Research
Foundation, will share in the cost of
the project. Investigation will be made
into the use of unit trains loaded
exclusively with wastes; the type of
cars and other equipment most suitable
for solid wastes; and the regular
scheduling of trains carrying solid
wastes. The use of transfer stations
in assembling trainloads of wastes, the
desirability of containerizing solid
wastes, and the adaptation of pressure
loading and other new material handling
techniques not yet employed for solid
wastes will also be studied. The benefits
resulting from such a program are
twofold: providing a means of disposal
for conm unitIes which are running out of
solid waste disposal sites; and reclamation
of waste lands into useful areas.
67-0215
Pneumatic waste collection. Sanitar
and Heizungstechoik, 32(1O):742, Oct. 1967.
Pneumatic collection of household wastes
is the most hygienic and economic method.
Stockholm, Sweden, is the pioneer in
this field. Five apartment houses with
250 units have so far been connected with
an underground pipe system which ends in
a waste-collecting pit. The motors, dust
filters, and automatic regulators are
housed nearby. Housewives throw waste into
the waste duct, where waste accumulates on
the valve lid of the pneumatic system.
At least once a day the motor of the
pneumatic system is switched on
automatically. The valve lid closest
to the waste collecting pit opens by an
electric impulse. The waste falls into
the pipe system and is sucked by a strong
air current (24 to 30 m per second) into
the pit. The current passes a filter and
escapes by way of a muffler into the
open air. The first valve lid closes and
the next one opens. The process is
repeated until all waste from all
connected apartment houses is sucked
into the waste collection pit. Then
the motor is switched off automatically.
Bulky wastes proved to be no obstacle.
The collection pit is connected with an
incinerator. (Text-German)
67-0216
Poertoer, H. ‘Rail-Haul’. APWA
Reporter, 34(9):6, Sept. 1967.
The $468,800 APRA Research Foundation
project No. 67-1, ‘Potential benefits of
rail-haul as an integral part of waste
disposal system’, is outlined. The
project’s objectives are to develop the
concepts for and demonstrate the
feasibility of railroad facilities used
as a satisfactory means of solid wastes
disposal. A sub-objective is to reclaim
presently idle lands for useful and
productive purposes, even if such lands
are located many miles from metropolitan
complexes. The 3-year project,
initiated April 1, 1967, is now fully
staffed and underway. Project offices
are located in Chicago’s Museum of
Science and Industry. Although the
bulk of the funds required to finance
the project have been pledged by the
joint-sponsorship of ten units of local
government, the New York Central System,
and the U.S. Public Health Service
through its Solid Wastes Prograiu,
additional sponsors are needed.
Interested parties should contact the
APWA Research Foundation.
67-0217
Preventing punctures. Waste Trade World,
3(16):14—15, Oct. 1967.
The problem of preventing punctures of
truck tires under special conditions, such
52
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02 14—0 22 1
as in engineering facilities with metal
cuttings on the floor, and in scrap yards
and dumps, is discussed. Previously used
rubber inserts fitted between the tire
cover and tube were reasonably effective
against blunt objects, but would afford
little protection against sharp objects.
A modification of this old idea developed
by Moplant Industries is the Moplant ‘P-R’
Tire Protector. It consists of a cord
reinforced insert placed between the
pneumatic tire cover and tube. A special
design has been developed to provide the
correct degree of resilience combined
with high toughness. An object
penetrating the tire cover deflects the
protector against the air cushion
provided by the tube. Its inherent
toughness together with its resilience
makes it extremely hard to penetrate.
It was found that nails were bent and
frequently pulled out again as the wheel
continued to turn, while smaller objects
like glass and swarf were securely held
between the cover and protectors.
67-0218
Private collection replaces municipal.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(4):42, Apr. 1967.
Private will replace municipal collection
in Dover, New Jersey. It will be
financed by general taxation. Service will
be increased from once to twice a week.
674219
Quon, J. E., A. Charnes, and N. Tanaka.
Refuse quantities and the frequency of
service. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste
Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. F-5.
A study of two political ward areas in
Illinois showed that the increase in
weight collected as a result of twice
a week pickup service in approximately
one-third of the living units was masked by the
decrease (year to year fluctuations)
in weight of refuse collected from living
units provided with once a week pickup
service. The total weight of refuse
collected from each of the wards remained
essentially the same. Figures are given
to support these statements.
67-0220
Rabins, N. Old Jerusalem updates its
collection system. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(12):6-8, Dec. 1967.
The refuse collecting methods found by
the Israeli government after assuming
management are described. About 30 tons
of refuse is removed from the old, walled,
section every 3 days. Its density is
very high due to a large proportion
of organic wastes. Trash had been
collected by hand in containers,
transported by hand cart or donkey, and
brought to three appointed collection
locations before being hauled away by
truck. The Jordanian Inspector of Health
Service was given complete control of
the old collection department, but the
number of his employees was reduced from
300 to 108. Collectors in Old Jerusalem
range in age from 20 to 70; none wear
uniforms and many are unshaven. Haulers
are paid about $150 a month while Israeli
swampers make about $200. Israel expects
to turn over all collection in Israel to
contractors, although the first step is
yet to come. Most refuse in Israel is
collected in small containers, but
1.5 cu yd-bins have appeared recently.
Fees for collection are avoided by the
use of taxes, with merchants and
manufacturers being taxed more than
homeowners. Payment, therefore, does
not vary according to the amount of
refuse. New Jersalem uses 15 trucks
daily, including two U.S. built rear-end
loaders and four trucks with lifts. All
chassis are manufactured by Leyland.
67-0221
Railroad will haul waste to abandoned
strip mines. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(10):14, Oct. 1967.
The City of Philadelphia and the Reading
Railroad are planning a joint household
refuse disposal plan. The plan involves
using Reading trains to haul Philadelphia
refuse directly to worked-out strip coal
mines located in upstate Pennsylvania.
The plan calls for the hauling of 1,200
tons of rubbish daily, at a cost of
approximately $5.74 per ton. This figure
is cited as much less than Philadelphia
is currently paying to burn its refuse.
The refuse will be shredded at the two
Reading depots before being moved. Prior
53
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Collection and Transportation of Refuse
to dumping, the base of the mine will be
filled with a 15-ft layer of earth.
Specified by State authorities, the layer
is to seal the earth face seams and cover
any coal seams. A 5-ft-thick buffer layer
is to cover the vertical faces, and all
shaft tunnel entrances will be sealed off.
This is to prevent seepage and stream
pollution. Surface run-off or contaminants
will be prevented from draining into the
mine by concrete pads. They will be laid
out to slope away from the inAne’s edge.
The cars will be unloaded at the pads,
the refuse dumped and dispersed in 4
ft layers, and then covered with 2
ft of earth. Bulldozers will be used
to compact the fill, and eliminate possible
air or oxygen pockets. The Reading also
reports plans to dispose of some 280 tons
of incinerator ash residue from one of
two Philadelphia plants.
67-0222
Record exhibition. Public Cleansing,
S7(5):229-244, May 1967.
A display of the public cleansing
equipment, sponsored by the Institute’s
Conference at Blackpool, will be
exhibited at the Royal Lancashire
Agricultural Society’s showroom. The
display includes: vehicles——collection,
compaction, sweeper, cleansing and gritting;
appliances and protective clothing——
dustbins, polythene bags, chimney cleaners,
waterproof and p.v.c. clothing, brooms,
baling press, brushes and litter receptacle;
and earth moving equipment——loading shovels,
tractor shovels, crawler, tractor and
tipper.
67-0223
Refuse collection--guide to a better
service. Public Cleansing, 57(6):282-284,
June 1967.
The Government’s Working Party on Refuse
Collection has handed in a report. This
report contains many recommendations with
over 60,000 words, numerous statistics,
charts, and illustrations. The need to
reduce noise from collection vehicles
and associated equipment is discussed.
Dustless loading systems with hinged lid
bins are recommended. It is believed
that a measure of standardization of refuse
vehicles would lead to lower prices.
Though several systems were studied in
relation to refuse storage, the Working
Party thought that dry chutes and bulk
containers were satisfactory if properly
designed and installed. The report is a
guide to a better refuse collection service
for everyone concerned.
67-0224
Refuse storage and collection; a special
supplement on the report of the Ministry
of Housing and Local Government’s Working
Party on refuse collection, 1967. London,
Institute of Public Cleansing. 8 p.
A summary of the 1967 report of the
Ministry of Housing and Local Government’s
Working Party on refuse collection is
presented and the recommendations of the
report are listed. Discussions of the
Working Party’s conclusions regarding
classification of house, trade and
industrial refuse, storage and collection
methods, cost, defravment and frequency
of collection, planning refuse systems for
new and renovated buildings, salvage,
collection vehicles, administration,
staff and personnel, and research, are
included.
67-0225
Refuse storage and removal in city centres.
Public Cleansing, 57(2):85-90, Feb. 1967.
The original system at Garchey Station
used suction mains to transport refuse.
However, because 1,200 flats were to be
coupled to the Garchey Station, additional
work and capital would be required to
renovate the system, Therefore the
purchase of a tanker of the gully emptier
type was the most economical. Such
a tanker was purchased by Sheffield for
1,5,600. Although it worked with the
least loss in time, maintenance costs were
high. A static press was then considered
since it would be even more economical.
The pros and cons of the Garchey System were
then discussed. With a 4 m haul to the tip,
a vehicle can collect 80 to 90 1¼-cu yd
containers per day. Much material
must be collected and disposed of outside
the system. The system was very good
for refuse collection from flats with
long promenades. Although the object
of the system is disposal on Site,
it has many drawbacks. Therefore
further research must be undertaken. Mr.
Stenton also suggested the use of containers
to hold refuse before it is compacted.
54
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0222—02 30
However, he favors on-site incineration.
The cost of gas for this system is 7d per
flat per week and it is assumed at is 2 d
per therm.
67-0226
Refuse transfer station cuts trips to
disposal area. Public Works, 98(11):72,
Nov. 1967.
Institution of a transfer station in
Dearborn, Michigan, has cut the number
of daily 50-mile round trips to a refuse
disposal area from 65 to 17. The
loads from the individual packer units
are transferred to one of six 60 yd Hobbs
Hyd-Pak transfer trailers at the transfer
station. Packers back into the station
at the upper level and discharge their
loads into one of three hopper openings in
the floor. Hydraulically-powered sliding
bulkheads at the bottom of each hopper
are controlled from a stationary panel
near each hopper. The control panels
also actuate an automatic packing cycle
in the compaction trailers that park
beneath the hoppers on the lower level.
Stationary hydraulic pumps run by electric
motors are attached by quick-connect
hoses to compaction cylinders in the transfer
trailers. Packer plates in the trailers
exert over 111,000 lb to recompact the
loads. Each trailer-tractor is also
equipped with a hydraulic load ejection
system for use at the final disposal site
or in an emergency. It is anticipated
that savings on vehicle maintenance,
fuel, and manpower will enable the station
to pay for itself in approximately 5
years.
67-0227
Refuse transport by rail in Holland.
Public Cleansing, 57(2):74-77, Feb. 1967.
In the Netherlands compost is produced on
a larger scale than in any other European
country. The largest plant in Holland is
owned by a private company--V. A. M., and
produces compost for land reclamation,
agriculture, horticulture, etc. In
1965, 2,200 tons of compost were used in
the tulip region south of Haarlem. Refuse
is brought in by large-scale rail transport.
One city, Groningen (population 140,000)
sends 43,000 tons of compost in 1,862
rail wagons. These wagons are specially
designed for top loading and side discharge.
Each wagon carries a load of 23 tons and
can be automatically emptied in 30 seconds.
Bulky refuse not suitable for compost is
burned at the Groningen transfer station
in a special incinerator.
67-0228
Replacement policy for public works
equipment. Public Works, 98(4):76, Apr. 1967.
The replacement of equipment in
Arlington Co., Virginia, is based generally
on a length of service factor as follows:
dump trucks 5 to 10 years; refuse trucks
12 years; pick-up trucks 7 years; passenger
cars 3 years; police motorcycles 4 years;
police scout cars 1 2 years; and police
cruisers 3 years. Operation of 11
new packer type refuse collection trucks
costs 53 cents per mile, including a
reserve for replacement. in comparison,
the older trucks were reported to have cost
72 cents per mile.
67-0229
Scottish views on Working Party report.
Public Cleansing, 57(12):645-654, Dec. 1967.
Three papers giving the Scottish point
of view in regard to the Working Party
report were presented at the autumn
meeting of the Scottish Center of the
Institute at Perth on October 4, 1967.
They are titled: ‘The application of the
Working Party report on refuse collection
to Scotland; ‘Comments from the City’s
point of view;’ arid ‘Comments from the
rural authority’s point of view.’ The
first paper deals mainly with new
legislation reguired in Scotland to
implement the recommendations of the
Working Party. The second paper points
out the difficulties encountered in a
city if the Working Party’s recommendations
of continental dustless loading and the
paper sack system of collection are
instituted. The third paper describes
the collection activities of the rural
county of Perth and relates these
activities to certain parts of the
Report. A discussion period followed
the presentation of the three papers.
67-0230
Seattle to change hauling procedures.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(9):82, Sept. 1967.
Seattle’s Board of Public Works has
recommended to the City Council several
55
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Coflection and Transportation of Refuse
modifications in the procedures governing
the municipality’s system of refuse
collection. Under the new scheme, the
city will be divided into north and
south parts, with each served by a
different wastes management firm. This
was deemed desirable for the maintenance
of ‘competitive environment’. The
successful bidder will be required to
provide service to all premises and
furnish containers to housing projects,
apartment dwellings arid various other
locations. The fees paid at present by
coiltractors at city transfer stations and
f or material picked up under city contracts
will be discontinued.
67-0231
Self—tilting container solves dumpIng
problems. Tonindustrie—Zeitung und
Keramische Rundschau, 91(4) l42, Apr. 1967.
For simple and rapid dumping, self-tilting
containers have been developed by the Karl
H. Bartels Company, in Hamburg, West
Germany. The container is balanced so
that the center of gravity is shifted when
it reaches the full stage. It can be easily
picked up by a fork lifter or another kind
of transporting unit. For dumping, the
container can be unlocked from the driver’s
seat of the transporting unit. The
container tilts by itself, empties its
contents, returns to the upright position
and locks itself into place. Apart from
use In other fields, the container is
ideal for dumping wastes. (Text-German)
67 .0232
Seventh transfer operation since 1959 opens
In Seattle. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(2):38, Feb. 1967.
The seventh transfer operation since
1959 opened in Seattle under a program
aimed at eliminating 19 open dumps
throughout the county.
67.0233
Smith, C. For efficiency try the ‘task
system’. APWA Reporter, 34(12):9, Dec. 1967.
The ‘task’ system, a study of each route
during average weather conditions undertaken
to establish a reasonable 8—hr daily
starting and stopping point, is described
as an approach for developing an efficient,
economical refuse collection program.
Allowance is made for rest periods and
lunch time; also the human factors of age,
health condition, and emotional stability
must be recognized in calculating how
much each crew can accomplish during a
given time. The crew is them held
responsible for collecting all garbage
and rubbish at each collection point on
the assigned route. The incentive for
the crew is that they are paid for eight
hours of work, while, depending on all the
variables, they may finish in less or more
than 8 hr. The advantages of the
system are: (1) Householders are assured
regular scheduled service. (2) Trucks are
in traffic the shortest period of time.
(3) Overtime pay is eliminated. (4)
Concentration of collection units at the
unloading point at the day’s end is
dispersed, as various units finish up
at varying times. (5) Supervision of
employees is cut to the very minimum.
67-0234
Solid wastes topic of No. Cal annual
meeting. APWA Reporter, 34(9):12, Sept. 1967.
At a meeting of the Northern California
Chapter of the American Public Works
Association, C. H. Hamlin described a
plan that would utilize a desert disposal
site for the solid wastes of the San
Francisco Bay area. He proposed the use
of collection stations on both sides of
the Bay, with a rail train picking up
the waste, transporting it to a central
point, and then hauling it to the disposal
site in the desert. Specially constructed
hopper cars could be used with hinged
rubber sealed tops. Disposal rates night
have to be raised; for example, in San
Leandro they might be raised from $1.25 to
$1.50 to accomplish such a program.
67-0235
Steep hills mean higher pickup cost.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(2):39, Feb. 1967.
The Mill Valley Refuse Service asks for
escalated collection rates, which are
based on how far a residence is above sea
level, because the steep slopes are tough
on men and equipment.
56
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0231—0241
67-0236
Sumner, J. The storage and collection
of refuse. In Proceedings; INTAPUC
Ninth International Conference, Paris,
June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing. p.5—78.
Results of questionnaires sent to 19
European and North American countries on
house refuse collection are presented and
discussed. Topics covered include:
amount and composition of refuse, methods
of refuse storage in individual
houses and multi-family dwellings,
water-bone systems, kitchen grinders,
on-site incineration, pneumatic transport
systems, storage and collection in new
buildings, frequency, method and vehicles
for collection, management and training,
and research. No information on costs
is given. Summaries of the reports from
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom,
and United States are given.
67-0237
Symposium on two—phase flow in pipes to
be held in Philadelphia. ASCE [ American
Society of Civil Engineers] Newsletter
Waterways and Harbors Division, 48(2) :
Nov. 1967.
A 3-day International Symposium on
solid-liquid flow in pipes and its
application to solid waste collection and
removal is to be held in Philadelphia,
March 4-5, 1968. The goal of the
symposium is to bring together interested
workers in the field of solid—liquid flow
to discuss advances in solid transport
through pipelines. The methods and
techniques of applying this technology
to solve some environmental problems,
such as the collection and removal of
the solid waste of communities, will be
examined. Sixteen international speakers
have been invited and the proceedings of
the Symposium will be published.
67-0238
3 communities in New York consider
municipal collection. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):24, Nov. 1967.
Three communities in Westchester County,
New Rochelle, Yorktown, and New Castle,
have begun studies to determine if
collection at homes and businesses can
be paid for from tax revenues or by
special assessments. Several factors have
contributed to the initiation of these
studies. In the summer of 1967, an
executive in one local contracting firm was
arrested and indicted by the county on
charges of trying to intimidate a
competitor. Secondly, the June report
of the U. S. Attorney General found that
90 percent of the trade-waste disposal in the
county was handled by members of families
long associated with the Mafia. This report
also disclosed the number of private contractors
was shrinking through consolidations. Since
1964, the county has lost six carting firms,
while the population has increased from
30,000 to 870,000. Most of the contractors
left (about 25) are 2- or 3-truck firms.
67-0239
Trash trains--the unit train that could.
Environmental Science and Technology,
1(5):371, May 1967.
A grant was awarded to the American Public
Works Association to investigate the
feasibility and cost benefit of
transportating refuse and other solid
wastes by rail from cities to abandoned
strip mines and other land in need of
reclamation -
67-0240
25-day strike by city workers ends. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(3):28, Mar. 1967.
The York, Pennsylvania, City Council has
agreed to give workers a raise-- drivers
from $88.50 to $102 and loaders from
$85.50 to $99 per 6-day week.
67-0241
Union seeks wage hike in New York. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(7):33, July 1967.
The president of the Uniformed
Sanitationmen’s Association has warned
that sanitation men in New York City
would soon begin negotiations with the
Department of Sanitation for a large
wage increase. Demands for increased
productivity combined with ‘poor equipment
and lack of maintenance’ have caused
overwork and safety problems, he claims.
The group recently won a $450 annual raise
and a 20-year pension plan.
57
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Colkct ion and Transportation of Refuse
Advancement in National Disposal is
strictly on merit. The man on the truck
must be motivated. He has special
training routes which have at least one
of every variety of collection problem
he is apt to encounter. Wastes have to
be separated and properly stored to
avoid collection and disposal of valuable
property by mistake. Some industrial waste
materials require special handling,
open transport, and disposal.
67 O243
Wage agreement averts stoppage. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(1):1O, Jan. 1967.
Agreement between industry and union
negotiators averted a city-wide strike
against New York City’s private contracting
firms which would have halted collection.
The drivers and helpers, who handled more
than 60 percent of the city’s refuse, won
$9 more per week for the first year,
$4 more for the second, and $3 more
during the third. Companies agreed to
raise contributions to the pension fund
from $7 to $9 per week per man. Employers
agreed to raise contributions to severance
pay fund from $2 to $3 per week per man.
61-0244
Warns of fires in collection trucks.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(12):42, Dec. 1967.
A private contractor in Elizabeth, New
Jersey, warns that fires in refuse trucks
may lead to increased city hauling costs
due to increased insurance arid labor
rates. Combustion in the refuse is
attributed to residents leaving hot ashes,
burning charcoal and volatile liquids
in the refuse. Combustion damages the
hydraulic apparatus and sears the truck
body. Thus far, no operators have been
injured in any of the fires, since the
load is usually dumped into the street
for firemen to extinguish the blaze.
67-0245
Western Pacific Railroad planning a
refuse express. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(9):18, Sept. 1967.
Western Pacific Railroad has been working
on plans to set up a daily express run
from the Bay Area of San Francisco to
the Nevada desert. These plans were
initiated when C. H. Hamliri published
an article in the Refuse Removal Journal
of March 1967, suggesting that 70-car trains,
sealed so they will not leak or smell,
could haul refuse from transfer points
on both sides of the Bay. Unproductive
desert could thus be made usable with
sanitary fill. The President of the
Chamber of Commerce, however, indicates
that incinerators were recommended instead
for San Francisco in order to keep the
solution of the refuse removal problem
at home and within local jurisdiction.
For example, a train strike could leave
refuse piling up in San Francisco.
67-0246
Zapf, F., and H. Cues. Mammoth trucks
and mini scooters. American City,
82(1):77-79, Jan. 1967.
Fifty cubic yard trucks serviced by two
diminutive scooters each have lowered
cost of refuse collection in Pasadena,
California. One of the crewmen employs
a magnesium tote box or a hand dolly
where a long walk or steps prohibit use
of scooters. The packer stops 125 ft
from the corner. Collectors drive
scooters up driveways. They dump refuse
into a 3-yd hopper. The driver then
raises this bucket over the cab to drop
the load into the truck box. The
packer ram compacts the load and the
driver moves his truck ahead 250 ft.
Prior to 1957 people either burned refuse
in back-yard incinerators, illegally
dropped it in ditches or hauled it to
a dump. The city instituted a weekly
collection of disposable rubbish.
DISPOSAL
61-0247
Bennett, E. R. The third pollution.
Colorado Municipalities, 43(10) :244-245,
Oct. 1967.
Mixed refuse is 70 percent paper and
rags. More than 80 percent of U.S.
cities dispose of garbage in open dumps.
Burning refuse in an incinerator destroys
the material to ash and uses little
land. But it initially costs $6,000 to
67-0242
Vanderveld, J. J.
on truck. Refuse
10(4):12, 37, 42,
Success keyed to man
Removal Journal,
Apr. 1967.
58
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02 42—0 2 51
$7,000 per daily ton capacity. Operating
costs range from $5 to $8 per ton. Waste
materials in a sanitary landfill are
compacted with a bulldozer and covered with
6 in. of earth at the end of the day.
Landfilling costs $1 to $2 per ton of
refuse. Composting is a natural
biological treatment process in which
refuse is converted to a useable end
product under odorless conditions. Long
columns or windrows produce a finished
product in 6 weeks. Mechanical composts
produce the product in one. Six of nine
plants initiated before 1965 have been
abandoned. The process costs $4 to $5
per ton of refuse.
61-0248
Bond, R, C., and A. F. Iglar. Hospital
solid waste disoosal in community
facilities. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste
Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. D-3.
A study of hospitals in the vicinity of
the University of Minnesota is in
progress and includes surveys to determine
quantities and types of waste released
into the community, ability of the
community to accept and dispose of this
pathogenic or special waste, and the
consequences of such disposal of solid
wastes. Possible public health
implications will be especially studied.
A preliminary study showed that the solid
waste contribution on a per-patient
basis was almost 9 lb per day at a large
public teaching hospital, and a little over
5 lb per day at a moderate-sized church—
affiliated hospital. Corresoonding values
for volume were roughly 3 cu ft and 2
cu ft respectively.
67-0249
Black & Veatch, Consulting Engineers.
Solid waste disposal study for
Washington Metropolitan Region. Kansas
City, Mo., Oct. 1967.
Results of an investigation of the
current and future solid wastes disposal
needs of the Washington Metropolitan
Region and recommendations for meeting
those needs are presented. The study
was sponsored by the Northern Virginia
Regional Planning Commission, the
Metropolitan Washington Council of
Governments, and the Maryland National
Capitol Park and Planning Commission.
The study covered the current status of
solid wastes programs in the regional
area: refuse qualities, alternative
disposal methods, land requirements for
disposal, inventory of potential disposal
sites, transportation of solid wastes,
recommended disposa]. programs,
administrative and financing
considerations, and sediment disposal.
Topographic maDs of potential landfill
and incinerator sites and descrintive
data on each site are given in an
appendix.
67-0250
Briley, Wild & Associates. Inventory and
analysis of existing water, sewer, and
solid wastes systens in the Tampa Bay
Region of Florida; Hillsborough,
Pinellas, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties.
Nov. 1967. 67 p.
The Tampa Bay Regional Planning Council
has begun a comprehensive survey of the
major utility systems in the Tampa Bay
area financed in part through an urban
planning grant from the Department of
Housing and Urban Development. The
purpose of the inventory is to provide
a clear picture of the current status
and present development of water
supply, pollution control facilities,
and solid wastes disposal. Maps and
tables cover all systems in the counties
of Hillsborough, Pinellas, Manatee and
Sarasota serving 25 persons or more, but
not including restaurants, schools,
businesses or industries unless
specifically noted.
67-0251
Briley, Wild & Associates. Regional
solid wastes disposal facilities. In
Inventory and analysis of existing water,
sewer, and solid wastes systems in the
Tampa Bay Region of Florida; Hillsborough,
Pinellas, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties.
Nov. 1967. p. 49 — 60 .
The growth of the refuse problem in the
Tampa Bay Region is the result of
rapidly increasing population and changes
in marketing and merchandising methods.
It is estimated that each person generates
from 2 to 4 lb per day of refuse and
wastes from industrial, commercial, and
municipal installations, which together
with yard and shrubbery trimmings
increase this total to approximately
7 lb per person per day. Tanpa and St.
Petersburg both operate 500—ton—per—
59
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Disposal
day incinerator facilities, Clearwacer
operates a 300—ton—per—day facility and
St. Petersburg contracts an additional
100 tons per day to a composting plant.
Other than these 4 facilities, alisolid
wastes in the Region are disposed of
either through 23 approved sanitary
landfills or in unauthorized dumping
areas. Disposal sites and facilities, and
public and franchised collection systems
are surimiarized for each county.
67-0252
Briley, Wild & Associates. Conclusions
and recommendations on regional solid
wastes disposal facilities. In Inventory
and analysis of existing water, sewer, and
solid wastes systems in the Tampa Bay
Region of Florida; Hillsborough,
Pinellas, Manatee and Sarasota Counties.
Nov. 1967. p.61-66.
It is recommended that large scale
incineration, composting, pyrolitic
decomposition, destructive distillation,
and large—scale consolidated landfills be
investigated. During the period before
these large scale methods can be made
operational, planning for continued solid
wastes disposal utilizing the sanitary
landfill method should include:
acquisition of additional landfill
sites, feasibility study of a centralized
collection system with transfer stations,
improvement of operational practices
at existing disposal sites, programs to
insure better measurement of the solid
wastes being generated, and continued
regional planning. Au inventory and
analysis of regional solid wastes
disposal facilities and public and
private collection systems are given.
61-0253
California county votes 875 acre site.
Refuse Removal Journal, l0(3):39, Mar. 1967.
San Mateo County obtained 875 acres as
a refuse disposal site which will be
transformed into a park by the year 2000.
67-0254
Cochran, D. H. Solid waste—a Texas size
problem for Texas. in Proceedings;
Solid Waste in Urban Environments—a
Conmiunity Action Seminar, Houston, Mar.
9, 1967. University of Houston. p. 12 - 21 .
The past and existing solid waste
program, problems, plans for the future,
and implementation of those plans under
the Texas State Health Department are
covered. The Department has had a
municipal refuse program since 1944.
From 1947 to 1954, Health Department
personnel began actively contacting
cities and assisting theta in improving
their refuse handling techniques. Since
1954, five demonstration series have
been conducted on refuse handling. At
present the municipal refuse orogram
is a part of the Environmental
Development Program which is made up
of two sub-programs——vector control and
urban planning assistance. Two sariltarians
under the direction of an engineer
devote approximately 80 percent of their
time to the solid waste program. In
addition, personnel in the six regional
offices provide support. Aside from
the large human population, there are an
estimated 10,000,000 head of cattle with
each cow producing an average of 13.5
tons per year of manure. Many sanitary
landfills in the state are rapidly
becoming open dumps. Rapid urbanization
is occurring in 22 areas of the State,
creating the problem of locating suitable
land for proper disposal. One hundred
and eighty-five counties do not have the
services of a full-time local health
department. The present advisory and
educational program will be expanded
and a Solid Waste Legislation Advisory
Group formed. Field investigation
personnel will obtain information for
projections and plans for future needs
of solid waste disposal. A study of
production and characteristics of solid
waste in Texas will be undertaken. Long
term objectives of the program are to
enhance conservation of natural resources,
eradicate aesthetically unpleasant
conditions, reduce rodent and insect
vectors, and develop proper solid waste
disposal facilities.
67-0255
Combines sludge and solid wastes. Refuse
Removal Journal, lO(8) :42, Aug. 1967.
According to E. R. Bennett, professor
at the University of Colorado, combining
sewage sludge and solid waste in one
disposal system may cut disposal costs.
He cites the average cost per household
for sewer and trash service as $50 to
$80. Where land costs are high, the
trend is toward incineration of both refuse
and sludge, even though the cost is
relatively high, averaging $5 per ton for
a large operation. Composting costs from
60
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0252—0260
$6 to $10 a ton, but there is a problem
finding suitable markets. Raw sludge
averages 4 lb per capita, almost the
sane amount as the average daily production
of solid waste. Cost per ton for refuse
disposal is $1 to $6, with transportation
and collection accounting for about 80
percent of the cost.
67-0256
Council considers Civic Act. Waste Trade
World, 111(22) 5. Nov. 25, 1967.
The Bradford Council has been considering
various ways to implement the recommendations
of the Civic Amenities Act. It was agreed
that facilities should be provided so that
people can take their bulky household refuse,
such as old furniture, to the various
dumps in the same way as they presently take
garden refuse. The growing problem of
disposal of scrapped cars was brought up
with a definite proposal planned for the
near future.
67-0257
Dallas faces open burning controls.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(10):39,
Oct. 1967.
Since new air pollution laws may soon stop
controlled open burning of refuse, Dallas
will have to find a different method of
refuse disposal. The City’s fire marshall
predicted that by 1975, local population
growth will force the city to find new
methods. Dallas officials are studying
several plans, including one that involves
dunning and burying trash in old gravel
pits.
67-0258
Dodson, J., and H. Wailman. Research
and development of a waste management
unit for a manned space vehicle.
Washington, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Apr. 1967. 19 p.
A waste management Unit (laboratory
model) for use in a space simulator was
designed, fabricated, and tested. The
unit was designed to: support four men
for 30 days; operate for five 30—day
simulated missions; operate under
weightless or normal gravity conditions;
collect urine and feces separately but
simultaneously while the user is in the
seated position; and collect urine while
the user is in a standing position. The
unit, which is comprised of a single
sphere, collects, dehydrates, and stores
feces. This precludes the necessity of
manual transfer of waste. Positive odor
control is achieved with forced air flow.
67-0259
Dubos, R. J. Scientists alone can’t do
the job. Saturday Review, p.68-71,
Dec. 2, 1967.
The necessity for scientists to advertise
their activities in order to obtain public
funds leads to extravagant claims concerning
expected research results. Thus the public
is encouraged to believe that scientists
can solve all modern-day problems. Science
must return to differentiating between what
is proven and what is only hypothetical.
In addition, accidental discoveries
encourage the dangerous belief that planned
research is worthless. However, Fleming
would not have discovered penicillin had
he not been conditioned intellectually
to welcome the mold. Much scientific
research is governed by social needs,
and most scientists are attracted to
problems which are fashionable, well-financed,
and well-rewarded. However, scientists
have been neglecting those problems most
meaningful for modern human life, and
science is becoming alienated from the
rest of the social structure. In some
cases, as in the study of agriculture, a
neglected field of science will be
developed as a result of social pressure.
Social problems created by new technologies
are not solved ultimately by counter
technologies, but represent short-sighted
adaptive mechanisms. Future technological
proposals must be based on how they are
likely to supoort attainnent of accepted
goals. Discussions of the sociology of
science should be made public. In addition,
responsible citizens should learn to
recognize and evaluate social consequences
of technology, and share in the
decision-making involving scientific
problems, thus restoring social coherence
to the democratic society.
87-0260
Easier slag disposal. Modern Casting,
52(1):53, July 1967.
A materials handling system using a
hydroseal pump is discussed for use in slag
61
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Disposal
disposal. This fluid transport system
quenches the slag to granular form and
flushes it out to a disposal area. The
highway department removes the slag free
of charge for use on roads under icy
conditions. The pitch of the pipe to
prevent winter freeze—up is explained.
The advantage of this system is that it
eliminates dumping hot viscous slag and
the manpower needed to remove it.
67-0261
Eastman, W. H. Solid waste handling by
Federal installations. In L. Weaver, ed.
Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management for
Metropolitan Washington, July 19-20, 1967.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1729.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office. p. 4 5-49.
A description of the waste disposal
activities of the General Services
Administration, particularly in the
Washington region, is given. Some costs
are recovered by the sale of usable paper
and scrap metal. Types of waste and
disposal methods are briefly described.
General Services Administration operates
20 incinerators in the Washington region.
Flyash control is briefly discussed. Wet
pulping and hammermill operations are used
to dispose of classified wastepaper. A
special ‘one time’ disposal problem was
destruction of 2.5 million condemned field
hospital injection sets.
67-0262
$8 million hazard in floating lumber.
Refuse Renoval Journal, 10(9) :83,
Sept. 1967.
Since there are 17 million cu board ft
of rotting lumber in New York Harbor, which
can loosen and float as a potential hazard
to shipping, causing an estimated $8 million
in repair costs to damaged ships, Commissioner
Halberg has initiated an in-house pier
removal program. Under this program ferry
repair crews are to be utilized to demolish
flat bed piers and cut off their pilings
at the mud line. Using these crews rather
than private contractors will save the city
an estimated $300,000 for the demolition of
three piers. Debris which has floated
loose from New York City’s shoreline is the
responsibility of the Army Corps of Engineers,
which spends $475,000 annually to pick up
600,000 cu ft of lumber from the harbor,
In addition to tug boats and two barges,
the Corns has several specially designed
ships to do this job.
67-0263
Electric waste basket. VDI [ Verein
Deutscher Ingenieure]Zeitschrift,
109(4):l54, Feb. 1967.
The ‘electric waste basket’ consists of a
paper shredding machine on top of an
ordinary waste basket. The shredder cuts
letter sized paper sheets into 1.9 mm
wide strips. Through a central opening
other waste like cigarette boxes and
orange peels can be put into the basket
without being crushed. (Feinwerktechnik
Schleicher & Co, Markdorf/Baden).
(Text-German)
67-0264
Engineering Foundation Research Conference,
Solid Waste Research and Development,
University School, Milwaukee, July 24-28,
1967. 180 p.
Preprints of the conference are presented.
Five areas were covered: solid waste
management; sanitary landfill; incineration;
computer applications and new handling
techniques; farm wastes, agricultural
wastes and composting; and municipal
refuse studies. Summaries of keynote
addresses, preprint index, and author index
are also provided.
67-0265
Estimate 12 million tons a year by 1980 in
Southern California. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):38, 40, Nov. 1967.
Wastes disposal practice and prospects in
Los Angeles County are surveyed. Based
on a County survey and projections, this
County will have produced by 1980 some
165 million tons of refuse, while the
landfill sites available at the present
time have a combined capacity of 270 million
tons. In 20 years, however, the County
will find the refuse disposal problem
unmanageable unless appropriate steps are
taken now or at least planned. Local
officials would like to see individual
contractors expand operations to keep
62
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0261—0268
pace with population growth and with the
increasing rate of refuse production.
By 1980 almost 9.5 million people will
yield over 12 million tons of refuse a
year. Incineration is not encouraged
to reduce the bulk of refuse, since
Los Angeles residents are very sensitive
about air pollution and backyard burning
was banned in 1951. Composting has
practically no market. Landfill, with
the use of more transfer stations, is
thus considered the most practical method
of wastes management for the County,
although other techniques, such as sewer
disposal, are not ruled out. The southern
District of the countY is in the most
critical situation, with present landfill
sites to be filled by 1970.
67-0266
Excess cut rock crushed and belted away.
Roads and Streets, 110(7):24-27, July 1967.
The disposal of 3 million cu yd of waste
rock and dirt produced in the construction
of a shelf-road along a valley-side bluff
near Wheeling, Rest Virginia, is described.
The short segment of State Route 2
reconstruction is only 1.9 miles in
length with three interchanges and will
cost $10.1 million. At the south end
of the lob, both rear-dumps and
bottom-dumps deliver the material to the
trap of a chain feeder. The material is
given one crushing by a Cedarapids double
impeller impact breaker which takes rocks
up to 4 by 5 ft and delivers material with
a maximum size of 11 in. to a 48 in.
endless conveyor belt. It transports
1,200 cu yd an hr along a 500-ft system
over Route 2, railroad tracks, and between
suburban dwellings to discharge bins for
disposal by haulers to a waste site along
the Ohio River. One and a quarter million
cubic yards is to be belted off by this
system. At the north end of the job, over
2 million cu yd is being toted by end-dumps
into a large ravine on the upland side of
the right-of-way which necessitates
haulage up grades as steep as 22 percent.
The fills will top out at 100 ft or higher
than the finished grade. The project’s
haul averages 3,000 ft with the longest
(up to 1 miles) up into the high gully.
Seven illustrations show the belt conveyor
system, the earth movers, and the highway
shelf along the river bank.
67-0267
Flavier, J. M., and V. Mactal. Rural
waste disposal: a search for an approach.
Journal of the Philippine Medical
Association, 43(9):790-800, Sept. 1967.
Since the average farmer in the Philippines
has not adopted the sanitary toilet in
spite of the intensive and extensive
efforts of the government health
authorities, a study of rural waste disposal
was undertaken. Farmers objected to the
wooden unsealed toilets, because of the
bad odors they caused, their high cost,
bad appearance and the danger of falling
through the opening. To correct this
situation, a cheap, single, concrete,
water sealed sanitary latrine was developed,
which was acceptable to the rural
population. However, the need for proper,
consistent use of the toilet necessitated
a fundamental health education campaign.
This was done with a full awareness of the
human factors involved in the processes
of change and of the other problems of
poverty, illiteracy and civic inertia.
The success of the project is illustrated
by the fact that at present 64.4 percent
of all homes in 200 barrios have sanitary
toilets. A number of barrios in the later
stages of development have close to 100
percent installed toilets.
67-0268
Fun city strikes at pollution. Engineering
News-Record, 179(19):68, Nov. 9, 1967.
A $110-million combination incinerator and
sewage treatment project has been proposed
for New York City that would eliminate 99
percent of the fly ash from its own exhaust
and would complete plans to end the dumping
of raw sewage in the city. It might also
provide enough steam to retire a nearby power
plant that has been a relatively heavy
polluter. The project’s interrelationships
make it notable for more than its size.
The treatment plant would have covered
aeration tanks vented to the incinerator’s
firebox to provide air for combustion.
Methane from the sludge digester would
help fuel the incinerator and the incinerator’s
waste heat boilers could generate enough
steam for internal operating needs and a
large surplus, primarily for sale to
Consolidated Edison which has agreed to
buy at least $2.2 million worth of steam
a year. Savings accrued from these and
other efficiencies could recover as much
as one-half of the plant’s estimated $6
million operating costs. No date has been
set for construction since funding has yet
to be worked out. It is anticipated that
as much as 60 percent of the funds for
63
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Disposal
building the sewage plant could come from
the State’s clear waters act, but the
incinerator’s financial source is less clear.
67-0269
Furness, .1. F. Disposal of household
refuse in wet gravel pits. Public
Cleansing, 57(5):255-259, May 1967.
In England and Wales about 14 million tons
a year of refuse has to be dealt with. In
the Greater London area alone, 3 million
tons per year is collected, and this
occupies a volume of about 30 million
Cu yd in the loose state. Of the 3 methods
of disposal, tipning into water is dealt
with, The composition of the water,
however, undergoes a profound change due
to the polluting effect of the refuse.
There are several ways for dealing with
aerial nuisance: establishing a
biological balance by inoculation of
culture; aeration of water during filling
to prevent development of sulphate
reducing organisms; chlorination; and
treatment with sodium dischromate. Bacteria
and organic matter are not found to persist
in the underground water in the direction of
flow for more than about 50 yd. Pits should
preferably be started in October and should
be filled to just above water level in a
maximum of 7 months. Refuse should be
pulverized before disposal because then
it is more dense, reduces fly and rat
infestation, does not need daily covering,
and is not unsightly.
67-0270
Gazda, L. P. Solid waste—the most
neglected form of environmental pollution.
In Proceedings; Solid Waste in Urban
Environments—a Community Action Seminar,
Houston, Mar. 9, 1967. University
of Houston. p. 5 - 11 .
The technological ingenuity that helped
create this society and made it possible
to produce and use things at an astonishingly
rapid rate, must now face the task of
figuring out how to dispose of the fruits
of this labor without endangering human
health and well-being or drastically marring
scenic beauty. The $3 billion a year which
Americans are paying for often
health—hazardous waste disposal reflects
only readily identifiable costs. A little
less than half the $3 billion is for private
sanitation services and the rest represents
the cost of municipal refuse collection,
processing, and disposal. This expenditure
leaves unaccounted for such items as
increased community water treatment costs,
family medical bills, payments for
pesticides, and exterminators to control
waste-inhabiting insects and rodents. Solid
waste disposal responsibility still is
relegated to communities too small to
support acceptable disposal operations.
Except for the substitution of trucks for
horse-drawn trash wagons, and the development
of compacting equipment and a few
improvements in incineration, solid waste
management research in the United States is
essentially that of the 19th century. Solid
waste management suffers from a crucial
shortage of technically trained personnel.
Solid waste engineering is estimated to be
as many as 30 years behind water and air
pollution control. Many new solid wastes
will be generated by the removal of
pollutants from water and air. Some of
these problems are being remedied through
grants administered under the Public Health
Service’s Solid Waste Program.
67-0271
Get rid of the dumps. American City,
82(7):23, July 1967.
A newly created board will review solid
waste disposal problems in Ohio and advise
on the need for new legislation. The
principal problems are open dumps, burning
dumps, and dumps along streams which add
to water pollution. The Health Department
is expanding its solid wastes engineering
staff to help local government agencies
fight the problem.
67-0272
Cilbertson, W. E. The new program for
solid waste treatment in the United States
of America. Salud Publica de Mexico,
9(1):73-76, Jan.Feb., 1967.
Remarks made at the Seminar on Environmental
Health and Urban Planning briefly cover
the United States’ efforts toward effective
elimination of solid waste problems. Of
the seven general points in the program,
established by the Office of Solid Wastes
of the Public Health Service, air and water
pollution campaigns and solid waste
treatment are emphasized. Difficulties arise
from the fact that new methods of treating
solid wastes have not been developed for
some years, and that responsibility has
been shared by various political divisions.
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0269—027 6
It is considered that success hinges upon
combating all aspects of the problem
simultaneously, arid upon finding entirely new
methods of utilizing waste products. It is
suggested that experience and technological
advancements achieved by the United States
might be helpful to the Mexican sanitation
program. (Text-Spanish)
67-0273
Golueke, C. C., and P. H. McGauhey.
Technology of solid wastes management.
Comprehensive studies of solid wastes
management; first annual report. Sanitary
Engineering Research Laboratory Report No.
67-7. Berkeley, University of California,
May 1967. p. 93 - 117 .
Studies of the existing technology of solid
waste management Include the fields of
incineration, composting, landfill, and
salvage. Current incineration technology
requires storage of raw waste due to uneven
delivery schedules. A study is presented
in which the refuse Is first dried and then
pyrolvsed to produce products which are
easily stored for use as future fuels. The
economics of the plan appear favorable.
Composting has largely been bypassed by
both waste managers and farmers in this
country in favor of quicker disposal methods
and chemical fertilizers respectively.
There is some market for compost in this
country for luxury crops, but a change in
the market situation is necessary for any
success in composting. Landfill techniques
have been studied previously, and it is
pointed out that available land in the
municipal areas is rapidly diminishing.
Salvage markets exist now in metals,
paper, and rubber. Glass and plastics were
found to be of low salvage value, due to the
many varieties requiring separation and
the low resale value. Separation from
household rubbish is generally inefficient
except for metal cans which can be removed
magnetically. Industrial recycling at
the source reduces waste volumes and
increases plant efficiency.
67-0274
Covan, F. A. High rise disposal problems.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(3):6-7, 36,
38-39, Mar. 1967.
There are five general methods for apartment
house refuse disposal: placing in containers
for collection; placing wet garbage in
disposal unit and dry in a chute; compacting
dry refuse on-site; placing in a sink unit;
and placing in chute—fed incinerators. The
central chute method meets the following
criteria: convenience, flexibility,
short-term storage, central collection,
and low fire hazard. The hopper door must
be adequate for charging refuse that is no
larger than 2 ft in length and 14 in. in
diameter and made of long sections with
sufficient fire protection. It has taken
an Act of Congress to make owners meet even
minimum odor, pollution and reduction
requirements in incinerators. Incineration
is, however, the only system that reduces
refuse to 30 percent of its original volume.
A proprietary system uses a pneumatic ram
to compact the refuse into paper sacks or
plastic containers. It reduces volume to
one-third of original volume, reduces
storage, and produces an easy-to-handle
package. However, it is critically
dependent on electricity and needs strong
paper bags. Heavy crushers have little
applicability in apartment buildings. The
storage space of an uridersink bowl is
limited and waste water may not be
sufficient to flush the refuse. All but
bulky wastes can be disposed of by sewage
systems.
67-0275
Governor’s Conference on Air Pollution draws
variety of experts and suggestions.
Pennsylvania Medicine, 70(12):12-13,
Dec. 1967.
The Governor’s Conference on Air Pollution,
held Oct. 2 and 3, 1967 in Hershey,
Pennsylvania, is summarized. One of the
participants, Abraham Michaels, a solid
waste expert from the Philadelphia
Department of Public Health, suggested
that the State government establish
guidelines for refuse disposal facilities
and organize training programs for people
operating them. The cost of an incinerator
f or a community of 150,000 is between
$2,500,000 and $4,000,000 and the cost of
operation runs about $4 to $7 per ton of
refuse burned. The per capita cost of
incineration, including labor, maintenance,
and capital investments, but not including
cost of refuse collection, runs about $6
to $10 per year.
67-0276
Guarino, C. F. Sludge disposal by barging
to sea. Water and Sewage Works, 114:
R126-R127, Nov. 30, 1967.
Based on extensive investigation,
Philadelphia decided to barge digested
65
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Disposal
sludge from her northeast plant to sea.
This program, initiated in 1961 by
contracting for sludge transportion service,
is described. During 1961 to 1963, digested
sludge was pumped directly from the plant
digesters to the barge docked at the
northeast pier, a distance of 4,000 ft, and
from there transported 110 miles to the
unloading area. Traveling time to the area
averaged 13 hr and unloading time at sea,
pumping the sludge overboard, averaged
6 hr. During the first 3 years of
barging, the digested sludge averaged 6.2
percent solids and in 1964 a dredge was
purchased to enable the pumping of
thickened lagoon sludge to the barge.
Sludge containing 10 to 15 percent solids
has since been pumped with little difficulty
a distance of 2,000 ft to the barge at a
rate of 3,000 gpm. The use of the dredge
has reduced the number of barge trips and
cut sludge barging costs. The second
step in the program was to determine, on
the basis of operating experience and
costs, whether a barge should be built
and maintained or whether the contract
should be continued. Although barging by
contract would be slightly greater than
the annual cost if the city were to build
and maintain its own barge, it was decided,
however, all factors considered, to
continue to contract on a 3-year basis,
terminate lagooning of digested sludge
at the southwest plant, and to provide
sludge-barging facilities to the plant.
A centrifuge station is planned to insure
transportation of 10 percent sludge from
the Southwest plant to the sea. It is felt
that the favorable economics of barging to
sea has solved Philadelphia’s sludge
disposal problem, particularly in view
of the fact that it is one-third the cost
of sludge incineration, which was being given
strong consideration.
67-0277
Harden, D. I. Disposal methods and
characteristics. In Location of solid
waste disposal facilities in urban
communities. H.S. Thesis, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Aug.
1967. p.5-20.
The advantages, disadvantages, operating
characteristics, and site requirements of
various solid waste disposal methods are
reviewed. While open dumping is the
cheapest method of waste disposal, it has
many serious limitations. Feeding garbage
to hogs can be a profitable and safe
operation if the garbage is cooked first.
Sanitary landfill, which involves the orderly
burying of refuse on a strict daily basis,
has been used by more than 1,400 cities and
counties for disposal and land reclamation.
Satisfactory disposal can usually be
accomplished for $1 to $2.50 per ton
of refuse but generally costs in excess of
$1.50 per ton for hauling refuse to the
disposal site cannot be justified.
Incineration costs generally range from
$3 to $5 per ton of refuse burned and
capital costs are also high. The costs of
disposing of residues and installing air
pollution control equipment must be added
to the actual incinerator costs. Windrow
coniposting costs only $2 to $3 per
ton but large sites are required and there
is no widespread demand for compost. Salvage
operations have been made uneconomical due
to falling markets and rising labor costs.
On-site disposal includes garbage grinding,
incineration, burial, and open burning.
Additional methods include dumping at sea,
grinding and disposal in sewers, and
reduction of garbage and dead animals to
grease and tankage.
67-0278
Harden, D. T. Planning for disposal
facilities; Selecting a disposal method.
In Location of solid waste disposal
facilities in urban communities. M.S.
Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Aug. 1967. p.21-25.
The basic considerations in selecting a
method for disposal of solid wastes are:
the absence of danger to public health,
minimum nuisance to the public, and
minimum cost. Before a community selects
a disposal method, several studies should
be made to determine which method best
meets these criteria: a disposal practices
survey, soil survey, air pollution survey,
sewage disposal capacity survey, and a
comparative costs survey. Evaluation of
capital costs can be done by obtaining
estimates for construction, and appraisals
of potential sites. Operating cost
estimates can be based on the expenses at
existing facilities, but it is necessary
to compensate for variations caused by
differences in the level of maintenance,
size of facility, percent of capacity being
utilized, and other factors. The market for
steam, compost, metal, and other byproducts
must also be determined since their sale
can partially offset operating costs.
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0277 —0281
67-0279
Harden, 0. T. Planning for disposal
facilities; Considerations in locating
disposal facilities; Planning studies.
In Location of solid waste disposal
facilities in urban communities. M.S.
Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Aug. 1967. p. 21 .- 4 7.
The major considerations in locating solid
waste disposal facilities are protection
of surrounding land uses and minimization
of collection and disposal costs. The
three economic factors which must be
considered are collection costs, initial
site costs, and achieving maximum possible
savings through co-ordination of disposal
facilities with other utilities. Because
of the extreme variability in local
conditions within any area, any site being
considered for sanitary landfill should be
individually evaluated with respect to
geological conditions and possible
undesirable effects from filling.
Possible uses of the site after filling is
completed should likewise be considered.
Coordination of landfill operations with
park and recreation planning may enable a
municipality to obtain new park sites much
sooner than might otherwise be possible.
Suitable sites should be identified and
reserved for disposal uses as part of a
municipality’s general development plan.
The following studies can help determine
appropriate locations for such facilities:
solid waste disposal facilities study,
estimation of refuse volumes, determination
of disposal facility demand, site survey,
land use study, geological survey,
transportation study, and economic analysis.
67-0280
Harden, D. T. Recommendations. In
Location of solid waste disposal facilities
in urban communities. M.S. Thesis, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Aug. 1967.
p.48-50.
In order to win public acceptance of the
disposal facilities needed in metropolitan
areas, the difference between what is known
about proper refuse disposal and what is
generally practiced must be reduced. Design
and operating standards must be adhered to
or any method will be a prolific nuisance
source and unacceptable in an urban
environment. The problem of lack of sites
for landfill is best solved by shipping
the refuse across county and municipal
boundaries to other parts of the area for
disposal. Even when suitable sites are
available, some political jurisdictions
are too small to have sufficient resources
for the job. While refuse collection can
be adequately handled by individual cities.
disposal of the collected refuse must be
considered as a regional problem. State
legal authority should be obtained for
establishing and financing refuse disposal
services on an area-wide basis. Then
disposal sites can be located to serve
disposal districts embodying communities with
common waste problems. The best general
solution is probably the system used in
Los Angeles where all refuse disposal is
handled by the County.
67-028 1
Hartman, C. D. Use of deep well method
for waste disposal at midwest. Blast
Furnace and Steel Plant, 55(10):911-916,
Oct. 1967.
The use of deep well injection was practiced
by the Midwest Steel Company to relieve
their problem of industrial acid waste sludge
accumulation. The cost of complying with
the effluent water quality requirements
involved the cost of sludge disposal more
than the cost of water treatment. An
aerial picture shows the lagoons which have
removed 300,000 cu yd of wastes in five
years. Two geologic cross sections are
given which show the St. Simon formation
of sandstone located 1,000 ft beneath the
plat. This permeable water-filled formation
is 2,500 ft thick and has an ample shale
cover to prevent vertical migration. A
sketch is given of the disposal well, as
well as a schematic drawing of the filters
and pumping facilities. Pictures are
shown of the above-ground portion of the
well, the inside of the filter building,
the control panel, the filters and pumps,
and the pump building. A table shows the
analysis of the connate water at 3,500 ft
which prompted the pumping of 35 million
gal of fresh water into the well before the
waste was pumped in. The fresh water was
used to prevent plugging with gypsum
from the reaction of the waste acid and
the 10,700 ppm of calcium in the connate
water. A table, listing nine cost
components, shows that the waste acid
disposal cost by deep well is $5,182 per
month compared to $32,972 by neutralization.
The underground disposal concept has
relieved the acid waste sludge accumulation
at a substantial saving.
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Dtsposal
67-0282
Harvey, K. Refuse disposal in the city of
Birmingham. Public Cleansing, 57(12):
622-644, Dec. 1967.
A description of the history and organization
of the City of Birmingham’s Salvage
Department is given. The output, character,
and composition of the refuse from 1930 to
the present time is presented and the results
of the refuse analysis, the heat value, and
the moisture content of refuse components are
tabulated. Special facilities have been
provided at Lifford and Castle Broinwich
Works for the handling of the bulk combustible
and trade refuse, and the volumetric reduction
of refuse at the Lif ford Works is tabulated.
The design of Castle Brotnwich Refuse
Disposal Works is described in detail, with
particular emphasis on the operation of the
electrostatic precipitators which give a
gas cleaning efficiency of 96.18 percent.
The operation of a Heenan-Nichols
continuous-grate incinerator pilot which
requires no pre-screening of fines, etc.,
and has a fully automated refuse burning
grate is described In detail. A pressure
filter sludge de-watering plant was added to
the Montague Street Works in 1965. It is
designed to treat 100,000 gal of thin
sludge per 40 hr week with the potential
capability to double this capacity.
67-0283
H.E.W. sponsors national conference on
air pollution. APWA Reporter, 34(2):8—9,
Feb. 1967.
In order to maintain clean air, a new
system of waste disposal must be found.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act makes it
possible to relate solutions for land
pollution problems to those of air and
water. Hs ever, a four-point amendment
process should be undertaken: Federal
financial support to municipal agencies
for the construction of solid waste
facilities; financial support for the
development and maintenance of management
programs; a system of controls to ensure
that industry will not produce excess waste;
funds, in the amount of $200 million a
year, for construction grants. One solution
for the disposal of solid waste, incineration.
contributes to the problem of air pollution.
Therefore, other alternatives unist be
considered and these must be based on the
cost, resource reuse, and the fact that only
land and ocean can be sinks into which
solid waste can be discharged. Air
pollution can also be eliminated through
better designed and operated municipal
incinerators, control of incinerator
emissions and flue gas washers. It is
also necessary to: abolish open burning;
enforce incinerator air pollution
regulations; research for simplified
continuous particulate measurements;
upgrade management level employed in all
aspects of solid wastes; and continue
research and development for new and
improved refuse disposal techniques.
67-0284
Higginson, A. E. Refuse disposal—future
developments. Journal of the Institution
of Public Health Engineers, 66(4):253287,
Oct. 1967.
In a paper presented at the April (1967)
meeting of the Institution of Public Health
Engineers at Eastbourne, the unsatisfactory
status of present refuse disposal practices,
and future developments, are discussed.
Present trends, particularly in refuse
output, change in composition, densities,
and population movements or expansions,
are noted. Current acceptable methods
of refuse disposal are outlined prior
to a detailed discussion of future aspects
and developments which include: controlled
dumping; pre—treattnent of refuse;
transportation to final dumping sites;
composting; refuse incineration; and
gas cleaning. The Von Roll, Heenan
Nichols, and Martin Stoker incinerators
are described, with diagrams.
Future emphasis will not be on
composting but on refuse incineration,
which offers the greatest reduction in
volume and weight of refuse. Some future
applications of waste heat recovery are
discussed, including desalination and
sewage sludge disposal. A variety of
disposal requirements are considered,
including those for cars, bulky wastes,
wastepaper recovery, ferrous metal recovery,
and industrial wastes. Future aids to
disposal, such as reduction of bulk at
source, on site incineration, and sealed
vacuum disposal of refuse, are described.
An abridged discussion of the paper by
conference participants is included.
67-0285
Hoesch, K. From donkey-drawn wheelbarrows
to sanitary landfills. Staedtehygiene,
18(10):228-231, Oct. 1967.
The history of waste disposal from
the Middle Ages to modern times is
reviewed. In 1506 Paris blazed the trail
by introducing a periodic street cleaning
68
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0282—0288
service. The first incinerator plant
was built in Hamburg in 1896. But only
after World War I did closed garbage cans and
containers come into being. Incineration
is costly and besides, only about 50
percent of the volume is reduced while the
other 50 percent still has to be dumped
somewhere. The sanitary landfill came to
be the solution to the problem. The costs
are very reasonable. They lie within
2.50 DM to 4.00 DM per ton of waste as
against 25 DM to 70 DM per ton with
incineration. Two types of waste
collecting trucks are in use right now.
In the first type the waste is just
compacted, whereas with the second type
it is constantly mixed in a rotating
drum and compacted. (Text-German)
67-0286
Hoffman, 0. A. ‘Burns’ refuse without
a flame. American City, 82(2):102-104,
Feb. 1967.
San Diego, California, (pop. 670,00)
has made several steps in the area of
solid waste disposal. They are
experimenting with pyrolysis and volume
reduction, and are researching the
possible commercial value of the liquids
and gases emitted from these processes.
Before testing pyrolysis, the City
studied other methods of solid waste
disposal. They found that the high
cost and air pollution factors
prohibited archaic incineration
methods. Dumping refuse at sea
produced a definite water pollution
problem. Disposal of solid wastes
through pyrolysis shows promise: (1)
The reduction in refuse volume would
extend the lifespan of existing landfill
sites. (2) The process could readily
be converted into a continuous
(self-sustaining) operation. (3)
The by-products of the pyrolysiS method
have a probable commercial value. The
gas by-products known to be emitted from
the pyrolysis of mixed refuse are: carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane,
ethylene, and hydrogen. Some of the
condensable products from pyrolysis are
pyroligneous acids and tars, an aqueous
mixture, and a pyrolytic char which resembles
anthracite coal. The particular products
which are obtained, however, are dependent
upon the pyrolytic temperatures. San Diego’s
steps toward greater efficiency in solid waste
disposal were approved by the U. S. Public
Health Service on June 1, 1965, even before
Congress passed the current solid waste bill.
67-0287
Hughes, C. M. Selection of refuse sites
in northeastern Illinois. Environmental
Geology Notes No. 17. Urbana, Illinois
State Geological Survey, Sept. 1967.
26 p.
Fourteen million cu yd of refuse were
collected in northeastern Illinois in
1960 and the figure is expected to rise
to 18 million cu yd per year by 1980.
Geologic environments were evaluated in
terms of results of studies on refuse
disposal and groundwater contamination
in dumping sites. The geologic
environments commonly considered as safe
for refuse disposal in northeastern
Illinois are those with materials of low
permeability and those that are relatively
dry. Many areas in this part of Illinois
are underlain by thick glacial tills with
low permeability which may be favorable
for disposal purposes. Rainfall alone is
probably adequate to saturate a landfill
and produce leachates. There are probably
few areas where refuse can be disposed
of in excavations above the zone of
saturation. A list of reports in the
Environmental Geology Notes series and
references are appended.
67-0288
Idaho Department of Health. Solid
waste explosion. Idaho Health Bulletin,
1-24, 1967.
Based on national figures, the amount of
refuse disposed of per person in Idaho
is about 4.5 lb per day. The solid
waste problem is reviewed in relation to
garbage, rubbish, ashes, special wastes,
industrial and agricultural wastes, and
abandoned automobiles. In Idaho, open
dumps flourish and burn, contributing
to air pollution and serving as breeding
and feeding places for rats and insects.
Some sanitary landfills in the State have
been allowed to deteriorate and in some
instances pollute the ground water. Open
dumping presents Idaho’s greatest waste
disposal problem because there are more
open dumps in use than landfills. The
most widely used excuse that many
communities give is that landfill is too
expensive. However, the eradication of the
health hazards presented by the dumps must
take precedence over saving money.
Four simple steps to a good sanitary
landfill operation are illustrated.
The advantages and disadvantages of
69
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Disposal
sanitary landfill, incineration, and
composting are outlined. In Idaho,
the Solid Waste Program is carried on
by the Vector Control Section of the
Engineering and Sanitation Division,
Idaho Department of Health and is. made
possible under the sponsorship of a
Solid Waste Planning Grant from the U.S.
Public Health Service. To date, 256
refuse disposal sites serving a population
of 555,000 have been surveyed in Idaho.
Less than 2 percent of the operations are
considered sanitary. Idaho presently
has few State laws to adequately deal with
the rising volume of solid wastes.
Enforcement of most of these laws is
difficult because the majority of the
violations are committed without
witnesses and insufficient evidence
remains to identify the violator.
67 -0289
Information on refuse disi,osal.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
129(3917):16, 1967.
A request from the Ministry of Housing
and Local Government to local authorities
for information concerning quantities of
refuse presently dealt with and disposal
methods used, is reported. Evidence is
requested for the suitability and effects
of the various methods in use; evidence
of any operational difficulties is
requested. The Ministry also requested
suggestions for improvements and views
on the administration, control, and
coordination of current refuse disposal
systems.
Points from the discussion at a recent
Institute of Public Cleansing Conference
are reviewed. A bill providing stiff
penalties for dumping and provisions for
adequate arrangement for legitimate
disposal was of particular interest in
reference to the problem of dumped
rubbish and abandoned cars. Limiting
excessive use of packaging and pulverization
before tipping were other important
points. A paper was presented on disposal
of radioactive substances and the
desirability of tip workers wearing
measuring devices; the resulting discussion
is recounted in detail. Questions were
also raised concerning dust as a
contributor to disease.
67-0291
International Work Group for Waste
Research. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(34):972, Aug. 1967.
The International Work Group for Waste
Research issued a booklet (No. 29, Apr.
1967) which contains the following
articles: Exneriments with the comoosting
of crushed waste—W. Obrist; Thoughts on
the design of waste incinerator plant—L.
Reifert; The experimental composting
plant in Johnson City, Tennessee, U.S.A.—
J. S. Wiley, F. E. Cartrell, H. G. Smith; A
method for monitoring the temperature in
composting beds—F. Moller and K. Krannich.
(Text-German)
67-0292
‘Is it goodbye green earth?’ Popular
Gardening and Living Outdoors, 18(4):22—36,
Fall-Winter 1967.
Americans have created a highly
contradictory situation: they have never
been more highly motivated about
conservation but can also be characterized
as the ‘greatest junk collectors in the
history of the world’. Faced with the
problem of saving our earth, we have taken
some rather strange steps; for example,
in order to conceal junkyards, slums, etc.,
we widely distributed billboards and signs.
Now it has become a question of which is the
greater evil—the litter of the -lunkyards
or the litter of the visual media.
Attempts to put up an impressive, but
false, image, neglect and indifference
are named as three factors which have
caused the problem to become as wide-spread
as it is. Most citizens neither know nor
care what hanpens to the 800 million lb
of solid wastes that accumulate every
day, or that the amount will increase
to nearly 2.5 billion lb a day by the
1980’s. It is estimated that the
average American disposes of about 475 lb
of paper a year, plus a half-ton of other
debris. Growth of the waste disposal
problem, moreover, is directly proportional
to the population——if there are more
people, there are more wastes. City
administrators, having to face the
dilemma of disposal of solid wastes,
have turned to State and Federal
61 029O
Institute of
Surveyor and
69, June 17,
Public Cleansing Conference.
Municipal Engineer, 129(3915):
1967.
70
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0289—029 6
governments and science for aid. However,
this is a crisis which requires the
direct support of individual citizens,
beginning with reviewing our own
practices which may be contributing
to the fouling of the environment.
Obtaining copies of local and State laws
on water and air pollution, trash disposal,
etc. will help; in other words, we must
work to clean up our earth, not to
deposit still more wastes on it.
67-0293
Jarosch, K. The sanitary condition in
the City of Linz. Staedtehygiene,
18(2):25-28, Feb. 1967.
Among other municipal problems such as
water supply and air pollution, the
city’s solid waste disposal methods of
the past and present are briefly
discussed. The municipal records of
Linz, Austria, report that trash
collection was started in the year 1902.
Throughout the years all waste has been
dumped into landfills; at the present,
however, the possibilities for erecting
waste incinerators in connection with
power plants and remote heating plants
are being studied. (Text-German)
67.0294
Kaiser, E. R. Refuse reduction processes.
In L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the
Surgeon General’s Conference on Solid
Waste Management for Metropolitan
Washington, July 19-20, 1967. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1729.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office. p. 9 3 1 O 4 .
Advantages and disadvantages of various
methods of refuse reduction are discussed.
The methods are: open burning, burning in
conical metal chambers, landfilling,
composting with sale of compost, and
incineration with and without heat
recovery. Tables give refuse composition
in weight percent; refuse analysis in weight
percent and pound percent per refuse ton;
and products of incineration by weight and
volume. Average weights and volume
reduction for the various methods is
discussed. Volume reduction by
incineration is impressive. The air
pollution problem is discussed; filtration
methods are briefly described; and a sample
analysis of flue gases is given. European
incinerators burn refuse with 1.6 times
the stoichiometric air instead of 3 times
as in the United States. Gases are cooled
in the boiler, contracting the gas volume
without spray water. The precipitators
are 98 to 99 percent efficient. Research in
destructive distillation and gasification
of refuse is briefly outlined.
67-0295
Kearing, S. J. Solid waste disposal:
where do we go from here? In
Proceedings; NECAR Symposium,
Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York,
Mar. 21, 1967. Metropolitan Engineers
Council on Air Resources. p. 4 3- 5 O.
The basic problems of refuse disposal in
New York City are discussed. There seems
to be no immediate alternative to
incineration and/or landfill. Few landfill
sites are available, and they are far
away from the centers of refuse
production, requiring long haul distances.
An application was made recently to the
U.S. Public Health Service for $1.3 million
for a prototype installation of a powerful
shredder to handle bulky demolition and
construction wastes. Utilizing the
energy in the scrap combustibles to
produce the power required by the shear
and shredder is being considered. Refuse
collection and disposal studies are
proposed under Title IX of the New York
State Public Health Law which provides
for 100 percent State financing for
local studies. The application of Local
Law 14 in New York City to reduce emissions
from apartment house incinerators is
pending. Prospects for the future
include: more easily disposable containers;
home garbage grinders in urban areas;
nuisance-free apartment incinerators;
utilization of refuse as a fuel to
generate power; reclamation of swampy areas;
pollution-free ocean disposal; pyrolysis
of refuse; and compaction of apartment
refuse.
67-0296
Kirov, N. Y. Disposal of municipal
refuse. Australian Chemical Processing
and Engineering 20(5):1621, May 1967.
Four methods of municipal refuse disposal
are presented: dumping at sea, composting,
controlled tipping, and incineration.
Only the last two are considered effective,
practical, and hygienic, and, therefore,
71
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Disposai
are discussed further. Controlled tipping
is the most economical when suitable and
sufficient land is available within
reasonable hauling range. Proper
compaction and application of inert
covering are necessary to exclude the
access of air which might initiate
spontaneous combustion. Incineration is
the most practical and hygienic solution
to the disnosal problem. The aims of
incineration are given as follows:
to sterilize waste material and eliminate
the health hazard; to reduce the volume
of refuse; and to reduce hauling and
disposal costs. Variation of refuse
according to country, standard of living,
and season of the year Is discussed and
presented in tables. The average
composition of main components of municipal
refuse (percentage by weight) and the
typical moisture content and heating values
of various refuse comoonents are summarized
in tables.
67-0297
Knoll, K. H. Today’s state of the art of
hygienically satisfactory elimination
of solid and liquid municipal waste, with
special consideration of rotting processes.
Staedtehygiene, 18(2):28-32, Feb. 1967.
There are three satisfactory waste
disposal methods: dumping of waste into
landfills, the somewhat costlier aerobic
waste decomnosition, and the incineration
of the waste, the most expensive method
since costly equipment is required for
filtering the flue gases. Part of the
costs can be covered by selling the
compost in the one case and the generated
heat in the other case. Usually a
combination of the two methods is required
for entirely eliminating the waste. In
two tables, costs and a hygienic
evaluation of the three methods are
presented. Of these, dumping poses
the greatest hazards to the environment.
For aerobic decomposition, various
methods have been devised: rotting
in open rotting chambers, rotating rotting
drums (Dano), rotting towers (Multibacto),
and capillary drying processes (Brikollare).
All these methods are hygienically
unobjectionable if the temperature of
the rotting waste is maintained above
55 C for an extended period of time,
ranging from a few days to three weeks,
depending on the particular process.
Processing time is about 3 weeks for
rotting chambers, 6 to 7 days for
rotating drums, and 1 day for the rotting
towers. The capillary drying process,
where bricks are pressed, takes about
3 weeks. For all processes, 40 to
60 percent water content is required.
Ashes obtained from a supplementary
incinerator can be safely mixed with
the compost. All processes
discussed are listed and their significant
features evaluated. (Text-German)
67-0298
Little known about trash disposal.
Construction Methods and Equipment,
49(8):10, Aug. 1967.
In an Interview, Leo Weaver, chief of
the Solid Waste Program in the Public
Health Service, indicated that while a
small amount of research money is
available to study means of coping with
trash and solid wastes, there is a need
for much more information on the
contaminants and especially on methods to
reduce the vast amounts of wastes. The
construction industry is involved in many
of the solid waste problems, such as building
incinerators for cities. In a prolect
where the Caterpiller Tractor Co. is
working with the Public Health Service,
it is planned to pump Chicago’s sewage,
after primary treatment, by pipeline to
Southern Illinois for use in reclaiming
unused land. The Caterpiller Company
would test some of its equipment while
grading the landfill site. Such aspects
of sanitary landfIll areas as heat buildup,
settling effects, and compaction-extruder
equipment are also being studied.
67-0299
Maine conservationists aid solid waste
disposal. Public Works, 98(6):141-142,
June 1967.
Townships in northern Maine are using
water science and modern land techniques in
relocating old dumps and siting new ones
on suitable soil. Previously refuse
had been dumped into sand and gravel
pits, and on stream banks. Water was
contaminated. Newer installations are
located on recommended loamy soil and
on side roads where they do not offend
the eye. Loam filters out the pollutants.
Trenches to receive wastes are dug along
contour levels established by SCS
technicians. Trash materials are
covered by soil. Shrubs and trees are
planted. Diversion channels and water
spreading devices are ins tailed to
keep dumps from eroding and flooding.
72
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029 7—0303
67-0300
A new look at refuse disposal. Surveyor
and Municipal Engineer, 129(3920):19-20,
July 22, 1967.
Wetherby Rural District in Yorkshire,
a district of high landscape value, had
a problem of limiting tipping to shallow
layers without producing a nuisance.
The sewage disposal plant also had
problems in the treatment, drying, and
disposal of the sludge. A ‘Buhler
System’ plant was installed for the
treatment of the sludge and refuse to
produce compost by the windrow method.
This system has been used in Switzerland
for years, primarily to produce what has
been considered the best compost
produced from domestic refuse and sewage
sludge. A scale drawing is given of the
refuse—sewage treatment plant for Wetherby,
which has a capacity to treat 66 tons per
7—hr day at an estimated cost of 29s
per ton. The total population to be served
is 40,000 but it has the capacity to
serve 60,000 on an 8—hr day operation. The
40,000 includes 11,500 from the adjoining Rural
District of Tadcaster whose refuse will be
received on the basis of a charge per ton
of refuse received. An experimental
trade waste incinerator with a capacity
for incinerating 1 ton reject material
per hr without smoke can be used also
for incinerating bulk refuse. The refuse
is passed through two mills, under a
magnetic separator, and over a vibrating
screen to remove the material
such as plastic, leather, nylon, and rags
which will not pulverize. The reduced
refuse is mixed with a controlled amount
of sludge for discharge to the storage
bays. After 5 weeks storage, remilling,
and stacking for another 5 weeks, a fine
stable landfill material is produced in an
operation which only requires two employees
and a plant which costs b132,889.
67-0301
Middleton, J. T. Air pollution and
solid waste disposal practices.
L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p.35-B 9 .
Air pollution due to refuse disposal in
Washington D.C. is a regional problem.
Eighty percent of all refuse in the
Washingtofi area is burned producing such
pollutants as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons
and particulate matter, Burning accounts
for 22 percent of all particulate
pollutants. About two-thirds of the total
particulate matter produced cones from
the District of Columbia. Burning must be
reduced. Solutions presented are: the
use of sanitary landfill operations and
eliminating individual incinerators for
each building.
67-0302
Municipal resistance against disposal
units. Rohr-Armatur-Sanitaer-Heizung,
22(9):726, Sept. 1967.
Unlike the United States, the garbage
disposal unit is not yet widely used in
the German kitchen. While 12 million
American households are equipped with it,
only an estimated 20,000 German households
have it. Many German municipalities
sternly oppose a spread of the disposal
unit because they fear that the sewage
system cannot take it. They argue that
the sewage system would have to swallow
an additional 50 percent of soluble
substances and 61 percent of solid
substance per household. American
municipalities, on the contrary, argue
that the disposal unit relieves the
trash can from rotting waste and also
considerably reduces the weekly amount of
trash so that one collection per week
suffices. Fewer personnel are needed
and thus the disposal unit is regarded
as a great help. Six companies
offer garbage disposal units; two of them,
General Electric and Kenwood, are
foreign enterprises. Observers estimate
the potential market to be about 1.5
percent of all German households.
(Text-German)
67-0303
New refuse treatment plant for Aberdeen.
Public Cleansing, 57(10):555-557, Oct . 1967.
The City of Aberdeen, England, has
negotiated an agreement for the
installation of a plant capable of
handling 300 tons of refuse in an 8—hr
day. The 2-acre site on which the plant
will be erected is adjacent to the
dumping ground and provides adequate
accommodation for future expansion. An
illustration of the plant is provided.
73
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Disposal
After passing through the reception area
and hoppers, the refuse is discharged into
two silos. Each silo is 82 ft long and
is fitted with an extendable perforated
screen delivering pulverized material onto
a cross belt. From there it goes -to a
common conveyor belt discharging over a
shuttle conveyor into five 50—cu--yd hoppers,
each fitted with a hydraulic discharge
door. Oversize material and rejects are
conveyed separately to a rejects hopper.
These hoppers permit vehicles to drive
under and receive a load of material for
final deposit on the refuse dump. The
capacity of the silos ensures that
refuse is treated for a period of eight
hours before discharge, during which time
the organic content of the refuse is
thoroughly granulated. It is estimated
that the density of the end product will
be 8 cwt per cu yd as compared with 2.6
cwt per cu yd of crude refuse. A
Dowson and Mason incinerator, having
a rated capacity of 2 tons per hr, will
form an integral part of the plant and
is designed to deal with all categories
of trade and bulk refuse. Adequate
safety, dust, and air pollution control
equipment is provided for the plant.
61-0304
Oakley, H. R. The disposal of communal
waste. Jounal of the Royal Society of
Arts, 115(5131):533-546, June 1967.
This is a paper presented to the Royal
Society of Arts discussing these aspects
of communal waste disposal: background
development of the problem, use of
natural water courses f or disposal,
water reuse and advanced treatment, subsoil
disposal, marine disposal, sludge disposal.
refuse composting, and industrial waste.
The waste disposal problem is not a new
one; a brief history of similar situations
in earlier civilizations is given.
Suggestions are made concerning creation
of bacterial standards for discharges into
streams. Cost is mentioned in proportion
to the treatment necessary to insure
safe and efficient disposal. Agriculture
and recharging of ground water supplies
are given as suggestions for reuse of
treated water. Sewage and sludge
disposal problems are compared with
problems of solid refuse disposal, in
reference to biological aspects as well
as economic problems.
67-0305
Private contracting group sets solid
waste disposal plans. Environmental
Science and Technology, 1(11):873,
Nov. 1967.
Plans for a new pollution-free disposal
plant in Houston, Texas, are reported.
The proposed $5-million plant should be
able to handle one quarter of a billion
lb of solid waste per year. Foster
Wheeler, which has already built a
similar system for the U.S. Navy at
Norfolk, Virginia, says that the system,
by blending and controlling the feed, can
dispose of such quantities of solid waste
without nuisance or ill effect. The plant
will generate each month 80 to 100 tons of
ash residue that are chemically neutral
and satisfactory as a low grade
land fill. The plant will be built on a
20-acre site with ample room for storage
of wastes, the key to the operation, because
disposal can then be adjusted to meet
meteorological conditions. The plant will
generate, for sale, 100,000 lb of low pressure
steam ner hr as a by-product of the disposal.
67-0306
Refuse disposal. Engineer, 224(5815):21,
July 7, 1967.
The Working Party on Refuse Disposal,
appointed by the Minister of Housing and
Local Government in May 1966 to study
methods of refuse disposal, has requested
formal written evidence from interested
organizations, firms, or individuals on
refuse disposal data. The Working Party is
supposed to consider the available methods
of refuse disposal and to evaluate these
methods in regard to the changing character
of refuse and the increasing quantitites.
Advice is to be furnished to local
authorities on the methods best suited
to local conditions and on the practical
aspects of refuse disposal. Local
authorities are being asked to supply
information about quantities of refuse
being dealt with, the methods used, the
suitability and effects of these methods,
operational difficulties, and desirable
changes. The wastes of interest are
house refuse, trade wastes, and commercial
wastes. Views on the administration,
control, and coordination of waste
disposal in general will be welcomed
by the Secretary of the Working Party:
E. R. Green, Ministry of Housing and
Local Government, Whitehall, S. W. 1.,London.
74
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0304—0310
67-0307
Refuse disposal: Working Party seeks
evidence. Public Cleansing, 57(8):396,
Aug. 1967.
The Working Party on Refuse Disposal,
which was apoointed by the Minister of
Housing and Local Government in May 1967
to study methods of refuse disposal,
is now inviting formal written evidence
from interested organizations, firms,
or individuals. The Working Party is
investigating the following parameters:
the various methods available for the
disposal of refuse and the question of
how satisfactorily they are being
operated; evaluation of these methods,
with particular regard to the increasing
quantities and changing character of
refuse; and type of advice to be given
to local authorities and others
concerned, on the choice of methods and
on other practical aspects of refuse
disposal. While the principal wastes
which the working party will be considering
are household, trade, and commercial
refuse, the investigations may also cover
industrial refuse. Disposal of
radioactive wastes, toxic wastes, or
chemical wastes will not be considered.
67-0308
Reynolds, W. F. Abandoned strip mines
studied for solid waste disposal. Public
Works, 98(5):74-75, May 1967.
Strip mine areas and gob piles commonly
create air and water pollution problems.
Collecting refuse and disposing of the
wastes in old mine sites could help
solve this problem plus the problem of
finding disposal sites. A demonstration
project is under way in Allegheny County,
near Frostburg. The cost will be $191,320
of which $126,318 is a grant from the
Public Health Service. It is a three-phase
project to be completed by 1970. The
Frostburg site has a 21-acre area and
30 ft depth. The rate of pit filling
will be calculated and weights and
volumes of solid wastes measured. Cost
records are being maintained. During the
second year an engineer will bu checking
landfill volumes and measuring changes in
surface and ground water at a second site,
probably near Westernport. In the
third year, an engineer will inventory
all abandoned nine sites in the State;
rate their suitability for landfills,
and determine space available. Maryland
officials are interested in combining
solid waste and sewage sludge for
disposal. Buried wastes may yield carbon
dioxide and methane, a dangerously
inflammable and explosive gas. Officials
believe they can detect and control or
eliminate this development.
67-0309
Rubbish will reclaim mined areas.
Engineering News Record, 179(13):19,
Sept. 28, 1967.
The rubbish which now costs the City of
Philadelphia $7.50 a ton to incinerate can
be disposed of by shipping it to
Schuylkill County by rail for dumping
in abandoned coal mines for $5.39 a ton.
The Eastern Land Reclamation Co., a
subsidiary of the Reading Railroad,
expects to sign a contract for a 4—year
experimental project to haul 1/4 of
Philadelphia’s 5,000 tons per day of
rubbish 90 miles to the abandoned strip
coal mines. Two transfer stations
in the south and southwest sections
of Philadelphia adjacent to the Reading
tracks will shred and compact the refuse
before shipment. Since pig farmers
collect domestic garbage in the
Philadelphia area for feed, the garbage
will not be included in the mine fill.
The use of the abandoned strip mines
will not only relieve part of the
Philadelphia waste disposal problem,
but will reclaim mined out land in
Schuylkill County where the old mines
average 2,000 ft long, 300 ft wide, and
200 ft deep. The program which needs
the approval of the Philadelphia City
Council will become effective nine
months after the contract is signed.
67-0310
Shiny trash racks break record. Engineering
News Record, 179(3):28, 33, July 20, 1967.
Designers in California’s Department of
Water Resources have used stainless steel
to construct trash racks for the Orovillé
Dam. Measuring a record—breaking 600 ft
long, 47 ft wide, the racks serve to keep
rocks, logs, and junked automobiles out
of the turbine. The difference in
maintenance and installation made stainless
cheaper than conventional carbon steel.
The trash rack consists of 824 nearly
identical flat panels supported on 180
segmented arches. The box-shaped web core
75
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Disposal
of the arch provides high strength where
high stress occurs. Oroville’s trash
racks are big because the twin-channel
intake structure they cover is unusually
long. The reinforced concrete Intake is
big so it can draw off warm water from
the top, or cold water from the bottom
of the reservoir. With 13 temperature
control shutters on each channel, the
intake will be adjus ted so water can
flow from the reservoir at or above any
pre-selected elevation. Illustrations and
detailed dimensions of the twin racks
are included.
67 -0311
Simon handling engineers to build Dundee
plant. Public Cleansing, 57(12):665-666,
Dec. 1967.
A 3OO,0OO refuse disposal plant at
Marchbanks, Dundee, scheduled for
completion in early 1969, is described.
The plant, with a capacity to process
100 tons of refuse every 8 hr and 20
tons per hr at peak periods, is claimed
to be one of the most advanced of Its
kind in the world. Operations will
Include salvage by hand of clean paper and
non-ferrous metal, as well as magnetic
separation of tins for automatic feeding
to a metal baling machine. The remaining
refuse will be pulverized in a large
machine having high-speed rotating swing
hammers, which will reduce it to one third
of its original volume. The pulverized
refuse will then be compacted by four
Simon-Comnactors Wastepaktor units to
give a final bulk density of about
1/2 ton per Cu yd. Industrial and trade
waste will be burned in an incinerator
fitted with a Simon—Marbo automatic
rotary type stoker. Dust—laden air from
the reception hopper and transfer chutes
will be washed before passing to the
atmosphere. The resulting sludge will
be treated at a main disposal point,
together with ash from the incinerator and
flue gas dust. A central vacuum cleaning
system will be provided; to eliminate
flying insects a number of Simon
‘Insect-O-Cutor’ units will be installed
throughout the plant.
67 -0312
Soil considered in relocating dumps.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(4):10,
Apr. 1967.
Sixty towns in Maine are relocating their
dumps to sites with soil which filters
out most pollutants. A terraced effect
will be created by covering waste-filled
trenches with soil and planting trees,
shrubs or grass.
67.0313
Solid waste disposal. Environmental
Science and Technology, 1(1):11, Jan. 1967.
Abandoned strip mines in Maryland are
to be used for disposal of all types of
solid waste except sewage. This plan is
to help alleviate the State’s trash
problems, although two side benefits
may be the reclamation of scarred
landscape and elimination of acid mine
drainage which is polluting surface
water. Cost, procedure, and precautions
are being determined now in a demonstration
project.
67.0314
Stephenson, J. W. Disposal of community
wastes. Public Health Inspector,
76(2):98-108, Nov. 1967.
More than 14 million tons of refuse
are collected annually. The kitchen
garbage grinder adds 0.13 lb of dry
solids per capita daily to the sewage system.
Tipping operations must have adequate
cover to exclude air and encourage
heating and bacterial action within the
pit. Earth moving machinery is
essential. Salvageable Items are
removed at an incineration plant.
Continuous grates permit refuse to be
fed mechanically into the furnace, burned,
and clinker discharged without a break
in operation. In the pulverization
process, refuse is fed into hammermills
or rotary grinders where refuse is reduced
from a 3—in, diameter to dust. Water is
sprayed on contents in the ‘Seerdrum’.
‘Lanway’ disintegrates refuse to a fine
pulp. Two principal methods provide
accelerated compost: fermentation in
vertically arranged cells where refuse is
combined with sludge; refuse is fed into a
revolving incinerator and injected in
regulated quantities. Sewage may be
treated in septic or settling tanks.
Sewage should pass through screens or a
comminuting device to remove extraneous
material. It passes to sedimentation
tanks and then is filtered. Excess film
and dead organisms are removed in humus
tanks. Sludge may be dried mechanically
and incinerated. Foam from detergents
affects watercourses, weirs, and locks.
76
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0311—0318
Some river authorities demand effluent
standards better than the 30 mg per liter
suspended solids and 20 mg per liter
BUD recommended by the Royal
Commission. Data on refuse and sewage
characteristics and disposal are given.
61-0315
Still, H. The dirty animal. New York,
Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1967. 298 p.
Starting with the premise that man is
the dirtiest animal that ever lived, the
growth of littered metropolitan areas is
traced. Instances of air and water
pollution are graphically described and
a few cases in which pollution problems
have been solved are noted. The problems
of automobile exhaust fumes, accumulation
of solid wastes, and transportation, as
well as the hazards caused by pesticides
and nuclear radiation are covered in detail.
A brief examination of the technical and
administrative methods available for the
solution of some of these oroblems
concludes the book. A selected bibliography
and comprehensive index are included.
67-0316
Stinson, D. L. Underground disposal of
slurried wastes. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste Research
and Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. B-12.
The feasibility of operating a sanitary
landfill system without disturbing the
ground surface or interfering with the
use of such ground is being investigated.
The project is concentrating on finely
ground materials and a series of shallow
tests to determine umder what conditions
slurried materials will return to the
surface. The first test involved a shallow
well (23 ft), drilled and cemented into
a soft impermeable shale formation.
Several 10,000 gal. batches of soil in
water have been injected into the 2—1/2
in. casing used for the well. Pressures
necessary to part or fracture the
formation have been many times what was
expected.
67-03 17
Taggart, R. S. Dry waste disposal.
Food Engineering, 39(7):98, July 1967.
The developments and refinements in the
effective disposal of dry waste are
reviewed. Air pollution control activities
are placing the emphasis on well-designed
and properly ooerated incinerators and
the elimination of incinerators lacking
controls and scrubbers. Large metal
boxes such as ‘Dempster Dumpster’,
‘Pax-All’, and ‘Trashtaimers’ in various
locations of a plant allow the removal
of large quantities of solid waste to
transfer points with the minimum of
labor. Compaction of refuse increases
the efficiency of hauling. Shredding
and pulping into a semi-solid mass is
one form of compaction desirable where
security is a factor. Compacted refuse
which is covered daily at the landfill
is replacing open dump burning. Presses
and baling machines for waste paper for
salvage continue to be of value.
Polyethylene liners for refuse containers
or paper bags have found wider use and
reduce spillage and are safer for
handling infectious or hazardous wastes.
As labor costs increase, newer types of
conveyors such as pneumatic tubes can be
justified for waste handling. With better
mechanical handling, more accurate controls,
seeding, and the use of enzymes, more
efficient use will be made of anaerobic
digestion of solids as sludge. More
wastes are being reprocessed and
salvaged to become raw materials. The
disposal of solids by dry means is being
stimulated by new and stringent Pure Water
Laws under which complete interception and
disposal of wastes in a dry form becomes
a necessity.
67-0318
Tomczak, C. The sea—a trash can for
the refuse of industry and cities?
Cas-und Wasserfach, 108(20):578-580,
May 1967.
This paper deals with the necessity for
international conventions to prevent
pollution of the sea and the present
status of such measures. Since the
wastes of highly industrialized nations
are more frequently being dumped into nearby
coastal areas, both the maritime life as
will as sea water conversion into fresh wacer
is threatened. It was recognized relatively
early that petroleum products are particularly
hazardous. On May 18, 1967, a pact agreed
upon by the Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization will become
effective, barring all dumping of oil or
oily residues into the sea. Arguments
77
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Disposa$
67-0321
67-0322
regarding radioactive waste are heard
by the International Atomic Energy Age icy
in Vienna and by the European Nuclear
Energy Agency in Paris. The concentration
of radioactive elements in certain
organisms is not yet fully understood.
Dumping of industrial waste into the sea
is investigated by the Economic Council
of the !JNO. Questionnaires sent to all
nations will form a basis for future
international agreements. In Germany,
the biological institute of Helgoland
will hold a symposium on sea pollution
from Sept. 19 to Sept. 21, 1967.
(Text-German)
67-0319
Tovey, N. E. Recent developments in sea
wall construction and land reclamation.
Royal Society of Health Journal,
87(1):31-35, Jan.-Feb. 1967.
The County Borough of Southport has used
controlled dumping as an economical means
of refuse disposal and as a means of
reclaiming large areas of land. The
town is located on an area of windblown
sand, with most of the land between 20
to 40 ft above sea level. However, a
considerable area is below 20 ft, which
is under water during the ordinary spring
tides; this area requires extensive sea
defenses. For example, the main bulk of
the filling for a mile—long section of a new
sea wall is household refuse. This project
reclaimed an additional 90 acres of
land along the shore, nart of which has
been incorporated into a new marine lake.
The wall itself will form a link in a
new coastal road which helps relieve
traffic congestion on the shore in the
summer. The seaward side of the wall
is revetted with old paving blocks and
the front is constructed with stabilized
sand. The mile long wall cost bBO,000,
less than half the cost of traditional
construction. Pictures show the marine
lake with a dredger with a floating
delivery pipe, concrete precast wall
units for the perimeter of the lake, and
sea wall sluices. Over 50 years, large
areas of formerly watery tracts have been
recla:iined for recreational uses and 200
acres of waterlogged moss land
have been filled and turned over to
agriculture. Because of low—density
housing, long hauls are required to
collect the refuse, and barrows are used
to bring bins to the collection vehicle.
Larger reclamation plans are indicated
on the seaward side of the town.
67-0320
Treating wastes with Gamma irradiation.
Public Works, 98(9):160, Sept. 1967.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago has entered into an
agreement with the Purdue Research
Foundation at Purdue University, in an
experimental program for treating waste
materials with irradiation from an
atomic energy resource. The program will
involve the treatment of waste primarily to
disinfect and condition raw and digested
sewage sludge.
Vater, W. Meeting of the Association
of Water Pollution Control work group
for Baden-Wuerttemberg. Wasser und
Abwasser, 108(14):384-385, Apr. 1967.
The 12th meeting of the Association of
Water Pollution Control work group for
Baden-Wuerttemberg was held on August 13
and 14, 1966, in Villigen, Germany.
A number of papers dealt with water
pollution problems and one treated the
combined incineration of sludge and waste.
A special kind of furnace has been
constructed for this purpose in Villigen.
Fifteen municipalities share in the
operation of the furnace. Annexed to
the incinerator is a composting plant
for combined composting of waste and
sludge. (Text-German)
Wants Chicago to build trash mount.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(12):44,
Dec. 1967.
Chicago’s Sanitary District general
superintendent has urged the Windy
City to make mountains out of refuse
molehills and to use them for skiing.
Cook County Forest Preserve land is
being touted as a site for the
proposed mountain. The Calumet-Sag
Channel runs through this land, located
in the suburbs southwest of Chicago.
The superintendent made a survey there
and cane up with the idea. According
to him, solid wastes could be brought
to the area by barge.
610323
Washington, D. C. examines its own
rubbish problems. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(6):42, June 1967.
It is hoped that a summer conference
in Washington, D. C., will plan a
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0319—0327
program to end air pollution from the
Kenilworth Dump. Meeting plans call
for disposal, air pollution control, health
protection, zoning, land use, and urban
planning.
67-0324
Waste disposal in municipalities.
Wasser und Abwasser, 108(10):276,
Mar. 10, 1967.
The center for waste disposal at the
Federal Health Department in Berlin has
made a list of all incineration and
coinposting plants in operation and under
construction. As of Jan. 1, 1966, 14
plants which burn the waste of more than
five million people, were in operation in
Germany . Eleven plants are now under
construction. Eventually they will burn
the waste of some 3.5 million additional
inhabitants. Composting plants for
processing the wastes of almost 500,000
people are in operation and a facility for
some 240,000 additional persons is under
construction. (Text-German)
67-0325
Waste treatment at Washington, D. C.
airport. Public Works, 98(1):120, 122,
Jan. 1967.
The waste treatment facilities at
Washington National Airport are
described. Raw waste is pumped to the
plant where a bar rack is provided
to screen out rags, paper towels, and
similar trash. The oil separator, serving
essentially as a primary clarifier for
the removal of fuel oil and heavy sludges,
is the first treatment unit. A
continuously-operated longitudinal
collector skims free oil to a slotted
draw-off pipe, while sludge is scraped
by the same collector flights on the
return trip to hoppers at the influent
end. Effluent from the oil separator
flows to the detention basin, providing
a detention time of 25 hr. The chemical
treatment units consist of flash mix,
flocculation, and dissolved air flotation
basins. At the present time, alum alone
is being used as a coagulant. Following
sedimentation, the chemically-treated waste
passes into the dissolved-air flotation
compartment where air is introduced
under pressure at the top of the tank.
The recycle stream containing the
dissolved air flows through a control valve
which reduces the pressure to atmospheric
and causes turbulence, thereby creating
small air bubbles. Adsorption of the
air bubbles onto the floc causes it to
rise to the surface. The resulting float
blanket is continuously skimmed into
a scum trough. Effluent from the flotation
unit enters a storage lagoon which
provides additional equalization before
the treated waste is pumped to the
Arlington County plant. Total cost of
the project was $846,300. This article
is a summary from ‘Design of Industrial
Waste Treatment Facilities at Washington
National Airport’ by T. R. Hampton,
Water & Sewage Works, October, 1966.
67-0326
The world’s most disposable society.
Public Health Service World, 2(8):25,
Sept. 1967.
On July 19-20, 1967, in Washington, D.C.,
the first Conference on Solid Waste
Management for the Washington
Metropolitan Area was called by the
Surgeon General at the. suggestion of
Senator Joseph D. Tydings. The
objective of the conference was to
develop an approach that could be a model
for other metropolitan areas with
similar problems. If a way were found
to abolish open dump burning, the local
air pollution problem would be alleviated.
Leo Weaver, former chief of PHS’s Solid
Wastes Program, stated: ‘Our first goal
must be an end to the fire at Kenilworth
(the city dump) no more than 1 month
from today,’ and he proposed a sanitary
land reclamation operation. Weaver also
called for the creation of a permanent
commission responsible for coordinating
the solid waste disposal programs of the
region.
67-0327
Yonkers, New York site beautified
following plan of Hudson Valley Commission.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(12) :42,
Dec. 1967.
Following the advice of the Hudson River
Valley Commission, the community of
Yonkers has decided to construct a 1,000-
ft retaining wall to prevent trash in a
disposal site from sliding down the hill
to the railroad tracks and to landscape
the wall, as well as to control odors
and smoke from the refuse deposited there.
79
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The community plans to build a city park
on the site. The community council has
also called for a study of a new
blast-furnace type of incineration in
an effort to find suitable methods of
refuse disposal, particularly in view of
the fact that the Croton Point landfill
used at present will be closed in 1968.
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
67-0328
Blanken, G. The technology of chicken
feces utilization. Landtechnik,
22(21):663-668, Nov. 1967.
The nrocessing of chicken feces into
marketable fertilizer is discussed.
Drying of the feces is carried out in a
rotating drum equipped with a biological
filter for deodorization of the vapors.
Less expensive methods of deodorization
are being tested. Manure preparation is
carried our by mixing the feces with peat
or a foamed material which is then
fermented in thermostated premises. This
process is highly automated and feasible
only on farms with 20,000 chickens or
more. Automatic equipment for cleaning
chicken coops is described. It is
emphasized that according to resent
market conditions the use of the product
in adjacent fields is most economical.
Manure preparation may be somewhat more
economical than drying. However,
marketability must be ensured because the
additives are expensive. (Text-German)
67-0329
Dale, A. C., and D. L. Day. Some aerobic
decomposition properties of dairy-cattle
manure. Transactions of the American
Society of Agricultural Engineers,
10(4):546-548, 1967.
The Pasveer oxidation ditch is being
investigated as a new method for
treatment and storage of livestock
manures. In order to design a ditch
for dairy production units, experiments
were undertaken to discover: the
percent of volatile solids that can be
broken into water and carbon dioxide;
the percent of solids remaining in
the ditch; and BOO of the effluent.
Daily manure production (as tables
demonstrate) for a 1,500 lb cow was
107.8 lb; the average dry matter in
the feces and urine was 12.5 percent.
Cattle rations consisted of 75 percent
corn, 15 percent soybean, 8 percent oats,
and smaller amounts of vitamin A and
D supplement, salt,, and dicalcium
phosphate. In the experiment, collected
feces and urine were mixed and then
strained to remove all solids. Waste
manure was added daily to aeration
chambers. Weekly samples were taken.
Included tables reveal subsequent BUD
reduction under specific circumstances
and decomposition of volatile solids.
The following conclusions were made:
(1) The greater the concentration of
dairy cattle wastes added to an aerobic
digestion chamber, the lower the
breakdown of volatile solids. (2)
Approximately 50 percent of volatile
solids will decompose in a retention
time of 18.5 weeks when daily added
wastes equal 1/2 percent volume or 46
percent at 1 percent volume. (3) The
effluent, as indicated by 5-day BOB,
was reduced by 90 percent. (4)
Salts became concentrated, but not
enough to retard bacterial action.
67-0330
Barley, E. F., C. S. Davis, B. E.
Munnecke, et al. Non-combustive
disposal of solid agricultural wastes.
Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and
Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. E-16.
Historically, the solid wastes generated
in the cultural operation of orchards,
vineyards, and certain field crops in
California have been disposed of by
open burning. With increased urbanization
of areas in and around such agricultural
operations, the demand for cleaner air
has necessitated rules and regulations
limiting the amount of burning. In the
present project, consideration will be
given to shredding plant wastes and
letting them fall to the ground to be
incorporated into soil. The feasibility of
shredding will be determined with respect
to climate, differences in plant species,
rate of decay of shredded material,
effect on plant disease organisms and
other soil microflora, and effect on
insect pests.
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0328—0334
67-0331
Day, D. L, Current status of the oxidation
ditch, summary of United States and
European research. Presented at Tenth
National Pork Industry Conference, Lincoln,
Neb., Nov. 9, 1967. 8p.
The oxidation ditch, developed at the
Research institute for Public Health
Engineering, TNO, in the Netherlands, is
a low-cost method for purifying
non-uretreated sewage emanating from
small communities. The system is a
modified form of the activated-sludge
process and may be classified in the
extended aeration group of odorless
aerobic treatments. The design criteria
for municipal oxidation ditch plants and
a schematic diagram of the system are
presented. The oxidation ditch idea can
be adapted beneath slotted floors in
confinement swine buildings. Although
the ROB of liquid hog manure is usually
30,000 to 50,000 ppm, hog waste can be
aerobically stabilized without
ob- ectionable odors and a final effluent
can be produced which will meet public
health requirements of a ROD of 20 ppm or
less. Severe foaming, poor sludge
settling characteristics, brief periods
of giving off ammonia, and incomplete
treatment are some of the problems that
need further research. Experiments were
conducted with various styles of rotors.
The operating cost for the electrical
power to furnish the needed amount of
oxygen is estimated at about a half cent
per finishing pig per day, based on an
electricity rate of 2 cents per kwh.
(Sponsored by a Public Health Service
research grant from the National Center
for Urban and Industrial Health).
67-0332
Feedlot runoff. Public Works, 98(1):118,
Jan. 1967.
To develop various techniques to minimize
pollution effects of feedlot runoff, the
nature of cattle feedlot runoff was
determined and factors that influence
runoff were evaluated. These studies
indicated that runoff from cattle
feedlots is a high-strength organic
waste produced during and immediately
after rainfall, it is further indicated
that the greatest pollutant concentrations
are obtained during warm weather, during
periods of low rainfall intensity, and
when the manure has been made soluble
by soaking with water. Correlations
were developed to predict runoff oxygen
demand and nitrogen content based on
these factors. Feedlot runoff also
contains high concentrations of bacteria.
The runoff from a concrete-surfaced lot
was more heavily polluted than that from
a rionsurfaced lot under similar conditions.
67-0333
Gatehouse, Ii. C. Disposal of farm
effluent: a fresh look at pollution by
farm drainage in the light of the Water
Resources Act, 1963. Agriculture,
74(2):89-94, Feb. 1967.
The problem of disposal of waste water
by agricultural users is reviewed. Just
as both grower and grazier are concerned
that town sewage and manufacturing wastes
discharged upstream from their water
source should be purified to acceptable
quality before discharge, so they must
accept responsibility for preventing
pollution by farm drainage. While river
authorities have followed a farm drainage
policy of sympathetic cooperation and
persuasion, they must now move forward
with a full program to bring many
thousands of outstanding pre-1951
discharges under control. In the River
Severn basin, the total volume of
sewage and trade waste is 100 million
gal a day, and the amount of waste from
cattle and pigs is equivalent to 22
million gal a day. This is 20 percent
of the total volume of man-made pollution
in the river and is significant in view
of the dry—weather flow of the river,
which is only 250 million gal in the
lower reaches. The upper BOD limit
of 6 ppm for water for public water supply
is exceeded at times in the Severn.
Projects under construction or in
planning will remove 180 million gal
of water from the River Severn a day,
so that water must be re-used ninny times
on its way to the sea, and pollution
prevention is an unavoidable necessity.
67-0334
Gibson, E. A. Disposal of farm effluent.
Agriculture, 74(4):183-188, Apr. 1967.
Since many infections of farm livestock
are spread in their exereta, it seems
possible that slurry systems of manure
handling could increase the disease
hazard. The various hazards are
discussed in an attempt to place them
in perspective. Fortunately, there are
81
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only three important infections
(salmonella infection, Johnes disease,
and anthrax) which would survive storage
in the slurry tank and then after spreading
survive in sufficient numbers to be
infective in the herbage of fodder crop
when contact is made with the animAl
host. It is suggested that effluents
thought to contain salmonella should
not be applied to pasture or fodder
crops that will be used for cattle or
sheen within 6 months. The precautions
should only be applied when it is known
or suspected that infection is present.
The effluent from a duck rearing unit
and that from purchased calves usually
would be suspect. The same precautions
should be applied to Johnes disease
except that cattle should not be grazed
on the pasture for a year. In the case
of anthrax, all contaminated material
should he disposed of by the methods
specified in the Anthrax Order and should
not be put on arable or pasture land.
Other infections and danger from the
release of toxic gases from slurry tanks
are briefly discussed.
67-0335
Gray, S. T. Disposal of farm effluent.
Agriculture, 74(5):41-44, May 1967.
An important concern of local government
is that farm effluents should be disposed
of so as not to produce a nuisance
or health hazard. Planning in the
location of slurry tanks in relation to
dwellings and the prevailing wind may
avoid discomfort on the part of
neighbors and official investigation.
With the wet or slurry system, which
presents odor problems quite unlike those
of traditional rural odors, storage
tanks should be large enough so that
spraying under unsuitable weather
conditions may be avoided and to ensure
that the wind is in the right direction
when the tanks are emptied. It is also
possible to emotv tanks frequently to
avoid a septic slurry. The disposal
of poultry manure by the use of drying
plants has advantages. Manure treatment
at the source by the open ditch method
(Pasveer ditch) may provide an answer to
the manure disposal problem in intensive
pig holdings, although careful control
is necessary. The nuisance provisions
of the Public Health Act of 1936 apply to
nuisances or unsatisfactory conditions
arising from farm effluents. Whatever
the sympathies of the rural authorities
in regard to the existence of a statutory
nuisance, their duty is to the public
as a whole.
67-0336
Gribble, D. J. Manure slurry storage,
processing and pumping. ASAE Paper
No. 67-926. Presented at 61st Annual Meeting,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Detroit, Dec. 12-15, 1967. 4 p
Wherever feasible, pumping manure at
high pressure through an aluminum
irrigation pipe to an especially
designed manure sprinkler is the best
method of handling farm waste. The
following qualifications must be met
for this method to work satisfactorily:
there must be farm land nearby; there
must be a long season with temperatures
above freezing; and there must be an
adequate supply of water. The advantages
of pumping and sprinkling are: fertilizer
is returned to the soil in the best
possible form; the slurry is stored for
short periods; there is a significant
labor saving over other methods of waste
handling; and fly breeding and other pests
are discouraged. The mechanical oroblerns
of handling a water, manure, bedding, and
feed slurry are: the slurry must be
continuously agitated during the pumping
period; separation of foreign material
must be accomplished; a method of cutting
up pieces of hay and silage must be
provided; a pumo that can handle large solid
objects and develop high pressure is
necessary; a sprinkler that can dispense
large solid objects is needed; and
the system must insure an adequate water
velocity. A combination of equipment
designed to handle these problems is
described.
67-0337
Hart, S. A. The old gray mare’s waste
ain’t what it used to be. Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Development,
University School, Milwaukee, July 24-28,
1967. Conference Preprint No. E-11.
Cooperation between sanitary and
agricultural engineers has begun in
the alleviation of present problems,
but planning for the future is also
needed. Animal production is becoming
more concentrated in factorylike
operations and waste management
82
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0335—0340
techniques can be adapted from industrial
practices. Chemical herbicides and
insecticides are an agricultural waste
problem. Other areas of needed research
are odor control, pesticide degradation
studies, development of cooperative
municipal- industrial-agricultural
solid waste management practices, and
research to make wastes more acceptable
for agricultural use. Some day
agricultural land may be the deposit
site of waste; research now is critical.
67-0338
Hermanson, R. E., T. E. Hazen, and
H. P. Johnson. A laboratory investigation
of the activated-sludge stabilization
of swine waste. ASAE Paper No. 67-929.
Presented at 61st Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit,
Dec. 12-15, 1967. 36 p.
The extended-aeration, activated-sludge
process for swine waste treatment was
investigated in order to develop a
mathematical model for the BOD-reduction
efficiency of the process. Experimental
data were obtained for the treatment of
the effluent from an anaerobic swine
lagoon. The waste was treated in a
continuous-flow, laboratory scale plant
that operated in the same manner as a
full-scale plant. The system was
operated at a mean temperature of 20 C plus
or minus ¼ C. The contents of the aeration
tank were well mixed and supplied with
sufficient air. The pH of the mixed
liquor remained in the optimum range for
biological growth and the influent waste
had adequate N and P. The activated sludge
was flocculent, odorless, and settled
well. Foaming and denitrification were
not a problem. The reductions of BOD
and suspended solids were satisfactory.
The mathematical model was successfully
fitted to the data by a non-linear method
of least squares that used a trial and
error solution based on Hartley’s
modification of the Gauss-Newton method.
It was concluded that excessive solids
loss because of denitrification can
be avoided by proper design of the
sedimentation tank, provided that the
flow rate does not vary widely. It is not
known whether the experimentally determined
constants would be applicable to raw, or
settled, swine waste.
67-0339
Hull, R., and D. J. Webb. The effect of
subsoiling and different levels of
manuring onyields of cereals and sugar
beet. Journal of Agricultural Science,
69:183—187, 1967.
An experiment carried out at Broom’s Barn
from 1962 to 1965 measured the effects of
subsoiling on yields in a subsequent crop
rotation and on the response to
fertilizers. An area of 4 acres of
old, arable clay-loam soil was marked
Out in eight blocks, each with two plots
200 ft by 44 ft. One of each pair of
plots, selected at random, was
subsoiled once, working 20 in. deep with
tines 4 ft apart. A sequence of
wheat, barley, sugarheet, and lucerne
crops was planted in the fourth year.
Both small and large dressings of
granular compound fertilizer were tested.
Although subsoiling had only a small
effect on yields and few responses were
statistically significant, all were
positive. The subsoiled plots consistently
outylelded the untreated ones throughout
the rotation. The average increases in
yield were 0.6 cwt per acre of wheat,
0.4 cwt per acre of barley, and 2.1 cwt
per acre of sugar or 0.7 tons per acre of
roots. The cash value of the extra
yields from two cereals and one sugar
beet crop amounted to about L6 per acre
compared with costs of subsoiling of
about I 5 per acre. The yield responses
of all crops to extra fertilizer were
not greater with than without subsoiling.
In contrast, previous cropping and
fertilizer usage influenced the optimum
dressing of nitrogen for the sugar-beet
test crop. The results clearly illustrate
that in defining optimum dressings of
nitrogen for sugar-beet, previous manuring
and cropping of the field must be taken
into account, but they provide no
evidence that subsoil cultivation is
likely to alter fertilizer recommendations.
67-0340
Ito, S. High speed and continuous
carbonization of agricultural forestry
products wastes: (1) design of equipment and
results of running test. Journal of the
Fuel Society Japan, 46(478):84-90, 1967.
A carbonization plant for agricultural
and forestry products wastes, such as
sawdust, chips, and fine waste material,
is described and the results obtained
using a conical fluidization-bed process
are given. The sketches with English
captions, include a flow sheet which
shows the furnace, the blowers, the
cyclones, scrubber, filter, and stack.
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Agricultural Wastes
Two sketches are given showing the heat
balance of the system. Charts are given
which show the decomposition of hemlock
chips as a function of size, temperature,
and time; the feed rate of carbonization;
wood dust and charcoal yield at 500 C; the
amount of circulation gas and charcoal
yield; and the amount of circulation gas
and volatile material in charcol. At
2.5 tons per day, wood dusts of 20
percent moisture will give 25 percent
charcoal. The equipment can carbonize
continuously, and deliver a product of
uniform quality in a few minutes,
utilizing forestry wastes and agricultural
products such as sawdust, chips, and
fine waste. With additional equipment,
the gas can be used as a by—product fuel,
and both liquids and wood tar can be
obtained from the gas. (Text—Japanese)
67.0341
Jones, D. D., B. A. Jones, and D. L. Day.
Aerobic digestion of cattle wastes.
ASAE Paper No. 67-931. Presented at
61st Annual Meeting, American Society
of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit,
Dec. 12-15, 1967. 12 p.
A laboratory study was made on aerobic
digestion of waste from beef and dairy
cattle on high-concentrate rations. Aerobic
units were constructed in the laboratory
to serve as digesters. Manure was
added daily to the aeration units for
26 days. After day 25, the digester
contents were aerated for several more
days to determine the decomposition
characteristics of the waste. Three
different loading rates were studied
for both the beef and dairy manure, in
order to determine the optimum loading rate
for that waste. An effort was made to
simulate, as closely as possible, the
actual conditions existing under a
slotted floor. The COD-BOD ratio was
found by dividing the computed
X D concentration by the commuted BOD
concentration for each day. This ratio
was then plotted against time for the
entire aeration period. The percent of
volatile solids, the percent of BOD
reduction, and the food-to-mass ratio
curves were likewise found, using the
computed values of BOD, COD, VS, and FS
concentrations for each day. In the
experiment, some solids settled and
compacted in the bottoms of the digesters,
making it impossible to determine how
much of the reduction in organic matter
was due to biological activity. It is
indicated that some factor other than
the air rate controls the settling of
solids in livestock waste treatment.
Less emphasis should be placed on COD,
VS, and PS and more should be placed
on the measurement of BOD, which is
a better indication of microorganism
activity.
67-0342
Kilgarriff, P. J. Dairy factory wastes
benefit farms. New Zealand Journal of
Agriculture, 114(6):2O-2l, 23, June 1967.
The 15,000 to 20,000 gal of wastes per day
generated by a New Zealand dairy making
butter and dried milk powders was a
problem because of the need to dispose
of the waste quickly without pollution of
waterways. The whey from the dairy is now
used by local farmers for irrigation and
is beneficial to the farms and creates no
problems. The dairy supplies the farmers
with irrigation pipes and sprinklers,
and the whey is delivered to the inlet
pipe near the road by milk tankers. The
whey is provided to the farmers from
September to May, so that the wetness of
the farms is not increased in the winter.
Three photographs show the apalication of
the whey to pastures by spraying from
pipes and directly from a milk tanker.
A photograph shows that the clover in
the fields treated with whey is larger
than in the untreated field and that
there are fewer weeds. A table is
given which shows the results of soils
tests on two farms, before and after the
whey had been applied for 1 year.
Since one of the farms also applied
lime and superphosphate to the soil, the
data from that farm is not clearcut,
although there was a sudden increase
in potash which did not increase in a
field not treated with whey. In the
other farm, the pH increased from 6.1
to 6.5, the calcium was the same, the
potash jumped from 4 to 14, and the
phosphate increased from 8 to 9 (no
units given). If this disposal system
had not been used, an evtensive treating
plant would have been required.
67-0343
Law, R. E. Public health aspects of
factory farming. Public Health
Inspector, 76(2):133-143, Nov. 1967.
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0341—0345
Intensive husbandry and its effects
on poultry, cattle, pigs, and sheep
are discussed. The use of antibiotics
and caponising substances should be
limited. They should not be present
in foods for human consumption. Dangers
of disease-bearing organisms are mentioned.
Data on salmonella are given. The
tendency with intensive units is to use
slatted floor systems to avoid the need
for straw or other bedding and reduce labor
tosts. Dangers can arise from the gases
evolved. To reduce poultry manure to
the strength of domestic sewage, it
must be diluted 200 to 1; thus the volume
to be disposed of is increased. Odors
result from storing manure in lagoons.
Drying manure produces an odorless product
with fertilizer value; the organic material
is returned to the land and the disposal
problem overcome. Slurry is applied
to the land by tanker or pumped directly
through irrigation systems. Since the
farmer can obtain an inorganic fertilizer
which is easy to store, pleasant to
handle and free from nuisance, he is
reluctant to fertilize with manure and
slurry. When animals are kept
intensively in unclean conditions,
the odors are increased and effluvia from
exhaust fans can be intolerable. Regular
cleaning reduces the opportunity for
flies to breed. The penalty for
nuisances under the 1936 Act is inadequate.
A maximum fine of b5 and b2 daily is
preferable to closing a factory in 1967.
67-0344
Loehr, R. C., and R. W. Agnew. Cattle
wastes--pollution and potential treatment.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, Proceedings, American Society of
Civil Engineers, 93(SA4) :55—72, Aug. 1967.
The treatment and disposal of large
quantities of animal wastes became an
acute problem, as marty farmers changed
from pasture to pen confinement. Runoff
from feedlots is a significant problem
and treatment systems must be able to
handle slug loads and flows without
causing stream pollution. The various
treatment methods investigated included:
anaerobic digestion, anaerobic lagoons,
aeration, and combined anaerobic-aerobic
treatment. Tabulated data indicate
that while anaerobic digestion can be
successful, the capital and operating
costs are greatly in excess of what
most feedlot operators can afford.
While the utilization of anaerobic
lagoons was satisfactory from
the standpoint of solids degradation
and stabilization, additional treatment
of the effluent would be needed prior to
release to a receiving stream. The
aeration system would result in
excessive cost and therefore poor
acceptance by the feedlot operator.
Data further indicate that the quantity
and the undesirable qualities of the
wastes from a beef feedlot are such
that a combination treatment system offers
the most promise. The analysis of a
potential combined anaerbic-aerobic system
as illustrated by means of a flow sheet,
was so encouraging that a field
treatment system was Put into operation
at a beef cattle feedlot near the
University of Kansas in August 1966.
Results to date have closely followed the
results of the laboratory study; detailed
results are being compiled and will be
evaluated in the near future.
67-0345
Loehr, R. C. Effluent quality from
anaerobic lagoons treating feedlot
wastes. Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation, 39(3) :384-391,
Mar. 1967.
The possibility of anaerobic lagoons
offering an approach to the treatment
of the tremendous quantities of manure
originating from confinement feedlot
livestock operations is discussed.
Such lagoons provide excellent sedimentation
capacity to Intercept and separate the
heavy manure solids from the liquid
associated with their removal from
feedlot areas. The major problem
described is that, even under equilibrium
conditions, the liquid effluent from
these anaerobic lagoons could pollute
ground and surface waters. Also,
temperature variations will alter the
effluent quality. Land disposal offers
an acceptable method for disposing of
settled solids that need to be periodically
removed from the lagoon. When used in
combination with subsequent units to treat
the effluent from the lagoons, anaerobic
lagoons will be a useful component
process for treating livestock waste with high
solid content.
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Agricultural Wastes
61-0346
Ludington, D. C., A. C. Dale, and D. E.
Bloodgood. Storage of poultry manure
with minimum odor. ASAE Paper No. 67-932.
Presented at 61st Annual Meeting, American
Society of Agricultural Engineers, Detroit,
Dec. 12-15, 1967. 19 p.
Research was conducted to determine a means
by which the odors produced by stored
poultry manure could be reduced or
eliminated. The description of odor or
intensity of odor was limited to
hydrogen sulfide. The production of
hydrogen sulfide was determined
quantitatively and was the parameter
for evaluating the success of the system
in controlling odors. The OR!’ (oxidation—
reduction potential) of stored poultry
manure was controlled by controlling
the rate of aeration. An ORP control
system was developed to permit the ORP
of four chambers to be operated at four
different levels of OR!’ simultaneously.
A diagram of the electrical controls is
given. Significant quantities of
hydrogen sulfide were produced when
chicken manure was stored without
aeration and insignificant quantities
were produced when the manure was
stored with aeration. An average of
12.8 cu ft of air per day per chicken,
was required to maintain an ORP of
-400 isv and to create a situation where
no hydrogen sulfide was produced.
Chicken manure stored at -400 OR!’ had
a 35.9 percent reduction in volatile
solids. Manure stored at zero OR!’ also
produced no odor but had a higher
reduction of volatile solids. Accurate
measurement of low concentrations of
dissolved oxygen in fluid chicken
manure was not possible. Ammonia was
noticeable in the air leaving chambers
0, -150, -300 and to some extent in
chamber -400.
61-0347
Mickelson, R. Dairy wastes and the
pollution problem. Manufactured Milk
Products Journal, 58(3):8-9, Mar. 1967.
The discussion deals with sewage analysis
problems and effects of water pollution,
and includes a diagram of a 90-degree
V-notch veir proposed for measuring the
flow of waste materials. The problem of
using or disposing of dairy waste may be
classified into two categories: (1)
waste material associated with normal plant
ooerations; and (2) the by-products from
producing specific food products. When
evaluating water pollution, oxygen
content is important. On the average,
5 lb of nonfat milk solids per million
lb of water is enough to reduce
dissolved oxygen from an adequate 8 ppm
to a 3 opts level at which aquatic life
is impaired. A simple, inexpensive
approach to direct measurement of flow
Is to use a 90-degree V-notch weir. If
the rate of flow in gal per minute is
known, lb of waste can be determined,
and likewise lb of BOD (bio—chemic.al
oxygen demand). This method is far simpler
and quicker than the 20-day BOD test. Thus
determining the sewage load, one can
compare it with the local treatment
plant capacity. This knowledge is
significant to the dairy industry, since
cheese plants are particularly attractive
to small communities that are eager for
new industry but are unaware of local
sewage capacities.
67-0348
Mills, K. C., and B. F. Parker. Some
effects of composition of feed on the
biochemical oxygen demand of the
excreta produced from this feed. ASAP
Paper No. 67-930. Presented at 61st
Annual Meeting, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, Detroit, Dec.
12-15, 1967. 13 p.
The oxidation lagoon has been the main
aerobic waste treating process used for
treating livestock waste. There are
many variables associated with the
aerobic process In oxidation lagoons
including: temperature of the water;
oxygen content of the water; depth of
the lagoon; the particle size of the waste;
mixing; and pH. Three groups of steers
were selected at random and each group was
put on a different ration and confined in a
separate pen. One group was on a grain
ration, another on a grain and silage
ration, and the third group was on
pasture. The biochemical oxgen demand
test (SOD) was used to determine the
rate of oxidation of each sample. Four
ROD tests were conducted for each
replication. Test data are presented.
The ROD from excreta from steers ott
grain was significantly higher than from
steers on grain and silage or grass. The
ROD was higher on a grain and silage
ration than on the grass ration. For
the same amount of waste from each of
the rations, an oxidation lagoon for
silage and grain would need to be
larger than one of grain. This indicates
86
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0346—0351
that the rations fed steers should be
considered as a variable in lagoon
design.
67-0349
Miner, J. R., and T. E. Hazen.
Alternatives to oxidation ditches under
slotted floors. Presented at Waste
Management Workshop, Tenth National
Pork Industry Conference, Lincoln,
Nebraska, Nov. 9, 1967. 14 p.
Swine breeders have been among the
leaders In the acceptance of confinement
housing. The oxidation ditch beneath
slotted floors has not proven a
satisfactory solution to the waste problem
for all producers. A flowing gutter
system is being studied which utilizes
a basic building which is a 50 by 120 ft
clear span steel frame structure housing
about 700 pigs. The pens are 5 by 23
ft in plan with a 1-ft floor slope along
the length. The unique feature of the
building is the gutter along the lower
end of the pens in which water may flow
continuously or intermittently for
manure removal. The animals in this
building are floor fed at the opposite
end of the pen. The most striking
feature of this building is the lack of
manure on the pen floors or on the
animals. The animals quickly learn to
urinate and defecate In the gutter. The
manure is removed before It has time to
undergo decomposition and produce odor.
The daily manure discharge of 700
finishing swine diluted in 3,500 to
9,500 gal of water Is a problem.
Once the manure is removed from a
confinement building by a water transport
system, the problem of animal waste
management becomes one of waste
treatment in the conventional sense.
A treatment scheme Is shown schematically
in which the manure is carried from the
building through an underground pipe to
an anaerobic lagoon. Effluent from the
lagoon is pumped to an oxidation ditch
for polishing treatment. The effluent Is
a non-odorous, aerobic liquid with a
BOD between 40 and 100 mg per liter.
67-0350
Miner, J. R., L. R. Fina, and C. Piatt.
Salmonella infantis In cattle feedlot
runoff. Applied Microbiology,
15(3):646-649, May 1967.
As a part of an overall study of the
water pollution potential of cattle
feedlot runoff, an investigation was
made of the salmonellae nresent in the
runoff and its public health significance.
Samples of both feedlot litter and runoff
from two experimental beef feedlots were
taken in July 1966. Twenty-six steers,
fed a high grain diet, with no reported
symptoms of salmonella infection were
purchased June 4 for the investigation.
Twenty-six isolates from 14 separate feedlot
runoff and litter samples were
biochemically confirmed to be salmonella
and 10 random isolates, typed serologically,
proved to be S. Infantis. The regularity
wIth which the salmonella was found
indicates that the contamination was
not an occasional or chance human
contamination. The feedlot runoff
must be recognized as potentially
implicated with disease since all
salmonella are considered pathogenic.
The potential hazard would be greater from
feedlots located on the water sheds of
recreational streams and reservoirs.
Inasmuch as all the cattle came from
one source and only one salmonella type
was isolated, it appears that there was
a common source of infection. There are
water-quality implications in the
increase in size and numbers of commercial
feedlot operations. Bacteriological
studies down stream from known municipal
and industrial waste discharges should
include an investigation of feedlot
wastes. The finding of specific
pathogenic organisms in streams may
result from previously unsuspected
agricultural runoff.
67-0351
Nemerow, N. L. Poultry processing
waste treatment at Mlllsboro, Delaware.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
nference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.526-536.
An integrated poultry operation near
Milisboro, Delaware, consists of a
hatchery, feedmill, soybean mill, and
poultry processing plant. The feathers
which constitute about 14 percent of the
raw chicken weight and the offal
making up 16 percent of the weight are
sold. The processing wastewater is
screened through four vibrating screens
which are cleaned daily. The BOD load
for the poultry plant was computed to
be 2,550 lb. A two-stage oxidation
pond treatment system was chosen. The
first stage consists of a baffled, high
rate deep pond to allow sedimentation
87
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Agricultural Wastes
of heavy solids, flotation of grease or
feathers which escape preliminary
treatment by the screens and flotation
unit, and bacterial degradation of
the organic matter. The second stage
is a shallow photosynthetic pond designed
to remove last traces of organic matter
and convert inorganic phosphates and
ammonia nitrogen to algae mass. The
construction cost of the treatment plant
was $90,000. The treatment facilities
are operating satisfactorily at a BOD
loading of about 1,390 lb per day.
67-0352
Niles, C. F. Egg laying house wastes.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.334-341.
An egg production facility at the
outskirts of Rockport, Indiana, has
avproximately 205,000 laying hens in
41 laying houses occupying an acre
each. The major source of wastes is the
manure which is deposited by the birds
in the respective pits and a second
source is the unconsumed drinking water
supply. Samples of the manure as it
was being removed from the pits were
obtained and analyzed for solids content
and oxygen demand. Previous treatment of
wastes utilized two ponds. A dryer was
investigated to determine whether or not
it could provide a satisfactory method of
treating the wastes. After several
weeks of operation, it was decided that
the disposal of manure by drying and
the disposal of hen carcasses by mixing
with the manure was a satisfactory method.
Six dryers have been obtained and
results indicate a production rate of
2,800 lb per day per drier. The dried
material is conveyed automatically to
a storage bin which has been provided with
a bag loader and sealer attached to the
hopper gate of the bin. Provision has
also been made for bulk discharge from
the storage bin for wholesale delivery
and disposal of the dried material upon
nearby farm land.
67-0353
Quick, A. J. Disposal of farm effluent.
Agriculture, 74(8):383-387, Aug. 1967.
The problems involved in the handling of
manure become more involved as stocking
intensity increases and the systems of
housing and feeding change. The dairy
farmers are handicapped in disposal of
manure by their lack of knowledge of the
effect of heavy dressings of slurry on
soil structure and plant growth. The
system of disposal must also comply with
statutory requirements for the safeguard
of public health and the prevention of
the spread of animal disease. The
problem can be approached by applying
proven methods of material handling,
the identification on each farm of the
factors which will determine the most
suitable system, and, finally, the
selection of the best system from the
available alternatives. The method is
demonstrated in a practical way by
furnishing data on an 80-cow herd in
a wet area with loose-housing and parlor
system. A table shows the total
effluent from the 80-cow herd as 1,250
gal per day. The 2,250 gal per day of
rain water from the roofs and cooling
should not be allowed to be mixed with
the slurry of washing water. A drawing
is given of the construction of an above
ground storage for slurry made entirely
of railway sleepers. Two tables are
given showing the costs of the various
disposal systems. The most economic
method is that of scraping the effluent
down a ramp to an above ground storage
compound, such as the railway sleeper-type,
and emptying annually with a fore-loader
and spreader. Drying of manure would
require larger herds and the establishment
of a market for the dried manure.
67-0354
Schacht, C. J. Development of liquid-
manure-handling equipment. Transactions
of the American Society of Agricultural,
Engineers, 10(2):161-163, Feb. 1967.
The functions of a liquid-manure system
are defined, the types of systems are
outlined, and the liquid-manure-handling
equipment is discussed. The photographs
include an auger agitator mounted in a
24-ft-diameter pit. The agitation of
liquid-manure pits is one of the greatest
challenges to the equipment manufacturers
and the auger has good acceptance since
it breaks up the difficult-to-handle
clumps or clods. A picture is shown of
an 800—gal tank being loaded under vacuum;
another photograph shows manure being
spread under pressure from a tank truck.
A chopper pump is shown which is used to
88
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0352—0357
agitate arid fill a liquid manure spreader.
A manure spreader equipped with an
auger which runs the whole length of
the spreader and carries the liquid
manure to the impeller for spreading is
shown which gives spreads up to 35 ft.
The function of any well-designed liquid-
manure system is to collect and store
manure, retain all of its nutrients, arid
then to sieve the manure to the field at
the optimum time with a minimum of time
and expense. The agricultural engineer
must design liquid-manure-handling
systems to meet requirements for efficient
farming as well as to meet emerging
legal requirements and to work with
State and local officials to define
sanitary regulations. Basically, the
problem is one of materials handling,
with economic considerations, since the
material being handled is one which was
recently considered worthless and
uneconomical to handle.
67-0355
Taiganides, E. P. The battle at the
forgotten end. ASAE Paper No. 67-925.
Presented at 61st Annual Meeting,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Detroit, Dec. 12-15, 1967. 8 p.
The generation of animal wastes changed
from diffusive to point source generation.
The concentration of large quantities of
wastes in one spot created transportation,
treatment, arid disposal problems as well as
odor problems. Special pumps have been
introduced to handle manure wastes.
Research is still needed to study the energy
requirement and the basic hydraulics of
transporting wastes in slurried or discrete
state through pipes. Treatment of manure
requires different processes than those
used for municipal sewage. Direct
utilization of animal wastes on crop
fields can create public nuisance or
pollution of natural resources. Soil
can continue to serve as an effective
living filter of animal wastes, not only
to abate the potential pollution inherent
in the wastes but also to renovate and
utilize the conditioning nutrients of these
wastes. Other problems relating to
agricultural wastes concern phosphorus,
crop residues, and fruit and vegetable
processing wastes.
67-0356
Taiganides, E. P. Modern methods of
animal waste disposal. Proceedings;
27th Annual Meeting, Nutritional Council
of American Feed Manufacturers
Association, Chicago, May 22, 1967.
p. 2 l- 2 2.
Manure disposal is rapidly becoming one
of the modern livestock producer’s
biggest headaches, as man tries to take
full advantage of confinement housing
with central feeding, pushbutton
operations, and small land area use per
animal. An understanding of the
properties of animal wastes is essential
in the research for effective methods
of handling them. The properties of
manures can be classffied as physical,
chemical, and biological. Physical
factors, such as weight and moisture
content, were originally considered the
most pertinent characteristics. Chemical
composition has emerged as an equally
important property, as have the biological
constituents of manure. The physical
and chemical properties of aninal wastes
are affected by the particular characteristics
of the animal, the feed ration, and the
environment. The wastes from anitnals in
a confinement building will contain all the
ingredients of the feed, some of them in
their original form, others in a chemically
simpler form. Most animal rations include
antibiotics for disease control. When
large doses of these antibiotics are
administered to the animals, a portion of
them pass through the digestive tract and,
thus, can severely inhibit or at times
limit biological treatment of the manure
unless the manure is diluted to levels
below the toxic concentrations of these
antibiotics. In the large production
units of the future, manure will be
handled both mechanically and hydraulically.
Positive research to develop uses rather
than disposal of farm wastes will require
a coordinate effort by researchers from
disciplines related to animal production,
engineering, public health, and economics.
67-0357
Tietjen, C. Properties and effects
of chicken manure. Landtechnik,
22(21):661-663, Nov. 1967.
Chicken dirt is a useful and economical
fertilizer if large surfaces for its
use are available, but its damp arid
viscous consistency presents difficulties
in application. The addition of water
permits easier application, but presents
a storage problem. The amount of manure
needed for a specific area depends on its
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Agricultural Wastes
nitrogen content, and over—fertilization
has a deleterious effect. Recently the
use of dry manure has been found more
advantageous. Its ease of handling and
application more than compensate for its
somewhat lower nitrogen content. Tabulated
data present comparisons of the amounts
of excrement from different animals and of
the composition of fresh and dry chicken
dirt. Addition of minerals to the dry
manure proved beneficial. Six illustrations
showing the effect on plants of various
amounts of dry and wet chicken manure
with and without addition of minerals
proved that only slight additional growth
is obtained when a five-fold amount of
fertilizer is used, that addition of
minerals proved beneficial and the
over-fertilization can cause reduction in
growth. If an excess of chicken dirt
is available, vegetation which requires
a higher amount of fertilization should
be planted, or it should be buried in
layers in a fallow field, where it will
eventually benefit the soil.
AUTOMOB! LE
87-0358
Asrael, S. J. A new look in foundry steel
scrap: quality sheared automobile slabs.
Modern Castings, 52(3):130-132, 1967.
The use of guillotine shears, together
with oscillators or sorting tables, has
permitted volume production of No. 1 and
No. 2 grades of steel, with the opportunity
for finite physical inspection of each piece
of scrap and visually controlled chemical
content. The process to produce sheared
automobile slabs is described in detail.
These slabs are better than No. 2 bundles
but may not meet the requirements of a
large part of the steel and iron melting
industries, which cannot tolerate the
non-ferrous attachments included in such
a scrap package. A method of standardized
processing, which removes a large part
of the nonferrous material, is described.
The cars are first stripped of nonferrous
material in a continuous operation which
allows a production rate of a properly
cleaned car every 4 or 5 minutes.
The stripped cars are then sheared on
automatic cycle, and the resulting slabs
fall out on an oscillator fitted with
two sets of screens with 1/2 in. and 1—1/2 in.
holes for ash and glass removal. These
sheared auto slabs offer guaranteed,
attractive chemistry and an opportunity
to make savings of from 30 to 50 percent
below the cost of pig iron and worthwhile
savings under the cost of other premium
scrap grades.
67-0359
Blackpool car disposal problems. Waste
Trade World, 111(5):6, 1967.
The disposal of scrap cars at Blackpool,
England, which was conducted under
contract by Birds Commercial Vehicles
Ltd. for the Blackpool Cleansing
Department, has created more nuisance
complaints than did the presence of the
scrap cars. Poor public relations, lack
of communication, and contradictory
statements by all interested parties
complicate the situation. The
residents complain that the noise and
smoke during the operation is so great
that they cannot stand it any more.
One Councillor said the noise of petrol
tanks blowing up made him think World
War III had started. Another Councillor
said he would not have voted for the
project if he had known such a nuisance
was to result. The Director of the
Blackpool Cleansing Department said
the cars were set on fire at night
and early morning so that the contractor
could do the main job of disposing of the
cars. The contractor claimed that the
cars were not being burned except
accidently in cutting out the engines and
axles prior to baling. The residents
claimed that they thought the contractors
would just come along and crush the cars
and none of them would have agreed to the
work if they had known the nuisance which
would exist. A new baler was expected
which would bale the accumulated scrap
and clear the site in a few days. One
resident claimed that 400 cars had been
dumped and they were coming in thick and
fast. The residents do not object to
the completion of the job, if it is
understood that the job is then finished
for good.
61-0360
Car dismant].ers are not scrap metal
merchants. Waste Trade World, 110(18):
3, 1967.
In a test case decision at Bradford City
Court, the magistrates ruled that a group
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0358—0363
of car disnantlers were not scrap metal
merchants. A swnmons against Autowrex
Ltd., Bradford, under the Scrap Metals
Dealers Act 1964, for carrying on a
business as scrap metal merchants without
being registered with Bradford Corp.,
was dismissed. The court ruled that there
must be a buying and selling of scrap
metal to be caught by the section of the
Act in question, and that the purchase of
a motor vehicle still registered as such
and complete with a registration book was
not a purchase of scrap metal as defined.
The evidence of the case was that the
condition of the vehicles at the
purchasing stage was such that they had
not lost their original identity. About
a third of those purchased received
attention and were resold; the remainder
were dismantled and valuable spare parts
removed for sale. The unwanted residue,
about 5 percent was sold to a scrap metal
dealer. The court added that the local
authority night well feel that its
decision ought to be tested upon appeal,
so that a High Court may give a ruling
which will be binding upon Magistrates
Courts throughout the country.
67-0361
Car fragmentation plant opens next week.
Waste Trade World, 111(4):4, 1967.
Descriptions are given of the first
plants for the disposal of wrecked
automobiles which will soon start
operations in Britain: one in Lancashire
and one in the London area. Both plants
will use a Lindemann unit which can
handle a car or even a mini-bus in 15
seconds. The London area installation
will rely on squashed cars being brought
to them by individual companies. The
Lancashire unit will patrol Lancashire,
North Wales, the North Midlands, and
the West Riding of Yorkshire with six
mobile car squashers. They are adaptions
of an American 8-wheel articulated
trailer capable of carrying 60 cars
without their axles or engines. The
local councils have invited the company
to clear their area of abandoned cars.
Both plants will handle 2,000 tons a
week, one on a 24—hr—per—day basis and the
other on an 8—hr—per—day basis. The car
is sliced up between a 3,500 hp hammermill
and a serrated edge. While the pieces are
being flailed in an enclosed compartment,
the fabric and glass are removed by suction
as dust. The 4—in, pieces of metal,
which are removed through an 8-in, grill,
are cleaned of dirt by shaker, of
non-ferrous metal by a magnetic separator,
and of fabric by incineration or scraping.
After a final magnetic separation and
shaking, the material is discharged. The
processing cost for the Lancashire unit
will be hi per ton for electricity.
67-0362
Civic Trust National Conference on Civic
Amenities Act. Public Cleansing,
57(12):662-663, 1967.
The proceedings of a one-day national
conference on the Civic Amenities Act
at London on October 27, 1967 are
reported. One session of the conference
was devoted to the problems of disposal of
derelict cars and other bulky rubbish.
Two papers were presented, giving valuable
guidance to local authorities and other
concerned parties on the effects of the
Act and on methods of dealing with old
cars and bulky waste. Provisions by the
scrap metal industry for powerful new
crushing plants were welcomed. The
scale of the scrap metal industry and
the old car problem in Europe generally,
as well as the importance of high grade
scrap to the steel industry, were
discussed. A new car pulverizing plant
built by Proler Cohen Ltd. in London was
described. The plant, which cost 1= 1
million, can perform with 30 men the work
which cam be performed by 600 men using
conventional methods, and produces 1,000
tons of high grade scrap per day. The
disposal of old furniture, litter
collection, and the need for local
authorities to cooperate in establishing
joint schemes for refuse disposal centers,
were also discussed.
67-0363
Conference and controversy. Waste
Trade World, 111(2):47, 49, 1967.
In a review of the processing of scrap
automobiles, the suggestion is made that
car delivery vehicles be used for
collecting car wrecks since they travel
half their mileage unladen. The influence
of noise, dust, smoke, and public nuisance
in the selection of locations for the mass
conversion of cars into component scrap
is to be considered. The potential
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Automobile
67 0364
67-0366
Waste
uses of data processing machinery to
assist in the makeup of economic
mixed-furnace charges is to be discussed.
A review of the recovery of waste chemicals,
minerals, and oils by 5,000 British firms
indicates that 20 to 30 million tons
of recovered material is reused by
industry every year. Much of the trade
wastes dumped by industry are discarded
without knowledge of their value. Scrap
tires can be disposed of economically in
steam—raising rubber incinerators. Papers
are to be given on the possible use of
paper, wood, fruit, and vegetable matter,
as well as rags, in the building and packaging
industries. The control of air pollution
problems from melting oily brass and
aluminum swarf and the reclamation of
insulated cable by trapping the fumes is
to be one subject discussed. In addition
to technical recovery processes,
organization and handling methods are as
important to economic operations in the
scrap and waste industry as in the more
obvious applications of waste and
storage.
Costly beauty treatment for Colorado scrap
yards. Waste Trade Journal, 63(52):15,
1967.
Roadside automobile junkyards, a principal
target of the Federal highway beautification
campaign, are yielding to government
pressure at an increasing rate in
Colorado. The State is spending $143,000
on the beautification program this fiscal
year; of that sum, 15 percent is a Federal
allotment. Under the law, junkyards
within 1,000 ft of a Federal highway
iaist be screened or moved. States failing
to comply by January 1 may lose 10 percent
of their Federal highway allotment. The
States are required to use whichever
method is cheaper--moving or screening.
So far, six Colorado junkyards have been
a ved , one car at a time, by wreckers.
A seventh yard is scheduled to be moved
out of sight soon. Chain-link fences
are used for screening. To increase the
screening effect, strips of green and
brown aluminum are laced through every
other link of the fence. This costs
about $1.25 more a running foot than a
plain chain-link fence, which ordinarily
costs about $2.25 a running foot. A
solid fence would be imich more expensive,
for it would have to be made strong enough
to withstand the full force of windstorms.
67-0365
Council considers car graveyards.
Trade World, 111(16):17, 1967.
The problem of the selection and
landscaping of sites for abandoned car
‘graveyards’ is being considered by
certain local authorities in Great
Britain with the intention of making
strong recommendations to the Ministry
of Development to control the dumping
of old vehicles and to insure that
vehicle dumps do not become an eyesore.
Recent legislation in the United States
concerning the problem of such dumps is
described.
Creisler, J. Today’s pride and joy:
tomorrow’s refuse problem. Public Works,
98(1):65-68, 1967.
The problem of abandoned car bodies in
Del Norte County, California, is discussed.
Sources of car bodies, in order of
importance, are: the abandoned vehicle
left on public or private property; the
‘do-it-yourself’ wrecker who strips and
salvages, but does not clean up or remove
the worthless, leftover junk; and the
commercial dismantler who has no
profitable market for certain kinds of
scrap. The processing of abandoned
vehicles is a law enforcement
responsibility in this State. For
‘do-it-yourself’ wreckers, the law
allows an Individual to dismantle not
more than three personal vehicles in a year,
but does not provide for the cleanup or
removal of vehicles thus stripped. For
abandoned vehicles, a licensed dismantler
or commercial garage owner is contacted
to pick them up and store them on his own
property or in a public impound area.
However, due to the unfavorable demand
of commercial markets for scrap, the
facilities of such firms are saturated
with scrap vehicles, and pickups of
abandoned vehicles tagged by the law
enforcement agencies are no longer
feasible. A local program informing
the public how to get rid of scrap
vehicles had little effect. Legislation
was then passed by the State Legislature
but was declared unenforceable due to the
lack of legal definition for identifiable
and unidentifiable vehicles and to the
lack of a cross-reference to the Penal
Code. Finally, the authorization of
waste disposal sites met with some
92
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0364—0369
success, and at present there is one
supervised site in the County for the
public disposal of car bodies.
67-0367
Derrickson, C. F. Motor vehicle
abandonment in U.S. urban areas.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Mar. 1967. 51 p.
Questionnaires were sent to 395 cities
as part of a study to provide empirical
information on the extent of motor
vehicle abandonment in urban areas of the
U.S. Estimates show total abandonments
of 828,000 in 1965. Only about 10 percent
of retired vehicles are abandoned. Data
were also collected on backlogs of
abandoned vehicles, age of vehicles,
reasons for abandonment, methods of
locating, speed of removal, identifying
and contacting abandoners, lengths
of impounding periods, methods of
removal, disposal of vehicles, adequacy
of laws, and adverse effects of air
pollution on the junk vehicle problem.
It was recommended that city and State
laws provide clear authorization for the
removal of abandoned vehicles; that
vehicles be differentiated by value;
impounding periods be reduced so that they
do not exceed 30 days; that open burning
be allowed on a restricted basis; that
shredders be developed that do not require
preburning; and that incinerators be
developed for scrap processors. Data
taken from the questionnaires are
tabulated and the questionnaire form is
appended. Suggested State legislation
for abandoned motor vehicles is also included.
67-0368
Disposal of abandoned vehicles and other
refuse. [ Great Britain] Civic Amenities
Act 1967. chap.69. London, Her
Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1967.
p. 13-22.
The Act makes provision for the orderly
disposal of abandoned vehicles and
equipment and other rubbish. It is the
duty of a local authority to provide
places where refuse may be deposited at
all reasonable times free of charge by
persons who reside in the area of the
authority. This does not apply to refuse
that should be disposed of in the course
of a business. Any person who, without
lawful authority, abandons a motor
vehicle or other articles on any land
or on a highway, shall be guilty of an
offence. The offender will be liable
on summary conviction to a fine of an
amount not exceeding lOO. In the case
of a second or subsequent conviction,
the penalty will be a fine of up to two
hundred pounds or imprisonment not
exceeding 3 months, or both. When it
appears that a vehicle is abandoned, it is
the duty of the local authority to
remove the vehicle. A notice is affixed
to the vehicle (for a prescribed period)
stating that the authority proposes to
remove the vehicle for destruction on
the expiration of a prescribed period.
The council of a county borough or
county district, or the Greater London
Council may dispose of the vehicle in any
manner they think fit. If the vehicle
is claimed by the owner, he must pay
to the council such sums as used for its
removal and storage. When an article
is abandoned on the land or on a highway,
the lawful authority may remove the article.
The local authority is entitled to recover
the cost of removing and disposing of an
article from the person by whom it was
abandoned.
67-0369
Disposal of automobile scrap in Connecticut.
Hartford, Connecticut Development
Commission, Feb. 1967. 97 p.
The scrap processing and automobile
wrecking industries are summarized.
Conclusions are made concerning scrap
consumption and demand. Recommendations
for legislation and technological
development, and factors contributing
to the nationwide problem are presented.
Data on the scrap cycle is included.
Technological development and equipment, as
well as data on future scrap production
and price, are revealed. Connecticut
automobile wreckers and scrap processors
were surveyed. Other studies on auto
scrap disposal include: ‘Twelfth Biennial
Report of the Connecticut Legislative
Council,’ ‘Case Studies of the Factors
that Influence the Movement of Automobile
Scrap,’ ‘Ways to Remove and Process
Junked Car Bodies in a 38-County Area of
Eastern Kentucky,’ ‘Removal of Junked
Autos from the Miami—West Palm Beach Area,’
‘The Auto Junkyard Problem in
Municipalities,’ ‘Community Solid Waste
Practices,’ ‘Federal Grants to Survey Solid
Waste Practices,’ and a Connecticut Highway
Department survey. Hartford, Vermont,
New York, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee
93
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Automobile
have conducted similar studies. The
appendix contains a questionnaire for
processors, one for wreckers and a table
locating shredders in the United States.
67-0370
General recommendations. In Disposal of
automobile scrap in Connecticut. Hartford,
Connecticut Development Commission, Feb.
1967. p.B1B1O.
Efforts should be made to encourage
construction of smokeless incinerators
near baling presses. Funds for researching
means of removing and processing junked
automobiles are available from:
Connecticut Research Commission, Economic
Development Act of 1965, Solid Waste
Disposal Act of 1965, and U. S. Bureau of
Mines. An auto scrap disposal technologist
should survey the towns to determine the
number and location of junked automobiles
and encourage wreckers and processors to
buy the necessary equipment and to operate
efficiently. He should assist wreckers and
processors in obtaining loans or grants.
Planning agencies should locate shredders
and large baling presses in various parts
of the State so that auto bodies need not
be shipped over 25 miles to be processed.
The region around Hartford generates the
most scrap. A 35,000 to 50,000—car—per—year
capacity shredder costing under $500,000
should be installed by 1968. A 20,000—car-
per—year capacity shredder costing about
$350,000 should be installed in the
Central Naugatuck Valley and the
Torringtoir Winchester Planning Region by
January, 1970. Smokeless incinerators are
needed in New Raven and Bridgeport areas.
An electric furnace type steel mill which
uses 98 percent scrap metal should be
established. Prior to installation of
private disposal facilities, the towns
can rent a portable car crusher and
flatbed trailer to transport the bodies
to existing facilities in Connecticut
and Massachusetts. Data on distance
and cost Is given.
67-0371
Fast unloading--good prices. Waste
Trade World, 111(3):3-4, 1967.
The Proler plant in North London which
turns wrecked cars into low grade metal
of uniform size and cleanliness is
discussed. Such large quantities of
scrap are handled so efficiently that
upwards of lOs can be paid to
merchants bringing cars in. All light
iron from vehicles of any size able to
fit on the 8-ft-wide feeder belt can
be absorbed. Before processing, the
petrol tank and engine block are removed.
Cars can be delivered in any condition
although they are flattened before
processing. The Greater London Council
supplies a large portion of the plant’s
input capacity; however, merchants in
the Southwest and Midlands send cars by
rail. Cars from nearby areas are brought
by lorry. Imported U.S. cranes are used
for off-loading. Estimated time required
to enter the area, have 12 or so car
bodies removed, and the return across the
weigh bridge to receive payment is about
10 minutes.
67-0372
Fragmentation plant crushes cars into
pellets. Machinery Market, (3493):37,
1967.
A plant that fragments cars, stoves,
washing machines, and other light
machinery into pellets is described.
The plant, which is the first of its kind,
cost E500,000 and has been in experimental
operation a short time. Crab cranes feed
the scrap cars into a huge, box-shaped
receptacle with a ‘lid’ which comes down
under pressure. Whole cars, minus the
fuel tanks, tires, and engines, are fed into
the haimnerniill and fragmented into
thousands of teacup size particles.
Rubber, glass, wood, and nonferrous metals
are progressively eliminated as the material
passes over grilles and shakers. A
3,200 tip motor drives the hammers. In
addition to steel, metals such as copper,
aluminum, lead and zinc are reclaimed.
The plant also has six flattening machines
and a fleet of car ‘bashers’ which will
service an area where the number of cars
reaches a ininuinum of 200. The flattened
car bodies are then stacked on
transporters and conveyed to the plant.
The plant has dealt with 35 tons an
hr, but it can probably handle 50 tons
an hr. Although the present rate of
throughput is about 1,000 tons a week,
the aim is 2,500 tons a week.
67-0373
Fragmentation yields high quality scrap.
British Steelmaker, 33(12):35, 1967.
The first operational car fragmentation
plant in Great Britain is described. It
94
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0370—0377
is of Lindemann- ewell design and is
capable of producing up to five 500-ton
trainloads of first-sized scrap steel per
week. It reduces a vehicle to scrap
particles in 15 seconds through separation
and breakdown. Scrap is fed into the
plant by one of two Poclain TY45 mobile
cranes, one equipped with a grab and the
other with a magnet. The tires, engine,
and gas tank of a car are first removed;
the car then passes into the crusher unit
where it is broken up into fragments.
A magnetic separator and a screening unit
are used to separate out the nonferrous
material, and a kiln unit is used to
further purify the scrap metal. Recovered
copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, and steel
are claimed to be of the finest quality.
In addition, scrapyard sites can obtain
the services of a car-crusher which will
flatten vehicles to allow up to 60 car
bodies to be transported by road to the
fragmentation plant. The plant cost was
b500,000. The placement of three additional
fragmentation plants, now under construction,
to handle the growing problem of scrap cars,
is discussed.
67-0374
GLC plan for old cars. Public Cleansing,
57(3):134, 1967.
People are urged to bring their old cars
and other large metal objects to the
GLC assembly depots. From there,
they are removed by the contractors for
pulverization. Last year 35,000 cars
were disposed of by the London Borough
Councils out of a total of 170,000
which went f or scrap in Greater London.
It is estimated that by 1970 those
councils will be handling about 50,000.
67-0375
GLC proposals on disposal of abandoned
motor vehicles. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 130(3939):25, 1967.
An item on the disposal of abandoned
motor vehicles, which appeared on the
agenda of the Oct. 25 meeting of the
Works Committee of the London Boroughs
Association, is reported. Under new
legislation, local authorities can free
their districts of abandoned motor vehicles
by arranging to have them disposed of.
Methods of doing so are discussed.
The City Corporation and London Borough
Councils (the present refuse collection
authorities), along with the GLC
(the refuse disposal authority) will have
powers under the Act. Ownership inquiries
and financial arrangements are mentioned.
67-0376
Jablonowski, E. J., M. C. Roth, and
R. W. Hale. The removal and utilization
of junked automobiles in Eastern Kentucky;
final report. Columbus, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Mar. 1967. 70 p.
Abandoned automobiles on or near public
roads and junkers located in small and
remote yards in 36 counties in the
Appalachian Region of eastern Kentucky
were considered in the study. The
primary objective of the study was to
restore the natural beauty of the area,
increase employment opportunities for
local residents through the collection
and disposal of obsolete automobiles,
and increase utilization of the materials
from obsolete cars. The research
procedure involved a review of published
information, interviews with key personnel
interested in the problem, and
observations of the problem by extensive
travel through the study area. Information
obtained from the study included:
estimates of the processing facilities of
the scrap industry in the area; estimates
of the magnitude of the junk-car problem;
identification of the complexities of
scrap transportation, junk-car values,
location, and density; scrap processing
equipment and operating costs; the
pattern of scrap movement; type and
number of existing programs; and the
feasibility of recommended plans for
the removal of junkers. A plan of
collection and disposition was
recommended whereby the resources of the
Kentucky State Highway Department,
the labor resource of Work and
Experience Program personnel, and
nominal capital equipment needs would
provide the basis for the clean-up
program. Appendices include information
and data on transportation, including
rail rates, the junked-car field survey,
and scrap-processing equipment.
67-0377
Jablonowski, E. J., N. C. Roth, and
R. W. Bale. Collection and utilization
of junk cars--a recommended solution. In
The removal and utilization of junked
automobiles in Eastern Kentucky; final
report. Columbus, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Mar. 1967. p. 43 - 70 .
95
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Automobile
It was concluded that no junker removal
and utilization program appears to be
economically selfsustaining. A program
was recommended that would utilize labor
personnel of the Work and Experience
Program, one of several federally supported
War on Poverty programs. The abandoned
automobiles would be disposed of
immediately by sale to scrap processors.
A program of collection, storage, flattening
and truck transport to the scrap processor
has merit in addition to being the
program of lowest net deficit. With a
junker accumulation of 5,000 cars per
year, it is estimated that the recommended
program must be maintained for at least
3 years. The total cost of the program
is $35,417. Other approaches which could
be used to supplement the primary
recommendation include: legislation;
education of the public; bounties of up
to $10 per car to encourage collection
of abandoned cars; subsidizing of
collectors’ and scrap processors’
activities; use of junked automobiles
in work projects such as erosion control;
socio—econornic development of the area;
research on uses of scrap; and upgrading
of scrap quality.
67-0378
Kurtzweg, J. Regulation of auto wrecking
yards. Seattle, Puget Sound Governmental
Conference--Puget Sound Regional Planning
Council, Mar. 1967. 31 p.
Problems associated with auto wrecking
yard operations are discussed and possible
means of regulation to counter some of
these problems are offered. First a
broad overview of some of the problems
encountered in disposing of inoperative
motor vehicles is given, which provides a
basis for consideration of material which
deals specifically with the regulation of
the location and operation of the automobile
wrecking yard. The definitions of the
following terms are offered to clarify
the difference between various land uses
mentioned: scrap processing operations;
junkyards; automobile graveyard; and
automobile wrecking yard. A list of
sources is appended which covers
publications issued by national
conferences, the Federal Government,
and the States of Pennsylvania, Colorado,
Illinois, Tennessee, and Washington.
67-0319
Kurtzweg, .3. Summary and recommendations.
In Regulation of au.to wrecking yards.
Seattle, Puget Sound Governmental Conference--
Puget Sound Regional Planning Council,
Mar. 1967, p.iv-vi.
The following recommendations were made:
Research aimed at making auto scrap a
more competitive raw material should be
continued and expanded. Certification of
wrecking yard location by the local
planning body should be a prerequisite
to granting of a State license. Sanctions
for violation of wrecking regulations
should be included within the State
motor vehicle laws. Roadside controls
should be established along all highways
within the State of Washington. Zoning
should be used to specify the location,
setback requirements, and performance
standards for wrecking yards, scrap
processing facilities, garbage dumps
and sanitary landfills. Titling procedures
should be simplified to facilitate the
disposal of vehicles. And air pollution
controls should be established on a
region-wide basis.
67-0380
Latest lap in car wreck race.
World, 3(9):4, 1967.
Waste Trade
Although Fragmentation Heckett Bird Ltd.
has already put cars through their derelict
processing plant at St. Helens, the first
in Britain to be in quantity production
will be W. C. Jones and Co. Ltd, at
Waltham Cross, just outside of London.
The latter firm is having a trial run
and expects to have their plant working
at capacity from their stock of
derelict cars soon after the Bank
Holiday. The only difference between
the plants is the financing. The W. C.
Jones and Co. financed themselves, while
the Fragmentation Heckett Bird Ltd. is a
consortium including the Bird Group and
the Spencer Works of Richard Thomas and
Baldwins Ltd., which guarantees their
market. The Jones plant, capable of
processing 60 cars an hr, still does
not have a basis for prices they can offer,
although there is a tentative offer of
.5 per car including the front and back
axles, but not the tank, engine, and
tires. The uncertainty as to price
results from both plants being the first
examples of the sophisticated Lindemann
version of the basic Newell process,
and it is not known how often a shutdown
will be required to rebuild the hammers.
In a Newell plant in the United States, hammer
repairs which take 4 hr are required for
96
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0378—O 384
every 8 hr of use. It is hoped that
experimentation with hammer weights will
cut down on the hammer repair. Jones will
riot be in the market for car bodies until
they use up a month’s stock, and by that
time they may be able to establish a
price. Once the trial period is over
they plan to make appeals for car bodies
by television.
67-0381
Lindemana car shredder plants to operate
in Britain. Public Cleansing, 57(10):
520-521, 1967.
Two Lindemann Newell car shredder plants are
expected to be operational by the end of
the year: one at St. Helens, Lancashire,
and the other at Waltham Cross, Herts. A
model of the shredder plant is provided.
The 20—ft--long feeding bed has a lid which
flattens the cars and a hydraulic ram
pushes the cake into the shredder where
the car is turned into fist-sized pieces
of scrap. In tests so far, cars
have been reduced in an average of 15
seconds per car. This new system of
fragmentizing cars yields scrap of the
shape and quality which has been requested
by the steel industry for a long time.
67-0382
London’s first mass scrap car processing
plant. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
129(3919):25-6, 1967.
The Proler-Cohen bl million mass scrap
car processing plant, which will be
operational in the late fall with a
capacity of 1,500 cars a day, is described.
The location at the British Railways shed
and sidings area is being developed in
cooperation with the British Railways.
In addition to unwanted cars, the plant
will deal with difficult scrap such as
bathtubs, refrigerators, and castings,
and the whole 1 ,000 tons a day will be
shipped by rail to the steel plants.
The Proler continuous, fully-automatic
process needs only 26 men including
maintenance and office help. Lorries
and trailers with scrap cars and
miscellaneous light iron will be
off—loaded with two pedestal cranes.
The cranes straddle the 8—ft—wide—apron
conveyor which drops the cars 40 ft into
the disintegrator which in a few seconds
reduces them to fragments. The fragments
will pass through dirt and metal
separation operations before the clean
scrap is automatically charged into
16-ton rail wagons. The noise is
negligible and atmospheric pollution is
controlled by an efficient filtration
system. The company hopes to have local
authorities in the Midlands and the
southwest ship scrap cars by rail. Wich
a simple flattening press costing under
l,000, the cars could be pancaked
and loaded on rail-freight trucks for
shipment to the Proler site. The
original of the plant has been in
operation for some time in the United
States. This plant will be the largest
in Europe when completed and the scrap
steel will be of the highest quality,
fist-sized, and free of non-ferrous metals,
nonmetallics, dirt, and grease.
67-0383
Markets for scrapped autos. American
City, 82(1):111, 1967.
A technique to make auto scrap more
acceptable to iron foundries by removing
the copper from it is being studied by
the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. under an
$18,000 contract from the Department of the
Interior. This could reduce the number
of autos abandoned on city streets.
67-0384
New moves to beat scrap car menace.
Waste Trade World, 110(5):3-4, 1967.
At a conference called to deal with
the problems involved in dumping old
cars in Lindsey, Lincs, it was decided
to study five aspects of the problem:
(1) the number of vehicles requiring
disposal each year, including future
projectioms; (2) the requirements which
are necessary throughout Lindsey for
dealing with this number; (3) location
and suitability of existing scrap metal
storage disposal sites and possibilities
for additional land; (4) legal and
procedural problems; and (5) financial
implications. The Greater London Council
has invited bids for handling about
170,000 cars annually, probably rising
to 250,000 by 1970. Various companies that
are in the process of settimg up plants
which would convert large numbers of old
cars into scrap are described, including
the Cohens with the Proler plant, W. C.
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Automobile
Jones and Co. with the Lindeinann-Newell
car breaker, and Manchester Corporation
with a Mosely Snippy arid two small presses.
67-0385
New scrap processing plant. Waste Trade
World, 11O(12):4, 1967.
A new plant for the fragmentation of scrap
metals, which will reduce a complete car
to pieces no larger than a tea cup in
30 seconds, is to be developed and operated
at a former railway wagon sheet works at
St. Helens, Lancashire. British Rail has
sold an 8-acre site to Fragmentation
Heckett Birds Ltd., of Stratford-upon-Avon,
which will install a new type of plant to
process old motor cars and industrial
and domestic scrap into clean, dense
material. An output of 2,000 tons per
week from the new plant will be sent in
trainloads to steelworks in the United
Kingdom or to ports for export. The site
sale was completed recently at British Rail
headquarters in London, when contracts
were signed by Mr. Philip H. Shirley,
vice-president of British Railways
Board, and Mr. W. T. Bird, Jr., managing
director of Fragmentation Heckett Birds
Ltd., and the Bird Group of Companies.
The plant will be conveniently sited to
deal with abandoned vehicles in Lancashire,
Yorkshire, the North Midlands and North
Wales. After initial treatment the
material will be passed through eight
separate automatic processes, including
a rotary furnace, washers, shakers and
mechanical separators, finally emerging
as high purity steel scrap, non-ferrous
metal, and ashes. The installation will
be electrically operated and controlled and
the giant hammerinill, which will
fragmentize complete motor cars, will be
driven by a 3,500 hp electric motor.
Birds has plans for several similar
installations in other parts of the United
Kingdom. The new plant will be situated
a short distance from St. Helens Junction
station and, when fully operational, is
expected to provide work for about 50 men.
67-0386
Old gravel pit for junk car disposal.
Public Works, 98(1):132, 1967.
During a clean-up program on the
reservation of the Colville Confederated
Tribes in the State of Washington, many
junked automobiles were found. More
than 600 cars were disposed of and
the dump was covered with an earth fill,
after the Washington State Highway
Department offered an old gravel borrow
pit near Keller as a dump site. The
Tribal Council offered $1 per car to
stimulate the program and avoid the
question of car ownership.
67-0387
Plant, law, Hp, may change scrap tar
problem. Waste Trade World, 111(13):4-5,
1967.
The authorities in Glasgow have appealed
to car owners not to abandon old cars,
but to drive them to one of the city’s
disposal depots. This is the first
reported action taken by any local
authority under the Civil Amenities
Act in effect since July 27, 1967, which
provides for a blOO fine for abandoning
a car. Glasgow has an average of 30 cars
abandoned a week, but the number is
increasing and the liberalization of
installment terms in Great Britain is
expected to increase activity in the
secondhand car market and thus the number
of abandoned cars. A publicity campaign,
based on editorials in the local press
and possible employment of advertising,
is being used to persuade people to
consider the possible LlOO fine and
abandon their cars by more orthodox
methods. The Greater London Council is
still debating the best procedure for
enforcing the new Act in view of a contract
with the new Proler plant of the George
Cohen 600 group to dispose of all vehicles
found in the Greater London Area. The
Proler plant will not be in full operation
until the end of the year. In Birmingham,
with up to 400 cars a year abandoned on
the streets, the cars are kept up to 4
months unless dismantling has started.
In this case, pictures are taken to
provide a record in case of claims, and
the gas tank is filled with water to
protect children from mischief. As
a matter of civic responsibility, owners
should turn their cars in to the disposal
depots before they have been stripped on
the streets.
61-0388
Quality scrap from waste cars. Iron
and Steel, 40(12):474-476, 1967.
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0385—0 39 1
The first fully-operational plant in
Great Britain for converting waste cars,
stoves, and washing machines into high
grade scrap for steelworks is described.
Scrap is loaded into the compression box
on the hananermill by a crane using a
cactus grab. The lid of the box is then
lowered, which flattens and compacts the
scrap into a slab. Hydraulic rams then
push the slab into the hammers thich
reduce the bulk to pieces about the size
of a fist. These pieces drop onto a
shaker conveyor which separates out the
small pieces from the large. Ferrous
material is separated by a magnetic drum
separator and is deposited on a conveyor
for transport to a rotary burner which
removes traces of non—metallic material
trapped in the hammered pieces. This is
immediately followed by a second magnetic
drum separator which lifts the clean
ferrous pieces onto a conveyor for
carriage to the railway wagons in the
adjacent siding. Disposal of nonferrous
and other material from the shaker bed and
dust and fluff from all stages of operation
is described. In addition to the
production of good quality steel scrap from
waste, the use of this process allows the
recovery of many thousands of tons of
nonferrous materials. The plant is
capable of providing up to five 500-ton
trainloads of scrap each week with a
density of about 76 lb per cu ft arid its
initial cost was b5,000,000.
67-0389
Results of U.S. study on automobile
dismantling. Waste Trade Journal,
63(52):14, 1967.
Results of a U.S. Bureau of Mines study
of classification of metals and non-metals
found in cars ready to be scrapped are
reported. Each car was weighed and
thoroughly steam-cleaned prior to
dismantling. The weights and types of
metals and nonmetals within each car were
determined by dismantling and doing a
chemical analysis of samples of the
engine, transmission, body, chassis
components, and accessories. The major
nonferrous metals in automotive scrap
are copper, aluminum, nickel, zinc,
chromium, and lead. The average weight
and composition of metals and nonmetals
obtained from five representative cars are
tabulated. A conservative estimate of
the worth of the various metals is given.
67-0390
Roth, N, G., E. J. Jablonowski, and
R. W. Hale. The removal and utilization
of junked automobiles in southeastern
Florida. Columbus, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Apr. 1967. 31 p.
The increase in total automobile
population necessarily involves a
proportional increase, in the number of
used cars and junked cars. The blight
caused by the junked cars tends to be
greatest within urban areas as they
continue to grow. This study encompasses
the three counties of Dade, Broward, and
Palm Beach in southeastern Florida.
The objectives of the study were
definition of the size and location of
the problem; methods and effectiveness
of present approaches being used to
remove the cars; and determination of
immediate and long-term solutions to
the problem. The primary reasons for the
accumulation of the cars were found to be
antipollution and zoning controls on
the collecting and initial processing
of cars, and the lack of effectiveness of
present approaches to collecting and
disposing of cars. Solutions to the
problem are given, including: an
amendment to present antipollution and
zoning laws to permit controlled burning
and processing of junked cars; direct
subsidizing of collectors and haulers
in picking up, transporting, and stripping
of junked cars; and support of educational
programs to promote community pride and
beautification. A recommended program
for handling abandoned cars is given. The
appendices include methods of collecting
and disposing of junked cars in the area
of study, and a general description of the
designs and operations of the ‘Carbeque’ and
shredding equipment.
67-0391
Roth, M. G., E. J. Jablonowski, and
R. W. Hale. Characteristics of the study
area. Junk automobiles in urban areas.
Effects of pollution and zoning controls.
In The removal and utilization of junked
automobiles in southeastern Florida; final
report. Columbus, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Apr. 1967. p.4-l4.
The study area consists of the three
counties of Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach
on the extreme southeast coast of Florida.
Some of the various changes that have
contributed to the problem of junked and
abandoned automobiles include: an
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Automobile
increase in automobile registration of 25
percent over the past 5 years; an increase
in less skilled and lower income workers;
and a reduction in the availability of
land and subsequent increases in land
values. Field studies indicate that the
greater accumulations of junked and
abandoned cars are in low-income residential
areas or result from the activites of
low-income groups. The blight caused by
the unsightly hulks is particularly
detrimental to the area because of the
importance of tourism. The estimated
total accumulation of junked and abandoned
cars in the study area was 13,000 to
16,500. From field interviews and
observations, it was determined that the
largest single concentrations of junked
cars are in the lower income sections of
Miami and Ft. Lauderdale. In general,
each of the three counties and most of the
incorporated areas have ordinances against
burning, and these controls have seriously
limited the normal activities and
effectiveness of the scrap industry in the
study area. Laws restricting the location
of certain important segments of the scrap
industry have also limited their activities
in southeastern Florida.
610392
Roth, H. C., E. 3. Jablonowski, and
R. W. Hale. Present methods of removing
and disposing junkers and results. Other
methods of disposal. Scrap industry and
activities in the area of study. In The
removal and utilization of junked
automobiles in southeastern Florida;
final report. Columbus, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Apr. 1967. p. 15 - 26 .
The scrap industry in southeastern Florida
is concentrated in the major urban areas
along the coast. It was estimated by
representatives of the scrap industry
that less than 300 operations are now
collecting and stripping cars. The scrap
industry in the area is capable of
processing 5,000 to 6,000 tons of auto
bodies per month. The primary outlet
for the automotive scrap is the export
market. There is also a domestic market
for automotive scrap in Tampa. Very few
shipments have been made to Tampa from
the Miami area because the costs of
transportation limit the attractiveness
of Tampa as a market. The prinicipal
reasons for the decline of the scrap
industry in the area are the declining
market demand and prices, and the controls
and restrictions imposed on the industry
by the cities and counties in the study
area. The total costs for collectors
of just the stripping operation are well
over the revenues received from processors
for the stripped body. Additional costs
and, more often, the intangible operating
limitations imposed by zoning controls have
been a major factor in the reduced
activities of collectors and haulers.
The greatest difficulty, however, is in
the collection and initial processing of
junked cars. Other activities of the
scrap industry in the study area are
discussed.
61-0393
Scrap and waste conference and
exhibition. Iron and Steel, 40(1O):397-399,
1967.
A paper, ‘The Processing of Worn-out and
Redundant Automobiles,’ presented by
A. Cooper at the Scrap and Waste
Conference and Exhibition, is summarized.
The auto-wrecker first removes from old
cars any reusable parts that can be
sold and then compresses the body shell
to a height of about 12 in. in order to
make up a heavy load. The five methods
of processing presently being used for
the bulk of scrap cars throughout the
world are described. The methods are:
(1) open burning, oxyacerylene cutting,
manual cutting, and hand stripping; (2)
baling by means of mobile presses; (3)
incineration and baling; (4) incineration
and shearing; and (5) fragmentation or
shredding. Comments concerning advantages
and disadvantages of each method are
made. The end products are briefly
described and the steelmaker’s requirements
are considered.
670394
Scrap cars--7 million buyers wanted.
Waste Trade World, 110(5):12-13, 1967.
The problem of disposing of scrap cars
in Great Britain, as well as in other
countries, is considered. The number of
scrap cars will be increasing dramatically
over the next few years, yet because the
breaking up process to separate the raw
materials and produce a saleable ‘clean
scrap’ is an expensive process, the cars
have very little salvage value. Several
ways of processing the car once it reaches
the breaker’s yard are described. The body
shell can be burned out before it is cut up
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0392-0397
by hand and crushed or baled for easy
transportation to a steelworks, or the
car can be torn to pieces automatically
before baling by such machines as the
Mosely Snippy, which rips at the body
with metal teeth. Another way is to
feed the cars into machines which do the
whole process, reducing the cars to
small-size separated scrap, such as
the Lindemann-Newell car breaker, the
Proler plant, and the Bulldog Shredder.
The portable Al-Jon Type 66-11 car
crusher, which can reduce more than 20
cars an hr to 6 in. plates, Is currently
being demonstrated in France, Plants in
France, Japan, and the United States are
described, as well as the seriousness of
the problem in each country and steps
being taken to deal with it. The decline
in both the price and demand for ferrous
motor scrap in Britain is discussed.
67-0395
Settino, F. A., and E. J. Stofka.
Treatment of molten automotive scrap to
reduce copper content; final report.
Pittsburgh, PPG Industries, 1967. 10 p.
The work comprises a feasibility study
to assess the results of melting automotive
scrap and treating the metal to reduce
copper content under production conditions
existing at a typical small foundry.
Compressed scrap automobile hulks were
sheared into 150 lb pieces, melted
in a cupola, and the product metal
containing approximately 0.4 percent copper,
was pigged. These pigs were remelted
in a cupola, and the molten metal was
treated with chemicals to produce a
copper sulfide-bearing slag. Although
metal yield was as low as 52 percent in
the first attempt, changes in operating
conditions with increasing experience
improved this, and it is felt that
ultimately, recovery of better than 90
percent could be attained. Experimental
data and illustrations are appended.
67-0396
Settino, F. A., and E. J. Stofka.
Objective, conclusions, and recommendations.
In Treatment of molten automotive scrap
to reduce copper content; final report.
Pittsburgh, PPG Industries, 1967. p. 1 - 2 .
The objectives are: to determine recovery
and metal quality produced by melting 100
percent automotive scrap in a cupola; and to
determine effectiveness of copper removal
by treating remelted automotive scrap
with a slag produced from sodium sulfate,
sodium carbonate, and sulfur. The
conclusions are: The reduction of
the copper level in cast iron can
readily be accomplished through the use
of a relatively high ratio of a sulfide
refining slag to metal and with complete
and continued mixing of slag and metal;
and a number of problems encountered
during the melting of 100 percent automotive
scrap can be associated with the lack of
experience at PPG Industries with this
type of melting. The specific problems
are discussed. It is recommended that
investigation of slag-metal mixing on
a large production scale be done. The
results in mixing with compressed gas
were particularly favorable. In a
cupola of the present design, melting
of 100 percent automotive scrap is at best
a difficult operation and probably not
economically feasible. In melting this
scrap, a cupola which could accept a whole
automobile bundle is preferred since
shearing these bundles produces a more
open, less dense charge material which in
turn leads to problems in air blast and
melting control.
67-0397
Settino, F. A., and E. J. Stofka.
Experimental work. In Treatment of
molten automotive scrap to reduce copper
content; final report. Pittsburgh, PPG
Industries, 1967. p. 2 - 10 .
A total of 92 automobiles were crushed
and sheared into 150 lb slabs; no cars
over 10 years old were used. Prior to
crushing, the engine, transmission,
radiator, battery, starter, and generator
were removed and the automobiles were
burned to remove combustibles. The
interior heater and the majority of copper
wiring was left to provide copper in the
product iron. Sodium sulfate, sodium
carbonate, and sulfur were used as well
as additives such as silicon briquettes,
soda ash flux briquettes, and calcium
carbide. The experimental procedures are
outlined. A total of 102,700 lb of scrap
was charged, and 53,570 lb of pig iron
containing 0.4 percent copper was recovered.
If the recovery had been as high as 75
percent, the resulting copper level would
be of the order of 0.2 percent since
virtually none of the copper is lost on
melting. Subsequent experiments in the
production facility confirmed that sodium
lot
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Automobile
sulfide slag will reduce the copper content
of cast iron. Specialized equipment,
including a slag—metal mixing device and
exhaust blowers to remove the fumes, and
the higher than normal slag requirement,
must be considered in evaluating the
process.
67-0398
Shredding proposed as only way to process
abandoned vehicles. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):47, 1967.
The controversy over the Greater London
Council’s proposed 5-year contract is
described. The fragmentation or shredding
called for in the new contract is termed
discriminatory and unfair to processors
using a different system for breaking
vehicles. However, this method is cited
also as the most advanced for treated scrap
cars, having a large throughput and
needing fewer operators for a given weight.
Another point of contention is the
publicity, cited as misleading, which had
caused the public to think that the scrap
industry is unable to deal with the scrap
car problem. One suggestion offered was
the use of new car delivery trucks for
scrap haulage.
670399
Thoughts on car processing.
World, 111(17):1113, 1967.
Waste Trade
was an increase of 2,000 over the 1965
figure.
67-0401
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Summary. In
Automobile disposal, a national problem,
U.S. Bureau of Mines Special Publication
No. 1-67. Washington, U.S. Department of
the Interior, 1967. p.7-19.
Data compiled in the Bureau of Mines
survey of the auto wrecking industry and
the ferrous scrap processing industry
are tabulated and discussed. There
appears to be an adequate market for
automotive scrap if price and quality
competition is met. Shredders have been
successful in processing automotive
scrap in some areas. Another approach
to the quality problem might be the
development of a method for removing
copper and other residual contaminants
by metallurgical means. Changing
technology in scrap processing, changing
levels of national economic activity, and
changes In automotive design and material
specifications all have an effect on
automobile scrap accumulation rates.
Transportation is also an important
element in vehicle disposition. Existing
laws and regulations or enforcement
practices have a predominant influence on
movement and disposal facilities.
Questions and answers following a paper
on processing abandoned automobiles,
which was presented by A. Cooper in
conference at the Scrap and Waste
Exhibition, are reported. General areas
covered in the questioning include: the
disposal of gas tanks; the fragmentation
or shredding process; the separation of
non-ferrous material; the acceptable
percentage of copper content in steel;
changes in the scrap industry in terms of
plant size and machines used; U.S. hammer
mills; and the price of shredded scrap
compared with that of ordinary scrap.
67-0400
2,000 increase in abandoned cars.
Refuse Removal Journal, l0(3):43, 1967.
Exactly 23,795 abandoned cars were removed
from New York City streets in 1966. ThIs
67-0402
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Auto sales and
scrappage. In Automobile disposal, a
national problem. U.S. Bureau of Hines
Special Publication No. 1-67. Washington,
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1967.
p.21-22.
The number of new vehicles sold increased
from 6.6 million in 1954 to 11 million in
1965. The number of vehicles scrapped
increased from 4.4 million in 1954 to 6.8
million in 1964. For the past 10 years the
scrappage rate has averaged about 7 percent
of total vehicle registrations. Because
trucks have more of a utilitarian value
than automobiles, and truck styling does
not change at short intervals, they are
kept in service longer. Date are given in
tabular and graphic form.
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0398—0406
67-0403
U.S. Bureau of Mines. Ferrous scrap
markets. In Automobile disposal, a
national problem. U.S. Bureau of Mines
Special Publication No. 1-67. Washington,
U.S. Department of the Interior. p.23-30.
The technical and economic aspects of the
processes and industries involved in
ferrous scrap marketing and consumption
and the factors that influence the
movement of automotive scrap are
highlighted. The principal markets for
ferrous scrap are in the United States, with
the steel industry the largest of all
consumers and the foundry industry the second
largest. Domestic scrap and industrial
scrap, both of known composition, are
preferred by steel mills. Methods are
available for the preparation of
automotive scrap suitable for feeding
into almost any type of furnace, but
market volumes in the competitive area
often do not justify installation of
the necessary equipment. If the price
of automotive scrap were to stay
relatively the same and the copper content
were reduced, it would be bought in
preference to other grades of scrap.
Outside the United States, West Europe
is the largest single scrap-consuming
area, with West Germany the largest
consumer of iron and steel scrap at 20.8
million metric tons in 1964. Other
foreign markets reviewed are: Japan,
Taiwan, South Korea, and other Far Eastern
countries; Canada and Mexico; India and
Turkey; Argentina and Chile; Republic of
South Africa, Rhodesia, Ghana, and Egypt;
and Australia.
67-0404
U.S. Bureau of Mines. The autowrecking
industry. In Automobile disposal, a
national problem. U.S. Bureau of Mines
Special Publication No. 1-67. Washington,
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1967.
p.31-40.
Scrap processors estimate that they obtain
about three-quarters of their junk vehicles
from the more than 10,000 auto wreckers in
the United States. The autowrecking industry
serves as a gathering place for unwanted,
useless wrecked vehicles and as the source
of used or rebuilt parts. In larger cities,
autowrecking yards are located in or near
industrial zoned areas while in suburbia
many yards are located in commercial and
residential areas. The transportation of
vehicle hulks, operation of yards,
equipment used, metal recovery, and
preparation of vehicles for disposal to
scrap processors are discussed in detail.
67-0405
Vertical vs. hammer crushers. Waste Trade
World, lll(l8):9, 1967.
An account of the questions and answers
following a paper given at the Scrap
and Waste Exhibition Conference on the
treatment of swarf in the engineering
industries is reported. Questions are
centered around the vertical type of
turning crusher, in contrast to the
hammer type, and include advantages,
operation, cost, and use in the car
industry.
67-0406
Vogely, W. A. Abandoned and scrap
autonobiles. In L. Weaver, ed.
Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management
for Metropolitan Washington, July 19-20,
1967. Public Health Service Publication
No. 1729. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office. p.51-60.
The Bureau of Mines’ 1965 survey of
automobile disposal is discussed. The
study showed that in the areas surveyed
there was one car to every 2.5 people.
The junk inventory was 510,000, of which
73 percent was in auto wreckers’ hands, and
the remainder abandoned. The study also
showed that the junked automobiles which
move into the industrial flow (ending
in the sale and reuse of scrap metal)
through the auto wreckers are accumulating
at a low rate. The factors governing
the accumulation and disposal of junk
cars are discussed. They differ widely
from area to area. Cars must be stripped
and stored, and ferrous, non-ferrous,
and non-metallic parts must be separated.
Combustible nonmetallics are burned.
The operations of scrap collectors,
processors, and brokers are described
as well as are the influence of transportation
costs, location of large scrap processing
Lacilities, and sale of salvage parts on
the car scrap market. Legal aspects of
car disposal are discussed. Other Bureau
of Mines activities in waste disposal are
briefly described; e.g. studies of waste
disposal in mining nnd processing
operations, and studies of methods for
sampling and analyzing municipal
103
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incinerator residues (conclusions of this
study are given). A method for
utilizing steel scrap to release iron
from nonmagnetic taconite is outlined.
Several Bureau of Mines research grants
are listed.
COMPOST/COMPOSTING
61-0487
Answers to a mayor’s questions about
composting. Compost Science, 7(3):20-21,
1967.
Four equipment manufacturers replied
to questions about compostthg. When
asked if the process involved incineration,
Fairfield said only to reduce the volume of
the 10 percent inorganic material used
in a landfill. Metropolitan Waste uses
hot dry air for drying the compost.
Gruendler uses incineration in a plant
operating on reduction. None of the
equipment-makers knew of a 600 ton per
day plant in successful operation. All
agreed that sewage sludge is not
necessary to produce a fertilizer of
marketable quality. There are holes in
the composting equipment, but foul odors
are not emitted because ample oxygen is
forced through the waste material to
prohibit the mass from becoming anerobic.
The odors associated with incoming
garbage are immediately dissipated when
garbage enters the shredding operation
and the aeration program begins. The
grinding equipment can be located inside a
building with sufficient insulation so that
the noise level will be acceptable. To
accommodate the 10 percent inorganic
refuse, Fairfield specifies five acres
of landfill for each 100 ton per day of
municipal waste. The compost plant
is in an area 250 by 350 ft. A 100 ton
per day plant can serve 40,000 to 50,000
people. Metro Waste uses 5 acres for
a 150 ton plant and one to 2 acres for
each additional ton. International
Disposal’s 100 ton-per-day plant is located
on a 3.2 acre site, although the city
donated 6 acres.
67 -0408
Baddeley, D. C. Engineering equipment
used in fully-mechanized composting.
Compost Science, 7(3):22-25, 1967.
Coinposting must result in an innocuous
product and be nuisance-free in operation.
The refuse is retained at 600 C for
pasteurization and to promote aerobic
decomposition. Before refuse enters the
fermentation units, non-coinpostables are
removed by handpicking or magnetic
extraction. After pulverization, water
or sewage sludge is added to bring
moisture content to 50 percent. Air is
injected through pipes for aeration. The
Boggianco-Pico plant in Cairo has
fermentation in concrete tanks with
perforated floors to allow drainage and
aeration. Several plants use three to
eight-floor digestors. A different type
of unit is the Dano Biostabilizer
horizontal rotating drum. Air is injected
through pipes. The rotation of the drum
tumbles the refuse which macerates itself--
a process aggravated by the addition of
moisture. In the ‘Fermascreen’ process
maceration and water addition occur
simultaneously in the hexagonal drum.
Opening the covering door screens allows
air exchange The compost is further
refined by reshredding. A 5 to 8 week
maturation reduces the carbon-nitrogen
ratio from 40 to 15. There are about
200 compost plants in the world. One
third practice only maceration followed
by windrow composting. Costs range
from bl,900 to h3,500 per ton of daily
input.
67-0409
Barth, H., and F. W. Brauss. Investigations
into the hygiene of fast composting in a
rotting tower. Staedtehygiene, 18(4):79-85,
1967.
In the composting process organic material
is decomposed by microorganisms. There
are various methods of composting. There
is the ‘Baden-Baden’ system where the
waste is piled up in a heap. After 6
weeks the pile is turned. After 6 months
composting is complete. The waste can go
into the heap either crushed or uncrushed.
With the Dano method the waste ferments
in a rotating drum. The decomposition
requires only 4 to 7 days. And finally
there is the ‘multibacto’ method. By
this method the waste decomposes as it is
slowly passed from shelf to shelf in a
rotting tower. The composting plant in
Heidelberg, Germany, operates according to
the multibacto method. The plant is
briefly described and illustrations are
given of the process. The waste goes
first to a storage room from where it
passes to a magnetic drum which separates out
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0407—0412
all iron parts.
rubber, metal,
from the waste
and passed to the rotting tower. The
capacity for survival of salmonella
in the rotting tower was tested. The
waste was innoculated first with Serratia
marcescens germs and when it was found
that the temperatures arising through the
fermentation process had killed then,
salmonella were mixed under the waste.
They were also killed by the temperatures.
(Text -German)
Boulder, Colorado passes second compost
ordinance. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(2):46, 1967.
Boulder, Colorado, contractors complained
because they were required to dispose of
refuse they collected by taking it to a
composting plant. The cost was higher than
that charged for a private landfill.
67-0411
Brown, V. Compost process. In Proceedings;
Solid Waste in Urban Environments——a
Community Action Seminar, Houston, Mar.
9, 1967. University of Houston. p.48—51.
The Metropolitan Waste Conversion
Corporation has constructed and is
operating a compost plant to serve a
portion of the City of Houston’s garbage
collection. Under contract to Houston,
the plant will accept and process no
less than 300 tons per day on a 6-day
basis. Since paper constitutes such a
large portion of the solid waste collected,
large portions of shredded paper have
been separated with the help of an
airlift and have been burned in a specially
designed furnace. The remaining material
of ‘wet’ and other heavy materials, which
do not lend themselves to ready combustion
are much more adaptable for composting.
The feasibility of a double system in a
disposal plant, employing incineration for
the highly combustible material and
composting for that portion which lends
itself most easily to the cornposting process,
is easily recognized. Ferrous metal cans
are extracted mechanically. Some paper is
selectively hand- picked and sold into the
secondary markets. The s stem also absorbs
important quantities of Houston’s sewage
sludge output. The sludge is introduced
into the ground material and, by mechanical
mixing, is used to raise the moisture
level of the aggregate to approximately
60 percent before it is introduced to
the digesters. The digesting system
is comprised of long tanks into which
the ground aggregate is fed by conveyor
belts, and which are so constructed that
large quantities of air can be vented
through the 8—ft deep mass. Within
approximately 30 hr, a rapid temperature
rise takes place which finally reaches
the 155 to 175 F level. After a 5— to 6—
day digestive period, the material is
removed, ground, and screened.
67-0412
Burger, G. Hygienic recommendations
for the planning of composting plants.
Hygiene, 13(4):258-260, 1967.
In order to protect the surrounding
communities, composting plants should
be located at least 500 m from community
establishments, at least 100 m from
frequented streets, and 1,000 in from food
processing plants and water supply works.
The prevailing wind direction should
be taken into consideration. It is
recommended that only a few, but centrally
located, composting plants be established,
surrounded by spacious grounds to provide
space for later extension and reserve
storage. The coinposting plants should
also be located in the vicinity of a
sewage plant, and should include dump
sites or combustion plants for the
disposal of non-compostable waste material.
Six years prior to putting the composting
plants into operation, geological,
hydrological, chemical, and microbiological
subsoil examinations should be performed.
After a suitable site is located, large
trees should be planted around its
circumference to a depth of 15 in, to
create a suitable buffer between the
plant and the surrounding area. The
maximal groundwater level should be
located at least one meter below the
site-sole. If the soil contains
appreciable amounts of pebble, coarse
gravel, and rubble, the groundwater
should be protected by the addition of
loam, clay, plastic foil, or pavements.
For stack-type or pit-type composting
plants the heliocentric axis should be
taken into consideration. Space should
be provided for a small laboratory and
rest rooms. (Text-German)
On a conveyer belt,
and glass parts are removed
which is then crushed
67-0410
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Compost! Composting
67-0413
Burger, G. Investigation of composting
of municipal wastes in a rotting chamber.
Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Hygiene
urid Ihre Grenzgebiete, 13(3):192-196,
1967.
Infectious niinicipal wastes can be
disinfected by modern rapid composting
only if the correlation between the
temperature of decomposition and
the duration of effectivity of this
temperature in days (d), as given by the
function for disinfection, is g4aranteed
(for bacteria of the TPE group the
minimal limit of t is supposed to be
higher than 43.3). On this premise the
respective investigations revealed a
superiority of the rotting chamber
procedures, as compared to stack-composting.
The process of compost rotting of municipal
wastes in closed rotting chambers is
completed under a stronger self-heating
of the wastes than with the stack-procedures.
Higher maximum temperatures are reached.
At the same time, bigger compost volumes
are exposed to the influence of intensive
heating. It is recommended to use
heating installations so as to guarantee
the disinfecting effect for the
colder season, and to be able to heat the
cooler marginal zones of the rotting
material. The development of heat is
impaired by the addition of ashes to
the rotting material. For the rotting
chambers tested correlations between the
ashes content n (%) and the maximum
rotting temperature t max (t A =
external temperature) were found. Using
the function for disinfection, these
relations enable the expert to fix the
ashes content maximally admissible for
epidemic-hygienic reasons. Accordingly,
up to (4.25 times t A + 10) percent ashes
are admissible for the experimental
chambers tested, if all points of the
rotting material are to be heated to
50 C for at least 43 hr. (Text-German)
67-0414
Burger, C. The melting test--a simple
method for determining the decontamination
of aerobic compost. Zeitschrift fuer
die Gesamte Hygiene und Ihre Grenzgebiete,
13(7):483-484, 1967.
The rate of deactivation of bacteria by
composting depends on the type of
pathological bacteria, coinposting
temperature, composition, etc. It has
been found that heating of the compost,
even for a short duration, to 55 C,
deactivates Mycobacterium tuberculosis
completely. This has been proved in
38 test series conducted over 5 years.
The following simple test was designed
for determining whether the compost was
deactivated. A test tube containing
cotton wool and crystals of a substance
melting at 55 C (e.g. 4-ainino-diphenyl,
2,5-dichloronitrobenzene, etc.), is
immersed in the compost. When the
crystals have been absorbed in the cotton
wool, the compost may be considered
decontaminated. (Text—German)
67-0415
Composting municipal waste. Environmental
Science 6 Technology, l(2):lll, 1967.
The TVA is studying the possibility of
cotnposting municipal refuse and sewage
sludge to produce soil conditioners and
create a new outlet for refuse disposal.
The $750,000 project, financed by the
Public Health Service, is scheduled to
begin operation this spring.
67-0416
Decomposing solid waste by compostirig.
Environmental Science & Technology,
l(S):37l, 1967.
The availability of nitrogen in waste
materials may be the limiting factor
in their decomposition. Research on
this idea is being conducted at Battelle
Memorial Institute’s Columbus Laboratories
using a specially designed, hand-fabricated
fermentor.
67-0417
Editorial reflections- - compost and its
problems. Public Cleansing, 57(3):114-116,
1967.
In reference to the charge that there
has been no research in the field of
composting, several examples were
quoted by the publishers. Tests were
carried on at Edinburgh School of
Agriculture on lead, zinc, and copper;
at Sanbury Composting Plant, on levels of
toxicity; and large scale experiments by
the States of .Jersey, concerning the
response and growth of crops and
estimation of soil analysis. Due to lack
of interest and unsteady market, many
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0413—0421
composting plants end up as pre-treatment
plants for refuse. There has been no
enthusiasm about composting as a means
of land restoration or as a means of
refuse disposal either. Composting
is only a partial answer and more
concentrated interest in technical
problems is needed. In America, such
investigations form part of the research
program on solid wastes which is operated
by the Federal Government.
67-0418
First at Epsom. Public Cleansing,
57(9):504-507, 1967.
A new pulverization and composting plant
at Epson, England, which was put into
commission on July 3, 1967, is described.
The new plant consists of six Fermascreem
units and is the first of its type in
Great Britain. The design and operation
of the plant are described in detail.
During the operation, rags, paper, and
ferrous material are salvaged and baled.
The refuse is initially contained within
the Fermascreen for approximately 30
minutes, during which tine the Fermascreen
is rotated, and water is added to break
down the material. After this breakdown
period, the hinged doors are opened and the
machine automatically screens out all
materials of less than 2 in. in size. At the
end of the screening period, the reject
doors are opened to reject the material
which is nonadaptable to treatment. The
plant is electrically driven, being
controlled from a central panel
situated beneath the picking section in
the Fernascreen house. Dust extraction,
using a wet deduster, is incorporated in the
scheme, and large trade waste refuse and
bulky wastes are burned in a hand-fed
incinerator. The pulverized material
is transported to the dumping site for
disposal.
67-0419
Gray, K. R. Accelerated composting.
Compost Science, 7(3):29-32, 1967.
In nature, plant remains are spontaneously
decomposed and transformed into humus
under aerobic condition. Rates of
decomposition of plant constituents
vary greatly. Composting disposes of
waste products in a hygienic and efficient
manner and also provides humus for the soil.
Research is being conducted to: survey
existing plants in the United Kingdom and
United States; appraise microbiological
interactions; and to have experimental
runs on a rotating drum conposter
and a small isothermal reactor. The
majority of plants in the United Kingdom
are of the Dano Biostabilizer type. In
the experimental runs the reactor is a
horizontally mounted drum of
hexagonal cross-section. One side is
a door for filling with fresh material.
Moisture content is adjusted to 50
percent. The material is pulverized by
rotating the drum for 2 hr, then
fermentation and aeration take place.
The carbonaceous feed material consists
of a mixture of plant remains, leaves and
paper. The success of composting will
depend on the ability to provide a
financial return.
67-0420
Harding, C. I. Recycling and utilization.
In L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the
Surgeon General’s Conference on Solid
Waste Management for Metropolitan
Washington, July 19-20, 1967. Public
Health Service Publication No. 1729.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office. p.lOSll9.
The technology of composting is examined.
Refuse preparation and product upgrading
is briefly described using the plant at
Johnson City, Tennessee, as an example.
Three mechanical systems are described in
detail- -the Fairfield system, the
International Disposal Corp. system, and
the Metrowaste system. Schematic flow
diagrams are given. Costs, energy, and
manpower requirements are compared.
The salvage market is discussed. Prices
of various salvage materials are given.
Compost marketing and the financing of
plants are also discussed. An appendix
gives a calculation of area required for
a windrow composting plant serving a
population of 100,000.
67-0421
Hart, S. A. The proof of the compost
pudding is in the utilizing. In Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Developmeng, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. B- lU.
Failure of composting operations in the
United States is due largely to inadequate
107
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Compost/Composting
outlets for the compost. An analysis of
successful composting plants in Germany
shows that composting accounts for
management of wastes from only 400,000
of the 55,000,000 residents of West
Germany. Almost the total volume is used
for vineyards, city parks, home gardens,
and market fruit. Proposed research into
expanding the use of compost into more
general agriculture, into the
appropriateness of the German practice
of incorporating sewage sludge into the
compost, and into use of compost or
shredded raw refuse in rural,
non-agricultural areas is discussed.
67-0422
Hodges, C. R. Composting operations
begin at Houston. Compost Science,
7(3):17—19, 1967.
A $1.75 million compost plant is operated
in Houston, Texas, by Lone Star Organics,
Inc., a subsidiary of Metropolitan Waste.
It handles 300 tons of refuse daily,
6 days a week. Metro Waste utilizes the
city’s sewage sludge to provide moisture
and beneficial bacteria for the waste
being processed. Refuse is discharged
into live hoppers. Salvageable material
is removed. Inert non-compostables and
non-salvageable items are removed for
disposal by landfill. Size of compostables
is reduced by grinding. After being
mixed with the sewage sludge, the mass
moves to the digestor. Air is injected
by pressure. After 6 days of digesting,
the material is conveyed to the finishing
area with temperatures of up to 1,200 F.
The compost is sold to nearby rice
farmers and citrus growers.
67-0423
Houston forces compost plant shutdown.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(7):6, 36, 1967.
Municipal officials, acting on hundreds of
complaints about odors wafting from the
facility owned by United Compost Service,
Inc. in Houston, have stopped delivering
city-collected refuse to the plant, which
is located on city-owned land in a
residential neighborhood. Neighbors
had sought to prevent the plant’s
construction and then its operation
during the 6-day period of trial runs.
A second 300-ton composting plant,
owned by Metropolitan Waste Conversion
Corp., which utilizes raw sewage
sludge, is still in operation, although
there have been many complaints about
it, too. Construction of a third plant,
contracted to be built by Norco, does not
appear likely, and a high-pressure
incineration plant, to be operated
privately, has not been built. United
Compost estimates the company has
invested $1.5 to $2 million so far; the
original agreement was that the City
would pay $3.47 per ton of refuse
delivered, for up to 300 tons daily. The
city council’s leading proponent for
composting plants admits that the
Houston program is in trouble.
67-0424
Houter, P.J., and D. W. Stoip. Sale of
municipal refuse compost in the
Netherlands. In Proceedings; INTAPUC
Ninth International Conference, Paris,
June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing.
p. 111-130.
The compost industry in the Netherlands
was developed after World War II when
fertilizers were rationed. In 1967 there
were 16 compost plants in the Netherlands.
The market for horticultural and recreation
uses has become far greater than the
agricultural market, necessitating finer
quality composts, free from sharp
particles. Peat compost and freshly
ground domestic refuse are also produced
for these newer, more profitable markets.
Sales and promotion methods are discussed.
Charts and graphs show market growth,
compost use, and distribution and price
changes.
67-0425
Johnson & Anderson, Inc., and Ducker
Research Co. Economic feasibility study
for refuse and sludge composting plant,
Riverview, Michigan. Nov. 2, 1967. 61 p.
Supported by a grant from the Public
Health Service of the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Johnson & Anderson,
Inc. investigated the feasibility of
composting the solid wastes of River-view
and other communities comprising the
Detroit Down River area. The total cost
of producing the compost in a 300—ton—
per—day plant, including disposal of
excess compost, is estimated at between
$8.47 and $9.40 per ton of refuse. Income
that can be expected from salvaging and
from sale of compost is estimated at
108
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04 22—0428
$6.74 per ton of refuse. It is expected
that an additio ial income of at least
$1.00 per ton of refuse can be expected
from the sale of compost after 2 or 3
years of successful plant operations.
A map of the area; resumes of capital
costs, operating expenses, plant costs,
compost transportation costs, and data on
income from salvaging; and data on
population and refuse produced are
included.
67-0426
Johnson & Anderson, Inc., and Ducker
Research Co. Marketing study for compost.
In Economic feasibility study for refuse
and sludge composting plant, Riverview,
Michigan. Nov. 2, 1967. p.25-61.
A marketing study for the sale of compost
was researched by Ducker Research Company.
A brief history of composting and the
problems of existing compost plants are
reviewed. It was concluded that a
specialized market does exist for an
annual production of 25,000 tons of
compost to be manufactured in Riverview,
Michigan, providing the marketing effort
is given the same precedence as the design
and construction of the plant. There
appears to be a market for low-priced
organic soil conditioners, low-priced
fertilizers containing pelletized compost,
and organic base fertilizers made by
the Lind Process with fibrous compost
bulk. Compost would only be used as
landfill until the development of these
markets is completed. Data for consumption
of organics and conditioners in Michigan
and estimated nonf arm fertilizer
consumption by regions and states are
tabulated.
67-0427
Ream, J. H. Composting. Colorado
Municipalities, 43(10):247,256,257,
1967.
The refuse is first separated in a
salvage operation. The remaining organic
matter is ground and permitted to
decompose, thus producing humus.
When a composting plant was built in
Boulder, Colorado, haulers boycotted it
because of the rate (60 cents a cu yd).
Since unique wind problems and soil
conditions hindered operation of a
sanitary landfill, a direct city contract
with the plant operators had been formed
and since conposting is a means of disposal,
rates were set accordingly. All the
compost the Boulder plant has produced
(2,500 tons) has been sold. Odors,
flies, and rodents are eliminated.
Incoming refuse is dumped into a receiving
hopper. Salable items are salvaged.
Remaining refuse is ground and windrowed.
Within 24 hr,aerobic bacteria action starts
and tlie temperature rises to 90 F. Moisture
is added, and the temperature reaches
170 F. Before bagging, the material is
screened. The dark-colored humus material
end-product looks like loam soil. Adding
sewage sludge should improve the economy
of the process. Boulder has applied to
the federal government to construct, on
a demonstration basis, a $1.1 million
facility.
67-0428
Leicester’s new composting plant now in
operation. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 130(3940):42, 1967.
Leicester’.s new composting plant,
adjacent to the new sewage treatment works,
one of the largest in Europe and the
only one in Britain with integrated
treatment and disposal of all the household
sludge and refuse of a single city, is
described. The plant has six Dano drums,
85 ft long and 11 ft 6 in. in diameter.
After sorting the household refuse, the
organic waste and a predetermined
proportion of sludge from the neighboring
sewage works is fed into the drums
where the mixture is continuously
tumbled. Air is injected, causing the
temperature to build up to the required
130 F to promote rapid decomposition.
The mixture remains in the drums for 4
or 5 days and after being discharged
is further screened for items that
cannot be composted. The stabilized
material is then stored in the open and
mechanically turned, aerated, and
watered, becoming a soil conditioning
compost of high quality. The installed
Capacity of the plant is 3,000 ky—a,
consisting of 3 transformers, with control
largely from a central room in which there
is a flow diagram of the whole installation.
All motors are started direct on lime, the
largest ones being 200 hp mounted on three
pulverizers. The six stabilizer drums,
grouped in three pairs, are powered by
80/40 hp two-speed motors for running the
109
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Compost! Composting
drums fast during the day and slow at
night. Six 40 hp motors drive air—cleansing
equipment, and other motors, exceeding
150 in number, drive conveyors, magnetic
extractors, fans, pumps, balers, etc.
67-0429
Marciszewska-Szoplik, N. A new method
to determine the ripeness of compost
based on carbon dioxide assay. Gaz,
Woda I Technike Sanitarna, 39(8):275-278,
1967.
A new method to determine the ripeness
of compost based on carbon dioxide assay
is discussed. Isermeyer’s method (Z.
Pflanzeneraehrung, 56:101, 1952),
originally intended only to measure the
respiration of the soil and to determine
its carbonates, was modified for use in
trash and garbage disposal. Solid waste
in larger Polish cities is worked into
compost in which 50-g samples of the compost
used and carbon dioxide development is studied
for 140 days. Types of garbage vary greatly
in behavior, some producing the gas quite
slowly, others producing it quickly and
in larger volumes. Compost prepared
according to the method described is
ready for use after gas generation from
a 50—g sample has stabilized at 28 to
34.7 mg carbon dioxide per 24 hr, which
usually occurs after 90 to 130 days.
(Text—Polish)
61 -0430
Municipal compost plant, Auckland:
investigations and development. New
Zealand Engineering, 22(8) :332-333,
1967.
A paper describing the establishment of
a pilot composting plant at Auckland,
New Zealand, by C. A. Hutchinson (New
Zealand Engineering, 21:12, 509-17,
Dec. 1966) is discussed. As the result
of initial findings from the pilot plant
and overseas investigations, the final
system selected was a combination of
composting, incineration, and sanitary landfill
The twin cylinder Dano composting plant
that was installed is described and operating
costs are given. Under optimum conditions
for bacterial action (optimum moisture
content, aeration, and agitation), the
natural length of the first stage of
fermentation was 5 days. An increase
of time in the biostabilizers did not
result in any greater breakdown. The
lengthening of the S—day period could
not replace later maturing in the windrows,
where the mate ia1 has to reach 150
F to break down to its final earth-like
consistency. Incineration was
considered a desirable method of
disposal, although there was no cheaper
method than sanitary landfill when
short haul dump sites were available.
The bacteria in the refuse were of the
thermophilic type and depended for
propagation on their supply of oxygen
with no acceleration or starter.
67-0431
New hope for composting. American City,
82(4):45, 1967.
A grant from the Office of Solid Wastes
has been given to the Columbus Laboratories
of Battelle Memorial Institute to study the
role of nitrogen-converting microbes in
composting. Factors to be investigated
include: aeration rates; acidity;
temperature; and the effect of fat and oil
content. By studying the ecology of the
nitrogen cycle during composting, Dr.
Knuth, who heads the research team, hopes
to suggest modifications in solid waste
treatment processes to make the natural
process more efficient and improve compost
quality.
67-0432
Prescott, J. H. Composting plant converts
refuse into organic soil conditioner.
Chemical Engineering, 74(23) :232-234,
1967.
The operations of a composting plant
that mixes refuse with primary sludge
from a sewage facility in Houston
are described. The odor-free plant now
turns 300 tons per day of the city’s
garbage and refuse into an organic soil
conditioner. The $2-million plant was
originally designed to handle domestic
refuse, but only a relatively small
percentage of the material is actual
garbage, because of extensive use of
garbage disposals in homes. The
composition of a typical sample of feed
material is given. The various steps in
the plant’s operation, with accompanying
diagrams, are described under the
categories of manual sorting, preparing
the compost, and digestion and final
processing. The processed compost is
gray and has a texture similar to that
of peat moss. If allowed to bypass drying,
110
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0429—0435
the material gradually turns black and
assumes the texture of a rich topsoil.
Although used as a soil conditioner,
the compost has a nitrogen, phosphorous,
potassium ratio of 2:1:1, slightly better
than steer manure. Consumption of
electricity runs to 200,000 kwh per
month and that of gas fuel for the
dryer is about 1—million cu ft per
day. The plant has a master—control
board that enables one man to monitor
every processing step on closed-circuit TV.
67-0433
Problems beset composting. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(7):12, 1967.
While there is more interest in refuse
disposal by composting today, there is
little evidence of success. In Houston,
three 20-year contracts were signed with
privately operated facilities, but only one
contractor who processes 300 tons of waste
daily appears likely to continue. In
Mobile, Alabama, the city-owned composting
plant is back in operation after a
5-month shutdown. Florida is the scene
for several composting ventures,
including an experimental plant at Large,
a major operation at St. Petersburg,
one under construction at Gainesville,
and one under consideration for
Jacksonville and Miami. There are several
dismal economic factors in the marketing
future of composting; the history of
compostirig abroad is not conducive to
optimism either.
67-0434
Prochal, P., S. Polak, and A. Schoenowitz.
Effects of preliminary utilization of city
refuse in Cracow. Gaz, Woda I Techeike
Sanitarna, 40(2):57-62, 1967.
Based on West German experience and
economic literature (Pfieffer, Straub),
the Municipal Council of Cracow decided
to adopt composting in the disposal of
city refuse and to build a modern
corsposting plant in the Podgorze section
during 1966 to 1970. A pilot compacting
plant was established on 3 ha in
Podgorze, and operational data for the
1961 to 1963 period is provided.
Altogether, 19 piles were built from
city refuse unsorted except for the separation
of metal and glass during unloading. Piles
were 6 to 20 in long, 2 to 3 in wide and
1.5 in high, with a concave top into
which water and sewage were poured.
Inside, temperatures were taken every
3 to 5 days and figures 2, 3, and 4 show
temperature averages of piles established in
1961, 1962, and 1963, respectively. Initial
and terminal temperatures were 36 to 44 C,
with a 51 to 66 C range during the peak
of the biothermal process. Composting is
divided into four phases lasting 97 days
in all: pile formation and beginning of
the biothermal process for 27 days;
intensification of the process for 45 days;
maturing of the compost for about 25 days,
and storage. Volume of refuse processed
(about 3% of Cracow’s total) and volume of
compost obtained were, in cu m : 3,750 and
1,098 in 1961; 5,145 and 1,516 in 1962;
and 6,450 and 1,909 in 1963. Chemical
compost values are given in Table 2 and
Figure 1. Total 1962 Cracow volume of
refuse suitable for composting amounted
to 210,000 cu in. Assuming that 22,500 cu
in can be processed on 1 ha by the field
composting method, Cracow would need at
least 9.5 ha for its future composting
plant. (Text-Polish)
67-0435
Prochal, P., A. Schoenowitz, and S.
Polak. Preliminary agricultural effects
obtained by processing composts from the
municipal settling tanks of Krakow.
Gaz, Woda I Technike Sanitarna, 41(9):
300-304, 1967.
Compost containing 18.5 percent organic
material was applied to fields which were
overgrown with weeds, to fields from which
root crops were harvested and which had
lain barren for some time, and also to
vegetable plants. The results are
presented in tables, in which the costs
of the compost (90 zloty per long ton) and
the difficulty or ease of application are
taken into consideration. It is concluded
that the compost does not act solely on
the basis of its chemical analysis, but
also by biothermal processes, i.e. it
develops heat during its decomposition.
Best results were obtained with beets,
where the yield was raised by 28.5 percent,
whereas in the case of winter harvested
crops given the sane amounts (200 quintals
per hectare), the yield increased by
only 12.5 percent. Larger amounts, such
as 600 quintals per hectare, furnished still
better yields; beyond this figure, still
larger amounts of compost are wasted. On
the basis of these preliminary experiments,
the best results (up to 150 percent increase
I11
-------
Compost/Composting
in yield) were obtained with very high
doses of compost applied to cauliflower,
cabbage, celery, carrots, beets, and parsley;
the cost of obtaining such results lies
between 5,000 and 70,000 zloty per hectare.
(Text—Polish)
67-0436
Pulverising the Tollemache way. Public
Cleansing, 57(2):68-70, 1967.
In February, Hadfields Limited purchased
controlling interest of Tollemache
Composting Systems Limited. During
1966 one static plant was sold to
Dorking and Honey R.D.C. Their machine
has an output of 15 tons per hr and requires
one operator at the control bridge. It is
an asbestos-clad framed building with
bricks to 6 ft high. The refuse lorries
back into the building, tip refuse onto
a plate feeder which raises it (unsorted)
into the pulverizer. After pulverization,
it is fed into a bulk transport vehicle of
35 cu yd capacity or 10 to 11 tons with a
density of 5 to 6 cwt per cu yd. Only
1/2 percent of the refuse fed into the
machine is rejected and these are mostly
heavy metals. The cost of installation
is b25,000 complete. Running costs are
l per ton of refuse pulverized for
ha er wear and the same for electricity.
All internal parts of the pulverizer are
protected by replaceable or anti-abrasive
wear plates. The layout of the plant was
designed by Mr. P. Caldwell. A semi-mobile
plant is designed for cities who may
wish to move their pulverizer from one tip
to another. The plant consists of a
ballistic separator pulverizer, powered
by a Dormans 6LBT, 165 horsepower diesel
engine and has a capacity of 15 tons per hr.
The material produced can be used for
compost. The plant can be housed and
can be moved in 2 or 3 days.
67-0437
Ramin, E. Determination of size of
stack sites for refuse composting.
Zeitschnift fuer Hygiene, 13(11):
826-828, 1967.
A method of determining mathematically
the size of stack sites for refuse
composting is described. The size of
stack sites for composting depends
primarily on the quantity of refuse
to be coniposted annually, on the height
of the stacks, on the rotting time, and
on the shrinkage which occurs during the
rotting process. When determining space
requirements, room for walks and
additional stack space required
during rotting delay should be
taken into consideration. Values are
stated for shrinkage and rotting duration,
and the calculations are illustrated
by an example. (Text-German)
67-0438
Refuse plant in city park. Public
Cleansing, 57(ll):570—575, 1967.
The $1,500,000 refuse reclamation plant
in St. Petersburg, Florida, which has
the capacity to process up to 305 tons
of refuse daily, is described. The plant,
operated by International Disposal
Corporation, is located on a 3.2 acre
site in a city park and provides efficient,
nuisance-free disposal of city refuse.
Disposal of 31 ,200 tons of refuse a year
is accomplished at a cost to the city of
$3.24 per delivered ton. Operation of
the plant involves both manual and
automatic removal of salvageable items
such as metals, and the well controlled
biological breakdown of the remaining
material into an organic compost. The
5—day decomposition process produces
from the refuse a clean and acceptable
material useful as a natural soil
conditioner. Both compost and salvaged
materials are marketed by the company
in the St. Petersburg area. The many
automated features of the plant help keep
operating costs low, Key components of
the reclamation system are a patented
grinder which handles the difficult task
of reducing a heterogeneous material to
particles of uniform size, and the patented
digester process which gives maximum
control of the environmental conditions
required for optimum decomposition of the
wastes into an organic compost free from
harmful microorganisms. The process and
equipment are described in detail and the
plant is illustrated by means of a
flow diagram. The final compost has less
than 20 percent of the volume of the
original refuse; it has a chemical
analysis of approximately 1 percent
nitrogen, 1 percent phosphorous, and 1
percent potash, with the complete range
of trace minerals in smaller but significant
quantities.
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0436—0441
61-0439
Refuse pulverization and composting at
Epson. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
129(3918):16-17, 1967.
The new pulverizing and composting plant
installed by the Borough of Epson and
Ewell, which has six Fermascreen units, is
described. The refuse vehicles dump
directly into a 120-cu yd hopper. After
removal of bulky items unacceptable to
the plant, the refuse is elevated to
the sorting and picking area where various
types of salvageable material, with the
exception of tins and other ferrous metal,
are removed by hand. After picking, the
refuse is discharged to the Fermascreens
(illustrated) by the belt conveyor tripper
(also illustrated). The Fermascreens
are fitted with wire mesh screening panels
covered by an automatically operated door.
After 30 minutes rotation in the Fermascreen
with water to break down the material, the
door is opened and the machine screens
out all materials smaller than 2 in.
After screening, the large pieces of wood,
plastic, rubber, and stone are removed
through the reject doors. The pulverized
and reject material passes by conveyor
under an overhead electromagnetic separator
which discharges the ferrous metals by
chute to the metal baling press. The
pulverized and reject material is then
conveyed to storage for delivery to the
vehicles for transfer to the dumping area.
The conveyors are enclosed and exhausted
to wet dust collectors to control the
dust. The metal baler has a capacity of
6 tons a day and the rag baler of one ton
a day. Seventy tons of refuse are
collected daily from a population of 72,150,
and final disposal is in a chalk pit close
to a residential area.
67-0440
Spitzer, I. F. Composting works in
Houston. American City, 82(10):9799,
1967.
Metropolitan Waste Conversion Corporation,
under contract with the City of Houston,
Texas, is operatimg successfully a compost
plant which treats 300 tons of mixed
residential and commercial refuse daily,
six days a week. Advantages to the city
are: (1) Savings of $1 per ton are
realized over landfill or incineration
disposal. (2) Sewage sludge can be
utilized. (3) The contractor rents the
land from the city and pays taxes on his
plant. (4) The operation is clean and
not injurious to health. Site selection
is important, since occasionally an odor
problem develops, which, however, can be
solved if the populace is tolerant and
patient. Since marketing the product is
still the key to success, the company
has initiated research and development
projects in regard to the bagging and
storing of compost, the marketing and
distribution of salvageable material
(textiles, aluminum, etc.), and the use
of the compost product (e.g. as fertilizer,
for hydromulching). The compost product
after final grinding sells for $12 per
ton in bulk shipments, with no upgrading.
The material will be marketed in more than
one grade, since it can be upgraded both
physically and chemically.
67-0441
Splittstoesser, D. F., and L. M. Massey.
Irradiation of composts used in propagation
of agaricus bisporus. Applied Microbiology,
15(3):646-649, 1967.
tlnpasteurized horse manure composts were
given radiation doses of 0.1 and 1.0 Nrad
in an attempt to increase mushroom yields
by eliminating competing microorganisms.
Yields were enhanced by 0.1 Mrad but were
lower than those obtained with
heat-pasteurized composts. Composts
subjected to 1.0 Mrad gave the lowest
yields, probably because of the generation
of ammonia and other toxic compounds. Only
temporary changes in the predominant
microflora could be detected as a result
of ionizing radiations. Figures and
tables show: the effect of radiation and
subsequent incubation on mesophillic and
thermophilic populations in compost; the
effect of mushroom spawn on mesophillic
microbial plate counts; the effects of
irradiating composts on subsequent
mushroom yields and on water-soluble
nitrogen content of compost; and the
effect of radiation and subsequent
incubation on distribution of microbial
groups in compost. It was concluded that
yields were lower than those prOvided by
pasteurized composts because the radiation
doses did not eliminate competing
microflora and did not effect other
changes favorable to the mushroom.
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Compost/Coniposting
67-0442
Straub, H. Technical status of the
treatment of municipal refuse with a view
to its use in agriculture. In Proceedings;
INTAPUC Ninth International Conference,
Paris, June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing. p.79-110.
Treatment of municipal refuse for use in
agriculture must allow the complex organic
matter to be broken down for plant
assimilation, while eliminating material
harmful to plants and livestock. The
biological process of composting is
outlined and flow charts of various
cotnposting processes are given. Composting
methods discussed are: composting in
windrows without prior preparation of the
raw refuse, followed by screening and/or
crushing of the compost product; composting
in windrows with prior preparation of the
raw refuse without subsequent treatment
of the compost product; primary
composting in fermentation cells followed
by composting in windrows; and composting
in fermentation cells with prior crushing
of the raw refuse, followed by composting
in windrows.
61-0443
TVA-PHS to study composting. APWA
Reporter, 34(7):25, 1967.
TVA and the U.S. Public Health Service
will soon begin operation and research
at a composting plant at Johnson City,
Tennessee. An $8,000,000 plant, owned
by PHS and built and operated by EVA,
will be used to seek solutions to
problems that have been encountered by
composting plants in other parts of the
country. TVA has a 7—year contract
to operate the plant, which initially
will require 11 men to operate it and
in normal operation will produce about
25 tons of compost daily.
67.0444
Undertake compost research project.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(1):41, 1967.
Columbus Laboratories of F.attelle Memorial
Institute under a grant from the Office
of Solid Wastes is identifying the
numbers and kinds of nitrogen-cycle
microorganisms which thrive in compost.
Factors to be investigated include
aeration rates, acidity, temperature, and
the effect of fat and oil content.
67 -0445
Wild, H. E. Computers and composting.
[ Gainesville], University of Florida,
1967. 21 p.
Data available from the Metropolitan Waste
Conversion system for composting as used at a
Gainesville plant were used with a computer
to determine the total costs of composting.
Several other types of composting plants are
described and the same type of procedure
could be used with modifications necessary
to each type of unit. The computer program
is included in the appendix and the results
of trying every variation in size and
equipment used for the system are given.
The use of the computer to select the best
design based on cost is considered feasible
and practical. Various suggestions are
given for further research into the depth
to which compost can be piled and air
requirements of the process. Printouts
of the information derived from the
computer analysis are included for three
variations in plant design giving
the seven most economical designs for
capacities of from 50 to 1 ,000 tons
per day in multiples of 50 for each
design.
67-0446
Wild, H. E. Composting processes. In
Computers and composting. [ Gainesville],
University of Florida, 1967. p.l-16.
The theory of composting is briefly
considered and diagrams and descriptions
of the Fairfield Hardy, Tolleinache, and
Dano Bio-stabilizer processes are given.
These are all horizontal processes. The
John Thompson and Naturizer processes,
vertical methods in which the mixing of
the refuse takes place by virtue of its
falling from one level to another by
gravity, are also diagrammed and described.
The Ferniascreen and Metropolitan Waste
Conversion schemes are called stationary
processes because mixing and aeration of
the material is accomplished in a
stationary drum which discharges the
fermented material. These processes are
diagrammed and described.
114
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0442—0451
67-0447
Wild, H. E. Program description. In
Computers and composting. [ Gainesville],
University of Florida, 1967. p. 17 - 20 .
A computer program was devised for the
Metropolitan Waste Conversion system,
for which data were available from the
Gainesville composting plant, to
determine the size and configuration of
this process giving the best economy.
Three configurations are considered and
the best equipment sizing designs for
each capacity from 50 to 1,000 ton per
day capacity in multiples of 50 are given.
The program and printouts are included
in an Appendix.
67-0448
Wiley, J. S., and C. R. Soya. Comprehensive
studies in survival of pathogenic
organisms in compost. In Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. E-15.
The United States Public Health Service
(Solid Wastes Program) and the Tennessee
Valley Authority have constructed a
research and demonstration plant to
compost the mixed refuse and sewage sludge
collected by the city of Johnson City,
Tennessee. Quantitative recovery studies
of relatively low levels of such
pathogens and indicator organisms as the
coliforms, fecal coliform (approximating
Escherichia coil) Staphylococcus,
Salmonella, Bacillus cereus; the
enteroviruses, His topiasma capsulatum,
Entamoeba histolytica, and Ascaris
lumbricoides will be undertaken to
determine the health aspects of composting
refuse and sewage sludge. Present
indications are that the mixed refuse in
a combined collection system by the city
results in an average amount of 265 cu
yd or 57.5 tons per day with daily
fluctuations of plus or minus 53 Cu yd per
day or plus or minus 11.5 tons per day. The
primary sewage treatment plant serves
approximately 85 percent of the population
or 28,900 and pumps raw sewage sludge to
digestion tanks at an average rate of
26,700 gpd. It is estimated that the
sludge averages only 1.06 percent solids
content on the basis of 0.0817 lb per Capita
per day of primary sludge.
PROCESSING/REDUCTION
67-0449
Bag tearing machine. Tonindustrie
Zeitung und Keramische Rundschau,
91(4):141-142, 1967.
A bag tearing machine has been developed
by Johannes Moeller Co., Hamburg,
West Germany. The machine tears bags
open, empties them, and compacts the paper
bags to bales. It is able to process
480 bags per hr at a maximum weight of
50 kg per bag. The bags are torn by
two spike rollers. The torn bag and its
contents fall into a sieve which retains the
paper. In a hydraulic press the paper
is subsequently compacted. (Text-German)
67-0450
Baling presses. Waste Trade World,
110(21):13-22, 1967.
Baling presses are discussed in regard
to design and use. Several advantages
of this means of waste disposal include
space saved in storage, improved
housekeeping, ease and speed of handling,
decreased cost, and reduced fire risk.
The two dominant factors determining
the most suitable choice of baling
press are the type of material to be
handled and the quantity. Two other
factors to be remembered are the amount
of space available and the facilities
for handling the finished bales. An
explanation is given for: how these
factors determine type of power used, e.g.
hand press, pneumatic, electric screw,
or hydraulic; whether the bales should
be handled manually or automatically; and
whether the press should be vertical or
horizontal. Several examples of each
type of press are described, primarily
English, Swedish, Swiss, and German
products.
67-0451
Bearint, D. E. Densification and size
reduction. In Status of unit operations
and processes for solid-waste disposal;
final report. Columbus, Battelle
Memorial Institute, Feb. 19, 1967.
p.3- 22 .
U.S. literature sources were surveyed to
document the state of the art of
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Processing/Reduction
densification and size-reduction equipment
as applied to the disposal of solid
wastes. The terms ‘densification’ and
‘size reduction’ are defined arid
information sources are listed. Landfill.
operations employ various machines to
increase compaction ratio and reduce
the bulk volume of the refuse.
Size-reduction equipment has been used
in France for two decades arid is now being
tried in North America. Incinerators
use size-reduction equipment to reduce
oversize and bulky wastes. Shredding
the entire feed to an incinerator has
been tried with little success. Composting
operations make extensive use of
size-reduction equipment, but full-scale,
long-term operating experience is lacking.
While densification and size-reduction
equipment is employed in salvage, its
applications are few. Details on
equipment are generally not given in the
literature and a more extensive program
of correspondence and visits to
manufacturers, operating sites, and
consulting firms is required.
67-0452
Brunt, L. P. Swing-hammer pulverizers.
Public Cleansing, 57(10) 551-S53, 1967.
The effectiveness of various designs of
swing hammer pulverizers with regard
to glass was discussed. In general,
single rotor hammermills with a vertical
shaft seem to be able to achieve better
results with glass than the type having
a horizontal rotor shaft. The effectiveness
of a vertical shaft machine might be
further enhanced if it had, on the portion
of the rotor which faces the discharge
opening, hammers in the form of bars
parallel to the rotor shaft, but
difficulties may be encountered with rags.
It is suggested that if the body casing
of a horizontal rotor hasmierinill were
continued round in the direction of the
hatmner rotation until horizontally
tangential to that direction, (thus,
the discharge opening could be at the side
instead of at the bottom of the machine
directly opposite to the feed opening),
a useful increase in the effective impact
surface would be achieved. Hanimermills
with two horizontal rotors, fed with
refuse through a centrally disposed
opening below the middle of which the
hammers on both rotors are moving
downwards, may have initial impacts
with a greater shattering effect on
glass than is achieved in single-rotor
machines, but thereafter there are
comparatively small surfaces against
which glass fragments may be further
shattered by the hammer tips.
67.0453
Burke, 3. R., and R. W. Schatz.
Separation of solid wastes. In Status
of unit operations arid processes for
solid-waste disposal; final report.
Columbus, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Feb. 19, 1967. p. 23 - 42 .
Technical and economic data, obtained
from a literature survey, are included
for the various procedures available
for treating solid wastes. Before
separation can be accomplished, the
materials must be reduced in size,
classified by size, and/or the solid
fraction removed from the fluid medium.
Physical sorting can be accomplished
by hand or mechanical sorting. Washing
and scrubbing techniques are employed
to remove minor, fine constituents from
the main coarse bulk. Gravity separation
includes jigging, tabling, spiraling,
and heavy-medium concentration. The
simplest illustration of magnetic
separation is the common use of a magnet
head pulley on a belt to remove cans or
tramp iron. The field of application
of electrostatic separation is limited to
about the size range 20 to 100 mesh.
Flotation involves chemical treatment of
surfaces in a pulp to create conditions
favorable for the attachment of air
bubbles to selected particles. Special
separation techniques are described for
wastepaper processing, foundry waste
recycling, and non-ferrous metal
recovery.
67.0454
Chews up rubbish.
110(15):13, 1967.
Waste Trade World,
Vickers Seerdruni Ltd. have developed
a machine that can chew up to 50 cu yd
per hr of rubbish straight from the
dustbin and turn it into a substance
like soil. The substance is said to
make excellent compost. An overhead
separator removes tins by magnetic
attraction, which can be sold for
1.4 to 1.6 lOs per ton. Nine prototypes are
being tried out by local authorities all
over Britain, and staff at the Elswick,
Newcastle upon Tyne, works of the Vickers
116
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045 2—0458
Ltd. Engineering Group, where the
machines are built, are planning to
produce one a week.
61-0455
Disposal of wastepaper saves money at
Columbus, Ohio, post office. Material
Handling Engineering, 22(12):85-86,
1967.
A new wastepaper disposal system at
the Columbus, Ohio, post office which
saves money, space, and time is
described. The nost dramatic savings
are achieved by baling of wastepaper
before it is hauled away, rather than
hauling the wastepaper loose in
hampers. The net amount of space
released for other agency use as a
result of the baler is 744 sq ft. A
new paper room close to the elevator
which brings the wastepaper to the
basement, and a chute in the paper room
which permits hampers to be dumped and
baled without delay, save labor.
Specific cost savings connected with the
baling operation are given. Total savings
per year are summarized as follows:
$3,331.44 for paper disposal by baling,
$2,709.00 for space, and $408.24 for
labor, which add up to a total savings
of $6,448.68 per year.
67-0456
Fermascreen pulverizing system. Public
Cleansing, 57(4):205-208, 1967.
‘Fermascreen’ can pulverize or compost
refuse. The units are charged by direct
loading methods. Fermascreen
simultaneously performs the duties of
reception hopper, mixer, screen,
pulverizer, and conposting unit. It
can process 12 tons per day. The
product is dampened and uniform in
particle size. Rejects, such as glass,
tins, etc., are retained in the drum
during the discharge of the pulverized
material. The batch loading method
gives continuous feed. The pulverization
process is effected by the rotation or
tumbling action which takes place
throughout the complete cycle. Water is
added to increase the moisture content
of the refuse. Coarse pulverized
material is used to cover the tipped
rejects. Metals are extracted
magnetically. Composting is by the
windrow method. The pulverized material
is in ideal condition for the natural
thermophilic fermentation breakdown.
There is no risk of conbustion during the
overnight storage of refuse because the
Fernascreen is sealed when all doors are
closed, and water can be quickly and
evenly mixed with the refuse.
The firm of Gondard has developed an
integrated refuse-reducing installation
consisting of pulverizer, hopper, feed
belt, and control. Development of the
Gondard refuse reducer at different
plants and in different countries is
described. In France, the fully automatic
control of the earlier model was eliminated
and reliance placed on the operator.
This proved more economical and
throughput was not impaired. Wiesbaden,
Germany, has four pulverizer units and
plans an additional one in 1968. Daily
throughput is 250 tons, rising to 500 tons
in the near future. Each layout is
automatically controlled, with provisions
for manual feed control, if this should
becone desirable. In Montreal, two
Gondards treat 400 tons of refuse per
20-hr day in two shifts. Their system
utilizes test hammers of better quality
steel at the end of the rotor than in the
center. The most recently constructed
plant utilizing Gondard units in Great
Britain is at Portadown, Ireland. It
consists of a 40 cu yd reception hopper
with a moving plate conveyor which feeds
directly into the pulverizer. The
operator cam regulate the volume of
refuse fed and there is also an
automatic control which overrides manual
control. A plant in the planning stages
at the County Borough of Grimsby includes
two Gondard refuse reducers. An
interesting feature of the scheme is
that one Gomdard has a grill to make a
coarse end product, while the other has
a much narrower grill to obtain a fine
end product suitable for topsoiling.
67-0458
Garnett, .1. C. This press flattens
garbage problems. Civic Administration,
19(12):23, 1967.
Out of a hydraulic press fed 40 cu yd of
garbage at a time emerges a 5— to 6—ton,
67-0457
Fullard, A. C.
developments.
57(8) :443-445,
Latest Gondard
Public Cleansing,
1967.
1 17
-------
Processing/Reduction
6 cu yd steel—clad block. To eliminate
pollution and odor, the bale can be
hot-dipped in bitumastic. Capital
cost is half that of an equivalent
capacity incinerator. Operating costs
would be $2.50 in Canada. The blocks
can be used for foundations in boggy
areas or for flood control dykes. They
may be dumped harmlessly into the ocean
or ravines. Press development cost
$3 million.
67-0459
Glathe, H., G. Farkasdi, G. Niese, et al.
Investigations of the biological
processes of the Brikollare method.
Staedtehygiene, 15(7):150-155, 1967.
With the Brikollare method a mixture of
shredded waste and sewage sludge is
pressed, thereby reducing its volume by
50 to 70 percent, densely piled up and
dried. In the self-heating process which
follows, the temperatures rise to 55 C
in the marginal zones and to about 65 C
in the interior of the pile, killing
all pathogenic germs. To find Out what
kind of biological and biochemical
changes occur during the heating and
drying process, various tests have been
performed. The carbon dioxide production
was measured on various differently
treated samples. The results showed a
lower carbon dioxide production in samples
dried for 2 months by self-heating
than in those which developed fungi. This
means that part of the organic substance
has degenerated during the drying process.
The same results were obtained by testing
the self-heating ability and in the
chemical group analysis. The latter showed,
moreover, that organic substances such as
sugar, starch, amino acids, pectin, etc.,
up to hemicellulose are decomposed in the
first stage of drying, cellulose and proteins
in the second stage. The niicroflora which
were observed to develop in the pile
mainly consisted of actinemycetes and
fungi building up on hydrocarbons. Almost
no cellulose splitting species were found.
Experiments to determine fertilizing effects
of small pieces of Brikollare in soil
have been conducted in small glass
containers at constant temperature
(25 C) and humidity (60Z). After 10,
20, 40, and 70 days the ammonia and
nitrate contents were determined.
The ammonia amount was negligible.
However, an accumulation of nitrates
was observed in the non-fertilized
sample, while in the fertilized one
an N—blockade was obscrved which lasted
longest in the raw material and shortest
in the he .ted material. The experimental
data are shown in detailed diagrams and
tables. (Text-German)
67-0460
Hall, J. S. Pulverizing at Woking
U.D.C. Public Cleansing, 57(9):51O-511,
1967.
Since the only available site for
dumping refuse within the Urban
District of Woking was a 15-acre site
of 6 ft depth, which would only permit
the dumping of pulverized material,
it was decided to install a Vickers
It Seerdrum plant. The plant consists of
two cylindrical drums 8 ft in diameter
and 29 ft long. The refuse is loaded
into a hopper approximately 6 ft 6 in.
wide at the end of the drum; special
deflection plates inside the drum retard
the flow and assist the breakdown of
material. The continuous loading forces
the material against the plates, thus
breaking it down as the refuse
progresses along the first 12 ft of the
drum. Water, which is essential to
the pulverization process, is added at
a point immediately behind the loading
point. Each drum is rotated by two 35
hp slip—ring motors, and the flow of water
can be regulated according to the speed
of loading and type of product resulting.
In the second half of the drum, the
pulverized material is separated into
an annular void and the rejects continue
to flow to the end of the drum. Both
are then discharged onto separate
elevating conveyors running at right
angles to the drums and discharged
into trailers for transport to the
dumping site. The complete units can
be easily re-sited should a dumping
area become available at a different
location.
61-0461
Horizontal baler.
110(9):16, 1967.
Waste Trade World,
The Personer LT12A horizontal hydraulic
waste paper baling press, which produces
bales measuring 33 by 28 by 35 in.,
weighing from 440 to 660 ib, is briefly
described. Powered by a double-acting
hydraulic ram, the press plate is
118
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0459—0465
guided against the press chamber interior
by means of rollers, while the operating
mechanism is located at the rear of the
machine to provide access for maintenance
purposes and to leave the front clear
of obstruction. The press chamber is
constructed of steel sections, and the
material is loaded through two doors
from above. The bale is secured by
wires or straps passed through specially
designed grooves in the press chamber,
the end door, the sides, and the bottom
of the chamber. The completed bale is
ejected automatically. The machine
can be supplied mounted on two moveable
and two fixed ball-bearing type rubber
tired casters to permit easy movement to
the site of the waste material.
67-0462
How do you dispose of discarded drums?
American City, 82(7):23, 1967.
Two hundred discarded drums a week from
a local chemical company threatened the
life of the sanitary fill site of the
town of Bethel, Connecticut. After
attempting several methods of crushing
them without success, a 4-in-i bucket
mounted on an AllisChalners HD7G tractor
solved the problem. The clam action of
the multipurpose bucket picks up the
container and with a flick of the lever,
closes the clam to crush the drum. Once
crimped, the drum is easily flattened by
the track.
67-0463
Hydraulic paper baler. Waste Trade
World, i1i(19):14, 1967.
An improved, semi-autonatic, and
continuous hydraulic horizontal baling
press for processing waste paper and
cardboard, manufactured by Kenpson
Machinery Ltd., Magnet Works, is
described. It is available in 10
standard capacities and bale sizes
up to 36 by 40 in. The vertical baling
press and box, tailored to suit
customer’s specifications, is powered by
a hydraulic power unit or compressed
air. All the boxes are interchangeable
and can be manually controlled on
self-aligning swivel casters. The
material is fed into the hopper and when
the correct level is reached for
obtaining the required bale tightness,
the sequence beam is cuc off, which then
operates the ran press and activates the
hopper and rubber dividing boards or
pins. These boards or pins control the
length of the bale. Depending on the
density and size of the material, the
machine can produce over 3 tons per hr.
67-0464
Marriott, J. Wetherby breaks new ground
in refuse/sludge treatment. Public
Cleansing, 57(10):540-548, 1967.
A new treatment plant, incorporating the
first Buhler pulverization plant in
Britain, was officially opened on July
18. The plant, which will employ two
men, was designed after seeking a
satisfactory economic solution whereby the
raw refuse and sludge arising from the
population of Wetherhy Rural District
Council could be effectively treated on
a joint basis to produce a satisfactory
medium suitable as a tipping material.
Throughput is designed for 40 to 45 cu yd
refuse per hr with an average density of
6 cu yd per ton and a throughput cycle of
3.5 minutes. Site of the plant, site
clearance, refuse yield per working day,
and sewerage statistics are discussed.
General layout is described and mapped,
and the specifications for the working
units of the plant are given. Running
cost is unkown but is dependent upon
electricity costs and hammer wear.
Installation cost totals 1,132,889.
Estinated net cost of treatment is
hi 9s 6d per ton.
67-0465
New hammermill for refuse eliminates
pre-sorting. Public Cleansing,
57(7):384-385, 1967.
British Jeffrey-Diamond Ltd. of
Wakefield, is introducing a new range
of crude refuse hammermills, which
effectively combine the advantages of
the conventional hammermill and the
rotary screen type pulverizer, and have
the ability to handle bulky refuse
and trade waste economically, without
any pre-sorting. The C.R. Crusher is
basically a heavy-duty swing hammermill
incorporating specially designed hammers,
each weighing over 1 cwt, which
introduces an exceptionally high degree
of shear. This effectively reduces to an
absolute minimum reduction by attrition
and thus, the relatively heavy wear and
119
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Processing/Reduction
tear experienced on conventional versions.
The feed openings range up to 48 by 90 in.
which will accept most materials arising
in municipal refuse. An installed
horsepower of 200 to 300 is recommended
to cover the instantaneous peaks arising
from the reduction of very bulky items,
and items such as refrigerators, stoves,
etc. are crushed to fist size pieces which
can be recovered automatically by simple
magnetic separation as a Grade I metal
scrap. Within the limits of power,
the machines are capable of reducing
normal town refuse to a nominal 3-in.
product, suitable for dumping, at the
rate of 30 to 50 tons per hr. In addition,
major capital cost savings in plant
result from a single reception hopper
and flowline for treatment of all
materials.
67-0466
New mobile compaction system for bulky
waste. Public Cleansing, 57(4):197-199,
1967.
The Rolonoff container handling system
has a self-contained compaction gear to
deal with highvolume low-density waste
material. The power is supplied by a
portable electrically operated power
pack. Compaction is achieved by means of
a 20-ton packing plate operated by a ran
in the base of the unit. The ram works
in tension, i.e. the plate is drawn in
to compact the waste with a compaction
ratio of 3 to 1. The compaction
containers come in three sizes: 28
cu yd 16 ft; 35 cu yd 18 ft; and 40 cu
yd 20 ft. The pack comprises electric
motor, hydraulic pump, solenoid-operated
control valves, relief valves, pressure
switches, etc. Discharge of the
compacted load is by tipping.
67-0467
New refuse compaction and removal system
demonstrated. Public Cleansing, 57(6):
307-308, 1967.
A preview demonstration of a new system
of bulk refuse handling was held at
Salford’s Wallness Cleansing Depot. The
‘Wastepaktor’ featured by Simon
Compactors Ltd., has three basic units-
compactor, container, and transporter.
It is claimed that for domestic refuse
a compaction rate of up to 3 to 1 is
obtained. In some cases, the rate is
as high as 4 to 1. A 31 Cu yd container
can have a load of 90 Cu yd. With a
density of 2—1/2 cwts per cu yd this
would give a load of 11—1/4 tons, which
would approximate the maximum permissible
pay load. This system is ideal for those
departments faced with long hauls or
storage and disposal problems.
61-0468
Northern Ireland’s pulverization plant.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(10):10, 1967.
The operation and design of a pulverizing
plant, with a capacity of 40 tons of
refuse daily, is described. It was
built by Britains’s Gondard Co. and
installed at a Portadown, Northern
Ireland, refuse dump. The end product
from the unit is being used to cover the
existing fill and landscape the area for
future development. The County of
Grimsby accepted a plan to erect a plant
incorporating two Gondard pulverizers to
handle 130 tons of refuse daily, with
the capacity to handle a 50 percent increase
in volume. One grinder will have a grill
to produce material fine enough to use
for topsoil. The design pays particular
attention to avoiding common nuisances
such as noise, dust, and smoke, and the
plan includes the use of fully grown trees
to form a screen on the side of the
plant adjacent to the highway. The end
product of this plant, which is expected
to be in operation in 2 years, will
also be used for fill.
67-0469
Open-type hydraulic baler.
World, 11O(1O):14, 1967.
Waste Trade
The Hindle open-type hydraulic baling
press has two center channels with the
hydraulic cylinders mounted next to them.
Table travel may be either upward or
downward with limit switches positioned
to stop the table automatically at top or
bottom limits. All hydraulic equipment
is mounted on the top frame together
with the electric motor. In both up and
downstroke machines a mushroom head
emergency stop button is provided. Power
requirements are at a minimum during
normal running, and when a required full
load pressure has been reached the motor
cuts out-- full pressure being maintained
while bale wrapping is carried out. Table
sizes, pressures, and lighting can be
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0466—047 3
varied to suit individual requirements.
Prices range from b1,850 (15 tons) to
L2,500 (90 tons). Full details may be
obtained from Scrap Engineering Ltd.,
Blackburn, Lancs.
67-0470
Patrick, P. K. Waste volume reduction by
pulverization, crushing and shearing.
Public Cleansing, 57(9):489496, 1967.
Since dumping sites are becoming very
scarce, pretreatment of refuse for
ultimate disposal will become essential.
The various machines and processes used
for size reduction are reviewed. The
two main groups are pulverization, and
bulky waste reduction. Pulverizers
can be classified as drum type machines or
harpjoernills. The advantages and
disadvantages of these machines are
discussed, and plant design for the
elimination of manual sorting is
particularly stressed. Refuse disposal
plants should be designed as complete
processing facilities, with mechanical,
electrical, and magnetic safeguards to
regulate the feed to the pulverizer, which
itself should be robust enough to deal
with occasional difficult items. The
cost of pulverizing in the simplest
plant is likely to be at least 12s 6d per
ton and, depending on buildings and
refinements, could be very much higher.
Bulky waste could also be reduced in
volume by impact crushers or hydraulic
shears. Both types of machines have been
used on the continent for this purpose
and are described in the original paper.
67-0471
Pulverization continues to spread in
Great Britain. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(2):36, 1967.
Bulk reduction in Great Britain is with:
direct incineration, 80 to 85 percent;
screening, salvaging and incineration,
70 to 75 percent; screening, salvage
and pulverization, 55 to 60 percent;
pulverization, only 30 to 35 percent;
and screening, salvage and composting,
15 to 20 percent. Pulverization improves
landfills for these reasons: bulk
reduced 33 to 40 percent; landfill
covering not necessary; rodents not
attracted; and fly nuisance reduced.
Pulverization creates a compact mass
of the waste.
67-0472
Pulverization facility has capacity of
15 tons an hour. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(7):33, 1967.
Pulverization plants have been recently
installed at Honey and Portsmouth,
England. The Honey installation was
built at a Cost of $70,000, including
$53,200 for the pulverizer and feed
systems. Refuse is pulverized without
sorting and there are very few rejects
(about 0.5E). Pulverized material is
then conveyed to a bulk—transport
vehicle. Cost of operation is unknown,
but the makers of the system, Tollemache
Composting Systems, Ltd., state that
the cost of haraner wear is less than 14
cents per ton pulverized, and depends
on the adjustment of the grind. Electric
power is another cost. The second
installation, a semi—mobile plant at
Portsmouth, consists of a Tollemache
ballistic separator pulverizer, an apron
plate—feeder and an output conveyor.
Driven by a 165 hp diesel engine, it
costs $51,800 to install, has a capacity
of 15 tons per hr, and could be moved to
another site within 3 days.
67-0473
Reinhardt, J. J., and W. K. Porter. A
pilot plant investigation of milling
refuse for landfill disposal. In
Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and
Development, University School, Milwaukee,
July 24-28, 1967. Conference Preprint
No. B-9.
A planned demonstration project to
determine the feasibility of using the
Heil—Gondard refuse milling system, now
in use in Europe and Montreal, Canada,
is outlined. The system centers around
the French developed Heil—Gondard ballistic
rejection haimnermill which is similar
to others except that the hammers rotate
with the direction of feed, and a
ballistic reject tower is mounted over
the hammers. The main parts of the pilot
system are described. It is designed
to mill 56 tons during a 7—hr
shift. Objectives of the project are:
to evaluate the economics of the system;
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Processing/Reduction
operational problems; salvage operation;
and effects of different mesh sizes;
to compare sanitary characteristics of
milled and unniilled refuse; to evaluate
the milled refuse in a landfill; to
compare landfills using milled and
uninilled refuse; and to investigate
garbage, rubbish and combined refuse in
Madison, Wisconsin, with respect to the
objectives mentioned above.
67-0474
Stationary waste packer. Modern
Maintenance Management, 19(2):34, 1967.
A hydraulic stationary packer can
compress cans, bottles, metal turnings,
wood and paper with a volume reduction of
10 to 1. Haul—away costs are reduced
proportionally.
670475
Waste crushing. Staedtehygiene,
18(12):IV, 1967.
Buettner-Werke AG in Krefeld-Uerdingen,
Germany, has developed a crusher for
domestic, waste. The crushed waste can
be composted either in beds or rotting
towers or can be incinerated. For bulky
waste a large crusher has been developed
which reduces refrigerators, sofas,
cabinets, etc. to pieces that are
approximately 10 to 20 cm in size.
Both crushers are durable and do not
require many repairs. (Text—German)
67-0476
Will bale rubbish for ocean burial.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(9):84, 1967.
U.S. Patent 3,330,088 has been granted
for a method of compacting and baling
trash so it will sink. The raw refuse
is compressed in weighed quantities--from
500 pounds to a ton--into bundles with
a density greater than that of water. The
outside is coated with asphalt or strapped
with metal or plastic. The scheme
includes several optional steps,
depending on the nature of the material.
Trash may be ground up and mixed with
adhesives before baling.
is marginal, the surfaces
punctured before dumping.
INCINERATION
67-0477
Solid Wastes Program. Report on the
municipal solid wastes incinerator system
of the District of Columbia. Cincinnati,
U.S. Public Health Service, June 1967.
77 p.
In response to a request by Senator
Tydings of Maryland, the Public Health
Service’s Solid Wastes Program conducted
a study of the District of Columbia’s
municipal incinerator system. Conditions
and operating characteristics were defined
as those factors that reflect materials
handling, personnel utilization, use of
equipment, and impact upon the surrounding
neighborhood. Indices of incinerator
efficiency were defined as those factors
reflected by charging rate, loading
rate, level of furnace temperatures,
quality of residue, percentage of weight
reduction, and quality of stack emission and
quenching waters. Past records were
examined in order to compare current
quantities of solid wastes entering the
system. At present the incineration
system is burning approximately 65 to 70
percent of what it actually can burn in
24 hr. Plumes emanating from all four
incinerators were seldom visible.
Temperatures in the furnaces seldom
reached the level considered acceptable
for satisfactory combustion. ‘ ost of the
furnace controls at each incinerator were
inoperative. Low scores and unsatisfactory
ratings were received by all four
incinerators primarily because of the
inability of the facilities to be scored
on such ‘must’ items as residue quality,
instrumentation, and controls. The fact
that the system is handling less wastes
each year while requiring an increasing
number of man-hours to incinerate this
reduced load is attributed to long-term
neglect of the facilities, lack of
planned preventive maintenance programs,
and failure to utilize the facilities as
designed. It is recommended that each
incinerator be placed in optimum operating
condition, that a maintenance and
preventive program be developed, and
that air pollution control equipment be
installed. Complete redesign and
rebuilding of two facilities should be
considered.
If the density
may also be
122
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04 74—0482
67-0478
Adopts statewide air-pollution rules.
Refuse Removal Journal, lo(1):36, 1967.
During periods when potential is high for
air pollution, all open burning of refuse
will be prohibited in New York State.
67-0479
Aerospace Commercial Corporation.
CPU-400 Technical description and
economics study. Palo Alto, Calif.
Sept. 1967.
To reduce the cost of incineration,
Aerospace Commercial has applied advanced
technology to the design of a system which
consumes refuse and produces electric
power. The CPU-400, with a 400 tons per
day capacity of refuse, provides 17,200 kw
of electric power. The first phase of
the CPU-400 development’s preliminary
design study is funded by the Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare. Some
of the advantages of the system are:
high capacity, high efficiency, compliance
with air pollution standards, a reasonable
return on invested capital, compactness,
economical operation, and a reduction in
the collection and disposal costs of
refuse. Other areas covered are:
technical description, economics, a
summary, and two appendices. Supporting
data and illustrations are furnished as
well as estimated cost breakdowns of the
main system and subsystems.
67-0480
Aerospace Commercial Corporation.
Economics. In CPD-400 Technical
description and economics study. Palo
Alto, Calif., Sept. 1967.
The CPO-400 can produce electric power in
the range of 1.7 to 4.5 million kwh, and
the power would be utilized efficiently
in the overall distribution system. Other
benefits would he lower disposal and
hauling costs which comprise a large portion
of total refuse collection and disposal
expenses. Development costs, capital
costs, operating costs, maintenance costs,
disposal costs, and a return on invested
capital have been estimated and are
presented. Capital cost of the plant is
estimated to be at 3.4 million. The
system will generate about 25 percent snore
electric power than the conventional
steam generator for each ton of refuse,
and is only a fraction of the size of
present steam incinerators. Although the
cost studies are by no means comprehensive
at this early date, they do indicate that
generating electricity from refuse with
steam boilers may not be economically
practical although it may appear
attractive at first glance. The studies
show that the CPU-400 has a marked
advantage over steam incinerators.
67.0481
Aerospace Commercial Corporation.
Technical description. In CPU-400
Technical description and economics study.
Palo Alto, Calif., Sept. 1967.
The CPU-400 is unique in that it burns
refuse at 7 to 12 times atmospheric
pressure, using a gas turbine to supply
high pressure air for the combustion of
refuse and to generate electric power,
whereas conventional incinerators burn
refuse at atmospheric pressure. The
system requirements are enumerated and
presented. The system is described and
illustrated. Using a rotary storage pit,
with a 24 hr capacity, refuse is fed
tangentially to one of two redundant
shredders, then to the combustion feeder
by compressed air. The combustor
(170 psi) utilizes drum grates. Inertial
and electrostatic separators are used in
tandem at the base, through which large
and small particles are passed prior to
the introduction of the hot gases into
the gas turbine. The CPU—400 system has
been divided into six subsystems. A
description of each is furnished. A
fluidized sand bed will be investigated.
The ash and residue produced has many
potential uses, which will be explored
in detail. The reduced construction cost,
reduced land costs, and the steam produced
with the waste heat recovery equipment
are its main advantages.
67-0482
Amid Brisbane controversy 2000-ton-a-day
facility proposed. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(11):8, 1967.
in the face of continued doubt whether the
Sierra Point landfill site will be
operative, Sanitary Fill Company, Golden
Gate Disposal Company, Sunset Scavenger
Company, and Pacific Gas and Electric
Company have announced a plan to construct
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Incineration
an incinerator. Cost is about $12 or
$13 million, but the Bank of America in
California has expressed a willingness
to finance, contingent upon a 20-year
contract between the city and the
incinerator. Sierra Point, which is a
105-acre site owned and operated by
Sanitary Fill Company, was designed to
handle 1,500 tons of refuse daily from
the city of San Francisco for a minimmo
of 6 years. The site, however, is
located in the town of Brisbane, and
citizen groups have been opposed to the
presence of the landfill. Sanitary Fill
has fought all the way to the State
District Court of Appeals in San
Francisco. The location of the proposed
incineration site is also in doubt. The
favored site by the contractors is in an
area already marked for redevelopment,
but there is no assurance that the Redevelopment
Agency will approve the presence of an
incinerator. Furthermore, there is no
assurance that Brisbane will not forbid
landfill operations before the incinerator
can be built, a minimum of 3 years. In
the meantime, however, a special advisory
election on October 17, 1967, by Brisbane
voters, favored by 591 to 535 the
acceptance of a new 5-year landfill
contract with Sanitary Fill Company.
67-0483
Apartment building owners operate
burners, despite law. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(11):37, 1967.
In 1966, New York City adopted a stiff
law on air pollution which established
new burning and scrubber standards for
incinerators in apartment buildings,
and decreed that units which did not
meet the requirement must be upgraded
by May 20, 1967, or close down. A
dispute which is now raging centers
upon the different estimates of refuse
increase which might result from a
shut-down of many of the city’s
apartment-house incinerators. As more
than 75 percent of the Incinerators were
installed before 1950, perhaps one-third
will have to be closed because updating
them would be impractical. The Sanitation
Commissioner, using the figure of 2.5 lb
refuse per apartment dweller per day, has
estimated about 1,100 tons of refuse
would be added to the daily collection
load of 11,000 tons. Some councilmen
dispute his estimate, contending that
4.5 lb per day per apartment dweller is
a more realistic figure. The price of
upgrading incinerators varies from
$5,000 to $10,000, depending on size.
Special tax subsidies and deductions have
been suggested.
67-0484
Ask Kansas City stop open burning.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(6):32, 1967.
Refuse burning except in controlled,
multi-chambered incinerators should be
prohibited in Kansas City after August 1,
1967.
67-0485
Barton, A. E., and E. J. Ostle. Tests
on emission from refuse incineration
stacks. Smokeless Air, 37(141) 159-16O ,
1967.
The growing extent of municipal refuse
incineration coupled with the trend
toward greater paper content in refuse
necessitates stricter compliance with
the Clean Air Act. Even more expansion
in refuse incineration is predicted due
to depletion of tipping and growth of the
packing industry. This calls for
extensive planning schemes where local
authorities would pool their resources
to cover developmental work on gas
cleaning plants, the nature and effect
of changing refuse emission pollutants,
and new incinerator fuels. Data are
included on tests of constituents
surveyed and contents of house refuse.
67-0486
Baton Rouge plans a ran fed burner with
97% consumption. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(9):86, 1967.
The East Baton Rouge, Louisiana, City-Parish
Solid Waste Disposal Committee recently
outlined its final plans for a ram fed
incinerator designed to accomplish a
95 percent burnout. The plant, with its
two furnaces, will handle 600 tons of
waste a day, operating on a 12-hr basis.
Longer operation can increase its capacity
up to 700 tons. The plant will be odorless
since it will be completely enclosed. It
will have a small, 45—ft stack, but no
smoke will be emitted from it, Two
processes will be used to eliminate ashes
from the stack area and to condense the
smoke-like vapor coming from such plants.
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04 83—04 89
The incinerator can be operated by as few
as five men and controlled by only one
man. One new feature will be aerated grind
tanks that will take the sanitary sewer plant
effluent, clean it up, and recirculate it to
the incinerator; there, the effluemt will be
used to quench the hot material coming
out of the furnaces. The process uses
about 3,600 gal of water a minute . Another
feature is nagnetic conveyor belts to
separate burned tin cans and fused glass.
Cost of the plant is estimated at 2.6
million, but this figure would be
increased to about $4.3 million by the
inclusion of several innovations.
67-0487
Bishop, J. V., and L. F. Deming. Economics
of solid waste incineration. In
Proceedings; MECAR Symposium, Incineration
of Solid Wastes, New York, Mar. 21, 1967.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air
Resources. p.51-59.
The first water-cooled furnace wall
incinerator-boiler in the United States
is being put into service at the Norfolk
Naval Base as a result of a study of
relative economics between this type
of installation and a refractory furnace
incinerator. Some alternatives to
incineration which should be evaluated
are: conposting with sale of by-products,
reclamation of land by sanitary landfill,
and ocean dumping or open burning with
controlled overf ire air. The following
economic factors will be reflected in the
future incineration of refuse: sizing
of new plants for 24—hr—per—day operation
at least 6 days per week; new design
concepts to nininize initial cost,
maintenance and staffing; utilization of
waste heat; and industrial built and
operated incinerator plants which dispose
of community refuse and utilize the
by-product energy. In order to describe
typical procedures for making an economic
evaluation of disposal systems, the actual
comparison figures for a 160—tons—per—day
refuse disposal facility are tabulated. New
concepts of incineration, which may
provide better methods for the thermal
destruction of refuse, are use of a
fluidized bed, and high temperature
combustion of combustibles along with
fusing of non-combustibles into slag.
67-0488
Eohne, H. Air pollution damage from
hospital incinerators. Staub,
27(10):451-453, 1967.
The strong discoloration, whitening, and
eventual death of plants in two garden
nurseries in the vicinity of hospital
incinerators was shown to be caused by
hydrogen chloride from the hospital
refuse incineration plants. Chlorine
compounds in the refuse, consisting of
80 to 90 percent paper and packaging
material, were decomposed during short
periods at a temperature of 800 to
1,000 C. Tabulated data show that the
dust produced during the incineration is
considerably higher in the flue and
chimney than immediately after cyclone
purification. Tables also provide
information on the hydrochloric acid,
the hvdrofluoric acid and the sulfur
dioxide content of the exhaust gas as
well as the chlorine content of various
packing materials. During incineration
above 900 C, most of the chlorine was
given off, with the 900 C preheated oven
taking only 30 to 40 seconds. Erection
of a chlorine washing plant attached to
the incinerator is recommended. (Text-German)
67-0489
Burge, S. J., and C. F. Tipper. The
burning of polythene. Chemistry and
Industry, (9):362—363, 1967.
The chemistry of the burning process of
polyethylene was examined to determine
the temperatures produced and the gases
given off. The experiment was done on
a 1 in. diameter rod of grade A
polyethylene. Tentatively, the combustion
process was as follows: Heat combustion
from an applied flame melts the polymer
and as the temperature at the surface
of the melt increases, degradation begins
giving lower alkanes and alkenes. At
the surface of the liquid, rapid
oxidation (which gives CO, carbon dioxide,
and water) and oxidative degradation occur,
further combustion giving the actual flame.
In the blue region of the flame, the
reactions occur slowly and thd temperature
rises slowly to about 700 C. At this
temperature the hydrocarbons are
consumed, giving off mainly carbon.
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Incineration
67-0490
Chicago plans two incinerators. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(2):32, 1967.
Chicago is building two new incinerators.
The first will be a 1,200—ton—a—day
facility, and planning envisions a
combination of a wet scrubber and an
electrostatic precipitator to cut down air
pollutants. Chicago plans to build a
grinding station for the experimental
sizing of refuse and reduction of
combustible bulk material. Dust from
the pit area is reduced by water sprays.
Residue from the plant is removed in
enclosed bath-type drag link conveyors
which reduce dust.
670491
Claim semi-mobile incinerator will burn
autos, timber, hulk. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(9):18, 1967.
The Perfectaire Incinerator can be moved
over a pile of rubbish that has been
placed on the ground or in a trench;
it then lowers its end doors and ignites
the refuse. The smoke thus generated
is channelled through the after-burner,
passing through flames of oil or gas
burners. Thus the smoke is consumed and
remaining carbon particles are ignited
when they impinge upon the incandescent
stainless steel flue passages. If
combustion is complete or the resulting
emission falls within the prescribed
tolerance levels, the gases are passed
through a wire mesh screen to trap any
remaining flyash. Otherwise, a
centrifugal blower recycles the smoke until
anti-pollution levels are reached. The
after-burner may be fitted with a
washer-scrubber instead of fuel burners,
which is a most valuable substitution
in fire hazard areas or where odor
control is important.
61-0492
Combustible rubbish content favors using
heat recovery. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(11):32, 1967.
According to C. A. Rogus, refuse
incinerators in America should incorporate
equipment to use the heat for the
production of electricity. Heat energy
from American refuse is about 3,500 to
5,000 Btu. Efficient burning can be
achieved through improved furnace design,
and more efficient exploitation of the
heat can be obtained by the use of
water-cooled walls, reducing the size
and cost of separate boiler construction.
Incorporation of steam-electric
generators may increase plant cost by
about 25 percent, but the sale of
electricity would partially offset the
operating costs. Most incinerators built
in Europe since World War II incorporate
power generating equipment, but the heat
from 45 percent of the refuse burning
plants in America is usually wasted.
67-0493
Conrad Engineers. Incinerators. In Tenement
refuse disposal systems and artificial
illumination of communal areas. Los Angeles,
Mar. 1967. p. 2 l— 2 6. (Distributed by National
Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Va., as Publication No. PB 180 879.)
The City of New York studied the problem
of existing units in single dwellings and
apartment buildings and has developed
criteria which will achieve incinerator
performance meeting the requirements
of local law. The incorporation of
incinerators into rehabilitated tenement
buildings as a convenient method of refuse
disposal is feasible if they are designed
to meet the need. Such design would take
into account the anticipated rate of
loading, burning cycles, operating
temperatures, dust collection, and
associated controls. The use of
auxiliary burners is mandatory and
an operator is required, at least part-tine,
to assure that proper conditions are
maintained. The high cost of inserting a
chute and flue into an existing structure,
and the space requirement of the
incinerator itself, may be too much to
support in a single building. When
tenement building rehabilitation is
undertaken on a large scale, it may be a
better solution to install in each
building a refuse collection system
such as chute and packer, or chute
and rolling cart, and then provide
an incinerator within each square block
of buildings. This concept would justify
the cost of installation of a larger
unit whose initial cost per dwelling
unit would be less than the total cost
of individual units.
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0490—0496
67-0494
Continuous incineration. Machinery
Market, 1967(3467):43; 49, 1967.
The new Heenan-Nichols continuous
incinerator, which burns domestic refuse
as it is received, is described. The
most important part of the incinerator
is the grate which is constructed in
three sloping banks and divided into
two sections. Each section is made
up of horizontal rows of moving cast
teeth which agitate and propel the
burning refuse progressively down the
slopes by hydraulic power. A substantial
savings in labor fnvolving lower
maintenance costs, no presorting or
screening, long-life grate teeth, and
full or partial automation are claimed.
After 2 years of construction, research,
and development, the demonstration unit
has been working satisfactorily for some
months. Although the plant was designed
to deal with 6 tons of refuse per hr,
it no ’ burns 7 to 8 tons per hr.
67-Ø4
Danielson, J. A. Air pollution engineering
manual. Public Health Service Publication
No. 999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, 967.
892 p.
This manual deals with the control of
air pollution at the source, emphasizing
the practical engineering problems of
design and operation. Individual
chapters present: a history of air
pollution in Los Angeles County; types
of air contaminants; design of air
pollution control devices including local
exhaust systems and equipment for
particulate matter, gases and vapors;
and control of air pollution from
metallurgical, mechanical, incineration,
combustion, petroleum, and chemical
process sources. Appendices topics are:
rules and regulations of the air
pollution control district; odor-testing
techniques such as the odor panel, the
evaluation room, the sampling and determination
of odor concentration; hypothetical
available heats from natural gas; and
miscellaneous data including threshhold
limit values, physical properties of air,
fuel oil and solids, charts showing
size and characteristics of airborne
solids.
67-C496
Day, H., 3. Mahoney, 3. D’Iuuperio, at al.
Air pollution control equipment for
particulate matter. In Air pollution
engineering manual. Public Health
Service Publication No. 999-AP-40.
Cincinnati, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, 1967. p. 171 - 2 3 2 .
Inertial separators, wet collection
devices, baghouses, single-stage and
two-stage electrical precipitators,
settling chambers, impingement separators,
panel filters, and precleaners are used
in control of particulates such as smoke,
dusts, fumes, mists, and sprays.
Single-cyclone and other cyclone
separators are inertial separators
without moving parts, used widely for
removal of medium- and course-sized
particulates. The theory of operation,
separation efficiency, and a method of
pressure drop determination are discussed.
Types of wet collection devices are spray
chambers, cyclone-type scrubbers,
orifice-type scrubbers, mechanical
scrubbers, centrifugal collectors with
water sprays, high pressure sprays,
venturi scrubbers, packed towers and
wet filters. Baghouses renove suspended
dust and fumes with filters, using the
mechanisms of direct interception,
impingement, diffusion, and electrostatics.
Filter resistance coefficients for
industrial dusts on cloth—type air
filters and the cloth resistance factor
for specific applications are given in
tables. The characteristics of filter
cloths depend upon the fiber, yarn,
weave, finish, size, and shape.
Installation and cleaning of filters,
disposal of collected dust, baghouse
construction and maintenance are additional
topics. The history, application,
advantages, and disadvantages of a
single-stage electrical precipitator are
examined. Operating voltage and sparking
rate influence collection efficiency.
Costs for precipitators depend upon the
size, type of dust or fume, and efficiency
required. Important design factors are
mentioned. The theoretical aspects,
design factors, construction and operation,
and application of two-stage precipitators
are presented.
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Incineration
67-0497
Don’t sell incinerators short. American
City, 82(3):8, 1967.
Incinerators have become very unpopular
because designing engineers have never
paid enough attention to those factors that
would make them nuisance-free, and local
governments that operated then have
neglected them and permitted them to
become overloaded. Recommendations to
make incinerators more attractive to the
community include: (1) installation of
a good flyash removal system; (2)
incinerators should not be allowed to
receive more refuse than their rated
capacity in any •one day; (3) the condition
of the stack gases should be continuously
monitored and recorded; (4) incinerators
should not be excessively large because
the larger they are, the greater the
truck traffic and the stigmatization of
the neighborhood as a dumping ground.
67-0498
$11 million plant to treat raw refuse.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(4):42, 1967.
An $11 million incinerator was proposed
to be located at Croton ?oint where raw
refuse is now dumped. It will serve 11
Westchester County, New York towns.
67-0499
The first scrubber in New York City.
American City, 82(12):59, 1967.
Chemical Construction Corp. of New York
will install New York City’s first
scrubber in its 73rd Street incinerator at
a cost of $293,000. The control device,
which is a flaring, tubular-shaped unit,
is designed to virtually eliminate flyash
and particulate matter, and substantially
reduce odorous emission of gases in the
No. 1 furnace (capacity: 220 tons per
day). Cases and particulates from the
furnace will travel into the Venturi
tube, gaining velocity as they pass
through its narrow throat. There, they
will be sprayed with droplets of water and
subjected to centrifugal action. As the
particulates become wet and heavy, they
will combine and drop to the bottom.
The scrubbed gases will discharge from
the stack, and the dust, soot, and fly
ash will be hauled to a landfill.
67-0500
Fox, R. A., ed. Proceedings; MECAR
Symposium, Incineration of Solid Wastes,
New York, Mar. 21, 1967. Metropolitan
Engineers Council on Air Resources. 81 p.
The symposium was sponsored by the
Incinerator Committee of the ASME
Process Industries Division and the New York
sections of the AECHE, AIME, ASCE, ASHRAE,
ASME, and ASTM. The topics covered were:
composition and combustion of refuse;
economics of solid—waste incineration;
burning industrial wastes; and air
pollution control equipment for
incinerators. The refuse—fired steam
generator at the Navy Base in Norfolk,
Virginia; a new incinerator at Munich,
West Germany; and an incinerator with
refractory furnaces were described in
detail.
67-0501
From modest operation to three
incinerators. . .contractor serves
Cincinnati. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(4):30-31, 1967.
Each of Tom Clark’s incinerators in
Cincinnati, Ohio, has been designed to
meet a particular need. The 6-year-old
300 ton traveling grate unit burns mixed
residential and commercial material. A
new 150-ton twin incinerator handles only
industrial refuse, such as paper,
cardboard, kindling-type wood, excelsior,
oil paper, etc. Both incinerators have
spray and baffle system&to cut air
pollution and fly ash. The third
facility, a 150-ton conical burner, is
used exclusively for heavy demolition
type lumber, boxes, skids and other wood
from industry. As a result of this strict
segregation, each operation obtains an
extremely high burn-out. In fact, Clark
hardly considers residue a problem and
does not bury it on landfill. Some is
used on access drives and the rest is
given away. Metal strapping and old
corrugated paperboard are salvaged
and baled.
67-0502
Fryling, G. R. Combustion engineering;
a reference book on fuel burning and
steam generation. New York, Combustion
Engineering, Inc., 1967.
Methods and equipment used for fuel
burning, steam generation, and heat
128
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0497—0506
recovery are covered. Chapters on flash
drying systems and refuse incinerators
are inc1 uded. Appendices present
combustion calculation charts and a
discussion of the properties of stemtt.
A name and subject index complete the
volume.
67-0503
Fryling, C. I. Refuse incinerators.
In Combustion engineering; a reference
book on fuel burning and steam generation.
New York, Conbuation Engineering, Inc.,
1 967.
Principles and data for designing refuse
incinerators are presented. Tables of
various types of refuse components and
their Etu as fired are given as well as
curves for combustion calculation. A
sample calculation of major design
factors is developed for a typical
incinerator with a 100—ton—per—day
capacity. This method of selection and
sizing of furnaces, flues, dust collectors,
La-as and stacks refers all incinerators to
the common denominator of heat input.
Curves shoving furnace tenperature
with various excess air and moisture
contents are presented. Heat utilization
fron municipal and industrial incinerators
is examined. Operation of an industrial
incinerator with an 80—ton—per—day
load is described. Waterwall construction
end high tenperature water boilers for
incinerators are briefly evaluated.
Other topics briefly reviewed are refuse
handling and intineratcr combustion control.
61 O504
Grapple replaces clam bucket in inoinerator
remodeling. American City, 82(4):45, 1967.
A 6-tined grapple on a bridge crane
is picking refuse out of the storage bin
in a 30-year old incinerator in Rochester,
New York, The incineration plant
operates around the clock, but receives
refuse from 6 AN to 4 PM.
67-0605
Gerstle, E. P., and D. A. Xennitz.
Atnospheric emissions from open burning.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 17(5):324—327, 1967.
Emission data are given of the results -
of simulated open burning of municipal
refuse, landscape refuse, and automobile
components which was conducted to
provide missing information on the
enissions from the common practice of
open burning. A sketch is given of the
burning tower, consisting of a cone 20 ft
high, 16 ft in circumference tapering to
a stack 29 112 in. in diameter,
8 ft high , and suspended 4 ft over an 8 ft
in diaaeter burning and weighing table.
The sampling port is located 4 ft from the
top of the stack. A schematic sketch
is given of the sampling train for the
particulate and polynuolear hydrocarbon
train. Charts are given which show the
variations of the carbon dioxide, CO, and
hydrocarbons with time during the burming
of municipal refuse, landscape refuse, and
auto compomen:s. Charts are shown which give
the gaseous emissions in lb per ton
of refuse originally present. A chart
is given which shows the nitrogen oxide
emiasions in ppm, lb per ton of
material burned at various times during
the burning. Charts are given of the
particulate and polynuclear emissions.
Atmospheric emissions from open burning
are characterized by high emission of
products of incomplete combustion.
Municipal refuse gave 85 lb per
ton, landscape refuse 65 lb per ton,
and auto components 125 lb of CO per ton.
The gaseous hydrocarbons paralleled
the CO and averaged 30 Lb per ton.
Polymuclear hydrocarbon emissions were
high. The disposal of refuse by open,
uncontrolled burning leads to higher
particulate enissions and creates an
unnecessary air pollution problem.
67-0506
Eaberman, J. New York City u-ill train
thousands of fuel burner, incinerator
operators. Power, 111(12):92-93, 1967.
New York City’s mew air pollution bill,
Local Law No. 14, stipulates both the
upgrading of incinerator and fuel—
burning equipment and the training of
people in the proper handling of the
equipment. The selection of instructors,
setting up of courses, and preparation
of practical examinations, all of which
have been completed, are described.
Classes will start in early 1968, will be
held one night a week for 2 hr and
will run for a total of 7 weeks. As
many as 30,000 operators may be trained.
129
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tncineratjon
67-0507
Harris, S. H. Incineration in multiple
hearth furnaces. Water and Sewage Works,
114(8):307-312, 1967.
Suburban growth, land availability,
haulage costs, and the scarcity of
skilled and semi-skilled labor are
increasing the problems of sludge digestion.
The incineration of sewage and industrial
waste sludges in multiple hearth furnaces
after dewatering of the sludges was
studied. The multiple hearth furnace used
was originally developed by Herreshoff for
roasting pyrites, but now has been
adapted for drying and/or burning
sewage sludges, grit, grease, screenings,
and industrial wastes. The multiple hearth
furnace is a cylindrical, refractory-lined
steel shell with a series of horizontal
refractory hearths located one above the
other. These hearths have an alternate
in-feed and out-feed direction actuated
by rabble arm teeth which plow the
material across the hearths to the
peripheral or central openings through
which it drops to the hearth beneath.
There is a true countercurrent flow of
the wet sludge cake and the hot gasses of
combustion. Although there is no odor
problem, the exhaust gasses are scrubbed
before discharge. The anticipated costs
of incineration decrease with the size of the
installation. For a plant capacity of
0.93 tons per day with a furnace diameter
of 10 ft 5 in. and 5 hearths, the cost
per ton was $9.25, while for a 13.88—ton—
per—day piant with an 13—ft—9—in. diamater
furna&e and seven hearths, the cost is $2.75
a ton. It is anticipated that, with
improvement in the dewatering of the
sludges, incineration will tend to
become the standard method of disposal
of troublesome sewage and industrial
waste sludges.
67-0608
Heat recovery makes garbage less a
burden. Chemical Engineering,
74(18):72, 74, 1967.
A naval base at Norfolk, Virginia,
produces steam power for docked weasels
by burning its garbage in two tightly
sealed furnaces built without firebrick.
Each can handle 180 tons per day of
refuse, generating more than 50,000 lb
per hr of saturated steam at 275 psi.
Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E), Sunset
Scavenger Corporation, and Golden Gate
Disposal Company in San Francisco,
California, will jointly build a $10
million installation that can handle
1,900 tons per day of garbage next to a
PG&E power plant if San Francisco grants
a 20-year Contract. A group of San
Francisco businessmen inspected heat
recovery incinerators in Germany; plants
they saw there led them to recommend an
electricity—from—wastes facility in San
Francisco. Pictures of and data on the
plants at Essen, Mannheim , Dusseldorf,
and Leverkusen are included in the article.
67-0509
Hescheles, C. A. Surfing industrial
wastes. In Proceedings; MECAR Symposium,
Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York,
Mar. 21, 1967. Metropolitan Engineers
Council on Air Resources. p. 6 O- 7 4.
Manufacturing plants are facing increasing
problems and costs in connection with
the disposal of waste materials generated
during the normal course of producing
saleable products. The four basic methods
of burning solid wastes are in flow-through,
rotary—hearth, rotary—kiln, and fluidized—
bed furnaces. The selection of a facility
to burn industrial wastes is based on
actual daily waste production, the nature
of the waste, and the quantity produced
in various departments. Waste analysis
should include the following chemical
and physical characteristics: water
content; volatile matter; fixed carbon;
ash content; heating value; corrosiveness;
toxicity; odor; explosiveness; ignition
temperature; ash-fusion temperature; and
density. The purpose of a test of a
waste—burning installation is to determine
the adequacy of design concept; whether the
contractor is meeting design specifications;
the operating efficiency; and air-water
pollution compliance. Waste-heat energy
available in industries has been utilized
in the past only in certain industries,
whereas the major portion has been
neglected as a tremendous source of fuel
available in industrial wastes. A new
approach to the solution of burning a
variety of wastes would be a central
facility to burn all the wastes under
the supervision of progressive waste
management. A central facility would
be responsible for solid wastes
preparation, liquid waste preparation,
and sludge handling. Industrial waste
130
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0507—0513
burning facilities with sludge flash
drying and fluidized sludge combustion are
illustrated.
67-0510
Huine, N. B. History of efforts at
incineration in the Los Angeles area.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 17(5):308-309, 1967.
The problems encountered in Los Angeles
with incinerators which are considered
typical of the Southern California area
are reviewed along with the economics
which led the city to depend on sanitary
landfill rather than incineration for
refuse disposal. A plan was developed
in the middle 1940’s to.construtt four
incinerators in the metropolitan area
to replace an old incinerator in Vernon
which served the city. In 1954, after
millions had been spent on incinerators
and millions more were about to he
committed, the Los Angeles Pollution
Control District refused permits to all
the municipal incinerators in the
county, since none of them met the
minimum pollution control requirements
of 0.4 grains of particulate matter per
cu ft. The total cost of operating the
Gaffney St. plant in 959 to 1960 was S5.57
a ton (including $1.20 for depreciation)
for 30,480 tons per year. The San
Fernando Road incinerator disposed of
83,311 tons per year at $3.60 per ton prior
to its shutdown in 1960. It was concluded
that sanitary landfill at a cost of $1.00
a ton would be more economical even with
round trip hauls of 30 miles (cost lOc
per mile per ton). The mountains and
foothills which surround Los Angeles
are responsible for the air pollution
problem also provide excellent
sanitary landfill sites. Unless the
landfill costs increase greatly or
landfill sites become depleted,
incinerators will not be economical for
the City of Los Angeles as a method of
refuse disposal. Of the dozen municipal
incinerators in operation in the greater
Los Angeles area prior to 1960, only
one is in regular operation now.
67-0511
Hummell, J. D. Build incinerator next
to disposal site. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(l):20,30, 1967.
A facility to serve Piqua and TroY,
Ohio, uses incinerators for disposal of
combustible refuse and a landfill for
incinerator residue and non-combustible
materials. A study of quantities and
type of refuse as projected to 1990
was conducted. Unanticipated industrial
growth could generate unpredictable
quantities of waste so the incinerator
could be enlarged to handle twice the
quantities predicted. Improvements
are likely from the charging chutes
on through the furnace to combustion
gas and residue handling systems,
and heat utilization. Consequently,
the initial facility will have building
space for an additional furnace with
improved techniques, The refuse pit will
serve as the storage area to permit
continuous firing 24 hr per day. The
150—ton—per—day incinerator will be of
the continuous flow type fed from a water
cooled chute. Residue will be collected
in a hopper to be hauled later to the
landfill. Fly ash from the gas scrubber
will be pumped with water to a settling
pond. Advantage features to reduce
operating labor include: voice
communication system, automatic control
of underfire air to provide a set rate
of air flow, automatic control of
overfire air to prevent odors, charging
hopper side extensions to prevent
spillage, provisions for using a crane
to remove objects from the pit not
to be charged into the furnace, and
air-cooled side walls to prevent slag.
67-0512
Incinerator smoke scrubber. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 17(5):342, 1967.
The new stainless steel scrubber,
‘Turbulaire’, not only helps New York
comply with its new air pollution
control regulation but is ideal during
the water shortage.
67-0513
Kaiser, E. R. Composition and combustion
of refuse. In Proceedings; MECAR
Symposium, Imcineration of Solid Wastes,
New York, Mar. 21, 1967. Metropolitan
Engineers Council on Air Resources.
p. 1 - 9 .
Incineration of municipal refuse reduces
the weight of refuse by 75 to 80 percent
and the volume of land space required
by 90 to 93 percent. To achieve over
131
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flCifleration
98 percent completion of combustion is
today’s challenge. Three lots of to
1 ton each of refuse from the pits of the
Oceanside (Long Island, N.Y.) Refuse
Disposal Plant were sorted by components.
Composition, moisture content, and
proximate analyses (ASTM), ultimate
analyses, heating values, and analyses
of mixed domestic refuse are tabulated.
Loose refuse has a bulk density of only
4 to 5 lb per cu ft. Refuse has poor
flow characteristics, its angle of
repose varies from 45 degrees when loose
to 90 degrees when compacted. With
complete combustion, a ton of test
refuse would be converted to the
following products; 1,148 lb of water
vapor; 1,360 ihof carbon dioxide gas;
9.4 lb of nitrogen gas; 1 lb of sulfur
dioxide gas; and 438 lb of inert residue
consisting of 185 lb of glass and ceramics,
145 lb of metal, and 108 lb of ash.
The gaseous products of combustion are
natural constituents of the atmosphere.
The sulfur dioxide emission is low
because of the low sulfur content of
refuse and the conversion of most of the
sulfur to sulfates by the alkaline ash.
Because of the large tonnages available,
the negative cost of refuse, the calorific
values, and low sulfur dioxide emissions,
refuse should be considered as a suitable
fuel for power generation.
67-0614
Kai er, E. R. Incinerators to meet new
air pollution standards. Presented at
Mid-Atlantic Section Meeting, Air Pollution
Control Association, New York, Apr. 29,
1967. 9 p.
In the 1950’s emissions of particulate
matter from incinerators were controlled
to 0.85 lb per 1000 lb of flue gas
corrected to 50 percent air. At present,
the federal agencies, the State of New
York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit,
and other metropolitan areas require
control in the range of 0.2 and 0. 35 lb
on the same or equivalent basis. Since
particulate matter discharged with stack
gases is expressed in several different
ways, a comparison table equates then.
Municipal incinerators operating at full
rating nay discharge flvash from the
primary furnace equal to 2 percent of the
refuse charged, or 40 lb per ton. oughly
half of the particulates are carbon.
Collector efficiencies of 96 to 97 percent
are required to produce clear stack
gases from refractory-lined incinerators,
while 98.5 percent efficiency is necessary
for clear stacks from water-tubed
incinerator furnaces. The basic
principles for complete combustion of
solid refuse and low dust emission
include: an excess of combustion air of
50 to 200 percent above the stoichiometric
minimum; maintaining gas temperatures in
the furnace space between 1,400 and 1,800
F; providing tine for burnout of flying
particles and of gases by the use of
ample furnace volume and by secondary
combustion chambers. The average heat
release rate per cubic foot of furnace
volume should not exceed 25,000 Stu
per hr. Gaseous contaminants produced
by incinerators are: carbon monoxide;
aldehydes; nitrogen oxides; organic
acids, ammonia, esters, and hydrocarbons;
and sulfur dioxide.
67-0515
Kalika, P. W. The effects of variations
in municipal refuse on some incinerator
design parameters. ASME Paper No.
67-WA/PTC-2. Presented at Winter
Annual Meeting, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Nov.
12-17, 1967. 8 p.
The variability of municipal refuse can
have a marked effect on the performance
of an incinerator during test, as
compared to design expectations. A
computer program was developed which
can assess this variability in tertr s of
its effect on incinerator design parameters
such as gas, air, and quench water flows
and temperatures. The computer program,
given a refuse composition and heating
value, a percent excess air, and a
percent heat loss, calculates the
products of combustion for a 2,000 lb per
hr burning rate. Twenty-one refuse
compositions were considered, 11 values
of excess air from 40 to 300 percent, and
10 heat loss percentages from 2 to 60
percent. The results of calculations
are presented in the form of tables and
graphs, and their significance with
respect to incinerator design and
testing is discussed. It was concluded
that the tabulation of refuse compositions
selected is probably as typical of what
the trend in municipal refuse might be
as any which could be generated at this
time. Tentative plans for further work
involving influence coefficients and
correction factors are outlined.
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0514—0518
67-0516
Kaupert, U. Refuse incineration with
heat recovery. In Proceedings; INTAPUC
Ninth International Conference, Paris,
June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing.
p. 145-181.
Types of heat recovery are outlined,
including adding air to the flue gas,
spraying the flue gas, and thermal
exchange. Steam boilers are discussed
in greater detail. Advantages of
connecting the steam boiler of
incinerating plants with the main heater
of an existing thermal powerplant are
considered. Electrical and other
applications of steam from incinerators
are examined. The effects of
incineration heat recovery on design
and operating criteria before, during,
and after incineration are described
in some detail. Aspects discussed
include refuse collection and storage;
preparing the refuse; stoking systems;
grates; furnace design, with special
emphasis on suidance of flue gas, its
velocity and temperature; boiler type
and design including discussion of
boiler temperature and pressure, tube
spacing, corrosion, fouling and cleaning;
de-slogging; operating time; and
profitability.
67-0517
Mandelbaun, P. E.
tougher standards.
82(8):97-98, 1967.
Comprehensive tests were conducted by
the Wisconsin Chemical and Testing Co.,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to determine
gaseous emissions and odors from a new
incinerator built for the town of North
Hernpstead, New York. The incinerator’s
air pollution control train consists of
a secondary combustion chamber, a
low-velocity expansion or cooling
chamber, four banks of high-pressure
water sprays, a secondary baffle chamber,
and cyclone collectors. Space has been
provided for the addition of an
electrostatic precipitator, if additional
improvements should become necessary.
Samples for dustloading determinations
were obtained through openings in the
chimney well at a point 129 ft above
the base of the 265—ft—high stack.
Table I presents a summary of the
results of the dust-emission rates from
the stack on an actual gas basis,
while table II summarizes information
developed using the dustloading test
results and volumetric data. The
maximum stack-emission rates with all
units in operation range from 47.8 to
65.7 lb of dust per hr. This emission
represents 0.096 percent to 0.132
percent of the incinerator charge rate,
an excellent air pollution performance.
For three unit operation, average carbon
dioxide was 3.36 percent to 4.20 percent
and stack temperature was 457 F to 487 P.
Table Ill lists the visual stack-emission
readings. No readings exceeded an
‘equivalent density’ of a No. 1.0
Ringelmann. Orsat gas analyses showed
C02 3.2 percent to 4.2 percent; oxygen
15.2 percent to 16 percent; CO 0.0 percent
to 0.1 percent; and N2 79.7 percent to 81.0
percent. No offensive odors were
detected in the sampled stack gases.
The result of 14 special dustloading
tests taken at various locations within
the three units are outlined. The tests
demonstrated conclusively that this
incinerator’s present air pollution control
operates well within both present and
anticipated future air pollution control
standards.
67-0518
Michaels, A. Incineration of municipal
wastes without heat utilization. In
Proceedings; INTAPIJC Ninth International
Conference, Paris, June 26-30, 1967.
International Association of Public
Cleansing. p.l31-l43.
The necessity of sound engineering
design criteria for incinerators is
outlined. Methods of obtaining
information on characteristics of the
waste are briefly presented. The chief
functions of incineration without waste
heat utilization are combustion and
materials handling. Design parameters
for the most common systems are given.
Problems include oversized burnable
wastes and reducing air pollution. Two
methods of reducing fly ash emission,
a major pollution problem for
incinerators: the wet baffle
impingement and the dry mechanical
system, are discussed. The economics of
waste heat utilization are outlined. The
low price and excellent handling
characteristics of coal make it superior
to waste heat steam as a fuel.
Incinerators can meet
American City,
133
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Incineratien
Public
67-0519
Michaels, A. Only 15% of all solid
wastes is incinerated. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(2):20,22, 1967.
Ten to fifteen percent of all refuse is
disposed of by incineration; 20 to 25
percent of urban refuse is disposed of
by open burning. Approximately 40
percent is disposed of by landfill. The
quantity of particulate emitted by
incineration varies from 10 to 60 lb
per ton of material burned, and open
burning accounts for quantities varying from
60 to 100 lb per ton. Poor refuse disposal
by combustion results in the emission of
gaseous pollutants, particularly carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons. Good
incineration meets an emission limit
of 0.85 lb of particulate matter per
thousand pounds of gases, corrected to
12 percent carbon dioxide at standard
atmospheric conditions; 33 percent of
incineration capacity does meet this
standard.
67-0520
Modern methods of incineration.
Cleansing, 57(3):165-171, 1967.
Due to the inevitable shortage of tipping
space, partial or entire incineration
must be undertaken. Most British
Cleansing Officers are impressed with
the mechanical and engineering techniques
employed in merica, since British
inc nerators have changed little in the
last 30 years. Mr. Cockcroft thought
there was no doubt that the moving grate
was the most efficient burning appliance
and therefore must be preferred where
economic use of heat is to be made.
Plant costs range between 1,2,000 and
E3,200 per ton of refuse burned on an
8-hr shift or between 1,1,600 and 1,2,800
on a 16-hr shift, giving a cost per ton
of between 35/- and 45/-. The modern
full incineration plant will deal with
8 tons per hr. In an 8-hr shift, 64 tons
of refuse, having an average density
of 7 Cu yd per ton, will be reduced
to some 20 tons of clinker. Turning to
the incinerator, designs resulted in
rotating drum, reciprocating stepped
grates, and the circular dump type and
rocking stepped grate. The Middleton
grate consists of six rotating drums,
each 5 ft in diameter by 8 ft in width.
The advantages of full incineration
are: (1) complete combustion; (2)
minimum labor force; (3) high throughput;
(4) improved working conditions; and (5)
no wide temperature variations. A
discussion followed concerning regional
disposal, clinker, cost, and
maintenance.
67-0521
Montreal incinerator first in North
America to generate steam and use
precipitators. Modern Power and
Engineering, 61(7):68-69,100, 1967.
The Montreal municipal incinerator, the
first in North American to produce
by-product steam, and the first to
incorporate electrostatic precipitators
for pollution control, is described
together with schematic pictures of the
proposed unit, the electrostatic
precipitator, and the general layout.
The electrostatic precipitator, which
will prevent emissions of more than
0.02 lb per 1,000 lb of gas, is centrally
located to reduce trucking costs.
Garbage will be dumped by truck into a
pit, delivered by clamshell bucket to
a vibrator and then to the grates with
the residue (15% of the original volume)
going to a water-filled pit and slag
conveyor. The residue, free of organics,
will make an ideal landfill or road
surfacing material. The unit will
produce $750,000 worth of steam a year
from 400,000 of Montreal’s 1,200,000 tons
of putrescible refuse. The furnace
temperatures will be maintained between
1,500 and 1,850 F. The lower limit will
prevent offensive odors; the upper limit
will prevent fusing of flyash in
suspension. Estimated cost of processing
garbage will be under $5.00 a ton. Sale of
steam, scrap, and residues are expected to
reduce this value to $2.50 per ton. Ash
will be offered to makers of concrete
block and light concrete. It is believed
that the City of Montreal will have a
precisely engineered plant with the most
advanced incinerator, based on tried and
tested operation.
67-0522
Moore, H. C. Refuse fired steam generator
at Navy Base, Norfolk, Va. In Proceedings;
MECAR Symposium, Incineration of Solid
Wastes, New York, Mar. 21, 1967.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air
Resources. p.lO2l.
The utilization of waste heat from
municipal incinerators has been considered
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0519—0525
for some years and earlier batch feed
installations with waste heat boilers
have produced from 1 to 2 lb of steam
maximum per pound of refuse. A cost
comparison was made for a complete installation
with a refractory furnace enclosure having a
convection-type waste heat boiler mounted
adjacent thereto, compared with an
installation having water-cooled furnace
walls integral with a convection type boiler,
both having the same refuse burning capacity.
It was concluded that the steam production
from refuse alone could be increased
approximately 38 percent by the use of
water-wall furnace. The initial cost of the
water-wall installation with fan and flyash
collection equipment capacities for 100
percent excess air, practically balanced the
initial cost of the refractory furnace and
boiler installations with auxiliaries based
on 200 percent excess air. The principal
saving on operating costs would be in the cost
of auxiliary fuel. Based on a continuous
boiler output of 50,000 lb steam per 24 hrs
per day, the saving in fuel cost would
amount to approximately $47,000 per year with
oil at $2.81 per barrel. Specifications for
each boiler-furnace unit are listed. A
longitudinal section through the boiler-furnace
unit at the U.S. Naval Base, Norfolk, Va.
is illustrated. Calculations indicate that it
is logical to expect at least 50 percent
greater steam production by this design than
in earlier installations. The cost for
incinerating equipment and appurtenances was
$1,100,000.
67-0523
Move seven million tons a year. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(2):14, 1967.
Rotting refuse and toxic fumes may
become a health hazard in New York City.
When air pollution control goes into effect
in May 1968, there will be an 80 percent
increase in the volume of refuse from
the apartment houses where most New
Yorkers live because improper incinerators
will not be permitted. Disposal at sea
is not satisfactory. The Staten Island
landfill has only a few useful years left.
67-0524
Navy to incinerate rubbish for power.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(4):18, 34,
1967.
Burning refuse to generate power, a
practice common in Europe, is developing
in the United States. A $2.2 million,
180 ton incinerator at the Naval Station
in Norfolk, Virginia, will save $47,000
a year in steam produced. Cases
entering the electrostatic precipitator are
considerably reduced as compared with
refractory incinerators. The heat value
of refuse is moving from 5,000 Btu per
lb toward approximately 5,500 Btu per lb
by 1980. Two and a quarter pounds of
refuse may be equivalent to one pound
of coal. It can not all be utilized as
fuel, but has many potential uses as in
a central system for heating and
air-conditioning buildings or as a steam
supply for industrial Processes. A
25 to 40 percent saving in operating
costs of New York City’s incinerators could
result from burning refuse for power.
Grates and furnace construction have
improved to make burning more efficient.
One pound of incinerator refuse can
produce 1.4 to 1.8 lb of steam. It
takes 10 lb of steam to produce 1 kw
hr of electricity. The Issy-les-Moulineaux
in Paris burns 450,000 tons of refuse to
produce 90 million kw hours of electricity.
Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands
also use burned-refuse-produced heat for
most of their power supply. Atlanta, Georgia,
paid for its incinerator in 12 years.
67-0525
Netzley, A. B., and J. E. Williamson.
Incineration. Mobile multiple-chamber
incinerators. In Air pollution engineering
manual. Public Health Publication No.
999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 1967. p.428-435.
Mobile multiple-chamber incinerators
provide a unique method of on-the-site
disposal of refuse. Although their
technical efficiency is adequate, they
never were widely used because of the
availability of more economical disposal
methods. Practical and economical
solutions to facilitate the design and
construction of successful mobile
multiple-chamber incinerators are
presented. Although the design
parameters are identical to the
stationary multiple-chamber incinerator, the
mobile incinerator must be constructed
of lightweight materials and is limited
in size to comply with the State Vehicle
Code. Design configurations generally
limit the maximum capacity of the retort
style to 500 lb per hr, and that of the
1 5
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Incineration
in-line style to 1 ,000 lb per hr. The
draft for mobile incinerators may be
produced in two ways: by use of a stack
or an induced-draft sYstem that uses air
to cool the effluent. A major problem
in design of the induced-draft fan
system is the proper selection of a fan.
The mechanical design and construction of
a mobile incinerator, in addition to
meeting the requirements of the Vehicle
Code, must provide a rigid frame and
satisfactory refractory materials.
Standards of construction for grates,
air inlets, trailer and frame, and
auxiliary burners are discussed. Design
of an induced-draft fan system for a
mobile multiple-chamber incinerator
is illustrated in a twentvone step
problem.
67-0526
Netzlev, A. B., and J. E. Villiamson.
Incineration. Multiple-chamber
incinerators for burning wood waste.
In Air pollution engineering manual.
Public Health Service Publication No.
999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 1967. p. 4 36 44 7.
There are, in general, three methods of
burning wood waste: open burning;
burning in single-chamber incinerators
involving the tepee and silo structures;
and burning in multiple-chamber
incinerators. While single-chamber
silo incinerators have particulate
emissions in excess of 12 lb per ton of
wood t. -aste, a range of emissions of
1 to 6.. lb per ton is found for
multiplechamber incinerators. An
illustrative problem shows how to design
a multiple-chamber incinerator with a
mechanical feed system. Combustion,
gaseous flow, and dimensional calculation
are employed in the solution. Mechanical
feed systems consist of: a surge bin for
holding saw dust and wood chips; a screw
or drag conveyor to move the wood waste;
and a pneumatic conveying system which
transfers the waste to a cyclone and then
into the ignition chamber. Super duty
plastic refractories or super duty fire
clay fizebrick are recommended for the
interior lining which may realize
temperatures in excess of 2,000 F.
Differences existing between the
operation of wood-burning and general
refuse incinerators are examined.
67-0627
New precipitators for old incinerators.
American City, 82(8):40, 1967.
Research-Cottrell will install
electrostatic precipitators in two
incinerators in New York City. These
will he the first municipal units of
this type installed in incinerators in the
United States. It will require about
a year to install these two units,
test them, and evaluate the results. If
successful, these pilot devices, at
about $400,000 apiece, could be the
forerunners of a $20 million to $25
million program to equip all 46 furnaces
of the city’s 11 incinerators with
similar control units. Electrostatic
precipitators installed in power plants
and steel mills will trap more than
95 percent of the particulate matter.
Research-Cottrell also has a contract
to install four precipitators on the
proposed Montreal incinerator, but they
will not be ready until after New York
tests and installs its devices.
67-0528
New York hassles over incinerators.
Removal Journal, 10(10):14, 1967.
Refuse
Changes proposed for New York Cit’s new
air pollution control laws promise relief
for the City’s Department of Sanitation
as well as apartment house owners.
The proposed change would make May 20,
1968 the deadline for upgrading all
apartment building incinerators.
Landlords installing optional
refuse-compacting equipment would be
exempted from upgrading. Interpretations
that no one was required to upgrade
incinerators threaten to deluge the
Sanitation Department with unburned refuse
that it cannot handle. The confusion
caused by the legal interpretations and
the building owners’ reluctance to furnish
funds have resulted in a very slow progress
in upgrading. Basic upgrading,
estimated to cost a minimum of $5,000,
involves installing a firebox to burn the
refuse efficiently, and a scrubber that
traps the burned particles and prevents them
from reaching the air.
67-0529
Open-top incinerator. Compressed Air,
72(1):13, 1967.
An experimental open-top incinerator with
an improved combustion method to reduce
air pollution is described. One of the
DuPont plants which burned nitrocellulose
necessitated the construction of the
incinerator whose principal feature, in
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05 26—05 32
addition to the open top, is that all air
for burning is admitted through closely
spaced, high-velocity nozzles along the
top. Advantages of the open top include
simplified material hamdling for loading
and cleaning, elimination of costly roof
maintenance, reduction of refractory
damage from excessive temperatures,
and good combustion characteristics for
chemical waste destructors so that
burning rates are almost double those with
conventional design. Many solid and
liquid wastes have been burned
satisfactorily by complete combustion,
with omly metals and ash particles
remaining in the furnace. The reduction
in size of the incinerator through high
burning rates and simplified construction,
consisting of a firebrick-lined pit, result
in cost reduction of considerable magnitude.
In addition, operation is simple and requires
a minimum of unskilled labor.
67-0530
Orders precipitator to control pollution
from incinerators. American City,
82(8):159-160, 1967.
The Wheelabrator Corporation, Nishawaka,
Indiana, has been awarded the contract
to install an electrostatic precipitator
system in the city’s southwest Brooklyn
incinerator. The incinerator, built
in 1959, has the capacity to handle 1,000
tons of nunicipal refuse in 24 hr through
four refractory furnaces. The
Wheelabrator-Lurgi precipitator design
for New York includes an evaporation
cooling tower in addition to the
precipitator. The tower employs a very
finely atomized water spray to reduce the
temperature of the furnace gases from
approximately 1,800 F to a range of
from 575 F to 600 F, prior to treatment.
The precipitator, which is 23 ft wide,
34 ft long and stands 60 ft high, is a
complete turnkey arrangement with the
capacity to clean 1,700,000 cu ft per minute
of dirty gas, removing 95 percent of the
dust in the gas stream before discharging
it into the atmosphere. The cost of one
installation ranges from $400,000 to
$500,000. The collecting surfaces are
specially pocketed to prevent the escape
of partially burned paper particles into
the atmosphere. This design feature will
be particularly effective in the United
States where great amounts of paper are
contained in the refuse. While this
is the first installation of a
Wheelabrator-Lurgi precipitator in the
United States, more than 60 units of this
type have been installed in Europe.
67-0531
Pagan, A. R. Lew cost pit incinerator
extends life of sanitary landfill. Public
Works, 98(8):131-132, 1967.
Bergen County, New Jersey, has built a pit
incinerator for a total cost of $37,000
in order to reduce such uncompactable
refuse as wood pallets , cardboard cartons,
and fiber barrels. Following inspection
of a pit used by DuPont Chemical Co. in
South Jersey, a similar facility was
built. The pit is lined with low-duty
firebrick and is about 8 by 10 by 10 ft.
Exterior walls are of cinderblocks,
reinforced with steel irons with a
steel frame or tollar on the top of
the pit to provide rigidity. Because
this pit was installed on the
Hackensack Meadowlands, piles were driven
to support the pit, the engine, and the
pipeline connecting the blower to the
nozzle. A steel cage surrounds the top
of the underground pit to stop the larger
pieces of flyash. Forced air, provided
by the engine and blower arrangement,
is fed to small pipes with two rows of
nozzles aimed downward (about 45 degree
angle) at the burning rubbish below. To
date the pit has functioned on a one
shift basis, with about 40 tons per day
incinerated. Practically all refuse
disposed in this way has been wood.
67-0532
Precautions for tepee-type burners.
American City, 82(5):44, 1967.
To minimize air pollution from tepee-type
burners the P. I i. S. recommends: burner
should be charged by a conveyor belt;
and materials producing heavy smoke
should be discharged at a landfill.
Garbage should not be more than 20 percent
by weight of the refuse, and it should
be mixed uniformly with dry combustible
refuse. Ash should be cooled and wetted
before placement in a landfill.
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Incineration
67-0633
Reid, R. L., and E. R. Kaiser.
incineration--municipal operations.
In Proceedings; Solid Waste in Urban
Environments--A Community Action Seminar,
Houston, Mar. 9, 1967. University of
Houston. p.SS-58.
incineration is attracting favorable
attention as an effective and economical
method for maximum reduction of refuse
weight and volume. Incinerator residue
occupies only one-fifteenth the space of raw
refuse. The cost of municipal incinerators
is in the range of $5,000 to $10,000 per-day
ton of the daily capacity, based on 24—hr
operation. The total cost of incineration,
including amortization, operation, and
maintenance ranges from $3 to $6 per ton
of refuse. The features of a conventional
incinerator include the following facilities:
a site near a residue disposal area; a
building of pleasing architecture; a scale
for recording tonnages; concrete—lined pits
30 to 40 ft deep with storage capacity of at
least 36 hr supply; one or two overhead
cranes; two or more incinerator furnaces,
each with stoking grates, forced air fans,
secondary chambers, and flues; a method of
quenching refuse and transferring it to
trucks; fly ash collectors; an exhaust system
of either a tall, natural draft chimney or
induced-draft fans with shorter chimneys;
and controls for semi-automatic operation.
To determine the number and size of furnaces,
the maximum weekly refuse load may be
divided by 6 and then divided by an
availability factor of 80 to 85 percent.
The ajor advance in incinerators is being
made in adapting modern dust collectors
to incinerator service. The trend toward
better air pollution control favors steam
generation. Therefore an incinerator might
be built in a populated area that has need
for steam or steam—generated electric power.
Some other new developments in the incinerator
field are: an incinerator for burning
oversized waste; reuse of water in
incinerator plant stokers for burning
refuse more completely; pyrolysis; waste
heat, and slag recovery.
67-0534
Ridgley, A. B. Light commercial incinerator
selection and operations. In Proceedings:
Solid Waste in Urban Environments—-a Community
Action Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9, 1967.
University of Houston. p.52—54.
The selection and operation of light
commercial incinerators, which include
units ranging in size from 500 lb per hr
to approximately 2,000 lb per hr, is
discussed. The factors involved in
proper selection are: type of material
to be destroyed; collection of the material
and location of the incinerator; time
to be allotted for collecting and feeding
the incinerator; storage areas and room
for stoking; adequate air supply; air
conditioning, ventilating fans, etc.
that may have a demand on the air supply;
auxiliary equipment such as gas washer or
ash collector; availability of utilities
for natural gas and(or electricity;
location of stacks; and current local
codes and ordinances. Wastes and
incinerators are classified by
criteria compiled by the Incinerator
Institute of America. Since the wide
use of incinerators in multi-story
apartments and buildings is just
starting in the Houston area, it is
recommended that strict codes be
adopted to assure pollution-free
destruction of trash. When selecting a
destructor, the amount of time allocated to
feeding or cleaning the unit must be
considered. The average I.I.A.
incinerator has a reduction of
approximately 90 to 94 percent of the
waste to be destroyed by weight.
Incinerators that are designed according
to these criteria are calculated by
pounds of refuse per square foot of
grate or hearth area and the length
of gas travel. Temperatures are
raised by the trash itself or by
auxiliary burners to a degree high
enough to let larger ash particles
settle out. Many manufacturers are
incorporating methods to use the beat
release for worthwhile purposes such as
heat boilers, heat exchangers, dryers,
and other uses.
67-0535
Riley, B. T., and J. A. Dorsey.
Evaluation of open pit incineration
for solid waste disposal. In
Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and
Development, University School, Milwaukee,
July 24-28, 1967. Conference Preprint
No. C-5.
A joint study to test and to evaluate
a pilot trench incinerator by the Solid
Wastes Program and the National Center
for Air Pollution Control is described.
The components of the pilot unit are
listed. A firebrick lined pit and
combustion-air equipment will allow
materials to be burned under controlled
138
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05 33—05 38
conditions. All gaseous and particulate
combustion emissions will be collected.
Three types of determinations will be
conducted f or each experiment:
characterization of the fuel and residue;
definition of the combustion conditions;
and identification of the combustion
emissions. Each experiment will be
conducted on a batch basis.
67-0536
Sableski, J. J., and J. E. Williamson.
Incineration; flue—fed apartment
incinerators. In Air pollution engineering
manual. Public Health Service Publication
No. 999—AP—40. Cincinnati, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, 1967.
p.4 47— 460.
In the flue-fed incineracorused in
apartments, schools, hospitals, and office
buildings, the chimney also serves as a
chute for refuse charging. The composition
range (% by wt) of apartment house refuse
is: dry paper, 50 to 100; garbage, 0 to 30;
plastics, 0 to 3; nonconbustibles, 2 to 10;
and other, 0 to 10. The air pollution
problen of flue-fed incinerators is evidenced
by the escape of large quantities of fly
ash from the stack along with white or
light gray smoke. There are three basic
methods of altering this condition:
installation of an afterburner on the roof,
in the basement, or installation of a
multiple-chamber incinerator. A roof
afterburner is supplemented by a damper at
the base of the stack to control the excessive
draft and burning rate. Chute door locks
are installed to prevent damage to the draft
control danper from charging during burning.
A basement afterburner uses a damper at the
base of the stack and an afterburner directly
above it. Advantages and disadvantages of
roof and basement afterburners are listed.
Emission data for all three types are given.
An illustrative problem shows a calculation
of the size of a barometric damper for a
multiple-chamber incinerator.
67-0537
San Francisco gets funds for incinerator
study. APWA Reporter, 34(7):25, 1967.
The City and County of San Francisco has
received a $117,193 U.S. Public Health
Service Solid Wastes Program grant to
develop a solid wastes incinerator
capable of meeting rigid air pollution
restrictions with minimum control
equipment. The grant covers two-thirds
of the first year cost of the project,
which is now expected to run for three
years at a total cost of about $760,000.
Project engineers hope that more complete
combustion will be achieved with a new
type of mechanical grate and better
utilization of air in combustion
chambers of an improved design, thereby
making it possible to eliminate certain
conventional control devices. The
project contemplates construction of a
prototype incinerator with a capacity of
100 to 150 tons of solid wastes a day,
but designed to duplicate operating
conditions in a fuilsize incinerator.
(This article also appears in Refuse
Removal Journal, Volume 10, Number it,
page 40, October 1967.)
67-0538
Schloerke, K. W. Guide to incinerator
installations. Air Conditioning,
Heating and Ventilating, 64(5):G27-G32,
1967.
Basic criteria are giwem for the selection
of the correct type and size of incinerator
and accessories. Tables are given which
show: the types, composition, and heat
values of various wastes considered for
disposal; a classification of incinerators;
an incinerator sizing guide; the ninimun
auxiliary fuel requirements, a guide to
chimney sizing, and theoretical combustion
air requirements. Included are photographs
of five types of incinerators and schematic
drawings of four types of incinerators.
The size and type of incinerator can
be determined from the volume, type, and
weight of waste together with the time
allotted for incinerator operation.
Except for type 0 waste, a highly
combustible paper, cardboard, carton and
wood mixture, auxiliary fuel is required.
This may be as high as 8,000 Btu per lb as
for type 4 wastes, which are composed of
human and animal refuse from hospitals,
laboratories, and abattoirs containing
up to 85 percent moisture. In the
primary chamber, the auxiliary gas
burners ignite, preheat, and maintain
efficient burning temperatures. In
the secondary chamber, the burners control
the temperature, destroy odors, and provide
better operation, even with careless
operators. The regulation of incinerators
by air pollution control agencies imposes
a burden on incinerator manufacturers
because of the lack of a uniforn code
of requirements. Data are furnished
to permit the selection of an
adequate incinerator, and the importance
and need for uniform incinerator codes
is emphasized.
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Incineration
67-0539
Sebastian, F. P. San Francisco’s solid
wastes crisis. Civil Engineering,
37(10):53—55, 1967.
Recently San Francisco’s Environmental
Pollution Committee has been studying
new methods of refuse disposal.
Composting, incineration at sea, and
various other methods were found to be
either too costly, impractical or
illegal. The committee concluded that
European incinerators, equipped with
electrostatic precipitators could meet
the standards of Bay Area Air Pollution
Control. In these new European designs,
the temperature of combustion gases is
reduced to 250 C by heat transference to
the water jacketing the boiler. This
reduces the volume of the exhausting
gases by about one-half, and therefore
a smaller precipitator can be used. Sale
of the energy can cut the net cost
of the operation. The article includes
a schematic drawing of London’s new
Deepham Refuse Disposal Works, which
will be completed in 1970. New features
are constant operation and elimination
of presorting. An estimated 147 tons
per day of saleable metals will be
recovered from this plant which will
have a capacity of 1,667 tons per day of
refuse. Pacific Gas and Electric in San
Francisco has offered a 20-year contract
to purchase the by-product steam
generated if a garbage incinerator is
built in the adjacent site. The central
location of the site would allow
con 4 enient hauling away of the
remaining inorganic sterile ash and
by-products. Cost for the incinerator
would be $13,500,000, or an increase of
$2.00 per household per year, or $2.60
per year without energy recovery.
67.0540
Solid Wastes Program. Methods of study.
Report on the municipal solid wastes
incinerator system of the District of
Columbia. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of
Health. Education, and Welfare, June 1967.
p. 6 — 16 .
Extensive review and analyses of past
incinerator records were made. These analyses
indicate variations of solid wastes loads,
long- term incinerator performances, and
long-term loading trends. The District
of Coli bia maintains daily records of
incoming solid wastes received at each
incinerator categorized by the following
types: household, commercial, federal,
street, ash and special, and confidential.
Data covering the period of 1955 to the
present were reviewed and analyzed as
a basis for the development of background
characteristics for: waste loadings,
loading rates, and approximate reduction
performance of the four incinerators.
A one week, intensive, on-site study of
each incinerator included observations
and data collection of weights of solid
wastes delivered to the incinerator, weights
of residue discharged from each incinerator,
smoke studies of stack discharges, and
furnace charging rates. Samples of
incinerator residue and quench waters were
collected at selected intervals and analyses
were conducted on the residues to determine
moisture content and percent combustibles
remaining. Analyses conducted on the quench
waters included: pH, specific conductivity,
suspended and dissolved solids, chlorides,
suiphates, phosphates, hardness, and
alkalinity. Reduction of solid wastes
was determined on two bases: weight
reduction with moisture, and actual weight
reduction with the moisture content of
the residue subtracted. The specific
incinerator conditions and operating
characteristics observed were: weighing
facilities, unloading, charging rates,
furnaces, residue quality, general
housekeeping efforts, and stack emissions.
A tentative rating method was utilized
to indicate ov rall acceptability of the
facilities -
67-0541
Solid Wastes Program. Reports on individual
incinerators. In Report on the municipal
solid wastes incinerator system of the
District of Columbia. Cincinnati, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, June 1967. p.l 7 — 55 .
The four incinerators investigated were:
0 Street, Georgetown; Mt. Olivet; and
Ft. Totten. A brief background is given
for each incinerator including construction
facts, number and capacity of furnaces,
and descriptions of other equipment.
Incinerator conditions and operating
characteristics covered are: weighing
facilities; unloading and charging
procedures; furnace design; residue and
fly ash collections; personnel facilities
and general sanitation; and special problems.
In
140
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05 39—0 544
The indices of incinerator efficiency
were: weight input, weight output,
reduction with moisture, actual weight
reduction, loading rate, temperature,
residue quality, and stack emissions.
Recommendations were nade for increasing
the efficiency of the various operations.
The Solid Wastes Program Tentative
Rating Method for Incinerator Operation
was used to compare these to an ideal
plant rated 100 points. Resulting
average scores of from 46 to 51 were
placed on the four operations and
each was given an unsatisfactory rating.
67-0542
Solid Wastes Program. Appendices. In
Report on the municipal solid wastes
incinerator systen of the District of
Columbia. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, June 1967.
The Solid Wastes Program Tentative Rating
Method for Incinerator Operation includes
criteria for access roads, employee
facilities, communications, fire prevention,
accident prevention and safety, operation
records, operational maintenance, limited
access, area sanitation, building sanitation,
weighing facilities, unloading areas, dust
control at unloading areas, capacity and
operation of storage pits, segregation of
refuse, furnace temperature control, residue
and emission quality, sewage solids, and
other hazardous materials, salvage, open
burning, vector control, and disposal of
quenching and scrubbing waters. Scoring
for each item is indicated. The time
schedules for the study teams and
sampling schedules for residue and
quench water are listed. An explanation
of the method of analysis of data and
development of figures is given and
results of incinerator residue and quench
water sample analyses are listed.
67-0543
Southern city to build incinerator.
Refuse Removal Journal, l0(3):l8, 1967.
The city of Baton Rouge, kouisiana, is
constructing a new refuse incinerator which
will be able to handle all types of municipal
solid wastes without problems of odor,
smoke, or fly ash. The initial investment
will be $2,900,000, and the incinerator
is expected to operate at a cost of $2.25
per ton of refuse burned. The design for
the unit includes a reverse—reciprocating
grate which will ensure rapid and complete
combustion at temperatures of about 2 200 C.
Two water—wall boilers will cool the flue
gases, after which they will enter
electrostatic precipitators. The
precipitators will clean them so that less
than 0.15 grains of particulate matter
per cu ft of gas will leave the furnace in
the gas stream. This rate of emission is
considered to constitute a major step toward
the elimination of air pollution. The unit
is also equipped with a water—cooled panel
construction, which will prevent slagging
of the furnace walls and reduce maintenance
costs and down time, In addition, a bulk
refuse grinder will handle all bulky items
and render them efficiently burnable. The
design for the incinerator and plans for
operation incorporate several features which
will help offset operating costs, The
boilers will generate about 3 5 lb of steam
per lb of refuse burned, part of which
will be employed in plant power generation,
and part of which will be sold, Scrap
metal, the incinerator ash residue, and
waste heat will also be salvaged. The
incineration plant is expected to be finished
by the summer of 1969.
67-0544
State takes steps to control gob pile,
incinerator emissions. Kentucky State
Department of Health News & Plans,
14(6), 1967.
Two new steps recently taken by Kentucky’s
Air Pollution Commission in continuing
efforts to control the state’s air
pollution problems are: strict regulations
governing incinerator design, and a pilot
study of gob—pile fire control. The
commission also adopted regulations to:
(1) prevent, abate, and control the
emission of air contaminants from coal
refuse disposal and incinerators; (2)
regulate the practice of burning
combustibles in the open; and (3) control
the emission of air contaminants from
waste burners.
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Incineration
67-0645
Sullivan, P. N. Composition and
characteristics of incinerator residues.
In Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and
Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 25-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. C8.
A Bureau of Mines project showed that
reliable samples of incinerator residues
can be obtained. Glass constitutes the
major fraction of the residues and large
amounts of unburned paper found show the
need for more efficient burning. Salvage
of metals alone could nearly double the
life expectancy of residue landfill sites
and reduce haulage costs by 50 percent.
The type of residue discharge facilities at
the various incinerators tested determined
the sampling procedure. The normal size
sample was 2 to 3 percent of the gross
output, taken over a period of 4 to 5
hr. A table gives weight, density, and
percent of the constituents of six
sample residues.
61-0546
Talens, P. G. Incineration.
Pathological-waste incinerators. In
Air pollution engineering manual. Air
Pollution Control District County of
Los Angeles. Public Health Service
Publication No. 999-AP-40. Cincinnati,
National Center for Air Pollution Control,
19 7. p. 46 O 47 l.
Incinerators used for burning of
pathological waste including organs,
bones, muscles, other tissues, and
organic waste are discussed along with
crematory furnaces. Pathological waste
incinerators can produce emissions of fly
ash, smoke, gases, and odors that would
be highly objectionable. A principal
consideration in the design of
pathological waste incinerators is
provision for the release of fluids
as the material is destroyed. Three
general categories of design calculations
are: combustion calculations, flow
calculations, and dimensional calculations.
Design of the ignition chamber, the
secondary combustion zone stack and
crematory is presented. A table outlines
operating procedures for a crematory.
An adaptation of the design for the
retort-type multiple-chamber incinerator
with three configuration differences
may be used for pathological waste.
The changes are: use of a solid hearth
instead of grates, a provision for
heating the hearth to evaporate fluids more
rapidly and heat solid material lying
there, and use of a side charging door.
An illustrative problem shows a method
for designing an incinerator.
67-0547
Tests promise better incinerators.
American City, 82(8):40, 1967.
Tests conducted to develop cleaner
burning incinerators that emit less
soot, noxious gases, and other air
pollutants, are described. The
tangential overfiring technique was
tested with three small incinerators.
Synthetic refuse (in which the volatile
matter and moisture content were carefully
controlled) was burned in a cylindrical
chamber supplied with air from above. The
air swirled in at an angle, spiralling
down the combustion chamber wall toward
the refuse bed. This technique produces
several advantages: (1) It permits
excellent flexibility in controlling the
air-flow, an important factor in achieving
complete combustion. (2) Air swirling down
the hot inner wall of the chamber becomes
preheated, promoting greater thermal
efficiency for the incinerator. (3)
Refuse particles rising through the
chamber in the exhaust gases have more
time to burn completely since the
exhaust also flows in a spiral pattern.
Virtually complete destruction of the
wastes and the emission of clean,
innocuous exhaust gases resulted from
the tests of the tangential overfiring
principle. Researchers believe that
further studies with larger models can
lead to commercial use of this improved
combustion method. Single copies of the
Report of Investigations 6908, ‘Experimental
studies of incineration in a cylindrical
combustion chamber,’ are available free
from the Publications Distribution
Section, Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213.
67-0548
300-ton facility set for St. Louis.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(12):17, 1967.
A new 300-ton incinerator in St. Louis
will, be financed by a $3.373..000 bond
142
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054 5—055 2
issue passed in November, 1966.
Construction will begin in about 10
months and is expected to take about
2 to 2.5 years. The plant will be
erected adjacent to one of the city’s
present sites and will include air
pollution controls in its cost. The
facility was recommended by the
consulting firm of Hornet & Shifrin
after a $200,000 study, which also
recommended installation of air pollution
controls at the south-side incinerator,
construction of log-disposing facilities
at the city workhouse, and other
incinerator improvements. Future
improvements included expansion of the
south-side plant and conversion of
furnaces to replace batch—feeding with
continuous—feeding systems.
67-0549
To give incinerator operations course.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(9):74, 1967.
A 15-week course in incineratory
technology is being offered again by the
Incinerator Committee of the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers in
cooperation with the Westchester County
(N.Y.) Department of Health, the New
York State Department of Health, and
the White Plains (N.Y.) Board of Education.
Two-hour lectures will be held on
consecutive Wednesday afternoons ending
December 20, 1967. Registration fee
is $30.00.
61-0550
Two major cities building incinerators.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(1)?37, 1967.
A $4 million incinerator will be built
in Washington, D. C., to replace the
ever smouldering Icenilworth dump which
is the worst source of air pollution.
Montreal will build a large scale
incinerator with electrostatic
precipitators.
67-0551
Valana, S. J. Clean stack gas and
reliable power. Power, 111(5):91, 1967.
Services connected to the emergency
diesel generator, a caterpillar D39,
at St. Vincent’s Hospital in New York
City, are discussed. Five thousand
pounds of refuse per day are fed
manually through chutes in the top of
a Sargent incinerator. Hot gases
resulting from the burning of dry
material evaporate moisture from wet
material entering through a separate
chute. The afterburner raises the gas
temperature to avoid condensation in
the stack and a conspicuous plume at the
outlet. A forced draft blower supplies
air through tuyeres in the air-cooled
sidewall. Hot gases pass through four
double sprays of water. While traveling
downward through a gooseneck, the
gases drop out practically all their wet
particulate matter before turning
upward to enter the stack. Sludge is
removed manually every day from the bottom
of the shell containing the gooseneck.
Operation of the burners, fan, and
watersprays is automatic. Impurities in
the gases leaving the stack are within
limits imposed by Law 14 of the New York
City Air Pollution Control Commission.
67-0552
Walker, A. B. Air pollution control
equipment for incinerators. In
Proceedings; MECAR Symposium,
Incineration of Solid Wastes, New York,
Mar. 21, 1967. Metropolitan Engineers
Council on Air Resources. p.75-Si.
The effluents of an incinerator furnace
are odors, noxious gases, and
particulates. Odors can usually be
eliminated by non-catalytic oxidation
where temperatures are maintained above
1,500 F for periods exceeding 0.5 seconds.
The municipal incinerator is not a major
contributor to gaseous pollution while
the flue-fed incinerator might be a little
more serious with regard to noxious gases.
A reduction of about 50 percent in
noxious gas emission has been shown using
overf ire air jets and auxiliary gas
burners and a 22 percent reduction using
a wet impingement scrubber at about 7—in.
pressure drop. The use of overfire air
jets and auxiliary burners can be expected
to reduce particulate emissions by about 50
percent in flue-fed incinerators.
Efficiencies for control equipment on
municipal incinerators are in the range of
20 to 30 percent for the settling chamber,
10 to 53 percent for the wetted
143
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Incineration
refractory or metallic baffle, 75 to 80
percent for dry cylconic collectors,
93 to 96 percent for impingement scrubbers,
in excess of 94 percent for electrostatic
precipitators, and in excess of 99
percent for full—scale precipitators and
fiberglass bag filters. The choice of
control equipment for desired air
pollution oblectives must include
consideration of the useful life of the
plant, capital costs, capital investments
for base collector and all auxiliaries,
operating costs for water and electric
power and maintenance, the dispersion
capability of the stack and the water—
vapor plume.
67-0553
Walsh, R. T. Combustion equipment. In
Air pollution engineering manual. Public
Health Service Publication 999-AP-40.
Cincinnati, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, 1967. p.507-560.
Air contaminants generated from gaseous
and oil fuel burning fall into three
categories: carbon and incomplete
combustion materials; sulfur oxides; and
nitrogen oxides. Air pollution control
methods involve prohibition regulations
against sulfur emissions and removal of
sulfur and ash from fuels. Combustion
equipment producing air contaminants
includes gas and oil burners, boilers,
heaters, and steam generators. In the
spa category as gas and oil burners,
are: partially aerated burners; multiple-port
gas burners; and forced-draft gas burners.
The air pollution problem of smoke, ash
and sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides, and
control equipment are described. Some
boilers, heaters, and steam generators are:
industrial boilers and water heaters,
power plant steam generators, refinery
heaters, hot oil heaters, and boilers.
The associated air pollution problems of
solid particulate emission during normal
oil firing, soot blowing particulates,
sulfur dioxide, sulfur trioxide,
excessive visible emissions, and oxides
of nitrogen, are presented. Control
equipment is necessarily limited to
power-plant steam generators or other
fired combustion equipment of comparable
size. Some of the control equipment and
methods that have application are:
scrubbers for sulfur oxides, baghouses
and precipitators, alkaline additives to
neutralize sulfur trioxide, carbon
adsorption of sulfur oxides, scrubbing
NOx, and adsorption of NOx.
67-0554
Water baffles to end incinerator ash
fallout. Civic Administration, 19(12):
15, 19, 1967.
Two square furnaces costing $850,000 will
increase the capacity of the Winnipeg,
Manitoba, incinerator from 550 to 750 tons
daily when they replace four round furnaces.
The square-type furnace burns constantly
and can discharge ashes while in
operation. Before the ashes hit the
waiting truck, they are doused with
water to cool them. One square furnace
is presently in use.
67-0555
Weber, C. C. Incinerator inspection;
what to look for. Public Works,
98(5):133-134, 1967.
Regulatory agencies inspect incinerators
to: determine compliance, investigate
complaints, and gather information.
Operating agencies: evaluate efficiency,
improve operation, provide maintenance,
and modification, note time and
temperature, and inspect weekly.
They also inspect safety factors: rails,
belts, chains, fire-fighting
equipment, goggles, and observance of
rules; inspect availability, condition, and
cleanliness of: scales, tipping, floor,
storage bin, charging facilities,
drying facilities, furnaces, grates,
refractories, hand tools, residue
removal equipment, quenching facilities,
disposal of liquid wastes; transport of
residue to disposal facilities; and
air pollution control equipment. Stack
sampling should be done to determine
quantity of emissions.
67-0556
Wegman, L. S. The cleanest incinerator
stack gases. American City, 82(5):89-9T,
142-144, 1967.
The new incinerator on Long Island, New
York, must have good equipment to
remove polluting material from stack
gases because it is near residences.
After leaving the settling and expansion
chamber, the gases pass through a spray
chamber, air—cooling chamber, cyclones,
induced draft fan, and a flue before
reaching the stack. The control loops
were color-coded. Orange control loop is
for under—grate air control. Red holds
the temperature at furnace exit constant
144
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0553—05 59
at 1,800 F. Brown controls the
Research-Cottrell cyclone collectors.
Green is gas temperature control by
spray water cooling. Yellow is
additional gas temperature control
by air cooling. Instruments record
data concerning control. There is a
fail-safe damper system and bypass flue.
In event of a power failure, the
automatic damper opens permitting gases
to by-pass cyclones and induced draft
fans, thereby preventing possible damage
to them. To reduce slagging and extend
furnace life, silicon carbide and
air-cooled walls were used in furnace
construction.
67-0557
Wegman, L. S. An incinerator with
refractory furnaces and advanced stack
gas cleaning systems. In Proceedings;
1€CAR Synposium, Incineration of Solid
Wastes, New York, Mar. 21, 1967.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air
Resources. p.34-42.
The new incinerator serving the Long
Island, New York, north shore area of
North Henpstead is described. The
plant contains 3 furnaces rated at 200
tons per 24 hr each. Each of the two
receiving bins and unloading areas can
accommodate six trucks simultaneously,
and the total water level bin capacity
exceeds 200 percent of the plant capacity.
Two cranes, rated at 2½ tons, transfer refuse
from the bins to the furnace loading
chutes. The effective grate area is
267 sq ft or 62.4 lb per hr per sq ft
of grate. Heat release is 306,000 Btu
per sq ft per hr. The furnace volume is
5,300 cu ft of 26.5 cu ft per ton of
rated capacity. Instruments record the
following data: main grate underf ire
and overf ire air flow; furnace
temperature downstream of sprays; gas
temperature in the cyclones; furnace
draft and induced draft fan amperes;
and induced draft fan speed and cyclone
differential pressure. Extensive use
was made of silicon carbide and air
cooled walls in the furnace construction.
The plan employs two water systems for
quenching, sluicing, and fly ash removal.
Tests indicated that the furnaces are
operating at design standards and that the
stack effluent is well within present or
anticipated air pollution control
standards, achieving an emission in the
range of 0.2 lb per 1,000 lb of gas
corrected to 50 percent excess air.
67-0558
Weintraub, M., A. A. Orning, and C. H.
Schwartz. Experimental studies of
incineration in a cylindrical combustion
chamber. U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of
Investigations No. 6908. [ Washington],
U.S. Department of the Interior, Oct.
1967. 38 p.
In the incineration of combustible
waste, the effect of dimensional parameters,
process variables, and fuel properties on
the operation of an incinerator that
consisted of a single cylindrical
combustion chamber, in which all
combustion air was supplied tangentially
above the fuel, was investigated.
Construction and operation of three
designs of such a device proved that the
tangential overf ire air design is
effective in providing efficient
combustion and low concentration of
particulate matter in the effluent gas.
A correlation was found that related
burning rate with air rate,
chamber diameter, and inlet port
diameter. In one of the incineratory
models, ignition was by radiation from
a preheated surface. The temperature
of this surface was required to he 1,400
F to 1,600 F to insure ignition of moist
refuse; however, this had little effect
on combustion rates. In the combustion
of moist refuse, evaporation of the
water proceeded through the fuel bed as
a wave, with an ignition wave following
the evaporation.
67 -0559
Weintraub, N., A. A. Orning, and C. H.
Schwartz. Apparatus and test procedures.
In Experimental studies of incineration
in a cylindrical conbustion chamber.
U.S. Bureau of Nines Report of
Investigations No. 6908. [ Washington],
U.S. Department of the lnterior, Oct.
1967. p. 4 - 10 .
The apparatus used included a model M-1O,
model M-3O, and model R-7. Model N- b
was constructed from a 55-gal stainless
steel drum with no refractory. Two
tangential air ports 180 degrees apart
were located at each of four levels. The
model N- b was charged with white pine
sawdust and continuous records of
temperature and carbon dioxide content of
the exit gas were made. Model M-30 was
a double-walled combustion chamber having
diameter of 30 in. and a height above the
grate of 63 in. Four tangential ports
45
-------
Incineration
were equally spaced on the circumference of
the inner wall. Model M30 was charged
with sawdust. Particulate matter analysis
and continuous carbon dioxide and oxygen
concentrations were taken. Model R-7
consisted of a 55-gal stainless steel drum
top portion, and a 55-gal carbon steel
drum bottom portion. The roof was made
of insulating firebrick covered with
insulating cement. In the test position,
the roof of the hood section was 35 in.
above the top of an 18-in, bed giving
a volume of 5.74 cu ft above the initial
fuel level. Standard charges of fuel
with maximum 50 percent moisture content
were used. Hold temperatures, bed
temperatures, and percentage of
carbon dioxide and oxygen were noted by
automatic recording instruments.
67-0560
Weintraub, N., A. A. Orning, and C. H.
Schwartz. Discussion of results. In
Experimental studies of incineration
in a cylindrical combustion chamber.
U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of
Investigations No. 6908. [ Washington],
U.S. Department of the Interior, Oct.
1967. p.1 38.
An incinerator utilizing the principle
of tangential overfire air in a single
cylindrical combustion chamber is
effective in the destruction of
combustible wastes with the emission
of clean and innocuous gases. The
burning rate in the devices studied
was a function of the air rate. The
ratio of burning rate to air rate, and
hence the amount of excess air, could
be correlated with the dimensions of
the combustion chamber and the linear
velocity of the inlet air by a modified
Reynolds number. Combustibles of high
moisture content burned in a
refracto ylined chamber with greater
excess of air than drier combustibles
burned in an unlined chamber of
approximately the same dimensions.
Specifically, sawdust containing 8
percent moisture could be burned in
model M-10, at the rate of about 6 lb
per hr per sq ft of grate area with an
average excess air of 40 percent;
sawdust could be burned in model M-30 at
the rate of 12 lb per hr per sq ft of grate
area with stoichiometric air; high
moisture content refuse could be burned
in model R—7 at about 30 lb per hr per sq
ft (13 lb per hr per sq ft based on the dry
fuel) with about 90 percent excess air.
67-0661
Williamson, J. E., and R. J. MacKnight.
Incineration. Design for multiple-chamber
incinerators. General refuse incinerators.
In Air pollution engineering manual.
Public Health Service Publication No.
999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National Center for
Air Pollution Control, 1967.
The standards presented are tools for
creating designs for multiple-chamber
incinerators that may be expected to
burn rubbish with a minimum discharge of
air contaminants. Two basic types of
multiple-chamber incinerators are
compared: the retort type, named for
the return flow of gases through the
‘U’ arrangement of component chambers,
and the in-line type, so-called because
the component chambers follow one after
the other in line. Principles of
combustion, fundamental relationships
of design, and general design factors
are discussed. Cutaways of a retort and
in-line multiple-chamber are shown. The
basic factors that cause performances to
differ in the two incinerators are examined.
A retort incinerator performs more
efficiently in the capacity range of
50 to 950 lb per hr. The in-line
incinerator is well suited to
capacities of 1,000 lb per hr or higher.
Control of the combustion reaction,
and reduction in the amount of
mechanically entrained fly ash are
most important in the efficient design
of a multiple-chamber incinerator. A
table lists the basic parameters,
evaluation factors, and equations for
designing multiple-chamber incinerators.
A graph shows the relationship of grate
loading to combustion rate.
67-0562
Wright, R. 0. Incineration. Colorado
Municipalities, 43(10):246, 258, 259, 261,
967.
Incineration is compared to sanitary
landfilling. Incineration reduces
refuse volume and makes it inoffensive,
but land is still needed for final
disposal. Initial Cost ranges from
$2,200 to $4,500 per ton of rate
capacity. Operating costs range from
$2.00 to $6.50 per ton. Scrubbing
equipment or fly ash control apparatus
should be included. ‘iThen fill sites are
more than ten miles from the collection
area, incineration is often more
146
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056 0—0566
economical. For small communities,
a large regional incinerator is more
economical. For Aurora, Colorado, a
150-ton capacity incinerator is needed
for its 75,000 persons.
67-0563
Wuhrmann, K. A. Pros and cons of heat
recovery in waste incineration. In
Proceedings; Second Annual Meeting,
Institute for Solid Wastes, Boston,
Oct. 3-5, 1967. Chicago, American
Public Works Association. p.293f ,.
The heat resulting frjin the incineration
process is useful insofar as it guarantees
continuance of combustion. The chief
drawbacks of combustion at high
temperatures are: increased corrosion
and heat stress for the furnace material,
and encrustations of waste ingredients
which melt rather than burn. These
drawbacks, as well as the necessity
of cleaning the combustion gases at
moderate temperatures, call for
temperature control in the combustion
chamber. As a demonstration of the
consequences of different gas cooling
methods, a diagram shows the state of the
combustion gas in a field of temperature
and humidity. Other diagrams
illustrate: absorption of heat by
cooling air; flow of incineration energy;
difference in operation costs between
plants with and without heat recovery;
probability of refundment of the
supplementary cost for steam or power
production; and the wide range of
steam temperatures utilized by 20
European and two American plants.
INCINERATION—Europe
67.0564
Andritzky, N. Explanation and testing of
the emission dust control installation
at the Munich Refuse Power Works, North
1. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(9):436439,
1967.
For large incinerators, burning
particulates in the final emission should
not exceed 150 mg per cu m (normal
conditions) at 7 percent carbon dioxide. A
guarantee of 99.53 percent dust removal
was required for Munichs’s Refuse
Power Works North 1. The effect of
degree of dust removal on installation
cost is shown in Figure 3 of the article.
The quantity of dust in raw gas, which
varies between 6 and 17.5 g per cu
mgn, depends upon: granular constituency
of the refuse; grate construction;
working relationship between grate and
boiler; and the efficacy of the boiler
as a settler of fly ash. Particulates
from refuse firing have a lower
electrostatic resistance than those from
coal—dust firing. With 61.2 sq m of free
filter cross section, there is
available, for mixture management, an
exhibited gas velocity of 1.04 in per second
and a dwell time in the electrostatic field
of 8.55 seconds. Correct values for
fly ash and results of trial studies on
the boiler and electrostatic filter
are shown in tables. Steam Producer
1 has been in operation 11 ,000 hr. No
trouble with the filter has developed;
corrosion is not evident. The effects
on emission dust control of changes
in refuse composition in the future
cannot be foreseen.
67-0565
Andritzky, M. Layout and experience
with flue gas dust removal in the refuse
power plant North 1, Munich. Breonstoff—
Waerme-Kraft, 19(9):436-439, 1967.
The dust filters in the power plant for
refuse combustion were designed so that
the carbon dioxide content in the flue gas
and the dust concentration do not exceed 7
percent and 150 mg per cu m. The boilers
were designed for combined combustion
of coal and refuse. The operation of the
plant was studied and the dust removal
efficiency was plotted vs. the dust
concentration in the gas before the
electric filter. Also the effect of
the refuse particle size and the electric
dust resistance on the dust removal
efficiency were determined. Tests were
made with firing of coal and refuse
alone or wfth mixed firing. The dust
removal efficienciei were found to be
99.56 to 99.89 percent which was better
than warranted. The boiler and filter
units were in operation for 11,000 hr
without failure or signs of corrosion.
(Text - German)
67-0566
Automatic refuse incinerator. Surveyor
and Municipal Engineer, 123(3755):61,1967.
An incinerator for domestic refuse from
multi-story blocks of flats, offices.
147
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Incineration —Europe
hospitals, and hotels is described.
Fully automatic and hygienic, it
reduces refuse to 10 percent of its
original size and allows waste from a
whole block to be collected in one
place. The result is a significant cut
in operating cost and time. Particulars
and prices may be obtained from the
address given in the article.
674567
Barniske, L. Starting operations at
the waste incinerator plant in Berlin
Rub leben. Brennstoff -Waerme -Kraft,
19(10): 487—488, 1967.
After a construction period of 2 years,
the test operation of the first large
waste incinerator in Berlin was started.
By August 1967, three furnaces were in
operation; a fourth one is to be
completed by October of this year. The
last two furnaces will be finished by
1969. The plant has a capacity of 1.6
times 10 to the sixth cu m of waste, and
it can burn half of the amount of
waste accumulating in West Berlin. The
construction of a second incinerator
plant for the city will begin in 1970.
The furnaces are equipped with roller
grates. Cranes bring the waste to the
incinerators. When the heating value
of the waste drops below 1,100 kcal
per kg, i.e. if the temperature in the
c anbustion chamber drops below 900 C,
a ditiona1 oil burners aid the
incineration process. The flue gases
with temperatures between 900 and 1,000
C are cooled to 200 C, cleaned in
electrofilters and exhausted into the
open air through two chimneys with a
height of 76 m. The slag is sintered
for use as construction material. The
plant operates 5 days a week; 50,000
tons of household wastes have been
burned so far. Illustrations and
technical data of the plant are given.
(Text -German)
674568
Barton, A. E. Tests on emission from
refuse incineration chimney stacks.
Public Cleansing, 57(1):29-56, 1967.
The Clean Air Act of 1956 states’.. .dark
smoke shall not be emitted from a chimney
of any building...’. A main cause is the
low intensity burning of the old-fashioned
grate. Tests of grit and dust emissions
were made at disposal works at Lifford,
Tyseley, Sutton Coldfield, and Derby.
At Lifford it was found that 160 lb
of dust spread over the district every
hour. As the temperature falls, dust
emission rises. Tyseley has a batch
type unit. There is no grit settling
chamber but a waste boiler will reduce
grit emissions. Emissions in pounds per
hour and concentrations in grain per cubic
feet are higher than Lifford, a newer
plant. A water spray trap reduced dust
at Sutton Coldfield and Derby. Emission
of noxious gases were tested with ORSAT
apparatus. Expansion of incinerator use
is expected because of lack of land for
tipping. A gas cleaning plant is a
costly auxiliary. Because the nature
of refuse is changing, the nature of
fuel for incinerators is changing and
it is uncontrolled. The content of
paper, plastics, and non-returnable
bottles is rising. The life of a
‘Squeezy’ container may be 1,000 years.
Decomposing is a problem. The efficiency
of dust arresting plants was, in
ascending order: non-mechanical type,
such as the water trough; centrifugal
or multi-vortex type; gas washing; and
electrostatic precipitation. The
chimney height affects the area which
comes into the range of deposition.
67-0569
Baum, F., arid W. Steinbach. The problem
of waste incineration in small
incinerators. Staub, 27(7):318-20,
196 7.
Emissions from small incinerators have
not yet been measured and no regulations
as to emission limits have vet been
worked out. To blaze the trail in this
respect a small incinerator for a
doctor’s office has been treated. The
incinerator had a volume of 45 liters.
The combustion chamber was walled in by
steel bars followed by a heat resistant
sheet steel wall, serving for heat
insulation, and an enameled sheet steel
wall. Between the steel bars and the
sheet steel wall electrical heating
elements of 220 volts, 3 ku, controlled
by a thermostat, were arranged on
the front side. For the test the
incinerator was loaded with waste paper.
The temperatures in the smoke pipe fluctuated
between 100 C (before loading) and 150 C
14R
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0567—0572
(after loading). The measured CO and C02
concentrations were considerably lower
than those obtained from medium—sized
incinerators. Noreover, the emission of
dust particles was measured with a
‘Stroehlein’ filter. The results lay
between 300 and 425 mg per cu m. Closer
investigations showed, however, that
large amounts of hydrocarbons had
settled on the filters falsifying the
measurement of the dust particle
emission. Although the VDI (Association
of German Engineers) Recommendation
2301 regarding dust emission is fulfilled,
the emission of hydrocarbons poses a
nuisance. A thermal afterburner is
required to eliminate the odors arising
through incomplete incineration. Moreover,
it is recommended that test instructions
for small incinerators as well as
regulations similar to those valid for
oil heaters be formulated.
(Text -German)
67-0570
Bender, R. J. Incinerator plant-plus.
Power, 111(1):62-64, 1967.
An incinerator for household refuse, which
also generates steam for heating and
electricity in the summer, and is
located at Issy-les-Moulineaux, a Paris
suburb, is described. The plant has a
normal capacity of 400,000 tons of
refuse a year, with a peak of 500,000
tons a year (57 tons an hour). A
half-section drawing shows the complete
plant operation from unloading, through
storage, incineration in the boiler, dust
collection in the electrostatic
precipitators, to the flyash and
clinker storage. The steam at a
pressure of 928 psi and a temperature of
770 F is passed through a back-pressure
turbine (290 psi) which drives a 9,000-kw
generator all year. In the winter, the
steam from the back-pressure turbine
passes through an expander superheater with
a capacitY of 285,000 lb per hr and is
used for city heating. In the summer,
steam from the back-pressure turbine
passes through a condensing turbine to
provide an additional 15,000 kw for the
Electricite de France network. The
refuse has a heat value which ranges from
1,600 to 4,500 Btu per lh, typical of
today’s household garbage which varies
in quantity and mature with the season.
The presence of polyvinyl chloride
plastic in discarded packaging material
produced a corrosion problem along the
lower parts of the furnace walls from
nascent chlorine which has been cured
by applying gunite to the lower sidewalls.
Atmospheric pollution is practically
nil with no plume of smoke from the
260 ft stacks, no dust, and no odor.
67-057 1
Bockenmuehi, P. Incineration of
composting residues and bulky waste on
a tilt step grate. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
19(10):494-496, 1967.
The performance of an incinerator with
a tilted step grate was tested. The
incinerator was designed for a capacity of
1,000 kg per hr. The grate consisted of
14 steps; four steps served for drying.
The grate was more inclined in the drying
zone than in the combustion zone. The
test lasted for 6 hr and consisted of
three experiments. In experiment 1,
which lasted 60 minutes, bulky waste
was supplied to the incinerator.
In experiment 2, which extended over
a period of 2 hr, the incinerator
was loaded with manually selected waste
and bulky waste. In experiment 3,
which lasted 3 hr, composting residues
were burned. Experimental conditions
such as temperature, composition of
the flue gas, and air pressure are
listed. - The designed capacity of 1,000
kg per hr was easily reached. The
measured capacity was 1 ,225 kg per hr
for manually selected waste, 1,030 kg
per hr for composting residues and
1,225 kg per hr for bulky waste.
(Text-German)
67-0572
Brancato, B. The incineration of urban
solid refuse in the Milan plant. Fumi
Polveri, 7(4):70-78, 1967.
The plant consists of a pit where refuse
is placed, a bridging van to feed the
furnace, a furnace, heaters, filters,
a chimney, water purifiers, a central
station for electricity, and heat
exchangers. The composition of solid
refuse varies according to the locale.
The elementary composition of the
Milanese refuse is carbon—56 percent,
hydrogen—5 percent, oxygen—36 percent,
and nitrogen—3 percent. The Milan plant
burns up to 600 tons per day, and
the heat produced is utilized to produce
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Incineration— Eu rope
electrical energy by means of a 9,200 kva
generator. The hot vapor products could
be used for industrial heating. Smoke
particles are removed by the use of
suitable electrostatic precipitators.
Muddy and dirty water is purified by
pumping the water to a cement basin
placed beneath the cooling system. A
flocculation apparatus is placed in
this basin which purifies the water by
means of chemical reagents. The cost
of the plant is 5.8 million Italian lire
for the tons of the refuse treated per
day. The cost per ton is between 1,460
and 1,340 lire which is less than the
1,550 lire it costs to operate other
plants. (Text-Italian)
67-0573
Briosi, C. L. Rubbish incineration
with heat recovery for use in urban
heating. Funi Polveri, 7(6/7):148-154,
1967.
The burning of rubbish should be utilized
as a heat source for heating buildings,
for producing hot water and steam, and
for producing electrical energy. Rubbish
contains ‘combustible materials’,
‘inert materials’, and water’. In
order to calculate the caloric content
in kcal per kg, the cellulose composition,
6 carbons to 10 hydrogen to S oxygen, can be
used as an approximate composition for the
‘combustible materials’. The percent
composition of rubbish and its caloric
content for a given locale is tabulated.
B&th the average caloric content and the
percent humidity are plotted for each
month of the year. The results indicate
that the average caloric content is highest
in winter and lowest in st er, while the
opposite is true for the percent humidity.
The caloric content of rubbish is
tabulated for the winter and summer
seasons for various European cities.
Knowing the caloric content and the
percent composition of the rubbish
for a given city, it should be possible
to utilize incineration as a source for
heating. If the caloric content is not
sufficient, supplementary sources could
be used when needed. (Text-Italian)
67-0574
Britain’s largest incinerator. Public
Cleansing, 57(6):299306, 1967.
Two contracts for mechanical and
electrical equipment worth 5¾ million
for the construction of GLC’s Deephams
Works largest incinerator are discussed.
This plant could cope with 700 vehicle
loads a day and produce electricity with
an income of ½ million per year. The
boiler plant which is being designed by
Yarrow and Co. Ltd. will supply the
reception facilities f or refuse,
incineration grate, Steam raising unit,
and residuals handling unit. Each of
the five boilers is capable of burning
out completely 14 tons per hr and
producing steam at 625 psig and 850 F.
Automation will reduce labor for
handling unhygienic rubbish to a
minimum. The power generator plant is
being handled by Associated Electrical
Industries Limited who will supply
the 12.5 MW turbine-generators, 2.5
MW turbine-generators, turbine and
steam control system, electrical
equipment and the ancillary plant.
67-0575
The burning tire question. Waste
Trade World, 111(23):19, 1967.
A report, written in response to
recent recommendations made by the
Rubber and Plastics Research Assoc.,
that the British Government should
spend b3,000,000 on the erection of
incinerators for burning tires, is
summarized. The authors, Mr. R.
Tennant and Mr. W. Klein, feel that
concerned governments must realize
that it is criminal to destroy
valuable material which may, in time
of need, be required to maintain the
balance of the economy. The unpleasant
chain reactions which they visualize
if the Government decides to build
incinerators are briefly described. On
remmval, tires still retain about 75
to 80 percent of their original
manufacturing value so that they are still
very much a commercial commodity. Used
tires are traditionally sorted into five
categories: retreadable tire casings;
repairable tires; tires suitable for
export; export of retreaded tires; and
total scrap tires which are passed to
the reclaiming industries. All these
categories not only contribute to the
national economy, but they also keep
large industries employed. The
retreading industry, export, and the
reclaiming industry are described as
examples. If all tires removed from
vehicles are burned indiscriminately,
the production of new tires would
150
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057 3—0579
increase considerably but the retreaders
and all associated industries would be
out of business. The merchants should
be the ones to decide on the number of
tires to be destroyed, reclaimed, or
stored in dumps under Government
sponsorship for use during a shortage
of raw and reclaimed rubber.
67-0576
The cleaning of gas ducts in boilers.
Sanitaer und Heizungstechnik, 32(12):930,
1967.
Soot and slag, which cause corrosion,
are deposited along the walls of flue
gas ducts. These ducts must be
regularly cleaned out and a steel brush
mounted on a long rod is most commonly
used for this purpose. It is pushed
through the dirty tubes by two or three
men. Since this method is very strenuous,
a new cleaning unit called ‘Soot Vac’
has been developed for the job. An
electric motor pushes a steel band
with a steel brush mounted at the end
through the ducts. The soot is sucked
into an orifice which is tightly sealed
so that dust cannot escape. The
suction mechanism works according to
the cyclone principle in connection with
a filter. The soot container has a
volume of 100 liters and is lined with
a paper bag which, when full, is
exchanged for an empty one. The unit
can be adjusted to any tube diameter
by variations in brush size.
(Text -German)
67 -0577
Combination coal/paper stove.
Sani.taer und Heizungstechmik,
32(3):246, 1967.
A combination coal/paper stove is
introduced by the iron plant, Burger,
in West Germany. It has a special
combustion cylinder for burning waste
paper. When the stove is fired with
coal, the combustion cylinder serves
as an ash container. A photograph
of the stove is given. (Text-German)
61- 0578
Continuous automated incinerator. Royal
Society of Health Journal, 87(1):43, 1967.
The contract has been let by the. Derby
Corporation for the first continuous
fully automated incinerator in the
United Kingdom which it is hoped will
be in operation by early 1969 as a
permanent solution to the waste disposal
problem now that sites for sanitary
landfill are becoming scarce. The
refuse collection vehicles will discharge
crude refuse into the reception pit,
from which a grab crane feeds the furnace
hopper with the refuse dropping through
a chute into the primary stoker and then
to the second furnace. Ashes and grate
riddlings fall to hoppers below and then
are conveyed to special vehicles for
dumping. Animal carcasses and other
offensive material are burned separately.
Cans and other noncornbustibles are
removed from the pit for dumping. An
induced-draft fan discharges exhaust
gases to the steel stack. The grate
strand contains 2,722 independent pivoted
fire bars which incline toward the center
of the furnace and then overbalance to
pass underneath in a vertical position.
The fire bars are agitated by skid bars
so that they automatically free themselves
of amy matter which accumulates. Broken
bars are deposited in a safe position and
the others incline further to fill the
gap. It is possible to repair bars
safely while the machine is running.
The plant is designed to provide the
cleanest possible working conditions
for the four men required to run the
incinerator.
67-0579
Continuous incineration will produce power
at GLC Deephams works. Steam and Heating
Engineer, 36(429) 12-16, 1967.
The Deephams works of the Greater London
Council, which will be the largest refuse
disposal plant employing continuous
incIflerCtiofl, is scheduled for
completion in 1970 at a cost of b9
million. The works, able to cope with
up to 700 vehicles a day, are expected
to produce power to generate electricity
for sale. Earnings of about b500,000
per annum are anticipated. Output is
expected to be between 27 MW and 40 MW,
according to the heat value of the refuse.
Deephams will have a normal continuous
throughput of 1,333 tons per 24 hr of
crude refuse, and a peak of 1,667 tons.
The plant will consist of five
steanrraisimg uCits, four operating and
one standby, fueled by domestic,
151
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Incineration—Europe
commercial, and trade refuse by grab crane
from collecting bunkers. It will produce,
as a residual by-product, scrap metal
and commercial grades of ashes.
Automation will reduce labor for handling
imhygienic rubbish to a minimum.
Particular attention was given to
preventing the emission of dust and odors
from the plant. The reception facilities,
incinerator grate, steam—raising unit
and residuals handling plant are described
in detail, and the arrangement of the
plant is schematically illustrated. The
power from four 12.5 MV steam turbine
generators will be exported to the
Eastern Electricity Board. Two 2.5 MV
turbine generator house sets will supply
the power station auxiliaries and the
electrical requirements of the refuse
plant. The turbine generators, turbine
and steam—control system, electrical
equipment and ancillary plant are
described.
Continuous municipal incineration plant.
Steam and Heating Engineering, 36(424):7-13,
1967.
The description of the first automated
incineration installation f or a
xmrnicipality which is being built for
the County Borough of Derby includes
sketches of the overall layout and the
stoker. The incinerator to be built on
an island in the River Derwent will
iave a daily throughput of 210 tons of
crude refuse from a population of 132,000.
The design is based on an ‘L’ type
traveling stoker widely used for low
grade fuels. The manufacturer guarantees
a residue with less than 3 percent
organic matter. Facilities are provided
for sorting, pressing, and storing
separately collected waste paper. The
self-cleaning facility of the stoker
is important to prevent the fouling of air
spaces with putrescible materials.
Owing to the highly volatile nature of
the refuse, secondary air is important.
The plant is scheduled tO come into
operation in 1968 when the dumping areas
will be filled and will provide a
permanent solution to the 46,000 tons of
domestic and trade waste produced by the
Borough of Derby, England.
61 -0581
Czajkowski, N., and Gurouski, z. Experiences
with the combustion of city trash and
bituminous coal slurry in the
2.5/2 incineratOr. Gaz, Woda
Sanitarna, 39(2):6264, 1967.
Experiments are reported on the combustion
of city trash and bituminous coal slurry
in the WLM 2.5/2 incinerator. This
incinerator was utilized in such a way
that garbage made up 17.5 percent of the
combined waste products consumed,
leading to a fairly constant
development of 5,026 kcal per kg. Using
1 part of trash, and 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 parts
of coal slurry (grain size 0-2 mm), heat
production was measured and parameters such
as cost of raw materials and transportation
were determined for all mixtures. Even
though more coal is used, ratios of
1 to 4 and 1 to 5 were found to be the most
economical, especially when the furnace
is operated at 70 percent capacity. Under
these conditions, ash is 12 to 20 percent,
and there is no difficulty in steaming
the furnace at atmospheric temperatures
as low as -2 c. (Text-Polish)
67-0582
Dvirka, M., and A. B. Zanft. Another
look at European incinerator practices.
Public Works, 98(7):99-100, 1967.
A study of incinerator plants at
Dusseldorf, Rotterdain, Paris, and Vienna
is described. Data were gathered on
design, operating practices, characteristics
of refuse and residue, performance, and
cost. Selected data on the plants are
tabulated. Each of the plants presents
characteristics more typical of power
plants than incinerators. A relatively
high percentage of down-time is reported.
The pros and cons of waste heat
utilization are discussed. The plants
are located in relatively densely
populated areas, but their presence
is not objectionable due to sophistication
of the layout and design of facilities,
which incorporate features to eliminate
offensive odors. The general design and
operation of the plants are described in
detail and the effectiveness and durability
of their electrostatic precipitators is
stressed. The quality of the refuse
from Dusseldorf, Rotterdam, Paris, and
Vienna is tabulated. Although some new
and interesting features appear in the
latest European incineration practices,
the picture has to be studied on a
WLM
I Technike
67-0580
152
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0580—0585
broader scale, bearing in mind that
what is feasible and useful in the
European economy does not always apply to
the economic situation in the United
States.
67-0583
English refuse incinerator generates
power. Public Works, 98(8):180, 1967.
The first United Kingdom incinerator,
designed for continuous burning of refuse
and also for generation of power, is
now under construction at Deephams. It
will serve eight different authorities
in the Greater London Council’s area. The
estimated normal flow of refuse to the
plant is 1,333 tons per day, with a
maximum of 1,680 tons. Reception facilities
will handle up to 700 vehicle loads per
day. The weigh bridges will be computer
controlled and will direct the vehicle
to one of the 23 unloading bays serving
five refuse storage bunkers. Power
production is estimated at 30 MW.
67-0584
Fabian, H., and H. 0. Weber. The new
waste incinerator plant at Farbenfabriken
Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(10):484-486,
1967.
The company’s plant in Leverkusen,
Germany, has an annual accumulation of
500,000 cu m of waste suitable for
dumping and 40,000 tons of solid,
pasty, and liquid wastes which must be
incinerated. The new incinerator began
operation in June of 1967. The investment
costs amounted to 18 million Did. The
operating costs are estimated to run at
200,000 DM per year. The solid waste
is brought to the rotating tube furnace
with the aid of a crane; bulky
waste is crushed first. The material
remains in the furnace for 30 minutes
at a temperature of 1,200 C which reduces
the volume to one—twentieth of the original
amount. The liquid slag falls into a
water trough, is cooled and deposited.
No odors can develop at this high
incineration temperature. The flue
gases are thoroughly cleaned before
they escape into the air. The liquid
wastes, mostly solvents or waste oils,
are pumped to 13 burners located in the
rotating tube furnace. Each burner
is equipped with a flame—control device
which stops the oil flow autonaticall
as soon as trouble develops.
Chloride-containing liquids are
separately delivered to the incinerator
plant and are burned in a muffle furnace
at a temperature of 1,200 C. The chloride
compounds are converted to hydrochloric
acid which is washed out according to the
counterf low principle. In this process
the temperature of the flue gases
is reduced to below 100 C so that no
heat utilization is possible. For
cardboard reels, containers, and barrels
with solid or liquid contents which
cannot be mixed with each other, a
multi-purpose furnace is available. The
entire plant is staffed by 36 persons.
Various illustrations of the plant are
given. (Text—German)
67-0585
Gas-fired incinerator has ‘burn anything’
capacity. Gas Journal, 332(5429):216,
1967.
A new type of gas-fired incinerator with
a ‘burn anything’ capacity, introduced
by the Silent Glow Company of Shipley,
Yorks, is described. It can deal with
loads up to 150 lb, yet requires only a
small space for installation. Speedy,
efficient destruction is ensured by
the gas-fired burner jet, which generates
80,000 Btu per hr. The main body of
the incinerator, cylindrical in shape,
is made from 1/8 in. steel plate.
Overall height is just over 4 ft,
width 2 ft, giving an effective
combustion space of 9½ cu ft with further
space available for ash. Fitting of
a special ‘runner’ pilot igniter
assembly makes it possible to light
the incinerator from outside the casing.
If the burner f lane is extinguished,
a completely automatic gas control
system turns off the main gas supply.
Gas supply to the pilot light, however,
is unaffected, allowing the main jet to
be easily relit. All mechanisms are
enclosed, away from possible damage, in
a metal control box attached to the main
body of the heater. A time delay
switch is mounted on the body, allowing
the incinerator to be set in operation for
known lengths of time. The price is
b182 lOs.
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lncinerstion—Europe
61-0586
Geneva’s river musketeers. Public
Cleansing, 57(4):182-186, 1967.
The incineration plant at Cheneviers
can handle 400 tons per day with 24-hr
operation. A unique feature is that
the plant is supplied wholly by river
barge. The journey downstream to the
plant takes 50 minutes. The barge is
withdrawn from the water to a position
alongside the refuse storage bunker to
avoid polluting the river during
unloading. Refuse is transferred from
the barge to the banker by a grab.
67.0587
GLC’s Deephaxns refuse disposal plant.
Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
129(3908):60-63, 1967.
A progress report on the Greater London
Council’s 1,9 million refuse plant at the
Deephazn Works at Enfield indicates
that the contracts have been awarded
f or the 1,3,356,000 boiler plant and
the 1,2,353,000 turbine plant. The five
boilers are each capable of burning
14 tons of refuse an hour and producing
steam at 625 lb per sq in. and 840 F.
The maximum output of each unit is
86,000 lb of steam per hr and total
output is 30 MW. The plant will be
fueled with domestic, commercial,
and industrial refuse by grab crane
from collection bunkers, and producing
as a residual by-product, scrap metal
and commercial grades of ashes.
Automation will reduce the handling of
unhygienic waste to a minimum and
special attention has been given to the
control of dust and odor emission.
Because of the variations in the
calorific value of the fuel, the
turbine and steam control system will
maintain substantially constant
pressure in the steam lines without
regulation of the boiler firing rate.
Progress is being made in the construction
of the Deephams refuse disposal plant
which is programmed for completion in 1970.
67-0648
Granz, P. Sanitary problems of the city
of Leverkusen. Staedtehygiene,
18(5):105-10?, 1967.
Since 1945, the population of the city of
Leverkusen, West Germany, has increased by
100 percent. Due to this enormous
growth the city has been confronted
with a number of problems. There are
new apartment houses to be built, new
sources of drinking water to be found,
drainage systems to be laid and last
but not least, the city sees herself
confronted with the inescapable
necessity of building a waste
incinerator plant. Three hundred
kilograms of waste per inhabitant annually
had to go to one public dumping site
which has been filled to capacity since
1966. A dumping site is now shared with
the neighboring city of Opladen. The
incinerator plant is to go into
operation in the year 1969. Two furnaces
will burn 240 tons of waste each per
24 hr. The plant will be located near
the center of the city and will supply
remote heating. (Text-German)
67-0689
Haimnann, W. C. Incinerator f or liquid
and gaseous waste material in a
medium-sized chemical plant.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(10):481-483,
1967.
In a chemical plant producing dyes and
pharmaceutical products, an incinerator
was built which burns 400 kg of solvents
and 100 cu m of waste gases hourly.
The waste is collected in barrels with
a capacity of 200 to 400 liters and
brought to the incinerator plant.
Before emptying the barrels into
storage tanks, their contents are
checked as to chloride content, which
may not exceed 5 percent by weight,
sulphur content (maximum 5% by weight),
water content (maximum 20%), and the pH
factor (about 7). The waste material is
pumped from the storage tank to the
burners. The waste gases are pumped
through plastic pipes to the burners
without intermediate storage. The
burners are shaped in the form of a
tube (diameter 750 mm). The inner tube
rotates (about 3,000 rpm) and atomizes
the liquid waste material. The waste
gas and reused air are emitted through
a ring arranged around a tube of fresh
air. Each burner has an additional oil
burner to aid the incineration. The
facility is equipped with the usual
protective devices. The waste gases
escape through a chimney which is 70
m high. The flue gases are cooled
down to a temperature of 210 C, and the
available heat is used to produce steam.
Illustrations of the plant are given.
(Text-German)
154
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0586—0593
67-0590
Harmsen, H. The waste incinerator plant of
Farbenfabriken Bayer AG in Leverkusen,
Germany. Staedtehygiene, 18(12):290-292,
1967.
In a chemical plant of the size of the
Farbenfabriken Bayer in Leverkusen, great
amounts of combustible and incombustible
wastes of all kinds accumulate.
500,000 cu in of incombustible waste
material has to be dumped annually
and this amount will increase further;
40,000 cu m of various waste material
is incinerated annually. A special
furnace is required for this purpose
because the waste comes not only in
the solid state, but in pasty and liquid
states too, which have higher heating value
and develop soot, smoke and odors
when incinerated. In 1960, an experimental
plant was erected. In 1964, construction
work on the proper plant began. The core
of the plant is a rotating tube furnace
with a length of 12 m and a diameter of
3 m. The waste material remains in the
furnace about 20 minutes at a temperature
of 1,200 C. The incineration reduces the
volume to one-twentieth of the original
amount. The liquid slag falls into a
water trough, is cooled, arid can be
deposited. During incineration, about
60,000 cu in per hr of flue gases are
produced which have to pass a system of
combustion chambers so that the odors are
destroyed. Below the combustion chambers
there is a funnel collecting the fly ash.
The gases are subsequently cooled down to
about 300 C and cleaned once more. The
heat obtained is used to produce steam.
The gases escape through a chimney 100 in
in height. The liquid waste is pumped
to the 13 burners. Chloride-containing
liquid waste material is separately
delivered and incinerated in a muffle
furnace. Sulphur-containing acids are
shipped to the North Sea and emptied into
the water. The waste incinerator plant,
built within 20 months, consumed 13
million L* of investment costs. The
steam, approximately 25 ton per hr, 24
atmospheres at 400 C, does not cover the
operating costs. In fact, an additional
2 million 114 must be raised annually to
cover them. (Text-German)
61-0591
Heenan-Nichols continuous incinerator.
Public Cleansing, 57(6):313-316, 1967.
it continuous incinerator constructed
by Heenan and Froude Ltd., Worcester, is
being operated at their own expense as
a pilot plant; the cost totals over
b70,000. The plant will demonstrate
the satisfactory incineration of refuse
on this particular pattern of grate.
Research will be conducted when burning
various types of refuse, and a thorough
research and development program will
be completed. The plant can burn up
to 7 to 8 tons per hr with a minimum
rate of 5 tons per hr. The Borough of
Sutton Coldfield has a contract with
Heenan and Froude Ltd. worth L340,000
for a plant with a capacity of 10 tons
per hr.
67-0592
Hirsch, N., and R. Rasch. Corrosion in
waste incinerators. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
19(10):498-499, 1967.
Two brief reports given at the VGT/DECHENA
meeting held in 1966 in Stuttgart are
reprinted. Possible causes for corrosion
occurring in waste incinerators are
discussed. The HC1 concentration was
found to be higher in flue gases of
waste incinerators than in flue gases
of furnaces heated with coal, so that a
corrosion at the heat exchanger surface
must be expected. To reduce corrosion,
an exact knowledge of the influences
is necessary. This is achieved by
theoretically obtaining the thermodynamic
conditions and cottparing them to the
experimentally obtained data, by
laboratory experiments and by experiments
with the incinerator itself. Since
corrosion is reduced on bare surfaces
according to Steller, the use of such
additives as aluminum oxide or silica are
helpful. The binding of hydrogen chloride to
calcium oxide has also a corrosion—reducing
effect. But these additives are useful only
at temperatures below 400 C. When iron oxide
of the heat exchanger surfaces reacts with the
chloride compounds in the flue gases,
iron chloride is formed, which decomposes
easily. The chemical reactions of
ferrous oxide and ferric oxide with 4 and 6
moles of hydrogen chloride in an oxidizing and
reducing atmosphere are given. The reasons
for the smaller amounts of corrosion in bare
pipes are discussed. (Text-German)
67-0593
Incineration of domestic refuse. Public
Cleansing, 57(2):8083, 1967.
In America, on-site incineration solved
the problem of ever-increasing volumes
155
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Incineration—Europe
p
of refuse, but caused air pollution.
Research began to develop smoke-free,
odorless incinerators. The Refunatic
incinerator at Wolverton, England,
reaped the benefits of the research.
A water wash by a parasol spray at the
flue off-take washed out fly ash, and
another spray at the bottom was used
as a safety measure. A new feature
Is a purge cycle to work at night. At
Wolverton, there is a refuse hopper on
each floor with a special seal to
protect the user from the hot products
and to prevent entrance of large articles
that would cause chute blockage. Early
tests showed that incinerators, smaller
than American types, could be used at
Doncaster. These were filled with a
flexible control system to rearrange
the fixing program. The smoke emission
of this plant was less than Ringelman
1, which showed a malfunction since
there was to be no emission at all. After
medifications, however, It dropped to
less than 5 percent (Ringelman 1 equals
20 percent). Additional combustion
air promotes a faster rate of
combustion. Tests showed that the
volume of refuse from 300 flats using
the incinerator for a 10—day period was
2,130 lb per week or 7 lb per week
per person. The reduction volume at
Wolverton was 5 to 1 including tins
and 8 to 1 without tins, and at
Westminster 7½ to 1 (with) and 10 to
1 (without). These tests resulted In
technical information to improve
existing and planned installations.
61-0594
Incineration recommended for
Tyneside/Wearside regional disposal
scheme. Public Cleansing, 57(7):387-390,
1967.
A report read at a joint meeting of the
North Regional Planning Coinmitee and the
Cleansing Committee in the Tyneside/Wearside
area, held in February 1966, concluded
that regional cooperation in refuse
disposal was necessary, and urgent.
An Operational Research Unit was
engaged to prepare proposals for the
development of regional refuse disposal,
but as a first, short-term step, working
parties were asked to make outlets for
refuse available, until at least 1972—1973.
The report of the Research Unit recommended
using a system other than controlled
tipping and felt that the ultimate
decision as to the location of long-term
disposal methods should not be made on
financial grounds only. Based upon a
computer study of the problem, the
Research Unit recommended the use of five
incinerator plants or six pulverizers.
On the basis of this report the Steering
Committee unanimously recommended
incineration as the future method for
most of Tyneside/Wearside and provided
for the administration of the recommended
plan. Estimated capital cost is about h4
million for six incinerators, with
estimated capacity of 2,050 tons per
day altogether.
670595
Incinerator for sewage sludge.
224(5823):296, 1967.
Engineer,
A multiple-hearth pilot plant incinerator
for sewage sludge developed by Ashmore,
Benson, Pease & Co. has been installed
at the Dartford Works of the West Kent
Sewage Board. A picture and description
of the plant is given. The multiple-hearth
incinerator combustion is normally
autothermic and is designed to give an
odorless and economic method for the
total destruction of sludge. The
sludge, dewatered to 20 to 25 percent
moisture, is fed into the top by a belt
conveyor and a sealed feeder. The
incinerator is made of a cylindrical
refractory-lined shell with a number of
self-supporting refractory hearths
arranged one above the other. An
air-cooled shaft extends through the
unit which operates rabble arms with
rakes which move the sludge in a spiral
path on each successive hearth so that
it moves in and out and drops through
alternate holes which are near the
periphery on one hearth and near the
center on the next hearth and so on
through the various hearths. The odor
is destroyed by the high temperatures
in the incinerator. A small amount of
sterile ash, which can be used as landfill,
is discharged at the bottom of the furnace.
The weight reduction in the furnace is
claimed to be 97.5 percent. The
combustion products are precooled before
wet scrubbing. The final gaseous
effluent contains less than 0.1 lb of
flyash per 1,000 lb of gas. The
manufacturer believes that this
process has considerable promise in
disposing of sludge without creating
an odor or dumping problem.
156
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0594—0599
67-0596
Incinerator plant for industrial
production residues. Wasser Luft und
Betrieb, 11(1O):593-594, 1967.
An incinerator plant at the Bayer color
fabrication plant in Leverkusen, Germany,
which is tailored to the type of refuse
produced by the plant, is described.
This factory produces 500,000 cu m
refuse a year and anticipates an
additional 150,000 cu m yearly from
sewage purification. The incineration
process of the solid material is
described. At an incineration
temperature of 1,200 C, the refuse is
burned completely within 30 minutes, and
the volume is reduced to one-twentieth.
The flue gases, which amount to about
60,000 cu m per hr are first subjected to
a rough purification by means of a series
of funnels under the combustion chamber.
The gases are then cooled to 450 C in
a waste heat boiler, a process which
produces steam that can be utilized in
the operation of the plant. After
further cooling to 300 C, the gases are
purified in an electrostacic gas
purification unit; when they contain
less than 150 ng per m dust they are
emitted into the atmosphere. The
liquid waste, which consists mainly
of solvents and waste oil, is vaporized
in a special burner and then completely
burned in a combustion chamber. Each
burner is equipped with a safety device,
which cuts off the flow of oil when
trouble develops. Chlorine-containing
liquid wastes are delivered separately
and burned completely at 1,200 C. After
washing to remove HC1, the gases are
cooled to below 100 C, passed through
a wet-electrofilter, mixed with the other
gases, and emitted into the atmosphere.
Cost of the incinerator plant was 18
million DM, and yearly operating costs
are roughly 2 million Oh. (Text—German)
67-0597
Incinerator uses trash as fuel to produce
electricity in Rotterdan. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):6-7, 32, 1967.
The design and operation of an incinerator
in Rotterdam, Holland, which uses refuse
as fuel to generate steam for the
production of electricity, is described.
The incinerator incorporates four
furnaces arranged in two symmetrical
pairs. Last year it produced a little
over 80 million kilowatt hr, used 8
percent of it for its own purposes, and
sold the remainder. Revenue from the
sale did not cover the cost of production.
The incinerator is operated by an
organization known by its initials as
Roteb, which in translation stands for
sanitation, disinfection, transport, and
fire service. Eighty canal barges, some
of which have a capacity of 235 cu yd,
transport about two-thirds of the refuse
from transfer stations to the incinerator;
the remaining one-third is collected by
trucks. The cost of the incinerator was
$10 million and it is expected to have a
useful life of 30 to 40 years. A new
installation is scheduled to start early
next year and should be completed by
1970. It will have six furnaces,
burning 20 tons of general-type refuse
per hour, plus three furnaces to handle
special wastes such as toxic substances
or materials which melt at low temperatures.
The total capacity will be about 550,000
tons a year. The investment required for
building the new plant is estimated at
$28 million, and the installation must
pay for itself. While the future
incinerator will also generate electricity
for sale, it will incorporate an additional
feature—the distillation of water for
industrial use.
67-0598
Incitherm waste incinerator. Sanitaer
und lleizungstechnik, 32(3):241-242,
1967.
The Incitherm waste incinerator is of
sturdy construction. It has double
steel walls of 8 mm thickness each and
an automatic poker. It dumps its ash
directly into trash cans. Since it is
water-cooled it is able to operate
continuously for many hours.
(Text -German)
67-0599
Ingenuity and incinerators. Environmental
Science and Technology, 1(8):604-605,
1967.
Although refuse incinerators developed
for operation in West Germany have
utilized some high-grade and ingenious
technology for their special needs and
operate with plumeless stacks, these
designs cannot be utilized exactly in
the United States, although some of their
innovations may be useful. The economics
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Incineration— Europe
are different in the United States where
Consolidated Edison may pay $5.00 a ton for
coal in New York compared to $20.00 a ton
for coal in Munich. In West Berlin, a
sintering plant for the incinerator
plant residue is economical because
West Berlin has no accessible countryside
to furnish aggregate, but such a plant
would not be economical in the United
States. The economics of refuse
incineration in the United States may
change so that the state of the art may
catch up with that of West Germany,
especially with more stringent U.S.
air pollution regulations. If the
incinerator requires an electrostatic
precipitator because of air pollution
requirements then the air aist be
cooled and the heat reclaimed for heating
purposes. Until now it has been cheaper
to waste heat from incinerators than
to recover it. A photograph is shown
of an efficiently working incinerator
stack with no white plume. This
information was obtained by Mr. Leo Weaver,
chairman of a panel set up under the
United States-German Cooperative Program
in Natural Resources, Pollution Control
and Urban Development, who indicated
also that the German innovations that
should be applied in the United States
included: grate design, grate
manufacture, ash handling equipment,
and air pollution control equipment. The
panel is reconinending that a mechanical
engineer be sent to Germany for an
extensive study of incinerator design.
61-0600
Kercher, H. Dust removal from flue gas.
Bretmstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(4):196-197,
1967.
A progress report in the area of dust
removal from flue gas is presented.
Thirty-seven papers published in 1966
are listed and characterized as belonging
to one of the following topics:
mechanical dust removal, wet dust removal,
fabric filters, and electrofilters.
(Text -German)
61-0601
London to generate power from refuse.
American City, 82(5):52, 1967.
The Greater London Council recently
ordered construction of the first major
plant in the United Kingdom to generate
pow r from refuse incineration. The
Deephams Refuse Disposal Plant, scheduled
for completion in 1970, will have a
capacity of 1,333 tons of refuse per
day, and will cost an estimated E9
million ($25.2 million). The contract
for the generators came to b2.5 million
($7 million). Steam generated in five
boilers will be used to drive six
generators. Four direct-coupled
turbine generators, each having a
capacity of 12,500 kw, will serve as the
baseload generating plant operating
throughout the week. Two 2,500 kw
gear-driven generators will be used to
provide power for in-house equipment.
Electrical power not used at the plant
will be ‘exported’ to the Eastern
Electricity Board.
67-0602
Meier, B. Dust filters and cyclones.
Chemie-Irigenieur Technik, 39(23):1324-1326,
1967.
New and improved dust filters and cyclones
made by German companies are described.
Sixteen companies are listed, and their
new products described, including wet
cyclones, bag filters, a combination
filter cyclone, an electro-filter, a hot
gas cyclone especially suitable for the
cement industry, and spray filters.
Some illustrations are given.
(Text-German)
67-0603
Multiple hearth furnace incinerator.
Water and Waste Treatment, 11(10):452,
1967.
A sewage sludge incineration pilot
plant, installed by Ashinore, Benson,
Pease & Co. Ltd. at their Dartford
Works, is described. The plant consists
of a Multiple Hearth Furnace of the
Nichols Herreshof type, and an exhaust
gas cleaning system. The furnace
consists of a vertical cylindrical shell
lined with a castable refractory which
encloses a number of circular horizontal
hearths. The first two hearths are
used for pre-drying the sludge, the
second two for incineration, and the
third two for ash cooling. Heat f or
bringing the furnace up to operating
temperature is supplied by gas burners,
using digester gas as fuel. The exhaust
gases are pre-cooled and then scrubbed
to remove fine particles of ash before
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0600—0607
being discharged to atmosphere. Recent
tests at the plant have shown the system
to have an average capacity of 225 lb
per hr when fed with a mixture of primary—
digested plus heat—created activated
sludge containing 66 percent moisture.
The sludge burned without the use of
auxiliary fuel and no odors were
detectable during normal operation.
The total average quantity of ash
collected from the furnace base and
the hydrocyclone effluent was 30 lb
per hr giving a weight reduction of about
87 percent of the total feed. The
scrubber was working on recycle and the
average flow from the hydrocyclone
was 110 gal per hr.
67-0604
New refuse disposal plant for Ayr.
Cleansing, 57(11):594, 1967.
Public
A new Heenan & Froude refuse incineration
plant for the Royal Burgh of Ayr was
placed in operation on September 13, 1967.
The plant is designed to deal with 140
tons of crude domestic refuse in an 8-hr
day and a separate small incinerator
will burn 5 tons of trade waste in the
same period. The two 80—cu—yd redeption
hoppers are designed to handle low—density
refuse without choking or the use of
a regulating device. After passing screen
and salvaging processes, the tailings
are burned in the main incinerator
consisting of eight Beenan mechanical type
cells, arranged in two units, with
hydraulically operated grates.
Combustion gases pass through flues
to a water-trough type dust-catcher.
The 150 ft high circular brick chimney
has an internal diameter of 9 ft and is
refractory lined throughout. Clinker
is automatically discharged into
stillage-type skips in enclosed chambers,
where it is quenched by water sprays.
lacluded in the plant are a Heenan
Super 1-lydraulic tin baler and a new
wastepaper baling plant with Powell 51k IV
horizontal continuous baler and a
non-reversing Wedco woven wire type
conveyor. The original contract
figure amounted to 1,330,892, but this
was later increased due to adjustments
ia the design.
61-0605
New waste incinerator plant. Staub,
21(10):466, 1967.
A new waste incinerator has been put
into operation at Farbenfabriken Bayer,
Leverkusen, Germany. The costs of the
new plant amounted to about 18 million
DM. The incinerator has a capacity of
100 tons per day. The operation of
the new plant is described in detail and
schematically illustrated. (Text -German)
67 -0606
Nowak, P. Experiences with the waste
incinerator in Stuttgart.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(2):71-76,
1957.
A waste incinerator for 150,000 ton
per year has been in operation in
Stuttgart for the last 1 years. The
heat content of the waste varies
between 1,200 and 1,600 kcal per
kg. Severe problems were storage of the
waste prior to burning and cleaning and
corrosion of the waste-burning chamber.
For the latter, reducing f lanes and
gases seem to be responsible. Operating
tine between cleanings was 8 weeks
at the most. Dust in the flue gas could
be kept below the legal limit of 150
mg per cu n by means of electrofilters.
Magnetic collectors removed iron from
the slags. Combustible residues in the
slag were below 4.5 percent. The
temperature could be kept between the
limits of 800 and 1,100 C. Conclusions
for the planning of future incinerators
are drawn: the tubes in the combustion
chamber should be spaced at least 120
am apart to allow easy cleaning; and
coatings to prevent corrosion are
suggested. (Text-German)
67 -0607
Ochs, 11. J. Problems in refuse
incineration. Wasser Luft und Betrieb,
11(10):588-590, 1967.
The tasks of an incinerator plant are
nainly reduction of refuse volume,
prevention of water pollution, odors,
gas formation, and vermin, and
conversion of refuse to ashes. Since
refuse is a very difficult substance
for incineration, an analysis was
conducted of household refuse and
industrial refuse and the results
tabulated. Provisions for drying the
refuse before incineration are necessary,
since it is of utmost importance that
the incineration temperature does not
fall below 150 C, as below this
temperature the fire may be extinguished.
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Incineration—Europe
To ignite the dried refuse, addition of
heat is necessary until the temperature
reaches 250 C, at which point the process
becomes exothermic. However, addition
of a carefully regulated hot air stream
is desirable to bring the temperature
quickly above 800 C, ideally to 1,000 C.
The type of grate used in the design of
the plant is also of importance. Tabulated
data show various types of grates most
commonly used and the construction
features and corresponding work methods
in incineration processes. Experience has
shown that waste-heat utilization is
only economically feasible in large
incinerator installations. (Text—German)
waste incinerators in the
Schweizerische Bauzeitung,
1967.
Quite a number of municipalities have
to decide in favor of incineration to
eliminate the ever increasing amount of
waste, despite the high costs involved.
This Is confirmed by the number of
orders received by the Von Roll company
in 1966. A table lists the cities,
the number of incinerators, and the capacity
of the furnaces ordered. To partly cover
the high investment in the cost of
incineration, heat is utilized to the best
advantage. (TextGerman)
67 -0609
Osterath, R. F. Cranes for refuse
incineration plants. Foerdern Heben,
17(5):275-278, 1967.
In the process of waste incineration,
cranes are used to load the furnaces,
and to mix and store the accumulating
waste. The type of crane chosen in
each individual case depends very much
on the amount and type of waste to be
dealt with. City waste, for instance,
tends to mat during storage, which
increases its specific ight and
decreases its compressibility. A crane
with a multi-shell grab proved to be
better suited for this kind of waste.
With its flexible, finger-like, and pointed
shells it is able to grab more waste than
the crane with a two-shell grab. The latter
crane is very well suited to grab grain,
coal, gravel, as well as all fine—to
medium—grained material. Two numerical
examples show that if a crane with a
two-shell grab is used, the carrying
power must be higher than the multi—shell
grab by about 30 percent due to the bad
volumetric efficiency of the two—shell
grab. A table gives technical data for
the two types of cranes. As to the problem
of using a hoisting unit with planetary
gear or with differential limit switch,
the planetary gear was found to be better
suited for waste. Here the grab is never
completely closed because the waste is
often bulky and mats easily, which would
strain the closing mechanism of the
differential limit switch too cinch. In
many smaller waste incinerator plants,
electrohydraulically driven grabs are
used because they do not require special
hoisting units. However, they are more
sensitive to impacts, and they are more
frequently plagued by troubles.
(Text-German)
67-0610
Power from refuse. AEI Engineering,
7(2):59, 1967.
Data are given on the largest refuse
disposal plant in Great Britain
(Deephain Works, Enfield, North London),
which is being planned by the Greater
London Council. The normal continuous
load will be 1,333 tons of rubbish with
a peak capacity of 1,667 tons a day which
will be delivered to the installation
at the rate of 700 vehicle-loads a day.
The electrical output from the incineration
of this refuse is expected to be between
27 and 40 civ depending on the heat value
of the refuse. The recent placement of
orders for the mechanical and electrical
equipment included a E2.5 million generating
plant contract with AEI for four 12.5 MW and
two 2.5 MW turbine generators along with heat
exchangers, switchgear, and transformers.
The four operating (and one standby) boilers
will be fed by grab crane from storage
bunkers with the refuse being burned on
rolling grate incinerators. The prevention
of dust and odor emission has received
special attention. After all the
combustibles have been burned the residue of
clinkered ash and metals are separated in
the residuals handling plant for subsequent
distribution. The AEI turbines will be
designed for inlet steam conditions of 600
lb per sq in. and 840 F and will pass steam
to the condensers at 1.75 in. of mercury.
Because of the range of possible steam
output, extensive control equipment will
be provided. This will be the first
incineration plant in Britain to supply
power to the grid.
67-0608
Orders for
year 1966.
85 ( 33) 620,
160
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0608—0613
67-0611
Refuse incineration and clinker sintering
plant at Berlin-Ruhieben. Berlin, Get.,
Berlin Municipal Cleansing Service,
Feb. 1967.
The three processing schemes in operation at
the Berlin-Ruhieben refuse incineration
and clinker sintering plant are described.
Using these processes, it is possible
to turn waste into valuable and
sarketable aggregate for concrete and
asphalt without leaving any residue. The
installation consists basically of the
refuse incineration plant, the clinker
processing plant, and the wintering plant.
Bulky waste is first passed through
shears to reduce it to size and then
incinerated. Should the furnace
temperature fall below 1,000 C auxiliary
burners are activated. The flue gases
which leave the furnace with a temperature
of up to 1,000 C, are cooled to 200 C and
are partly purified of dust in a steam
generator. The volume of heat
liberated during incineration is supplied
to the neighboring power station in the
form of steam. The incineration residue
represents 15 to 20 percent of the original
refuse and is transfered to a clinker
bunker. The coarse waste clinker is
followed by scrap metal removal and
controlled sifting. Non-ferrous metal
and ceramics are dumped. The prepared
clinker is then mixed with a fine, already
sintered material, and if necessary,
with coke, moistened and then sintered
in a high, near melting temperature.
Dust extraction is through an electro-flue
gas filter. The sintered material is
ground, cooled and sifted. The 0 to 3
i fraction is fed back to the sintering
process. Finished sinter of 3 to 7
ian, 7 to 15 mm and 15 to 25 mm grain
is then stored in silos. Good to
excellent reports have been received
in regards to workability, solidarity,
and durability of the sintered product.
Data and illustrations are included.
61.0612
Refuse incineration plant at Deephaxns
Works. Engineer, 223(5805):641642,
1967.
An incineration plant, which will be one
of the largest in the world and the first
in Great Britain to use continuous total
.flCineration for generating electric
current for sale, is described. The
plant, designed to handle up to 700 vehicle
loads a day, will have a normal continuous
throughput of 1,000 tons of crude refuse
every 24 hr and a peak of 1,667 tons. The
electrical output is expected to be
between 27 and 40 NW, depending on the
heat value of the refuse. The general
layout of the plant is shown in a detailed
diagram. The specification calls for
five boilers, each capable of burning
14 tons of refuse an hour and producing
steam at 625 lb per sq in. gauge and
850 F. The evaporation capacity of
each boiler will be a maximum of 86,000
lb steam per hr. Other equipment
includes two computerized weighbridges,
23 unloading bays serving five refuse
storage bunkers, three overhead cranes, and
stepped roller type grates in the
incinerator. The steam raising imit
will be of the Yarrow single-drum,
water-tube type with a partially
water-cooled combustion chamber and
superheaters arranged in two stages giving
steam temperature control down to
70 percent MCR. From the superheaters
the gas will pass to an economizer and
then to an electrostatic precipitator.
The cleaned flue gases will contain not
more than 0.05 grains of dust particles
per cubic foot of dry gas at STP.
Disposal of fly ash and boiler residuals
is described. The power generating
plant, which will be contracted out and
which will supply the electrical
requirements of the refuse plant, is
also described. The cost of the plant
is estimated at 9,00O,000 and is
programmed for completion in 1970.
67-0613
Restriction of emission waste
incineration in plants with throughput up
to 1,500 kg hr. VDI-Richtlinien 2301.
Duesseldorf, Ger., Verein Deutscher
Ingenieure, Feb. 1967. 9 p.
Incinerators designed for local and
decentralized use are rated by throughput
capacity. The throughput capacity is
limited in this report to a maximum
of 1,500 kg per hour. Waste incinerators
must be designed to meet fairly rough
operation, varying properties of waste,
and fluctuating thermal loads. Charging
and ash-removal fittings mu t be so
designed that nuisance by dust and
odors will not occur. The flue gases
of every waste incinerator should be
released through a separate stack that is
constructed in accordance with valid
161
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Incineration—Europe
standards and building regulations.
Waste incinerators should be provided
with an auxiliary burner to preheat the
incinerator chamber and maintain uniform
combustion. If complete combustion is
not insured by the design of the incinerator
chamber, a secondary-combustion process
must be applied. Smaller incineration
units are mainly suitable for doctors’
offices, smaller residential buildings,
and workshops. Larger units are
installed in hospitals, institutions,
office buildings, etc. Continuous
expert servicing is required for the
proper operation of waste-incinerating
plants, particularly of larger units.
Proper operation requires preheating of
the incineration chamber, and the
auxiliary burners must be switched on
in good time. When planning a waste
incinerator the basic load and
permissible total load caused by dust
and gas in the vicinity of the site must
be taken into account. The smoke-plume
color in accordance with the Ringlemann
scale must be less than No. 2 in
running operation with any type of waste.
The particulate emission must not exceed
200 tng per cu m STP for moist flue gas
at the stack outlet. (Text—German)
67-0614
Rogus, C. A. Incineration can be clean
and efficient. Power, 111(12):81-85,
1967.
• The incineration systems of the United
States and Western Europe are compared.
The European plants already incorporate
features which the United States is only
now considering and their designs are
superior to American ones in both efficiency
and cleanliness. A refuse comparison
showed differences in several significant
aspects: European refuse output per
capita is smaller; its moisture content
is higher and its calorific value is
lower making burning more difficult; and
its greater content of fines tends to
increase the amount of particulates
emitted in the exhaust. These factors
place added demands on air pollution
control equipment. Laws and labor are
also compared, with more manpower
available, lower pay scales, and
excellent worker skill and productivity
in Western Europe, as well as stricter
government regulations on collection,
handling, and disposal. Performance of
incinerators, based on thoroughness with
which refuse is burned, is superior in
Western Europe. Other comparisons
involve refuse delivery, handling and
burning, residue handling, and air
pollution controls. Weighing systems,
tipping and dust control, hoppers and
chutes, furnaces, grates, the Von Roll,
the Drum grate, and the Martin are also
considered.
67-0615
Schiemann, G. Results of emission
measurements in incinerators for household
refuse. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
19(9):440-443, 1967.
Measurements of dust emission were made
in 23 small refuse incinerators in the
vicinity of Duesseldorf and Koeln
(Germany) and in one large unit with a
capacity of 20 tons refuse per hr. The
results showed that the small units with
an average capacity of 2.5 tons per hr
have an emission of 4 kg per hr of dust.
The large unit, however, had an emission
of only 3.2 kg per hr. The small units
therefore emit 1.6 kg dust per ton refuse
while the large unit emits only 0.16 kg
dust per ton refuse. Combustion in
large centralized units is therefore
more advantageous from the viewpoint of
air pollution. (Text-German)
67-0616
Schneider, W. Elimination of domestic
waste and refinery wastes.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(10):502-503,
1967.
The East German Association for Fuel
Engineering held a meeting in Leipzig
on June 1-2, 1967, and discussed questions
of domestic and refinery waste disposal.
It was indicated that by 1980, forty
composting plants will be built in
East Germany. Large waste incinerator
plants are planned for the wastes
accumulating in metropolitan areas. To
gather experience in this field, a
large waste incinerator plant with a
capacity of 180,000 tons per year will
be erected in Berlin in 1968. Alkali
and sulphur-containing products are
burned at low temperatures to prevent
the escape of alkaline substances.
Sulphuric acid and bleaching earth are
mixed with soft coal dust and converted
into a non-corrosive, powdery product
which can be either burned in soft coal
power plants or in a rotating tube
furnace of a gypsum-sulphuric acid
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0614—0618
plant. The sludges obtained in the
purification of refinery waste water
contain only about 1 percent of solids
and must be dehydrated prior to
incineration. At a solids content of
18 percent and a heating value of 800
keal per kg, the sludge can be burned in
a turbulent layer furnace without an
auxiliary burner. Story furnaces
are used for the incineration of sludges
whose solids content has been increased
to 30 percent. A comparison of the
rotating tube furnace, the story furnace,
and the turbulent layer furnace, shows
the latter to be most economical. The
technical requirement is low, and the
heat utilization is high. (Text-German)
67-0617
Schoppe, F. The development of a flame
cone for waste incineration.
Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft, 19(10):469-476,
1967.
The flame cone is described and
illustrated. Through its rotating
motion, the fine parts are separated
from the coarse parts, i.e. through
the larger angle of the slope the fine
material is transported closer to the
apex of the cone. The f lane cone is
thus also used for separating material
which is too moist to be separated in
a sieve. For incineration the cone
surfaces are made of cast bars. The
ash falls at intervals between the bars
into a container underneath. The
burning waste is carried along the
cone wall to the cylindrical end,
constantly gaining in temperature through
the continuing incineration process.
From the cylindrical end of the cone the
burning waste rolls back into the cone
where it ignites and heats up unburned
waste. In this way ordinary waste
reaches a temperature between 1 ,100
to 1,300 C within 15 to 20 minutes.
The ash is discharged from the flame
cone into the ash container and remains
there for about 20 to 30 minutes. The
ash surface Is well ventilated so that
the Incineration of still burning parts
Is completed. Air with a velocity of
50 to 70 m per second is blown into
the flame cone and a cylindrical
afterburner is connected with the flame
cone. Illustrations and a detailed
description of the afterburner are
given. The waste gases are cooled
down to 250 C either by water
injection or in a heat exchanger or
a waste heat boiler. The smallest
flame cone has a diameter of 1,100
mm at the base which corresponds to a
capacity of 200 to 400 kg per hr. The
most frequently used flame cones have
a diameter of 1,800 am and can burn 1,200
to 1,400 kg per hr of waste. The
performance of the flame cone
incinerator was tested with various
kinds of waste such as ordinary waste,
bulky waste, plastic waste, and material
retained on a trash rack. Detailed
results of these tests are given.
(TextGerman)
67-0618
The worldwide rush to
American City, 82(12):40,
Efficient, clean incinerators in Paris,
Duesseldorf, Leverkusen, London, and
Japan, which will dispose of refuse and
sewage sludge, are described. Paris’
new refuse plant is perhaps the world’s
most sophisticated. It converts 1,400
tons of refuse to steam daily. Television
cameras monitor all important plant
operations, and electrostatic precipitators
clean the gases well enough to pass any
U.S. air-pollution codes. In Duesseldorf,
an equally attractive, efficient plant,
but with less sophisticated cotrols,
disposes of 960 tons of municipal and
industrial refuse daily. The excess
heat also generates steam, and cleansing
is so thorough that stack gases read
less than R±nglemann No. 1 most of the
time, and never more than No. 2. Metallic
scrap is magnetically separated from the
burned residues and baled for sale at
$12.50 to $25 per ton. The balance of
the residue is sold for fill at 10 to
20 cents per ton. Duesseldorf receives
about $700,000 per year in income from
these operations, enough to cover all
operating costs. London’s new 1,600
ton per day incinerator will generate
$1.. 4 million of steam per year and
reclaim $280,000 of residue. It will
discharge less than 0.05 grains per
standard cu ft of dust in the exhaust.
Japan has beveral multiple-hearth
incinerators to dispose of sewage
sludge. The largest, at Tokyo, has a
capacity of 100 tons per day. In Osaka,
the sewage ash helps make bricks and
fills roadbeds.
Sebastian, F.
incineration.
1967.
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Incineration—Europe
67-0619
Setti, B. and G. Andreoni. Refuse
incineration plant in Milan and heat
availability for urban areas.
Fumi Polveri, 7(6-7):135-147, 1967.
Considerable graphic material and
statistical data are presented on the
general operation of the refuse
incineration plant in Milan. Together
with four other projected plants, it
would account for a refuse burning
capacity of 2,000,000 kg per day, and
a heat combustion of 2,000 megakcal.
This heat could be converted into 280
million kw hr, or enough energy for
municipal power requirements of the
water, light, and transportation
facilities. Future increases in air
pollution will require administrative
asures in order to combat it.
(Text-Italian)
67-0620
Sibiga, J. The development of the
technology of urban trash combustion.
Gaz, Wads I Technike Sanitarna,
40(9):312-315, 1967.
For trash combustion (in which all the carbon
is burned to carbon dioxide), any kind
of furnace will suffice if it can
handle material which develops no mure
than 2,000 to 3,000 kcal per kg during
combustion. The various furnaces employed
are illustrated. The oldest was the
Boussange furnace. The Horsf all furnace,
developed next, differed only in minor
details. The next was the
Woodall-Duckham furnace, which had a
chimney damper. In the Monohearth furnace
the improvement consisted of a more
efficient addition of water to the ash.
The Iteenan & Froude furnace had staggered
compartments. The Voelund-Wistra furnace
introduced a fairly complicated system of
airflow, whereas the furnaces of the
Pyro-Incinerator and Supply Corporation
brought about improved combustion by the
introduction of special grate systems.
The Roll furnace was the first in which
steam was economically generated in a
bundle of tubes. All the features mentioned
are incorporated in the furnaces of the
Duesseldorf system, the Flynn 6 Emrich
system, and the New York City system
(Text-Polish)
67-0621
Sibiga, J. The incineration of trash
or garbage—an economical problem.
Gaz, Woda I Technike Sanitarna,
39(1):23-26, 1967.
Although the problem of trash and garbage
disposal through burning is not new,
older installations of this type
(Voelund furnace, in Denmark; von Roll,
in Switzerland; Martin, in Duesseldorf
and Essen; and Seinmier, in Esslingen)
are outmoded. In many cities of Europe,
America, and Asia, trash is burned in
installations of the Dorr-Oliver type,
as well as those of the Dano, Baden-Baden,
von Meanen, and Buhler types. Cost is
not the major factor to be considered,
since combustion prevents air pollution.
river pollution, and spread of disease.
Nevertheless, sufficient funds must be
available. The cheapest unit today is
located in Ruschlikon (Switzerland) and
cost $84,000. The plant at Tjenbeke
cost $2,130,000. The combustion of one
long ton of trash costs $2.50 to 5.50;
if amortization costs are considered,
this cost rises to $2.75 or even $6.50.
(Text-Polish)
67-0622
Sibiga, .1. Technical possibilities of
combustion of municipal refuse. Gaz,
Woda I Technike Sanitarna, 40(8):270-271,
1967.
The technical possibilities for the
combustion of municipal refuse are
outlined in a study of the increasingly
urgent problem of trash and garbage
disposal. Combustion is considered by
many to be a panacea, although others
consider this method a luxury. The
amount of kcal produced per unit of
garbage is a meaningless figure without
considering the bulk weight of garbage
received, which may vary from 195 to
450 kg per cu in. Thus, the heat developed
per unit of weight must be considered,
as well as per unit of volume. If trash
is butnt just for the sake of combustion,
installations are simple but produce
nothing of commercial value. Installations
generating steam by combustion of
municipal refuse, or electricity, or
a combination of both, cost more at
installation but produce a marketable
product. A survey of European and
American plants shows that between 800
and 1,750 kcal per kg is recovered
from trash combustion, while plants with
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0619—0626
lower yields are not necessarily less
economical, since they operate without any
additional fuel. (Text-Polish)
67-0623
Small waste incinerator for hospitals,
schools, and factories. Sanitaer und
Heizungsteehnik, 32(11):847, 1967.
An electrically operated incinerator had
been developed by Saniguard Appliances
Ltd. The unit can burn 45 liters of
waste (e.g. paper, bandages, boxes, etc.)
at a time. The operation is initiated
by stepping on a pedal. The incineration
cycle lasts at the most 2 hr. An
adjustment to shorten the incineration
period is possible. The unit is 102
cm high, 55 cm deep and 50 cm broad.
The waste is completely burned to
sterile ash. (Text-German)
67-0624
Stabenow, C. New incinerator at
Munich, West Germany, In Proceedings;
AR Symposium, Incineration of Solid
Wastes, New York, Mar. 21, 1967.
Metropolitan Engineers Council on Air
Resources. p.22-23.
A feasibility study for a satisfactory
method of refuse disposal for the city
of Munich (population 1,200,000) concluded
that a 60-megawatt power plant could burn
the refuse economically if the ratio of
refuse to pulverized coal firing would
not exceed 40:60. This arrangement permits
Continuous power generation even during
periods when refuse is not available for
burning. In Phase I of the installation,
two Benson-type boilers were installed,
each to generate 220,000 lb of Steam
per hr at 2,600 psig. The refuse firing
rate was 27.5 ton per hr at an average
net heating value of 2,500 Btu per lb.
The combined firing of the refuse on
the Martin reverse acting grate and the
pulverized coal firing in a separate
furnace generates a total quantity of
440,000 lb of steam per hr at 2,600
psig and 100 F. Forty percent of
176,000 lb of steam per hr is generated
by 50 tons per hr refuse burning, and the
balance of 264,000 lb per hr results
from pulverized coal firing. In the
Phase II installation, the steam output
was raised to 800,000 lb per hr. The
resulting refuse to coal ratio was
changed to 20:80 percent. The incinerator
power plants are illustrated. Electrostatic
precipitators, which have an efficiency
of 99.75 percent are installed on the
roof of the building to limit the
particulate emission with the stack gases
to less than 0.2 lb per 1,000 lb of products
of combustion corrected to 50 percent excess
air. A breakdown of operating costs is
appended.
67-0625
$ 2 5-million incinerator will be Britain’s
largest. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(7):16, 1967.
A new incinerator will be built to handle
about one-fifth of all of London’s solid
waste. The plant, to process 1,333 tons
of crude waste daily, is scheduled for
completion in 1970. Trucks will be able to
unload in 23 unloading bays. The
incinerator consists of five parallel
systems, of which four are to operate
continuously. Each system consists
of a storage bunker, charging hopper, and
steam boiler. A large sewage works
will provide a ready supply of cooling
water. A large fan in the upper part
of the building will prevent dust from
escaping into the atmosphere. Grab
cranes will be used to pick up the stored
refuse and transfer it into the charging
hopper and a hydraulic ram will push
the refuse from the hopper onto the
boiler grate. Hot flue gases will be
directed over the incoming material
to ensure rapid ignition and the burning
refuse will turn and fragment as it
spills from one roller of the grate to
another. Thus, up to 14 tons of refuse
will be burned per hour in a chamber.
Metals and ashes, after quenching, will
be conveyed to a series of screens and
a magnet so that the scrap metals can
be recovered. The hot gases will pass
through the boiler, as well as an
electrostatic precipitator, before
exiting. The plant will be built on
the recommendation of a special commission
of the Greater London Council, which has
been studying the problems of refuse
disposal in the London area.
67-0626
Walter, L. Progress in incineration
of town refuse in Europe supplying
power and heat. Public Cleansing,
57(3):135-141, 1967.
Among the German cities utilizing
combustion of refuse for generation of
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incineration —Europe
power and heat, Munich is one of the
mest progressive. The first phase of
plant construction produced steam of
180 atmospheres and 540 to 550 C
superheat, generated in two Benson steam
generators of 100—ton—per—hr capacity of
each. The second phase has a capacity of
100 MW. There are different design features
between the two stages. The new
steam-turbine unit of 110 MW capacity
will be supplied from a single steam
generator. Capacity will be 365 ton per
hr at 180 atmospheres and 540 to 550
degrees C superheat. The stoker area
of 96 sq is is divided into 5 parallel
firing zones. The percentage of refuse
is only 20 percent of the total combustion
capacity. At the plant at Stuttgart 1000
ton per day refuse produce 400 ton
clinker and fly-ash; and each stoker
is designed for firing of 20 ton per hr
of refuse at 800 to 2,200 kg cal per hr.
Three furnaces of 8.33-tons—refuse—per—hr.
capacity operate In the Vienna plant.
Exhaust gases are cleaner and the volume
of residue from combustion is 10 percent
in volume and 40 percent in weight of the
refuse as supplied. The best incinerator was
a von Roll incineration system which was
operated 24 hours a day and was designed
to use waste heat for space heating and
hot water supply in two hospitals. The
sequence of operation is described.
67-0627
Walter, L. Progress in refuse
incinerators supplying light and heat.
Public Cleansing, 57(2):6064, 1967.
American cities have similar problems
to cities in Germany though the methods
varY. In Western German incinerators,
for towns of over 1 million inhabitants
there are 230 kg domestic and 56 kg
road refuse; and for towns of 10 to 20
thousand, 260 and 30 kg. Though the
utilization of waste heat in the United
States is practically mill, there are
municipal plants itt Europe that have It.
Volund, the largest and oldest plant, burnt
323,000 tons of refuse in 1961. Refuse is
pre—dried, ignited and burned. Final
combustion occurs in the rotating drum.
Waste heat boilers produce steam for the
district system of Paris. The firing
system of the Martin Stoker has achieved
up to 1,200 tons per 24 hr. It is claimed
that low—grade refuse (850 kg calories per
kg) can be burnt as well as high-grade
(2,500 kg cal per kg). The refuse
incineration system developed by the
Swiss firm von Roll’sche Eisenwerke
was used at Borsigstrasse. With two
furnaces the plant’s capacity was 200
tons per 24 hr; with the three additional
furnaces the increase was 10 million cu cm
per annum. Larger von Roll furnaces have
a capacity of 200 tons per 24 hr. The
first application is for the City of
Frankfurt—am—Main where the capacity is
2 times 300 tons per 24 hr, and with two
additional units, the output is 1,200
tons of refuse per day. Plant layouts
are included.
67-0628
Waste incineration in a textile plant.
BrennstoffwaermeKraft, 19(10):493,
1967.
To eliminate its waste, a German
textile plant set up an incinerator plant
with a capacity of 500 kg per hr. The
waste is composed of cardboard boxes
with a maximum size of 1,100 per 900 per
600 mrs (20%), rubbish and cotton dust
containing PVC material (20%), and
bobbin sleeves from the weaving department
(60%). The waste has an average heating
value of 3,500 kcal per kg. The heat
obtained from the incineration is used
to produce steam which is used for heating
purposes. The waste is collected in
containers and driven to the furnace
building where it is dumped into a storage
room. A conveyor belt brings the waste to
the combustion chamber of the furnace. The
flue gases are cooled down to a temperature
of 300 C. A photograph of the incinerator
and an illustration of the grate are
given. (Text-German)
670629
Waste incineration in furnaces with a
capacity up to 1,500 kg./hr. (VDI
standard 2301). BrennstoffWaertfleKraft,
19(1O):512, 1967.
The German VDI (association of German
engineers) standard 2301 applies to all
incinerators with a capacity not
exceeding 1,500 kg per hr. The standard
cites all causes leading to air
polluting emissions and suggests
preventive measures. For satisfactory
operation of the incinerator, the
height of the chimney, the flue gas
cleaning equipment, and the design of
the furnace must be carefully planned
in accordance with the VDI standard.
The recoi jiendatiOfl VDI 2301 can be
obtained at BeuthVertrieb GmbH, Berlin
and Cologne, Germany. (Text-German)
166
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0627—0634
67-0630
The waste incinerator in Berlin-Rubleben
is in operation. Brennstoff Waerme_Kraft
19(7):379, 1967.
A short time ago a waste incinerator
in West Berlin was put into operation.
It is composed of seven furnaces and
equipped with roller grates. Each
furnace has a capacity of 16 tons per
hr. The connected boilers are designed
for 87 atm at 470 C. The incinerator
plant is the world’s largest, with a
maximum daily capacity of more than
3,000 tons. The heat is utilized for the
production of electric energy and for
remote heating of apartments. The slag
is sintered and used in road construction.
(Text-German)
67-0631
The waste incinerator of Farberifabriken
Bayer. Brennstoff-Chemie 48(1):W3-w4,
1967.
The construction of the waste Incinerator
of Farberifabriken Bayer AG, Leverkusen,
which was started in Oct. 1965, is almost
completed. Operation is scheduled for the
Spring of 1967. The incinerator will
handle 100 tons per day and will cost
about 15 million DM. Solid waste is
incinerated in rotating furnaces;
liquid waste is sprayed into special
flame chambers by nozzles. At the
furnace temperature of 1,200 C all
organic compounds are completely
destroyed. The stack gas passes a
waste-heat boiler, and, after filtering
by electrostatic precipitators, leaves
through a 100 m high steel chimney.
Organic waste containing chlorine is burned
in special chambers. This stack gas
passes a scrubber and an electrostatic
wet cleaning stage before it reaches
the chimney. (Text-German)
67-0632
Waste paper incinerators ‘Silo-Papyrex’
Rohr -Armatur-sanitaer-Jjeizung
22(4):338, 1967.
The metal company Siegas, Cologne, West
Germany, introduced two new waste paper
incinerators. The type Papyrex 75
(volume 75 liters) is suited f or outdoor
operation. It consists of a combustion
chamber, a grid with air pipe, a conical
flue gas collector, and an exhaust pipe.
The waste paper is stuffed into the
Combustion chamber and lighted at several
points. Then the conical flue gas
collector is attached. After about 20
to 30 minutes the paper is burned. The
type Papyrex 100 (volume 100 liters) is
intended for connection to a chimney.
Its operation is very simple.
(Text-German)
67-0633
Weland, H. Waste incinerator plant in
Oslo. Brennstoff_Waerme_Kraft,
19(1O):496-497, 1967.
After intensive investigations and
preparations, the city administration
of Oslo, Norway, decided to build a
large incinerator to burn most of the
accumulating waste (145,000 tons per
year at a population of 500,000). For
the rest of the waste, small composting
plants will be set up. The incinerator,
being built by a German company, will
consist of four furnaces and will have
a capacity of 180,000 tons per year.
Two of these furnaces with a capacity
of 6.5 tons per hr each have been
delivered, and the test operation was
started in February 1967 and successfully
completed in August of the same year.
The new incinerator has been designed
to burn the waste to sterile slag and
fly ash which can be deposited safely.
Protective devices against odors,
noise, and dust emissions have been
installed. The heat obtained through
incineration is used for production of
energy. The plant is composed of a
large storage building, a furnace and
filter building, a slag storage, and an
office building. The storage building
has a capacity of 8,000 cu m. Steam
heaters keep the temperatures in the
waste and slag storage buildings at
5 C even when the outside temperatures
drop to -20 C. The slag discharged from
the incinerator contains only 2 to 3
percent of combustible material. All
essential data are listed in a table.
Illustrations of the furnace, the
boiler, the grate, and the layout of the
incinerator plant, are given.
(Text -German)
67-0634
Wolf, M., and J. W. Jacobi. Waste
incineration. Brennstoff-Waerme_Kraft,
19(4):191-193, 1967.
A literature report in the area of
waste incineration is presented.
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Incineration—Europe
Seventy-eight papers published in 1966
are listed and characterized as belonging
to one of the following classes:
technical problems; processes; descriptions
of facilities in operation; new facilities;
treatment of sewage sludge; and foreign
countries. (Text-German)
67-0635
Wotschke, J. On the path to universal
waste removal. Brennstoff-Waerme-Kraft,
19(lO):476—481, 1967.
A pilot plant, operating according to the
flame chamber melting method, had been
set up by the Volkswagen plant to
incinerate its waste. The first
experiences showed that the method is
very well suited for universal waste
incineration although some modifications
of various component parts are necessary.
The basic principle of the flame chamber
melting method is discussed, namely the
complete consumption of the gaseous
parts in the waste by flames and
the complete liquefaction of the
incombustible parts among the waste.
This state is automatically achieved
in the flame chamber as soon as the
required operating temperature is
reached. The velocity of the reaction
is determined by the difference in
temperature between the flame and the
decomposing waste surface. The
decomposing layers of small grained
waste and of heterogeneous household
waste are shown in photographs.
Experiences showed that more effective
cooling and protection of the flame
chamber are obtained with a higher
operating temperature. A characteristic
of this method is that every component
must wait until it reaches its melting
point to be able to run off. All
components however, combine eventually
into one uniform melted layer which acts
like a filter retaining all solids from
the gases formed in the process and
penetrating this layer. Since air is
blown in from the top, the gases are
forced to leave the flame chamber at the
bottom. The gas is to a large extent
burned in the flame chamber so that
corrosion at the flue gas ducts is
avoided. The design of a small incinerator
with a capacity of about 1,000 kg per
hr employing the flame chamber melting
method is illustrated and explained. For
demonstrating purposes and for investigating
the suitability of this type of
incineration in particular cases, a small
testing facility was developed.
(Text-German)
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
67-0636
Aarons, R., and R. A. Taylor. The
DuPont waste pickle liquor process.
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md ., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series Nd. 129. p.120-125.
The DuPont process involves continuous
neutralization with lime and simultaneous
oxidation of soluble iron to insoluble
magnetic iron oxide to produce high-density,
low-volume granular solids which are
easily separated and disposed of. The
advantages and disadvantages of alternate
disposal methods are reviewed. The
overall chemical reactions in the DuPont
process are diagrammed. Waste pickle
liquor and a chemically equivalent amount
of hydrated calcium oxide are continuously
withdrawn. Air is sparged into the
mixture to oxidize the iron. Live steam is
fed into the reactor to maintain a
temperature of 190 F. By keeping the
reaction mass at pH of 7, ferrosoferric
oxide, or magnetic iron oxide, is formed.
The controlled neutralization produces
a clear effluent. The neutral solids,
weighing about one-sixth as much as the
sludge derived from simple lime
neutralization, are easily dewatered and
are suitable for landfill. The iron
oxide can be separated magnetically. The
gypsum content has been evaluated by a
manufacturer of wallboard and found to be
useable.
67-0637
Adema, D. The largest oxidation ditch
in the world for the treatment of
industrial wastes. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
md ., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p.717-730.
The waste water treatment system of a
coking plant in the Netherlands consists
of a large Pasveer ditch with a capacity
of 30,000 Cu m. Biological purification
under denitrification conditions is
described. In the beginning of 1966
In
168
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0635—0640
a shortage of phosphorus caused the
efficiency of the biological purification to
fall off and little or no denitrificatjon
to take place. Laboratory experiments were
carried out to examine the effect of the
phosphorus shortage. The maximum capacity
of the ditch is put at 1350 kg of COD per
hr (excluding 385 kg of COD per hr per
100 kg of nitrate-nitrogen). Data included for
the Pasveer ditch include: dimensions
of the ditch; make, speed, and power of
the brushes; dimensions and capacity of
the settling tanks; and investment and
operating costs.
67.0638
Aerators solve waste treatment problem.
American Dairy Review, 29(4):40, Apr. 1967.
In processing 600,000 to 800,000 lb of
whole milk daily, the Arkport, New York,
plant of Crandview Dairy discharges 250
gal per minute of effluent into its milk
waste disposal facility through lagoons,
which were previously sprayed upward for
aeration. Added chemical nutrients cost
over $2,000 per year. In 1964, two
Lightnin aerators, utilizing five pumps
and powered by two five-hp motors, were
installed to provide additional aeration.
Problems of odor and lack of dissolved
oxygen in discharged water were eliminated.
Previous strength of discharged wastes
were 235 ppm of BOD. After installation
of the aerators, BOD dropped to 25 ppm--an
89.5 percent reduction. The aerators
provide considerable savings in operating
and maintenance cost. The need for themical
nutrients was eliminated.
67-0639
Agardy, F. J., R. C. Spicher, and C. T.
Orlob. Cannery waste treatment part II.
Treatability. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p. 699 - 70 5.
Characterization of organic material in
cannery wastes included: dissolved
versus suspended solids, volatile and
inert matter, disposition of BOD and
COD. The rate of aerobic biodegradability
was evaluated by determining the BOD
reaction velocity or ‘rate’ constant for
the waste under study. The cannery
wastes studied were found to have a high
percentage (in excess of 80 percent)
organic matter in solution. This
distribution of organic matter favors
the employment of biochemical treatment
methods suitable for stabilization
of dissolved organics as opposed to
physical processes. The effluent waste
streams, regardless of specific character,
responded to biological action at a rate
considerably higher than is normally
found with domestic sewage. Average
values for peach and tomato wastes are
given. The peach waste stream is the
strongest plant effluent in terms of first
stage BOD. When peaches only are
processed the BOD of the effluent may
be expected to be about 3 times that of
normal domestic sewage and about 4 to 5
times that of the effluent from tomato
processing. While the principal effluent
streams were apparently free of
inhibitory agents and possessed no
characteristics which would preclude their
stabilization in the presence of ‘seed’
of domestic sewage origin, there is a
possibility that high concentrations of
cannery waste might result in a reduction
of biodegradation rate due to lack of
required nutrients or presence of trace
inhibitory agents.
67-0640
Akerman, K., and L. Reysner, The
utilization of industrial waste obtained
during the course of the production
of phosphoric acid. L’Industrie
Chirriique, 54(599):179-l85, June 1967.
The disposal of waste arising from the
production of phosphoric acid by a wet
process has become a problem because
the costs of dumping the waste in
landfills or into the sea have become
prohibitively high. It is therefore
indicated to investigate the possibilities
for utilizing this waste, which is
phosphoanhydrite (also called
phosphogypsum). Following previous
work performed in the USSR, the authors
made detailed studies and model
experiments in order to gain exhaustive
information on the most economical way
of producing sulfur dioxide and lime, or
Portland cement from phosphoanhydrite.
The process was performed in a rotary
cement kiln in five steps: calcination
of the phosphoanhydrite, first grinding,
second grinding and mixing with coke,
hydration of the charge, and baking of
the charge to develop sulfur anhydride
and cement. Some of the optimum
169
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Industrial Wastes
parameters determined are the following:
temperature of the charge, 1,300 to 1,350
C; content of coke, 6.2 percent; oxygen
concentration in the gas, 0.2-0.4 percent.
Under these optimum conditions the
decomposition of the phosphoanhydrite is
97 to 99 percent. In a second part of this
article the properties of cement derived
from phosphoanhydrite are reviewed and
summarized. Seven tables give numerical
data on composition and crushing strength
of various types of concrete obtained
by varying phosphoric anhydride content. A
phase diagram of calcium oxide, phosphorus
pentoxide, and silicon dioxide and a graph
of the crushing strength of cement as a
function of phosphoric anabydride content are
given. The crushing strength decreases
linearly with increasing concentration of
phosphoric anhydride, becoming zero at
about 3 percent. The necessity of a thorough
study of optimum processes and of pilot
plant experimentation is stressed in the
summary. (Te t-French
61-0641
Akyel, H., and M. Neven. High molecular
organic, synthetic flocculant for sludge
treatment, Chemie-tngenieur-Technik,
39(4):172-178, Feb. 1967.
Purely synthetic, organic flocculants which
are more effective than the metal salts,
have been increasingly used to improve the
filtering of sludges. The three groups
of flocculants, non-ioaogenic polymers,
ionogenic polymers, and non-ionogenic/
ionogenic polymers, are described.
Floccularits increase the sedimentation
speed. Two methods to test the speed
(shaking and stirring) are described.
With the aid of laboratory test set-ups,
the effectiveness of flocculants in the
vacuum and pressure filtering process
can be tested. To test the qualification
of flocculants for dehydrating the
sludges in centrifuges, very expensive
laboratory models have to be used.
With the addition of flocculants, sludge
particles of all sizes settle at about
the same speed and a clear separation
between solids and water becomes visible.
A diagram shows the settling speeds of
sludges with and without flocculants. To
achieve an optimum clearing of the water,
the stage at which the flocculant is added,
and the amount, are of extreme importance.
(Text ’German)
67-0642
Albertson, 0. E., and 3. Guidi. Advances in
the centrifugal dewatering of sludges.
Water and Sewage Works, 114:R133-R142,
Nov. 30, 1967.
The solid-bowl centrifuge, as a method for
dewatering of all types of waste sludge,
is described. Centrifuge tests were
conducted at Over 70 locations with
40 to 50 runs made on the sludge at
each location to determine the optimum
machine performance and effective variables
such as pool depth, feed rate, and
centrifugal force. Cationic oolyiuers
were used, although in a few instances
they were combined with anionic polymers.
Tables show the summary results of
centrifuging various types of sanitary
sludges and pulp and paper waste in
terms of cake moisture, recovery, and
chemical cost. It was concluded that
improvements in conditioning agents
suitable for centrifuges has eliminated
the problem of solids recycling via
the liquid discharge. The centrifuge
will have an installed cost of 50 to
70 percent of that for a comparable
vacuum filter, with operating costs
equal to or less than those required
for a filter. Other advantages of the
centrifuge in sludge dewatering applications
are: low space requirements; no direct
supervision required; simple start-up
and shutdown procedures; dilute or
thick feeds handled equally well; easily
automated to fit into process requirements;
and operation can proceed with only
Intermittent dosage of chemicals.
67.0643
Alikonis, 3. 3., and 3. V. Ziemba.
Waste treatment. Food Engineering,
39(7):89—97, July 1967.
The waste disposal problems of food
plants are reviewed and solutions are
given with illustrations of specific
installations. Wherever possible foodplant
wastes should be combined with municipal
sewage for treatment. Sewer charges
generally run about 1½ to 4 cents per lb of
BOD with a similar charge for each
pound of suspended solids. A picture
and flow sheet of an activated sludge
plant are shown to indicate the secondary
treatment of liquid wastes by aerobic
decomposition of the solids in a sugar
beet plant which uses 14 million gal
of water per day. A flow sheet is given
of a centrifuge system which when
170
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0641—0646
combined with skim and flotation tanks
can separate salable fat from plant wastes
and discharge clarified effluent to a
sewer. A table is given showing the
relation between waste and unit processed
f or a number of industries. For one hog,
the meat packing industry has a volume of
waste of 360 to 800 Imp, gal and 3 to 4
lb of BOD per hog. For poultry processing
of 1,000 broilers, the waste is 2,600 to
12,000 gal and the BOD 50 lb. A flow
sheet is given of a triple lagoon system
which comprises three linked lagoons
(anaerobic, recovery, and aerobic)
for the treatment of packinghouse wastes.
A more elaborate plant for packinghouse
wastes includes an extended aeration and
digester unit and a 5-acre aerobic
stabilization pond which is shown on a
process flow diagram. The estimated
volumes of waste water from various
operations in canning fruits amount to
2,400 gal per ton. Feasibility studies are
advisable in planning waste disposal
systems because of the size and complexity
of the problem.
67-0644
All-weather technique for applying sludge
to farmland. Surveyor and Municipal
Engineer, 127(3857):26, May 7, 1967.
The all-weather technique for applying
liquid digested sludge directly to
farmland from a tanker standing at the
roadside developed by the Burgh of
East Kilbride is described. Pictures
show: a tanker typical of three In
service with a 2,000-gal tank on a
Corner chassis; a close view of the
pump outlet and pump connection on the
tanker; the spray—gum irrigation system
in operation; and an installation
showing the spray gun 400 ft from the
tanker. Farmers who have participated
in the project have observed such a
visible improvement in grazing pasture
that the demand now exceeds the supply.
The liquid sludge can be pumped from three
2,000-gal tankers at the rate of 30,000
gal a day when operating within 14 miles
of the sewage works. The tank can be
filled in 7 minutes and can also discharge
2,000 gal from the tanker at the roadside
in 7 minutes over one-third of an acre
at distances up to 400 yd from the tanker.
The wet sludge has an aminoniacal
concentration of nitrogen of 1,100 ppm
and the nitrogen is applied to the soil
at the rate of 120 lb per acre In the
form of ammonia. Although the risk of
contamination of the fields by toxic
metals is considered negligible, a routine
analysis is made of the sludge, including
a chromatographic examination for metallic
ions. The pumping apparatus has been
modified so that the tanker can be used
for emptying ceespools, septic tanks,
and the removal of various sludges from
trade effluents or from farms. Patents
have been applied for the pumping
equipment. Prototype equipment for a
new sludge sterilizing plant is being
considered.
67-0645
At sea about chemical wastes. Chemical
Week, 101(16):133, 134, 136, Oct. 14, 1967.
The increased number of chemical
companies becoming involved in the
disposal of waste at sea are facing a
number of problems such as the costs
of barging, the need for special
barges, the care needed to prevent
‘fish kills’ or other incidents, ‘and the
existing and prospective governmental
regulations. The barges out at New
York are assigned dumping locations
by the harbor supervisor which are at
least 15 miles out for acids and 125
miles or beyond the continental shelf for
toxic materials. The harbor supervisor
exercises his control of the dumping
areas by his control of passage through
the harbor. A picture is shown of the
barge, ‘Sparkling Waters’, heading out
to sea with a load of waste. This $850,000
barge with a 5000—ton capacity is not
sufficiently in use to satisfy the owners
who claim they can dump 5,000 tons of
waste beyond the continental shelf
at $2 to $4 a ton. Dupont has a million
dollar barge ready to haul wastes from
a titanium dioxide operation at Edge
Moor, Delaware, for disposal 100 miles
at sea. The controls exerted on the East
Coast do not seem to apply on the Gulf
and West Coast. The Halocarbon Products
Corp. Investigated the disposal of a
zinc slurry at sea and found that it was
more economical to precipitate out zinc
oxide and dispose of it with solid
garbage.
67-0646
Attleborough sewerage and sewage disposal
scheme. Water and Waste Treatment,
11(10):456, 458, Nov.-Dec. 1967.
A sewage treatment works with provision
of main drainage facilities, which is
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industrial Wastes
under construction and will serve the
Norfolk town of Attleborough, England,
is described. Completion is expected
early in 1968 at a cost of 1,408,000.
The work includes the construction of
about 9,300 yd of G.V.C. and concrete
sewers, 5,000 yd of asbestos cement
rising main, four pumping stations, and
treatment works designed to serve a
population of 5,000 with additional
capacity for treatment of trade effluent
equivalent in pollution load to another
9,350 persons. At the treatment works,
sludge is discharged under hydrostatic
head to the pumping station, while the
flow over the weir is directed through
a distribution chamber onto four 78-ft-
diameter biological filters. The
effluent from the filters is gravity fed
through a distribution chamber to three
humus tanks and, before final discharge
into a stream, is returned to the
sedimentation tanks and flows in excess
of 3 times DWF are directed to a land
irrigation area through a 9-in, gravity
main. In addition, facilities are being
provided for the reception of trade
effluent from a cider manufacturing
plant which consist of a pumping station,
two balancing tanks, and means for
controlling the rate of discharge to
the sewer.
67-0647
Automatic sludge lifting machine reduces
labor force. Consulting Engineer,
31(1):72, Jan. 1967.
An automatic sludge lifting machine
designed for operating on existing sludge
drying beds arranged with cross walls
is discussed. In addition to sludge
lifting, the machine levels the top
surface of the under media to the correct
depth, and the aggregate can then be
transported via the detachable hoppers,
distributed on the under media and screening
level. The machine is described as a main
beam spanning the sludge beds, mounted on
two end carriages running on wheels along
rails on the longitudinal bed walls. The
sludge lifting digger which is combined
with an elevator, is supported by this
structure. Materials used for construction
and preservation of the apparatus are
mentioned. All operations may be switched
to manual control or automatic.
67-0642
Azeemoddin, C., et al. Recovery and
characterization of phosphatides from
solvent extracted groundnut oil
sludges. Indian Journal of Technology,
4(1):28-29, Jan. 1967.
A study on the recovery of phosphatides from
groundnut oil sludges is reported. Four
samples of the sludges were obtained from
solvent extraction plants and analyzed
for their constituents. The four different
extraction procedures used on the sludge
were; soxhiet extraction with light
petroleum; slurrying with light petroleum
and centrifuging; upward percolation
of N-hexane in a batch extractor. In
each case, total lipids were extracted
and after removal of the solvent,
phosphatides of 85 to 88 percent
purity were precipitated by the addition
of cold acetone. The phosphatides were
generally yellow to light brown in color
and free-flowing powders, though liable to
cake when exposed to the atmosphere for
longer periods. Analysis of the recovered
phosphatide samples indicated that they
are phosphoamino lipids with 28 to 36
percent lecithin and 60 to 65 percent
cephalin content.
67-0649
Bacon, V. W. Sludge disposal. Industrial
Water Engineering, 4(4):27-29, Apr. 1967.
Four methods are used by the Chicago
Sanitary District for sludge disposal:
fertilizer production, air drying beds,
a Zlmmermann Plant, and heated digestors.
The four methods, are costly and not
trouble-free. Previously, ultimate
disposal was by dumping. Pumping
sludge through high pressure pumps from
treatment plants to sandy agricultural
lands for reclamation was proposed.
Digested sludge is 2.89 percent solids
and 97.11 percent water. It is very
rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, and
potassium. Applying the solids via
the water vehicle will not only yield
water for irrigation but also prevent
loss of some fertilizer content.
Dry solids have nitrogen (4 percent),
phosphorous (3 percent), and potassium
(1/25 percent). Using digested sludge
(solids and water) yields 5, 3, and
½ percent, respectively. Since digested
sludge is natural organic material, it
provides increased humus content, soil
172
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0647—0652
fertility, soil structure, and water
holding capacity. The Sanitary District
has entered into a contract with the
University of Illinois’ Department of
Agronomy to investigate surface and ground
water contamination, soil pollution
with heavy metals and salt, and facts
relating to method, frequency, and time
for safely applying digested sludge on
land.
67-0650
Baelz, W. Extent and progress of
alkaline sludge decomposition of organic
substances of various composition.
VBX (Verein Deutsoher Ingenieure)
Zeitschrift 109(26):1229, Sept. 1967.
The composition of the organic substances
to be putrefied was determined, and the
decaying process was observed. The
decaying processes of sewer sludge and of
synthetic fresh sludge were observed in 56
experiments with a single addition of
the organic substance and in 26 experiments
with continuous addition of the organic
substance to be putrefied at constant
temperatures in the rotting tanks. The
extent of anaerobic decompositiom, the
time necessary for the decomposition,
and the decomposition process are
primarily determined by the composition
of the organic substances. The state
of the decomposition is more accurately
indicated by the carbon content than
through measuring and analyzing the
arising sewer gases. All experiments
showed that the carbon content at the
end of the process amounted always to
about 53 percent, regardless of the
initial carbon content of about 44 to
76 percent, and of the decaying time,
which varied from 10 to 300 days.
(Text-German)
67-0651
Bailey, T. E. Measurement and detection
of eutrophication. Journal of the
Sanitary Engineering Division, American
Society of Civil Engineers, 93(SA6):121-132,
Dec. 1967.
A relatively new technique of measuring
chlorophyll concentrations by fluorometry
is described and the preliminary results
are outlined. The fluorometric technique
can be used practically without limitations,
after the primary environmental chlorophyll
relationships have been defined. These
relationships, which are illustrated
graohically for the Sacramento-San Joaquin
estuary, include the fluorometer calibration
and the ratio of chlorophyll to primary
productivity and to phytoplankton standing
crop. The preliminary data collected
in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary
indicate that the relationship between
fluorescence and chlorophyll concentrations
can be defined. This relationship can
be applied to any surface water situation
calling for a quantitative estimate of
phyto lankton population and phytoplankton
activity. Chlorophyll was found to be
a good indicator of eutrophication through
relationships with phytoplankton and
photosynthesis.
67-0652
Balden, A. R. The disposal of solid wastes.
Industrial Water Engineering, 4(8):25-27,
Aug. 1967.
The methods of ultimate disposal of solid
wastes are reviewed along with their
application to the handling of oily
sludges and paint wastes in the automotive
industry. The methods of ultimate disposal
in which a potential contaminant is made
innocuous or removed from possible
contact with ground waters include:
subsurface storage in cavities or
impervious strata; conversion to innocuous
compounds by oxidation or other chemical
reaction; surface storage in sealed isolated
ponds; disposal in the ocean; and conversion
to useful products. The conversion to
innocuous compounds which would include
incineration offers the most promise for
the automobile manufacturer whose two
chief wastes are oily sludges and paint
overspray. The illustrations include
a picture showing oil and water mixtures
in two phases and also three phases
with an emulsion, in addition to the
oil and water. Also showe is a belt
skimmer for removing oil from water
surfaces and a drum skimmer for removing
free-floating oil from primary treating
tanks at a purity of 95 percent or better.
Schematic drawings are given of nozzle
type, fluid bed, and pit incinerators.
In the incineration of oily sludges
from the treatment of the emulsions,
the variables include the mixing of the
waste with auxiliary fuel, the economics
of flame versus fluidized bed incineration,
and the nature of the gaseous exhausts.
The pit incinerator offers promise in
the disposal of paint wastes.
173
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Industrial Wastes
670653
Banda, E. M. Sewage reclamation for steel
mill processing. Southwest Water Works
Journal, 49(1):28, 30, Apr. 1967.
The sewage water treatment plant of
Compania Fundidora de Monterrey, S .A.,
is discussed. Fundidora’s steel-making
area pumps a flow of 1,200 gal per minute
from deep riverside wells, while the flat
rolled products plant obtains its water
from the sewage water plant, which has a
2,000 gal per minute capacity. Specified
lists indicating new installations required
by both steel plants include blast
furnaces, open hearth furnaces, various
types of mills, and a 22,000 kw
turbogenerator that will increase
the power plant capacity to 66,000 kw.
All this equipment will require water
provided by the new sewage plant.
Water flows by gravity from the inlet to
the reservoir of recirculation, where it
is sent through two plain sedimentators
and then to the primary sedimentation tank,
which has a volume of 200,000 gal, and a
retention time of one and a half hours.
The solids are separated in this tank
according to density, and the lightest
and heaviest wastes are removed, while
the others remain with the water to mix
with activated sludge from the secondary
sedimentation tanks. The mixed liquor
is them sent to two aeration tanks, each
with a half-million-gallon capacity and
a 2 hr retention time, in the secondary
clarifers the activated sludge settles
to the bottom. The sludge can then be
sent to the primary effluent canal, the
sewer, or the sedimentation tank; the
final operation is the chlorination of
the effluent. The plant will eventually
increase its capacity to 4,750 gal per
minute and employ the ‘Contact Stabilization
Method.’
67-0654
Beidler, E. A., M. R. Fulmer, and G. F.
Sachsel. Chemical reduction processes.
Status of unit operations and processes for
s lid-waste disposal; final report.
Columbus, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Feb. 19, 1967. p. 83 - 160 .
Chemical procesBing data for disposal of
solid wastes were obtained by searching
the literature and collecting information
from State health departments. There are
not many commercial applications of
chemical processes for treating solid
industrial wastes. Most industries burn
wastes in open dumps and accumulate
solid wastes in spoil areas. The
chemical processes described in the
literature are briefly reviewed. A
summary of correspondences with State
health departments reveals that States
have little information on kinds and
amounts of industrial wastes and their
disposal. Eleven States do not have
any legal authority in the matter of
waste disposal, private or municipal.
Incineration is the only chemical method
practiced at present f or the disposal of
municipal wastes. Data are included on
size and analysis of fly ash and capital
and operating costs of incinerators.
Methods of waste heat recovery and
performance of heat-recovery systems are
described.
61-0655
Bender, R. J. Solid-waste disposal in
chemical plants. Power, 111(3):65, ar.
1967.
Results of a survey based on 46
questionnaires which were returned out of
195 sent to chemical companies are
presented. Interviews were also held
with equipment manufacturers. Very few
chemical companies use incinerators for
disposal of wastes. Most plants haul
away the refuse. When solid waste is
burned, it is on a grate or in an open
pit without provision for cleaning the
gases. The disposal system is well-designed
in larger plants where valuable products
can be recovered. No recovery of heat
for generation of steam was reported
in the United States, but waste boilers
with a steam generation of 10 lb of 80
psi steam and 2.5 lb of 200 psi steam,
per lb of waste, were reported fri France
and Japan, respectively. Because too
little waste is generated, or the
production is ‘batchy’, many chemical plants
cannot justify installation of an elaborate
heat recovery system. These companies
should use a municipal Incinerator, with
capability for generating usable power.
67-0656
Benedek, P., and I. Horvath. A practical
approach to activated sludge kinetics.
Water Research, 1(10):663-682, Oct. 1967.
The study was initiated to determine
whether basic relationships developed for
a continuously fed complete-mixing reactor
and the enzymekinetic reaction model
also apply in practice, and if so, with
174
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0653—0659
what limitations. On the basis of a
closed (recirculating) continuous flow
activated sludge system, which is
schematically illustrated, basic
relationships and five basic assumptions
limiting their validity have been
described. On the basis of hydraulics
and mathematical statistics it is easy
to detect the deviations between actual
and theoretical conditions, which are
usually the consequences of
oversimplification in converting
theoretical speculation to practical
operation. The three main subjects
considered along this line are: computed
and actual detention times related
to both liquid and solid phases (sludge
age); the effect of the sludge mass
outside the aeration tank; the limiting
BOD or COD concentration in the effluent,
determining at least two sets of rate
constants. The experiments carried out
led to the conclusion, that the enzyme
kinetic concept is useful in the actual
conditions of waste treatment, if the
above three main points are adequately
considered.
67-0657
Benjes, H. H., and R. E. McKinney.
Specifying and evaluating aeration
equipment. Journal of Sanitary
Engineering Division Proceedings,
American Society of Civil Engineers,
93(SA6):55—6L , Dec. 1967.
An uncomplicated approach to the
specification and field evaluation of
aeration equipment is described, with
an application of this approach to a
complete mixing activated sludge plant.
The waste water treatment plant to be
constructed at Grand Island, Nebraska,
was used as a test unit. A schematic
diagram of the plant is presented and
design criteria and unit sizes are
tabulated. The direct reading oxygen
probe, standardized against the Winkler
method for dissolved oxygen, was
specified as the equipment to be used in
the performance tests, and the test
procedure is described in detail.
Tabulated data are presented, showing the
calculated dissolved oxygen concentrations
at varying oxygen uptake rates and
temperatures, as well as aeration test
results obtained in the field at Grand
Island. It was concluded that: (1)
Aeration equipment should be specified
on a performance basis. (2) These
performance specifications should permit
the engineer to evaluate the treatment
system at less than design loadings and
at various temperatures. (3) Design
specifications should indicate all
operation parameters, such as air flow
rates, temperature, MLSS, oxygen demand
rates, and the desired DO level. (4)
Methods for analyses as well as sampling
times and points should be clearly
defined in the specifications. (5) Results
obtained from perfomance specification
of aeration equipment will result in
improved understanding of aeration equipment
and will help dispel current confusion
with regard to manufacturers’ claims
on oxygen transfer.
67-0658
Better phosphate removal. American City,
82(l):28, Jan. 1967.
Of the three activated sludge plants of
similar design which treat sewage in
San Antonio, Texas, two removed no more
than a trace of the phosphates while
the other consistently showed phosphate
depletions in the effluent of up to
90 percent. A study conducted by
researchers from the Water Pollution
Control Administration showed that
changing five of the operational
features of one of the plants that had
been removing no phosphate resulted in
phosphate removal of up to more than
90 percent. The changes were: increase
in aeration; increase in the concentration
of bacteria; reduction of the settling
period; decrease in the time that settled
materials remained in the settling tank;
increase in the ratio of bacteria to
organic materials. Removal might be
the result in one or several or all of the
changes, and tests along this line are
continuing. These experiments may also
point the way to increased phosphate
removal in other types of plants.
67-0659
Bittman, M. Dehydration and
decomposition of chemical sludge with
the aid of plants. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(18):488-491, Nay 1967.
In the drying process, hydroxide-containing
sludges very soon form a densely closed,
relatively small surface which prevents
further evaporation of water. To make
the drying process more successful,
the sludge was spread out onto reed
(Phragmites communis) beds, approximately
21 rn long, 2.5 m wide, and covered with
175
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lndustria Wastes
plastic foil. Both beds were filled with
sand to a height of 40 cm into which 500
young reeds were planted. For three
weeks they were watered with ordinary
water from the mains. Then the sludge
which had a solids content of about
10 percent on the average was spread over
the two beds. A table gives the detailed
composition of the sludge used. First,
a layer of 20 cm in height was spread
out across the sand. Within the following
4 to 5 weeks three more layers were added.
Within the testing period of about
4 months, the uncovered bed received
approximately 6.8 cu m of rain water
while the covered bed received only a small
amount of rain blown in from the sides.
The reeds were not hampered in the growth
by the sludge and they prevented the
formation of a dense and closed sludge
surface and permitted a fast drying by
evaporation. Moreover, the plants
extracted the water from the lower
layers of sludge. The covered bed
showed a much lusher vegetation and
more cracks were formed. Results
of water analysis are tabulated.
(Text-German)
67 0660
Bramer, H. C. Key to clarifier design.
Industrial Water Engineering, 4(7):24-25,
.July 1967.
Since the design procedures used in
sanitary engineering practice are not
applicable to most industrial waste
sedimentation problems, this article
outlines methods developed for such
applications. In sedimentation basins
for industrial wastes treatment which
handle relatively high flow rates of
suspensions of dense solids or are
intended to clarify suspensions of very
fine particles, the effluent clarity is
of prime concern. The performance of a
sedimentation basin can be rated in
terms of the ‘critical particle’ or the
smallest particle which will settle out of
suspension in the basin. The performance
can also be defined in terms of the
settling time required in an empirical
test in the laboratory to duplicate the
effluent concentration of a given basin,
and the value determined is called the
sedimentation index. Equations are given
for use in sedimentation basin design
for calculating the critical particle from
Stoke’s Law, for the design of basins
of any sort for handling discrete particles,
and simpler equations for the design of
rectangular basins of the type most used
in industrial waste treatment. Charts are
also given showing the sedimentation index
plotted against the superficial linear
velocity and corrections for the
sedimentation index for various inlet
conditions. The equations and graphs given
should not be used for other than
preliminary calculations without a study
of the indicated reference material and
aoply only to simple rectangular basins
and suspensions of discrete particles.
H. L. Weimer.
the laboratory.
18(11) :30-33,
The evolution of the waste disposal system
at Marathon Oil Company’s Denver Research
Center is described. Previous disposal
methods involved the collection of waste
materials In 50-gal steel drums. About
once a month petroleum light-end products
were dumped into an open pit and burned
However, problems included complaints from
nearby residents and air pollution hazards.
In addition, the heavier materials, which
could not be easily ignited for burning,
were hauled to the community dump in their
drums. The possibility existed that
someone might inadvertently introduce some
chemical that could produce an explosive
condition within the drum. The solution
consisted in purchasing a Prenco
pyro-decomposition system, designed to
dispose of both light- and heavy-end waste
products, without contributing to air
pollution, at a cost of $10,000 capital
investment. The equipment installed,
a standard model SF-i, designed to
utilize fuel oil as an auxiliary with
a capacity to dispose of fluidized
waste materials at a rate of 3,360
gal per week, is described. A diagram
of the system and an account of its
operation is given. With the Prenco
equipment, waste disposal is efficient,
clean and safe. There is no smoke, odor,
or visible ash, and waste products are
completely consumed.
67-0662
Bucksteeg, W. Elimination of Inorganic
waste material. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(36):1018-1021, Sept. 1967.
When depositing metal hydroxide sludges
on ground which is water permeable, danger
67-0661
Bruskotter, J. W. and
Pollution control for
Research/Development,
Nov. 1967.
176
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06 60—06 64
of polluting the groundwater exists; but
not much is known about how great the danger
really is. Experiments were therefore
conducted to obtain information on the
dissolution by rain water of non-ferrous
metal sludge. In the first experiment
a glass tube, 2 in long and 10 c m in
diameter with an outlet at the bottom,
was filled with a layer of sand 120 cm
thick and slightly compacted. On top
of this layer, 25 cm of soil was placed,
followed by 55 cm of a mixture of cnshed
garbage (3.5 liters) and hydroxide sludge
(0.8 liters). Distilled water with
varying carbon dioxide content was
continuously sprayed over the test layers.
In a second test, glass tubes of 4 m
in height and 11 cm in diameter were
filled with 50 cm of gravel, 175 cm of
sand, 75 cm of soil, and 88 cm of a
mixture of 5.5 liter waste and 2.8 liter
metal hydroxide sludge and were subjected
to rain with a carbon dioxide content of
5 mg per liter. The waste used in this
experiment came from a composting plant
operating according to the Dano method. In
general, it was found that the groundwater
is polluted mainly by organic substances
and nitrogen- containing compounds.
Manganese is dissolved in great amounts
through the decomposition of organic
material. Very small amounts of the
metal hydroxide were washed out from the
sludges. (Text-German)
61-0663
Burns, 0., and J. Mancini. Disposal
system for mixed primary and secondary
sludges. Tappi, 50( 1):99A-104A, Jan. 1967.
Disposing waste solids by lagooning
is found no longer acceptable because
the supernatant liquid from the lagoon
has become a source of high SOD waste
which overloads the activated sludge waste
treatment plant and, therefore, prevents
adequate protection for the river. Studies
conducted to develop another disposal
system for the paper and pulp mill
industry are reviewed. Aims of the study
included: the design of a new disposal
system; eliminate or reduce the SOD
of the waste discharged from the lagoon;
avoid another lagoon system if possible.
The project included pilot plant
investigation of gravity thickening,
centrifuging, vacuum-filtration, and
screw-pressing. Laboratory experiments
were conducted on anaerobic and aerobic
digestion and air flotation. Results show
that a decrease in SOD in the waste
treatment plant effluent of 3,000 lb per
day (in winter) and 35,000 lb per day
(in summer) can be achieved . The proposed
system would include partial gravity
thickening, vacuum filtration, experimental
pressing, and incineration in bark
boilers. A new fly ash lagoon is provided.
67-0664
Cardinal, P. J. The incinerator’s role in
sludge disposal. American City,
82(12):108-110, Dec. 1967.
An analysis of the actual operating
results of the sludge handling facilities
at the expanded East Rochester, New York,
water—pollution control plant is presented.
This 1.0 million—gal—per—day facility, serving
8,000 people, consists of a primary
clarifier and trickling filter, preceded
by the normal screening and frit-removal
facilities, and produces approximately
2,000 lb per hr of filter cake, containing
approximately 25 percent to 28 percent
solids. A belt conveyor feeds this cake
into the BSP incinerator. The hive-hearth
incinerator has an outside diameter of
10 i. ft. The cake will normally burn
without fuel and the high furnace
temperatures, in excess of 1,500 F,
completely destroy the organic matter
in the sludge cake and reduce it over
95 percent by weight. An induced draft
fan draws the products of combustion
through a cyclonic jet scrubber that
cools the gases from 700 F to 175 F.
The scrubbed stack gases contain less
than 0.20 lb of particulate matter
per 1,000 lb of stack gas, which is
considerable cleaner than the 0.85 lb
specified, and they are odor free.
Tabulated data, which give present plant
operating costs and estimated costs when
operating at maximum capacity, show
that the total cost per ton of dry solids
at present is $5.87, and future costs
are estimated at $3.50. Improved
vacuum-filter design has greatly lessened
the cost of filtration and stimulated
the use of incineration. The furnace
operation is described in detail and
improvements and costs of sludge furnaces
at various plants are detailed. It is
concluded that better equipment, lower
cost and manpower requirements, and the
absence of smoke and odor, promise
to increase the incinerator’s role in
sludge disposal.
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Industrial Wastes
67-06&
Cartwright, P. E. Chemical waste and
soluble oil treatment for a metal
working plant. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
md., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p.1-4.
An insight into the manufacturing
operations of an Ypsilanti, Michigan
firm, producing automatic transmissions
for automobiles, Is given as well as the
methods used to treat its oil—contaminated
waste water. The oiiy waste waters
are pumped from the plant and collected
in a 200,000—gal holding tank which is
located out of doors and has a two—day
capacity. The waste is pumped from the
holding tank in batch quantities into
the reaction tank where precise quantities
of sulfuric acid and aluminum sulfate are
added. Oil which separates is skimmed off
and sold to an outside firm which reclaims
it for commercial uses. Chemical waste
water is treated in two large clarifier
tanks. Any oil still present is returned
to the oily waste water system for
reprocessing. The solids that collect
In the bottom of the clarlflers are
pumped to two 50,000—gal sludge
thickening tanks where they are
worked to settle the solution into a
heavier sludge. It is then pumped into
two vacuum filters which dry and separate
the sludge into pellets which are conveyed
into a truck for haulaway to a proper
dump site. Difficulties which were
encountered with tearing of the nylon
filter cloth on the vacuum filters for
the sludge disposal system and with a
poorly designed oil skimmer on the
clarifiers have been corrected.
67 O666
Central waste-disposal unit set at
Houston. Oil and Gas Journal,
65(49):41, Dec. 4. 1967.
A plant, whith is planned for construction
in June 1968 on the Houston Ship Channel
by a group of Houston pollution control and
processing experts, is described. It is
designed to dispose of burnable industrial
wastes, and the only ‘products’ will be
clean industrial landfill and steam.
Gaseous products from the wastes will be
exhausted into the upper atmosphere through
a 400-ft high stack. During operations,
the wastes will be selectively blended in
the plant and then fed to the proper
oxidation unit—either rotary kiln,
multiple hearth, or rotating grate.
Natural gas will be used to burn off
volatiles in the first step. Complete
combustion will be accomplished in the
second step with temperatures over 1,800 F.
More than 100,000 lb per hr of product
steam will be recovered and sold along
the ship channel. A multiple stage
electrostatic precipitator will be used
to reduce particulate matter prior to
discharge of the exhaust gases through the
high stack. Foster Wheeler water-wall
furnaces and Nichols Engineering & Research
combustion and processing equipment will be
used. The plant, which will cost $5
million, will process 10,000 tons of waste
per month.
67-0667
Centrifugal dewatering aids waste handling
problems for southern mill. Paper Trade
Journal, 151(36):39, Sept. 4, 1967.
The 40-million gal of liquid effluent
coupled with no space for adequate
lagoons has created a major disposal
problem for a large southern paper mill
which produced 1,000 tons of pulp,
1,250 tons of paper and paperboard,
100 tons of caustic soda, 27 tons of tall
oil, 1,100 gal of turpentine, and 90 tons
of chlorine per day. The treatment plant
features three 40 by 60-in. Solid Bowl
Centrifugals made by BirMachine Co. with
a combined capacity of 300 gal per minute
of sludge from the underf low of three
clarifiers. The dewatered sludge in the
form of a 29—percent solid cake drops from
the centrifuges through hoppers onto a
conveyor to a dump slab for storage until
it can be hauled away to landfill. The
effluent water from the centrifuges which
still contains some solids Is returned to
the clarifiers for resettling. A
schematic flow sheet is given which traces
the progress of the waste water through
the screens, clarifiers, and centrifuges.
There Is also a photograph of the paper
primary waste treatment plant. While
the primary plant has gone a long way to
reduce the stream pollution by reducing
the oxygen-consuming organic material from
the discharged water, the addition of a
secondary system with mechanical aeration
to permit bacterial action on dissolved
and minute suspended organic solids with
more centrifuges to dewater the resulting
sludge is being considered. The Solid
Bowl Centrifugal has a rotating bowl in
which settling action takes place and a
178
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066 5—0670
slower moving scroll conveyor which
discharges the dewatered solids. Experience
has been satisfactory for three years.
67-0666
Centrifugal dewatering helps handle peak
loads. Water and Sewage Works,
114(10):383_384, Oct. 1967.
During the canning season from August
through October, the peak load of digested
sludge from waste systems carrying 8 million
gal per day from the town of San Leandro,
California, with a population of 65,000,
has a BOD population equivalent of 300,000.
Industrial waste of 3 mgd. and domestic
waste of 5 mgd. are delivered to the
plant by separate systems and treated
separately. The use of two solid bowl
centrifuges, one 24 by 60 in. and one 40 by 60,
in dewatering the digested sludges is
described. A picture is shown of the
40 by 60 centrifuge, installed in 1957,
which dewaters industrial waste during
the canning season. Another picture shows
the 24 by 60 solid bowl centrifuge
which dewaters 21,000 gal of primary
digested sludge. The 25 Cu yd per
day of cake, with 25 percent solids, are
loaded into municipal trucks for use as
landfill. A flow sheet is given showing
the parallel treatment of industrial
sludge for 10 hr a day 6 days a week
during the peak cannery period. The 40
by 60 Centrifuge solved the problem
of three plant digesters going sour from
handling canning and paper mill waste
along with domestic sludge in the same
digesters. The effluent from both the
domestic and industrial sewage treatments
is treated in a chlorine contact
before discharging Into San Francisco
Bay. Contemplated expansion provides
for further biological treatment facilities
and a new digester or Incineration plant.
67-0669
Chakrabarty, R. N., A. Q. Khan, and
H. Chandra. Activated sludge treatment
of tannery waste. Journal of the American
Leather Chemists Association, 62(11):733-746,
Nov. 1967.
Experiments were conducted on activated
sludge treatment of settled tannery waste
in admixture with sanitary sewage in a
continuous bench scale plant. A diagram
is given of the laboratory scale activated
sludge unit which was used. Prior to the
collection of data, the activated sludge
was acclimatized to tannery waste to avoid
the lag period in the removal of BOD
from the system. The proportion of
tannery waste in the sanitary sewage-tannery
effluent mixture was raised from 2 percent
to 30 percent and the mixed liquor
Suspended solids from 1,500 mg per liter
to 5,500 mg per liter. The characteristics
of the tannery waste and the feed to the
aerator showed that the BOD-nitrogen ratio
of the substrate was properly balanced
for aerobic oxidation. It was found
that a steady growth of sludge occurred
from the beginning of the aeration period
and that the volatile matter in the sludge
increased from 65 percent to about 85
percent within a period of 30 days. Between
0.6 and 0.75 lb of volatile suspended solids
were produced per lb of BOD removed. The
BOD removal was found to be about 95
percent at a HOD loading of 0.5 lb per
day per lb of sludge. At higher than
1.2 lb of BUD loading the efficiency
declined considerably. The relationship
between the aeration period and BUD
removal efficiency showed that with a
BODMLVSS ratio of 0.24 the BUD removal was
about 90 percent with 7—hr aeration.
The oxygen requirement of the system was
found to be high, especially because of
the presence of a large concentration of
tannin. It was concluded that tannery
waste could be satisfactorily treated by
the activated sludge process and that the
values of the different parameters showed
good agreement with those obtained on
treatment of domestic sewage and other
organic industrial wastes. However,
since the oxygen requirement was found
to be quite high, if the bulk of the
tannin could be removed from the waste,
more economical treatment could be
effected.
67-0670
Chalmers, R. K. Treatment of wastes from
food manufacture and coffee processing.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4, 1967.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No, 129. p.866-878.
A waste treatment system was set up by
a food manufacturer in Great Britain to
comply with the conditions of acceptance
of trade effluent into the public sewers
of the small town of Banbury. In the
investigation of activated sludge
treatment of coffee wastes it was found
that pre-treatment by flocculation and
sedimentation was desirable and addition
of phosphorus and ñitrogen containjng
nutrients was necessary. Foaming and
179
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Industrial Wastes
fungal growths were major problems. A
trickling filter experiment and
investigations of physical treatment were
carried out. Conditions were established
for satisfactory operation. While
treatment by activated sludge was possible,
the process was liable to upset by shock
loads and there was a substantial sludge
disposal problem. Pre-treatment by
physical means by screening, centrifuging,
filtration, evaporation of selected
strong liquors, and incineration offered
clear advantages in: costs, use of
familiar processes, use of waste heat
available from burning of waste products,
reduction in effluent volumes, and
variability in the load selected for
evaporation. The original design flow
of 25,000 gph was reduced to 7,900 gph
by recycling of cooling water and some
reduction in excess flows. After the
introduction of further water conservation
techniques and revised cleaning methods
the trade effluent amounted to 4,113 gph
with 5,910 lb BOD per day. Operating
data and performance costs are listed.
67-0671
Chatfield, H. H., R. 3. MacKnight, S. T.
Cuffe, et al. Chemical processing
equipment. In Air pollution engineering
manual. Public Health Service
Publication 999-AP-40. Cincinnati,
National Center for Air Pollution Control,
1967. p. 68 l 806 .
Chemical processes and equipment
described are: resin kettles, varnish
cookers, sulfuric acid manufacturing,
phosphoric acid manufacturing, paint
baking ovens, soaps and synthetic
detergents, glass manufacture, frit
smelters, food process equipment, fish
canneries and fish reduction plants,
reduction of inedible animal matter,
electroplating, insecticide
manufacture, hazardous radioactive
material, oil and solvent refining,
and chemical milling. Air pollution
problems, hooding and ventilation
requirements, and air pollution control
equipment are discussed for each process.
Many flow diagrams and photographs are
used to show the manufacturing processes.
67-0672
Cheese waste disposal studies. Public
Works, 98(11):120, Nov. 1967.
A demonstration project, partly funded
by the Federal Government, is being
conducted at Seifridge, North Dakota,
in an effort to develop an economical
method of treatment and disposal of cheese
waste or ‘whey’. The largest cheese
plants process about 100,000 lb of milk per
day and produce a 5-day HOD total of
about 3,600 lb per day. Due to the low
pH and high BOD, the State water quality
standards prohibit discharge into a water
course, lagoon, or other disposal facility.
In this project, being conducted with the
cooperation of the village of Seifridge and
a local cheese conioany, the primary cell
of the cheese company lagoon is about 10
ft deep and is aerobic. Discharge from
the anaerobic cell will be combined
with effluent from the Seifridge lagoon
in the second cell of the cheese company
plant. This cell has a very low liquid
level and transferring liquor from the
Seifridge lagoon is expected to provide
desirable detention and a better operating
level.
67-0673
dough, G. F. The implication of effluent
standards in setting up chemical
manufacturing units. Effluent and Water
Treatment Journal, 7(6):321-323, 325-
326, June 1967.
An outline is given of the factors involving
effluent disposal which should be
considered at the process and/or selection
stage in setting up chemical manufacturing
units. In the disposal of non-aqueous
liquid discharges, the possibilities
include recovery, burning, or disposal to
a waste specialist. Aqueous effluents may
be discharged to the sea, to a water
course, or to a local authority sewer.
Treatment before discharge to a sewer or
water-course may be required with the
requirements for discharge to a water-course
being more stringent. The standards for
gaseous discharge are likely to be less
severe than for a site in a residential area.
Solid effluents are normally dumped,
but recent regulations governing the
discharge of effluents to underground
strata will complicate this method.
The cost of the large area of land for
effluent treatment plants must be considered
in the cost. Suppression of odor, dust,
foam, and noise must be considered in
residential sites. Process changes may
lower effluent disposal costs, such as
the substitution of hydrochloric acid for
sulfuric in metal pickling, or the use
of hydrogen peroxide for sodium
180
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067 1—067 6
hypochlorite in bleaching. A restricted
site and a low power cost would favor
an activated sludge system, plenty of
level space would favor lagoon treatment,
while high power cost favors a percolating
filter, The subject of effluent treatment
is so complex that because of the
interacting factors it is difficult to
formulate any general rules, and each
case must be considered on its merits by
an expert.
67 -0674
Control and Disposal of Cotton-Ginning
Wastes; a Symposium, Dallas, May 3-4, 1966.
Public Health Service Publication
No. 999-AP-31. Cincinnati, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, 1967. 103 p.
The symposium on the problems of
cotton-ginning wastes was sponsored by the
National Center for Air Pollution Control
of the Public Health Service and the
Agricultural Engineering Research
Division, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Technological changes in cotton harvesting
and cotton ginning and wider use of
pesticides, dessicants, and defoliant
chemicals in cotton production suggested
the need for the conference. The
proceedings contain information on the
following subjects: the roles of the
state extension’s gin mechanization
specialists; methods employed in
harvesting cotton; operations and
characteristics of the cotton gin; trash
disposal practices; methods of collecting
lint cotton trash; air pollution study
of cotton gins in Texas; trash collection
and disposal system; design and operation
of the in-line filter; consideration for
determining acceptable ambient and source
concentrations for particulates from cotton
gins; and recommendations for needed
research and development.
67-0675
Cope, 3. H., and A. L. Lingard. Economic
values from CI) mine dumps in the Black Hills,
South Dakota, and (II) lignite ash from power
plants. In Engineering Foundation Research
Conference, Solid Waste Research and
Development, Milwaukee, July 24—28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. B—ll.
Material from mine dunps in South Dakota
is estimated to be in excess of a million
tons. This study will investigate 2 to 4
of the larger mining properties. Each
site will be surveyed to determine the
tonnage of dump and tailings material
present. Representative samples will
be analyzed and metallurgical
investigations made to determine the
economics of extracting the minerals
present as well as considering the
overall use of the dump material for
various purposes. Also, lignite ash
from Montana-Dakota utilities companies
will be investigated to determine the
possibility of metals recovery from the
ash; the possibility of utilizing the
minerals as agricultural material without
separation from the ash; and the possible
use of the bulk material in aggregate,
concrete, agriculture, and construction
materials. Major emphasis will be on
analysis of the ash for metals content
and on methods of extracting or
solubilizing the metals present. Various
proposed methods are listed.
67-0676
Cremean, W. J. Sewage treatment program
with an eye to the future. Public Works,
98(11):96-97, Nov. 1967.
The activated sludge sewage treatment plant
in Columbus, Ohio is described. Operational
on August 14, 1967, this mew plant has
am initial design capacity of 60 mgd
and will provide 95 percent treatment. The
screen and pump building are designed
for a future capacity of 180 mgd, while the
present screen and pump installation has
a capacity of 120 mgd. Due to the rapid
growth of the service area, expansion will
be needed, and is planned for 1969. Raw
sewage enters a screen channel and
trash rack to remove large objects, then
passes through a 1 in. vertical bar screen.
Processing continues through grit tanks,
aeration tanks, settling tanks, and
digesters, followed by secondary treatment
in aeration tanks. Clear liquid from the
final settling tanks flows to chlorine
tanks for tertiary treatment before being
discharged into the Scioto River. Sludge
is concentrated and digested, then
incinerated. Sludge gas from the digesters
contains about 63 percent methane, which
can be used as supplemental fuel for the
incinerators,
181
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Lndustriat Wastes
67-0677
Danielson, J. A., K. D. Leudtke, E. F.
Spencer, et al. Metallurgical equipment.
In Air pollution engineering manual.
Public Health Service Publication No.
999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 1967. p.235-321.
Control devices and the air pollution
problems encountered in steel, iron,
brass, aluminum, zinc, lead, and metal
separation processes are discussed.
Processes related to metallurgical
operations such as manufacture of sand
cores, foundry sand-handling equipment,
and heat treating systems are also covered.
The common furnaces and their principles
of operation are briefly described. These
furnaces are: the reverber itory furnace,
electric furnace, crucible furnace, and
the pot furnace. In the steel manufacturing
processes air pollution problems, hooding
and ventilation requirements, and control
equipment for the open hearth, electric-arc
and electric-induction furnaces are
presented. In the iron casting, brass-and
bronze melting, aluminum melting, zinc
melting, lead refining, and metal
separation processes, the same topics
are covered for the process furnace
utilized. Also, the sane subjects of
air pollution problems, control equipment,
hooding and ventilation requirements are
treated for core ovens, foundry sand-handling
equipment, and heat treating systems.
67-0678
A design plan for public conveniences.
Public Cleansing, 57(2):71-73, Feb. 1967.
A recent issue of ‘Design’, a monthly
journal, contained a report on the
shortcomings of public lavatories in
Britain. Ideally, a public lavatory
should be sited where needed; properly
signposted; easily and safely accessible;
well planned internally; equipped with
efficient, economical fittings;
vandalproof; hygienic; and well maintained.
Public lavatories are needed in all large
public areas, in long-distance coaches,
and at frequent intervals along highways.
A standard sign, internationally recognized,
should be introduced to indicate lavatory
facilities. Entrances should be wide,
lit at night, affixed with hours, near
a parking space, and available in equal
numbers to men and women. Facilities
should have non-slip floors, shelves
for parcels, mirrors, sound-proofed walls,
one larger cubicle for the elderly,
plunger spray taps on wash basins, and
new flushing mechanisms. Attendants
should be full time and organized into
mobile patrols. Lavatory facilities must
be constructed so that vandalism is not
easy. However, most precautions must
be taken in relation to hygiene. Among
these are sanitary towel disposers,
lavatory fans, and footpedals to open
doors and to flush the lavatory.
67-0679
Dick, R. I., and B. B. Ewing. Evaluation
of activated sludge thickening theories.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, Proceedings, American Society of
Civil Engineers, 93(SA4):9-29, Aug. 1967.
Prevailing thickening theories cannot be
strictly applied to activated sludge,
and interparticle forces probably account
for the deviation from current theory.
The extent of the deviation can be evaluated
by the retardation factor and the ultimate
settling velocity. Thus the Kynch
theory is valid for ‘ideal’ suspensions
and accurately describes their behavior,
but is not valid for activated sludge. In
addition to being dependent upon
concentration, the rate of subsidence of
activated sludge Is dependent upon
sludge depth and the mixing of underlying
layers. This is true at concentrations
less than that of the ‘compression point.’
The area required to accomplish thickening
in a settling tank is not fixed by the
observed settling velocity of the
rate-limiting concentration of sludge,
as has been assumed. According to
prevailing theories, depth and manipulation
should alter the volume required for
compression, but should not change the
solids handling capacity of a suspension.
Relationships between sludge depth, settling
velocity, and retardation factor are
analyzed. The retardation factor can
be related to the general nature of
activated sludge, with low factors
associated with sludges of good
settleability and high factors with
bulking sludges. The retardation factor
and the ultimate settling velocity would
be useful parameters for evaluating the
effect of biological variables upon the
settleability of activated sludge.
670680
Dillon, K. E. Waste disposal made
profitable. Chemical Engineering,
74(6):146-148, Mar. 13, 1967.
182
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067 7—06a3
A process is described in which industrial
mine water with a high acid content,
ordinarily a troublesome industrial waste,
is used to clean raw coal. The raw coal
used in the coal-preparation plant at
Marianna, Pennsylvania, has 30 percent
calcium and magnesium carbonates which
is sufficient to neutralize the mine
water which has a ph of 3.0. The acidity
is 4,340 ppm expressed as calcium
carbonate and there is an iron content of
551 ppm. The discharge after neutralization
has a ph of 6.7 to 7.1 and an iron content
of 0 to 1 ppm which is well within the
limitations of the Pennsylvania Sanitary
Water Board. The crushed raw coal and
mine water are mixed with recycled
middlings and sludge on a jig assembly
in the presence of air. The agitation
tends to maintain the pH in excess of
6.9 which is required to produce ferric
iron which produces the flocculent sludge
with good settling characteristics which
becomes a part of the refuse. The
process continues with an elaborate
system of desliming, froth flotation,
clarifying of wastes, and dewatering of
the coal. The process does not require
the purchase of raw chemicals, and there
is no corrosion problem because of the
immediate neutralization of the acid
mine water.
67.0681
Disposing of waste from the country cottage.
New Scientist, 36(572):483, Nov. 23, 1967.
An integrated purifier unit, known as the
Cilvus sYstem and designed primarily for
the small country house far from the sewer
system, is described. Organic waste is
left to decompose by bacterial action
to produce an unobjectionable humus which
can be used as fertilizer. Organic waste
falls through a garbage chute from the
kitchen and from a special waterless toilet
into a decomposition chamber made of
reinforced plastics, Air enters the
container through several openings and
an exhaust duct extends to above roof
level to take away waste gases. Gentle
decomposigion takes place, producing
humus after a fairly lengthy interval.
A household of 5 or 6 people will provide
enough waste to make a few bucketfuls of
humus a year. The system is said to be
odorless in operation and comparatively
inexpensive to operate.
67-0682
Domanski, . 3. Research on the thickening
and drainage of sludge beds from tannery
coagulated sewage. Gas, Woda I Technike
Sanitarna, 38(11):362-366, 1967.
Sewage from tanneries is especially
odorous. Basically, the same operations
must be undertaken to obtain any kind of
clarified sludge, (i.e. thicken the
sewage, drain it, and dry it). Only the
burning of the dried material remains.
As the coagulated material is high in
chromium, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia-nitrogen,
and organic nitrogen (analysis presented),
1- to 5-liter laboratory experiments were
undertaken and repeated with large
settling tanks. Mixing and settling times
were observed for the purpose of
precipitating the sludge in layers so
that valuable materials could be recovered
and the recovered water could be fed into
the general water reuse mains. By
repeated stirring and settling, the
desired aim was accomplished in 20 days.
In the large-scale experiments, the
moisture influenced the results greatly.
In July a complete settling and drainage
was easily achieved because 351.5 mm of
rain was deposited on the sludge bed,
compared to 59.9 mm for September.
(Text-Polish)
67-0683
Downing, A. L., and J. D. Swanwick.
Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge.
Institution of Municipal Engineers
Journal, 94(3):81-86, Mar. 1967.
The treatment and disposal of sewage
sludge in Britain is reviewed in the
light of the increasing amounts and
difficulties resulting from a 4 percent
increase in volume and the new processes
under development. Approximately one-fifth
of the sewage is piped directly to the
ocean or in some cases, the solids after
settling are dumped at sea from sludge
vessels. For inland communities the
most common method of disposal is anaerobic
digestion of the sludge, dewatering of
the digested sludge on open drying beds,
and the disposal of the sludge on
agricultural land. The next most
important method consists of filter-pressing
the primary and secondary sludges
followed by disposal on land. The use
of digester gas as a source of power is
considered, based on combustion of the
70 percent methane evolved. However, with
increasing plant and operating costs and
the stable price of electricity, coupled
with an increasing incidence of digestion
failure due to toxic substances
in the sewage, and the increasing availability
183
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Industrial Wastes
of power from natural gas and nuclear
sources, the arguments for the use of
digester gas are less compelling than
formerly. Although an intensive development
is now in progress in the United States for
the combustion of sludges, no full scale
combustion process has operated in Britain
at a cost competitive with the traditional
methods. The present capital investment
in the traditional methods is so large
that it is unlikely there will be any
rapid change to other processes which
offer little in savings and have their own
operational problems.
67-0684
Easton, J. K. Electrolytic decomposition
of concentrated cyanide plating wastes.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 39(Part 1)(1O):1621-1625,
Oct. 1967.
The process of electrolytic decomposition
is studied for use with concentrated
cyanide plating wastes. Reactions which
take place during the electrolysis
process are described. Necessary
equipment includes a steel tank, anodes,
electrical power, steam coils, controls for
heat, and an exhaust system. The
colorimetric procedure for determining
cyanide content is described. Tables are
presented which include the operating
conditions under which production runs
were carried out, the results of a
series of decomposition runs with
high—carbonate solutions, the results of
a series of decomposition runs on a different
type of cyanide solution containing
sulfides, the increase in sodium carbonate
and the decrease in pH as the solution
is electrolyzed, and decomposition costs
for 2,000 gal of cyanide solution. It was
concluded that the electrolytic decomposition
of cyanide solutions is practical and
economical with strong concentrated
baths but not with rinse-water wastes. The
advantages of electrolytic decomposition
include simple equipment and operating
conditions which are familiar to the
electroplater. Initial solution
concentration 1-s of little consequence
and the cyanide is destroyed without
the formation of other toxic compounds.
Metal from the solution can be reclaimed
and used as anodes or sold for scrap.
After removal of heavy metals,
chlorination can be carried out wIthout
interference from metal complexes.
67 0685
Eckenfelder, W. W. Comparative
biological waste treatment design.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, Proceedings, American Society of
Civil Engineers, 93(SA6):157—170, Dec. 1967.
Results obtained in this study and others
have shown that the same formulations can
be employed for the design of most of the
aerobic biological waste treatment processes
in use today. This enables the design
engineer to develop comparative designs
of various systems from a limited amount
of data. The variables influencing
design are discussed and tabulated for
4 types of design. These variables
include rate of BOD removal and resulting
effluent quality, oxygen requirements and
resulting aeration power levels, excess
sludge yield, nutrient requirements,
temperature coefficient, and sludge
yield.
67-0686
Eckenfelder, W. W. Mechanisms of sludge
digestion. Water and Sewage Works,
114(6):207-210, June 1967.
The complex anaerobic conversion of
organic solids to inoffensive end products
is described in detail showing experimental
data in chart form. A conventional
high rate digestion system is simplified
to basic, individual reactions under
equilibrium operating conditions. The
overall rate of reaction is assumed to be
controlled by the rate of conversion of
volatile acids to methane and carbon
dioxide. Sufficient time to permit the
growth of organisms needed for methane
fermentation is discussed including the
consequences of incomplete fermentation
on pH and volatile acid concentration.
Gas produced in a sludge digester from the
breakdown of volatile acids is mentioned
as a major end product.
67-0687
Effenberger, N. Purifying sewage under
size-reduction. Gaz, Woda I Technike
Sanitarna, 39(3):94-95 , 1967.
The purification of sewage using
size-reduction techniques is considered.
Although sewage is generally considered a
liquid, it contains sufficient solid
particles of large size to make treatment
difficult. An installation is described
184
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06 84—06 91
in which the sewage is accelerated and
driven against successive filters on a
filtering surface of 0.95 sq n for each
batch of 6.27 cu m of sewage. Solids
are ground to facilitate subsequent
handling and biological digestion by
organisms. After laboratory development,
this method was tested for several years
in a pilot plant. Treatment was considered
satisfactory since the original sewage,
having a DOD of 2,145 to 3,400 g per
Cu m, was improved by 35 percent within
3 to 4 hr. At the end of processing,
35 to 45 percent of the N had been removed,
the solids had collected into flakes
varying from 250 to 5,000 mu, and no large
bacterial colonies were found. (Text-Polish)
67-0688
Electric incineration toilet.
Rohr-Arnatur-Sanitaer-Heizung, 22(9) :690,
Sept. 1967.
An electric incineration toilet from Sweden
has been introduced at the exposition of
sanitary and heating equipment in Frankfurt,
West Germany. Feces and urine are burned
in an insulated combustion chamber, which
eliminates odor and pathogens. The toilet
covers a space of 125 by 90 cm. The
installation of a ventilating duct is
required and space must be available for
installing the electrical facilities. The
upper part is made of sheet steel with two
enamel coatings. Prior to using the
toilet a paper bag is inserted. When the
lid is closed and the hand wheel next to
the seat is turned the paper bag falls
into the combustion chamber arid
incineration starts automatically. The
ventilator is tuned on. After complete
incineration the heating elements turn off
automatically, but the ventilator keeps
running until the temperature in the
combustion chamber is down to 50 C.
(Text-German)
67-0689
Eliminating industrial odors. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 11(5):243,
Jan. -Feb. 1967.
The use of a blanket of plastic balls to
control odor from waste collecting pits
is described. A triple layer of Allplas
plastic balls controlled the odor from
an oil-water mixture in a collecting pit
which accommodated all of the waste from
an oil refinery before it went to a
purifying plant to remove the oil before
the water was discharged to the Rhine.
The pit could not be covered because of the
explosion hazard. The odor complaints were
eliminated by the plastic balls which acted
as a flexible vented lid.
67-0690
Enders, K. E., H. J. Hammer, and C. L.
Weber. Field studies on an anaerobic
lagoon treating slaughterhouse waste.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., Hay 2-4, 1967.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 129. p. 126 - 137 .
Studies were performed on anaerobic
lagoon waste treatment units located in
the countryside of northeast Nebraska.
The processed waste waters, after recovery
of edible and inedible by-products, are
merged with the surface drainage from the
holding yard and the cooling water. This
combined waste flow is pumped to the
lagoon treatment system consisting of
firststage anaerobic lagoons, followed
by intermediate and secondary aerobic
lagoons. The waste water flow was
measured at the effluent of the anaerobic
lagoons using rectangular weirs and
continuous operating flow recorders. The
influent and effluent samples tested for
DOD, COD, and solids were collected every
30 minutes and stored at refrigeration
temperature. Sampling of the interior,
the sludge, or liquid contents of the
lagoon cells was done from a small flat
bottomed boat. The waste load per head
of beef slaughtered, for 3 days of
24-hr sampling, is tabulated. It was
concluded that anaerobic lagoons for the
first stage treatment of slaughterhouse
wastes from abattoirs in rural locations
are feasible. If designed in accordance
with accepted practice, the lagoons have
the capacity to handle shock loads and
intermittent loadings without significant
loss of treatment efficiency. The
efficiency of DOD removal was greater
than 80 percent. The solids buildup,
given preliminary treatment for removal
of paunch manure and recovery of
by-products, appeared to be extremely
low.
67-0691
Ethyl enters purification field with
Plocor. Ethyl News, 33(2):l1—12,
Summer 1967.
Ethyl has moved into the waste water
purification field with ‘Flocor,’ a
185
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industrial Wastes
plastic filtering media that helps
turn sewage and industrial effluents into
harmless carbon dioxide and water.
Basically, ‘Flocor’ is corrugated plastic
packing modules that operate on the
principle of biological oxidation.
However, the plastic packing itself is
not subject to bacterial attack and
is unaffected by most chemicals or
weathering. ‘Flocor’ removes up
to twenty times more waste per volume
than conventional filters, and is far
lighter in weight than its stone
counterparts. Unlike heavy aggregate
filters, these new units can be stacked
easily, and the outside framing need be
designed only to withstand wind pressure.
‘Flocor’ systems require only simple pumps
to hold a few inches of water, and their
ability to handle high hydraulic and
organic loads mades them ideal for both
municipal and industrial use. The
effectiveness of ‘Flocor’ lies in its
patented honeycombed configurations,
which provide the largest possible
surface area with the lowest bulk
density. In addition, the large
triangular voids will not clog no matter
how great the flow of waste water.
67-0692
Ewing, R. C. Waste-treatment plant
designed for industrial complex. Oil
and Gas Journal, 65(11):106-108, Mar. 13,
1967.
A contract to build a million-gallon per
day treatment plant using an activated
sludge process is underway in Bayport,
Texas. It will serve a 7,250-acre
industrial complex which will produce
40 million gpd of liquid wastes, with
a high level of organic pollutants.
Industry minimizes volume by practicing
in-plant conservation and separating
surface drainage from the waste stream.
Eighty percent of waste flow will be in
the clean stream and 20 percent will
require biological treatment. ‘Clean’
waste water has no floating organics or
measurable toxicity and not more than 50
mg per liter BOD, 5 mg per liter oil,
or 30 mg per liter suspended matter.
The biological stream should keep the
pH of water in the central collector
between 5.5 and 9.5 and temperature below
130 F. Siphons carry the two waste
streams under roads. After flowing to a
holding pond, the clean stream is pumped
to the disposal point. When sensors
detect nonacceptable waste, the stream is
diverted to Basin B for analysis and
treatment. The Texas Water Pollution
Control Board allows a nine-million-gallon
waste discharge daily from Bayport.
Estimated cost of facilities is more than
$6 million. Clean stream charges will
be for transportation primarily while
biological stream charges will be based
on strength and nature of waste.
Nonacceptable wastes will be either
pretreated by industry or contracted
separately. Solid and exotic wastes
can be disposed of by incineration, in
landfills, at sea (costing $2 to $3
per ton), or in wells (costing $10 per
1,000 gal).
67-0693
Expo’s genius spills over on one Quebec
town. Civic Administration, 19(12):19,
Dec. 1967.
The ‘Expo 67’ sewage system that combined
completely mixed activated sludge,
extended aeration, and ponding will be
employed by a Montreal municipality. The
plant removed 90 percent of the five-day
BOD and suspended solids. One plant
to serve two islands costs 40 percent
less than two smaller ones. Plant cost
was $1,300,000. It handled up to eight
mgd. Raw sewage entering the plant is
first commuted, then channeled into the
aeration zone where it is completely
mixed with recirculated sludge. The
complete mixing speeds up sewage
decomposition and allows the basin’s
storage area to be small.
67-0694
Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. The beet sugar
industry—the water pollution problem
and status of waste abatement and
treatment. Report PR8. Denver,
June 1967. 144 p.
A detailed study was made of the sugar
beet mills and of the Johnstown, Colorado,
(sugar recovery-Monosodium Glutamate)
factory, located in the South Platte
River Basin. Information was secured
on process and operation, water supply,
the beet flume system and waste flume
water, beet pulp, lime mud wastes, the
main plant sewer, and available waste
abatement and treatment facilities. Total
factory waste loads before and after
treatment are discussed. Results were
collected on the bacteriological aspects
186
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0692—0697
of sugar beet waste pollution from many
studies conducted in the United States,
and a comprehensive review and evaluation
of waste abatement and treatment both in
the United States and abroad is given.
Overall waste reduction by means of
available treatment at the mill sites was
only 8 percent for BOD and 58 percent for
total suspended solids, whereas total
coliform bacteria loads demonstrated
a 23 percent overall increase. The big
picture of sugar beet waste disposal in
the South Platte River Basin strongly
implies that much remains to be done.
A bibliography is appended.
67-0695
Filter pressing of undigested sludge: WPRL
report. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
130(3930):74, Sept. 30, 1967.
There have been a number of reported failures
of the heated digestion process and an
increased area of drying bed required by the
anaerobic digestion process, possibly the
result of the detergent content. Therefore
there is a need to take a second look at the
filter pressing process as a means of dewatering
sludge. Many of the difficulties experienced
when filter pressing was first used in the
nineteenth century have been overcome by better
and more easily-operated presses and the use
of more durable filter cloths. The synthetics
have a longer life than the natural fibers
previously used. The sludge, however, to make
it more readily filterable, has to be
conditioned with chemicals such as aluminum
chiorohydrate, lime, ferrous sulfate, and ferric
chloride. Heat treatment of the sludge in an
autoclave at 180 C leads to a spectacular rate
of filtration, although the filtrate can contain
up to 20 percent of the original sludge solids
driven into solution by the high temperatures
used. Among the many variables which can affect
the efficiency of sludge filtration is the
amount of agitation which the sludge receives
after it has been conditioned, since
conditioning increases particle size and
agitation reverses the process. The processes
of sludge dewatering are now becoming the
responsibility of the chemical engineer rather
than the chemists or civil engineers who formerly
coped with the problems.
67-0696
Filtration. Public Works, 98(1);138, 140,
Jan. 1967.
The contents of a bi-monthly journal,
titled ‘Filtration and Separation’ (Uplands
Press, Ltd., Croydon) are discussed. Contents
of the July-August 1966 issue are used as
an example. The lead article is on the
mechanical dewatering of sewage sludge in
Britain. It describes the sewage sludge
handling system at the Long Reach, Dartford
Works of the West Kent Main Sewerage Board,
which handled an average flow of 32 mgd from
a population of just under 700,000. The
second article is an extensive review
of the book ‘Solid-Liquid Separation:
A Review and a Bibliography.’ This book
comprises 1,003 pages and a bibliography
of 5,195 items, many of them abstracted.
Other articles in the issue include
‘Monitoring Aviation Turbine Fuel for
Contamination,’ ‘Dust Separation and
Control,’ and a review of filtration
research at University College. The
last half of the journal is devoted to
the proceedings of the Filtration
Society including articles on ‘Filtration
of Biological Particles From Air,’
‘Testing of Hydraulic Fluid Filters,’
‘Particle Separation in Soils Engineering,’
and a description of a visit made by
officers of the Filtration Society to
Holland. The publication also includes an
intensive review of new equipment and
materials in the field of filtration
together with a list of new inventions
and abstracts of specifications from UK
patents.
67-0697
Fischer, A. Treatment and elimination of
industrial sludges. Chemie-Ingenieur-
Technik, 39(4):157-165, Feb. 1967.
Almost all sludges have a water content
between 90 and 99.5 percent and contain
colloidal substances which are difficult
to separate. The dehydration of sludges
is performed in several steps. In the
thickening process, large quantities of
water are separated from the solid parts.
The ‘capillary’ water is removed by
mechanical dehydration. Subsequently,
the absorbed water is evaporated by drying
at an increased temperature. ReductIon
of the volume of the sludge by water
separation is illustrated in a diagram.
There are various ways of dehydrating the
sludge, such as filtering and centrifuging.
In the filtering of sludges, flocculants
(ferrous sulfate, ferric chloride) or
ashes are added to make the process
more effective. All additives are
discussed in detail. The chamber filter
is best suited for pressure filtering,
while the rotating filter is used
187
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tndustriaj Wastes
in the vacuum filtration. Centrifuges
are discussed in detail. Composting of
sludges, common incineration of sludge
and solid waste, and wet oxidation are
briefly reviewed. Sludge treatment by
single—step and several—step methods is
compared, including cost. (Text-German)
67-0698
Fischerstrom, N.H., E. Isgard, and I.
Larsen. Settling of activated sludge
in horizontal tanks. Journal of the
Sanitary Engineering Division, Proceedings,
American Society of Civil Engineers,
93(SA3):73—83, June 1967.
A study was conducted at twenty Swedish
activated-sludge plants during the summer
of 1964 on the evaluation and design of
secondary sedimentation tanks. Secondary
sedimentation is now conducted mainly along
two lines: horizontal straight flow
settling, or vertical settling. The
first type tries to reduce the influence
of density currents by ‘hydraulic stability,’
whereas the second type uses the density of
the sludge to stabilize the flow. The
study concerns only the first type of
basins. It is concluded that the bulk
settling velocity, W, is a function of
the volumetric sludge concentration, V.
The relation is approximately WV K, In
which K varied between 0.5 and 1.2, with
an average of 0.85. This relation gives
a theoretical rate of bulk sludge removal
from a horizontal settling basin. The
sludge index I, did not show any correlation
to the variation of the number K in the
above expression. The turbidity of the
clear water decreased when the true
detention time increased to about one hour.
An increase of the settling time in
excess of 1 hr had negligible influence.
The Investigation showed the importance
of considering certain hydraulic factors
in the design of secondary sedimentation
tanks. Such factors are: the volumetric
concentration of the mixed liquor, the
approoriateness of presettling and
flocculation, and the dimensioning and
design of the task to assure adequate true
detention time and velocities below the
resuspension velocity.
67-0698
Fuller, H. E. Sludge handling in a
rectangular clarifier. Tappi, 50(10):
82A-84A, Oct. 1967.
In the consideration of possible clarifier
designs for the effluents from the
groundwood washers and the main fiber-bearing
outfalls from most of the paper machines,
it was desirable to use a rectangular
storage basin. The successful use of
the rectangular clarifier requires that
the influent be fed to the clarifier in a
steady, laminar manner with equal solids
distribution in the transverse direction
and that a method be devised for removing
the sludge from the clarifier floor. The
purpose of this investigation was to
determine the feasibility of adanting
the existing rectangular basin at a
paper mill for use as a clarifier. The
study includes a determination of the
sludge settling patterns and the
implementation of a piping grid withdrawal
system. Following examination of the
distribution of the settled sludge
(show-n in transverse and longitudinal
plots), it was found that the use of a
perforated headbox wall and baffles
around the sides and end of the inlet
flume minimized cross-clarifier
surging and flattened the transverse
sludge profile. Sketches are given of
the piping grid layout showing the
withdrawal pipes, the overall clarifier
system, and the sludge probe using
photocells to ‘feel’ the sludge-liquid
interface. In smite of the problems
associated with rectangular clarifiers,
the existing basin could be used in the
clarification system.
67.0700
Genetelli, E. .3. DNA and nitrogen
relationships in hulking activated
sludge. Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation, 39(Part 2) (10) :R32-R43,
Oct. 1967.
The purpose of this investigation was to
determine if organic loading parameters
based on nitrogen and deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), as an estimation of active
cell mass, were better indicators of
process performance than the sludge
oading ratio. Three laboratory activated
sludge .nits were set up, with one given
in diagram. Casein hydrolysate diluted
with tap water was the substrate used and
the sludge loading ratio was kept constant
at 0.5 lb BOD per lb of mixed liquor and
volatile suspended solids. Figures are
given of various relationships between
Sludge Volume Index (a measure of bulking
or the efficiency of separation of sludge
in a settling tank), DNA, and nitrogen.
Tables are given of the average results
from replicate runs, the typical nucleic
acid constant of several bacterial species,
188
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0698—0703
and a sununarv of experimental conditions
for the glucose run. The following results
were reported: a loading parameter
for activated sludge may be based on lb
of HOD fed per day per lb DNA in aeration
basin; a parameter based on DNA was more
sensitive than the conventional loading
parameter based on volatile suspended
solids as an index of organism concentration;
a parameter based on nitrogen was adequate
when the substrate fed was glucose and was
not applicable when casein hydrolysate was
used as a feed; the DNA content of activated
sludge was a function of both quantity and
type of organism present; and a shift
in the population of activated sludge to
what appeared to be a predominantly
Sphaerolilus mass was found to occur
prior to a rise in the SVI. It was
concluded that the DNA content of an
activated sludge has potential as an
excellent process control parameter and
that the results found in this study are
applicable to actual waste water treatment
facilities.
67-0701
tilde, L. C. Experiences of cannery and
poultry waste treatment operations. In
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4, 1967.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 129. p. 675 - 685 .
The various waste treatment facilities
of a nationwide soup canning company are
described. The Paris, Texas, division
has pretreatment of grease recovery, and
10-mesh screening prior to being pumped
to the spray irrigation field. The spray
system is laid out on land that is
contoured so that the wastes flow in a
thin sheet across the surface of the land
and are collected in terraces to be
conducted off the field. Grasses were
planted to produce a protected habitat
for soil microorganisms and a vast area
for the absorption of organic impurities.
In Surnpter, South Carolina, which has a
poultry processing operation, an entire
field was underdrained at 200-ft spacing
and a perforated pipe wrapped in
fiberglass matting was conducted to a
natural lagoon. At the Nanoleon, Ohio
plant, waste is treated in a two-stage
trickling filter operation with
intermediate aeration between the filters
and settling stages. During the tomato
season, there is an additional 6.5 MCD
which is treated by a spray irrigation
system similar to the Paris operation.
One poultry lagoon is located in
Canada and one in Tecumseh, Nebraska.
The Tecumseh lagoon system was initially
designed on the basis of three aerobic
ponds, each approximately 15 acres,
having a loading of 50 lb BUD per acre
per day. Because of odor problems due
to increased loadings, an anaerobic
cell was installed immediately ahead of
the aerobic lagoons. Another chicken
processing plant in Maryland operated the
year around on a system of spray
irrigation and bubbling orifice.
67-0702
Colueke, C. G., and P. H. Mctauhey.
Anaerobic digestion with sewage sludge.
In Comprehensive studies of solid wastes
management; first annual report. Sanitary
Engineering Research Laboratory Report
No. 67-7. Berkeley, University of
California, May 1967. p. 118 - 141 .
Investigators built several laboratory
digestors to parallel the operation of
the anaerobic digestors at a municipal
sewage plant. The effects of shock
loading green garbage in various
proportions was studied. The rationale
for this study is primarily the growing
use of home garbage grinders. Future
use of grinding stations, placed so that
organic wastes can be disposed directly
into the sewage lines, is envisioned.
The product from digestion is a
relatively acceptable landfill material.
Results of the program indicate that
garbage levels up to 75 percent can be
tolerated by digestion units although the
higher percentages show an initial shock
response. Higher percentages than 75
percent produce enough acid to kill the
organisms in the culture. The effects of
various ratios of garbage to sewage are
graphically represented as far as volatile
acid production, gas production, digester
efficiency, methane concentration, carbon
dioxide concentration, alkalinity, and
pH are concerned. Diagrams and photographs
show the apparatus used for this research.
67-0703
Golueke, C. C,, and P. H. McGauhey. Wet
oxidation of organic wastes. In
Comprehensive studies of solid wastes
management; first annual report.
Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory
Report No. 67-7. Berkeley, University
of California, May 1967. p.142-16 0 .
Research into the wet oxidation of
solid organic wastes is currently
189
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Industrial Wastes
awaiting the completion of laboratory
apparatus to test the parameters and
economics of the process. A thorough
literature study has been done, however,
and it demonstrates the probable success
of the program. Many sulfite paper
mills have been using this method and
several cities are using the process for
sewage sludge oxidation. The process
involves the combination of molecular
oxygen or atmospheric oxygen with
organic material in an aqueous
suspension or solution under superatmospheric
pressures and at elevated temperatures.
The resultant energy may be recovered as
electricity or steam. Low molecular
weight acids which are difficult to
oxidize result from the process and
may be separated and sold. Diagrams are
included showing a previously developed
wet oxidation process and the proposed
laborator system which is being built.
Tables list performance of sludge oxidation
studies, chemical characteristics of
sludge oxidation plants, operating costs
of sludge oxidation plants, and potential
values of organic acids that could be
produced from spent pulping liquors.
67-0704
Grimes, L. M., and R. W. Kueneman.
Primary treatment of potato processing
wastes with byproduct feed recovery.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 41(7):1358-1367, July 1967.
The rapid growth of the potato processing
industry has created a serious pollution
problem because an average sized
processing plant producing French fries
or dehydrated potatoes creates a waste
load equivalent to a city of over 200,000
population. When the Idaho State Health
Department asked the potato processors
to provide primary treatment and remove
at least 50 percent of the BOD, it was
realized that very little has been done to
determine the nature and treatability of
potato waste, and that it would be
impossible to proceed immediately with
the design of treatment plants. Each of the
standard methods and steps of primary
treatment was investigated. When
sedimentation test work revealed a very
promising reduction in suspended solids,
it introduced at the same time, a new
iroblem: what to do with the large volume
of settled solids. Results showed that
straight potato filter cake at high pH
levels could not be fed to cattle. However,
if the cake was stored until the pH dropped
to neutral or below through fermentation,
and the sludge was combined with other
feeds, the sodium content did no harm.
67-0705
Gupta, S. C., J. P. Shukia, and K. A. Prabhu.
Utilization of biogas in sugar industry.
Indian Sugar, 17(9):675-676, Dec. 1967.
The biogas-biomanure process, developed
at the National Sugar Institute in
collaboration with Hungarian experts,
is described. In this process, bagasse,
cane trash, press mud, boiler ash, and
cane yard sweepings can be actively
fermented under controlled conditions
resulting rapidly in a combustible
gaseous mixture of 65 percent methane
and 35 percent carbon dioxide called
biogas. In addition, a manure is
formed which is rich in nutrients
and humus, and which has received favorable
response compared to fertilizer or farm
yard manure. The advantages of this
process are: the two major wastes,
cane trash and bagasse, along with other
sugar factory wastes, are properly utilized;
their fuel value does not get lost and
alternate fuel is avoided by burning of
biogas, with an efficiency of over 85 percent;
and the return of biomanure to cane
areas results in increased yield and better
economy. Since the presence of carbon
dioxide lowers the calorific value of
biogas, attempts have been made to
utilize the carbon dioxide in the
preparation of precipitated chalk for
paper factories and for cane juice
clarification. These processes are
described and the tabulated results
show that the carbon dioxide in the
biogas can be successfully used in these
processes.
67-0706
Haltrich, W. Elimination of nitrate from
an industrial waste. In Proceedings;
22nd Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, Ind., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue
University Engineering Extension Series
No. 129. p. 203 - 210 .
A synthetic waste water composed of
effluents from 20 plants in the Badische
Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik was used to study
the biological purification of an organic
industrial waste containing large amounts
of nitrate. The experiments were carried
out in a continuous-flow pilot plant
190
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0704—0709
constructed of transparent plastic.
Batch tests and continuous-flow pilot
studies both indicated that organic
industrial waste containing nitrate can
be purified by the activated sludge
process without disturbances in the
sedimentation tank. This is achieved
by denitrification, i.e., mixing the
nitrate-containing waste with the activated
sludge in an unaerated stage to split the
nitrate. The rate and effectiveness of
nitrate depletion are dependent on the
supply of hydrogen donors measured as
five-day BOD. In the presence of BOD,
up to 60 mg of nitrate oxygen was removed
per gram of MLVSS per hr. Provided
adequate BOD is available, the removal
of nitrate is dependent upon the nitrate
oxygen sludge load. A process employing
an unaerated denitrification state preceding
the aerated state not only effects an
appreciably higher rate of nitrate
elimination in the raw waste but also
ensures troublefree operation during
sedimentation, because the nitrogen gas
formed in the activated sludge is blown
out.
67-0707
67-0708
Harmsen, H. The purification plant of
the company H. Merck AG in tarmstadt.
Staedtehygiene, 18(5):110-113, May 1967.
The purification of polluted water is
discussed. In connection with the
purification plant a sludge incinerator
is operated. Daily about 1,000 cu m of
sludge with a water content of 99 percent
are delivered to the incinerator plant.
First the water content is reduced in
a separator. To the sludge which now
contains 3 percent of solids, iron
sulfate is added as well as lime and
ash to permit better filtration. A
conveyor belt carries the sludge from
the filter to the furnace. In the
upper 5 shelves of the furnace the sludge
is dried and in the oil-heated flame
chambers it is burned at temperatures
above 800 C. The ash discharged from
the furnace goes to a storage room.
(Text-German)
Harmsen, H. The sewer sludge problem.
Staedtehygiene, 18(11):262, Nov. 1967.
Hanway, J.E. Fluidized-bed processes—a
solution for industrial waste problems.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p. 183 - 193 .
The application of the Copeland Process
to the treatment of waste effluents from
the paper and pulp industry and other
industries, to eliminate stream pollution,
is described. The fluidizedbed system
for treatment of neutral-sulfate,
magnesia-base sulfite, and kraft or
sulfate pulping operations is illustrated.
Applications of the process in the steel,
chemical, petroleum, and food industries
are reviewed. The application of the
Copeland Process to the treatment of
sewage sludge, by which the offensive
and objectionable nature of the sludge is
permanently destroyed, is outlined. The
only product is a small volume of inert
material originally contained in the
sludge. In general, any waste product
containing a combustible constituent
represents a promising candidate for the
fluidize&bed process. A typical analysis
of exhaust gases from fluidizedbed
treatment of pulping waste is given.
In almost all sewage treatment plants,
the elimination of the accumulating
sludge is still an unsolved problem.
The drying of sludges at high temperatures
to sterilize them, and the incineration
of toxic industrial sludges, require
a considerable amount of additional
heat. Sewer sludges, preponderantly
from domestic waste waters, contain
substances valuable to the formation of
humus, even after the rotting process.
The improvement of soil fertility cannot
solely be achieved with artificial
fertilizer; it would be advisable to
utilize the sludges from sewage treatment
plants for soil improvement. Composting
the sludge can turn it into a highly
useful product. The Netherlands is an
outstanding example in this respect.
Through a combined effort of its
metropolitan areas, in the field of waste
and sludge elimination, they succeeded in
cultivating desolate areas. In East
Berlin a similar effort is made to
recultivate the exhausted and denaturalized
soil. In West Germany such projects have
failed so far because of an over-emphasis
on states’ rights which has made successful
interstate cooperation impossible.
(Text-German)
67-0709
191
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Industrial Wastes
67-0710
Harza Engineering Company. Land
reclamation project. The Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago,
Oct. 1967.
Sites, routes, and modes of conveyance
selection studies for the utilization of
digested sludge for land reclamation
are summarized. The investigation,
performed for the Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago, by Harza Engineering
Company, was in part supported by a
grant from the Public Health Service,
u.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. A staged program of land
reclamation by use of digested sludge
is recommended. This program is
designed to accommodate the gradual
increase in sludge production and the
phasing out of present methods of sludge
disposal. The recommended four phase
program includes the following: initiation
of a sludge utilization experimental
program; acquisition of a 1,700 acre sludge
utilization site; development through
the period 1968 to 1971 of cooperative
sites; and acquisition of a 21,500 acre
site at Essex designed to utilize
beneficially the forecasted sludge
production of the Sanitary District in
the year 2015. Some of the areas
investigated are: agriculture economics,
environmental considerations, sludge
properties, soil considerations,
agriculture development, socio-economic
characteristics, and cost and benefits.
Thirty-nIne appendices include: site
maps, sludge loading illustrations,
site plant, population tables, and
conveyance routes.
67-0711
Higgins, G. C. Industrial waste treatment
at Trans World Airlines overhaul base.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p. 194 - 202 .
There are four distinct waste streams
requiring treatment at the Trans World
Airlines overhaul complex, located at
Mid-Continent luternational Airport:
alkaline-cyanide, acid-chrome,
industrial-petroleum, and sanitary. The
cyanide bearing waste is destroyed by
the mikaline chlorination process which
oxidizes the cyanide to carbon dioxide
and nitrogen. The chrome bearing waste
is destroyed by reducing the hexavalent
chrome to the trivalent state and
precipitating it as the insoluble
hydroxide. Combining the two wastes
before they pass into the settling basin
produces a neutralized effluent. The sludge
will be removed through a time controlled
blow off valve to the new sludge storage
vault. Wastes are chemically monitored
through the treatment process. The existing
pertroleum waste treatment plant is
designed to remove oil through gravity
separation and chemical treatment.
The secondary treatment facilities being
installed are a trickling filter and
secondary clarifier. The tertiary
treatment portion of the plant will
consist of two lagoons with a total surface
area of eight-tenths acre. A new cloth
media vacuum filter and building to house
it are under construction. In the past,
sludge was dried for one year before
being removed. In the future, less than
a three-month drying period will be
available. A sludge thickening basin
is included as an Integral part of the
filter building that is capable of
storing two to three days’ sludge volume.
67-0712
Hinkle, J. E., and I C A. McCoy. Sewerage
program wins by 10- 1 vote. American City,
82(7):74-75, July 1967.
A single sewage treatment plant,
incorporating the extended aeration
process of sewage purification, replaced
two obsolete ones in Monroe, North
Carolina. The process was selected on
the basis of its high efficiency and
relatively low initial cost, despite its
somewhat high operating costs. Construction
costs for three new outfall sewers came
to $781,994 and the contract price
of the plant designed for an average flow
of 3.0 mgd and a peak flow of
3.9 mgd came to $653,222. The aeration
facility consists of four concrete tanks,
each 60 ft wide by 120 ft long with a
14-ft water depth and equipped with two
Eirnco Smear aerators. Driven by 30 hp
motors, these mechanical surface aerators
have a design capability of delivering
2,225 lb of atmospheric oxygen per day per
unit. The tanks were sized to treat 8,850
lb of BOD per day (354 ppm at 3.0
mgd.), with 2 lb of oxygen required to
satisfy 1 lb of BOD. They were
geometrically designed and the aerators
spaced and selected to provide solids
suspension and complete mixing. A time
clock on each unit permits intermittent
192
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0710—07 17
and sequential operation. A flow diagram,
which details the operation of the plant,
is provided. While the plant was designed
on the basis of an influent BOB of 354 ppm
with an expected removal of 92 percent,
in practice the influent BOD has averaged
only 173 ppn and removal has averaged
94 percent.
67-0713
Inhoff, K. R. English per capita values
of suspended particles and the BOB.
Wasser und Abwasser, 108(36):1021, Sept.
1967.
The Research Institute in Stevenage and
the Institute of Water Pollution Control
in England published (J. Water Pollution
Control 2:193-196 (1967)) 4 tables listing
values for the BOD, suspended particles,
potassium permanganate demand, ammonia
nitrogen, and organic nitrogen. The
average results of numerous tests are
given. Especially interesting values
for the BOB and the suspended particles
were converted into German units and
listed in a table. The mean values for
the BUD, 35 g per capita per day total,
34 g per capita per day settled,
correspond to the values 54 g and 35 g of
the Taschenbuch der Stadtentwaesserung
(21st edition p.86). The figures for
suspended particles are 57 g per capita
per day (total) and 22 g per capita per
day (Taschenbuch: 90 g and 30 g).
(Text-German)
67-0714
Investigations into harvested cane
deterioration at Tully. Australian
Sugar Journal, 59(7):393394, Oct. 1967.
A series of investigations are being
carried out at Tully to obtain more
information about the deterioration of
cane harvested by chopper compared with
wholestalk in order that mechanical
harvesting can be placed on the soundest
possible foundation. The study involves
simultaneous harvesting by chopper and
wholestalk machines in the same block of
cane. Each harvest consists of 18 bins
of chopper cane and 18 trucks of wholestalk.
Mixing is arranged on the farm so that the
bins are delivered to the mill as three
rakes of six, each rake containing similar
cane. The same is done for the wholestalk
trucks. The rakes are weighed on arrival
and one is crushed on arrival. Fifteen
hours from cutting the remaining rakes are
reweighed and the second rake is crushed
and sampled. The next weighing, crushing,
and sampling is done at 25 hr fron cutting.
The harvesting takes place twice a week
for a minimum of 10 weeks, allowing a
large number of rakes to be tested and
sampled. The objective is to obtain an
indication of the comparative weight
loss and c.c.s. changes between chopped
and wholestalk cane from the cooler
dry weather to the hot humid part of the
season. Various sugar organizations
are cooperating in the trials which
consist of the varieties Q57, Q66, Q78, Q83
and Pindar.
67-0715
It took four years, but now one industry
stops polluting. Civic Administration,
19(12):19, Dec. 1967.
A Chatham, Ontario, industry began a
staged pollution control program by
first re-using process water. Then
problem wastes were segregated for
separate treatment. The process has
been modified so that less waste will
be produced. The company reduced the
strength of its wastes by 94 percent.
67-0716
Jacobson, A. R. Steel plant wastes.
Public Works, 98(2):130, Feb. 1967.
Wastes from the hot mill of the Burns
Harbor Plant of Bethlehem Steel are
treated in a scale pit to remove
particulate matter and oil, then in
flocculate-clarifiers and a lagoon.
Cold-mill wastes pass through oil
separators, scalping tanks,
flocculator-clarifiers, and
Lagoon discharge flows down
turbulence-producing ditch to the receiving
stream. Waste pickle liquor is
neutralized. Certain sludges are
separated for resale, and recirculation
of water is practiced.
67-0717
Jaeschke, L., and K. Trobisch. Treat HPI
wastes biologically. Hydrocarbon Processing,
46(7):111-115, July 1967.
A description is given of the development of
a biological purification method for waste
the lagoon.
a
193
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Industrial Wastes
waters of petrochemical, plastics, and
solvent production operation of the
Hoechst plant of the Farbweke Hoechst
AC on the lower Main River at Frankfurt,
Germany. The waste streams came from
the following operations: methane
chlorination, pyrolysis of hydrocarbons,
thermoplastics, resins and dispersions,
and solvents. Other production unit
effluents contain beuzene, toluene,
other hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters,
aldehydes, and organic acids. Testing
over a period of several months showed
that for total of 1,000 cu m per hr of
waste water, the following must be
purified biologically: BOD 1,250
g per cu in; COD 2,690 g per cu in; potassium
permanganate consumption 600 g per cu in;
carbon-content 20 g per cu m, salt content
600 g per cu m and pH 2 to 7.5. A biological
treatment pilot plant for waste treatment
which included facilities for mechanical
and chemical treatment (a schematic sketch
of which is given along with a processing
diagram of the projected large scale
installation) was constructed. The waste
water was activated with activated sludge
and then passed to a settling tank to reduce
the BOD to less than 50 g per cu m. Chemical
treatment before or after the biological
treatment had no advantages. The nitrogen
and phosphorus compositions necessary
for biodegradation which are added
contain 3.5 percent soluble phosphorus
and 20 percent soluble nitrogen. For
each cubic meter of waste, 0.15 kg of
this nutrient are needed. Charts are
given to show: BO]) decomposition for
raw water and effluent, in the rectangular
tank and aerator; and the BOD decomposition
rate as a function of the space loading
and solid loadings for detention times of
7.5 and 9 hr (with the performance range
of the large scale plant superimposed).
The design data for the large scale
installation required to reduce the BOD
from 1,250 g per Cu m to less than 50
g per cu in are given along with a diagram
of the new plant which is expected to
contribute to an improvement of the lower
Main River.
67-0718
Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare. A
brief report on public health administration
in Japan (Jan. 1965-Aug. 1966). Asian
Medical Journal, 1O(9):650-653, Sept. 1967.
A discussion of sanitation facilities,
in a section of the report on environmental
sanitation, includes sewage treatment,
nightsoil disposal, and garbage and
trash disposal in Japan. By the end of
March, 1965, 77 cities were operating
sewage treatment plants which served a
population of 11,060,000, and 120 cities
had sewage plants under construction.
Proper nightsoil disposal still remains one
of the important environmental sanitation
problems. During 1964, 325 communities were
operating nightsoil disposal plants with
additional ones under construction in
345 communities. A connection between
nightsoil disposal plants and sewage systems
is planned for the future. It is also
planned that 25,000,000 persons will be
serviced by a flush-toilet system by
March 1968. Incineration, the most widely
used method of garbage and trash disposal,
and composting, benefited 48,640,000
persons by the end of March 1966.
67-0719
.Jarnuszkiewicz, I. The effect of nitrogen
deficiency on glucose oxidation by
activated sludge. Biuletyn Instytutu
Medycyny Morskiej Gdansku, 18(3/4):193-201,
1967.
The effect of short- and long-term
nitrogen deficiency on the biological
oxidation of glucose by activated sludge
was evaluated. Two activated sludge
cultures, A and B, carried on by the
Malaney’s method, were adapted to glucose:
A- in the presence of ammonium salts;
B- without the nitrogen source. The
glucose oxidation in the A-sludge and
B-sludge was investigated by the anthrone
method. The results, which are presented
in a series of graphs and tables, give
the biochemical characteristics of sludge
cultures, the rate of substrate elimination,
exertion of theoretical oxygen demand,
the increase in suspended solids mass and
the carbohydrates, nitrogen, and amino
acid content of the cell mass. It was
concluded that activated sludge adapted to
glucose under nitrogen deficiency
conditions shows a lowered activity.
Substrate removal occurs mainly through
carbohydrate storage and only partly
through assimilation. Energy
requirements of the system with the sludge
adapted without exogenous nitrogen source
are greater in growth than in respiratory
conditions. The carbohydrate/nitrogen ratio
in the activated sludge may be used as the
index in the control of nitrogen-free
carbohydrate sewage treatment by the
activated aeration method.
194
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07 18—07 22
67-0720
Jarnuszkiewicz, I. Influence of adaptation
in glucose oxidation by activated sludge.
Biuletyn Ins tytutu Medycyny Norskiej
Gdansku, 18(3/4):183-191, 1967.
The influence of activated sludge
adaptation on the main parameters of the
glucose oxidation process and on the
level of carbohydrates, nitrogen, and
amino acids in sludge cells was investigated.
The sludge was aerated for 48 hr without
feeding, before its use in respirometric
experiments for complete utilization of the
intracellular storage products. The
glucose oxidation in both the respiring and
the growth systems with unadapted and adapted
sludge was investigated, as were the
carbohydrate and amino acid content, and
the amount of suspended solids. The
results, which are presented in a series
of graphs, show that: (1) The rate of
substrate removal in systems with adapted
sludge was almost 5 times as high as in
systems with unadapted sludge. (2) In
systems with adapted sludge the exertion
of theoretical oxygen demand was lower.
(3) The increase of suspended solids in
both systems with adapted sludge was higher
by 25 percent than in unadapted sludge.
(4) Carbohydrates in adapted sludge amounted
to 88 percent, in unadapted sludge to
only 65 percent. (5) The ratio of amino
acid nitrogen to organic nitrogen was 9 times
higher in the growth system with adapted
sludge than with unadapted sludge.
(6) The level of amino acids in adapted
sludge was many times higher. It was
concluded that the glucose-adapted
activated sludge shows intensified
biological activity in the glucose
oxidation. In the first phase of the
oxidation, the substrate removal in the
system with adapted sludge takes place
mainly due to carbohydrate storage. The
ability of the system with adapted sludge
to store carbohydrate is related to
the high level of amino acids in the
sludge cells.
67-0721
Kato, K., and T. Sekikawa. Fixed
activated sludge process for industrial
waste treatment. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
Ind., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p. 9 26 - 94 9 .
A series of experimental studies was
carried out at the Elurita Central
Laboratories, Japan, for improving the common
activated sludge process. The new
process is known as the ‘Fixed Activated
Sludge Process’ or the FAS process. The
constant concentration of sludge in the
aeration tank is accomplished by fixing
the suspended flocs of activated sludge
on the surface of plastic net panels
which are arranged vertically into the
tank. Since most of the activated sludge
adheres to the net panels, it is not
necessary to return the sludge from the
final settling tank. The plastic net panel
used as the sludge-fixing body is cheap.
In the case of domestic sewage treatment,
biological growth began to adhere to the
net panels after 7 to 10 days, becoming
steady after successive aeration for 3
weeks. A BUD removal rate of 85 to 90
percent could be obtained at a loading
of 75 to 80 g-BOD per sq m of surface
area of net panel per day. Estimation
of growth rate of activated sludge in the
FAS process shows that about 20 to 30
percent of BOD removed from the influent
has changed to biological solids. In the
treatment of industrial waste, petrochemical
and soft drink bottling waste, a two
stage treatment, consisting of the FAS
process followed by the activated sludge
process, has proved to be best from the
viewpoint of simple operation in practice,
steady performance against shock loading,
and the high rate of BUD removal. The
FAS process shows an improvement over the
activated sludge process for solving the
problem of sludge bulking.
67-0722
Keim, 0. Water protection in the Federal
Republic of Cermany. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(12):305-309, Mar. 23, 1967.
The first international fair for waste
water technology took place in 1966 in
Munich. On huge boards impressive
statistics, illustrations, models, and
explanatory texts informed the visitor
about the manifold tasks confronting the
Federal Government in the field of
water protection. The tremendous
government programs designed to cope with
the various problems were pointed out.
Several posters demonstrated the sanitary
deposition of waste so that the groundwater
is not spoiled. Various exhibits are
described in detail. Maps showing water
protection projects are reproduced.
(Text-German)
195
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anuustnai vvasies
61-0723
Kennedy, T.J., G.A. Ettelt, and A.J.
Kaplovsky. Effect of centrate from solid
bowl centrifuge on activated sludge
process. In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, lad., May
2-4, 1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.145-164.
The solid-bowl centrifuge has received more
interest in the water pollution control
field compared to the disc or nozzle type
because of clogging problems with the
latter. In a 147-day test with a disc
type centrifuge, operating at an
average solids recovery of 76.3 percent,
a higher sludge volume index in the
aeration tanks receiving the centrate as
compared to the other aeration tanks was
reported. Data of batch aeration tests
using centrate produced by a solid bowl
centrifuge are presented. A pilot activated
sludge system was selected which simulated
spiral flow. A summary of the operating and
performance data is given. It was concluded
that the centrate solids from the solid bowl
centrifuge are mainly generated fines
consisting of dissoluted zoogleal masses
and fragments of filamentous forms.
Primary treatment could remove the bulk
of centrate solids from centrifugation
installations operating at solids
recoveries of at least 70 percent.
Continuous return of centrate solids to
a conventional activated sludge process,
after centrifugation of total waste
solids output at solids recovery of 80
percent, should not affect the plant
effluent quality or unit reductions of
the activated process. However, an
incremental rise in SVI could result, but
the condition will not progressively
deteriorate. Centrifugation may increase
the content of filamentous forms in the
activated sludge process when they are
initially present at high levels.
67-0724
Lamb, J. C. Alum sludge disposal.
Public Works, 98(9):150, 152, Sept. 1967.
Investigations were conducted for the
New York State Department of Health to
evaluate characteristics of waste flows
from two water treatment plants which utilize
alum as a chemical coagulant in upf low
clarification units. Laboratory studies
were conducted to determine the utility
of sludge drying beds, vacuum filters,
centrifuges, and lagoons for concentrating
the sludges prior to disposal by landfill.
At the 32-mgd Shoremont plant in Rochester,
which also adds carbon and a clay coagulant
aid, and the 1.0-mgd plant in Wolcott,
the data were collected intermittently
during a three—month sampling period.
Filter backwash was grab-sampled at 30
second intervals. Data are presented for
total solids and net solids removed
from filters. Clarifier sludge in the
two plants averaged 1,230 and 2,660 gal per
million gal of raw water respectively. The
total solids content of the sludges ranged
from 1,500 to 10,000 mg per liter.
Suspended solids content averaged 84 percent
of the total solids and volatile solids
ranged from 25 to 40 percent. The BOD of
the sludge ranged from 36-77 mg per liter
and the COD from 500 to 1,000 mg per liter.
The settling and compaction characteristics
of the backwash flows and sludges are also
discussed, Centrifuges and lagooning did
not meet the criterion of providing at
least 20 percent total solids for disposal
by landfill. The results of laboratory
studies of vacuum filtration and of the
more economical sand drying are detailed.
67-Q725
Large waste water cleaning plant.
Staedtehygiene, 18(9):219-220, Sept. 1967.
The plant in Hoechst of the Farbwerke
Hoechst AG is building a large cleaning
plant for industrial waste water. Total
capacity of the pools is 30,000 cu m.
Daily, the plant will process 24,000
cu m waste water by bacteriological
decomposition. Additionally 3.5 tons
of phosphorous and nitrogen compounds are
fed to the microflora. The sludge, about
100-120 cu m daily, is dried on four
rotating vacuum filters of 40 sq c i surface
each and will eventually be incinerated.
The plant which cost 20 million DH is
Europe’s largest and the world’s second
largest industrial waste water treating
facility. (Text-German)
The Public Health Act of 1961, which
clarified the nebulous provisions of the
67-0726
Lawson, H. N., and
effluent charges.
Engineers Journal,
R. J. Fearn. Trade
Institution of Municipal
94(2):60-64, Feb. 1967.
1%
-------
0723—0729
Public Health Act of 1937, gave local
authorities the power to charge for
trade wastes being discharged into public
sewers including those with prescriptive
rights. Since all industrialists had to
pay, the charges could now cover the actual
cost of the service and not discriminate
between new or expanding industries and
those which were static. The cost of the
special service that Nottingham is
required to give for the reception,
conveyance, and treatment of trade wastes
is no longer a charge against the general
rate fund, but is fairly distributed between
the companies using the service and
resulted in a revenue of b85,348 to
Nottingham in the year 1964/65, which
included L19,845 for reception and
conveyance and b65,503 for treatment. Only
the chemical oxygen demand and the suspended
solids were measured on the effluents.
Composite samples were prepared from
automatic samplers. The effluent flow
was based on the public supply records
plus water obtained from wells and streams
minus the water used in steam raising and
that for domestic use. The schedule which
was finally produced had the following
charges: for reception and conveyance
2.44 pence per 1,000 gal; for biological
treatment 1.4 pence per pound of oxygen
demand; for sludge disposal 0.37
pence per pound of suspended solids.
Following a hearing, all of the charges
were approved over the objections of the
users except that a charge of 0.78 pence
was substituted for the oxygen demand
charge.
67-0727
Link, P. The elimination of inorganic
industrial sludges. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(36):1022-25, Sept. 1967.
Investigations of various sludge eliminating
methods such as the deposition of unprocessed
sludges, incineration, consolidation by
adding cement and calcium sulfate, as well as
a thermal treatment with subsequent
consolidation, were conducted. The suitability
of sludge for deposition was tested through a
Soxhlet extraction which is explained
briefly. The results showed that sludges
cannot be deposited without prior
preparation. The incineration of sludge
was performed at temperatures of up to
1,000 C. The chromium III hydroxide is
chemically split at temperatures of
several hundred degrees to chromium VI
if no reducing agent is present. Cyanides
are more or less easily destructible
below 1,000 C, depending on the
composition of the sludge, so that
incineration of inorganic sludges is
not recommended. A petrification of these
types of sludges, by adding cement or
calcium sulfate, is too expensive and not
very efficient because it increases the
volume. The thermal treatment in a cement
furnace seems to be a suitable method, if
the cement industry is willing to
cooperate. The simplest method, however,
seems to be the establishment of regional
industrial sludge disposal sites which
are ‘safe’ as far as the groundwater
is concerned. The deposition of sludges
which react chemically to each other
should be avoided. The sludges should be
covered with rubbish, sand, or soil, etc.,
immediately after deposition.
(Text-German)
67-0728
MacDonald, F. W., and I. Lew. Environmental
planning for a sewage treatment plant.
Public Works, 98(9):105-106, Sept. 1967.
The architectural concepts employed in
the design of a treatment plant are
explored. In this design, an activated
sludge treatment plant is arranged so that
it need not be hidden from public view.
The units of the treatment plant are not
in themselves grotesque; it is the
conventional manner of arranging them that
has established an image of undesirability
in the eyes of the public. Thus, a
triangular control tower is surrounded
by aerators and digesters, and the whole
unit is surrounded by the circular sludge
drying beds. The units are so arranged
that gravity flow from the higher to
the lower levels is utilized.
67-0729
Manual of septic-tank practice. Public Health
Service, Publication No. 526. Cincinnati,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, 1967. 92 p.
The manual is a revision of Public Health
Service Publication No. 526, Manual of
Septic Tank Practice, with addenda on
Serial Distribution Systems’ and ‘Seepage
Beds’. The updating reflects changing
trends in the problems of individual
sewage disposal systems and includes
new information in this field. Connection
to an adequate public sewage system is
197
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Industrial Wastes
emphasized as the most satisfactory
method of disposing sewage. Every
effort should be made to secure
public-sewer extensions. Where connection
to a public sewer is not feasible, the
manual is offered as a guide to those
seeking to construct individual
sewage-disposal systems. Septic tank-soil
absorntion systems for private residences,
institutions, recreational areas, and other
establishments are discussed. Percolation
tests, soil absorntion systems, selection
of septic tanks, specifications for septic
tanks, estimates of sewage quantities,
collection systems, grease trans,
capacities, subsurface and superficial
sand filters, chlorination, and general
maintenance of septic tanks are discussed.
Numerous illustrations on equipment, layout,
percolation tests, and design formulas are
presented.
67-0730
Matthews, W. C., C. H. Andrews, and J. K.
Sullins. Centrifuges for paper mill waste
sludge dewatering. Proceedings;
22nd Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
lad., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p.325-333.
The solid-bowl horizontal-conveyor type
centrifuge is described. Paper making
operations at two divisions of a pulp
and paper cornoration, one located at
Chillicothe, Ohio, and one at Kingsport,
Tennessee, are briefly reviewed.
Kingsport chose a lower speed intermediate
‘C’ force centrifuge while Chillicothe,
where the ultimate disposal system favored
aerated lagoons and high solids removal
was desirable, decided to use the higher
speed machine with the larger ‘G’ force.
The effluent treatment plant at Kingsport
is based on the use of a 150-ft circular
clarifier designed to handle a hydraulic
loading of 14 MGD. Sludge is discharged
at concentrations of up to 45 percent
solids, and drops to a conveyor belt that
discharges to trucks. Recover-v of solids
in the centrifuge ranges from 80 to 90 percent.
The pritnarv waste treatment facilities at
Chillicothe consist of a rectangular
flocculator-clarifier with centrifuge
sludge dewatering equipment. Sludge is
pumped to the centrifuges, dewatered to
approximately 40 percent solids and
hauled by truck to a landfill. The recovery
of solids is approaching 90 percent of
the feed.
67-0731
Mechanical sludge lifting at Denton.
Water and Waste Treatment Journal,
11(5):242, Jan.-Feb. 1967.
The sludge lifting equipment for the
15,100 sq yd of sludge drying beds at
Denton U.D.C., England, is described.
The beds contain two rows 58 ft wide
and two rows 62 ft wide. Sludge
lifting is effected by a Wickhan Super
Lynx Mechanical Sludge Lifter with
a span of 62 ft 7 in. One man can clean
over 1,000 sq ft of sludge an hour. The
machine will resand, level the beds,
rake the surface of the filter, and
rake the thin cake sludge. Sludge is
discharged from a conveyor belt to
trucks for transport to a covered drying
area - :here it is shredded, bagged, and
sold as a substitute for fertilizer or
manure.
67-0732
Mechanical treatment of refinery wastes.
Petroleum, 30(3):112-113, May-June 1967.
Mechanical separation processes for
refinery waste are discussed for possible
application in the United Kingdom. Liquid
waste collected from various points in a
refinery is traced through the sewerage
system to the treatment plant where
preliminary separation removes a percentage
of the water. A vibrator-v screen is
suggested to remove froths of high oil
content resulting from the first steps
of treatment. This Sharples Vibroscreen
and the Sharoles Nozijector are described
in detail. Treatment of wastes with
high solids content is also explained
suggesting preliminary separation through
a vibrating screen, slight reduction in
a cyclone, and final separation in a
centrifuge. The economics of the system
are briefly mentioned, including the
possibility of using an opening-bowl
centrifuge instead of the Nozljector.
These three arguments are presented against
that possibility: the tendency for
oil loaded sludge to cake; the solids,
having abrasive qualities which an open
bowl machine is incapable of handling;
and the lack of uniformity in the composition
of the slop oils which is incompatible for
this aim.
198
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07 3 0—0736
67-0733
Neigh, U. F. Use of silicon rubber to
prepare mixtures of organic vapors and
air of known composition. Chemistry and
Industry, (35):1487-1488, Sept. 2, 1967.
Silicon rubber, as a diffusing membrane,
is used in a scrubber for removal of
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
surrounding stored fruit. Organic liquids are
diffused through the rubber at a constant
rate—proportional to the surface area and
inversely proportional to membrane thickness.
For experimentation, silicon rubber tubing
was made into a container for the liquid
and mounted in a glass tube. The
container was weighed at intervals to
determine liquid loss. The length of
the tube was adjusted to obtain the desired
concentration of vapor in the air stream.
Carboxylic acids, thiols, and ketones
caused the rubber to swell. For calibration
of a gas chromatograph, Neigh and Currah
aerated a solution in silicon oil. Rate
of diffusion of nonyl alcohol through a
five mm o.d. tube of one mm wall thickness
was 0.62 mg per hr per sq cm surface at
20 deg, 0.38 rug per hr per sq cm and 0.09 org
per hr per sq cm at 1 deg.
67-0734
Mencher, S. K. Minimizing waste in the
petrochemical industry. Chemical
Engineering Progress, 63(1O):80-88,
Oct. 1967.
The hydrocarbon processing industry has
problems in waste management because
of the great variety of its products and
the many processes used. The apolication
of the concepts of waste management to
process design and plant oneration are the
objectives of this review. The best
approach to the pollution problem is by
control at the source. The petrochemical
industry lends itself to this control
through process improvement rather than
pollution abatement. Although the chief
problems covered in this review concern
air and water pollution, some mention is
made of solid waste disposal. A diagram
is given of the terminal waste facility
for a refinery petrochemical complex.
This diagram shows several sources of
sludge such as from the API separator which
receives the discharge from the oily
water sewer, the chemical flocculator which
treats the liquid from the API separator, and
also from the biological unit which, in
return, receives liquid from the chemical
flocculator and from the septic tank
used for the sanitary sewer. Reagents
such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride,
or aluminum chloride are used to produce
voluminous precipitates in the flocculator to
reduce the oil content. All of the
sludges have their moisture content
reduced in a thickener before filtration.
The cake from the filter is then
incinerated leaving the ash as the sole
solid waste for disposal.
67-0735
Mill waste incineration.
3(4):22-23, Apr. 1967.
Chemical 26,
Incineration is discussed as an effective
way to dispose of dry wood flour and
dewatered solids from mill effluent.
The exact process used by Abitibi
Corporation is explained beginning
with dewatering in a solid bowl
centrifuge and a clarifier-flocculator.
The cake from the centrifuge is blended
with fine sawdust and burned. A diagram
of the waste flow is included.
67-0736
Moehle, F. W. Fly ash as a filtering aid
for dewatering industrial waste plant
sludge. In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, md., May
2-4, 1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p. 429 - 44 0.
Dewatering industrial waste plant sludge
using fly ash as a filtering aid has
proven successful at a rubber plant
located in Mishawaka, Indiana. The
chemical filtration plant is briefly
described. The six major pieces of
equipment involved in the dewatering
process are: filter drum, sludge feed
mixing conveyor, centrifugal blower,
filtrate pump, blower type air compressor,
and cake collecting chute. Fly ash is
introduced approximately 10 in. downstream
from the point at which the sludge enters
the top of the sludge feed mixing
conveyor. Trials and tests were undertaken
to determine several variables of the
dewatering process: proper
concentrations of fly ash, effect of
sludge temperature on the dewatering
process, effect of hydrogen ion
concentration of the sludge, effect of
sludge solids concentration, and effect
of various vacuum conditions. It was
found that the fly ash concentration
should be held at approximately four
parts sludge to one part fly ash but must
be adjusted depending on sludge solids
199
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Industrial Wastes
concentration and may vary as much as
from 1:2.5 to 1:6.7. The sludge
temperature is held at 150 F. The operator
must make adjustments to the mix as
determined by his visual observation of
the filter operation. The vacuum on the
filter is not controlled. With clean cloths
and a properly developed cake, the vacuum
pump will develop a 15 to 20 in. vacuum in
the filter chamber.
67-0737
Noeller, U. On the technology of sludge
dehydration. Staedtehygiene, 18(3):54-59,
Mar. 1967.
Three stages in the dehydration of sludges
are described. In the first stage the
interstitial water (approximately 70
percent when the sludge originally had a
water content of 95%) is drained. In the
second stage the capillary water (approximately
22% out of 95%) is separated by mechanical
energy such as suction, filtering, pressure,
or an artificial field of gravity in centrifuges.
The absorbed water (approximately 8% Out of
95%) is removed by thermal engergy (evaporation).
The various natural and artificial separating
methods applicable to the three different
stages are listed in two tables.
Differences in behavior of sludges during
the dehydration process permits a rough
division into three types: sludges which
can be easily dehydrated, such as those
with larger amounts of sand or coal
particles; domestic sludges with a medium
dehydration ability; and sludges rich in
gels. Designs of dehydration plants are
usually based on experimental data.
Approximate results, however, are
obtainable from mathematical models such
as the filter’ equations by Kubitza, which
are presented and discussed. Experimental
relationships obtained by the Ruhrverb and
in a pilot plant, are illustrated in five
diagrams. Filtering can be improved by
the addition of flocculants such as metal
salts and lime, but care must be taken
that the flakes are not mechanically
destroyed. (Text-German)
67-0738
Montens, A. Treatment of wastes
originating from metal industries. In
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.908-925.
The treatment of wastes of hot rolling
mills, of pickling plants, and the
treatment of aged oil emulsions,
including combustion plants in particular
and plants in West Germany are considered.
Wastes from hot-rolling mills must be
cleansed of scale and oil in mechanically
cleaned settling tanks. The reuse of
pickling liquid in iron and steel works
is seldom possible. Standard methods of
treating pickling wastes include:
neutralization, ion-exchange, and
regeneration. For the regeneration
of sulphuric acid, most plants produce iron
sulphate heptahydrate. The treatment of oil
emulsions consists of two steps: the
cleaving of emulsions and the separation
of oil. The processes used for cleaving
include: adding salts, adding acids,
adding salts and heating the emulsion,
adding salts and treating by electricity,
or adding acids and organic cleaving
agents. For the combustion of oils
together with oil-sludge, drum-type
furnaces are well suited. Equipment for
the treatment of wastes is described and
illustrated. The costs of pickling
steel strip using hydrochloric acid with
an acid recovery system are tabulated.
67-0139
Montgomery, D, R. Integrated system for
plant wastes combats stream pollution.
Chemical Engineering, 74(5):108-11O,
Feb. 27, 1967.
A large waste-disposal system is described
in which neutralization, solids
removal, biological treatment, and
centrifuging are all integrated to handle
the raw waste from styrene-butadiene
rubber and cis-polybutadiene production
facilities on the Kanawha River at
Institute, West Virginia. The $l.2-million
plant treats 2,475 gal per minute of
aqueous waste carrying organic solvents,
spent catalyst, catalyst residues, and
rubber crumbs and fines. The waste-treatment
plant neutralizes the input, removes
suspended and settled solids, arid lowers
the BOD level in a biological loop system
that recycles activated sludge. The
average BOD removal is 90 percent of the Input
and the final discharge of BOD to the
river is essentially 200 lb per day. The
plant was able to surpass the requirements of
the Water Resources Commission which had
set a limit for BUD of 1,000 lb per day for
the second phase of an abatement program
f or the plant.
200
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0737—0743
67-0740
Moore, V. P., and 0. L. McCaskill. Methods of
collecting seed cotton trash. In Control and
Disposal of Cotton-Ginning Wastes; a Symposium,
Dallas, May 3-4, 1966. Public Health Service
Publication No. 999-AP-31. Cincinnati, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
p. 29-38.
Seed cotton trash is loosely defined as the
material that is removed from the gin building
by the high pressure fans. lEt consists
primarily of leaves, burs, sticks, and stems.
Am analysis of the foreign matter content of
machine scrapped cotton in the Mississippi
Valley shows that it contains 329 lb of hulls,
143 lb of sticks and stems, and 398 lb of leaves
and dirt, making a total of 870 lb of foreign
matter per bale. The emissions from the
trailer-unloading system consist primarily of
dust, fine-leaf trash, and some fibers. The
exhausts from the drying and cleaning systems
pick up leaf trash and dust fron the cylinder
cleaners. The exhaust from the live overflow
contains a small quantity of lint fly and dust.
The cyclones discharge into a screw conveyor
that has a dust-tight cover. The conveyor in
turn discharges trash through a conventional
dropper into an air line that conveys it to a
bur house or incinerator. It has been found
that by using a cyclone filter unit along with
an airwash or second filtering, the air can be
cleaned sufficiently to be returned to the gin
building. It is doubtful that half of the gins
in the United States can afford $20,000 to
$30,000 for an elaborate trash collection
system.
67-074 1
Morris, S. S. The new Cape Town
abattoir. Institution of Municipal
Engineers Journal, 94(12):415-422, Dec.
1967.
The planning and construction of Cape
Town’s recently completed abattoir,
one of the most up-to-date slaughterhouses
in the world, are described in detail.
The abattoir is extensively automated and
includes many new features and
technological improvements, the design
having been evolved only after long and
detailed investigation of abattoir
projects in many parts of the world. It
was built at a total cost of bl,665,500
and combines aesthetic adequacy with
functional efficiency. Many of the
unpleasant tasks normally carried out in
a slaughterhouse have been eliminated
and high standards of hygiene, public
health, and humane operation have been
achieved. Among the topics discussed
under planning and design are: the site,
national policy and control, established
local requirements, general layout,
basic capacity, process planning, building
layout, services, transportation, storage,
marketing, equipment, and structural
and architectural planning. Construction
of the abattoir is discussed, including
contracts, concrete structures,
building work, and service installations.
A detailed breakdown of capital costs
is given, with additional comments on
operating costs and revenue. A
considerable increase in operating costs,
as compared with old abattoirs, was
expected, so that entrance charges
for those making use of the facility
will probably be about 60 percent greater
than previous charges.
67-0742
Mytelka, A. I., and IL M. Mangamelli.
Radiation treatment of an industrial
waste. In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, lnd.,
May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p.1025-1043.
A study was made of radiation-induced
changes in an industrial waste and the
effect of these changes on the biological
degradation of the waste. The waste,
an azo dyestuff mother liquor, was
chosen because of its low biodegradability,
its chemical complexity, and its intense
color. As the radiation dose from
cobalt-60 increased, the chemical oxygen
demand, total organic carbon concentration,
dye concentration, and color of the waste
decreased. The organic compounds remaining
in the waste became more amenable to
biological oxidation. Oxidation of the
waste was favored by alkaline conditions
during irradiation, with maximum oxidation
occuring at approximately pE 11. Sodium
hypochlorite is not as effective an
oxidizing agent as are hydroxyl radicals,
as was shown by the failure of sodium
hypochlorite to reduce the total organic
carbon concentration of the waste.
67-0743
Nebiker, J. H., and W. Munz. The
dimensions of drying beds for sludges.
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 85(46) :830-833,
Nov. 1967.
The dehydration of sludges in drying beds
is treated mathematically and a cost
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Industrial Wastes
analysis is presented for three kinds of
drying beds. The ratio of the rate of
drying of sludge over the rate of
evaporation of pure water is a constant
close to 1 up to a concentration of 25
percent of solid contents. Evaporation
is then reduced because dry patches
form on the surface of the sludge and
transport of water to the surface
is hampered. An equation and a graph
for the drying rate is presented. For
practical applications the influence
of the local climate, particularly the
amounts of precipitation, must be
considered. As a rule, 25 percent of the
precipitation must be subtracted from
the evaporation rate. For cost analysis,
three kinds of drying beds are considered:
open and covered beds with water
permeable bottoms and a covered bed with
sealed bottom. The meteorological
observations of two localities in
Switzerland are used and the detailed
analysis, including drying times and
costs of Investment and àperation, are
presented in two tables. (Text-German)
67.0744
Nemerow, N. L., and R. Armstrong.
Prototype studies of combined treatment
of wastes from 22 tanneries and two
municipalities. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
md., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p.593-601.
The cities of Gloversville and Johnstown,
New York, with populations of 21,741 and
10,390 respectively, are the home of
22 tanneries and 8 other major wet industries
including textile dyeing facilities and a
glue manufacti rer. A prototype tannery
waste treatmedt plant was constructed at
the existing Gloversville waste water
treatement plant. A two-stage system
of biological treatment, employing a roughing
filter preceding the activated sludge
process, was evaluated as a combined
system. The units of the prototype
plant are: screens, raw sewage, pump,
primary tank, roughing filter, aeration
tank, secondary settling tank, and
digester. The primary settling tank
was operated with and without the use of
poly-electrolytes. Suspended solids and
0D removal, without polymer, averaged
48 and 24 percent, respectively.
Comparable values, using polymers, were
75 percent and 39 percent, respectively.
The tannery wastes in combination with
municipal waste water were effectively
treated in the two-stage biological
plant designed to treat 10 to 15 gpm.
BOD reductions in the range of 80 to 90
percent were obtained. No problems of
odor were encountered and the varying pH
did not appear to affect treatment.
The chrome compounds used in the tanning
process are in the less toxic trivalent
form. Color removal was obtained,
although not 100 percent.
67-0745
Nepper, M. Biological treatment of strong
industrial waste from a fiberboard
factory. In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, md.,
May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.8 8 4-8 9 l.
An activated sludge process was chosen
by a Belgian fabricator of board in order
to comply with a new law concerning the
discharge of waste waters into waterways.
The waste water coming from the factory
passed through a screen. Then, after
addition of nutrients, it was pumped to
a balancing tank and from there to the
aeration tanks. The mixed liquor was
sent to a settling tank the overflow of
which was the effluent going to the river.
The return sludge was pumped from the
bottom of the Cyclator. The excess
sludge was pumped and sent back to the
factory where it was mixed with fibers
and put in the board. Major problems
encountered were clogging of the aeration
grids, clogging of the screen, foam
formation, and excess sludge. The best
way of disposal of the 4.5 to 5 tons (dry
basis) of excess sludge was back Into the
manufacturing process. For a production
of 180 tons per day of board, it is
necessary to treat about 2,650 cu m per
day of waste water containing 7,000 kg
per day. Plant operating data and costs
are included.
67.0746
Nettleton, N. A. Burning rates of
devolatized coal particles. Industrial
& Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals,
6(1):20-25, Feb. 1967.
Burning occurs in two regimes. One is at
low temperatures in a themical-controlled
regime where rate increases exponentially
with temperature. The other is at high
temperatures in a diffusion-controlled
regime where reaction rate increases more
slowly. Samples were prepared by
202
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0744—0749
devolatizing crushed coal at 900 C
anaerobically and separating the product
by size. The electrically heated furnace
and gas preheaters used are illustrated.
Rates of burning, R, are related to
particle radius, r, and time, t, by:
R = -3/r dr/dt. The burning rate was
inversely proportional to the apparent
density. Increasing the ash content
of Gedling char has a significant effect
on the burning rate only with the smallest
fractions. Burning rate should be directly
proportional to the bulk gas concentration.
Swelling characteristics of coals on which
the density of the char depends are
influenced by their heating rate during
devolatilization. The transient
temperature is a function of the physical
properties of the particles and is higher
for chars with low rates of reaction at
low temperatures. It is unsatisfactory
to heat the regime in which the rate
only slowly increases with increasing
temperatures. The temperature of a
particle burning in a diffusion-controlled
regime reaches a steady value given by
a heat balance between heat of reaction
and heat losses. Particle temperature
increases as size decreases. Results
are graphed. Data on various coal
properties are included.
67-0747
New centrifugal dewaters hard-to-settle
solids. Chemical Engineering, 74(6):114,
Mar. 13, 1967.
Included are both a description and
diagram of a new centrifugal separator
which successfully dewaters particles
in the nicron size-range. The unique
concurrent-flow design of this centrifugal
separator enables liquid and solids to
travel in the same direction, permitting
solids to settle undisturbed by incoming
feed. Also, solids travel the entire
length of the machine, giving better
cake conpaction. The skinmter pipe
position, which can be adjusted while the
machine is running, regulates the depth
of the liquid pool. Separation efficiency
depends on rate of feed and concentration
of solids in the feed. The 24-in, unit
(an 18-in, diameter is also offered)
handles up to 150 gpm of slurry. Though
more efficient with low percentages of
solids, the unit can handle feeds with up
to 30 percent solids. Flocculating
chemicals can be added when needed.
67 0748
New packing solves sludge pump problems.
Public Works, 98(9):96-97, Sept. 1967.
The experiences of two sewage treatment
plants that switched from square braided
mechanical packing to 600 W Parachute
Mechanical Packing and Chesterton Style
322 White-Lon Mechanical Packing, are
described. The sewage treatment plant
at Dover, New I-iampshire, experienced
constant difficulty with pump leakage
when square braided graphite packing was
used. This required a daily hosing and
brushing of each pump. Since switchi ig
to the Chesterton’s Style 600 W Parachute
Mechanical Packing in February 1966, no
leakage has occured three months later.
The parachute rings seal individually
by providing two degrees of bevel in
their contacting surfaces, and another
ring can be added if leakage should occur.
With the old material, the annual cost
of labor and materials amounted to
$1,486.81 for maintaining the six pumps.
By using the new material, the cost
amounted only to the cost of material
and labor for one repacking, a total of
$384.04. The sewage treatnent plant in
Hanover, New Hampshire, experienced
the same leakage difficulties with their
two plunger type sludge pumps.
Substitution with the Parachute 600 W
provided a better seal and repacking
was not required for 13 months. Annual
savings amounted to $250.00. The centrifugal
pumps operated with the usual leakage
prior to installation of Chesterton Style
322 White-Lon Mechanical Packing. Since
installation of the Style 322, 840 gpm
pump has required repacking at intervals of
about 5.5 months. The second of the two
pumps required repacking at 11.5-month
intervals.
67-0749
New polymer-carbon system treats organic
waste water. Plant Engineering,
21(3):160, Mar. 1967.
The Calgon Corporation of Pittsburgh has
developed a new waste treatment process
which offers real hope for solving
industrial organic water pollution.
Industry can now discharge a better
quality water to receiving streams
at less total cost than presently accepted
treatments. The process also requires
less equipment and only one-tenth of the land
area needed tor a three-stage ooeration,
besides being better able to meet
203
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Industrial Wastes
emergencies. New, effective polymeric
water treatment chemicals are used with
granular activated carbon filters. The
clarified water then passes over the
filter beds where remaining suspended
solids are removed and the carbon adsorbs
dissolved organic contaminants. After
the secondary stage, water is chemically
treated to remove phosphates, filtered,
and passed through steel tanks containing
granulated carbon. The water is now
clear, odorless, and safe for drinking
following chlorination. Included diagrams
portray the process.
67-0750
New sewage disposal works for Oakengates
UDC. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
(3920):31, 32, July 22, 1967.
Under previous arrangements, sewage from
the outfall sewers was passed through
settlement tanks before being discharged
to the land via distribution channels.
The effluent was collected into underdrains.
Constantly using land in this way resulted
in the deterioration of the quality of
effluent discharged to the stream. A new
works costing 1,357,000 opened. It is
based on a dry weather flow of 800,000
gpd. Sewage is conveyed to the site
gravitationally by two main sewers. After
coarse screening, the sewage is passed
through disintegrators. Heavier material
Is removed by mechanically operated
dredgers. Liquid contents are treated
fully and sludge is pumped to the sludge
treatment units. Material is filtered;
the effluent is passed for secondary
sedimentation to three vertical flow
humus tanks ,ef ore being discharged into the
stream. The sedimentation tanks and
storm water tanks are provided with
electrically operated sludge—scraping and
scum—removal equipment. Sludge from
the humus tanks Is bled off continuously
by hydrostatic valves to a pump for
re- treatment.
67-0751
New sludge pressing plant for Long Eaton
UDC. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
80(3922):24-26, Aug 5, 1967.
The open bed system at the sludge drying
section of the Long Eaton, Notts, UDC’s
Toton Sewage Treatment works was abandoned
when the new sludge pressing plant was
opened in July 1967. The open bed system
which had been seriously overloaded for
five years was too dependent on favorable
weather conditions and was also the cause
of many complaints from the odor. In
the plant, 42,000 gal of sludge are passed
through a rotating cutter to make certain
that large objects which might damage the
pressing plant are cut up or rejected,
and then passed to the holding tanks
where any supernatant liquid is skimmed
off. The sludge is then moved from the
holding tanks to the treating tanks
where lime and ferrous sulfate are added
and finally the treated sludge is filtered
through filter cloths of PVD material
at 100 lb per sq in. The final sludge
cake has a moisture content of 65 percent,
which can be stored in the open without
reverting to a slurry. The design
capacity is for 70,000 population at 0.18
lb of dry solid per person per day, but
plans are being made for expansion although
the present population is only 55,000.
Illustrations show a general view of the
plant, showing the lime silo, the press
house and conveyors, a general view
showing the ferrous sulfate and treating
tanks, the ground floor of the press house
showing the sludge transfer pumps, the first
floor of the press house showing four
filter presses and the control panel,
and the final sludge cake broken down
into cobbles ready for disposal.
67-0752
Odom, 3. 3. Removing LAS and ABS from
sewage. Public Works, 98(1);86-87,
Jan. 1967.
A full-scale trial of 3-2274, a polymer,
to remove ABS and LAS detergents is
descrIbed as carried out in the Tuscaloosa,
Alabama, sewage treatment plant. The
process involved is based on the use of
a water-soluble amine polymer which reacts
with LAS and ABS to form a water-insoluble
colloidal precipitate, removable by
filtration or sedimentation. Assuming
an average content of 7 mg per liter of
ABS in incoming raw sewage, 20 mg per
liter of 3-2274 was added at the weir
entrance and temperature, pH, ASS, SOD,
and total, suspended, volatile, and
settleable solids measured. Treatment
was successful, with no adverse effects on
BOO or solids removal, and resulted in
an effluent containing generally less than
.2 mg per liter of ABS. Cost of the
treatment, which was applied to one-half
of the sewage intake, was about $23.50
per 1,000,000 gal of incoming raw
204
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07 50—0756
sewage. Possible commercial applications
of this polymer are discussed.
67.0753
O’Neal, A. The community gin company’s
trash collection and disposal system.
Control and Disposal of Cotton-Ginning
Wastes; a Symposium, Dallas, May 3-4, 1966.
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-31.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. p.63-65.
A Scottsdale, Arizona gin company estimated
that they collect 75 lb per hr of dust from
their type of ginning system. A water
injection system was decided on for fines
because disposal would be more practical
when the dust was wet than when it was dry.
The only problem with this technique was
odor, which was controlled with moderate
amounts of OK powder. The slurry has been
found to be of definite advantage in
trash compost piles accelerating the
decomposition of the gin trash. Bur and
trash disposal has become an expensive
problem because growers do not spread
gin trash back on the land. The following
equipment has been constructed in series:
a large diameter cyclone with vacuum
dropper box at the trash outlet to
allow operation of the cyclone under
negative pressure, an 8,000 cfm paddle
blade with a 19 in. water pressure drop
across the fan and a 2 in. water pressure
after the fan, a 3/8 in. water pipe
inserted into each of the inlet lines,
and a pair of high-velocity cyclones
for collection of fines.
67-0754
Oxidation at a third the capital cost.
Civic Administration, 19(12):15, Dec. 1967.
Advantages of the oxidation ditch used
in Olds, Alberta, and Montrose, British
Columbia, for sewage treatment are listed.
It is odor-free and inaccessible to
animals. Capital cost is one-third to
one-half that of standard compact
plants. Power costs are lowest of any
aeration system. Only 50 percent of
land required for the compact type is
needed here. The plant can be built
on poor load-bearing soil. The plant has
triple the holding capacity and dilution
ability of eight—hour standards.
Maintenance takes half a day. Treated
sludge may be used as a crop fertilizer.
Mixed liquor solids can be maintained
at a very high ratio. BOD averages 96
percent. Final effluents are nearly
microbe-free.
67-0755
Paganini, 0. Progress report——air pollution
study of cotton gins in Texas. In
Control and Disposal of Cotton-Ginning
Wastes; a Symposium, Dallas, May 3-4, 1966.
Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-31.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. p.51-58.
Machine-harvested cotton contains from
150 to 1,000 lb or more of trash. In a
modern, high speed gin, the processing
of from 12 to 20 bales per hr can
result in from I to 10 tons of waste.
Unless the pneumatic conveying systems
are properly designed, thousands of cubic
feet of air containing large quantities
of entrained dust, lint, trash, and some
pesticide residues can be released to the
atmosphere. Investigation procedures
and findings of a study made by the Texas
Department of Health on cotton-ginning
operations are summarized. Smoke
emitted from incineration of cotton gin
waste was found to contain amounts of
benzene-soluble organic matter and
arsenic, and to reduce visibility to
such an extent at times in some
locations that driving was hazardous
on the highway. Dust and lint
concentrations in the air were found
to be excessively large. Bacteria and
fungi were present in greater amounts
in the air sampled downwind from gins
than in those sampled upwind.
Concentrations of arsenic, pesticides,
and defoliants exceeded the concentrations
found in the natural ambient air.
High-efficiency cyclone collectors
appear to be required to handle more
material than is normally expected of
these units.
67-0756
Parker, R. R. Disposal of tannery wastes.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.3 6 - 4 3.
In considering the treatment of tannery
waste and the selection of an optimum method,
the type of receiving medium, rather
than the effluent, determines the method
of treatment. The nature of tannery
waste and the composition of effluents
205
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Industrial Wastes
are discussed. Screening, followed by
sedimentation, or a combined process,
are essential first steps regardless
of the receiving medium. Sedimentation
alone will remove most of the calcium
hydroxide and carbonate and with this
sludge, hair, and flesh particles.
Where space is available, lagoon settling
is satisfactory. Partial neutralization,
preferably by sulfuric acid, will improve
the quality of the effluent. The
effluent, after screening, sedimentation,
and pH correction, is in general suitable
for discharge to a municipal sewer. The
waste treatment system of a tannery near
Toronto is described in detail. Spray
irrigation of waste vegetable tanning
liquors was established in a wooded
area. Odor problems were solved by
changes in spraying schedules. During
the spring, effluent is sprayed at the
rate of 2 in. per day. Soil deterioration
may occur as a result of the high sodium
content of the effluent. Disregarding
land costs, the installed cost of a spray
irrigation system would be approximately
$20,000 including pumphouse, pump,
electrical connections, and piping.
67-0757
Parsons, W. C. Spray irrigation of
wastes from the manufacture of hardboard.
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.6O2-6O7.
The waste water effluent from the production
of hardboard by the Masonite process
contains only those natural ingredients
which are leached from the wood in the
process. T1e effluent from the mill is
fed into a storage lagoon where it is
diluted to the desired concentration with
fresh water, and its pH adjusted by the
addition of anhydrous ammonia. From the
storage lagoon it is pumped to the
irrigation field area with sufficient
head to utilize a standard type of spray
nozzle. The irrigation field area was
originally planted with a mixture of
grass seed but the Reed canary grass
finally crowded out all other species.
Waste water application began using
very low concentrations of approximately
0.25 percent solids and was gradually
increased to 2 j)ercent solids. The
loading rate was established at 550 lb
per day per acre on a year round basis.
Costs are moderate, averaging approximately
$50.00 per million gallons handled, not
including land purchase and depreciation.
The system operates best in dry climates
and dry weather. Disadvantages of the
system are: large amounts of land are
required, detailed knowledge of subsurface
conditions is required, power costs are
high, and there is a possibility of
contaminating subsurface water.
67-0758
Pendleton, A. M. Current gin trash disposal
practices. In control and Disposal of
Cotton-Ginning Wastes; a Symposium, Dallas,
May 3-4, 1966. Public Health Service
Publication No. 999-AP-31. Cincinnati, U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. p .3 9 - 44 .
Since most of the U.S. cotton crop is now
harvested by the spindle picker or
stripper, the gins must be geared to
handle the volume of trash gathered
by these two methods. In 1964,
machine-picked cotton carried about 89 lb
more trash and moisture than handpicked
cotton did. The trash problem is much
more difficult where machine stripping
is practiced. Three principal pieces
of equipment are used to collect trash:
the cyclone, the lint fly catcher or screen
cage, and the inline filter. A cost
of $29,049.50 was estimated for installation
of a complete cyclone system, an in-line
filter trap system, and a commercial
incinerating system, including power and
auxiliary equipment. The system was
priced with a dust collection house and
one complete spreader truck. This
arrangement is designed for returning the
gin trash to the soil. Approximately 37
percent of the gins in the United States
incinerate the trash, 58 percent return it
to the land, and 5 percent handle it in some
other manner. Conveying cotton trash over
a screen before spreading on land may
eliminate its grass and weed seed content.
In Texas, composted cotton trash has a
fertilizer value of $7.50 per ton.
67-0759
Phosphoric acid process produces purer
gypsum by-product. Chemical Processing,
13(9):30-32, Sept. 1967.
The hemihydrate phosphoric acid developed
by the Nissau Chemical Industries of Tokyo
is described. The process used gives a higher
yield than the conventional processes and
produces a by—product of high—grade gypsum
which eliminates the waste—gypsum disposal
206
-------
075 7—0762
problem of most phosphoric acid plants. A
simplified flow sheet is shown of the
sequence of the operations:
proportioning and mixing of sulphuric
acid and calcium phosphate; digestion
at 90 C to produce calcium sulfate
hemihydrate; solution in the crystallizers
and recrystallization of the calcium
sulfate as the dihydrate at 65.55 C.
The phosphoric acid is separated by
filtration on a Landskrona-type belt
filter at 55 C. Also given is a
photograph of a phosphoric acid plant and
a picture of the gypsum crystals obtained
to emphasize the freedom from occlusions,
the uniformity, and the size of the
crystals. Advantages claimed for the
Nissau process include a lower incrustation
velocity of equipment and piping because
of the lower temperature of filtration.
The piping, equipment, and filters have
longer operating time between cleaning,
and the formation of foam is completely
suppressed. Troublefree operation,
a substantial degree of automation, and a
simple process allow a minimum of
personnel. In this process any occlusions
of phosphate are liberated when the
hemihydrate is recrystallized to the
dihydrate. The gypsum obtained can be
used in the manufacture of plates,
flagstones, and preparation of ammonirna
sulphate.
67-0760
Pipes, W. 0. Bulking of activated sludge.
Applied Microbiology, 9:185-234, 1967.
Separation of the microbial population from
the purified waste in the sedimentation
tank was investigated in a study on the
proper operation of the activated sludge
process. Among the many aspects discussed
are: the types of settling problems
involving floc formation, density, and
compaction; superficial aspects of hulking
such as plant operation, waste composition,
and aeration tank environment; fundamental
aspects of filamentous bulking such as
hypotheses about the mechanisms of filamentous
bulking and filamentous bulking organisms.
One of the reasons that the settling
problem cannot always be solved is that
the different phenomena which cause
problems with settling have never been
clearly defined. There are at least
ten different types of sludge which do
not separate properly in the sedimentation
tank and all ten of these have been called
‘bulking sludge’ at one time or another.
Research on filamentous bulking has been
rather confused due to a failure to
identify the organisms involved.
Seventeen statements are given which
are useful guidelines when attempting to
discover the cause of a particular case
of bulking, but they need to be either
verified or disproved before a useful
theory of filamentous hulking can be
developed.
67-0761
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 2-4, 1967.
Purdue University Engineering Extension
Series No. 129. 1122 p.
Eighty-five papers were presented at the 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference sponsored by
Purdue University in conjunction with the
Indiana State Board of Health. Waste
treatment and pollution control facilities
systems of food processing plants,
tanneries, paper mills, and metal
industries were discussed. The various
systems included spray irrigation, lagoons,
activated sludge processes, and oxidation
ditches. Countries represented are:
Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain,
South Africa, Germany, New Zealand, and
Japan. The text includes many charts,
graphs, and photographs, and many of the
papers have extensive bibliographies.
At the end of the second volume there is
am author and subject index to the last
ten Proceedings that have been published.
67-0762
Pyro—decomposition destroys oil wastes.
Public Works, 98(1):118, 120, Jan. 1967.
The Marathon Oil Co. Research Center in
Littleton, Colorado installed a Prenco
Standard Model SF-i pyro-decomposition
system to dispose of its waste material,
which includes both petroleum light ends
and heavy ends. The system was designed
to use fuel oil as an auxiliary with a
capacity to dispose of fluidized waste
materials at a rate of 3,360 gal per week.
Operation is in the range of 2,000 to
2,700 F. Due to the fine dispersion
of waste combustibles and to the extreme
heat, atomization and ignition are almost
simultaneous and as pyrolite cracking
or dissociation occurs, the molecular
bond of each constituent is broken.
There is no smoke, no odor and no visible
ash; the waste products are completely
consumed.
207
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Industrial Wastes
67-0763
Rao, S. V., and N. L. Lahiry. Fishery
byproducts. Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research, 26(2):87—88. Feb. 1967.
A brief, critical review is given of
‘Fishery Byproducts’, a book by Julius
Brody (AVI Publishing Co. Inc., Westport,
Corn., 1965). The book deals exclusively
with the byproducts of the fish
processing industry and is of particular
significance to developing countries.
The economics of food processing are
intimately connected with the efficient
utilization of byproducts. An extensive
bibliography is available at the end
of each chapter. The reviewers mention
a number of items which they feel would
have made the book more comprehensive
had they been included.
67-0764
Rasch, R. Elimination of industrial
waste. Tonindustrie Zeitung und
Keramisehe Rundscbau, 91(4):136, 1967.
At a meeting of the Association for
Manufacturing Processes and the Dechema
Association (Assoc. for Chemical
Apparatus) in March 1967 in Stuttgart,
the incineration of industrial waste
was discussed. It was stressed that
industrial waste is far more difficult
to incinerate than domestic waste.
Extracted plants, salts, arid tablets
will not burn easily. Paper and domestic
waste must be added for efficient
incineration. The highly viscous and
melting parts in the waste pose great
problems. Experience shows that a rotating
tube furnace is best suited for the
1ncineratio of industrial waste.
(Text-German)
67-0765
Reh, L. Incineration of industrial sludges.
Cheinie-Ingenicur-Technik, 39(4):165-171,
Feb. 1967.
Industrial sludges are incinerated in all
cases in which the components can be
converted into innocuous or usable gases
or into ash which can be safely deposited.
The type of incinerator used depends on the
combustibility, volatility, and toxicity
of the components; the water contents;
the mineral substances; and the corroding
agents contained in the sludges. The
content of combustible substances varies
greatly in industrial sludges so that
incineration needs a high amount of excess
air which has such disadvantages as poor
heat utilization, higher losses in waste
gases, and an increased formation of
S03. Some problems, including clogging of
supply pipes and nozzles, explosions, and
toxic metal compounds in the sludges are
discussed. The rotating atomizer
incinerator is insensitive to fluctuations
in the viscosity of the sludges and to
clogging by solid particles. The
atomizer furnace, operated with compressed
air or steam, avoids clogging problems
and eases the load on the pumps. The
radiation chamber incinerator is especially
suited for wastes which have a high
heating value and a high content of
suspended particles. Sludges which cannot
be sprayed into the combustion chamber
through nozzles and which contain volatile
hydrocarbons can be incinerated in the
fluidized bed furnace. Illustrations and
brief descriptions of the functioning
of all the furnaces mentioned are given.
(Text-German)
67-0766
Reiche, H. The incineration of sulfate
waste liquors. Papier, 21(10, 11):593-597,
834-837, Oct.-Nov. 1967.
After a brief description of the best
known methods (such as the Toralinson,
Combustion, and Gadret methods) for
burning sulfate waste liquors, the
chemical and physical properties of the
liquors important for incineration
are discussed and illustrated in
diagrams. The specific weight increases
with rising temperature arid increasing
water contents. The viscosity increases
progressively with decreasing water
contents and falling temperature. The
chemical compositions, softening points,
heating values and basic analysis of
the waste liquors are tabulated. The
air and flue gas amounts are plotted in
a diagram as functions of the dry
substance content. An investigation of the
condition of flow can occur in pipes with
conventional diameters of up to 120 mm.
Pressure fluctuations occur at the
changeover from turbulent to laminary
flow. To avoid this, the waste liquor
must be thickened and heated up according
to the operational requirements, so that
a laminary flow is achieved and maintained.
A diagram for the graphic determination
of the condition of flow is given. For
the injection, •the cross section of the
pipe, the viscosity of the waste liquor
and the injection pressure are of importance.
208
-------
07 63—076 9
High pressure increases the injection
speed and the atomization. During the
injection of thickened waste liquor,
the boiling point must not be reached
in the Tonlinson incinerators, but it
can be exceeded in Combustion and Gadret
incinerators. Measurements of the
incineration temperature and of the
(Co + 112) contents in the reduction zone
of Tomlinson incinerators show that there
is not always a continuous flow of waste
liquor into the reduction zone. The
occurrence of locally and temporally
limited temperature peaks, and the
vaporization of a corresponding amount
of sodium salt, cannot be entirely
avoided. (Text-German)
67-0767
Removal of refinery wastes; sampling and
analyses of waste water. Wasser Luft
und Betrieb, 11(1O):600-603, 1967.
The American Petroleum Institute developed
methods for the treatment of oil containing
waste waters which are also of interest
for German conditions. In the present
article excerpts are given of U.S. methods
of sampling and analyzing refinery waste
waters. Two samplers are described;
one skimmer with rotating cups and an
electrical sampler containing a pump,
an electrically controlled valve and
a timer. Also, pH meters, electrodes,
and standard solutions for electrometric
titrations are described and methods for
the determination of suspended particles,
hydrogen sulfide and total sulfur are
outlined.
67-0768
Reynolds, T. D. Aerobic digestion of
waste activated sludge. Water and Sewage
Works, 114(2):37-42, Feb. 1967.
Aerobic digestion, treatment of waste
activated sludge, is based on the
principle that biological cells will use
their own cell material and dead cells
present as food if there is no external
source of nutrients. Results from tests
in a biosorption plant in Austin, Texas,
using primarily domestic waste showed
that values for 95 percent stabilization
varied from 3.5 to 5.7 days. The
digested sludge had a dark brown color,
did not have an offensive odor, and
readily gave up its water when poured
on a sand drying bed. For plug flow
conditions which exist in tanks that are
extremely long and narrow, once the
degree of desired stabilization is known,
the detention time and the oxygen uptake
rate may be computed using equations
given in the article. Derivations of
these equations, using calculus, and
graphs, are included. An adjustnent
to the oxygen uptake rates must be made
since actual flow conditions will be plug
flow with dispersion. Data on required
aeration volumes for a 1.0 mgd
biosorption plant are given.
67-0769
Richert, D. A., and J. V. Hunter.
Rapid fractionation and materials balance
of solids fractions in waste water and
waste water effluent. Journal of the
Water Pollution Control Federation.,
39(9):1475-1486, Sept. 1967.
A suitable separation procedure for
solids in waste water could provide
information on sewage and sewage treatment
which might result in improved treatment
methods. In the separation method
developed in this investigation, the
fractionation is accomplished by
settling and continuous-flow centrifugation,
first at 14,000 rpm and then at 50,000
rpm to obtain four fractions: settleable
(greater than 100 micron); supra-colloidal
(100 to 1 micron); colloidal (1 micron to
millimicron); and dissolved (less than
1 millimicron). Electron microgranhs are
shown of the waste water effluent solids
removed and discharged from a centrifuge
operating at 14,000 rpm and at 50,000 rpm.
Tables are given of the solids distribution
of the plant influent and effluent at two
municipal treating plants. Bar charts
are given showing the contribution of
the waste water fraction to the total
solids, the percent of the recovered total
solids in each fraction, the contribution
of the fractions to the volatile solids,
and the contribution of the fractions to
the total solids for the two municipalities
which are nearly identical. A table shows
the solids reduction resulting from activated
sludge treatment. In the influents, the
total solids were 14 percent settleable, 11
percent supra-colloidal, 6 percent colloidal,
and 69 percent soluble, while in the
effluents 98 percent of the total solids
were in the supra-colloidal fraction.
The solids reduction in the activated
sludge treatment was: 42 percent of the
total solids; 66 percent of the volatile
solids; 86 percent of the particulate
total solids; and 20 percent of the
209
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Industrial Wastes
soluble total solids. The activated
sludge treatment was efficient in reducing
particulate organic matter, but inefficient
in reducing soluble organic matter.
67-0770
Roediger, H. Sludge disposal with or
without activation? Wasser und Abwasser,
108(18):492-494, May 5, 1967.
Wet sludge disposal is by far the most
economical method amounting to only 6
DM per cu in of dry sludge. The activated
sludge from the last rotting stage or from
the after-thickener can be immediately
used as a fertilizer. Pasteurization of
the activated sludge at 70 C makes it a
useful fertilizer all year round. Next
to the wet sludge disposal comes the
dehydrating and drying of the activated
sludge at about 10 DM per cu m of dry
sludge. Contrary to the wet sludge
disposal this method requires a large
drying area. The activated sludge dried
naturally or artificially can be composted
together with household trash or organic
wastes. They make an ideal compost.
Sludge which is not suited for natural
drying must be mechanically dehydrated,
dried, and burned. For the dehydration
either vacuum filters, pressure filters
and filter presses, or vibrating sifts, or
separators can be used. For incineration
the mechanically dried sludge is often
mixed with waste. But this method of
sludge disposal is expensive since high
investment and operating costs are
involved (the operating costs for vacuum
filters alone are 18 DM per cu m dry
sludge). Thus expenses increase when
non-activat d sludge must be treated.
Activating the sludge prior to disposal
has many advantages over not activating.
Eighteen of them are mentioned of which
the most prominent are: the volume of the
sludge can be reduced to one-third of the
non-activated sludge; dehydration is simpler
valuable sever gas is obtained; disposal of
wet sludge is possible; and it is more
economical and hygienic. Furthermore the
sewer gas can be used to dry and pasteurize
the activated sludge. (Text-German)
67-0711
Rub, F. Equipment for the mechanical
introduction of air in biological waste
water treatment. Wasser Luft und Betrieb,
11(10):604-606, 1967.
Biological waste water treatment became
important for treating domestic or
industrial waste waters containing
predominantly organic pollutants. An
essential part in the biological
treatment is stirring and the introduction
of air or oxygen. Equipment for the
mechanical introducfion of air can be
divided into two categories, i.e. cage,
brush, or disk type stirrers with
horizontal axles; or urixers with vertically
arranged rotors. Cylindrical cage type
stirrers driven by a 5 kw motor can be
used in oxidation ditches. Disk stirrers
built by TNO-Passavant have been successfully
used for refinery waters. The
mammothrotor stirrer, shown in the
illustration, is 7.5 m long and 1 m in
diameter, driven by a 55 kw motor at 65
rpm and has an efficiency of 91 percent.
Rotor type stirrers with vertical axles,
e.g. the British Simplex rotor, became
increasingly popular in Germany. These
stirrers with series or individual drives
are automatically controlled in response
to the oxygen concentration. The Vortair
aerator with 0.5 to 75 kw drives has been
developed in the U.S. for domestic or
industrial wastes. Air is introduced in
two ways: by spraying water above the
water level and injecting air into the
water. The Simcar aerator consisting of
a flat cone with vanes simultaneously
mixes the waste and introduces air.
(Text-German)
67-0772
Samuels, L. 3. A new look at sludge
disposal. Public Works, 98(10):176,
Oct. 1967.
The Holo-Flite screw conveying dryer was
developed to facilitate sludge disposal.
It uses self-cleaning intertneshed screws
through which a heating fluid is pumped.
The processed sludge is introduced at the
inlet and is moved by the rotating screws to
the outlet. Hot oil flows continuously
through the hollow screws and through walls.
The resulting material is dry enough to
burn in present incinerators and two
performance tests under actual working
conditions are described. Moisture was
reduced to approximately 50 percent and, at
one plant, the incoming sludge flow rate
was reduced from 4,000 lb per hr with 75
percent moisture to 1,500 lb per hr of an
easily disposable product. En a proposed
design of a 5-step Holo-Flite dryer, with
an input of 25,000 lb per hr of sludge at
210
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077 0—0 7 7 5
77 percent moisture, moisture is expected
to be reduced to 25 percent. The 5-pass
unit, which is illustrated in a flow
sheet, would be 26 by 7 by 15 ft. The
drying phase of a typical installation
would, on a 25,000 lb per hr disposal
plant, consist of 5Q2420-6 Holo-Flite
processors for drying, and a 23-million
Btu per hr gas-fired heating system to heat
the transfer fluid. Total cost of such
a system, using stainless steel, including
all auxiliaries, and completely automated,
would be about $400,000.
67-0773
Sankey, K. A. The problem of sludge
disposal at the Arefield treatment plant.
Journal of the Institution of Water
Engineering, 21(4):367-384, June 1967.
A study made of the problem of dewatering
and drying large quantities of sludge is
reviewed. Main experimental work was
confined to these methods: wedge-wire
filtration, rotary-vacuum filtration
filter pressing, slow-stirring, chemical
conditioning, and ref locculation. The
first three processes were most successful
in producing a partially dried sludge
suitable for final land disposal.
Rotary—vacuum filtration was decided to
be impractical because of high running
costs. Wedge-wire filtration required
high initial outlay, but maintenance is
not costly. A large area is required to
allow full drying of the sludge on
incorporated slow-stirring tanks followed
by filter pressing. A schematic design
of the final plant is given.
67-0774
Schroeder, H. D. Recent advances in
design and operation of activated sludge
processes. Water and Sewage Works,
114(8):307-312, Aug. 1967.
Although good design should be based
upon the operating characteristics of the
process, with the design and process closely
related, this is not the case in the
traditional design of activated sludge
processes where the design gives no
information on the process. However,
based on the information now available
on the rate of bio-oxidation and the rate
of microbial growth, operation and
design can be related and this paper
describes the development and application
of these concepts. The design of activated
sludge treatment processes has traditionally
relied upon formulas and procedures derived
from experience. The differences between
the ‘types’ of activated sludge processes
are minor compared to their similarities
since they all make use of a fluidized
flocculant culture of microorganisms.
The modifications in the processes differ
in the flow of micro-organisms. The
modifications in the processes differ in
flow sheet and loading, but not in the
principle of operation. Flow sheets are
given of the activated sludge process, an
aeration tank, and a tubular reactor. In
the design and operation of activated
sludge processes the rate of oxidation is
the fundamental parameter. The rate
relationships given in the literature are
empirical and in each waste treatment
process studied, the rate relationships
should be supported by experimental data.
The data needed for the design and
operation of activated sludge processes
using the unit oxidation rate can be
obtained easily. The application of
currently available information, although
incomplete, would benefit both
designers and operators.
67 .0775
Schuster, H. Technical processes for the
treatment of waste waters in the fuel
industry. Wasserwirtschaft-Wassertechmik,
17(6):202-205, June 1967.
A survey of the present state of technology
of waste water treatment is given. While
chemical processes are mentioned, the
larger part of the paper is devoted to
biological processes. Various methods
of aeration of tanks are described. New
strains of bacteria are being bred
which are able to endure higher
temperatures and are capable of attacking
specific chemical substances. Sludges
deriving from biological processes are
potentially rich in vitamins of the
B-group. Their extractiom, however, is
not yet satisfactory. In order to
incinerate sludges, they first have to
be dried. This is done by heating in
vacuum or by filter presses. Furnaces
are usually of the revolving disc type.
The ashes may be dumped at selected sites,
or, if the metal content is high, further
processed. A test for the quality of the
waste water treatment is the reusability
of the cleaned water. (Text-German)
211
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industrial Wastes
67-0176
Septic tank practices. Public Works,
98(1):118, Jan. 1967.
A questionnaire addressed to installers of
septic tanks in Connecticut revealed
design and construction practices and
problems. From the 195 questionnaires
mailed, replies were received from 41,
which represented a 21 percent response.
The experience of the respondents
ranged from a low of 2 years to a high
of more than 50 years, with the average
years of experience being 15.7.
67-0777
Sewage treatment i i San Francisco.
Works, 98(1O):174, Oct. 1967.
Public
The methods of operation of three sewage
treatment plants—the North Point, the
Richmond-Sunset, and the Southeast—in
San Francisco, are described. At each
plant, sewage is treated to remove oil,
grease, floating material, grit, and
settleable solids. Grit from all plants,
and screenings from the North Point and
Southeast plants, are hauled by truck to
the garbage fill south of the county line.
Screenings at the Richmond-Sunset plant
are incinerated and sludge at this plant
is digested in two-stage digesters,
elutriated by vacuum filtration. Raw
sludge from the North Point plant is
pumped to the Southeast plant where it
Is combined with the raw sludge from
this plant for treatment by thickening,
two-stage digestion, elutriation, and
vacuum filtration. The filter cake,
except for a small portion used in City
parks as a soil conditioner, is hauled
under conti ct to the fill for burial.
67.0778
Slashing sludge costs. Chemical Week,
1O1(23):67-68, Dec. 2, 1967.
A new device called Clear-Pak, developed
by American Machine and Foundry’s York
Division to remove sludge from phosphatizing
solutions, is described. Clear-Pak was
adapted from a device (Solid-Pak) that the
company patented several years ago for
removing sludge from radioactive waste
streams; and steps are now being taken
to adapt Clear-Pak for use with any
chemical processing operation where sludge
must be removed from a liquid. The
operation of ClearPak is not only simple,
foolproof, and maintenance-free, but
is one-quarter the cost of methods now in
use. Thick sludge from the phosphatizing
tank is pumped into the distribution
header, a small open tank with four holes
in the bottom. The solution flows
through these holes into four cylinders
made of a specially woven polyester filter
cloth, hung from the bottom of the
distribution header. The bottoms of
these filter ‘socks’ are blocked off,
and the solids trapped inside. The
liquid flows through and down the
outside of the cylinders into an open
reservoir, then returns by gravity to
the phosphatizing tank. An overflow line,
sized to take the full flow of the pump,
returns backup fluid from the cylinders
to the phosphatizing tank. When the
cylinders fill with solids, a handle
bar is operated manually to open the
closures at the bottom and to drop the
solids into a drum. In this way, large
quantities of solids are disposed of
with a relatively small system, usually
dropping 200 to 300 lb of sludge (on a
dry basis) with each dumping.
67-0779
Sludge disposal by dewatering and
combustion. Water and Wastes Engineering,
4(1O):64-67, Oct. 1967.
In the field of sewage sludge disposal,
techniques such as lagoons, drying beds,
and landfills are in increasing disfavor,
because of area factors, handling
procedures, health aspects, and public
opinion. Combustion of waste sludge
solids, on the contrary, offers the
maximum in volume reduction to yield a
sterile ash and is becoming more common.
A description of the combustion of
fluidized sludge by the operation of
the Dorr-Oliver’s FS disposal system Is
given as a method of sludge disposal.
A cutaway view of the FluoSolids reactor
shows the bed of hot fluidized sand into
which the dewatered sludge is fed. Air
is fed into the bottom of the reactor
to fluidize the combustion bed. A
schematic diagram is shown of the FS
disposal system including the sludge
preparation for the reactor. A photograph
is shown of a 9-ft ID PS reactor with a
capacity of 840 lb per hr of dry sludge
which had been dewatered in a vacuum
filter. A picture is shown of concentration
of ash and its discharge from a rake
classifier. A table shows a typical
stack gas analysis with a dust loading
212
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077 6—0782
of 0.05 grains per scf, a carbon dioxide
of 15.5 percent, an oxygen of 4.0 percent,
and nitrogen of 80.5 percent. There is no
odor since the system operates at a
minimum of 1,400 F exit tenperature.
Preheating of the incoming air used
for fluidization and combustion to
1,000 F using the hot gases from the
reactor decreases the auxiliary fuel
required and increases the solid capacity
by 25 percent.
67-0780
The sludge disposal problem. Water and
Waste Treatment Journal, 11(5):218-219,
Jan.-Feb. 1967.
The sludge disposal and trade effluent
problems which are responsible for most of
the operational difficulties in water
pollution control plants are reviewed. The
best method of making sewage and organic
wastes innocuous is incineration. The
Carbofloc process, which is based on
agitation with carbon dioxide of sludge from
a thickener to dewater the sludge which
is centrifuged after passing through
another thickener, is designed to produce
a centrifuge cake of optimum characteristics
for multiple hearth incineration. Mention
is made of the use of prefabricated
filter media for the treatment of sludge
liquors. More sophisticated methods of
sludge dewatering are giving liquors
that are stronger than many trade wastes.
This will be the starting point of
further research whereby strong organic
liquids from sludge dewatering can be
pretreated in a manner similar to that
used for trade wastes.
67-0781
Sludge disposal to land. Water and
Waste Treatment, 11(9):407-408,
Sept.-Oct. 1967.
In view of the increasing interest in
the application of sludge disposal to
agricultural land, and especially in the
liquid form from tankers, questions have
been raised as to the disposal at
unfavorable periods of the year and
possible adverse effects of the sludge on
the land or on the crop. Two summaries of
opinions on the harmful effects are given.
Mr. J. W. Blood feels that an important
source of soil contamination is sewage
sludge from urban areas which accept
industrial effluents into their sewage
purification plant. It was felt that
sewage sludge from most rural sources and
from some urban districts could be used
without question. To be as effective as
a bulky organic manure, sewage sludge must
be applied at heavy rates. After plowing,
the sludge remains in a compact layer with
little miximg with the soil and thus any
concentration of metals may affect plant
growth especially in the first year. After
the first year, the more intimate mixing
of the soil and sludge during cultivation
dilutes the concentration of metals, It
was also indicated by Mr. S. C. Coker
that impurities in common fertilizers
such as superphosphate cause mo apparent
ill effects because of their infrequent
use in moderate amounts. Thus, amy
possible ill effects from the application
of sludge to the land could be minimized
by spreading the sludge thinly over a
large area of farmland at infrequent
intervals. The use of liquid digested
sludge directly on grassland is preferable
to the application of crushed dried
sludge.
67-0782
Smith, I -I , S. Homogeneous activated
sludge. I. Principles and features of
the activated sludge process. Water
and Wastes Engineering, 4(7):46-50,
July 1967.
In this three part article, the principles
of biological oxidation upon which the
activated sludge process is based are
reviewed and the environmental features
of common activated sludge variations
are examined. A sketch of the aerobic
oxidation cycle shows how the biodegradable
organtc material in a waste water organism
system containing free dissolved oxygen
is biologically oxidized to produce energy
and to synthesize new cellular substance,
carbon dioxide, and water. Activated
sludge is the gross mass of viable cells
and their associated solid products.
When a batch of waste is seeded as in am
activated sludge system, a sketch shows
the phases, which include the lag phase
during which the BOD removal is small,
and the log growth phase during which
growth and BUD removal are proportional
to the number of organisms present. Growth
is limited during the declining growth
phase and all removable BOD disappears
at the end of this phase which precedes
the auto-oxidation phase. In a consideration
of the variations of the process, a sketch
shows the smaller food-to-organism ratio with
213
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Industrial Wastes
step aeration, compared to the traditional
system. In contact stabilization, mixed
liquor undergoes a short period of contact
aeration and the return sludge undergoes
a longer period of aeration or stabilization.
This system makes available a store of
sludge mass which can be used to reduce the
food-to-organism ratio or to increase the
absorption ratio in the aeration tank to
handle higher loads.
67-0783
Smoke and litter problems. Lancashire
firm takes remedial action. Waste Trade
World, 11O(2):3, Jan. 14, 1967.
Problems arising from black smoke pouring
from the chimney of a waste paper mill
iu a residential area are described.
Residents petitioned the local public
health committee for remedial action,
claiming constant black smoke and
vermin as complaints. The petitioners were
informed that the firm was taking active
steps to remedy the situation. The firm
contacted the National Coal Board, who are
sending an expert to give advice about
the chimney smoke, which is caused by
insufficient supplies of air which
prevent complete combustion. Rowever,
with a material as volatile as paper,
it is impossible for combustion to be
sufficient without artificial aids. Oil
or gas is generally introduced which
provides the additional heat necessary
to complete combustion, and this is used
in conjunction with mechanical smoke
abatement equipment involving filters
and collectors. The Ringelmann Chart is
a guide as to whether or not industrial
smoke is d rk enough to contravene the
Clean Air Act.
67-0784
Spicher, R. C., F. J. Agardy, and C. T.
Orlob. Cannery waste treatment. 1.
In-plant characterization. Proceedings;
22nd Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
md., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p. 44-66 -
The first phase of the research program
planned by the Cannery Research Advisory
Committee of the California State Water
Quality Control Board consists of physical,
chemical, and biochemical characterization
of inpiant waste streams and composite
flows resulting from processing of peaches
and tomatoes. The cannery operation is
described and illustrated in schematic
diagrams. Methods of selecting sampling
locations, collecting samples, and
analyzing samples are given. Only some
of the data collected during the 1964 and
1965 campaigns are included. Isolation
of lye peeling rinses from tomato processing
tended to concentrate ROD and SS near the
head of the operation. Machine-picked
tomatoes appeared to contribute as much and
probably more solids and BOO to the waste
water than did the hand-picked tomatoes.
The total effluent load was found to be
sensitive to in-plant water re-use practices.
Peach processing produced about twice as
much BOO in the plant effluent as did
tomato processing. Results of analyses
made of screened wastes from revolving
and vibrating screens used by the cannery
did not indicate any significant difference
in the quality of the screened effluents.
67-0785
Spitzer, E. F.
eutrophication.
128, Aug. 1967.
The present world knowledge of the problem
of eutrophication, and what can be done
to reverse or slow the process, was
discussed at the first International
Symposium on Eutrophication held at the
University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin on June 11-16, 1967. It was
pointed out that the cities contribute
significantly to the eutrophication of
our lakes and streams. Industrial and
domestic sewage, even after treatment
in sewage treatment plants still contains
considerable amounts of phosphate and
nitrates. Tabulated data show the
consistuents of urban drainage which
contribute to eutrophication of our
waterways. An example is Lake Erie,
where since 1930 ammonia nitrogen increased
fivefold, total nitrogen threefold, and
phosphate concentration has doubled.
The following suggestions made to keep
nutrients out of lakes and streams or
reduce their concentration were discussed:
diversion of the sewage, irrigation using
the sewage, stabilization ponds, dredging
the bottom mud, harvesting the plant
growth, and sewage treatment. Lake
Washington was cited as an example
that the eutrophication process can be
slowed and reversed. The Metropolitan
Seattle communities have spent more than
$120 million on sewage collection and
treatment in the past few years, and most
Cities play major role in
American City, 82(8):99,
214
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07 8 3—07 88
of the system was designed to clean up
Lake Washington. The results have been
definite signs of regression in
eutrophication.
67-0786
Stalmann, V. The concentration of waste
water sludge. Wasser und Abwasser,
108(18):485-487, May 5, 1967.
The high cost of waste water treatment
can be lowered by concentrating the
sludge to a consistency where it is still
pumpable. This is particularly true for
activated sludge. The continuous
sedimentation process is advantageous for
large daily amounts of sludge where fresh
sludge is continuously pumped into the
sedinentation tank while the concentrated
sludge is sucked away fron the botton of
the tank. Data from the available
literature, results of laboratory
experiments, and operating data from a
pilot plant are summarized in nine graphs,
showing: volume and concentration of
sludge vs. time with initial concentration
as a variable; achievable concentration
vs. content of organic substances;
concentration of solids in the clear water
vs. depth of the tank; achievable
concentration vs. solids per cu m and
vs. solids per sq m of surface; viscosity
vs. concentration; organic substances
per cu m activation tank (in kg), and
activation time; and annual costs vs.
population with sludge concentration as
variable. A decisive factor is the
maximum ratio of solids (kg) to tank
surface (sq m) per day. Normally this
value is taken to be 50 kg per sq m per
day. A city of 40,000 produces 1,000
kg solid sludge per day and would thus
need a tank of 20 sq m. Concentration of
sludge is economically advantageous
since a smaller activation tank is
needed and a higher yield of gas is
obtained. (Text-German)
67-0787
Standard Methods Committee- - Subcommittee
on Biodegradability. Required
characteristics and measurement of
biodegradability. Journal of the Water
Pollution Control Federatiom, 39(7):1232-
1235, 1967.
Biodegradation is the conversiom of
chemical compounds, potential pollutants,
to innocuous substances through the action
of living organisms. The biodegradability
of wastes is am important factor in the
economics of process and site selection for
disposal. Measurements need to be simple
and inexpensive. Analyses for
biodegradability must be supported by
correlation of the test results with
the true biodegradability of the material
in the environment or treatment system
of interest. Important variables include:
chemical structure of the test material;
nature of the biological system; substrate,
nutrient, and microorganism concentrations
and ratios; temperature and oxygen supply:
agitation; ph; etc. Procedures for
estimating persistance of unacceptable
materials should cover biological waste
treatment facilities such as activated
sludge or trickling filters arid anaerobic
systems such as cesspool, septic tank,
and digestor.
67-0788
Stander, G. J. Treatment of wine
distillery wastes by anaerobic digestion.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p. 892 - 907 .
A full scale plant was constructed by the
National Institute for Water Research of
Pretoria, South Africa, to investigate the
treatment of wine distillery wastes.
The plant used was a modified ‘Dorr-Oliver
Clarigester’ of 40-ft diameter, with a
digester compartment of 23,000 cu ft. A
diagram of the full-scale plant is
presented. Digester performance, load
rates, temperature, sludge metabolism,
digester solids concentration, sludge
stabilization, volatile fatty acids,
and nitrogen content of digester sludge
are discussed and data are tabulated.
Process control evaluations included:
effect of temperature, sludge density,
availability of nutrients, and continuous
digestion and sludge stability. It was
estimated that anaerobic treatmemt of
spent wine would amount to 56 cents
(1 South African cent 1.4 U.S.A. cents)
per 1,000 gal. The modified clarigester
unit is easily controlled and operated
by normal sewage works personnel. Proper
acclimatization of sludge eliminated the
need for re-inoculation practice and
rendered the sludge resistant to shock
loads and sudden adverse temperature changes.
The purification afforded was consistently
above 96 percent. The gas liberated from
the digestion process amounted to 14
215
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lndugtnai Wastes
volumes per volume of spent wine and
constitutes a potential heat source.
67-0789
Stauffer, F. H. New ways for processing
sewage sludge. Staedtehygiene, 18(3):63-65,
Mar. 1967.
The principle of operation of the
ZIMPRO-System for the wet oxidation of
sewage sludge is described. Invented
more than 20 years ago in the United
States, it is an efficient and economic
method for reducing the content of
organic substances of sludge and rendering
it sterile. According to a recent cost
analysis, it costs about 2.75 to 5.30
Swiss francs to process 1 cu m of sludge
(low degree of oxidation), and 5.80 to
16 Swiss francs for a high degree of
oxidation (ash). Thermal drying and
incinerating is 50 percent more expensive;
aerobic decomposition is 40 percent more
exnensive. In the ZIMPRO-System, sludge
with a content of 4 to 7 percent of dry
substances is mixed with compressed air
and heated to about 150 to 200 C. In a
reaction chamber, whose pressure can be
varied between S and 200 atm, oxidation
takes place. The heat generated can be
utilized in a heat exchanger. The gases
collected in a separator are scrubbed
and, if necessary, passed through a
catalytic afterburner. The sludge is
filtered and the clear, sterile filtrate
is returned to the sewage pool, while the
filter cake may be dumped in landfills.
(Text-German)
67-0790
Steam cleaning system aids maintenance.
Public Work , 98(8):154, Aug. 1967.
The steam cleaning systen consisting of
one portable unit and one stationary unit
at the Metro Renton Sewage Treatment
plant in Seattle is described. The major
use for the stationary unit has been in
removing the grease and grime from pumps
and equipment; the safety hazard
involved in handling slippery machinery
is thereby eliminated; fewer man-hours are
required for repair jobs, and less clean-up
is necessary after a repair is completed.
Steam cleaning is also used in the
preparation of metal surfaces for painting
and the cleaning of metal surfaces for
gemeral housekeeping. It is also used
in the preparation of concrete floors
and other concrete surfaces for painting
or sealing. The steam cleaning of scum
hoppers and various other flumes and
waste receptacles throughout the plant
is done on a regularly scheduled basis.
The initial cost of the trailer mounted
unit was $11,000 and of the stationary
unit, $5,000.
67-0791
Stedronsky, V. L. Methods of collecting
lint cotton trash. In Control and
Disposal of Cotton-Ginning Wastes; a
SymDosium, Dallas, May 3-4, 1966. Public
Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-31.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare. p.45-SO.
The problem of collecting and disposing
of gin trash falls into two main areas:
dealing with the coarse, heavier trash
such as burs, sticks, stems, leaves,
sand, and dirt; and collecting the finer
dust, small leaf particles, and fly lint
that are discharged from the lint after
the fibers are removed from the seed.
Attempts at collecting gin waste by use
of settling chambers, screen wire lint
cages, and in-line filters are described.
Tests have shown that an in-line filter
system with 105-mesh screen collected
over 99 percent of all fly lint and all
foreign matter particles larger than
165 microns, and 70 percent of all particles
smaller than 165 microns, resulting in
an overall efficiency of 87 percent for the
unit. Materials-handling research for
conveying seed cotton, cottonseed, and
trash is underway. An experimental
ginning system, which has only one fan
exhausting into the atmosphere, is
showing promise.
67.0792
Steytler, R. Savings in activated-sludge
systems. American City, 82(5):113-115,
148, May 1967.
Tests on two sewage plants in Gainesville,
Florida, showed savings of $1,400,000 by
designing the aerators strictly on the
basis of lb of BOD to be treated, rather than
on a time basis. Both plants treat a
weak sewage with BOD and suspended solids
about half normal strength. The aeration
tanks were sized to contain enough solids
by weight at a concentration of 1,500 mg
per liter to produce a 1:1 ratio with the
pounds of BOb to be treated daily. Aeration
time was 1 hour, 24 minutes; and $500,000
were saved by eliminating primary clarifiers
and increasing size of aerators. Tests were
made to determine the best solids loading
216
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0789—0795
and sludge return rates and what portions of
the plant should be watched for overloading.
The criterion used in defining activated
sludge systems is the F:M ratio (food to
microorganism). The P:M ratio varied f ron
0.3 to 1.5 with no appreciable difference
in the plant effluent. Difficulty in
controlling quantity and quality of the
waste and return sludge was noted. The
vacuun cleaner tape clarifier used on
secondary tanks must be modified if primary
tanks are not used. Percentage volatile
solids in sludge varied considerably.
Activated sludge would bulk in aerators
as the mixed liquor ratio approached 300 mg
per liter in the aerator. None of the
plants have sludge thickening devices. They
hope to oxidize odors in the plant influent
line. A sudden change in loading rates
produces a temporary but substantial effect
on the system efficiency.
67-0793
Stoecker, 0. L. Furfural waste treatment.
Water and Wastes Engineering, 4(6):56-59,
June 1967.
Furfuraldehyde, a by-product of the cereal
industry, and the wastes resulting from
the manufacture of other by-products are
the basis of this study. The manufacture
of furfural results in a high temperature
waste with a very low pH and high BOO.
Tests showed that the best means of
neutralization was by titration with a
calcium carbonate slurry. The slurry
was obtained from the water softening
process at the municipal water treatment
plant. The neutralized waste was combined
with the water pollution control
plant influent in the ratio 1:90. The
heat loss occurred in the walls of the
line transferring the waste to the water
treatnent plant and was considered a
benefit. Raw furfural wastes are pumped
into a mixing tank. The lime slurry
is pumped from the botton of the water
softening basins to two slurry receiving
tanks. Gravity flow of the slurry from
these tanks to the mixing basins is
controlled by an automatic valve, which
receives a signal from the pH monitor.
The slurry and waste are combined and mixed
in a stainless steel mixer. From the mixer,
the neutralized waste overflows into the
sewer, and the carbon dioxide is vented
to the outside atmosphere. A spray system
controls the foam buildup. This system has
received several pollution control awards.
Additional data about this system are
contained within the report.
6 7-0794
Stone, H. H, F. Treatment of mon-ferrous
metal process waste at Kynoch Works,
Birmingham, England. In Proceedings;
22nd Industrial Waste Conference,
Lafayette, md ., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue
University Engineering Extension Series
No. 129. p.848-865.
A redrainage and effluent treatment system
costing approximately one-third of a million
pounds was installed at Kymoch Works to comply
with the stringent regulations of the Rivers
(Prevention of Pollution) Act, 1951.
Chemical problems affecting the plant
design included: neutralization and
pH control, reduction of chromate, oil
removal, sedimentaion, and sludge disposal.
Vacuum filtration was used for the
disposal of sludge from the clariflocculator.
A handleable filter cake containing 70
percent moisture content is obtained.
Materials of construction, civil
engineering work, and instrumentation
systems are described and illustrated.
Typical analyses of treated effluent are
given. It was established that, if a
wider final ph range of the order of 9.1
to 10 could be tolerated, and variations in
acidity and volume of influent could be
smoothed out, then two control stages
should be adequate. It was possible to
run the plant with a throughput of 1.5
MCD using only one clariflocculatnr. During
normal operation using both clariflocculators,
daily de-sludging for a period of 4 to 8 hr
was adequate to maintain efficient performance
and at the same time to provide sludge for the
correct consistency for vacuum filtration. A
sand filtration plant was installed to meet
River Authority conditions.
67-0795
Talty, J. T. Industrial solid waste
management. Presented at Rocky Mountain
Conference on Air Pollution, Laramie,
Wyoming, Nov. 16-17, 1967. 10 p.
Waste materials generated by industries
are highly dependent upon the industry
group involved. The manufacturing and
mining groups are the most significant in
terms of solid waste generation. Significant
amounts of waste are salvaged and recycled
by various industries. The total
secondary materials industry is estimated
to be a $5 to $7 billion a year operation.
The paper industry generates 25 to 30
million tons of waste from paper and
paper products On an annual basis. In
1964, some 9 to 10 milliom tons were
salvaged and recycled to the industry.
Large quantities of waste material result
217
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Industrial Wastes
from the mining of solid fuels, metals,
and nonmetallic minerals. All procedures
for managing solid waste problems involve
the use of one or more of three basic
management methods: reduction of waste
production; reclamation, utilization,
and recycling of waste products; and
returning wastes to the environment via
land, air, or water. The most challenging
and promising field for industrial research
and development lies in the area of waste
recycling and reuse. Current products
of interest to the overall problems of
industrial waste management are described.
Studies relating to solid wastes generated
by the tobacco, demolition, and
automotive industries will be performed
during the current fiscal year by the
Solid Wastes Program. The U.S. Bureau
of Nines has a number of active research
projects on solid waste problems relating
to minerals or fossil fuels.
67.0796
Tesarik, I. Flow in sludge-blanket
clarifiers. Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division, Proceedings, American
Society of Civil Engineers, 93(SA6):l05 —l20 ,
Dec. 1967.
A sludge blanket is a fluidized floc bed
and behaves in accordance with the general
equation of fluidization. The capacity
of a clarifier in winter is lower because
of the increase in viscosity. Clarifiers
can be classified as: mechanically
agitated, hydraulically fluidized, sludge
circulation, and unsteady discharge. In
clarifiers with mechanical agitation, the
bed is fluldized by the vortex created
behind the sludge-remover rake. This eddy
does not separate from the rake because
of its low velocity. Flow in a funnel-shaped
sludge-branket chamber is unsteady. In
the funnel entry, separate vortices are
formed and propagate to the sludge blanket
level. However, their influence generally
does not reach into the zone of clarified
water. The height of clarified water above
the sludge-blanket level should not be
less than one-half of the horizontal
distance between two collecting troughs.
The discharge of suspension overflowing
into the sludge thickener depends on
volume concentration, floc density, and
height of the sludge above the weir crest.
Relationships are graphed.
67-0797
Treatment and removal of refinery wastes.
Wasser und Abwasser, 108(14):380-382,
Apr. 1967.
The Manual on Disposal of Refinery
Wastes, by the American Petroleum
Institute, covers: oil-containing waste
waters (volume t), waste gases and fly
ash (volume II), chemical waste waters
and waste materials (volume III), methods
for sampling and analysis of waste waters
(volume Iv), methods for sampling and
analysis of waste gases and fly ash
(volume V), and solid waste materials
(volume vi). Volume I deals with: the
effect of oil on fisheries and recreation,
the behavior of oil films, the origin of
oil in waste waters, methods for treatment
of waste waters, oil water separators,
design of oil separators, oil water
emulsions and their properties, stabilizers
and emulgators, cleaning of tankers, and
flow measurements. Volume III deals with:
the chemical and physical properties of
the chemical waste materials, their
origin and toxicity, the effect of
chemical waste waters on natural waters,
treatment of phenolic waste waters, and
chemical and biological treatment of waste
waters. (Text-German)
67-0798
Treatment of tomato-processing waste.
Water and Waste Treatment, 11(10):453-454,
Nov. -Dec. 1967.
In order to improve their waste treatment
facilities, Hunt Wesson Foods Canada Ltd.,
a tomato-processing plant, installed an
oxidation ditch incorporating specific
equipment. Their season of operation is
about 60 days per year, during which time
they process a full year’s crop of tomatoes
and produce about 300,000 U.S. gpd of
medium strength industrial waste with a
BOD load of about 800 ppm, suspended
solids of 300 to 400 ppm, and a pH
average of 6.5. Now engaged on
processing its first year’s waste
load, the ditch has a treatment capacity
of 425,000 U.S. gpd and provision for
an average detention time for the whole
waste flow of 1.99 days. Spaced around
the ditch are three multi-tooth aerating/
propelling rotors which dip into the
surface of the wastes and propel them in
the direction of flow at a regular speed,
introducing oxygen into the liquid and
mixing the ditch contents. From the
ditch the partially treated effluent flows
to a clarifier where the liquid is passed
through a peripheral duct formed by a
suspended skirt set off-center within the
circular tank. The liquid remaining in
the duct increases in velocity as it
218
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0796—0802
flows around and is then forced down and
under the skirt. After a detention period
of 3 hr, the clarified liquid from
the settling zone is collected and passed
over effluent weirs to the drainage
ditch. Settled solids are concentrated
in a central sump by mechanically driven
scrapers before being returned to the
oxidation ditch. Analysis of the final
effluent has shown a reduction to 38
ppm of suspended solids and an efficiency
of 89 percent in BOD reduction; pH of the
effluent was neutral. A successful
solution to the waste treatnent problem
was achieved at a total cost of 1,75,000.
67-0799
Triebel, W., and C. Peil. The processing
of sludge at the purification plant of
the Niersverband, Germany. Wasser und
Abwasser, l08(18):495—506, May 1967.
At the purification plant of the
Niersverband, fresh sludge is mixed with
activated sludge and the water content
is reduced to 92.6 percent. A similar
value can be achieved with sludge
composed mainly of iron dust when it is
passed through seven separators. In two
rotting towers the sludge is then
subjected to organic decomposition. In
subsequent separators about 44 percent of
the water is extracted in a process which
lasts 2 to 3 days (and costs 0.45 DM per
cu m). The sludge from the separators is
either transported away (cost: 2.10
014 per cu m) and applied in the wet state
as fertilizer, or it is dehydrated in
vacuum filters, dried and then sold
as fertilizer (cost, after subtracting the
proceeds from the sale as fertilizer:
5.86 014 per cu m of liquid sludge).
During the vegetation period of the year
the wet sludge must be pasteurized
(cost: 0.57 ON per cu m). The costs for
the sludge decomposition in the rotting
towers amount to 0.85 OH per cu m. The
use of polymeric additives (cost:
0.12 014 per cu m of sludge) is effective
but after dehydration it leaves a water
rich in solids. Former methods of
processing sludge and various experiments
are discussed in detail. (Text-German)
67-0800
Uhthoff, K. Industrial zoning from a
hygienic point of view. Staedtehygiene,
18(9):197-200, Sept. 1967.
In order to minimize the detrimental
implications of industrial developments
for the health and well-being of the
population, industrial zoning requires
the counsel of hygienists. The location
of the new industry depends on: the kind
and amount of air pollution to be expected;
the noise and odors it will generate;
requirements for roads, waterways, and
railways; and supply of water, fuel, new
material, and electricity. The design
and construction of the buildings,
especially in the case of food processing
industries, slaughterhouses, dairies, etc.,
must also incorporate hygienic principles.
Care must be taken to prevent rats, insects,
and other animals from reaching both food
and organic wastes. Also, the maintenance
of the essential cleanliness for such
industries can be facilitated by proper
architectural planning. Characteristic
features of various types of industries are
discussed, and some examples for proper
hygienic planning are quoted. (Text-German)
Reclamation, dilution, treatment at the
source, and segregation of wastes should
be investigated for waste control. Keeping
pickle liquor, waste chronic acid, and
alkali wastes separate permits use of
the sulfuric acid and iron in the liquor
to reduce the toxic chronic acid. Adding
chemicals to raw wastes breaks the emulsion
and causes the floc to settle. Oil-bearing
wastes may be pumped through a pressurization
tank ahead of a flotation unit. Removing
soluble oil from process waste water
results in scum and sludge formations.
A three-way solenoid-operated valve is
automatically activated to divert the
contaminated condensate to the industrial
waste collecting system when the pH
becomes too high or low. A polishing
sedimentation tank, following a flotation
system can reduce the ether soluble
material in the effluent to an acceptable
degree. Liquids can be concentrated by
dewatering, and hauled away. Using
three rinse tanks following a dip tank
conserves water in plating operations.
67-0802
The utilization and elimination of
domestic and industrial waste water
sludges. Wasser und Abwasser, 1O8(18):491,
Nay 1967.
The Bavarian Institute for Biological
Research came out with a new volume of
67-0801
Unwin, H. D.
management.
4(8) :18-21,
In—plant waste water
Industrial Water Engineering,
Aug. 1967.
219
-------
industrial Wastes
its series called Muencher Beitraege
(Contributions by Munich). The new
volume comprises a collection of papers
on sludge disposal presented at a meeting
in the fall of 1965. Two papers deal with the
problem of killing worm eggs. It has
been found that the method of sludge
mineralization considerably increased
the number of worm eggs. The most reliable
way to kill them is to pasteurize the
sludge. Moreover, the sludge-ash method
as well as the ‘Carbofloc’ method are
described in detail. Contributions on
rotting tests, on agricultural utilization
of sludge and composting as well as on
the common treatment of sludge and
waste are to be found in the new volume.
(Text-German)
67-0803
Vacuum filtration sludge disposal at Newbury
Sewage Works. Surveyor and Municipal Engineer,
130(3942):5—7, Dec. 23, 1967.
The vacuum filtration sludge disposal plant
installed at Newbury Sewage Works is
described. It includes one 10-ft diameter
by 10-ft face Komline-Sanderson Coilfilter
which has a nominal filtering area of
315 sq ft together with the necessary
auxiliary equipment. The installation is
designed to handle a mixture of undigested
primary and humus sludges from a population
of 37,000 with allowance for future
incorporation of a second Coilfilter to
handle a population of up to 50,000. The
mixed sludge is withdrawn from the primary
sedimentation tanks and pumped to two
sludge consolidation tanks prior to
filtration. Adjacent to the Coilfilter
building there is a sump which is in
hydraulic balance with the consolidation
tanks. SJ udge is drawn from the swap and
delivered to the rotating conditioning
tank, where lime and copper are added to
condition the sludge prior to filtration.
The conditioned sludge flows over a weir
at the outlet end of the conditioning tank
and then gravitates to the Coilfilter bath.
A valved outlet is provided on the sludge
feed-line so that the contents of the
Coilfilter bath can be drained and discharged
to the general drainage system. The Coilfilter
drum and its operation are described in
detail and a schematic diagram of the
vacuum filtration installation is given.
Costs of the 1966 to 1967 extensions,
which include construction of two sludge
consolidation tanks, a vacuum sludge
treatment and storage building, an
additional circular humus tank; the
motorizing of the existing sludge
valves on the sedimentation tank control
chamber with time-clock control; a
stone-trap chamber with air lift at the
inlet works; and the duplication of the
existing 27-in, outfall sewer are L119,000.
67-0804
Venues, J. W., and 0. 0. Olson. BOD and
bacterial changes in various wastes
during BOD testing. Official Bulletin,
North Dakota Water and Sewage Works
Conference, 34(7&8):2-5, Jan.-Feb. 1967.
Changes in oxygen demand and bacterial
populations in biological oxygen demand
bottles with wastes of very high to very low
BOD were studied. Daily determinations
of these changes were made to discover the
5-day BOD at 20 C (BOD5). Raw sewage,
raw protein water (starch waste), aerated
lagoon effluent, and cheese waste were
the types of wastes investigated. Results
indicated that for high BOD wastes the
daily changes in BOB are great as are
chances for error. With low BOD wastes,
time of incubation is not critical. Seed
cultures such as river water exhibit
stable populations and act as control
groups. Included data reveal that cheese
waste (BOD5-46,000 mg per liter), with the
highest BOD, reaches peak bacterial
population in four days, correlating
with a slow breakdown of the waste.
Conversely, the data show that low SOD
wastes reach peak population in but 2
to 3 days. These facts support the
conclusions stated.
67.0805
Vickerman, 3. L. Treatment and disposal
of effluent from a 450 ton per day Kraft
pulp and paper mill into classified
inland waters. In Proceedings; 22nd
Industrial Waste Conference, Lafayette,
End., May 2-4, 1967. Purdue University
Engineering Extension Series No. 129.
p. 968-982
Effluent from a pulp and paper mill,
prior to discharge into an inland
waterway classified under New Zealand
Water Pollution regulations, is treated
by two systems. Effluent containing high
SS loadings enters the No. 1 system,
flows through a primary clarifier and
passes down a stepped aeration structure
to join a dry water course. System
No. 2 receives pulp and bleach plant
wastes which contain the higher
concentrations of color and BOB. Before
220
-------
0803—0808
the effluent reaches the seepage ponds
it passes through an elementary primary
sedimentation unit which removes 60 to
70 percent of suspended matter. The
system comprises 126 acres of soak ponds
operating normally at depths of 2 to
6 ft. The topography and soil are
suited to a good volume of seepage
disposal. The residual BOD of the
stored effluent due for discharge
(92,000 lb per day), becomes greatly
reduced before joining the No. 1 system
flow as a result of aeration during
passage down a stream. A summary of
the costs of establishment and operation
of the systems is given.
67-0806
Warner, U. L. Deep wells for industrial
waste injection in the United States;
Summary of data. Water Pollution Control
Research Series Publication No. WP20-l0.
Cincinnati, U.S. Department of the Interior,
November 1967. 45 p.
One hundred and ten industrial waste
injection wells located in 16 states
are described. Table I and Figure I
summarize the contained information.
The table shows that about 82 percent of
the wells are used by chemical,
petrochemical, and pharmaceutical
product plants; refineries and natural
gas plants; and metal product plants.
Figure I shows the number of injection
wells placed in operation during each
year from January 1950 to January 1967.
The increase in rate of construction of
these wells can be attributed to more
emphasis on water pollution control and
the widespread acceptance of this disposal
method that has accompanied its successful
use. The existing injection systems in
the United States are heavily concentrated
in the north-central and Gulf Coast areas,
as a result of favorable subsurface
geology, heavy industrial concentration and
other factors. Much data are presented
regarding the well depth, the chemical
and physical character of the waste,
and injection rate and pressure, etc.
67-0807
Waste treatment has gone continuous for
Xerox. Chemical Engineering, 74(2):98,
Jan. 16, 1967.
A continuous system, replacing batch
storage and treatment, has modernized
waste treatment techniques at the Xerox
plant in Webster, New York. Wastes
produced by painting, cleaning, and
plating are stripped of cyanide and
chromium contaminants; the resulting
effluent becomes comparable to good lake
water. The process sequence consists of
chemically treating the wastes in
continuous-flow tanks, adjusting the
pH, and then filtering out the solids.
Cyanide wastes, for example, are treated
with chlorine in a two-step process
forming cyanates and other innocuous
compounds containing carbon or nitrogen.
Chromate wastes are treated with sulfur
dioxide; two pressurized filters are
used alternatively, and the flow rate of
wastes can be regulated. Accumulated
sludge is removed by pulling the filter
assembly out of its housing, letting the
sludge dry partially, and shaking it off
the filters into carts. Xerox is now
studying the feasibility of recycling
the effluent now fed to a local
waste treatment plant.
67 -0808
Waste treatment plant adds capacity.
Public Works, 98(9):112-113, Sept. 1967.
The waste treatment facilities of the
Salt Creek Drainage District in Illinois,
with a contributing population of about
25,000, and with average waste flows of
about 2.8 mgd, are described. The
present facilities are designed for a
flow of 3.5 mgd and a population of
35,000. Presently under construction
are two raw sewage preaeration tanks,
24 by 110 by 15 ft each, and final effluent
chlorination facilities. When operative,
the two tanks should result in a
substantial BOD reduction through the
primary settling tanks. Future plans
include conversion of the preaeration
tanks to aeration tanks when the activated
sludge process treatment is incorporated
with the trickling filter plant; contact
stabilization is an alternative, either
preceding or following the filters.
The chlorination facilities being added
will allow application of 15 mg per liter
chlorine solution to the final settling
tanks, which will temporarily serve as
chlorine contact basins. The district has
plans to construct two new final settling
tanks, at which time the present settling
tanks will be converted to permanent
chlorine contact basins.
221
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Industrial Wastes
67 -0809
Watson, K. S., R. P. Farrell, and 5. S.
P nderson. The contribution from the
individual home to the sewer system.
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, 39(12):2039-2054, Dec. 1967.
The characteristics of home waste water
with and without the use of appliances
were studied. Results are based on three
home sampling stations whose equipment,
which includes a disposer, wet wall,
sampler, refrigerator, control panel,
and strip chart recorder, was specially
designed and built to meet the requirements
of the study. Details of operation are
described and illustrated. Three test
homes were selected for study based on
key factors such as location, family
size, appliance usage, and type of
waste water disposal system used. The
waste water data from the test homes
included several hundred analyses of daily
composites over long periods of time. It
was found that concentrations in the
typical, most often rui parameters of
BOD, COD, and solids, and in the less
often run parameters of nitrogen, detergents,
and phosphates, vary widely in the effluent
from an individual home. In the at-source
analyses, higher concentrations than
those previously reported in literature
were found for oxygen demand determinations,
solids values, total phosphate, and
nitrogen. In an evaluation of the load
contributed to the sewer system, no
significant increase was found in the use
of water as a result of disposer use.
However, there was an average per capita
load increase in the waste water of 26
percent suspended solids, 17 percent BOD,
and 35 percent grease, with results
showing wide variation in characteristics
from home to home. The study demonstrates
that where detailed information is
desired on home waste water, an accurate
composite sampler can be designed,
installed and operated.
67-0810
Westberg, N. A study of the activated
sludge process as a bacterial growth
process. Water Research, 1(11Y12):795-804,
Nov. -Dec. 1967.
A model of an activated sludge process,
inoculated with bacteria, is described and
illustrated by means of a flow diagram.
The process is studied under steady-state
conditions and complete mixing. The three
operational parameters which seem to be
particularly useful are: the flow factor,
the nominal retention time, and the sludge
age. The fundamental problem is to represent
the process variables as functions of the
parameters. The three process variables
are the concentration of substrate,
the concentration of living bacteria,
and the concentration of dead bacteria
in the reactor. En order to establish
the desired relations, four biological
constants were introduced: the growth
rate, the death rate, the dissolving
rate, and the yield. Using a balanced
equation, three relations are deduced
by determining the three variables as
functions of the operational parameters.
According to the formula, the concentration
of the substrate in the outlet is
independent of the concentration in the
feed. The results of other calculations
are tabulated and illustrated graphically:
ultimate BOD (mg per liter); efficiency (%);
biological, inert, and solid suspended
solids in reactor (mg per liter); biological
and total excess sludge per cu m of feed (g);
biological phosphorus removal; oxygen
consumption per Cu m feed (g); and
efficiency and oxygen consumption
as functions of the concentration of
total solids.
67-0811
Wheatland, A. B. The treatment of
effluents from the milk industry.
Chemistry and Industry, 36(36):1547-51,
Sept. 16, 1967.
Pollution by waste water from the dairy
industry depends both on the volume of
waste and on the orgasic content (milk
solids present) so that the reduction
of the volume and strength of the effluent
is important in determining the necessary
cost of treatment before discharge to
surface waters. Effluents come from
milk reception depots and bottling plants,
but most come from plants producing
butter, cheese, evaporated milk,
sweetened condensed milk, and milk
powder. While deliberate wastage
of surplus material such as whey and
skimmed milk may be unavoidable, these
liquids should never be discharged to
drains. If they cannot be evaporated
or used for animal feed they should be
removed by tanker for discharge where
there will be no nuisance. The limit
of dairy effluent discharge to streams
of a 5-day BOD is 20 mg per liter while
the washings from butter and cheese show
a BOD of 3,000 mg per liter. This
emphasizes the high degree of purification
required of the treating plant involving
settlement, biological treatment with
activated sludge, and filtration. Tables
222
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0809-0814
are given which show the 5-day BOD in an
experimental alternating double filtration
plant and from four operating plants. A
flow sheet is given of a
contact-stabilization activated sludge
process which is used for treating waste
water from the production of waste and
sweetened milk by aeration and mixture
with domestic sewage. A table is given
which shows the performance of granite
and plastic medium for partial treatment
of dairy wastes.
67-0812
Wierzbicki, J. River water pollution
and the utilization of sewage in USSR
agriculture. Gospodarka Wodna,
27(10):374-375, Oct. 1967.
USSR rivers alone will not be able to
dilute industrial waste and city sewage
by 1980 if the present rate of urbanization
and industrial development is maintained.
projected 1980 total sewage volume is
put at 157 billion cu m, of which
42 percent will be industrial waste.
Increased arable land should absorb 47
percent of the total, with the remaining
53 percent to be treated in biological
treatment plants. Table 1 shows estimated
1980 frequency of dilution by surface
waters in a dry year for various USSR
economic regions. E. Alekseyevski,
Minister of Water Economy and Land
Improvement, advocates an intensified use
of waste in land improvement. Only 9,000
ha were irrigated by waste waters 15 years
ago. This area increased to 41,000 ha by
1967, and several hundred thousand
ha more are scheduled to be added in the
near future. At least 15 to 20 arable ha in
the suburbs should be treated with sewage for
every 1,000 of city population. A series
of tests were run in the northern area
near Pushkino during 1963 to 1966, in
order to study the filtration factor in
frozen soils. Results indicated that
waste filtered through 0.7 to 1.2 m of
frozen soil to the drains. Best results
were obtained on light soils. A Central
Scientific Research Station in Kupavna,
operating near Moscow since 1957, took
bacterial counts from below 20, 40, and
60 cm of sandy-clay soil. Counts were
made 1 month after the frozen soil
as treated with 1,000 and 3,000 cu in
per ha of city sewage which contained
250 mg oxygen per liter. Reduction of
bacterial counts in Table II suggests
that moderate applications of sewage
are preferable. (Text-Polish)
67-0813
Willenbrink, R. V. Waste control and
treatment by a corn soybean processor.
In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, Ind., May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.517-525.
The waste treatment system of a Decatur,
Illinois, producer of corn starches, syrups,
dextrins, dextrosehydrate, chemicals,
and feed products consists of an activated
sludge plant. The system originally
consisted of one aeration basin and a
clarifier which was a Dorr thickener.
The aeration basin was divided into a
sludge reaeration section and aeration
section. Later a second aeration-reaeration
basin was added and another Dorr thickener
was put into operation as a surge basin
for handling filtrates. Still later
the surge basin was converted to an
aeration-reaeration basin. A comprehensive
A study was made covering all process
equipment operation which might contribute
to a sewer loss. A pre-treatment system
was installed to remove traces of
volatile chemical by-products by aeration.
Three nozzle centrifuges were installed
to eliminate excess sludge loss to the
sewer. The clarifier rake mechanism
is being replaced by a suction type
unit to facilitate uniform sludge removal
and further reduce clarifier retention
time. Nutritional demand by the bacteria
was satisfied by the use of a soluble
protein process stream. Maximum BOD
removal rates occured at loadings
(lb BUD per lb MLSS) between 1.0 and 1.75.
The two phases of the sewer loss reduction
program, monitoring and waste treatment,
resulted in an overall loss reduction of
50,000 PE per operating day.
67-0814
Woernle, R. Elimination of industrial
wastes. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik,
39(11):684-686, June 1967.
At a VGT/Dechema (German Chemical
Association) meeting in Stuttgart, West
Germany, on November 25, 1966, six papers
were presented. The first dealt with
the incineration of liquid and pulverized
material. For thorough incineration
these materials are mixed with
easily-combustible additives such as oil
or gas and burned in a rotating drum
furnace. In a second paper, a report was
given on the waste problem in the Farbweke
223
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Industrial Wastes
Hoechst. A monthly accumulation of 8,300
tons of combustible waste, composed of
paper, packing material, wood, cardboard
barrels, solvents, and sludges was noted.
Also, each month 700 tons of solvents are
burned in a shaft furnace. Chlorinated
products are burned in controlled amounts.
No corrosion occurred after 8,000 operating
hours. In a paper on the elimination of
toxic residues in herbicide production,
it was stated that toxic material can
be neutralized by adding lime and
subsequently chlorinating. In a fourth
paper the Passavant sludge/ash method was
reviewed. With this method the sludge is
first dehydrated so that combustible
cakes may be formed; these cakes are
then dried and incinerated. Corrosion
was noted in several places on a waste
incinerator at the Badischen Anilin and
Soda Fabrik. It was found to 1:te most
evident in the combustion chamber. The
last paper reviewed the incineration of
chlorine-containing waste and the resultant
corrosion. (Text-German)
67-0815
Woernle, R. Elimination of industrial
wastes. Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik,
39(15):927-928, Aug. 1967.
A meeting of the VGT/Dechema Association
was held in Stuttgart on March 17, 1967.
Six papers were presented. The first
paper reviewed the incineration of
heterogeneous waste material from the
chemical industry. A second paper dealt
with the emission of solids and gases from
medium-sized incinerator plants. The
discontinuous combustion process is typical
for this type of incinerator. It makes
the thoroizgh incineration of waste gases
very difficult. Moist waste lowers the
waste gas temperature; waste gases with
a disagreeable odor arise, and these have
to be destroyed in an afterburner. Two
papers reviewed the various possibilities
for cleaning the flue gas escaping from
waste incinerators. The last paper
discussed the flame chamber method for
incinerating household and industrial
wastes, plastic material, and oil residues.
In the flame chamber the continuously
added waste forms a wall which melts on
the side which faces the flame. This
melted layer acts like a filter. Behind
this melted layer the drying and evaporating
process takes place. The rising gas
passes the melted layer and is burned
in the flame chamber. The melted layer
itself slowly but continuously drips into
a granulator. An afterburner is used
with extremely heterogenous waste.
(Text-German)
67-0816
Wood chip flow regulator prevents
blockages. Waste Trade World,
110(10):14, Mar. 11, 1967.
A Vibra screw bin activator has been
installed by Simon Handling Engineers
Ltd., in the plant of F. Hills and
Sons Ltd., Stockton-on-Tees, to allow
the regular feeding of wood chips from
the bottom of a storage hopper. Wood
chips have a bulk density of 10 to 12 lb
per cu ft, and a moisture content of up
to 20 percent, and it is the moisture
content coupled with the size of the
chips which normally induces blockages
during the outflow action. The bin
activator regulates a constant flow
of the chips, which are used for the
production of chipboard, into a
horizontal screw feeder at a flow
rate of 1 ton per hr.
67-0817
Young, W. M. Activated sludge disposal
by spray irrigation. Surveyor and
Municipal Engineer, 129(3904):19-20,
Apr. 1, 1967.
The solution to the problem of bulking
of activated sludge which caused serious
disposal problems is described. In
Uppinghasi, England (population 3,300)
the problems which occurred from the
bulking of activated sludge in a plant
treating purely domestic sewage were
corrected by the use of spray irrigation
equipment which spreads the surplus
activated sludge directly on the land.
The public health risks were considered and
appeared to be slight. It was considered
inadvisable to spray salad vegetables with
liquid sludge or to allow grazing by animals
for human consumption for several months
after spraying pasturage. Spraying in
TJppingham takes place only on fallow
land with 3 acres reserved for this
use. It is used 1 acre at a time
and then cropped. A Model 25 ‘Raingun’
can spray 3,000 gal an hour and can be
operated unattended.
224
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0815—082 1
67-0818
Zandi, I. Decreased head losses in
raw-water conduits. Journal of the
American Water Works Association,
58(2):213-225, Feb. 1967.
This article’s purpose is to bring to the
attention of engineers in the water
industries the potential head loss
suppressing action of suspended matter,
and also to present cone new two-phase
(Solid-water) systems data. The testing
apparatus consisted of five horizontal,
galvanized test pipes, each 55 ft long,
with diameters of ½, , 1, 1½, and 2 in.
All pipes were connected to two manifolds
and to these were put two sets of
pump-storage combinations. The liquid
could be pumped directly from one storage
tank to another through the test pipes
while observations are being made. Four
types of solid particles were selected
for the study; and head losses were
measured for numerous combinations of
different pipe diameters, concentration
of solids, and mean velocities.
Approximately 800 data points were
collected and almost all fall below
corresponding points for clear
water. For the 1-,1½-, and 2-in, pipes,
clay caused the most reduction, whereas
in ½- and k-in. pipes, charcoal had the
greatest effect. Attempts to establish
a systematic diameter, concentration,
or specific gravity effect were not
successful. Several possible uses are
suggested for the process, one being
the improvement of sedimentation
processes in treatment plants. Also
the removal of odor and taste with
activated charcoal powder is indicated.
67-0819
Zimpel, J. Waste water elimination.
VDI IVerein Deutscher Ingenieure]
Zeitschrift, l09(l4) 656—659 , Nay 1967.
After a discussion of the steps taken by
the West German Federal and State
governments to clean polluted water,
the aerobic and anaerobic treatment of
sludge is briefly described; 14 papers
dealing with this subject are cited.
Small purification plants in which the
sludge can be treated aerobically are
very well suited for municipalities
with a population of up to 5,000, but
measures are being taken to construct
such plants for larger municipalities.
In Nordhorn (population 40,000), West Germany,
the first large plant has been put in
operation. Here, the purification of
the waste water is performed separately
from the aerobic sludge stabilization.
The three possibilities for arranging
buildings with this method are illustrated.
The question of whether the sludge
stabilization in larger purification
plants shall be aerobic or anaerobic
has not yet been settled. If enough
sewer gas is obtained in the anaerobic
rotting process, the question will be
decided in favor of the anaerobic method
because the entire power and heat
requirement can be covered by utilizing
the by-product. (Text-German)
67-0820
Zobel, D., and F. Matthes. Methods for
eliminating phosphorus sludge. Chemische
Technik, 19(12):762-765, Dec. 1967.
Well-known methods of phosphorus sludge
treatment are reviewed, including the
incineration of phosphorus sludge, the
distillation of sludge water, and the
reduction of sludge viscosity in order
to pump it to a burner. The limitations
of the various methods are discussed.
The high degree of dispersion of yellow
phosphorus in the sludge and the extremely
high stability of this emulsion indicate
that an alkaline treatment of phosphorus
sludge is feasible. Experiments using
this new method were developed. The
phosphorus sludge was neutralized with a
stoichiometric amount of NaOH which converted
the yellow phosphorus in the sludge into a
solution containing hypophosphite and
orthophosphite, and into a mixture of
phosphine, hydrogen phosphide, and hydrogen.
By filtering and crystallizing the solution,
an extremely pure orthophosphite mono-H
was obtained. (Text-German)
HAZARDOUS WASTES
67-0821
Agricultural Research Service. Disposing
of empty containers and unwanted pesticides.
Safe use of agricultural and household
pesticides. Washington, U. s. Department
of Agriculture, Jan. 1967. p. 2 -3.
Waste pesticides should be placed in pits
which have been dug in level sandy soil; the
pits should be so located that their contents
would be unable to contaminate any water
supply. The empty pesticide containers should
then be rinsed with water and disposed of in
one of several ways. (1) Large metal drums
225
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Hazardous Wastes
should be returned to the supplier; sold to
a firm which deals in used drums and is
equipped to detoxify them; taken to a sanitary
landfill which is prepared to receive them,
and, before being dumped, have their lids
punctured; or taken to a private disposal
site which is used only for waste pesticides
and pesticide containers. (2) Small metal
containers should be taken to a public dump
or be privately buried at a depth of at least
18 in. (3) All combustible containers, with
the exception of herbicide containers, should
be burned. (4) Glass herbicide containers
should be broken and non—glass herbicide
containers should be punctured on all sides.
They should then be buried in a safe disposal
site at a depth of at least 18 in. Unwanted
pesticides should never be incinerated, and
empty drums and barrels should not be
converted into livestock feed troughs, water
storage tanks, or raft floats. If used in
these ways, the empty containers could be
sources of feed or water contamination.
67.0822
Atomic waste. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(8):32, Aug. 1967.
Western Europe is looking for a place
to dump its atomic waste. It may end
up in the Atlantic Ocean. A refuse ship
would collect the sealed and protected
wastes from European ports in France,
Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Britain.
Studies are being undertaken in the
British ports of Newbaven, Plymouth,
Portsmouth, and Southampton to determine
which port is best equipped for transferring
British nuclear waste to the ship.
67.0823
Baines, N. D. Progress in the disposal
of solid radioactive waste. Public
Cleansing, 57(9):473-479, Sept. 1967.
At a conference on Public Cleansing,
the control of radioactive waste disposal
was discussed and the experiences of
sane municipalities with radioactive
waste disposal were described. It was
stressed that this control must ensure
that the amounts disposed of and the methods
used prevent any appreciable exposure of
persons to radiation, both external and
internal. To organize control on a
national basis, the Radioactive Substance
Act of 1960 was passed. This Act requires
the registration of persons who keep
and use radioactive material, and
prohibits the accumulation and disposal
of radioactive waste, except in
accordance with an authorization from
the Ninister of Housing and Local
Government. The methods of disposal
recommended for materials with different
levels of radioactivity are briefly
indicated.
67-0824
Baker, G. H. Pesticide residues and
toxicity in foods. Public Health
Inspector, 75(5):237-240, Feb. 1967.
Micro-residues of chlorinated
hydro- carbons and organo-phosphorous
compounds have been present recently
in river water, worms, slugs, birds,
the human diet, and body fat. Pesticides
enter the body by absorption through
the skin and respiratory tract and
ingestion of food containing such
residues. Principal pesticides are
insecticides, fungicides, herbicides,
and seed dressings. There are four
methods of pesticide residue analysis:
biological, based on a time-mortality of
test organisms; chemical analysis for
characteristic elements; chromatographic
methods for identification and
measurement; and infra-red spectroscopy
which can be used as a quantitative method
of analysis. DDT was found stored in
body fat of animals or in organs rich
in fatty substances. Dieldrin, five
times as toxic as DDT, strikes quickly
at the nervous system, sending victims
into convulsions. Aidrin and endrin are
more toxic. The organo-phosphorus
pesticides destroy enzymes performing
necessary body functions. A table lists
the tolerances for some pesticides in
the United States. British associations are
planning a sampling and testing scheme for
pesticide residues.
670825
Blanco, R. E., J. 0. Blotneke, and J. T.
Roberts. Solving the waste disposal
problem. Nucleonics, 25(2):58-61, 68,
Feb. 1967.
Ininobilizing fission products in solid
form within the earth appears to be
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082 2—082 7
the most effective means of dealing
with the problem of treatment and
disposal of dangerous radioactive
wastes from the nuclear power industry.
Methods of pot calcination, radiant
heat spray calcinati on, and a phosphate-glass
process are now being tested at a high
level of radioactivity along with
specific disposal programs for practicality
and economic feasability in line with
this reasoning. Land formations with
massive salt deposits or other geologic
sites permanently excluding water seem
to make the best disposing grounds.
Tanks have been employed so far for
high-level liquid wastes, but the
possibility of rupture and need for
constant surveillance warrant investigation
into other areas such as the conversion
of liquid wastes to solids
and subsequent dry environment storage
(this process is explained in detail in
diagrams). Universal applicability, low
cost, low mobility, low surveillance,
low solubility, and safer heat removal
represent plus factors for this method.
Tables of the projected increased wastes
management problem relative to expanding
U.S. nuclear power predict no major
refuse problems with the conversion-to-
solids concept. Two potential problems
do exist: (1) the change in the nature
of wastes as a result of new fuel
processing techniques; and (2) the
proposed practice of releasing Kr85 from
H3. Solutions such as the establishment
of internal recycles and nonaqueous
processes for fuel recovery are presently
being developed.
67-0826
Breidenbach, A. W., C. G. Gunnerson, F. K.
Kawahara, et al. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides in major river basins, 1957—1965.
Public Health Reports, 82(2):139-156,
Feb. 1967.
The occurrence of pesticides in carbon
adsorption method (CAM) samples taken during
1957 to 1965 is reported in data. The
more recent CAN system passes water
over a cartridge containing fine carbon
at 100 milliliters per minute. The
sample volume is 1,000 liters. The carbon
chloroform extracts were subjected to
a silica gel column cleanup. Lower
limits of sensitivity of 0.001 micrograms
per liter were provided for the pesticides,
One-quart grab samples were extracted
with a hexanebenzene mixture and
subjected to thin layer chromatography.
The results of CAN and grab sampling
gave similar results for dieldrin,
endrin, DDT, DDE, and DUD. Dieldrin
has been the dominant pesticide
throughout the period of record. Bar
graphs support the observations. Endrin
was the major cause of the 1963-1964
fishkill on the Mississippi River.
Concentrations of endrin have shown a
general decrease since spring, 1964.
67-0827
Deviny, W. M. Disposal of hazardous
chemicals. Chemical Engineering Progress,
63(11):56-57, Nov. 1967.
The disposal of hazardous chemicals on
a pilot plant scale is discussed. The
short duration of process development
work or the small amount of chemicals
handled make it uneconomical to install
in pilot plants the elaborate waste
disposal systems designed for commercial
plants. Each pilot plant is left with
the development of its own solution
to the problem, and the method of
disposal will vary not only with the
chemicals involved but with the location
of the plant. The methods investigated
for use at FMC Corporation’s Baltimore
pilot plant are reviewed. Recovery and
reuse is an ideal solution although it
is invariably uneconomical and may be
dangerous. Venting to the atmosphere
or running the material down the sewer
is the easiest method although it is
usually the least desirable from a
noxious or a toxic standpoint. At the
Baltimore location burning is not
desirable because of the large quantities
of flaxmnables in the area and the corrosive
nature of most of the materials handled,
nor is burying practical because of the
high water table. Drumming up the
material and storing it overlooks the
fact that many materials become very
unstable on storage. Chemical reaction is
usually the least attractive method
initially, but in many cases it is the
only safe disposal method. It may involve
simple scrubbing of the off-gas with
dilute caustic, or it may involve an
elaborate series of closely controlled
reactions.
227
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Hazardous Wastes
67-0828
Disposal areas must remain undisturbed
for life of nuclear materials. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(12):30-31, Dec. 1967.
The disposal of nuclear wastes, as
described in a booklet by C.A. Fox
called ‘Radioactive Wastes,’ is reviewed.
Solid refuse with nuclear contamination
results from several operations: mining,
ore-refining, nuclear feed-material plants,
laboratory activities, and reactor
installations. Disposal has utilized
land and sea burial. Land burial has
been used for about two-thirds of all
solid waste produced in America at
five atomic energy reservations, or for
about 40,000 to 60,000 cu yd per year.
Wastes are generally buried in pits
and trenches, thus permitting the
earth coverings to reduce surface
radiation levels. Higher activity
solids are often buried in concrete-lined
wells or stored prior to disposal in
order to permit nuclear decay to lower
radiation levels. Sea burial at
designated locations has been used
since 1946 at sites off the Continental
shelves where the water is more than
6,000 ft deep. For sea burial, wastes
nmist be solidified and compactly
packaged in containers which are made
of concrete. Thus shipment for sea
burial is 3 to 4 times as costly as
shipment of baled wastes for land
burial. The largest quantitites of
radioactive wastes are the products of
fission produced during and after
irradiation of reactor fuels. The
processing and disposal of these wastes
is now beginning to be done by private
industry, with the application of new
techniques for storage of these high-level
radioactije materials. The disadvantages
of tank storage have led to two general
approaches: converting liquid wastes
to solid form, and storing these solids
deep in geologic formations.
67-0829
First, M. W., P. Zilles, and J. Waikey.
Disposal of low level radioactive waste
in commercial incinerators. In Ninth
AEC Air Cleaning Conference, Springfield,
Va., Jan. 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Off ice, 1967.
p.570-594. (Conf-660904..)
A great deal of the contaminated solid
waste originating from the use of low
levels of radioactive material is
combustible In nature. It is not
practical to dispose of septic,
radioactive, pyrophoric, and poisonous
wastes through usual channels. A
comparison was made of the performance
of a crematory-type incinerator and a
combustion of difficult laboratory and
hospital wastes such as animals and
cage litter. Because of excessive stack
emissions of smoke, fly ash, and
malodorous gases and vapors, the
crematory-type proved unsatisfactory.
Under the most favorable operating
conditions for avoidance of air pollution
and for production of a good quality
residue, burning capacity was only 2 to
3 lb per sq ft per hr. Higher burning
rates produced severe nuisances. The
mechanized steam-boiler incinerator
provided a sanitary method for handling
and burning such wastes in an efficient
and rapid manner. The enormous heat
flux inside the combustion chamber of
a base-loaded boiler assures optimum
conditions for incineration at all
times. A cyclone dust collector proved
superfluous for use with gas or oil
fuels, and it was found that it could be
eliminated without decreasing the overall
collection efficiency of an electrostatic
precipitator which served as a final
cleaning stage.
67-0830
Gotte, H., and J. Taisky. The treatment
and disposal of radioactive wastes in
an industrial laboratory plant. In
Proceedings; 22nd Industrial Waste
Conference, Lafayette, md,, May 2-4,
1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.405516.
Radioactive wastes of a German chemical
company include: gaseous wastes such
as waste air from fume hoods and glove
boxes; waste water from research and
production; and solid wastes such as
contaminated equipment, laboratory
wastes, air inlet and outlet filters,
decontamination slurries from clarification
of the waste water, and animal cadavers.
Radioactive laboratory solid waste is
taken to the storehouse in polyethylene-
lined fiberboard drums. Contaminated
cadavers of animals are burnt in a
heating plant of the main factory.
Material contaminated with short-lived
radionuclides is stored until the
radioactivity has decayed and then it is
228
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0828—0833
disposed of like any inactive waste.
Long—lived radioactive waste is reduced to
about one—sixth of its volume by means of a
hydraulic press and is put into polyethylene
bags and stored in closed steel drums. The
treatment of radioactive wastes is not only
viewed from the aspect of its aggregation,
but the chemical Constitution of the radio-
nuclides formed and their chemical behavior
are also considered. The decision as to
whether long—life radionuclides should
be diluted or concentrated and then
stored depends largely on the maximum
concentrations permitted for the discharged
waste water concerned, and thus on the
radiation emitted by the respective
radionuclides and their radiotoxicity.
67-0831
Illinois sets up atomic landfill.
Removal Journal, 10(2):37, 1967.
Refuse
All material in the first dumping ground
for low level radioactive wastes in
Illinois will be covered by 4 ft of earth.
To monitor the radiation level, the
company has drilled five wells and the
State will take regular readings of the
water.
67-0832
Irving, C. W. The pesticide outlook.
Agricultural Chemicals, 22(12):12-15,
1967.
In a general discussion of pesticides,
the safe and effective disposal of
large quantities of chemical containers
and chemical wastes is considered. The
Department of Agriculture has just
awarded a 3-year grant to Mississippi
State University to develop basic
principles for disposal of chemical
containers and wastes. The project
will: (1) determine the combustion
temperature and volatile products of
selected herbicides; (2) investigate the
use of chemicals and other materials to
help decompose pesticides and containers;
(3) study the use of indigenous soil
microorganisms to help decompose
pesticides in the soil; (4) check the
requirements for pesticide containers
that can be readily combustible; and
(5) work out specifications for the
design, construction, and evaluation
of an incinerator for use primarily on
farms. USDA is also looking into the
possibility of designing a low-cost
incinerator that could be used by farmers.
The work on disposal of chemical wastes
will provide guidelines in handling
serious problems in developing plants
and in strengthening label requirements.
67-0833
Mawson, C. A. Management of radioactive
wastes. In Proceedings; 22nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Lafayette, md ., May
2-4, 1967. Purdue University Engineering
Extension Series No. 129. p.5-fl.
Experiments carried out at the Chalk
River Nuclear Laboratories in Ontario,
Canada on the disposal of radioactive
wastes are described. An early experiment
to develop a method for fixation of
wastes into glass is briefly
summarized. Two experimental disposals
were made to determine how rapidly fission
products dissolved in nitric acid would
move through the soil to the river.
In 1954, 1,500 gal of waste were pumped
into a pit containing crushed limestone
and lime, and the following year 11,000
gal were put into a pit without a neutralizing
medium. The subsurface movements of
‘tracks’ of the fission products were
carefully followed by sampling of soil
and ground water. Toxic strontium and
cesium were greatly retarded by
absorption in the soil. After 9 years,
the tip of the tongue of Sr-90 from the
1954 disposal was 380 ft from the disposal
pit and the limit of movement of the Cs137
was at 275 ft. Another disposal occurred
as the result of an accident at a fission
product waste concentration plant.
Detailed investigation of local hydrology
and chemistry of the soil indicated that
Sr-90 migration would emerge in the
surface water in 30 years. The critical
question in the safety field for nuclear
power stations is what would happen if
there were a major accident involving
liberation of fission products from the
fuel. In calculating the maximum
permissible discharge of radionuclides
into public waters or into the air,
the significant figure is the amount
discharged in unit time not the
concentration.
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PACKAGING WASTES
61-0834
Bainbridge, R. W. Physical and molded
characteristics of phenoli.c compounds.
SPT [ Society of Plastics Engineers]
Technical Papers, 13:575, Hay 15-18,
1967.
The new concept of molding thermosets is
discussed. A considerable amount of data
has been published on mold design as
regards runner and gate size, molding
problems, physical and electrical
characteristics, shrinkage, etc., when
the conventional method of transfer
molding is employed. Since such data
are not available on the reciprocating
screw transfer molding method, and since
the physical strength values of phenolic
molding compounds vary greatly with the
method of molding, tests were set up,
using a group of 25 Durez phenolic
molding compounds. Holds used were
ASTM test specimens. The methods
and conditions employed were:
compression and conventional transfer
molding; and reciprocating screw
transfer molding, using Stokes and
Rodgers presses and the ‘injection
molding of thermosets’ procedure. The mold
temperature used was 340 F as specified
by ASTM. Comparative data were collected
an mold temperatures of 360 to 370 F.
Preheat temperature was the maximum
for each type of material. Data
currently being collected will consist
of types of materials, method of molding,
and its effect on shrinkage, transfer
pressure, specific gravity or density,
tensile strength, flexural strength,
impact strength, and electrical strength.
67-0835
Briber, A. A. Are fire tests of plastics
meaningful? SPE [ Society of Plastics
Engineers] Technical Papers, 13:1041-1045,
May 15-18, 1967.
Pending a possible change in the New York
Building Code from a ‘materials’
specification to a ‘performance’
specification,. the role of fire tests
in the establishment of performance
standards for plastic building materials
is considered. One large-scale method,
known variously as the tunnel test,
ASTM E84, UL723, NFPA No. 255, or
ASA A2.5 was developed at Underwriters’
Laboratories, Inc., by A. J. Steiner
and his associates. It determined
three variables which are interrelated
in the consideration of surface
flammability: f lame spread, fuel
contribution to f lane spread, and smoke
development. These variables are
discussed in some detail. The
performance of plastics in the Steiner
tunnel varies with physical and chemical
properties; structure, thickness,
density, hardness, structural makeup,
contour, additives, and presence of
adhesives or paints are mentioned.
Other large-scale fire tests and test
methods are discussed: roofing tests,
tests of structural assemblies, test
requirements for walls and partitions,
and tests of fire doors. The performance
of plastics in all these tests is briefly
highlighted and the concept of
noncombustibility is discussed. For
fire tests of materials to become more
meaningful, the results obtained from
separate, large-scale tests must be
correlated and interpreted correctly.
67-0836
Conway, M. A., R. 3. Gabler, arid D. E.
Jackson. Flame spread ratings of rigid
polyurethane foams by a modified tunnel
furnace. SPE [ Society of Plastics Engineers]
Technical Papers, 13:1046—1051, May 15—18,
1967.
A recognized method of measuring the
combustibility of building material,
which is appropriate to cellular plastics,
defines the surface flammability of a
material according to the performance of
a specimen 20 in. in width installed as the
ceiling of a 25-ft tunnel. The rate at
which the specimen burns is compared to
that of red oak flooring and asbestos
mJ.llboard. In an effort to develop a
faster and more economical, yet uniformly
severe, method of measuring the flame
spread of rigid polyurethane foams, an
8-ft fire test tunnel was built with the
objective of qualifying it for use with
rigid foams containing phosphorus and/or
halogen compounds to retard burning. In
addition to thermocouples for the
measurement of f lane spread, the tunnel
was equipped with a photoelectric cell
and meter to measure smoke. A description
of the tunnel as originally built is given
230
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0834—0840
with illustrations. Since initial tests
indicated that the tunnel was not measuring
surface flammability, several modifications
were made, including the replacement of the
T-shaped main burner with one in the form
of a cross with a long ‘stem’ running
the length of the fire box. A long series
of tests on asbestos and oak specimens with
carefully recorded measurements of plate
and specimen temperatures established a
procedure which gave reproducible burning
rates for foams of similar chemistry and
thermal history. The procedure, usually
carried out by one operator, is described
in detail with accompanying figures. Red
oak specimens, used as controls, burned
as prescribed within 19 plus or minus 1
minutes at a plate temperature of 695 to 700
F. A run of five conditioned foam specimens
gave an average Plane Spread Index of 4,700
with a range of 3,600 to 5,300 and a run
of six unconditioned specimens gave an
average Index of 4,300 with a range of 3,400
to 4,700. However, when several experimental
foams were tested both in the 8-ft fire
tunnel and in a standard 25-ft tunnel,
there was no significant correlation
between the two sets of data and no smoke
data were obtained. The failure of one of
the experimental foams to ignite was
discussed.
67-0837
Frozen foods.
June 1967.
American City, 82(6):47,
Garbage disposals have decreased the
quantity of garbage disposed as refuse
ip the last 10 years from 0.56 lb per
capita a day to 0.39 lb per capita a
day. However, advances in food
packaging have increased the quantity
of combustible rubbish produced.
670838
Glass group studies disposal of its
packaging materials. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):28, Nov. 1967.
An industry-wide attack on one of the
nation’s growing solid waste disposal
problems has been launched by the Glass
Container Manufacturers Institute. Mr.
J. H. Abrahains, Jr., has been appointed
manager of the new control program to
help find a solution to the ultimate
disposition of glass products once they
have served their useful life cycle.
It is estimated that glass accounts for
about 6 percent of the 4.5 million lb
of solid waste discarded daily by the
nation.
67 -0839
Glass in refuse. Public Cleansing,
57(3):117-125, Mar. 1967.
Because of our changing times, packages
and containers must also change. It
is the obligation of the manufacturers
to let the public see what they are
buying; therefore, decorative labels,
clear glass containers and bottles, and
plastic materials must be used. However,
refuse collection consists of all
household refuse and varies in
characteristics from town to town. The
general figures show that packaging
materials only take third place in volume,
while cardboard takes up the most space
in the dustbin, with glass a long way
behind. Today’s refuse is 9 percent
glass consisting of 1,900 million
beverage bottles, 975 million food jars
and 1,600 million small glass containers.
The glass industry has one device that
will pulverize glass electrically and
another which can be used in the hone.
Glass nay be disposed of in three ways.
In controlled dumping, glass is only
detrimental to tires, and either the
tire industry will design a new tire
or tracked vehicles can be used.
Although glass content is not altered
during incineration, it is useful for two
reasons: It loosens mass for easy
combustion and it improves the quality
of the cinders. Glass can also be used
in composting material if it is first
pulverized in the hamnerinill. Simtered
glass is used as a carrier of trace-elements
for the permanent fertilization of poor,
neglected soils.
67-0840
How to dispose of disposables. Chemical
Week, 101(11):32-33, Sept. 1967.
Throw-away wrappers, boxes, and bottles
which have revolutionized packaging
have created a problem of disposing
of the disposables. With the volume
of solid wastes increasing faster than
the population at a time when dumping
grounds become scarcer, and limitations
go into effect on burning, burying,
and offshore dumping of used packaging
materials, it is evident that
231
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Packaging Wastes
convenience packaging has become problem
packaging. About 50 billion food and
beverage cans are thrown away annually.
Some 250 cans, 135 bottles and jars, and
338 plastic and metal caps per person
are thrown away each year. Dow is
experimenting on ‘go away’ bottles which
are self-destroying and would disintegrate
when empty. The Department of Agriculture
is working on edible food wrappers
consisting of a sprayed-on mixture of
vegetable oil and glycerine triacetate
which would protect the food by locking
out oxygen and retarding rancidity and
yet could be eaten when it melts or
washed off before cooking. A photograph
shows a conveyor and the sorting and
processing of rubbish. In Miami Beach,
service stations designated by Reynolds
Metals pay ½ cent a can for cans left
at the station which are then processed
for reuse by secondary aluminum producers.
Chicago plans to make a 1,000-ft ski slope
from piled rubbish. One-way bottles are
one of the biggest problems of the
disposable container industry and this
is the subject of a study by the Glass
Bottle Manufacturers’ Association.
67-0841
Krueger, 0. A., K. C. Lyle, and D. E.
Jackson. A chimney flammability test
for certain cellular plastics. SPE
[ Society of Plastics Engineers]
Technical Papers, 13:1052-1057,
May 15-18, 1967.
In a search for a small flammability test
method, a fast screening test was developed
to monitor research progress on
fire-resistant plastics which can be used
on small s.anples. Particular attention
was given to maximizing reproducibility
and severity of surface flammability,
consistent with standard requirements.
The method chosen involved a chimney-like
metal box with a glass front for
observation. The specimen, a bar ¾ by ¾
by 10 in., was suspended inside the box
in a vertical position. The apparatus, and
the test procedure are described with
accompanying figures. Weight percent
retention data were used to evaluate the
foams rather than the ‘time to extinguish’
since the latter measure showed larger
between-specimen ranges. Tests were
run comparing, vacuumed and freshly cut
specimens, two flame temperatures, and
two times of ignition, as well as
variations in specimen size. The
effect of atmospheric moisture on
the performance of polyurethane foams
in this apparatus was found to be highly
significant. Between-operator variance
was found not to be significant for
fourteen different additive foam
formulations. Although opportunity for
study was limited, there was generally
an inverse relationship between flame
spread (as measured in the standard
25-ft tunnel) and percent weight
retained for a series of experimental
foams of rather low flammability. An
evaluation of foam chemistry is given
which includes a comparison of differences
in chimney performance of foams
according to their method of preparation
arid their additive composition. Much
additional work is required to establish
the correlation between the flame spreads
reported with the 25-ft tunnel and the
weight percents retained in the chimney.
Also, the effect of atmospheric moisture
must be determined more carefully.
Contrary to initial expectations, it
was felt that there is no best way to
reduce the surface flammability of a
rigid polyurethane foam.
67-0342
Landler, Y. A new rigid cross-linked
PVC foam—its chemistry and properties.
SPE [ Society of Plastics Engineers.]
Technical Papers, 13:720-724,
May 15-18, 1967.
The properties of a new rigid cellular
material having as its basic component
a chemically cross-linked PVC, are
described. Until now, rigid cellular
PVC has shown a lack of dimensional
stability due to internal strain,
which causes an unacceptable degree of
shrinkage, particularly in case of low
density products. The techniques and
products described in this paper solve
this problem by stabilizing the internal
strains, i.e., by making thermally
stable strained structures through
cross-linking of the PVC. The process
is a discontinuous one and consists of
mixing, compression molding, and
expansion. The cross-linked product
is based on the chemical combination
of maleic anhydride with PVC thrbugh
a grafting reaction and hydrolysis of
this anhydride function, which through
a reaction with a di- or polyisocyanate
give the cross-linked product. The
consitutents mixed together are PVC,
maleic anhydride, vinyl monomer,
polymerization catalyst and di-isocyanate.
During the molding process a thermoplastic
232
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0841—0846
product, which is still soluble in PVC
solvents, is formed. The chemical
constitution of the products obtained
is shown graphically. During expansion
the gelled product is immersed in hot
water or steam. The water first reacts
with the di-isocyanate, producing
carbon dioxide and a diamine. The carbon
dioxide acts as a blowing agent to
cellularize the product. Thereafter the
diamine and maleic acid condense, building
the cross-linked product. Illustrations
are given showing that cross—linked
PVC foam has considerably less shrinkage
than the uncross-linked product. The
chemical nature of the vinyl monomer
and the isocyanate have a strong
influence Ott the physical and mechanical
properties of the final cellular material.
The final foam can therefore be tailored
to a wide range of desired properties.
The strength properties, thermal
conductibility, porosity, fire resistance,
and water vapor permeability are improved
by the cross—linking process.
67-0843
Neff, S. B. Elevated temperature
chemical resistance properties of Celcon
acetal copolymer. SPE [ Society of Plastics
Engineers] Technical Papers, 13:635-639,
May 15-18, 1967.
The performance properties of Celcon
acetal copolymer were studied over a
period of twelve months. Injettion
molded tensile bars and discs were
immersed in water, 10 percent sodium
hydroxide, 0.2 percent Calgonite
dishwashing agent, heptane, 50 percent
ethylene glycol, and 10W30 motor oil- -all
at 180 F, as well as at lower
temperatures; also 95 percent ethanol,
acetone, ethylene dichioride, carbon
tetrachloride, and gasoline at 120 F;
water at 212 F; and various acids.
Determination of tensile strength at
break (psi), tensile modulus (psi times 10 to
the fifth), and change in thickness or
diameter (%) showed excellent resistance
to the chemicals at elevated temperature,
with the following exceptions: (1) Acids
(e.g. 30% sulfuric) at room temperature
all severely attacked the test samples,
producing large changes in the properties
tested. (2) Alcohol, acetone, and chlorinated
hydrocarbons had a plasticizing effect,
resulting in decreased tensile strength
and swelling. Dissolving or stress
cracking, however, was not observed. (3)
Heptane had no plasticizing affect, even
at 180 F. (4) Ethylene dichloride and
carbon tetrachloride, tested at 120 F,
produced significant weight gains and
loss of tensile strength at break. (5)
Gasoline had a slight plasticizing effect.
It is concluded that Celcon acetal
copolymer possesses excellent long-term
chemical resistance to hot water, hot
caustic, and to solutions of dishwashing
agents as well as to most organic chemicals
at high temperature. Utilization of
this resin as a replacement for metals
(zinc, brass) and other thermoplastics
is expected to increase.
67.0844
Packagers warned on indestructibles.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(8):56,
Aug. 1967.
W. F. May, chairman of the American Can
Company, warns packaging manufacturers
that they must develop materials that
will decompose under normal weather
conditions. Such action must be taken
before the Federal government either
directs the packaging industry to do
so or initiates its own remedy. The
sanitation industry faces a difficult
situation with plastics, aluminum cans
and foil, which are all relatively
indestructible.
67-0845
Packaging wastes studied. Science News,
92(3):71, July 1967.
A contract awarded to Midwest Research
Institute by the U.S. Public Health
Service is briefly discussed. The
kinds and amounts of packaging materials
used today and the reasons for their use
will be analyzed to find out how to cut
the totaL A major problem to be solved
is what to do with glass, aluminum,
and polyethylene containers which do
not break down readily if just dumped.
67-0846
Rayner, h. M. On the disposal of
disposables. Canadian Journal of Public
Health, 58(4):177 179, Apr. 1967.
The rapidly increasing utilization of
disposable items in all types of
medical units has stimulated interest
in methods for disposing of these items.
Since many of the items are plastic
(thermosetting and thermoplastic),
one method of disposal is by incineration.
Another method suggested is dissolving of
the plastic, which could then be flushed
down a drain. In the latter case, it
233
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Packaging Wastes
was shown that any ‘universal’ solvent
which might be developed would
undoubtedly be toxic and also expensive,
necessitating a closed circuit with
solvent recovery and recycling. Other
alternative methods of disposal include
compaction (because most items are of
low density) followed by sealing in
impervious containers for collection
by local authority refuse collectors, and
the melting down of the medical items in
special pans for subsequent removal to a
specially-constructed incinerator for
destruction. The ‘throw away’ aspect
of ‘disposables’ is not as simple as it
often appears to be.
67-0847
Rose, G. Will trash removal be a
marketing factor for the glass container
industry and producers of other
packaging material? Glastechnische
Berichte, 40(11):438-439, Nov. 1967.
The use of no-return containers and
bottles in Germany and the effect on
trash removal is discussed. A special
tax for the producers of no-return
bottles has been proposed to pay for the
trash removal. However, calculations
showed that the use of no-return beer
bottles in Baden-Wuertemberg would
increase the amount of trash by only 0.24
percent. Equipment for crushing bottles
is available to reduce the volume of
waste glass. The pulverized glass can
be used in glass works. [ f incinerated,
the molten glass mass improves the
quality of the slag-. Thus the disposal
of glass containers presents no problems
while, contrary to expectation,
combustion of plastic containers
poses various problems. Combustion of
PVC contai,ners causes severe damage in
boiler units due to corrosive gases.
Also the caloric value is adversely
effected by plastic materials. Gases
which contain hydrochloric and fluoric
acids, evolved in combustion of some
plastics, cause severe air pollution.
(Text-German)
67.0848
Seitz, JT. , and C.P. Balazs.
Application of time-temperature
superposition principle to long term
engineering properties of plastic
materials. SPE [ Society of Plastics
Engineers] Tethnical Papers, 13:963-968,
lay 1518, 1967.
The theoretical equivalence of time and
temperature in their effect on
viscoelastic properties of materials
was applied to a predication of long
term properties of two plastics from
relatively short term tests at higher
than-normal temperatures. The two
materials used in this study were
polyethylene R-215, an ethylene-butene
copolymer, arid Styron 492, a rubber-
modified polystyrene of the high heat,
high impact variety. Compression
molded samples of the materials were
machined to 4.5 by 0.5 by 0.125 in.
Specimens were exposed to the test
temperature for 1 hour before loading.
Stress-relaxation and creep experiments
were then carried out, the reduced
stress-relaxation modulus and creep
modulus calculated, and master modulus
curves plotted as reduced modulus versus
logarithmic time. The time-temperature
superposition principle, applied in
engineering form, was successful with
polyethylene R-215. It is shown by a
series of graphs that 10,000 hr data can
be predicted from 30 hr data with a
high degree of accuracy, not only at room
temperature, but at any desired temperature
within the limits of the experiment.
Similar results were obtained with
polyethylene R-215-cored laminate with
5052-H34 aluminum skins. This phenomenon
should extend to other polyolefin
materials, as the principle has been
used on polyethylene and polypropylene.
The time-temperature equivalence concept
could not be applied to the Styron 492,
since a vast difference in modulus
existed between 73 F and 100 F. It was
shown with tests run at 88 F that a
transition takes place at about 1 hr.
67-0849
Solid wastes head chides packagers.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(9):85,
Sept. 1967.
Leo Weaver, Chief of the Solid Wastes
Program, has classified packaging disposal
as one of the most difficult solid waste
problems. Glass and aluminum, which are
among the commonest of packaging
materials, not only cannot be
incinerated, but last indefinitely when
deposited on land. Mr. Weaver further
pointed out, that since these problems
are worsening steadily with our increasing
population and the trend toward
nonreturnable containers, he expects a
Midwest Research Institute study to
provide valuable insights for alleviating
packaging disposal problems, with
advantages for both industrial users of
234
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0847—0853
packaging, and local, State, and Federal
officials with solid wastes management
responsibilities.
67-0850
Strauss, F. L. Heat resistant resin
system f or structural composites.
SPE [ Society of Plastics Engineers]
Technical Papers, 13:1139-1146, May
15-18, 1967.
This paper reviews the current state of
development for high temperature polymers,
specifically those resinous binders
which are suitable for use in structural
composites when associated with high-strength
fiber reinforcements. Conventional
resin systems, such as phenolics , are
deemed useful for short exposures to
800 F, while for long-term exposures,
silicones remain serviceable to 600 F.
Polyaronatic resins exhibit distinct
advantages over the conventional resins
for high temperature service.
Polybenzimidazoles have significantly
higher strength than phenolics during
short-time exposures at 800 F, and
polyimides are superior to silcones for
long exposures in air at 600 F. Pertinent
data are given in summarizing graphs
which correlate weight loss and tensile
strength, flexural strength at elevated
temperatures (for both long-time and
short-tine exposures), effects of
long-time aging on flexural properties,
and weight loss of resin systems in
air and inert atmosphere. New
polyaromatic heterocycles which combine
the high-temperature strength of
polybenzimidazoles with the oxidative
stability of polyimides are under
investigation. They include
polybenzothiazoles, polyphenylene
triazoles, polyoxadiazoles, and
polyquinoxaline. Ladder (two-strand)
polymers, such as pyronne and
bisbenzimidazobenzophenanthrolinedione,
have been shown to possess appreciably
greater thermal stability than single
chain polyaromatic systems. A 1,100 F
temperature capability for short-term
exposures is projected for these ladder
polymers.
67-0851
Study to analyze packaging problem.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(8):42, Aug.
1967.
The Public Health Service his awarded
$53,975 to Midwest Research Institute
to study solid wastes disposal problems
associated with packaging, and to find
ways to minimize them. Midwest Research
will analyze the kinds and amount of
packaging materials used today, including
paper, wood, plastics, glass, and metals,
and will also study factors affecting
packaging and marketing trends. Packaging
material represents about 40 percent
or more of the total weight of municipal
refuse today.
67-0852
25 billion bottles, 48 billion cans
discarded by us each year. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(9):85, Sept. 1967.
Since Americans are casting aside a
mountainous volume of packaging debris,
including 25 billion bottles and 48 billion
cans annually, the packaging industry has
begun to express concern. It is pointed
out that the packaging industry is partly
responsible for making the disposal
problem more difficult by utilizing
containers which are difficult to
dispose of completely. Two proposals
are suggested to remedy the situation:
(1) The industry should set up its own
council to seek out solutions. (2)
More research should be conducted on
degradable containers. An example
of a degradable container, easily
crushed and disposed of, is the
fiber-foil container now being used
increasingly for frozen juice and for
motor oil.
RECYCLING
67-0853
Accent on reclamation of non-ferrous
scrap. Metals, 2(17):50—51, Oct. 1967.
The highlights of papers presented at
the Scrap and Waste Exhibition are
discussed. Scrap segregation is of prime
importance since removal of impurities
during refining usually involves metal
loss. In spite of the wide use of
chemical and spectographic methods for
scrap identification, reliance must be
still placed on skilled scrap sorters.
Therefore, a simple, relatively cheap
analytical instrument for identifying
a wide range of waste metals is needed.
Other issues discussed include air
pollution caused by scrap metal refining,
a smokeless solution to the reclamation
235
-------
Recycling
of scrap cable using the USI-Cumberland
granulator, the make-up of furnace charges
for producing a given alloy composition,
and general problems in the reclamation
and reuse of industrial waste.
67-0854
Activated sludge as source of vitamin
B12. Compost Science, 7(3):6, Winter
1967.
Activated sludge from filters of
polysaccharide hydrolysis plants serve
as a source of vitamin B12 for chickens and
piglets. Activated sludge from filters
of bituminous—shale—processing wastes can
be a source of vitamin B12 for animal
husbandry. Researcb on this has been
done in Russia.
67-0855
Allison, K. Those amazing rubber roads.
Rubber World, 155(6):47’-52, Mar. 1967.
Experimentation on the usage of rubberized
roads and asphalt shows increased road
life and fewer accidents. However,
municipal authorities have not
appropriated sufficient money for
construction due to political pressures.
The four most common methods in the
United States of incorporating rubber
into the final asphalt road mixture are
discussed. British engineers report
that undissolved rubber (‘crumb rubber’)
has no beneficial effect and may make
compaction of asphalt surfacing more
difficult. Powdered or flaked rubber
disperses readily throughout the molten
asphalt. With latex liquid additives,
the rubbe r dissolves and separates evenly
throughout the asphalt. The aggregate
coating technique involves addition of a
special reclaimed rubber product to the
heated aggregate in the pug mill before
mixing in the asphalt. The additive
coats and encapsulates each aggregate
particle in a rubberized sheath. U.S.
Rubber Reclaiming is selling a product
based on this concept. Costs and data
for methods of rubberizing roads are
given.
670856
American aspects. Waste Trade World,
11O(2):1O-12, Jan. 14, 1967.
A review of the key industrial
coimnodities is reported by the National
Association of Secondary Material
Industries Inc., New York, in its
annual year-end statOment. Acute world
problems seemed to affect both directly
and indirectly the market position of
nearly all secondary metals; prices for
copper, lead, zinc, and aluminum seemed
affected by international events as well
as by domestic supply and demand.
Unprecedented demand for copper was
expected to return to normal by year’s
end and, in April, sharp breaks took
place on the London Metal Exchange.
However, disputes between Zambia
and Rhodesia over copper sent prices
rocketing on two different occasions
before the end of 1966. The aluminum
industry experienced a well-balanced
supply and demand for 1966, with stability
which contributed greatly to continued
growth in the use of aluminum in established
markets as well as spreading to new fields.
Although brass and bronze ingot shipments
improved during 1966, the industry would
have suffered due to the drop-off in the
construction and automotive industries
if it were not for defense production
requirements. Price reductions in zinc
scrap occurred during the first half of
1966, then steadied, but prices on the
lower grade items began to erode again
slowly. Lead moved quite well in 1966,
with secondary lead in demand, despite
market declines. Scrap metal prices
went sharply up and down throughout the
year, although as a whole 1966 was a
good year for the nonferrous scrap metal
industry. The first half of 1966 was
excellent for the paper stock industry,
but in late summer inventories of paper
stock rose and old corrugated and
double-lined corrugated cuttings dropped
in price to their lowest level in several
years. Comments are made about the
export market in metals and paper-textiles
during 1966.
67-0857
Animal-man-made fiber sorting now a
promising commercial proposition. Waste
Trade World, 111(13):3, Sept. 16, 1967.
No difficulties are anticipated in
scaling a laboratory electrostatic
technique for separation of animal from
some inanmade fibers to a commercial
process. The laboratory method was
developed at Leeds University, by
Dr. Chamberlain, for the Reclamation
Trades Research Organization. The
commercial development is being undertaken
236
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0854—0860
by the Chadwick Machine Co. of Cleckheaton.
The rags are ground into individual
fibers and passed by air stream through
an electrostatic field between two
oppositely charged metal plates. If the
electrostatic charges on the fibers are
different there will be a separation of
the fibers since a water repellent
synthetic such as terylene will have a
positive charge and an animal fiber such
as wool will carry a negative charge. The
collected fibers are sucked off the plates
to separate containers. Whether or not
the fibers can be separated can be tested by
the use of a glass rod that has been
charged by rubbing. Water repellency
is also a guide since water repellent
synthetics are likely to have a positive
charge and water absorbent materials are
likely to have a negative charge. Wool
and mohair cannot be separated by this
nethod and vegetable fiber separation
depends on carbonization. It is unlikely
that papers could be sorted this way since
they would have to be reduced first to
individual fibers. The only problem
remaining in the commercial development
involves the regulation of the air
stream which carries the fiber to the
electrostatic field to provide an
output sufficient for a commercial
possibility.
67-0858
Ashcroft, J. Waste is becoming vital.
Waste Trade World. 111(23):8, Dec. 2,
1967.
The effect of the British devaluation of
currency on the waste trade in Britain
is discussed. Waste traders will be in
a position to improve the wealth of the
nation as a whole as well as of their
own companies- -a welcome change from the
many years that the firms have worked
hard on the narrowest of margins. Yet
even now there will be improvement only
for those who push hard for more trade
at better gross margins. The cost will
increase for all raw materials purchased
from countries which do not devalue their
currencies in lime with British devaluation,
and it is up to waste traders to find
ways in which their reclaimed materials
can be offered as substitutes. Waste
traders need to utilize all possible
sources of information, the ways in which
trade increases during the next few
months, and the ways reclaimed waste
could be utilized. Those firms which
make goods from raw material bought in
countries which have not devalued, and
which sell finished products either in
Britain or iu countries which have
devalued, will be hardest hit by the
recent changes. A higher percentage of
British-produced secondary materials is
their only alternative to trade-crushing
increases in selling prices. An
itemized account of the import-export
situation indicates that even in better
months during recent years, the country
has done no better than break even. The
solution involves a reduction of the
proportion of imports relative to exports,
and what more effective way of doing this
than by use of British-produced materials?
67-0859
Automobile scrap for electric furnaces?
Iron Age, 200(26):18, Dec. 28, 1967.
A test program at the U.S. Bureau of
Mines’ Albany Metallurgy Research Center
will give information on questions
concerning the use of prepared automobile
scrap and prereduced iron ore. Tests
are being conducted on shredded scrap,
sheared scrap, No. 2 bundles, pig iron,
prereduced powder, pellets and briquettes.
Based on 25 heats in a one-ton furnace,
it was concluded that the continuous
addition of prereduced material to
molten auto scrap in an electric furnace
appears to have certain operational
advantages over conventional coldmelt,
hatch charging techniques. Diluting the
automobile scrap with the prereduced
material is an effective method for
lowering the copper content in steel made
from auto scrap. Heat times are shorter,
electrical energy consumption is lower,
the energy input rate is improved,
and the technique is more flexible in that
it allows varying ratios of charge
materials.
67-0860
Bagasse is basis for sugar industry’s
steam balance. Engineering and Boiler
House Review, 82(9):265, 267268,
Sept. 1967.
Bagasse, the primary energy source for
the growing South African sugar refining
industry consists of the crushed cane
after extraction. It is often used with
coal or wood as an auxiliary fuel although
it is a difficult fuel to handle. Some of
the sugar industry’s bagasse/coal fired
boilers are described. A photograph of
237
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Recycling
press fully occupied. In any case, the
trade associations are concerned over
the trend, although an authority in the
steel industry believes that the practice
is unlikely to become universal since
it would then be no more of an advantage
to the mills than it would to the waste
trade merchants.
67-0862
Bennett, H. J. Iron and steel scrap in
the Intermountain and Northwestern Plains
States. U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8344. Washington, U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1967. 71 p.
67-0863
Blast furnace slag dried by baffle
burners. Metallurgia, 75:78, Feb. 1967.
the Reynolds Bros. sugar factory at
Sezela in Natal and a half section drawing of
the Nos. 7 and 8 Yarrow boilers at
Sezela are shown. Bagasse contains
47 percent carbon, 6 percent hydrogen, 45
percent oxygen and 2 percent ash. The
fuel, containing 53 percent moisture, is
fired ‘as is’. The bulk density is
7 1/2 lb per cu ft, loosely packed and the
average calorific values are CCV 4,200
Btu per ib, and LCV 3,200 Btu per lb.
The heat energy from the bagasse is the
basis for the steam balance of the refinery
with the ideal being a small surplus of
fuel with a storage and recovery plant.
Spreader stokers have proved to be
effective in burning bagasse. The two
bagasse/coal stoker fired boilers recently
installed at Sezela in Natal use coal,
bagasse, or a combination of these fuels
on twin Rotograte stokers with a rating
at ncr load of 125,000 lb hr of steam
at 300 lb per sq in. and 620 F final
steam temperature when burning coal and
300 lb per sq in. and 645 F when burning
bagasse. Although bagasse is accepted as a
primary fuel in the sugar industry, such
greater use of bagasse for other purposes
is indicated by its potential for use in
the paper industry.
67 -0861
Baling on mill sites. Widespread concern in
the industry. Waste Trade World,
110(13):3-4, Apr. 1, 1967.
The procedure of installing baling presses
at steel mills is becoming popular. The
mills usually rent the press to individual
merchants so that scrap can be sent direct
from source to mill, thus bypassing
the scrap’yard. Costs can be reduced by
6s to lOs a ton. However, a firm that
originally adopted this practice can no
longer use the baling press because of a
switch from open hearth to electric arc
furnaces that has resulted in making the
bales too large. The smaller bale sizes
required by some arc furnaces do not make
the practice economically feasible unless
the merchant finds subsidiary outlets in
foundries and specialist steel mills. This
problem has led one steelworks to install
not only a baling press, but two sets of
shears so that both heavy and light scrap
can be sheared to the desired dimensions.
They have lièensed a merchant to process
their scrap on the premises and pay him a
processing charge. Another mill found
that their output was not sufficien t to
require enough scrap to keep the baling
The processing and marketing of iron and
steel scrap in the intermountain States
of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah,
and Wyoming and the northwestern Plains
States of Nebraska, North Dakota. and
South Dakota are presented. The quantity
and quality of iron and steel scrap
consumed in both the steel mills and
iron foundries in these States in 1964 were
decided by: the type of facilities
used to produce an end product; the
availability of a dependable source
of iron and steel scrap at competitive
prices; and the ratio of the cost
of iron in iron ore to iron in scrap.
Data on the origin, areas of collection,
movement, and consumption of ferrous
scrap and the effect of new or
modernized processing methods and
equipment, the structure of the industry,
statistics of scrap consumption by area,
grade, and furnace types, and the future
outlook for the ferrous scrap industry in
the area are summarized. Numerous
statistical data and specifications are
appended.
A 28—niillion—Btu—per—hr dual fuel burner
replaced the original gas burner at the
Gartsherrie Iron Works. It fires a
rotary drum slag dryer which handles
10 1/2 tons of slag per hr with moisture
content up to 33 percent. Molten
slag Is tapped into a stream of high
pressure water causing the slag to solidify
into granules for cement. The burner
burns oil or gas.
238
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0861—0866
67-0864
Boards from agro-industrial wastes.
Science Journal, 3(11):27, Nov. 1967.
A process developed by the Regional
Research Laboratory at Johat, Assain
(India), for the manufacture of
particle boards, roofing boards,
flooring tiles, table tops, and
similar items using agro-industrial wastes
as raw material, is described. The
thermomechanical process is based on the
binding capacity of the functional groups
of the cellulosic material, Its novelty
lies in the total elimination of
synthetic glues such as phenol-formaldehyde
or urea-formaldehyde resin used as binders
in most conventional board manufacture.
For the India board, wastes such as sawdust,
paddy husk, groudnut husk, wood wastes,
spent tan materials, coconut husk, jute
sticks, barks, and forest management
wastes (including tops of trees) can
be used. A standard particle size of
14-100 BS mesh is recommended. The water
percentage is brought to about 20, acids
andlor urea are added for waterproofing, the
mix is uniformly distributed over a caul and
is hot pressed for 30 minutes. The
boards are then annealed. Output of the Johat
process is given as 3,000 to 9,000 tons
per year. The boards it produces have
tensile strength of 125 kg per sq cm,
compression strength of 145 kg per sq cm,,
and bending strength of 28 kg per sq cm,
even after maximum absorption of 3 to 5
percent water.
67-0865
Boost your profits with tool scrap.
Canadian Metalworking/Machine Production,
30(7):42-44, July 1967.
Approximately 85 percent of the users of
tungsten carbide sell tool scrap along
with their regular scrap at $21 to $27 per
ton. Separated tungsten carbide which
could bring $3,000 a ton is being
discarded at the rate of 1 million lb
a year in Canada. Every $20 spent on
tungsten carbide produces $1 in scrap.
Because of a lack of awareness of the true
market value, one Canadian company is
selling 50,000 lb of tungsten carbide for
ordinary scrap prices. The tungsten
carbide can be recovered from heading
dies, throw-away inserts, drawing dies,
shape dies, milling cutters, rock bits,
and cutting tools. A salvage director
should supervise the scrap recovery and
detect excessive waste from any department.
Key salvage employees should be equipped
with a chemical analysis kit (cost $50)
to trace the precious metals back to
their plant source. Color coded
containers will prevent mixing high and
low value scrap. The tool crib operator
should require the exchange of worn tools
and scrapped materials for now ones. One
dollar saved in salvage equals the profits
on $100 in sales. Photographs include a
barrel of tungsten carbide worth $3,000,
quality control inspection to reduce scrap,
grinding of brazed tool tips, and
photomicrographs of reclaimed and
commercial tungsten carbide. Canada
supplies 3.1 percent of the world
production from one mine, and the United
States only 4.5 percent of the world
production with 44.4 percent coining from
China. A valuable material is being
wasted because of failure to recognize
its value and recover it by simple
mechanical sorting.
57-0866
Bopp, R. A new shear for bulky waste.
Public Cleansing, 57(1O) 517-519,
Oct. 1967.
A new Von Roll shear for bulky refuse is
described. Unlike conventional machines,
which grind the refuse, this shear cuts
it up. Maximum throughput depends on the
composition of the waste and ranges from
157 to 260 cuyd per hr. Loading, which
is automatic and controlled by one crane
driver, is through the large horizontal
feed opening, measuring 9 ft 10 in. by
11 ft 2 in. The machine consists
essentially of two multiple steel frames
linked In a V-shape, with cutting blades
bolted to one face of one frame. When
closing, the beams of the moving system
swing into the spaces of the fixed frame,
catching bulky refuse and cutting it
with the blades. Power is provided by a
37 kw motor and hydraulic pump. If the
maximum permissible oil pressure of
2,100 psi is exceeded, the machine
automatically reverses movement and the
refuse slides further down and closer
to the pivot of the cutting system. The
resultant increased leverage will permit
shearing in the next operating cycle.
Cutting blades are made of chrome-vanadium-
steel, each with four cutting edges, of
which only one is engaged. Thus, cutters
can be reversed 3 times before resharpening
is necessary. This machine works with
very little noise and without creating
any dust. It is relatively light-weight,
weighing about 28 tons. Von Roil also
239
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Recycling
supplies a similar machine, but with only
one moving frame section, which Is
especially suitable for industrial waste
from chemical plants
67-0867
Boxcar salvaging operations studied.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(6):31, June
1967.
The Solid Wastes Program has awarded a
$50,000 contract to Booz, Allen Applied
Research, Inc. of Bethesda, Maryland,
to carry out a comprehensive study of
railroad car dismantling and recommended
new approaches to eliminate pollution
problems and still have economic disposal
of obsolete cars.
670868
Bricks from discarded silt. Environmental
Science and Technology, 1(2):111, Feb. 1967.
Silty clay waste materials, a potential
water pollution hazard, may be made into
inexpensive brick for building.
67-0869
Brown, R. S., and A. B. Netzley.
Incineration; Drum reclamation furnaces.
In Air pollution engineering manual.
Public Health Service Publication No.
999-AP-40. Cincinnati, National Center
for Air Pollution Control, 1967. p.481—495.
Open-top steel drums used for transportation
and storage of chemicals may be cleaned
by burning the combustible materials, at
a cost lower than chemical cleaning.
Burning i most efficient in
refractory-lined furnaces which are
classified as to type of process- -batch or
continuous. The same basic factors of
combustion volume, burner capacity, and
combustion air differ markedly.
Temperatures do not exceed 1,000 F in
either process to prevent warpage and
scale formation. Regulations require
the afterburner or secondary combustion
chamber to raise the maximum volume
of effluent to 1,400 F for at least
0.5 seconds to insure complete combustion
of elemental carbon. Insulating materials
for drum reclamation furnaces should have
a service temperature of at least 2,000 F.
A problem illustrates the design of a
continuous-tunnel type furnace for
processing 150 open-top steel drums
per hr.
67-0870
Butler, D. H., W. M. Graham, F. C.
Hamburg, et al. A study of improved
methods for dismantling railroad freight
cars. Bethesda, Md., Booz, Allen Applied
Research Inc., Oct. 30, 1967. 89 p.
A 6—month investigation was carried
out under contract with the Solid Wastes
Program, National Center for Urban and
Industrial health, U.S. Public Health
Service, to determine the best methods for
railroad car dismantling. Of the
approximately 70,000 rail freight cars
which are dismantled each year, about
50 percent contain 3 to 7 tons of wood
each which must be removed before the
scrap iron and steel can be returned
to the steel—making process. Since
conventional means of removing wood by
open burning produce dense smoke emissions,
more than 40 alternate schemes were
selected for investigation. Two approaches
which appeared to have the most merit were
a system of cutting wood from the cars
using high pressure, manually—operated water
jets and a system of using the car itself
for an incinerator.
67-0871
Cadmium from zinc smelting wastes.
British Chemical Engineering, 12(11):103,
Nov. 1967.
The recovery of cadmium of high purity
from the waste liquors of zinc smelting
operations is described, using a new
process based on solvent extraction.
A plant which will utilize this process
is now being constructed. Flue gases from
the sintering of zinc and lead ores are
cleaned by gas washers and electrostatic
precipitators before entering the sulfuric
acid plant. For recovery of the cadmium
values the wash liquors, after settlement
and filtration, are passed through an ion
exchange column where the metals are
adsorbed. Experiments on solvent
extraction as an economical method of
separation led to the development F
two processes, one using tri-n-butyl
phosphate (TB?) as the extractant, and
the other using maphthenic acid in
kerosene solution. The TB? process, which
makes use of a multistage countercurrent
flow system, appears to be the more
desirable. The pilot-plant mixer-settlers,
built in Perspex, are of a simple basic
type with a variable height weir to
control aqueous-solvent interface level
in settlers (illustrated by diagram).
240
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0867—0874
The separation was shown to be independent
of variations in the Cd and Zn
concentrations and was effective at
pH values of greater than 2. Cadmium to
zinc ratios of 10,000 to 1 are readily
attainable by this method, and cadmium
chemicals of a purity comparable to that
achieved via the refined metal can be
prepared from the resultant solution after
further chemical purifications to remove
minor quantities of other elements.
67-0872
Callihan, C. D., R, W. Pike, and E. 3.
Stone. Development of simple
chemical-microbial processes for the
utilization of low grade cellulosics in
single cell bacterial and yeast protein
production. In The development of food
from cellulosic waste for human and
animal consumption. Baton Rouge,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Louisiana State University, July 1967.
p. 14-27.
Recent studies have shown that a low-grade
cellulosic (such as bagasse) can be
chemically modified to increase its
digestibility in ruminants from 25 percent
to 60 percent of the total fiber.
Microbes have been isolated which appear
to rapidly degrade highly crystalline,
pure cellulose to the disaccharides. A
considerable portion of the research
attempted in the past has been aimed at
finding uses for the waste products of
pulp and paper mills. Research on the
digestibility of lignin shows that it
will not serve as a poison or inhibitor
to the organisms growing on carbohydrate
in the presence of lignin. This concept
is important if low grade cellulose
sources, such as sawdust, and bagasse
which may contain large amounts of
lignin, are to be utilized as substrates.
A pilot unit for the chemical and microbial
treatment of low-grade cellulosic
materials has been designed and. is under
construction. Specific aims of the
investigation are: to chemically treat
sawdust, wheat straw, rice straw,
bagasse, and Johnson grass; to develop
production techniques for cellulose
degrading bacteria and for growing yeast
protein from cellulosic substrates;
to produce feedstuffs for ruminants; and
to process the protein concentrate so that
the product will be tasty and desirable.
Au economic analysis of the cost of
producing protein was made.
67-0873
Carefully chosen baler. Waste Trade
World, 111(26):14-15, Dec. 23, 1967.
The ‘Nupress’ baler, found by the
Salisbury City Council to meet their
five requirements for an additional baler
for handling a sudden increase in waste
paper, is described. The requirements
include simplicity for operation by a
non-mechanically minded person, versatility
for handling mixed waste, fiberboard, and
newspapers, capacity for production of 4
cwt bales of mixed waste or news, and ability to
be fed mechanically or by hand and to bale
twice as fast as existing balers. After
initial installation at ground level proved
inefficient, the baler was located in the
pit so the movable box was close to the
edge of che pit and level with the shed
floor. All gaps between the shed floor
and the baler were filled in and a control
panel was conveniently mounted for the
operator who pushes the material with
rake or brush into the filling box.
Upon completion of a bale it is wired
and lifted out with an air hoist
suspended from an overhead joist. The
baler, in conjunction with the system
of split level feeding, provides
economy through low manhours, ease of
servicing, resistance to damage, and
operation by unskilled workers.
67-0874
C-a-rrr-u-n-c-h from this.
Public Cleansing, 57(12):656-658,
Dec. 1967.
The first of two Lindemann Newell car
shredding plants in Great Britain
was opened at Sr. Helens on Oct.
6, 1967. It has the capacity to produce
2,500 tons of good quality metal scrap
per wee’ and will process unwanted cars,
stoves, washing machines, refrigerators,
etc. The E500,000 plant is controlled
by an auto-transformer starter rated
at 3,250 hp to operate on 6.6 k’V, and is
designed to convert a car body into steel
strap in 15 seconds. A mobile clam grab
feeds material into the 20—ft long bed,
the lid of which flattens the scrap which
is then pushed by a hydraulic rain
(2,000—lb—per—sq—in, pressure) into the
shredder. The scrap continues to be
fragmented until the pieces are of a
size to pass through an B—in. square
apertured grill. From there it
progresses onto a vibrating screen,
where the extraneous dirt, etc., drops
241
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Recycling
through into storage containers. At
the end of the screen a rotary electromagnet
picks off the ferrous scrap and places
it onto an inclined conveyor belt, while
the rest--non-ferrous metals and other
matter- - drops onto an inclined conveyor
set at right angles. This leads to
picking positions where the non-ferrous
metals are removed. The ferrous metal
is fed spirally through a horizontal
rotary, gas-fired (300 C) furnace. At
the exit of the furnace, a rotary magnet
removes the ferrous scrap and it is
conveyed directly into railway wagons.
The whole plant is controlled from a
console within a cabin overlooking the
feed-bed.
67 .08Th
Ceramic reclamatlon-improved process.
British Chemical Engineering,
12(9):1406, Sept. 1967.
An improved reclamation process which
reduces the waste materials from
extrusion and pressing of industrial
ceramic materials to a fine powder
suitable for reconstitution and which
eliminates external screening is
described. The previously used
disintegrators involved a two-stage
process in which disintegration
was followed by screening to remove and
return oversize material to the
disintegrator for retreatment. In the
new process, the waste material is
passed directly to pulverizing mills
suitable for particles up to 2 in. in
diameter. Integral mill screens eliminate
the external screening and deliver the
fine powder iunuediately. Since no
contamination of one ceramic material
with another is permissable, a number of
mills have been installed resulting in
savings in time and improved efficiency.
67-0876
Champagne send-off for fragmentation
plant. Steel Times, 195(5179):504,
Nov. 1967.
The Liudemana-Nevell unit installed at
St. Helens (Lanes) by Fragmentation
Heckett-Birds, Ltd., is claimed to be
the first fully—automated fragmentation
plant in the U.K. for converting car
bodies and other forms of light scrap
into a high-grade material for iron and
steel making. A photograph of the plant
is given. A brief ‘description’ of the
plant’s operation is given in the
context of the commissioning ceremony.
67-0877
Chedd, C. Fertilizer from flue gases?
New Scientist, 36(569):281—283, Nov. 2,
1967.
A dry process for the extraction of sulfur
from flue gases, with elemental sulfur as
Its product, which was developed by the
U.S. Bureau of Mines, was investigated
by the Central Electricity Research
Laboratories (CIERL) in Great Britain. The
absorbant, from which sulfur could be
removed by a reduction process, is
alkylized alumina. CERL set up a research
project to study the nature of the
absorbing material, the detailed chemistry
of the gas-solid interaction, and the
chemistry of the recovery process. In the
CEGB version of the alkylized alumina
process, the rain of alkylized alumina
particles is replaced by a fluidized bed
of high porosity sodium aluminate. The
sulfur dioxide from the flue gases
diffuses into the pores of the alumina
and reacts to form a mixture of sodium
sulfite, sodium sulfate, and aluminum
oxide. This mixture is passed into the
solids regenerator where it meets an
upward flow of hydrogen, which reduces
the sulfate/sulfite mixture to hydrogen
sulfide. One-third of the hydrogen sulfide
is then oxidized to sulfur dioxide and
the two gas streams are mixed and passed
over a bauxite catalyst from which
elemental sulfur is produced. A full
scale pilot plant has been designed to
produce 10 tons of sulfur a day from a
power station, with the intention of
building a follow—up unit which will
produce 1,000 tons a day.
67-0878
Chicago considers rag-picker plan. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(3):46, Mar. 1967.
An alderman in Chicago’s City Council
introduced a proposal to allow licensed
rag and paper-pickers to work ahead of the
city’s collection service picking up
newspapers and magazines worth $1 ,600
a week if resold.
242
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0875—0882
67-0879
Chip drying system. . . increases machining
scrap recovery. Mill and Factory,
81(6):63, Dec. 1967.
The problem of salvaging ‘wet’ chips,
generated from machining operations, is
described. Chips which are wet from
cutting oil or moisture are unsuitable
for briquetting, and the oil that they
contain creates dense smoke in the cupolas
and causes problems in the melt. Yet the
quantities of wet chips being generated
are so great that a large amount of money
could be saved if they could be salvaged.
A new chip processing and handling system
was investigated by International Harvester
Co. last year and was later installed. All
cast iron chips, both wet and dry, are
now processed through the Link-Belt Co.
system which is controlled by one operator
at a single panel. The system removes oil
from wet chips, screens out tramp iron
and other trash, mixes dry and deoiled
chips together, and conveys the mixed
chips to the briquetting equipment.
The Link-Belt extractor, which is the
key cost saving element of the system,
is described. It uses high-speed spinning
action for de-oiling and de-watering.
The extractor works on an automatic cycle
and rotates at half speed during chip
charging to balance the load, but spins
at full speed while extracting oil and
water. Then it stops to discharge the
dried chips into a receiving hopper.
The extractor subjects the chips to a
centrifugal force of approximately
350 G’s at the peak of the cycle. One
shift operation of the system can dispose
of the chip accumulation of three machine
shop shifts. The system is capable of
salvaging tens of thousands of dollars
per year of wet oily chips that formerly
wound up on the scrap market.
The importance of an analysis of the
economics of paper stock f or the efficient
operation of paper mills is stressed.
Parameters such as cost savings, the
ability to create superior quality
characteristics for particular end uses,
and the effect of usage, are discussed.
It is pointed out that several economic
questions, to which answers have not yet
been found, should be investigated before
a mill can arrive at an intelligent
decision concerning the purchase and use
of paper stock.
67-0881
Cohan, L. 3., and 3. H. Fernandes. Potential
energy conversion aspects of refuse.
ASME Paper 67WA/PID-6. Presented at
Winter Annual Meeting, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh,
Nov. 12-17, 1967. 7 p.
Today refuse may average 10 percent or
less garbage, with an overall moisture
content of 15 to 20 percent. It is
characterized by large quantities of paper
bags, crates, and similar dry, combustible
material. Industrial refuse has
increased amounts of plastics and other
synthetic materials, many of which have
high heating values with little or no
moisture or ash. If the energy in the
flue gas of incinerators is considered
as a useful by-product instead of the
current wasteful heat dissipation, various
energy utilization schemes could offer
sound economic trade-of fs. Calculations
indicate that there is the potential of
substantial return to incinerator operators
of about 6,500 kw hr available for sale
after incinerator requirements are met.
Should the incinerator be in a complex
which could use electricity, the steam
would be valued at $0.01 per kw hr. If
the steam were sold to a nearby district
heating system or process plant the
value might be as much as $0.50 per 1,000
lb. Incinerator heat may be utilized for:
regenerative feedwater heating, district
heating, district air conditioning,
refrigeration, desalination, separately
fired superheaters, and incinerator gas
turbines. The various schemes are
described and illustrated.
67-0882
Cole, J. I., and H. S. Moss. Copper rod
from scrap copper. Automation,
14(12) 5154, Dec. 1967.
The development of the continuous casting
and rolling method for converting copper
scrap into copper rod is described in
detail with accompanying diagram and
photographs. Scrap copper is charged.
melted, and refined in a 75-ton
reverberatory furnace. When ready to
cast, the refined molten copper is
delivered to the induction heated
67 -0880
Claghorn,
secondary
Industry,
A. U. What are economics of
fiber usage? American Paper
49(11):84, 86, Nov. 1967.
243
-------
Recycling
holding furnace and then to the mold
cavity on the casting machine. The
copper is solidified in the mold by
cooling both the mold and the steel band
that closes the mold with water sprays.
The casting is then stripped from the
wheel mold and conveyed to a fourteen-stand,
tandem hot rolling mill in which the 2.40-
sq in. trapezoidal-shaped casting is
reduced to a 5/16—in, diameter rod. The
rod is further cooled by water in the
coiling pipe, and is then coiled at the
coiling basket. To remove any oxide scale
that may have formed, the rod in coiled form
is pickled, rinsed, and coated with a
detergent solution in a series of tanks.
The new continuous casting and rolling
method already produces a superior
quality rod at a lower per unit cost than
the currently used wire-bar process;
it is estimated that the cost of
converting copper scrap to copper rod
will be reduced by 50 percent when the
new method is fully developed.
67-0883
Collection trailer. Waste Trade World,
111(5):21, July 29, 1967.
A trailer designed for salvage collection
which is available in a 6 1/4-cu yd and
a 11-cu yd capacity in the E116 to b195
price range is described. The trailer
made by N.F.R. (Sales) Ltd. is built on
a chassis of square hollow section tube
with the body fabricated of panels of heavy
gauge material supported by a rigid angle
and formed section framing. There is a
rubber-bushed suspension and a ratchet
parking brake mounted on a specially
designed extra-long towbar strongly
supported’at the contact point with the
body of the trailer to eliminate the
normal strain in this area. The lighting
equipment is protected by a pressed channel.
A special model is available with
zinc-coated steel panels and shock
absorbers for service where maintenance
facilities are not available. An
illustration shows the regular M.F.R.
trailer for salvage collection.
670884
Concrete reinforced with scrap car steel.
Waste Trade World, 110(23):13, June 10, 1967.
A report is made of tests to be run on
the load-bearing characteristics of concrete
block and column segments with reinforcing
cores of crushed car scrap. The U.S.
Bureau of Mines has awarded a contract to
Lok-Blok Inc. of Hornell, New York, to
test concrete blocks and column segments
to determine precisely how much strength
is gained by adding car scrap cores to
concrete. The contract, which will run
for eight months, is another approach
by the Bureau of Mines in its hunt for
useful applications for car scrap now
littering many areas. The lower cost of
load bearing columns and walls of car
scrap-reinforced concrete should interest
the building industry. Several builders
are interested in the possibility of the
substitution of this new material for
steel girders and reinforced concrete in
some types of buildings. The Lok-Blok
Inc. will both build and test the blocks
and circular column segments. A potential
demand for scrap car steel is possible
depending on the results of the tests.
670885
Council utilize wire belt conveyor. Waste
Trade World, 111(5):20, July 29, 1967.
A Wedco wire belt conveyor with an open
weave is important in the utilization of
30 tons of waste paper and mixed waste
which are collected weekly by the
Warrington Corporation from shops,
factories, and other businesses in the
area and provide the Corporation with an
income of 112,000 a year. Two pictures
are shown of the installation, one of
which shows the charging and sorting end
of the conveyor with the fiberboard sorted
and being conveyed to the baler. The
other illustration shows the conveyor
discharging sorted material into the baler.
When the paper arrives at the council
depot after collection in modern rear-loading
vehicles, it is discharged onto the tail
of a Wedco wire mesh belt conveyor set
into the floor. There is only a small
clearance on either side of the conveyor
so that the tipped waste falls on the
conveyor or close enough to facilitate
picking. The open weave of the wire mesh
belt of the conveyor allows dust and
other foreign matter to fall through to
a steel deck just below the belt level
of the section in the floor. The
conveyor lifts the paper to a section at
a convenient height for sorting and then to
a Powell continuous baler which delivers
bales weighing from 150 to 200 lb. A
torque limiting device on the conveyor
drive unit prevents damage in case of
overload or jamming. The bales are
244
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0883—0889
stored in a separate area until sold and
then they are loaded to the deck of the
collecting vehicle by a portable elevator.
67 -0886
Crane’s three simultaneous moves. Waste
Trade World, 111(23):14-15, Dec. 2, 1967.
A crane that can hoist up to 35 tons and
at the same time slew and move forward
and backward is described. It is
designed for handling heavy duty unit
loads, and continuous derricking under
full load at every point of the arc is
made possible by a bevel gear reversing
mechanism of new design. The range includes
the 851C, a crawler-tracked chassis, the
851T, mounted on a truck chassis, and a
model mounted on a six- or eight-wheeled
chassis. All jib head hoist blocks and
derricking sheaves are nounted on tapered
roller bearings with life-long sealed-in
lubrication. The hoist load at a 10-ft
radius is 35 tons; at a 25-ft radius it is
5 tons; and at both 100- and 150-ft radii
it is 0.8 ton. The hoisting brake is
continuously engaged throughout motion and
gives unique control when lowering a load.
lowering can be carried
out at speeds of up to 165 ft per minute, and
a three-speed gearbox gives precise
control over the final positioning of the
load. The firm which produces the crane
believes that the built-in safety factors
are unmatched by any other crane.
67-0887
Dahn, H. P., and E. Dannevig. The
reclamation and utilization of fines
from the fractionization process. Norsk
Skogindustri, 21(11):432-436, Nov. 1967.
The study investigates the recovery of
fines by flotation. After a separate
alkaline treatment, fines from spruce
and hardwood sulfite pulps are rendered
fairly harmless and may be returned to
the main pulp in the alkali stage of the
bleaching. No separate washing and
thickening of the fines is necessary,
and the surplus alkali is utilized. It
was found that more than 90 percent of
the fines could be recovered by flotation.
With pine sulfite pulp, little is gained
by a separate treatment of the fines
compared to the treatment of the whole
pulp with alkali. The suggested method
makes possible the recirculation of large
quantities of water in the pulp screening
stage and therfore reduces the fresh
water demand. (Text—Norwegian)
67-0888
Danielson, V. A., J. F. O’Neill, and H.
P. Ahrenholz. Iron and steel scrap in the
Southeast. U.S. Bureau of Hines
Information Circular No. 8342. [ Washington]
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1967.
85 p.
The Bureau of Mines examined sources,
consumption, and movement of iron and
steel scrap in the southeastern
States- -Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina,
and Tennessee. Officials of the
scrap-processing and scrap-consuming
industries were interviewed and a
canvass was made by the Bureau of Scrap
Consumers. Scrap is one of the important
resources of the Southeast. The maim
difference between scrap and other
resources is that scrap is constantly
generated in the manufacture of mew iron
and steel. As the quantity of iron and
steel products manufactured increases,
the amount of scrap generated also increases.
Numerous illustrations and tables are
furnished. Significant trends in
processing scrap in the Southeast are
the preparation of smaller bundles or
‘briquettes’ weighing from 75 to 150 lb,
which are easier for consumers to handle
and inspect; and the shredding of
automobile scrap which produces a dense,
clean scrap especially desirable for
use in electric furnaces. The transportation
of scrap, demand and supply, production,
trends in prices, and consumption are also
discussed.
67-0889
Dessa-uer, R.C., I i. Mayer, and E. J.
Patzner. Recovering semiconductor
waste material. IBM Technical Disclosure
Bulletin, 10(1):98, June 1967.
A technique for recovering semiconductor
waste material that is scrapped or
discarded from semiconductor processing
operations is summarized. Scrap
semiconductor material, like silicon,
is fed at a constant weight rate into
a water-cooled melting boat. The boat
is in a quartz tube in an inert gas
atmosphere. A RF coil surrounds the
apparatus, and a previously prepared
ingot extends from the molten zone under
the coil out the other end. The process
is explained briefly, and considerations
such as irregular-sized scrap silicon,
loading by conveyor belt, and minimum
operator supervision are discussed.
245
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Recycling
61-0890
The development of food from cellulosic
waste for human and animal consumption.
Baton Rouge, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University,
July 1967. 3-04 p.
An interdisciplinary research project is
underway at Louisiana State University
has as its goal the development of food
for human and animal consumption. A
proposal Is made to the Agency for
International Development to request
support to continue this project. For
each project, a detailed description is
given including the specific objectives
of the research and its Interrelation
to other studies. The basic process
involves simple fermentatio : steps,
and the raw material will be cellulose
waste which occurs in many forms
throughout the world e.g., rice straw,
bagasse, saw dust, etc. The product will
be single cell and yeast proteins that
can be readily incorporated into the diet
of the indigenous population by preparing
food acceptable to the population and
by animal feed which in turn yields animal
protein. The cost of producing protein
by this process is estimated to be 9
cents per lb. This conservative estimate
is based on a 20 ton per day production
rate of a 95 percent protein concentrate.
Projects are being conducted: development
of single cell proteins from cellulose
substrates, development of simple
chemical—microbial processes, study of the role
of single cell proteins in human nutrition,
development of nutritious and acceptable
foods and animal feeds, and studies 1-n
food attitudes and attitude change.
Bibliographies for each project are included.
61-0891
Diamond, Gerald X. Cheap sand
reclamation. Modern Castings,
52(6):10, Dec. 1967.
A low-cost sand-reclamation technique,
which uses a fluidized bed, Is described.
Without reclamation, sand mixtures
bonded with oils, resins and sugars for
shell molds cannot be reused because
remnants of bonding materials left over
on the sand grains impair strength of
the molds and cores. The technique
involves the burning of a gas and air
mixture (1:4) in a combustion space
formed by porous catalyzed plates.
Combustion products keep the sand formed
by porous catalyzed plates. Combustion
products keep the sand in continuous
turbulent motion, heating it rapidly to
800 to 900 C. Next, the sand passes to
a cooling zone where a stream of cool
air keeps it fluidized. The operation
may be fully automated, since sand in
the fluidized layer behaves like a liquid,
flowing spontaneously through the reactor
whose bottom slopes one degree. Output
is about 1,000 lb of sand hourly for each
sq in of combustion area. kbout 85 cu in of
city gas with a heating value of 3,600
kcal per cu in plus about 1,900 cu in of
air for cooling and combustion are
needed. The equipment is simple and
cheap and the attention needed is minimal.
67-0892
Dry separation of U and Zr In atomic fuel
elements. British Chemical Engineering,
12(11):62, Nov. 1967.
A new process, developed by the Chemical
Division of the French Atomic Energy
Commission, which permits the recovery
of enriched uranium from fuel element
production waste, or the treatment of
such elements after irradiation, is
described. The basis of the process,
which is ‘dry’, is the separation and
purification of uranium in the form of
its hexafluoride. The basic steps
include: the removal of zirconium as
volatile tetrachioride by the action of
anhydrous HC1 at 250 to 500 C; the
conversion of the uranium chloride to
the hexafluoride form by treatment with
fluorine at 200 to 500 C; and the
purification of the uranium hexafluoride
by distillation or adsorption/desorption
on sodium fluoride. After laboratory
experiments and the establishment of a
pilot plant, an industrial-scale plant was
built and successfully operated in
1962-1963. Three kg per hr of alloy are
treated with a yield of RC1 of about
50 percent and with a uranium loss in
the zirconium tetrachloride of about
0.1 percent. The success of the plant led
to the construction of another one which
is capable of treating several kilograms
of irradiated alloy. The essential features
of the industrial-scale plant are shown in
a flow diagram with a description of the
process involved. Experiments showed that
this process could be equally well applied
to the treatment of uranium-aluminum
alloys with yields of the same order as
those obtained from uranium-zirconium alloys.
246
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0890—0896
67.0893
Dust extraction at paper baling plant.
Public Cleansing, 57(1O):561-562,
Oct. 1967.
To control the dust problem at a new
paper baling plant, operated by the
City of Westminster Cleansing Department,
a wet deduster was installed. Rated at
12,000 cfm, the unit, in view of the
light dust load, has a type D discharge,
involving conical hoppers and quick
release valves. The fan, on the clean
air side of this unit, is powered by a
40—hp motor and passes cleaned air, via
an acoustic-lined discharge duct, to the
atmosphere. Incoming vehicles discharge
paper into and adjacent to four chutes.
Dust tends to rise at the bottom of these
chutes and is controlled by canopy-type
hoods. Working conditions have been
materially improved by this deduster
installation.
67-0894
Efficient disintegration of used tires.
Waste Trade World, 111(24):12-13,
Dec. 9, 1967.
The Palma process, which can handle
8,000 tons of waste tires per annum and
costs slightly over 6O,000, is described.
It produces satisfactorily cleaned and
sorted rubber crumb (72% of total product),
textile threads (23%). and wire (5%).
The tire is rotated against pairs of
knives which separate and remove the
beading containing the wire. Another
pair of knives separates the running
surface from the sidewalls, and the
three rings are then sliced into pieces.
A disc mill, which pulverizes the
rubber, consists of three sections: a
rough mill, which separates out small
particles of rubber grain; a prismatic
troimnel, which isolates the cords without
damaging the yarn; and a fine mill which
completes the pulverizing process.
Vibratory trays sort the rubber crumb
which then falls into classification
bins, each to be used for different
reclamation purposes. Some reclamation
uses include: production of high—grade
rubber bitumens for the building
industry, roads, and runways; mixing
with a minimum amount of latex for
an elastic carpet underlay; and
spreading on normal paper to produce
packing paper with high insulating
qualities against moisture. The rayon
and cotton cords can be used in the textile
industry and the 40 percent that are
damaged or short in length can be used
as loose felting, quilted lining, stuffing,
or sheet, or can be incorporated into
sound and heat insulation boards for use
in the building industry. A chemical
process for handling nylon or polyamide
is under development.
67-0895
Egan, H. N. Pelletizing fine coal
recovered from pumped refuse. Mining
Engineering, 19(11):73-75, Nov. 1967.
A new plant, built by Eastern Coal
Corporation to pelletize fines into high
quality coal pellets which meet the
requirements of the metallurgical
market, is described. A flowsheet of the
water clarification, coal fines recovery,
and coal pelletizing plant is given and
its operation described. The processing
plant effluent waters are pumped to the
system via a distributor. The recovered
and concentrated fines are discharged
to a vacuum disc filter for dewatering
and the filter cake is conveyed via a
100-ton capacity storage bin to a belt
feeder that takes it through a mixer to
a balling disc where the concentrate is
shaped into pellets which are then
conveyed by oscillating feeder to a
tunnel-type dryer. The hardened and cooled
pellets, which measure three-quarters by
three—eighths in., contain less than 1.5
percent moisture, and have a stability
equivalent to raw coal of the same size.
The pellets are then discharged to car
loading or storage at about 100 F.
Initial problems, now being solved,
include troubles with uniform flow
of the filter cake out of the storage
bin, with the pneumatic stoker, and
with the heat drying of the pellets.
The recovery of coal from a large refuse
pond behind the dump is discussed.
67-0896
Eggen, A., and 0. A. Powell. Fea3ibility
study of a new solid waste system
DUST/TR-6701. Hartford, Conn., University
of Hartford, Division of Urban Science
and Technology, Nov. 1967. 30 p.
A brief survey was made of Connecticut
solid waste practices and costs.
Enough experimental work was done to
demonstrate the feasibility of a new
system involving automobile shredding,
burning of refuse and garbage, using
247
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Recycling
the energy from the combustion process, and
making a ceramic/metal composite by
combining the molten solid products of
combustion with shredded scrap. Performance
estimates and a brief economic analysis
and market survey were made. The power
production cycle consists essentially
of a shredded refuse burning gas turbine.
The most important product families were
based on the use of thin sheets of the
ceramic on a rolled, shredded scrap mat.
The production of ceramic foams and
aggregate is also possible. It is
estimated that the required development
program will cost about $30 million and
take four years to the first production
solid waste system. It was concluded
that the proposed system is feasible and
has the potential of reducing waste disposal
costs to nothing even if only energy
production or only material production
proves successful.
67-0897
Eggen, A., and 0. A. Powell. The overall
system; experimental results.
Feasibility study of a new solid waste
system DUST/TR-6701. Harford, Conn.,
University of Hartford, Division of
Urban Science and Technology, Nov. 1967.
p. 12-16.
The overall system postulated contains three
separate sub-systems: automobile shredder,
power production, and material production.
Shredders are about the only technique now
available which economically can produce
a saleable scrap from automobiles. The
power production system will be justified
by purely economic considerations even if
the by-product market provided by the
material production system fails to
materialize. It is unlikely that a
municipality will object to delivering its
refuse to a power generating system if this
will reduce its disposal costs and
problems to nothing. The power generating
system postulated will serve 50,000 to
200,000 people and will be located in
normal industrial areas so that refuse
haul distances and corresponding collection
costs will be minimized. The molten
ceramic raw material, which can be
produced by a high temperature Incinerator,
can be sold to the existing building
products industry. The interrelationships
of the three systems will be complex. The
compressive and flexure strength of
ceramic specimens were determined using
residue from the Melt-Zit incinerator as
the raw material. The residue had been
water quenched from 3,000 F which produced
a black glassy material.
67-0898
Eggen, A., and 0. A. Powell. The auto
shredder; Power production technology;
power production economics. In
Feasibility study of a new solid waste
system DUST/TR-6701. Hartford, Conn.,
University of Hartford, Division of Urban
Science and Technology, Nov. 1967.
p. 17-25.
Units capable of shredding a whole car
cost about $2 million and are capable of
handling 1,000 automobiles per day. Smaller
shredders cost about $250,000 and have a
capacity of about 75 autombiles per day.
The components of the gas turbine power
production system are two hammermills
for refuse shredding, magnetic separators
for the removal of ferrous material, silos
for storage, scrap treatment zone, feed
hopper, and burner/separator unit. The
hot gases leaving the separator are
returned to the turbine and the molten
ceramic is fed into a well insulated
storage/transport container for truck
pick-up. Heat recovery from the hot
(over 700 F) gas turbine exhaust gases
is possible. The gas tubine, the shredder,
and all the other materials handling
and processing equipment will be controlled
automatically. Supplementary remote
viewing will be provided by closed
circuit TV. The entire operation fits
into a small area, approximately 100 ft
by 200 ft. Manufacturer’s data were
used to estimate shredder, shredder
installation, and installed gas
turbine-generator costs. The cost of the
burner/separator was assumed equal to
30 percent of the installed cost of the
gas turbine-generator package. The net
power generating cost depends on the
price obtained for the system by-products-.
molten ceramic and steel scrap.
67-0899
Eggen, A., and 0. A. Powell. Material
technology; material economics; the
development program; the economic
potential. In Feasibility study of a
new solid waste system DUST/TR-6701.
Hartford, Conn., University of Hartford,
Division of Urban Science and Technology,
Nov. 1967. p.26-30.
The two possible products are a thin
steel/ceramic composite sheet and a
ceramic foam. Another product of
interest is a poured-in-place ceramic.
This would provide a very large, although
relatively low-priced, market for the
ceramic. Aggregate was included as a
248
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08 97—0 9 02
product because it can be produced with
an absolute minimum of investment in
hardware or technology development. The
development program initially will
concentrate on obtaining the properties
of the solid waste ceramic. The
processing cost for composite sheet
production was estimated at a little
over 2 per sq ft. Without the power
production system, the molten ceramic
must be produced in a high-temperature
incinerator at a cost of $6 per ton of
refuse or $40 per ton of ceramic. The
total development program is estimated
to cost $30,000,000, which includes a
facility allowance of $10,000,000. The
average savings were calculated to be $2.50
per year for each person from an investment
of $5 per year per person. The power
contribution comes to $2.80 per ton of
refuse, while the building materials
add $6.10 per ton. Thus the municipalities,
rather than paying to dispose of refuse,
could.conceivably sell their refuse
for $7.00 per ton.
67-0900
Electricity from waste. Waste Trade World,
110(17):4, Apr. 19, 1967.
The construction of a residual plant
which handles both ferrous and nonferrous
metals, as well as clinker, in one of the
largest refuse disposal plants, is
described. The works will handle 1,680
tons of refuse a day and their incineration
will produce power to generate between
27 MW and 40 MW electricity for sale.
After all combustible substances have
been burnt out in the boiler house,
the residuals will be transferred by
conveyors to the handling plant to
separate and store the classified
materials. Residuals will be delivered
to a coarse vibrating screen which will
separate out large items into a concrete
hopper. Ferrous metals will be extracted
from the hopper by an overhead magnetic
crane and transferred to an automatic
baling machine. Smaller residuals will
be conveyed to a rotary breaker machine
in which the clinker will be reduced in
size by gravity breaking. Clinker and
fine ash are then conveyed to storage
hoppers for subsequent disposal. Any
unbreakable items will discharge onto the
clinker conveyor where a magnetic
separator will extract any remaining
ferrous material and discharge it onto
the appropriate hopper for transfer to
the baling machine. Ferrous metal
bales are fed by a discharge conveyor to
loading points for road transport.
67-0901
Engel, W. F. Nevada initiates junkyard
screening. Public Works, 98(3):133,
Mar. 1967
Since Nevada, like the other 49 states,
is obligated under Title II of the
Beautification Act of 1965 to screen
junkyards located within 1,000 ft of the
right-of-way of highways on the Interstate
and Primary systems and visible from the
main traveled way by January 1, 1968, or
relocate by January 1, 1970, a pilot
project in junkyard screening was
undertaken by the Nevada Department of
Highways and completed on September 29,
1966. This project involved an auto
salvage yard, 200 ft wide and 950 ft
long, in a zoned industrial area
approximately 6 miles northeast of
Las Vegas. A proposal was submitted
to the BPR for federal participation.
In May, approval was received to proceed
with Stage 2 (design and right-of-way
acquisition). The job was advertised,
and the contract was awarded for $9,370.
The contract, which was completed within
20 working days, screened the auto salvage
yard with a 7-foot high aluminum latticed
chain-link fence on three sides.
Including preliminary engineering,
right-of-way, and construction, the project
cost approximately $15,000; the State’s
share was 25 percent of the total. From
this first job engineers gained experience
in designing and establishing specifications
for such a contract; right of way and
utility agents became acquainted with the
property problems involved; and the
Department lawyers achieved initial
competency in preparing the legal
documents required.
67-0902
Erythropel, H. Ashes and slags.
Brertnstoff-Waernie-Kraft, 19(4) :197-199,
Apr. 1967.
A report on the present state of technology
of the utilization of ash and slag is
presented. The bibliographic references
comprise 32 titles. In two tables the
production of ash and its utilization in
the major industrial countries is lIsted.
For example, in 1965, the United States
produced 20 million tons of ash and utilized
6 percent of it The respective figures
for West Germany are 10 million tons and 27
percent. Ash is mostly used for concrete
and for road construction. (Text-German)
249
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Recycling
61-0903
Especially for stacking. Waste Trade
World, 3(1O):10-12, Sept. 1967
The new 40,000 depot at Byker, Newcastle
upon Tyne, of W. F. and J. R. Shepherd is
described with special emphasis on
stacking space, because of the industrial
type of scrap to be handled. A sketch
of the exterior of the building shows the
exterior location of the main offices to
save stacking space inside the building.
A plan of the warehouse shows location
of the equipment calculated to save wall
space for stacking of material. A
photograph is shown of the S 1103 Hyster
fork for handling the 60 to 70 different
types of non-ferrous metals stocked. This
fork lift has a capacity of 5 tons, derated
to 2’ tons when extended to 23 ft. A
photograph is included of the fork lift
stacking material against the wall.
There is also an exploded diagram shown
of the Avery Austria weighbridge with a
40-ft by 10-ft platform and calibrated
to the nearest pounds spread over a range
of 40 tons. This weighbridge can
accommodate even the largest vehicles without
any need to uncouple. The ancillary
equipment is placed to save wall space
without regard to creating an easy flow
of material. The baling press on the far
side of the weighbridge against the
outside wall, is located in an unsuitable
corner for stacking purposes. The
outside office has large glass windows
so that the operations in the plant can
be observed. Because some of the
non-ferrous metals are almost in the
semi-precious range, a roller shutter door
is controlled from the general office with
a direct alarm to the police.
61-0904
Evaluating industrial tips. Waste Trade
World, 110(4):4, Jan. 28, 1967.
At a recent meeting of the Sheffield
and District Group of the National
industrial Salvage and Recovery Association,
Mr. George Darling, M,P. (Minister of
State, Board of Trade) suggested a plan
for teams of retired experts, such as
mine surveyors and chemical engineers,
to assay the contents of industrial
waste heaps throughout Great Britain.
The task of gett1ng rid of dumps could
be greatly eased if It could be shown
that they contain materials which have
some commercial value and are worth
reclaiming. The experts would assay the
contents of all dumps in their particular
area and their knowledge could be used to
investigate the materials and to suggest
suitable ways of reclamation. The idea
could also be put into operation in
steelworks and engineering factories,
where high value materials are quite often
dumped as scrap. Obstacles, such as
ownership of large dumps, exist, but a
working party of the Northern Region
Planning Committee is investigating the
suggestion.
67 -0905
Feller, M. Dust collected in cyclones
as filler in bituminous mixtures.
Bitumen, Teere, Asphalte, Peche und
Verwandte Stoffe, 18(11):444-447,
Nov. 1967.
In the production of bituminous mixtures,
dust accumulates in the cyclones which
must be either eliminated or prepared for
reuse. After a brief explanation of
the functioning of a cyclone, the various
possibilities of reusing the dust
collected there are discussed. The dust
can be either returned automatically to
the bituminous mixture or it can be
passed to a storage bin from where a
certain amount is mixed with some other
filler material and added to the bituminous
mixture. A third possibility would be
to exclude the dust from further utilization.
This will be the case when the dust is
composed mainly of hygroscopic particles
such as clay. Dust mixed with some other
material proved to be a better filler
material than dust alone. For any filler
material the water contents, the amount
of incineration residues, and the grain
size distribution must be determined prior
to use. The three test methods are briefly
discussed and diagrams plotting the grain
size distribution of various dusts are
given. Tests measuring the behavior of the
bitumen/filler mixture were conducted;
the softening point vs. binding agent/filler
ratio was measured, the influence of the
filler material on the amount of binding
agent and on the stability of the mixture
was determined, and the decrease in
stability after storage under water was
observed. The results show that the
softening point increases with increasing
contents of incineration residues,
whereas the stability decreases with
increasing contents of incineration
residues. Tests concerning the stability
are not yet terminated but initial stability
test results indicate that an amount of
2,5 percent by weight of incineration
250
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0903—0908
residues in the filler material is still
acceptable for bituminous concrete
mixtures. (Text-German)
67-0906
Fluid power in scrap and waste disposal.
Fluid Power International, 32(377):58, 61,
Aug. 1967.
The exhibits at the Scrap and Waste
Exhibition at Olympia, London, in July
1967, covered a wide range from refuse
dumping vehicles and machines with cactus
grabs for lifting abandoned cars to a
trough-like machine for conveying light
scrap on a cushion of air and involved in
many cases the use of hydraulics or
pneumatics. The Hugh Haul of Telehoist
Ltd. is illustrated with its demountable
body-styled container system for the
efficient handling of scrap, waste,
and bulk materials in large volumes with
gross payloads of 13 1/2 tons and containers
of 10 to 40 cu yd capacity. The basis
of its hydraulic system is a Webster pump
supplied by Tektro, which delivers 40
gal per minute at up to 2,500 psi. Also
illustrated is an Eldair 300-ton
scrap-shearing machine, exhibited by
George Cohen Machinery, with a hold down
capacity of 100 tons and a shearing force
of 300 tons. It can handle all types of
scrap metal including 2-in, flat sections
and 3½-in, diameter bars. The machine is
powered by a SO-hp electric motor and
the main hydraulic power comes from a
Towler in-line pump with a pressure of 4,500
psi and a delivery of 15 gal per minute.
Also illustrated is the Poclain TY4S
hydraulic crane fitted with a six-tine grab
and a hydraulic system with a three-piston
pump operating at 1,500 rpm, with a
delivery rate of 8.8 gpm at 4,300 psi.
Among the pneumatically operated machines
were three Nupress baling presses.
67-0907
Franus, R. Utilization of waste sludges
of coking coals in gas manufacture. Gaz,
Woda I Technike Sanitarna, 41(12):398-402,
Dec. 1967.
Poland’s long-range plans stipulate the
cessation of coal carbonization for gas
manufacture in large plants by 1975,
while small plants, scheduled to operate
another 15 to 20 years, are urged to
lower their costs. At present, the
government is subsidizing gas manufacture,
depending on the size of the plant, at a
rate of 266 or 300 zloty per 1,000 cu m of
gas. Tests at a pilot plant in Radom
have proven that lower grade coals or
coal sludge can be used in the retort mix
instead of the expensive Type 30 coking
coal with a resulting profit of 40 or 44
zloty. Slimes used were those obtained in
the course of wet beneficiation of coking
coals. Grains did not exceed 3 mm,
with the bulk falling below 0.5 inn. The
sludge contained particles of silts and
schists, as well as 25 percent water. The
suggested technology presupposes a retort
charge consisting of alternating layers
of coking coal sludges (up to 3 mm in
diameter) and graded coal. While on the
conveyer, the sludge is to be treated with
a 5 percent tar and water emulsifier in
order to agglomerate coal particles. Gas
obtained by adding sludges has better
heating properties (increase in hydrogen and
heavy hydrocarbon) and less toxicity (lower
carbon monoxide level); full composition is
given in Tables 7 and 9. Poland produces
2,100 tons of coking coal sludge daily,
which would cover the needs of the gas
industry, assuming a 50 percent sludge
content in the charge. (Text-Polish)
67-0908
Freed, V. H. Chemical transformation of
solid wastes; progress report, Oct. 1,
1966-Dec. 31, 1967. Corvallis, Oregon
State University Department of Agricultural
Chemistry, 1967. 62 p.
Preliminary work done on the problems
of chemical transformation of solid
wastes has helped to identify the chemical
nature of the constituents of solid wastes
and some of the reactions which these
materials undergo. The overall goal is to
study the feasibility of chemical
transformation of o1id wastes into
products of economic value and for the
reduction of the waste volume for ease
of handling. The constituents of municipal
solid waste, straw, and bark are discussed
and data describing their reactions are
presented. The chemical nature of
cellulose and the potential market for
extracted cellulose and its derivatives is
reviewed. The current status of a study
of the products of high-pressure
hydrogenation of straw and the potential
uses of solid waste materials are given.
Results of these studies indicate that
there are a vast number of potential
chemical transformation reactions available
for the processing of solid waste to produce
bulk reduction, air and water pollution
251
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Recycling
abatement, and conversion to useful
products. (U.S. Public Service grant
UI 00510)
67 09O9
Freed, V. II. Progress report on chemical
nature and reactions with straw. In Chemical
transformation of solid wastes; progress
report, October 1, 1966-December 31, 1967.
pt.l. Corvallis, Oregon State University
Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
1967.
Straws from several sources contain
varying proportions of the same major
constituents alpha-cellulose, lignin,
pentosans, water soluble components, and
ash. The ash content of wheat straw is
higher than rye or oat straws but lower
than rice straw. A sample of wheat straw
was taken from a farm south of Philomath,
Oregon, and finely ground for ease of
handling and to facilitate the completion
of chemical action. The straw was subjected
to solvent extraction and xanthate extraction;
treatment with hydrochloric, nitric and
sulfuric acids; and destructive
distillation. The water content was
determined by drying for 24 hr at 100 C.
Straw was found to contain a small
quantity of solvent extractables, about
10 percent was soluble in hot water and
ethanol. Assuming a 10 percent loss
during processing, it is possible that
cellulose extraction could amount to about
40 percent of the straw weight. The residue
is probably composed of lignins, pentosans,
and ash. Procedures and results are
given for hydrochloric acid treatment,
xanthate extraction, nitric acid treatment,
and sul Jiuric acid treatment. Destructive
distillation of straw has not been
evaluated as yet.
57.0910
Freed, V. H. Progress report on the chemical
nature and transformation reactions of
bark dust. Chemical transformation
of solid wastes; progress report, Oct. 1,
1966—Dec. 31, 1967. pt.2. Corvallis,
Oregon State University Department of
Agricultural Chemistry, 1967.
Bark can normally be mechanically separated
into cork, bast fibers, and amorphous
powder. Each of these components contain
varying percentages of solvent extractables
(25Z), cellulose (40Z), the lignins
(34 ), and ash (1%). The solvents
usually used to extract components from
the bark were: hexane, ether, hot water, and
alcohol. Soluble waxes from bark have
limitations for direct industrial use,
but it is reported that the market
potential of refined wax is good.
Dihydroquercetin, a material with
antioxidant properties extracted from
barks with diethyl ether, is useful in
preventing rancidity in foods. Tannin, which
has been evaluated as an acceptable replacement
for quebracho tannin in the leather industry,
can be dissolved by hot water, as can
carbohydrates such as pentose, galactose,
mannose, uronic acid, and glucose. Alcohol
can be used to extract 8 percent phiobaphene
and tannin from ponderosa pine bark. ‘the
alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of
bark phenolic acids produced about 1.6
percent vanillin. Analysis of lignin
showed the presence of il-hydroxy
lauricacid, hydroxy palmitic acid,
unsaturated hydroxy acids, glycerol, and
a phenolic acid material. The amorphous
powder from douglas fir bark contains
about 35 percent extractives, 50 percent
lignin, and 15 percent holocellulose.
Procedures and results are given for
destructive distillation, xanthate
extraction, cellulose acetate extraction,
acid and base hydrolysis, chemical
reductions, high pressure hydrogenation,
and nitration of bark dusts.
67-0911
Freed, V. H. The chemical nature and
reactions of solid waste. In Chemical
transformation of solid wastes; progress
report, Oct. 1, 1966-Dec. 31, 1967.
pt.3. Corvallis, Oregon State University
Department of Agricultural Chemistry,
1967.
Solid waste is defined as the garbage
and refuse that is picked up in garbage
cans from homes in a city. Pelletized,
composted samples of municipal refuse
were subjected to nitrogen and phosphorus
enrichment, destructive distillation,
nitration, and solvent extraction. The
addition of ammonium nitrate and arnmonium
phosphate was successful, but the
addition of aqueous ammonia did not increase
nitrogen content of solid waste. The
phosphorus content of solid waste was
found to be 0.4 percent. Chemically
uniting phosphorus with the ingredients of
solid waste was successful, increasing the
phosphorus content to 1.34 percent.
252
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0909—09 14
Destructive distillation of the organic
matter of solid waste yields about 15
percent noncondensible gas, about 15
percent condensible vapor, and about 70
percent residue. When heated at 600
C in air, the residue was reduced by about
half. That remaining was ash. Solid waste
was treated with a mixture of sulphuric
acid and nitric acid in order to nitrify
the cellulose present. The product was
readily conbustible but left a considerable
amount of ash. The cellulose from solid
waste has been extracted by dissolution of
base soluble cellulose xanthate followed
by precipitation of the cellulose by
neutralization. Nitration of this product
should produce a cellulose nitrate of
reasonable purity. A complete solvent
extraction analysis is given.
67-0912
Freed, V. H. A report on progress in
determining markets and uses for cellulose.
In Chemical transformation of solid wastes;
progress report, Oct. 1, 1966-Dec. 31,
1967. pt. 4 . Corvallis, Oregon State
University Department of Agricultural
Chemistry, 1967.
The three major uses of cellulose take
advantage of the strength and toughness
of the naturally occurring fiber
(cemented with lignin in wood, twisted
and woven together in textiles, matted
and adhering to one another in paper)
while other uses take advantage of che
chemical properties (production of
cellophane, rayon, acetate films,
plastics, and derivatives). Potential
uses of cellulose extracted from solid
wastes are classified into the following
categories: whole cellulose, cellulose
ethers, cellulose esters, cellulose grafts,
cellulose crosslinks, and cellulose
degradation products. Whole cellulose
is used in such areas as foods, packaging,
and nursery applications. Cellulose ethers
are used in chromatographic separations,
special paper making, semi-permanent textile
sizing, foods, paints, cosmetics, synthetic
detergents, paint removers, plastic, and
surface coatings. Cellulose esters
include cellulose nitrate (used primarily
in the lacquer industry), cellulose acetate
used for yarn and plastic compositions, and
cellulose xanthate used in the production
of rayon, cellophane, and plastic. A new
way to combine polyethylene plastic
directly on cellulose fiber has been
demonstrated. Crosslinking agents have
been used to change the character and
usefulness of cellulose. Some of the
by-products of cellulose degradation are:
levulinic acid, and ethyl alcohol.
67-0913
Freed, V. H. Hydrogenation of cellulose.
In Chemical transformation of solid wastes;
progress report, Oct. 1, 1966-Dec. 31,
1967. pc.5. Corvallis, Oregon State
University Department of Agricultural
Chemistry, 1967.
The products of hydrogenation of cellulose
are alcohols, polyalcohols, a solid residue,
and a fixed gas composed of carbon dioxide
and methane. A series of hydrogenations
of wheat straw were undertaken to find
the effect of varying temperature,
reaction time and hydrogen pressure. All
runs were made using 50 g of finely
ground wheat straw containing about 8
percent adsorbed water. The residue
left from the 200 C run was 58 percent
by weight of the original straw and
appeared to be carbonized straw. Only
0.4 percent tar was formed. At 285 C
there was produced a mixture of solid
tar and liquidous oil. At 345 C, and
2-hour reaction time, an orange-brown
oil with a green fluorescense was formed.
At 350 C and 5-hr reaction time, the oil
was lighter in color and had an odor like
light machine oil or kerosene, however there
was appreciably less yield. From the
percentage yields of materials and number
of compounds indicated by the gas
chromatographic study of the oils, it
appears that the optimum temperature
must lie between 300 to 350 C, with
a reaction time of 5 hr decreasing to 2
hr with increasing temperature. Some
loss from the original straw weight could be
accounted for in the water present, the
conversion of molecular oxygen to water,
and the inorganic material in the straw.
There are several limitations to this
present procedure: high pressure, the
corrosive mature of the catalyst, and
the need to increase the yield.
67-0914
Freed, V. H. Potential uses of solid
wastes. In Chemical transformation of
solid wastes; progress report, Oct. 1,
1966—Dec. 31, 1967. pt.6. Corvallis,
Oregon State University Department of
Agricultural Chemistry, 1967.
A summary of potential uses of solid
waste materials indicates the broad range
253
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Recycling
of potential applications for these
materials through component separation,
chemical addition, and chemical
transformation. Straw can be treated
with aqueous ammonia to produce an
ammonium acetate moiety which remains
absorbed on the straw. This material can
be used as a cattle feed. Straw can also
be treated to produce furfural and has
a heating value of from 5,000 to 6,500
Btu per lb. Wheat, rice, oat, barley,
and straw have been evaluated as a source
of pulp for paper production; and wheat,
straw, and red mace have been used
to make good insulating boards and
accoustical tile. Straw has also proved
to be of value as a soil conditioner and
a raw material for the extraction of
cellulose and lignins. Bark dust could
be used for the extraction of organic
solvent soluble waxes, tannin,
dihydroquercetin, cellulose and lignins,
and pentosan. The fiber component of
bark dust has been suggested as a potential
component in insulation, filters, hats,
cement, asphalt fillers, and fertilizers.
Bark dust treated with nitric acid, urea,
and ammonium phosphate has found acceptance
as a soil mulch; Douglas fir bark cork
has been used in the production of floor
tile; bark powder is used in the adhesives
and plastic molding industries; and fatty
acids extracted from bark dust could find
utilization in cosmetic and lubricant
industries. Solid waste is well suited
for use in the soil, and could serve as a
source of metals, cellulose, and, following
destructive distillation, finely divided
carbon.
67-0915
Fuchs 30’ mobile cranes. Waste Trade
World, 110(9);14-15, Mar. 4, 1967.
The criticism made of a brand of strut
j lb mobile cranes in a previous issue
of this Journal was not meant to apply to
the range of Fuchs cranes being sold by
Vanesco Ltd., Surrey, England. There are
now over 200 Fuchs 301 cranes in operation
in the scrap metal trade throughout Britain.
The Fuchs 301 is a mobile crane with a
lifting capacity of 4 tons 2 cwt at a 9—ft
2-in, radius with a 23-ft lattice jib.
The crane is fitted with a four-speed gearbox
which allows for a wide selection of
working speeds on all movements. It has
exceptionally high stability and
maneuverability in confined spaces and,
with the aid of a floating front axle,
can travel over rough terrain or through
heavy site conditions. The floating axle
can be locked mechanically or hydraulically
when lifting its maximum load. Other
features of the crane which are described
include a mechanical tagline in conjunction
with a magnet or grab, a folding jib, and
hydraulic brakes. The basic design of the
crane is simple and therefore requires no
complicated servicing or repairs.
67-0916
Fuel savings, byproduct sales are aims
in utilizing waste. Wood and Wood
Products, 72(12):52, 56, Dec. 1967.
Better ways of utilizing the large
amounts of waste generated by wood
industry plants are continually sought.
Three operations involved in such use are
described. The first is a new automatic
fuel handling system and steam plant that
turns sawdust and shavings into an estimated
$65,000 annual saving on natural gas.
Additional benefits are a clear atmosphere
around the plant and a growing local
market for excess sawdust. The second
operation involves mechanization as the
key to a profitable chip-making business
with the mill geared to process 7 million
cords annually. The equipment and
process are described. The third operation
involves injecting molding presses to
increase production of wood-plastic
products.
67-0917
Garbage and scrap processing plants from
Japan. Public Cleansing, 6(7):359-361,
July 1967.
A garbage compaction plant, designed and
patented by the Tezuka Company Ltd.,
Tokyo, compresses domestic and industrial
waste in powerful hydraulic presses. It
then automatically wraps the compressed
bales in air-tight wire mesh vinyl film.
The processed refuse is reduced to
one-fifth the original volume. The bales
can be made heavy enough to sink at sea.
Because they are solid, dehydrated, and
air-tight, the bales eliminate nuisances
when used for land reclamation. The
Tezuka Company has also developed a
‘Car Barbecue Plant’ that reduces
scrap cars into bales of pure iron. The
car is charged and rotated inside a furnace
where the non-ferrous metals are burnt or
melted and separated by the difference of
melting temperatures. What is left of
the car is put on the trolley and dropped
into the shear press where it is reduced
254
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09 15—09 20
to a bale of high purity iron. It claims
that 100 cars can be processed in an 8-hr
operation.
67-0918
Getting rare metals out of scrap. New
Scientist, 36(568):206, Oct. 26, 1967.
Scrap from high temperature alloys, which
contain valuable elements such as
molybdenum, niobiam, cobalt, and chromium,
has not been reclaimed because of the
expense involved i n dealing with small
quantities of metals that have been
especially developed to resist high
temperatures. However, in Britain, many
of the elements are expensive and have to
be imported, so that recovery would be an
attractive proposition. Recently the
Warren Spring Laboratory at Stevenage
has been working on a chemical processing
technique which has proved successful.
The details of the process have not
yet been revealed, but a prototype
industrial extraction plant is now under
way. Apparently the road is also open
for variations of the process which might
be used on the liquors and sludges that
come from electrochemical machining, a
comparatively new process in industry
that is particularly valuable for making
parts from complex and expensive alloys.
67-0919
Ghosh, A. K., and S. C. Sen Gupta.
Reclamation of lac wax from lac effluents.
Research and Industry, 12(3):168-171,
July-Sept. 1967.
A study of recovery of lac wax from
sludge obtained by the treatment of
waste effluents with sulfuric acid, is
reported. The sludge, obtained by the
precipitation of lac factory waste
effluents with sulfuric acid, contains
about 8 to 10 percent wax. Studies
suggested that the best method for
recovering the wax from the sludge
involved soxhlet extraction with commercial
hexane. Preliminary experiments in a
pilot plant with industrial soxhlet
extractors showed that over 90 percent of
the wax could be extracted smoothly with
commercial hexane. The process was then
standardized in further experiments, with
ten extractions found to be optimum. The
acid value of the reclaimed wax was
somewhat higher than that of the commercial
sample, so it was brought down within the
desirable range by boiling for 30 minutes in
water containing 2 parts sodium carbonate
per 100 parts of wax. The properties of
this wax were determined and compared with
those of commercial lac wax with results
given by table. Its properties were
found to be similar except for its inferior
penetration value and hardness. It has
been found satisfactory in the preparation
of wax polishes. A breakdown of cost
estimates for the total process is given with
a 25 percent annual return on investment.
It is estimated that it would be
possible to recover 200 to 250 tons of wax
per year in India, valued at about Rs
16.0 to 20.0 lakhs at Rs 8.0 per kg.
67.0920
Ghosh, A. K., and S. C. Sen Gupta.
Utilization of byproducts of lac industry;
pt.l. Manufacture of bleached lac from
molamma. Research and Industry,
12(3):171-174, July-Sept. 1967.
A method for converting molamma, a
by-product of the lac industry, into
bleached lac is reported. Nolamma is
obtained during the processing of sticklac
in the form of fine grains and dust
which contain about 75 percent lac
along with impurities such as sand, woody
material, and insect debris. The
conventional alkali extraction process
for seedlac required modification in
order to reduce the dissolution of the
undesirable materials, particularly insect
debris, during extraction. The process
which was developed involves initial
screening, preparation of a solution of
sodium carbonate and water which is
heated to 55 C, addition of raw material
with constant stirring for 4 hr, and
addition of hot water to maintain a
temperature of 50 C amd to obtain a
solution of 25 percent lac. The
solution is then strained through cloth
with further processing such as bleaching,
precipitation, and washing carried out
by the already standardized method.
Bleaching of molamma by this technique
has been repeated on a semi-pilot scale
a number of times and found to be
reproducible. The yield of bleached lac is
80 to 83 percent based on the lac content.
The comparative properties of bleached
lacs prepared from molanmia and from
seedlac under different conditions of
extraction are presented in a table.
Another table compares molamma and
seedlac for wax and ash contemts and life
under heat of refined and regular bleached
lac prepared by the modified method. It
255
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Recycling
was found that bleached lac obtained from
molamma is comparable to that obtained
from seedlac and of better storage quality.
The new method can also be used for seedlac.
67-0921
Golueke, C. G., and P. H. McGauhey.
Biological fractionation of organic
wastes. In Comprehensive studies of
solid wastes management; first annual
report. Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory Report No. 67-7. Berkeley,
University of California, Nay 1967.
p. 161-166.
Reports in the literature anipiy prove that
groups of bacteria exist in nature which
can rapidly decompose cellulose under
conditions that have been defined and hence
can be incorporated into practical
processes, among which could be one for
waste treatment. Such a process would
yield only a minimum amount of offensive
gases (which could be easily controlled),
and the amount of solid residue from the
cellulosic fractions would be quite
small. The strong possibility exists
that useful products can be obtained with
the process in operation and that these
could prove important in offsetting the
cost of the treatment. Enough is known
about the metabolic processes of the
cellulose decouposers to enable
predicting the metabolic products
under given conditions. These products
include certain substances such as glucose
and organic acids (e.g.: butyric, succinic,
propionic, acetic, and formic). From
a literature search, three classes of
organisms were selected, and basic handling
and culturing studies begun. When the
optimum growth conditions are found, plans
will be made for a pilot-scale plant
operation for the continuous fermentation
of cellulose.
67-0922
Government measures offer cold comfort.
Waste Trade World, 1ll(12) :3—4, Sept. 9,
1967.
The relaxation of credit restrictions by
the British Government, by allowing a
decrease in the initial payment on
installment buying and increasing the
period for repayment, is not expected to
benefit the scrap and waste industry with
new business. The down payments fOr
installment buying have been reduced
from 30 to 25 percent for automobiles
and from 33.33 to 25 percent for washing
machines, refrigerators, and similar
goods. Statisticians indicate that
relaxation of credit restrictions will
not result in an increase in the
outstanding installment debt of h100
million of which b20 million would be
for interest. Taking the motor industry
where scrap consumption is considerable,
it was indicated if the remaining
E80 million were all spent on new cars at
E600 a car, there would be an increase of
130,000 cars. The 175,000 tons of steel
for these new cars would only require
43,000 tons of scrap. The demand by car
manufacturers for such Items as car doors
is very small, but the increased demand
for waste paper required for cartons and
wrappings for items qualifying for the
reduction in initial payment would be
even more negligible. The idea is
presented that the effects are intended
to be psychological to give aid to
the motor industry, a traditional
barometer of British economy. It was
also suggested that the announcement was
an appeasement move directed toward
the Trades Union Congress. The scrap and
waste industry should prepare for hard
times *
67-0923
Harrop, J. A., B. E. Messent, and M. G.
Cantle. A scheme for pumping a slurry of
iron oxide. Steel Times, 195(5179):485-491,
Nov. 1967.
An automatic pumping system for the
transfer of an iron oxide slurry from a
wet gas cleaning plant, which removes
the fume from an Oberhausen furnace, back
into the iron-making cycle at the sinter
plant, is described. The slurry pumping
operation is a relatively enclosed system
to insure that the iron oxide is not
redistributed into the atmosphere and onto
the ground. The plant description
includes details of the rotor plant,
the pipeline, and the sinter plant, with
flow diagrams. In a section on plant
design, the guidelines that were used
to establish working sizes and flows for
the various components in the system,
including an assessment of slurry and
of potential slurry consumption, are
summarized. Instrumentation, control,
and operation of the system are discussed
and data on operating experience during
256
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09 2 1—0926
the first three months of continuous
operation are given. In 10 weeks there
were 505 oxygen blows on the rotor
furnace with 2.8 tons of solids transferred
for every oxygen blow. Approximate figures
for the capital cost of the slurry pumping
plant are itemized, with a total cost of
14,000. Since the operating and
maintenance costs are low, the plant should
pay for itself in a few years. It was
concluded that to date the system is
delivering solids to the sinter plant at
a rate equal to production by the rotor
plant in an automatic and largely
trouble- free manner.
67-0924
Rershkovitz, S. Z., and A. Feinmesser.
Utilization of sewage for agricultural
purposes. Water and Sewage Works,
114(5):181-184, May 1967.
The utilization of sewage for agricultural
purposes in Israel is discussed. Since
Israel is a country with an acute water
shortage, the re-utilization of sewage
is included as part of the water potential
in Israel and is estimated at about 40
billion gal per annum, or about 0 percent
of the total potential of the country. In
addition, the efficient use of sewage for
irrigation can increase crop yields both
qualitatively and quantitatively due to
the fertilizer present in the sewage, and
it is an inexpensive and efficient solution
to the problem of sanitary disposal that
might othervise be caused by sewage.
After suitable purification in oxidation
ponds, which are the most suitable
purification means in Israel, it is
technically possible to irrigate with
sewage as with any other water, providing
the crops are suitable from the sanitary
point of view (forage and seed crops,
not lettuce). An additional advantage is
that the organic material in sewage improves
soil structure. While sewage contains
fertilizers, it also tends to contain more
soluble salts than ordinary water, thus
reducing somewhat its value as irrigation
water. Industrial wastes, in particular,
may contain materials harmful to agriculture,
such as heavy metal, and should therefore
be treated or separated from innocuous
sewage.
67 0925
Hoskins, F. H. Development of acceptable
and nutritious foods from single cell and
yeast proteins. In The development of
food from cellulosic waste for human and
animal consumption. Baton Rouge,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, July 1967. p. 39 4 7 .
The most comprehensive efforts to produce
new food items from agricultural by-products
have been of microbiological origin, The
products most often investigated have
included: skim-milk, cottonseed meal,
soybean meal, butterfat, cottonseed oil,
and molasses. The majority of agricultural
materials studied in this aspect have been
those of high monetary value, rather than
those of cellulosic nature. The overall
aim of this research is to produce
proteins in commercially feasible
quantities using these agricultural
by-products as substrate energy-sources.
Specific aims are: to study methods of
utilization of agricultural by-products
to obtain nutrients other than protein
suitable for inclusion into new food
items; to formulate a nutritionally
sound and acceptable food product based
on single-cell and yeast proteins; to
study the effect of various methods of
preservation, packaging and preparation on
the nutritional value of these products;
to evaluate the nutritional and metabolic
utilization and assimilation of newly
developed foodstuffs; to conduct organoleptic
evaluations and consumer acceptance studies;
and to make design studies of synthetic
food production plants for various world
locations.
67-0926
Hot metal for the electric furnace.
Iron Age, 200(26):l9, Dec. 28, 1967.
An electric furnace which feeds on scrap
and which takes 50 percent (and up to
75%) hot metal is described. Studies
are being done on the furnace at the new
Kaiser-engineered electric furnace shop
in Houston. The manager, W. M. Rankin,
comments that there have been extended
periods of production in the area of 70 net
tons per hr using the 50 percent hot
metal practice, and tests have been
conducted using percentages up to 75
percent with encouraging results. The
overall effects of such a high percentage
of hot metal on furnace refractories
will have to be determined under continuous
operation. Tapping 200 net ton heats
under cold charge conditions Is being
studied. While further development is
257
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Recycling
needed, there is optimism about the
ability of the shop to produce at high
rates over a wide range of operating
practices as dictated by economics and
hot metal availability. Values for various
parameters under cold charge, 35 percent
hot metal, and 50 percent hot metal
practice, are tabulated.
67-0927
Houses built from rice waste. Science
Journal, 3(ll):22, Nov. 1967.
The first building to be constructed from
bricks with rice husks as the main
constituent will be erected in Britain
sometime in 1968. Behind this development
is the Tropical Products Institute,
London, which for the past few years
has been concentrating increasingly on
projects to utilize waste products of
tropical agriculture. Initially, bricks
developed from rice husks suffered two
drawbacks they could not be employed
for load-bearing parts, and they absorbed
too much cement. However, these problems
have now been overcome. The substitution
of hydraulic pressure for atmospheric
pressure in producing the bricks made
them suitable for load-bearing parts
such as beams, lintels, and door frames.
In addition, the cement content was
radically reduced, with the possibility of
bringing it down to perhaps half that
of the original concept. It is estimated
that an outfit to produce these bricks
would cost around 500, since all that is
required is a small hydraulic press, a
dryer, and the electricity necessary to
runit. ‘
Human waste as rocket fuel. Compost
Science, 7(3):12, Winter 1967.
A system of oxidizing all the waste
products of a spaceship crew, adding to
it a metal powder, and using the mixture as
fuel for rockets of low power, is being
developed by the Rocket Research
Corporation, Seattle. This Idea
both saves fuel and sterilizes the
waste product.
67-0929
Hungarian waste leather plant. Waste
Trade World, 111(6):5, Aug. 5, 1967.
In Hungary a number of small existing
leather waste processing plants are to
be replaced by a major plant with a daily
output of 4 to 5 tons. Cheinokomplex
awarded the contract for the $500,000 plant
to Saifecs of Italy from a number of
bids submitted by West European countries.
The waste is granulated and mixed with
water to form a suspension which is
filtered through a series of screens, and
dried by vacuum, compressed, and finally
cut. The portion to be processed into
raw material for fancy leather goods is
dyed separately. The plant, which is
scheduled to start production at the end
of 1967, is to be located adjacent to a
leather factory in Pecs. Other buildings
and ancillary plants will be designed and
built in Hungary. Working with the
factory, the processing plant will
produce linings, insides, stiffeners,
and raw materials for fancy goods.
67-0930
Hungary saves 3O million. Waste Trade
World, 110(11):4, Mar. 18, 1967.
Hungary’s national scrap dealing company,
M E H (scrap collecting and by-product
utilization company), collected a record
E30,000,000 worth of scrap in 1966--
h3,000,000 worth more than the year
before. It is estimated that its
reutilization saved the country b26,000,000
in imports. Scrap collected included more
than 215,000 tons of iron and other metals,
7,000 tons of bones for use as artificial
fertilizer, and 8,500 tons of fireclay
chippings. More than 24,000 tons of
textile waste were collected, mostly for
use as machine cleaning rags. Glass
factories were supplied with 16,000 tons
of broken glass, once exported because
factories had no means of making use of
it. This was the first year in which home
industry could utilize such scrap.
Pelts collected included 330,000 sheep
skins, 100,000 lamb skins, 600,000 rabbit and
hare skins, and large quantities of the more
valuable hamster and musk furs. Human hair,
collected almost exclusively for hard
currency exports from the country’s
hair-dressers, yielded 236 tons. Some
of the scrap collected was resold for
use in its original state, including
51,000 tons of iron and 33,000 tons of
rejects from metal factories which were
sold in 1966 to co-operatives, small
258
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0927—0934
craftsmen, and do-it-yourself experts.
Objects made of valuable metal alloys
were selected and sold for technical
use. The company has also set up a
number of secondhand shops in Budapest,
specializing in metalware, paper, etc. It
sold more than E600,000 of goods in 1966.
67-0931
Instrumentation for metal recovery from
waste. Mining Journal, 269(6882):26, July
14, 1967.
This is a review of a paper presented at the
International Tin Council describing the
use of a new gravity concentrator in
assisting the recovery of tin concentrates
from discarded waste. The tin content of
the concentrated material is determined
using an isotope fluorescope analysis. The
instrument used weighs less than 20 lb
and uses a low-yield radioactive isotope
1 cm in diameter rather than an X—ray tube.
It is being used effectively in the
analysis of other ores such as copper,
lead, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, niobium,
zirconium, and barium. It may also be
used in the analysis of the iron content
of slag from steel manufacture.
67-0932
Islam, M. A. High grade dissolving pulp
from bagasse by the kraft process. Science
and Industry, 5(3):442—446, July 1967.
Due to the lack of conventional raw
materials, such as soft wood, in the
country, bagasse has become an alternative
raw material for pulp making. Its use by
the paper industry has been a commercial
success in the Latin American countries
as well as in the Caribbean Islands.
Both large and medium-sized mills have
been set up in these countries. In India,
a few mills have started using bagasse
in small proportion for pulp production
in conjunction with such conventional raw
materials such as bamboo, soft wood, etc.
The composition of bagasse makes it
difficult to make good quality pulp
without removing pith from it. However,
because of its high pentosan content, the
bagasse can still yield a high grade pulp.
High grade dissolving pulp has been made
from bagasse which may be used for the
manufacture of rayon and other cellusose
derivatives. The process consists of
depithing the bagasse, digesting of the
depithed bagasse with a mixture of sodium
hydroxide and sodium sulphide, and the
multistage bleaching of the pulp followed
by cold alkali extraction. The resulting
pulp has been found to be brighter than
on any previously reported bagasse pulp.
The process is described and supporting
data are furnished.
67-0933
Jacobson, A. R. Utilization of sewage for
agricultural purposes. Public Works,
98(8):150, Aug. 1967.
The use of sewage for irrigation in an
efficient manner is based upon the following
reasons: re-utilization of an additional
source of water; utilization of the
fertilizers present in the sewage;
inexpensive and efficient solution of
the problems of sanitary disposal; and
prevention of possible sanitary nuisances
that might otherwise be caused by the
sewage. In Israel, use of sewage for
irrigation is estimated to provide about
40 billion gal per year, or about 10
percent of the total potential of that
country. Oxidation ponds are the most
suitable purification means in Israel
because of the arid climate, low
construction costs, and low maintenance
costs.
67-0934
Johnson, C. E., et al. Carbon black
produced from coal. Rubber World,
156(3):63—68, June 1967.
Until 1945 almost all carbon black was
produced from natural gas by the channel,
furnace, and thermal processes. The
U.S. Bureau of Mines investigated the
production of carbon black from coal,
for the rubber industry. Coal is
ground to 325 mesh and dropped in free-fall
through a heated reaction zone in the
presence of a carrier gas. Partial
decomposition of the coal occurs at the
elevated reactor temperature. The char
and heavier solids are collected at the
bottom of the vertical reactor, while the
carbon black is carried from the system
by the gas stream consisting of product
gas and carrier gas. Part of the gas
enters the reactor with the coal and the
remainder enters the top of the reactor.
The carbon black is carried by the
product gas stream to a wool-felt bag
filter where it is collected. The carbon
blacks produced from coal in nonoxidizing
259
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Recycling
atmospheres were classified as most closely
resembling the fine thermal grade of black
made by commercial manufacturers. A gross
return on total investment has been shown
to be 18.2 percent. Specifications data
on effects of temperature variations,
type of carrier gas, and other pertinent
facts are contained within this report.
67-0935
Junkyards are necessary. Public Works,
98(1):122, 124, Jan. 1967.
A survey to determine the extent of
junkyards in Iowa, conducted by the
Co-operative Extension Service of Iowa
State University, showed that there were
1,022 junkyards on a total area of 4,191
acres in Iowa. Since junkyards are
expected to increase in the future, it
is recommended that the most effective
way to regulate or control the location
and appearance of junkyards is through
zoning. Appropriate sites removed from
public view should be selected, and if
there are no such sites in a community,
the zoning commission can require
effective screening to hide the yards
from view.
67-0935
Keep scrap moving. Metals, 2(14):58,
July 1967.
Contrary to the established practice
in the scrap business, a small scrap yard
in Liverpool has based its success on
reducing overhead costs by no—stockpiling,
a 24-hr turnover, and a minimum of
transport. The family business handles
3,000 tops per month which a mechanization
program will increase to 6,000 tons per
month. The company does not commit
itself to clearing or supply contracts, and
the majority of scrap is delivered on a
day-by-day basis. Speed and efficiency
are the heart of the system. The processing
is automatic as far as possible. Four
balers and four shears are fed by three
Jones mobile cranes fitted with magnets.
Two 7-ton cranes are fitted with 5kw
deep-penetration magnets and a 4-ton
crane has a 3.4 kw magnet. The Jones
cranes are used at every stage of the
operation, including loading the
processed metal into waiting rail wagons.
Much of the scrap can be sent virtually
untouched to the steel mills or directly
from the factories in a form suitable for
the mills. Because the lorries seldom
have to wait to unload, the quick
turn-round is an attraction to small
merchants who must keep the vehicles
occupied to make them pay. It also
encourages local factories to send their
scrap directly to the yard using their
own transport. By no-stockpiling and
efficient operation, a small plant
has set an example for the scrap
industry.
67-0937
Kenahan, C. B., and P. M. Sullivan.
Let’s not overlook salvage. APWA
Reporter, 34(3):58, Mar. 1967.
Samples were taken from 5 incinerators in
metropolitan Washington, D. C., weighed,
dried, separated into various fractions,
and analyzed. Data represent results
obtained from 5,707 lb of wet residues,
having a total dry weight of 3,800 lb.
Amounts of tin cans averaged 17.2 percent;
ash content averaged 15.4 percent; massive
iron varied from 1 to 6 percent; unburned
organic values averaged 0.7 percent;
glass content averaged 44.1 percent;
iron wire, stones,, bricks and ceramics
accounted for 0.3 to 1.9 percent; and
unburned paper and charcoal varied from
6.3 to 12.3 percent. Salvage of the
various metals was performed and analysis
of the resulting ingots revealed: aluminum,
50 to 70 percent; zinc, 13 to 30 percent;
lead, 5 to 10 percent; copper, 5 to 10
percent; iron, 1 to 2 percent; and small
amounts of nickel, silicon, and tin. Thus,
salvage of all metallic values in the
residues, which average nearly 30
percent by weight, could provide a source
of revenue for municipalities and aid the
conservation of disposal areas,
besides reducing haulage costs by half.
67-0938
Lehmann, H., and H. Lohrtnann. Contribution
to the knowledge of the crystallization
of high-acidic Thomas pig iron slags.
Tonindustrie-Zeitung und Keramische
Rundschau, 90(2):53-65, Feb. 1967.
The high-acidic slags of Salzgitter,
West Germany, are used as road paving
material. Although produced by a
uniform casting process, the slags vary
widely in their composition and physical
properties, such as hardness. Therefore,
investigations were undertaken to reveal
the detailed crystallization processes
260
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0935 —0 941
of the slags. Four kinds of slags with
calcium oxide to silicon dioxide ratios
from 0.64 to 0.77 were examined. With a
content of a vitreous phase of less than 1
percent volume, they consist of the two
phases melilite and pyroxene. The melilite
consists chiefly of akermanite (62-68% mol)
and gehlenite. The pyroxene consists of
basaltic augite and titanium augite.
Also found were magneto-pyrite, magnetite,
haematite and iron granules. Crystallization
during the cooling process and the behaviour
of the multiphase systems are discussed in
great detail, supplemented by 32 tables,
graphs, phase diagrams, and photomicrographs.
The foremost component governing the
hardness of the slags is pyroxene.
Fast cooling of the slag promotes the
formatiom of pyroxene. With slow cooli ig,
the formation of the softer melilite and
of vitreous phases (glass) is favored.
To improve the hardness of the slag,
it should be kept at temperatures between
1,060 and 1,120 C for a prolonged
period of time. The glass forming at the
surface should be removed by adding
additional layers of slag in regular
intervals. Granulating the slag is
facilitated by quenching the slag
above 400 C. (Text-German)
67 -0939
Lei, K. P., and T. A. Sullivan. Molten-salt
electrorefining vanadium scrap. U.S.
Bureau of Nines Report of Investigations
7036. Washington, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Oct. 1967.
A novel molten-salt electrorefining
process is developed which provides a
practical way to reclaim vanadium from
scrap generated in the processing of
ductile vanadium into bar, sheet, wire,
and other shapes. The process utilizes
a potassiun chloride-lithium chloride-vanadium
chloride electrolyte at 615 C. Starting
with scrap having a vanadium content of
99.4 percent, an extremely ductile
vanadium is produced with a purity
range of 99.93 to 99.95 percent. The
electrolytic cell designed for use in
the vanadium in the cell feed ranged from
88 to 93 percent with current efficiency
of 83 to 95 percent. This process is
particularly effective in reducing the
interstitial elements, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen, and some of the metallic
impurities in the scrap. The type of
scrap utilized is found to affect the
iron and oxygen content of the refined
vanadium: vanadium refined from heavy
and light scrap contained a total of
about 340 ppm of iron and oxygen,
while vanadium refined from the granular
scrap had about 180 ppm.
67-0940
Lejsek, L. Experiences in the utilization
of waste calcium sulfate in Czechoslovakia.
Tonindustrie Zeitung und Keranische
Rundschau, 91(1):12-15, 1967.
The use of waste calcium sulfate
accumulating from the productionof
phosphoric acid was studied experimentally.
Calcium sulfate can be used as a regulator
im the setting of cement only if a high
degree of firmness, especially after the
first day, is not required. Since the
moisture content of the calcium sulfate
is rather high, it is advisable to mix
it with cement, filter dust from cement
kilns,etc., and to granulate it prior
to pouring it into the cement mill. In
this granulated state, the calcium sulphate
can also be used as a regulator in the
production of porous concrete. It has
am advantage over natural gypsum simce
only 2 percent of calcium sulfate must
be added while 3 percent of natural gypsum
is required to achieve the sane firmness.
By using calcium sulfate in the burning
of portland cement bricks, the burning
temperature was lowered by 50 C, while
retaining the same quality. When the
temperature was not lowered, but left at
1,300 C, bricks with a higher calcium sulfite
content were produced. The results of other
experiments, discussed in detail, were
generally positive. (Text-German)
67-0941
Let’s look into waste recycling.
American City, 82(7):6, July 1967.
The importance of recycling or reusing
waste products is stressed. Since modern
technology and packaging methods are
creating additional waste products, it
is suggested that where reuse is not
possible, a tax should be levied on each
litter-producing item to cover the cost
of disposing of it in a way that will not
damage the environment. Such a ‘disposal
tax’ would be comparable to taxes on
gasoline which finance highways, leading
to further gasoline purchases. -
261
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Recycling
61-0942
Lewis, G. E. Reclamation of steel mill
rolls. Welding and Metal Fabrication,
35(1O):392-396, Oct. 1967.
Factors causing the lack of acceptance of
rebuilt steel mill rolls by mill operators
and engineers in Great Britain are
discussed and compared with widely used
roll reclamation in Russia, the United
States, and many European countries.
To stimulate interest, the experience in
roll rebuilding acquired at Richard
Thomas & Baidwins’ Spencer works is
described. Work began with the reclamation
of vertical 24-in. -diameter edging rolls
with a fairly high carbon alloy. Attempts
were made to reclaim these with hardfacing
electrodes, but lack of control of
preheat caused difficulties so that a
new approach was needed. Submerged-arc
welding was investigated and put into
operation. The procedure used is
described, and a table of temperature
recordings throughout the process is
included. A number of rolls were rebuilt
and put back into service. Mill engineers
reported that a life similar to that of
a new roll was obtained, but that there
was no significantly longer period
before rebuilding again became necessary.
With the comparable mill life between
new rolls and rebuilds, the process
represents a very considerable economy
for the company. Other rebuilding operations
are described, and the use of a preheat
furnace now being manufactured is
mentioned as a device which will probably
overcome some of the current difficulties
by allowing greater throughput and mere
precise control of temperature, in addition
to reducing heating costs. In the
rebuilding process the selection of
welding wires and fluxes, control of the
preheat temperature, welding parameters,
post-weld cooling, and heat treatment
are important. These factors must be
balanced to suit the alloy of the parent
roll and the weld deposit.
67-0943
Light metal baler. Waste Trade World,
1l1(23):15, Dec. 2, 1967.
The SP2OM hydraulic baler, basically
designed to handle ferrous and nonferrous
light metal offcuts where a reduced bale
height is acceptable, is described. The
resulting interlocking action of the
collapsed and crumpled metal tends to
retain its bale shape without the need
for strapping. The bale has a chamber
volume of 14 Cu ft, measures about 20 by
40 in., and weighs from 220 to 440 lb
depending on the nature of the material
being processed. The press platen is
hinged to the rams of the twin
double-acting hydraulic press cylinders.
The top section is permanently fixed,
and the movement is hinged and controlled
by a spring-loaded lever which returns to
the ‘neutral’ position when released.
The compressed bale can be secured by
passing wire or strapping through special
grooves in the press platen. The tapered
chamber facilitates the mechanical bale
ejection through the chamber door by means
of an ejector chain operated by the
return platen.
67-0944
Low, A. J. Plutonium recovery from
scrap. Chemical Engineering,
74(11):132-134, May 22, 1967.
A process of plutonium recovery based
on acid leaching of scrap and solvent
extraction is described. The reclamation
facility of Isochem Inc. at Richland,
Washington, extracts and converts the
plutonium content of the metal scraps
and sundry wastes from nuclear plants
into a high-purity plutonium nitrate.
The wastes consist of old gloves, used
filters, cardboard, rags, paper, reject
plutonium metal, and alloys along with
solutions of chlorides, nitrates, sulfates,
phosphates, oxides, fluorides, and
oxalates. The scrap is dissolved in
hydrofluoric acid following incineration
of the combustible types of waste.
Aluminum nitrate mona-hydrate is added as
a complexing agent for free fluoride.
The processing equipment is geometrically
designed to prevent nuclear criticality.
The aqueous solution is stripped of its
plutonium with 80 percent carbon
tetrachloride and 20 percent tributyl
phosphate. The organic plutonium solution
is stripped of its plutonium with dilute
nitric acid and concentrated in a
falling-film titanium evaporator to
200 to 300 g of plutonium per liter.
The plutonium nitrate is then in a form
that it can be reduced to the metal, thus
completing the recovery of the metal from
the incongruous plutonium ‘feedstock’.
262
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0942—09 48
67-0945
Machinery for reclaiming and handling
thertnoplastics. British Plastics,
40(8):89-90, Aug. 1967.
The machinery for separating and
reclaiming therrnoplastics was one of
the features of the recent Scrap and
Waste Exhibition at Olympia, London.
A number of the exhibited machines are
described and illustrated. The illustrations
include two !JSI M20 granulating machines
of the type used for reclaiming the PVC
covering from scrap cables. Two views
are shown of the Rigby four-head cable
stripping machine in operation,
handling a length of PVC cable. For
large tough pieces of scrap plastic
which have to be reduced in size to
permit feed to a granulator, the
Automatic Baling Co. has developed
a Model CDR6036S prebreaker and
disintegrator which is illustrated.
A unit designed for converting film
scrap in bag, sack, or roll form into
directly extrudable pellets called
the Progress Zergiomat developed by
Feliner and Ziegler is illustrated.
Also illustrated is the Lodematic
tippler for box pallets and containers,
which is available for tipping heights
up to 20 ft and a reach of 2 ft. The
smallest size which is shown can be used
for drums. Reclaimed materials which have
been processed in a correct manner are not
necessarily inferior to virgin material.
The reclaimer obtains his thermoplastics
from manufacturer’s sub-standard ma eria].,
from sprues and offcuts from processers,
from used packaging film, and from used
disposable bottles. The major problems
in recovery are the separation of the
plastic from contamination and the
difficulties of identifying the source
of the scrap.
67-0946
Magnet handling innovation. Waste
Trade World, i11(3):15, 17, July 15,
1967.
A hydraulic excavator now adapted for
use with an electro-magnet is discussed.
Basically, the only change made in the
excavator was to resite the air compressor
to the opposite side of the machine and
to re-route the air connecting pipes.
The magnet’s 5 kw 22 volt DC generator
is belt-driven directly from the
crankshaft pulley of the excavator’s
54-hp engine. Adjustments were made
which enable the magnet to be operated
without the driver having to take his
hands off the normal controls. The
electric feed to the magnet, a heavy
three-core cable, is securely attached
to the boom of the machine eliminating
the need for a cable-reeling drum. Forty-in.
standard and 40-in, deep-lift copper
wound magnets are suitable for use with
hydraulic equipment. The combination
machine handles processed or baled scrap.
The electromagnet can easily be replaced
by a sixtine grab or other equipment.
67-0947
Malaysia will attempt charcoal conversion
test. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(5):63, May 1967.
Pan American Resources, Inc., hopes to
convert trash into charcoal and
fertilizer in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
The estimated cost for the survey is $46,261.
67-0948
McCarthy, W. W., and H. Walker.
Sonolation cuts scrap reprocessing time.
Ceramic Industry, 88(3):46-48, Mar. 1967.
The reconstitution of dry clay body
scrap, a waste material in the production
of insulators, using ultrasonic equipment
is discussed. Through the installation
of dispersing equipment generating
ultrasonic energy mechanically, Ohio
Brass Co. has achieved the reconstitution
of dry clay body scrap quickly, in
large volumes, at low cost, and has produced
quality slip. The company has installed
a second ultrasonic processing unit to
prepare glazes, and is achieving similar
advantages. Sonolation of dry scrap has:
reduced mixing time of a 1,500—gal batch
from 48 hr to a 2-hr premixing period,
followed by a single pass through the
sonolator at a rate of 50 gal per minute;
reduced power requirements; improved
product quality; reduced capital expenditures;
saved space centralized the scrap
processing system; and reduced drying
losses. The operation of the system is
described and the ultrasonic unit is
illustrated. In the preparation of glazes,
the 3O - ga1per1Iáflute dispenser can
prepare a 200-gal batch in one hour and
produce glazes with higher viscosity and
a more uniform, stable consistency.
263
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Recycling
67 -0949
Mechanizing scrap metal handling. Waste
Trade World, 110(10):14, Mar. 11, 1967.
A new scrap metal conveyor, installed on
the premises of James Davidson Whites,
Tees-side scrap metal merchants, has
considerably speeded up the handling of
machine turnings. When a decision to
install a new shredding plant was
reached, it was decided to improve the
handling of the turnings, and the conveyor
system was designed and erected by the
firm’s own staff in conjection with Crone
and Taylor (Engineering) Ltd. The
turnings are loaded into the shredder
by means of a magnet crane or shovel,
and after being broken down are discharged
on to a 30-ft length of conveyor belt, and
carried along to a static beaver stacker
angled at 40 degrees. This is about
24 ft overall in length, and is used to
load the lorries. Prior to installation
of the new plant, a mechanical shovel was
used for the loading of broken turnings
into the lorries. Loading time has been
cut by 15 to 20 minutes, and the company
is now considering fixing a stacking bin
on to the end of the beaver stackers
which offers a positive discharge and will
fill a lorry in a single operation. As
the bin has a capacity of 36 cu yd, it will
enable work to proceed even when a regular
flow of vehicles is not available.
67-0950
Mervin, R. F. Expanding use of magnetics.
Waste Trade World, 111(9):10, Aug. 26, 1967.
While the steel and foundry industries
wish to use more steel scrap because of the
low cost 1 they hesitate because of the
erratic quality of most open market
scrap, according to a paper presented to
the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel of
America. Size reduction of scrap by
shears, pulverizers, shredders, or
fragmentizers is necessary to prepare
scrap for upgrading, but the screening,
separation, and inspection of the end
product is even more important. While
some scrap processers believe that
shredders and fragmentizers upgrade the
scrap, this is not true except for the
removal of airborne dust and light particles
sucked out by the dust collection
equipment. The type of screening,
magnetic separation, or classification
equipment to upgrade the scrap should
be given as high a priority as the material
handling and size reduction equipment. The
General Motors technical center is adding
magnetic beneficiation equipment and densifiers
to an experimental rotary drum for tumbling
small squares of scrap since the tumbled
material still contained too much
non-ferrous contamination. Most processors
today use a magnetic drum that tumbles the
scrap and shakes out the nonmagnetics.
A table is given which shows the scrap
charges as percent of total netallics
with the actual amount used and the
amount which could have been used
technically. For steel making, 46 percent
scrap was used with the technically
feasible amount equal to 79 percent,
and for pig iron, 5.8 percent was used
against 100 percent potential. The
potential demand for scrap exists, but
only for a constant scrap of acceptable
quality.
67-0951
Mervin, R. F. Expanding use of magnetics.
Waste Trade World, 111(12):1415,
Sept. 9, 1967.
In this second part of a paper presented
to the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel
of America, the author indicates that
because the automotive foundrymen report
a 15 percent loss from scrap purchased on
the open market and only a 5 percent
melting loss from scrap from well-designed
fragnentizing and beneficiation plants,
the ferrous foundries will increase their
use of quality scrap free of rust, dirt,
oxides, and other contaminants. The
foreign material, not only decreases the
furnace output, but increases the slag
which attacks the furnace linings. The
purchasers of scrap have more rigid
inspection than previously with tramp
elements such as copper, chromium,
nickel, tin, etc., being closely watched
with copper being used as a yardstick.
Copper should be under 0.05 for rebar
steel, only 0.03 for normal quality steel,
0.01 for the highest quality, and 0.05
maximum f or deep-drawing sheets. About
25 percent of the process cost should be
allotted by the scrap processor for
beneficiation and separation which include
proper screening, feeding, magnetic
separation, and final inspection. Magnetic
separation is the heart of the steel
scrap processing plant and some shearing,
fragmentizing, and beneficiation plants
are using multiple magnetic separators.
Rugged, permanent, magnetic shakeout
or tumbling action separators which
require no wiring are efficient and
264
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0949 —09 55
trouble-free. In addition to screening
and magnetic separation, materials can
be separated by gravity and vibratory
air float tables. Scrap dealers must
recognize the need to beneficiate their
scrap.
67-0952
Metal balers. Waste Trade World,
111(1):11, 13, 16—17, 20, July 1, 1967.
The equipment for baling ferrous and
non-ferrous metals is described. There
are pictures of commercial equipment
including a non-ferrous baler, a
doubleran hydraulic metal baler, a
shearing lid-type press, and a 12-in.
heavy duty baler with a loading hopper.
Machines exerting pressures in the region
of 800 tons and up are needed to deal with
the large volume in many scrapyards and
steelworks and to produce the high density
bales that bring the best price. Baling
presses that operate on an automatic
cycle which includes ejection of the
finished bale, and which are provided
with a hopper that can be preloaded
while baling is in progress, enable one
man to produce up to 100 units per hr.
One of the versions of the American Big
Squeeze double-compression presses, the
343 hp with a ram pressure of 800 tons
gives 1,587 lb per sq in on the bale to
give high density bales weighing 2,600 lb
with an output of 15 to 30 tons per hr.
Another machine designed to process motor
cars completely (except for the engine),
gives a bale 24 in. by 28 in. by 34 in.
(variable) weighing 1,200 lb at rates up
to 18 an hr. Briquetting presses are
available for use with a chip-handling
system to produce 60 to 90 briquettes per
hr from 3 to 7 in. in diameter. The
products of 15 British, Dutch, and German
firms specializing in presses and balers
are listed and described. A large
variation in the type of equipment is
required by the varying requirements of
dissimilar types of users.
67-0953
A method for recovering molybdenum from
copper smelting waste slag has been
developed. Chemical and Engineering
News, 45(18):65, Apr. 1967.
A method for recovering molybdenum from
copper smelting waste slag is reported
(U.S. patent 3,314,783). The three-step
process begins by smelting molybdenum
and some iron from thin slag compounds to
the metallic state. Quenched in water,
the molten mass becomes a granulated
product for leaching. The iron is
removed with acid leach and the molybdenum
extracted in a caustic solution, from which
a high-purity molybdenum compound is
recovered.
67-0954
Metzger, C. A., et al. Application of
radioisotopes for aerospace waste
reclamation and water systems. Washington,
U.S. Department of Commerce, 1967. 16 p.
The research program and resulting design,
development, and evaluation of a vacuum
distillation-vapor pyrolysis water
reclamation system subjected to a 30-day
isotope powered unmanned test are
summarized. The application of a
radioisotope beat source is expected to
result in a simple and more reliable
water recovery system producing an
excellent quality water without the
use of pre- or post-treatment for extended
periods of operation. Other water recovery
processes that show good promise for the
utilization of isotopes for the thermal
energy are discussed. The use of
several waste management techniques
to obtain a complex integrated system are
discussed including urine and fecal
collection; fecal storage; potable
hot and cold water storage and dispensing;
and potability measurements that show
promise for the use of the waste heat
from the isotopes. Some conclusions are:
(1) Vacuum distillation-vapor pyrolysis and
vacuum distillation-vapor filtered water
recovery processes produce potable and
sterile water from urine. (2) Liquid level
controls proved to be the most difficult
problem in the system. (3) Urine solids
are extremely abrasive and require
special handling. (4) Static phase separators
in the urine evaporator are preferable
to dynamic devices. (5) Good quality water
had been obtained utilizing only carbon.
67-0955
Mobile cranes. Waste Trade World,
110(2):13-15, Jan. 14, 1967.
Two basic categories of mobile cranes,
those with strut jibs and those with
cantilever jibs, are surveyed. The strut
jib is pivoted below the driver’s cab,
265
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Recycling
and the weight of both jib and load is
largely carried by tie ropes extending
to behind the cab. The cantilever jib
is pivoted either beside or behind the
driver’s cab, which avoids any danger of
partly obscuring the driver’s view. In
the smaller cranes, the jib can have a box
construction instead of the more conventional
lattice work. The weight is carried by
hydraulic pistons situated beneath the
jib. Advantages of the cantilever
principle include the ability to stand
closer to a load and to reach over the
obstruction more easily, having more
room for the load, and comparative
invulnerability to swinging loads. The
strut jib is virtually useless when
the angle of the jib is under 20 degrees
from the horizontal. For very short
struts, under 9 ft, the cantilever
principle is impractical. Up to 25 ft
it can carry considerably heavier loads;
above this there is a zone when either
type of jib is practical, and above 40
ft the strut jib is best. The cranes
are offered by several Continental
manufacturers because of their extremely
moderate prices, but they are incapable
of withstanding tough scrapyard handling
and may not last even 3 years. Several
types of cantilever cranes and strut jib
cranes are described.
67-0956
Mobile cranes Sennebogen S.883. Waste
Trade World, 110(9):16, Mar. 4, 1967.
Moodyplant Ltd. claims that the criticism
of Continental strut jib mobile cranes
appearing in the Jan. 14, 1967 issue of
this jour al does not apply to the cranes
they offer. Their Sennebogen S.883 has
proved popular where economic and rapid
material handling is required. The crane
is mounted on 22-ton axles fitted with
eight track grip tires. Power is supplied
by a 30-hp air-cooled Deutz diesel
engine with 12-volt electric cold weather
starting system and cab heating installation.
An oscillating front axle Insures maximum
traction which, on soft ground, is equal
to that of a tracked machine. Straight lattice
jibe from 23 to 49 ft can be fitted,
giving a maximum lifting capacity of
9,460 lb free on wheels and 12,100 lb
with outriggers fitted. Other features
include: double drums for grabbing
operations; power-operated tagline
equipment; a derricking winch which
provides simultaneous operation of
derricking, slewing, and hoisting motions;
and a heavy duty drawbar and robot towing
attachment. Optional equipment is
mentioned.
67-0967
Mohrer, H. Z. Utilization of secondary
materials in paperboard mills. Tappi,
50(9):109A-114A, Sept. 1967.
With the production of sophisticated
paper products continuing to accelerate,
mills with the capability of utilizing a
broad segment of the modern paper stock
market will have an economic advantage
over those which practice more restricted
utilization policies. The problems of
limiting the consumption of virgin pulp
by the substitution of secondary material
include that of returning the secondary
material as near as possible to its
original, unconverted purity. The
complexity of the situation is apparent
from the 45 or more common grades of
paper stock now on the market snd the 37
contaminants which are sufficiently
harmful to spoil any usefulness of any
packing in which they appear. The four
key variables for determining the stock
system of a specific grade are brightness,
tear strength, undispersed dirt, and
shrinkage. Among the numerous tables
and charts are three which show the
supply per month of stock received.
Large deficits in receipts are shown in
January, February, August, and September.
An example is shown of a quality
report on raw materials. Four tables are
shown of the brightness, tear factor,
undispersed dirt, and shrinkage of
24 pulp and paper stocks according to
quality classifications. Four pictures are
given of various papers showing the
composition of typical dirt content.
Included are four tables which show paper
stock classifications according to the
four variables mentioned above, the costs
per ton, and the increase in value per ton
from recovery operations.
670968
Muir, J. Processing of mixed waste
paper. Paper Technology, 8(3):265-269,
June 1967.
The development of a 7-ton-per-hr plant
that produces a particularly clean pulp
266
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0956 —0960
from mixed waste paper is outlined. The
system includes the first commercial
installation of a low specific gravity
contrary-purging system which allows
continuous operation of a high intensity
rotor pulper. Waste paper contains
contraries which can damage subsequent
fibre-treating machines and must be
removed during the pulping process. The
best estimate of the weight of contraries
is between 3 and 7 percent. The low
specific gravity contrary-purging system
(illustrated) consists of an extraction
chamber mounted on the side of the pulper.
The stock passes through a l—in.—deep
horizontal slot which is kept from being
blocked by a rotating scraper arm. In
the high intensity rotor pulper
(illustrated), the rotor is mounted above
a perforated bed plate which screens
outgoing stock. The rotor pulper does
some despecking and defibering while
performing its normal pulping function.
In conventional pulpers it may be necessary
to drop the entire contents of the pulper
once in 48 hr to clean out the contraries.
The cleaning and screening of the stock
extracted through the 1/8-in.-diameter holes
in the rotor pulper can be carried out
in equipment normally found at the wet
end of a paper machine. A flow sheet is
given for an asphalt dispersion plant
for treating the stock prior to a lightly
loaded refining system.
67-0959
Musselmann, W., and 3. N. Voith.
Stock preparation for sorted waste paper.
Paper Technology, 8(3):270-277, June
1967.
The low and high consistency methods of
repulping waste paper are compared and
typical stock preparation systems and
new preparation machines are descrIbed with
diagrams and charts. A summarizing chart
shows that treatment at high consistencies
yields increasing volumes and porosity in
the paper. Charts also show that the
tensile strength and number of folds were
slightly lower for stock treated at
higher consistency. Stock from the
disintegrator was superior in cleanliness
and homogeneity to that from the
def laker and gave paper with higher volume
and porosity. Five flow sheets are given
of processes covering different stocks
and final products. A three-stage centrifugal
systen is required to remove the aluminum
in the recovery of an aluminum foil
laminated paper. In a double-disc,
high-speed def laker (diagram given) now
available, the perforated rotor disc and
two perforated stators ensure fiber
preserving treatment in the defiberimg
and despecking of low consistency stock.
A new belt thickener is illustrated which
uses a fabric belt thickener. A sketch
of an advanced low-speed single-shaft
disintegrator shows 60 projecting pyramids
on the rotor in a housing with 46 round
pins which function as a stator to give
a combing action between the rotor
teeth. The increased amount of waste
paper being repulped for use as a pat cial
replacement of groundwood and virgin pulp
has been made possible by technical
progress in repulping methods.
67-0960
Netzley, A. B., D. F. Walters, and J. E.
Williamson. Incineration; debonding
of brakeshoe and reclamation of electrical
equipment windings. In Air pollution
engineering manual. Public Health
Service Publication No. 999-AP-40.
Cincinnati, National Center for Air
Pollution Control, 1967. p. 4 7l-48 1 .
Brake shoe debonding and reclamation of
electrical equipment windings are similar
combustion processes differing from
incineration processes in that the
combustible contents are usually less
than 10 percent by weight, and high
temperatures must be avoided to prevent
damaging the salvageable parts. Burning
at temperatures less than 1,000 F consumes
all combustible organic compounds.
Reclamation by open burning or a
single-chamber device results in the
emission of large quantities of smoke
and odors. Two basic configurations of
equipment are used for reclamation. One
is a single structure housing the primary
and secondary combustion chambers; while
the other consists of two separate pieces,
a primary chamber, and an afterburner or
secondary chamber. Sizing and burner
capacity computations are discussed for
the primary ignition chamber, and the
secondary combustion chamber or afterburner.
Typical reclamation equipment is a
modified multiple-chamber incinerator with
an oversized ignition chamber without
grates and ashpits. An illustrative
problem shows a method of designing
batch equipment to debond brake shoes
or generator field coils.
267
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Recycling
67-0961
Netzley, A. E. Incineration. Wire
reclamation. In Air pollution engineering
manual. Public Health Service Publication
No. 999 AP 40. Cincinnati, National
Center for Air Pollution Control, 1967.
This process differs from other
reclamation in that the combustible
content of the charge is always more than
10 percent by weight and usually exceeds
20 percent. Inorganic materials such as
fiber glass and ceramics are noncombustible
and are removed mechanically. Not all
combustible insulation can be removed
by burning because of excessive oxidation
of copper. The only practical industrial
equipment available for controlling
emissions from single-chamber insulation
burning incinerators is an afterburner
or second combustion chamber. Control
of primary chamber combustion air is
critical for prevention of high temperatures
and restriction of burning rate to prevent
overloading of the secondary chamber. A
table of equipment design factors gives
recommended values of gas velocities,
combustion air, auxiliary burner and draft
requirements for primary and secondary
chambers. A problem illustrates the
design of equipment to process a 250-lb
batch of commercial insulated electrical
wire containing 25 percent combustibles.
67-0962
A new type of scrap processing plant.
Waste Trade Journal, 6 (52):12, Dec. 30,
1967.
A new type of scrap processing plant in
Erie, Pennsylvania, demonstrates how junked
autoinobil s may be successfully reclaimed,
even in relatively small population centers.
By the application of magnetic action
engineered into the auto—maceration system,
the new plant is able to produce scrap
rated as ‘ideal’ by the big forging plant
which is taking its entire production. A
typical chemical analysis of the non—ferrous
elements is: 0.06 percent carbon, 0.40
percent manganese, 0.024 percent phosphorus,
0.035 percent sulfur, 0.10 percent
silicon, 0.12 percent nickel, 0.06 percent
chromi a, 0.02 percent molybdenum, 0. 11
percent copper, 0.001 percent tin, 0.001
percent antimony, and 0.009 percent
cobalt. The plant can chew up old cars at
the rate of 200 per day. The processing
line starts with old cars from which
such saleable items as radiators, engine
blocks, and wheels, have been removed.
New waste paper mill. Waste Trade World,
110(9):4, Mar. 4, 1967.
A new 750,000 waste paper mill, which
will handle about 500 tons of waste
paper a week, is described. Products will
include chiphoard, and liner and specialty
boards, in addition to materials which
will be used for products ranging from
tubes for the creation of concrete columns
on highways, household foil cores, and air
ducting to soap powder containers for
launderettes. The mill was built in
response to the demand for additional
board and paper, and it is anticipated
that its output will approach 1.1,000,000
in value. A main feature of the mill’s
equipment is a 300-ft-long board-making
machine, the drying section of which is
fitted with 71 2-ton rollers. Ninety
employees work a three-shift system for 5½
days a week, with a 7-day week anticipated
in the near future.
67-0964
Nolan, W. 3. Processing of bagasse for
paper and structural board. Tappi,
50(9):127A136A, Sept. 1967.
The work that has been carried out at
the Pulp and Paper Laboratory of the
University of Florida on the utilization
of bagasse in the paper industry over
the last 15 years is reported. Bagasse,
the residual cane stalk after sugar has
been extracted, presents a number of
variables to the paper process engineer
over which he has no control. This paper
is concerned with the variables over which
the engineer can exercise some control
such as storage, pith removal, pulping, and
pulp characteristics. Assuming that a
thorough depithing of bagasse fiber is
essential to high quality pulp products,
a procedure is described of decortication
in an attrition mill, followed by washing
the pith and fines from the fiber on a
traveling screen belt. Tables show:
the strength of bagasse, pine kraft,
and bagassepine pulp mixtures; forming
characteristics of bagasse wallboard;
strength and water absorption of wallboard;
and physical characteristics of hard board
from depithed Cuban bagasse. Essentially
the same data Is shown on six charts. The
pith fraction which has been considered as
a nuisance contains 20 to 22 percent lignin
and 27 to 30 percent pentosan and it should
67-0963
268
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0961—0968
be possible to use this waste as a raw
material for the manufacture of furfural.
There is also a possibility of developing
a market for the solid lignin residue
resulting from the acid hydrolysis
producing the furfural. The future
of bagasse for paper and board depends on
research to evaluate the importance of
depithing, utilization of the pith, and
optimum cooking conditions for bagasse
fiber.
67-0965
Nupress pneumatic baling machines. Public
Cleansing, 57(2):108-109, Feb. 1967.
The baling box, developed to handle
the ever-increasing amount of waste
paper, is a feature of the Nupress Baling
Machines. It is moved pneumatically
completely clear of the ran, enabling
the box to be fed by conveyor. Other
advantages are (1) The power is supplied
by compressed air. (2) There are no systems
to be overloaded. (3) Safety features
are used. (4) The bale density can be
controlled. (5) All machines can be
operated from one compressor. Operation
by levers is extremely simple and the
machines are suitable for bulky
material. The output is dependent on
three factors: the type of material
being baled, the speed at which the box
can be filled, and the time taken for
wiring.
paper and abandoned
World, 11O(21):3-4,
A report of the Ministry of Housing and
Local Government on their refuse storage
and collection work is reviewed. Waste
paper was declared the only salvageable
form of domestic waste. The work party
suggested local councils supply householders
with sacks which should be emptied into
enclosed vehicles on periodic routes.
Also discussed was the problem of disposing
of abandoned vehicles. Problem questions
included under what authority could
a car be towed away, that of the owner
of the car or the owner of the property
on which it was left; and what length of
time indicates that a car has been abandoned.
67-0967
Oil disposal with foam. Petroleum,
30(5):97, Sept.-Oct., 1967.
A new method of oil removal from water
and reclamation has been developed by
Esso together with Bibby’s Oleochemicals
Division. In a demonstration, 45 gal
of crude oil were poured into the water
at Ashlett Pond, Southampton, Shredded
Bibbipol, a polyurethane foam, was then
spread upon the oil. Within minutes the
white foam began to turn black as it
absorbed the oil from the surface of
the water. Then a flexible boom,
consisting of a small bore net full of
shredded foam, was towed toward the shore,
confining the Oily foam within its arc.
The oil-saturated foam was removed from
the water, leaving the surface virtually free
of oil. The foam was then passed through
rollers to recover the oil. The recovered
liquid contained over 80 percent oil
and the pressed foam was ready for reuse.
A major advantage of the foam is that it
has a natural affinity for oil, while
absorbing little water. It is also
completely non-toxic, and harmless to marine
life. It is estimated that 50 cu ft of
foam would absorb 1 ton of oil at
a cost in materials of 5. The comparable
cost of dispersants to remove a similar
quantity of oil would be about E130. The
foam technique is still in a developmental
stage and further study is needed on
methods of shredding the foam and on its
subsequent recovery.
On the right lines to deal with the old
rail cars. Public Cleansing, 57(11):604,
Nov. 1967.
To devise a better method than open
burning for the salvaging of scrap and
reusable metal from the 100,000 freight
cars that go out of service each year
in the United States, the Solid Wastes
Program of the U.S. Public Health Service’s
National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health has awarded a $50,000 contract to
Booz, Allen Applied Research, Inc. to
carry out a comprehensive study of
railroad car dismantling and recommend
new approaches that will eliminate
pollution problems and still allow for
practical and economic disposal of
obsolete cars. Under the 6-month
contract, the current operating practices
of railroad car dismantlers throughout
67-0966
Official view on waste
vehicles. Waste Trade
May 27, 1967.
67-0968
269
-------
Recycling
the country will be studied, the information
on proposed new techniques summarized,
and feasibility studies of new techniques
that promise acceptable pollution control
will be conducted. Leo Weaver, Head of
the Solid Wastes Program, has indicated
that there is keen interest In this
project because of its possible application
in the disposal of bulky wastes (e.g.
junk automobiles), and its significance
as an example of government-industry
cooperation.
67-0969
O’Bryan, W. .3. Corrugated waste pelleting.
Tappi, 50(4):43—44, Apr. 1967.
A system for compacting corrugated waste
by pelleting is described which gives
higher densities and uses smaller plant
areas than Is possible with high-density
baling operations. A Daf fin Pelleter
made up of steel rings and contoured
divider teeth will take metered, shredded,
corrugated waste and, by forcing it through
openings in the divider teeth, will give
a high-density (90 lb per cu ft) pellet
1 by 1 by 2 to 3 in. When the pellets
are bulk loaded into a car the density is
40 lb per cu ft compared to 25 lb per cu
ft from baling. Shipping tonnage in
40-ft cars Is in excess of 50 tons. The
pellets can be conveyed mechanically or
pneumatically to storage or to the
transport vehicle. Pelleting will be the
manner of scrap collection of the future,
based on low labor costs In manufacture,
reduced freight charges per ton because
of higher car weight, reduced mill handling
costs, silo storage, and space saving.
67 -0970
Obrzut, .3. J. Will steel buy scrap’s
new look? Iron Age, 199(2):57-65,
Jan. 12, 1967.
Although scrap processing is a vital
adjunct of steel making, the changing
iron and steel industry Is becoming
more selective, and bundles, bales, and
slabs of scrap are no longer in great
demand by the steel companies. The basic
oxygen furnace output which uses less
than 30 percent scrap has increased in
the last 10 years from zero to 18
percent of all steel production while
open hearth production which uses 42
percent scrap has decreased to 72 percent
from 89 percent. The scrap processor
must meet the decreased market with a better
quality product at lower cost which involves
shredders for automobiles which may cost
up to $3 million, but can reduce an
automobile body to clean, dense,
free-flowing, fist-sized chunks of scrap
with copper content between 0.15 and
0.20 percent. The progress in equipment
and methods is brought out in the
numerous illustrations, sketches, and a
table. Shown are the new Logeman shear
which can slice the full width of a car.
Two pictures are shown, one of a conveyor
delivering old cars to a Luria shredder, and
the other of the shredded scrap that feeds
Bethlehem’s electric furnaces. A table
is given which shows the origin of scrap, the
equipment needed for its processing, the
grades of scrap, and their uses. A
sketch shows the operation of a magnetic
separator upgrading scrap, and two sketches
show proposals for melting auto bodies
directly into hot metal. Other pictures
show briquetting machines, a magnet on a
crane, a shredder, and a chute for
efficient scrap handling.
67-0971
Organic wastes--source of electrical energy.
Compost Science, 7(3):5-6, Winter 1967.
Dr. Frederick D. Sisler of the U.S.
Geological Survey said scientists have
found a way to turn corn cobs, sawdust,
and other organic waste materials,
especially those high in sugar, into
electricity-generating fuel. He added,
‘Perhaps we should be building power generating
units instead of sewage disposal plants.’
67-0972
Overband magnet separators. Waste
Trade World, 111(7) 1O, Aug. 12, 1967.
Equipment is described which will protect
large crushers and similar heavy
installations used by companies having
deep-burden conveyors. The Unimag
oil-cooled heavy-duty electromagnetic
overband separators have been designed
to remove ferrous material up to 300 lb
through a heavy burden on a conveyor. One
of the installations, 48 in. wide,
weighing 15 tons, and containing 3½ tons
of copper In the energizing coil, Is shown
in an illustration. The oil-cooled
separator can operate above conveyors
as wide as 72 in. with clearances of 24
in. between the surface of the conveyor
belt and the underside of the magnetic
overband belt. The magnet is made from
270
-------
0969—0975
67-0975
Paper baling at Bury.
57(2):78-79, Feb. 1967.
high permeability steel, with the coil
wound with high conductivity insulated
scrap. Numerous supporting data and
illustrations are furnished.
copper wire assembled in sections
directly on the core of the magnet.
Corrugated stainless side panels form
67-0974
the totally enclosed assembly which is
filled with transformer oil coolant which
also prevents the infiltration of dust
and moisture. The transformer oil is
circulated by a sealed pump complete
with a radiator through the sectionalized
coil assembly to dissipate the heat
Pajalich, W. Conclusions. In Iron and
steel scrap survey in Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8342. [ Washington], U.S. Department
of the Interior, 1967. p. 42 - 43 .
generated and permit the magnet to
operate at peak efficiency for longer
cycles without excessive temperature
rise. The conveyor belt which passes
The uniqueness of ferrous scrap waste
is that it has utility equal to the natural
raw material, iron ore. Scrap is higher in
,
iron content than are natural ores. The
under the magnet is made of heavy-duty
butyl rubber with special magnetic
feelers to protect the belt from damage
and to help remove smaller pieces of iron.
utilization patterns of firms using blast
furnaces, pig, and hot metal, suggest that
fluctuations in steel ingots and castings
production affect the consumption of
hot metal and pig more than purchased
scrap. Electric furnace ingot production
ratio to scrap consumption increased
from 85 percent in 1957 to 94 percent
67-0973
in 1962. However, the total ingot
Pajalich, W. Iron and steel scrap survey
in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan,
Minnesota, and Wisconsin. U.S. Bureau of
Mines Information Circular No. 8342.
production trend was downward arid as a
result, the scrap consumption declined
accordingly. Although the oxygen furnace
was increasingly used between 1957 and
[ Washington], U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1967. 49 p.
1962, the amount of scrap consumed by
this method of steelmaking was nor large
enough to be reflected in the total
The results of a study made by the
Bureau of Mines on the generation,
utilization, and consumption patterns of
ferrous scrap in six North Central States,
he organizational framework of the
ferrous scrap industry, of the products
produced, and of the factors affecting the
consumption of ferrous scrap by the steel
industry are presented. The six States
covered are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,
consumption of scrap by all the firms
studied in the six North Central States.
The steel industry’s independence of
purchased scrap is increasing more rapidly
with the development of oxygen steelmaking
processes. This development can cut
scrap requirements materially, and
possibly most scrap requirements in many
instances can be fulfilled by home scrap
generation.
Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. The
six States represent an important segment
of the nation’s scrap industry, accounting
for about one-third of the ferrous scrap
Public Cleansing,
consumed in the United States. In 1963
these States had about 1,500 ferrous scrap
dealers employing more than 9,000 persons
Wastepaper handling arrangements were
with sales exceeding $300 million. This,
altered to provide a mechanical feed
and previous studies of the industry were
direct to the paper press during the
undertaken by the Bureau to study changing
recent reconstruction at the Separation
patterns of ferrous scrap use during the
and Incineration Plant at Bury. Now
past 10 years. The underlying causes for
these changes and the degree to which the
the 36-in. -wide wire mesh leads to the
new Handley Lake ‘Ambassador’ press,
causes affect the scrap industry are
which has a 54-in, manual control hydraulic
discussed. Contrary to some concepts,
scrap is not melted to make special or
inferior iron and steel products; rather,
it is a universal raw material for the
press with a 6-in, extended hopper. The
finished bales are 5 by 2 by 3 ft, weigh
6 cwt and have an output of 5 tons per
day (50 percent of this having been
iron and steel industry. ‘New’ iron or
steel products can be made from 100 percent
collected by two employees from the
picking belt).
271
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Recycling
67-0976
Phillips, R.F. Solid waste——a natural
resource. Proceedings; Solid Waste
in Urban Environments——a Community Action
Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9, 1967. University
of Houston. p.27-37.
After a brief background review of refuse
production, disposal problems, the status
of waste reclamation, and the problems
involved In closing the loop to recycle
wastes as raw materials in their original
use, a concept for the utilization of
wastes in construction, horticulture,
and agriculture is considered. The bulk
of the small volume of refuse that Is
salvaged Is returned as raw material
to the original usefor such materials
as paper, glass, metals, rags, and rubber.
Present markets do not encourage recycling,
process technology is not suited to
recycling, transportation costs are high,
and separation costs are high. In one
system, the concept is to use the waste
after separation into general types for
the manufacture of products in demand In
the urban area or in agricultural areas
tributary to the urban centers. In another
system, it is proposed that waste be
converted into construction materials
and soil conditioners. Lightweight aggregate
prices are on the order of $20 to $50 per
ton in urban markets. If satisfactory
refuse-based products can be developed,
this market could be attractive during
the commercialization of the process. The
high—priced small volume peat moss market
should be immediately attractive for
compost. A marketing system will have
to be developed to handle the large
volumes and seasonal storage and application
problems of agricultural compost. Market
informatLon on compost potential and prices
should be gathered along with refuse
collection and conversion and compost
marketing economics for the evaluation of
the feasibility of compost production.
Typical systems are diagrammed.
67-0977
Plerau, K. Planning a scrap processing
plant to ensure utmost efficiency. Foerdern
Heben, 17(16):933-936, Nov. 1967.
To illustrate the operation of a scrap
processing plant so that the most efficient
processing of the material can be achieved,
an example is given of a German company
in Kiel-Gaarden. The plant is located in
the harbor, directly at the waterfront.
The company collects the scrap in
containers having a capacity of 5 cu m
and 7 cu in, which can be loaded onto the
trucks without using a crane, thus
effecting cost savings. The containers
can be tilted for unloading. The scrap
is sorted and manually processed with a
combination shear/baling press. The
processed scrap is shipped away either
by railroad or by freighter. Two cranes
are necessary to do the loading. The
company first used mobile cranes which
did not prove to be very suitable; they
were soon supplanted by a gantry crane.
To Improve the efficiency of the processing
plant itself, it was raised 6.50 m above
the site. This permits the direct loading
of processed scrap into railroad cars. For
loading onto the freighters, an additional
crane was set up. Personnel costs were
considerably reduced by these modifications.
Illustrations of the scrap processing plant
and the cranes, as well as technical data,
are given. (Text-German)
67-0978
Pillai, S. C., E. C. Srinath, M. L. Mathur,
et al. Activated sludge as a feed
supplement for poultry. Water and Waste
Treatment Journal, 11(7):316-320, 322,
May-June 1967.
Interest In the utilization of activated
sludge as a feed supplement for poultry
to replace the protein in animal feeds and
as a source of vitamin B12 raises the
question of the effect of activated sludge
on growing chicks and laying birds.
Experiments were carried out over a
period of a year to determine if the
activated sludge could be used as a feed
supplement for poultry. Based on the
analysis of a control poultry feed and
the analysis of an experimental feed and
a layer mash containing 50 percent of the
peanut cake replaced by sludge and a feed
with 50 percent of the fish meal replaced
by sludge, data were obtained and shown
in tabular form of the influence on the
growth of the birds, the feed consumption,
and the egg-laying record. The sludge not
only had no harmful effects on growth
of the chicks and egg-laying performance,
but was actually beneficial. Inasmuch as
the sludge contains original sewage matter
undergoing changes and microorganisms
in various stages of development, the
hygienic aspect is a matter of concern.
Based on the lack of any effect on these
chicks and hens and previously reported
animal studies, there appeared to be no
hazards to the health of the poultry. The
272
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0976—0983
reasons for the beneficial effect on the
chicks is not clear, except for the
vitamin B12 and the possible effects of
the amino acid composition of the sludge
and substances such as coenzyme Q.
61-0979
Porteous, A. Towards a profitable means
of municipal refuse disposal. ASME Paper
No. 67WA/PID-2. Presented at Winter
Annual Meeting, American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, Pittsburgh, Nov.
12-17, 1967. 17 p.
Refuse disposal processes which can
generate revenue from the sale of
by-products are studied. Economic
evaluation of several alternatives reveals
ethanol production from the wastepaper
content of the refuse to have strong profit
potential. This is studied in depth and
a design is proposed with sufficient
flexibility to enable the process to function
profitably despite chemical kinetic
uncertainties. Further work is reconimended
to take ethanol production from refuse to the
pilot-plant stage with the ultimate
objective of full-scale municipal
installation for refuse processing.
67.0980
Possible use of waste matter as fuel for
rockets examined. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(12):18, Dec. 1967.
The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration is examining ways of
using waste matter produced by the crew of
a spacecraft as possible fuel for rockets.
Companies studying possible applications
include Rocket Research Corporation,
Marquardt Corporation, and Avco
Corporation. Rocket Research Corporation
believes that some of the techniques being
developed for space ships could be utilized
in sewage plant techniques so that wastes
can be utilized for low-cost production
of heat, steam, and electricity. One
process is the ‘dry burn’ method, where
sewage is dried and then burned to
generate heat, which is then used to
dry more sewage and produce steam.
67-0981
Power from rubbish. Electrical Times,
151(17):673-674, Apr. 27, 1967.
The London Council’s Deephanis refuse
disposal plant will come into
operation in 1970 as the first in Great
Britain to use total, continuous
incineration for producing power.
The 9 million plant will handle
1,333 tons of refuse a day delivered by
700 trucks to produce from 27 to 40 MW.
The refuse will be charged to five
stepped, roller-type grates from the
hoppers by hydraulic rains. The boilers
will operate at 625 psi at 850 P.
Steam from the five boilers passes to
four 12.5 MW single-cylinder turbines
designed to operate at 600 psi and
840 P. Wnen finished the plant will be
one of the largest refuse disposal works
in the world.
67-0982
Precision guillotine. Waste Trade World,
110(15):13, Apr. 15, 1967.
The Besco 8/25 Mark II is an all-steel
precision guillotine made by J. S.
Edwards Ltd. The machine can shear
plate up to ¼ in. thick, and also
non-ferrous metals. The upper and lower
blades are 100 in. long and four—edged
carbon chrome blades are fitted to the
cutting beam. The average cutting speed
is 33 strokes per minute, and operation
is controlled by a movable footswitch.
Single or continuous strokes can be
selected by means of a push-button.
The guillotine is powered by an 8-hp
highslip electric motor, and is supplied
complete with isolator switch and front
gauges measuring up to 36 in.
67-0983
Prior, P. H. Secondary fibers in
Britain. Pulp and Paper, 68(12):T655-T658,
Dec. 1967.
The fiber recovery industry in Britain,
which amounts to 1 1/2 million cons of
paper and board annually, is described.
Explanation of steps being taken to deal
with the growing problem of pernicious
contraries (nonfibrous contaminants
difficult to see or detect) is emphasized.
The movement of recovered material
from source to mill takes place in a
complex network built up over many years,
with personal relationships a prominent
feature. However, in recent years an
influx of new contraries has become a
major problem in the industry. The
elimination or segregation of these
contaminants needs to be dealt with at
273
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Recycling
an early stage to reduce the amount
reaching the mills. A central organization,
The British Waste Paper Utilization Council,
was set up in 1959 for technical study of
the problems involved, for disseminating
information to encourage segregation
of waste paper containing contraries by the
initial users, and for consultation with
other organizations. With the use of
advertising methods, the Council has
been successful in alerting the wide
range of people concerned to the
importance of early identification and
segregation, and has been able to
initiate the substitution of harmless
materials for some dangerous ones.
67-0984
Promise of ‘tailings’. Industrial
Research, 9(4):43, Apr. 1967.
Research being conducted at Stanford
University proposes making high-pressure,
steam-cured calcium silicate building
materials from mine tailings. The study,
headed by Cedric W. Richards and Torben C.
Hansen, grew out of 0. C. Shepard’s
suggestion that tailings might be useful
in light-weight concrete aggregates.
Such building materials are widely used
in Europe. Silicates extracted from U.S.
wastes may not work the same way, due to
various possible contaminants. Thus the
tests being run on samples will determine
the feasibility of the Stanford proposal.
67-0985
Provide ‘information’ early for others
to make clans. Waste Trade World,
3(8):10-11, Aug. 19, 1967.
This article is the second part of a
paper on efficient scrap yard layout
given at a meeting of the Institute of
Scrap Iron and Steel of America and
pertains to the relocation of an established
firm. The emphasis is placed on obtaining
information as soon as possible so that
the architect can coordinate the structural,
mechanical, water, sewer, electrical,
and other pertinent data. For the shears
and shredders, the architect needs data
on foundations, frames, guards, access
ladders, and catwalks. One desirable
step, in the advance work, is shop inspection
of the equipment during construction. It
is meet important for scrap processors
to make a concession to public opinion
and to consider the view approaching the
yard. It is also important to place
equipment, such as the scrap shear, well
above grade to protect it from ground
water, heavy snowfall, and ice. The
electrical switchgear building should
be placed as near as possible to the
center of its load, which would require
placing it close to the scrap shear.
If possible, competitive bidding ending
with lump sum contracts is to be preferred.
If alterations are involved or insufficient
information is available in advance,
competitive bids should be taken for
cost-plus contracts. Whenever a new yard
is to be built or a piece of equipment is
to be added, it is desirable to utilize
any possible means of improving the
efficiency of the yard. Consideration
should be given to the total development
of the scrap yard and the community, with
an allowance for expansion.
67-0986
Putting scrap to work. Machinery Lloyd,
39(15):3, Aug. 5, 1967.
The waste recovery industry contributes
materially to the national economy in
a country like the United Kingdom which
imports the bulk of its industrial raw
materials to the detriment of its balance
of payments. Figures released at a
recent Scrap and Waste Exhibition i t t
London shoved that the waste recovery
industry’s output is E1,650 million per
year, which replaces United Kingdom’s imports,
in addition to l 90 million per year of
exports. Twenty million tons of iron and
steel scrap valued at h200 million are used
by the United Eingdom ’s iron and steel makers.
Forty percent of the copper, 36 percent
of the aluminum, 23 percent of the zinc,
and 51 percent of the lead out of a total
nou-ferrous consumption of 1.6 million
tons, which replaced 800 million in
imports, were recovered from scrap and
residues. There is increasing cooperation
between metal-working concerns and the
scrap and waste recovery industry. An
increasing number of firms are treating
swarf to recover the expensive cutting
oil and then packing the clean metal
scrap in truck-sized containers. This
typical case is beneficial to all with
the engineering company’s saving the wasted
cutting oil and getting a better price
for their swarf, the scrap merchant’s being
able to handle the containerized swarf with
less labor, and the steel industry’s receiving
a cleaner and better raw material for
remelting.
“4
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0984—0990
67-0987
Qureshi, Q. A., and N. E. Dubash. Potential
fibrous raw material for the manufacture
of paper. Pakistan Journal of Science,
19(1 & 2):67-72, Jan.-Mar. 1967.
Due to the forecasted demand for paper in
Pakistan, investigations were undertaken
to determine potential fibrous material
which could be used for the manufacture of
paper. Samples were tested for cellulose,
a-cellulose, silica, fiber-length, and pith
(dry and wet method). Results are given
for 12 native raw materials. Two of the
materials, bagasse and junter, seemed the
most promising. Junter is a small, shrub-
like bush and is sufficiently white, soft
and free from heartwood and bark to be
used in making mechanical pulp. However,
its cultivation for the purpose of making
paper would only be economical if its
use for fertilizer and for seed production
were exploited. Bagasse is available
and its potential seems bright. Although
bagasse is at present being used as a
fuel by the cane plants, availability of
suitable gas for this purpose makes almost the
entire amount potentially available for
paper manufacture. Pilot;studies are
necessary to develop mechanical pulping of
bagasse.
67-0988
Raie, M. Y., N. Shakir, M. K. hatty, and
Karimullah. Preparation of an adhesive from
the vegetable—tanned leather scrap. Science
and Industry, 5(4):575—579, Oct. 1967.
Successful attempts have been made for
the conversion of scrap into a plastic
mass which, as such, or in combination with
rosin, has yielded, after treatment with
formaldehyde, quite superior binding
materials. On application to wood
laminates, the adhesive gives as
satisfactory a binding performance as that
obtained from the application of
phenol- formaldehyde, urea- formaldehyde,
and epoxy resins. Leather scrap is
hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid into a
plastic mass which is dried and powdered.
The powder, either alone, or in
combination with rosin, is heat-applied
immediately after treatment with formalin.
In the past, little use has been made of
the scrap for the production of leather-based
adhesives; only a few attempts have been
made to convert chrome and vegetable-tanned
leather scrap into an adhesive by
hydrolyzing the scrap with a mineral acid
and then mixing it with a suitable reagent
such as magnesium oxide. Experimental
procedures are outlined and supporting data
are furnished.
67-0989
Raiinondo, F. E. Deinking of printed
wastepapers by flotation. Tappi,
50(9):69A-74A, Sept. 1967.
The effect of physical factors and the
use of filters in the flotation stage
on the brightness of de-inked printed
wastepaper is reported. Photographs
are shown of an industrial flotation cell,
a battery of industrial flotation cells
in operation, and a laboratory cell. A
chart is given of the comparison between
runs on an industrial flotation cell
versus a laboratory scale flotation cell
which gave similar results. The operational
parameters and their effects on brightness
are shown on a series of charts which
show the effects of wastepaper mix,
duration of flotation, flotation shock
temperature, water hardness, ph, impeller
speed, air present iii stock, and filler
quantities. Brightness increases with
the increase in magazine stock. Ink
removal is good with newspapers, but not
as good as with magazine stock. The
brightness increases with the flotation time.
Temperatures in the 40 C range appear
satisfactory in practice. The pH should
be kept in the 9 range. There is a marked
increase in the brightness with an increase
in rotational speed. There is no increase
in brightness with an increase in airflow
above the minimum. The use of fillers
produced an increase in brightness from
the whiteness of the fillers and not
from absorption of the ink particles
onto the fillers. The addition of fillers
to the stock before flotation does not
have any advantage. The chemicals used
were 2 percent sodium peroxide, 5 percent
sodium solicate, 0.38 percent Biancal
concentrate and 0.02 percent resoline.
67-0990
Rationalization of scrap processing will
reduce steelmaking costs. Metals,
2(14) 5557, July 1967.
The reduction of steel making costs to
meet overseas competition may be attained
by an increase in the efficiency of
scrap handling and processing. The
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Recycling
Richard Thomas and Baidwins plant has
set up a scrap handling unit adjacent to
its steel plant, which will process, stock,
and deliver scrap charges against the
steelmaking requirements to rail-mounted
charging machines. Photographs show two
bay scrap yards adjacent to the steel
plant, two Lindemanu Lulan cranes fed by
6 5—in, magnets, with light scrap being
baled and delivered to a fixed slide.
The unprocessed scrap in the first bay
is passed to two shears for processing,
while the light scrap is baled and stored
in the second bay, where provision is
made for various types of scrap. The
replacement of crane-charging by a
rail-bound charging machine in the steel
mill frees the cranes for hot-metal use
and provides a mOre accurate means of
charging. On the principle that scrap
processing is a specialized job, the
steel-maker can concentrate on making
steel. The plant will be furnished with
a more uniform material which will permit
easier charging and faster melting. The
improved delivery of scrap to the
furnace will free crane capacity. The
planned scrap preparation and handling
facility at this steel plant could be
an important factor in meeting overseas
competition by increased efficiency.
67-0991
Reclamation of old newspaper by de-Inking.
Research and Industry, 12(1):23, Jan.-Mar.
1967.
Old newspapers, presently used as packing
material, and eventually disposed of as
waste, are de-Inked for reuse as newsprint
by a new process developed at the Regional
Research .aboratory at Jorhat, India. The
process involves the pulping of old
newspapers at slightly elevated temperatures
in the presence of suitable chemicals such
as surface-active agents, detergents,
and sodium hydroxide to separate the
fibers from the ink. After screening to
remove coarse impurities and dilution to
the proper consistency, the ink particles
are removed from fibers in a flotation
cell. As desired, the pulp can be used
alone or in combination with virgin pulp.
The de-inked stock provides an economic
use for old newspapers and a substitute
for virgin pulp at Re 1070 to 1110 per
ton. The savings depend on the cost of
the virgin pulp. The cost of the installed
de-inking unit is much less than a
chemical or mechanical pulping mill and
the time required for pulping is shorter.
67-0992
Reclamation project. Electronics,
40(25):58, Dcc. 11, 1967.
A process, developed by Metallurgical
International, to reclaim tantalum scrap
is reported. Most tantalum capacitor
makers sell their scrap and rejects for
use in alloys and mill products at about
$10 a lb, in contrast to the original
cost of the metal which is about $35 a lb.
However, with the new process, capacitor—grade
powder can be reclaimed for $15 a lb.
Once the capacitors have been reduced
to tantalum slugs, they are pulverized
into a powder by the patented Cold-stream
process. The particles are them
recirculated and passed through a mesh
until they are about the same size. A
reactant gas separates all impurities
from the powder and a furnace draws off
residual gas, leaving the powder as pure
as that made directly from tantalum ore.
It is claimed that the shape of the
particle, which is irregular, is superior
to the circular or dendritic shapes produced
by conventional methods. Tight packing
provides high capacitance and lessens
the number of sharp points that invite
voltage breakdown in capacitors. The
process can also produce high-grade
tantalum powder from virgin ore. Samples
of reclaimed powder are being evaluated
by several tantalum capacitor makers.
Although the evaluation has not yet been
completed, results so far indicate that
the powder seems to be of good quality.
67-0993
Recovery of epsilon-caprolactam from
trichloroethylene waste. British Chemical
Engineering, 12(11):65, 1967.
A new process for recovery of epsilon-caprolactam
from trichloroethylene waste overcomes
the shortcomings of the old method such as
low quality and high loss. Its basis is
a ternary equilibrium diagram for
the system caprolactaxn-trichloroethylene-60
percent sulfuric acid. The process
recovers caprolactam by extracting waste
trichloroethylene, and the caprolactarn
A neutralizing operation treats the
trichloroethylene and the caprolactam
is recovered by a salting-out operation
after a Beckmann rearrangement. A
diagram is included.
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09 91—0997
67-0994
Reducing the cost of handling scrap.
Waste Trade Wor1d 110(3):13-14,
Jan. 21, 1967.
The reduction of operation costs by the
use of bulk container systems which
allow materials to be dumped directly into
containers instead of on the ground to
be uplifted again, is discussed. The
pre-loaded containers can be removed by
the container handling equipment, which
exchanges an empty container for the
loaded one and transports it to the disposal
area. The container equipment can
be driven and operated by one man and the
system is economically feasible for small
companies in their waste handling. A
further advantage of containers with scrap
metals is that different materials can be
segregated and placed into appropriate
containers for further processing. In
another method, the handling vehicle
can travel along a route of containers,
instead of having to transport each
container to the disposal point, emptying
the contents of each into the body of
the vehicle where compaction rams reduce
the volume and enable the collection of
a large amount of material. Work study
surveys made on container systems have
shown that it is possible to offset the
capital outlay involved in 1 to 3 years,
without taking into account the many
additional benefits to be gained
from these systems. Tabulated data
present in detail the economics of a
container system compared with those of
a conventional tipper-bodied vehicle.
67-0995
Refuse is the sweetest fuel. American
City, 82(5):116-118, May 1967.
Refuse is an apt fuel for power generation
when burned in municipal incinerators because:
large amounts are available; its disposal
is costly; its calorific value is
adequate; and techniques can now eliminate
air pollution. A symposium entitled
‘Incineration of Solid Wastes’ was
sponsored by the Metropolitan Engineers
Council on Air Resources (MECAR). Refuse
is 1/3 paper and only 1/8 food. Moisture
content varies. The sulphur dioxide
emission Is low because the sulphur content
is low. Electrostatic precipitators
are being installed because of their
excellent particulate- control
characteristics. Alan Walker, technical
director of Research-Cottrell explained,
‘A strict emission code of 0.2 lb will result
in visibly clear stack emission so long
as there is more than 150 percent excess
air in the stack.’ New York’s commissioner
of sanitation wants a shearing device to
cut heavy materials into 3-ft lengths for
easy incinerator reception. Industry
should develop new types of beer cans and
other containers that can be disposed of
more easily, Other subjects of discussion
were: ‘Refuse Steam Generator’ by Dr. H.
Carleton Moore; ‘New Incinerator at Munich,
Germany’ by Georg Stabenow; ‘Incinerators
with Refractory Furnaces’ by Leonard
Wegman; ‘Economics of Solid Waste
Incineration’ by Leroy F. Deming; and
‘Industrial Incinerators’ by Charles
Hescheles.
67-0996
Refuse rocket fuel. ASCE [ American Society
of Civil Engineersi Newsletter, Sanitary
Engineering Division, (5l):7, Nov. 1967.
A new rocket fuel composed primarily of
human wastes has been sucessfully test
fired by a rocket research corporation.
Known as Monex W, the new fuel is intended
for future use aboard large manned
spacecraft which remain in orbit for
extended periods. Fuel ingredients
include feces, paper, garbage, and wash
water. Developers of the fuel point
out that one of the most intriguing
aspects of the study is the possibility
of using Monex W in case the primary
propulsion system fails. Spacemen could
then make this new fuel on the spot
to return the craft to earth.
67-0997
Renken, H. C., J. R. Burke, and R. W.
Schatz. Recovery and utilization. I
Status of unit operations and processes
for solid-waste disposal; final report.
Columbus, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Feb. 19, 1967. p. 43 - 82 .
A state-of-the-art survey was conducted
through interviews, visits, and a literature
search. A proposed system is described for
the disposal of municipal garbage and
refuse that features the recovery of
nonferrous and ferrous scrap, aluminum
scrap, glass, plastics, rubber, rags,
and paper by hand sorting and magnetic
separation. The separation and recovery
of waste wood, wastepaper, bark, bagasse,
glass, and stone are briefly covered. The
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Recycling
capital investment in equipment for
fly ash collection and the annual cost
of operating electrostatic precipitators
are tabulated. Various types of slags are
currently being processed and marketed
for use in glass and fiberglass manufacture,
soil conditioning, fertilizers, highway
surfacing, and concretes. Special
attention is given to the scrap metal
industry including: sources and marketing;
sorting and preparation; recovery of
nonferrous metals such as copper, zinc,
uranium, and yttrium; and production of
marketable metals by melting, refining,
smelting, distillation, and hydrometallurgical
processes. Data are tabulated for non—ferrous
scrap recovery in the United States and
scrap—metal price quotations are given.
7-0998
Rolt, L. T. Riches from a slag tip.
Bulletin of the Institution of Engineers,
16(12):1-2, Aug. 1967.
A process developed by the British Iron
and Steel Research Association, by which
an entirely new construction material of
high quality (Slagceram) can be produced
from slag, is described. By adding
extra sand to blast furnace slag to bring
the silica content up to 45 to 65 percent,
a crude form of glass called ‘Vitroslag’
can be produced by the normal processes
of glassmaking. If Vitroslag can be given
a uniform crystalline structure, it
becomes a superior material. This has
been achieved by adding to the melt an
agent, such as an oxide of vanadium,
chromium, U tanluin, and iron, as well as
some fluorides and phosphates, which will
promote crystallization. The production
method is the same as that for glass,
except that a carefully controlled heat
treatment process takes the place of
the usual annealing of the formed material.
Fine or coarse grained material can be
produced which has high crushing strength and
abrasion resistance and is much harder to
scratch than good ceramic tile. It is mere
elastic and heat resistant than glass,
has a very high electrical resistance, does
not discolor in the atmosphere, and will
not grow mold. Slagceram may be polished
like granite, it may be cut by a diamond-edged
saw, and it can be meunted in conventional
cements as well as in mere expensive epoxy
resins. Vitreous enamel can be applied
before heat treatment, which saves meney.
67-0999
Salvage plays key role for Scottish City.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(1):26, 27, 46,
Jan. 1967.
Except for trade waste taken directly
to a landfill, all municipally-collected
waste in Falkirk, Scotland, is screened
for its salvage value. Food waste is
sold to pig farmers. Household refuse
is collected twice weekly. Clean
newspaper and old corrugated paperboard are
separated for salvage. Grass wastes are
taken to a compost heap, Most old furniture
is burned and salvable goods are sold to
second hand dealers. General refuse to be
incinerated is dumped into a hopper and
separated on a vibrating screen. Ferrous
metals are removed by a mechanical magnet,
baled and sold. Clinker from the incineratoi
is taken to a landfill, but siftings less
than 1 in. are used for top dressing
landfill and mixing with soil. Screens,
baffles, and water control the units’ air
pollutants. Corrosion, however, is a
problem. Landfills are now parks and
athletic fields. Multi-story buldings
are often provided with large paper or
polyethylene sacks to save clean waste
paper. Falkirk provides every home with
a specially designed refuse can, paid for
on the city tax.
67-1000
Salvaging profit from waste. Chemical Week,
101(12):109, Sept. 16, 1967.
Swanson 6 Associates, a 16-man research
and development concern, is concentrating
on developing useful products from food
processing wastes such as bran, cheese,
whey, eggshells, and brewer’s yeast. The
concern is interested in developing
methods and not in production. The
problem of waste bran (Pillsbury alone has
an annual production of 900 million lb)
seems to have found a solution in the
simultaneous polymerizing and melding of
waste bran under heat and pressure to
give a coarse brown plastic. In the
frozen food market, these vessels could
be taken from the freezer to the oven
without cracking and then used as
disposable serving dishes. The process
would increase the price of bran from
2 to 10 cents a pound at a cost of 6 cents.
By converting cottage cheese whey into
protein and lactose, the objections of
water—pollution officials to the dumping
of whey will be eliminated. The method
involves putting the whey through
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0998— 1003
a version of the molecular sieve
which is capable of six cycles per hr
to give a 50 percent lactose and 23
percent protein yield. For an investment
of $900,000, a whey conversion plant can
handle a million pounds a month with a
$75,000 a month pretax profit. It is
hoped that a variation of this whey
process might work out on used-up yeasts
and other beer wastes. He also hopes to
develop a product from wastes from
another industry with eggshells to make
a thermosetting insulation costing one-
sixth as much as polystyrene foam.
67- 100 1
Scrap amd waste conference and exhibition.
Iron and Steel, 40(10):399-401, Sept.
1967.
A paper, ‘The Treatment of Swarf in the
Engineering Industries’, presented by
It. E. Turrell at the Scrap and Waste
Exhibition and Conference, is summarized.
The handling and treatment of swarf for
reclamation are described. Cast iron swarf
has usually been machine dried, producing
dust or small chips which create no problems
for manual removal or for conveyors since
the graphite from the cast iron forms a
very good lubricant. Small amounts of
lead are sometimes added to mild steel
to assist in swarf breakup, but in most
cases the swarf is produced in curly or
bush form. Short curly swarf can be
handled easily by conveyors but bushy
swarf is often left to accumulate into
large balls which can be forked out of
the machine. The swarf is taken to a
treatment house and the cutting oil is
returned to a filtration plant for
treatment and reuse. A diagram of a
swarf reclamation plant is shown which
includes an Ellerwerk continuous centrifuge,
a crusher, a heating tank, dirty oil
tanks, a purifier, and a fines grid.
When the swarf is received by the
treatment house it is ‘teased out’ to
eliminate foreign matter and to drain off
the excess coolant. It is then fed to
a crusher and the small chips so produced
are passed into a centrifuge where the
coolant is extracted and piped into a
tank for reclamation and the dry swarf
conveyed to lorries or railway wagons. The
advantages of treating the swarf are that
its price is double that of untreated
swarf and the saving on oil reclamation
is considerable. Two methods for treating
oil for reclamation and reuse are described.
67-1002
Scrap and waste conference and exhibition.
Iron and Steel, 40(10):401, 403,
Sept. 1967.
A paper, ‘Latest Handling Methods for
Scrap and Waste’, presented by
F. Dyer, W. N. Jacques, and K. J.
Jennings, at the Scrap and Waste Conference
and Exhibition, is summarized. In the
steel industry the handling of scrap and
waste products is more extensive than often
realized and constitutes a high percentage
of the total cost of operation. A nunber
of advantages of mobile equipnent for
such handling, especially where a variety
of jobs have to be done, are listed. Some
of the many improvements that have been
made over the past few years to simplify
operation amd naintenance of a mobile
plant are mentioned. Overhead cranes,
fork lift trucks, and conveyors are briefly
described. The overhead crane occupies
no floor space and covers the maximum
swept area of all appliances as well as
allowing full area storage, often to a
considerable height. The fork lift
truck is a valuable link in the chain
between recovery and reuse of scrap and
waste, and can be fitted with a rotating
head which enables it to handle bins of
scrap and to enpty then by rotating the
forks. Three types of conveyors are
mentioned which can be used for handling
all forms of scrap from light turnings
and swarf to sheet turnings and off-cuts.
67 1003
Scrap and waste exhibition. Machinery
and Production Engineering, 111(2858): 381-383,
Aug. 23, 1967.
Statistics released at a recent Scrap and
Waste Exhibition in London emphasize the
importance of salvaged basic material to
the national economy, by the reduction
in imports of metals, rubber, and paper.
Scrap residues furnish 40 percent of the
copper, 36 percent of the aluminum, 23
percent of the zinc, and 51 percent of
the lead consumed in the United Kingdom.
There were several new swarf handling
machines at the exhibition. Broadwell
Engineering Ltd. exhibited a compact
dual purpose plant for crushing swarf and
recovering cutting oil capable of one-man
operation and economically justified for
1 ton or more per hour. Compacted
oil-free swarf with a resale value of
1,6 per ton is worth double the untreated
oily swarf. Most of the cutting oil can
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Recycling
be recovered by centrifuging and clarifying
for further use. The plant consists of
a crusher, an Ellerwerk continuous type
centrifuge, oil tanks, and short conveyers.
The most advanced plant, Mk 3, crushes the
swarf and separates and clarifies the
mixtures of high grade cutting and soluble
oils. An illustration shows the new
Broadwell Univeyor designed to handle dry
or oily swarf; hot, abrasive, and lumpy
materials; and boxes, sacks, and forgings
generally unsuitable for conventional
conveyors. Also shown is an illustration
of the Eldair 2A stationary scrap baling
press designed to eject bales ranging from
12 by 12 by 4 in. to 12 by 12 by 8 in.
automatically through a hydraulically-
operated door. Also illustrated is the
Eldair 300-ton hydraulically-operated scrap
shear machine designed for a variety of
scrap.
67-1004
Scrap as a source of metal. Waste Trade
World, 110(6):10-11, Feb. 11, 1967.
Mr. K. Romer-Lee, director of the British
Non-ferrous Metals Federation, gave a
talk on ‘Copper--a consumer’s point of
view’ at the monthly luncheon meeting at
Edgbaston, England. The two main points
covered were scrap as a source of metal
supply and the relationship between the
scrap market, scrap prices, and the world
market for copper. Since Britain now has
no domestic copper mine production, scrap
reserves are the only source of copper
near at hand and not subject to sudden
political or industrial interruptions. It
is therefore important for consumers of
copper to use scrap metal as much as
possible. He also commented on the world
market, indicating that the major part of
primary copper production is in the hands
of a small number of copper mining companies
throughout the world. When the producers
control the primary metal price, as they
have done from time to time, it is the
scrap and secondary metal which provide
the marginal market. In times of shortage,
increases in demand are concentrated on
the scrap market, causing free market
prices for marginal metal to go up to
E800 per ton when the producer’s price
was 336. He also commented on market
prospects of raw copper.
67-1006
Scrap baling presses. Machinery Market,
1967(3463):27-28, Mar. 30, 1967.
A new range of hydraulic scrap baling
presses, designed to deal with all classes
of light scrap, are described. These
‘Eldair’ models operate with a time cycle
of 40 seconds and offer a choice of 12-in.
or 8-in, cube blades. The presses are
available either as portable or static
units weighing about 12 tons, and may be
driven by either diesel or electric motors
of 30 or 40 hp. A photograph of one of the
presses is given.
67-1006
Scrap charging machine. Machinery Lloyd
and Electrical Engineering, 39(17):15,
Sept. 2, 1967.
The large capacity scrap charging car used
by the Consett Iron Co. Ltd. to feed
material into LD and Kaldo converters is
described. The manufacturer of the scrap
car was Ashnore, Benson, Pease and Co.
Ltd., of Stockton-on-Tees, Durham, under a
license from the Pennsylvania Engineering
Co. of the United States. Each of the two
scrap boxes with which the car is equipped
has a normal scrap capacity of 22.5 tons,
although the car can transport and discharge
80 tons of scrap to the converter. A picture
is shown of the charging car in operation
during trials at the South Works of Ashmores.
In operation, the pans are filled with scrap
near the converter platform and placed
on the car simultaneously by the plant crane.
The car, which can travel at 150 ft per
minute, can dump two pans of scrap into
one converter in 100 seconds (maximum
charging rate is 48 tons per minute).
The prime motive power is a Rolls-Royce
six-cylinder diesel engine. All car
motion is hydraulically operated and
the pans are moved by cylinders. The
advance circuit of the hydraulic system
is fed through a valve operated by cams
located along the rails on which the car
moves, so that a pan can only be discharged
when it is in line with the converter.
When a pan is in discharge position, a
colored light on the control panel in
each of the two cabs is lit and when a
pan is discharging material, the car
cannot be moved.
67-1007
Scrap conveyor ups efficiency. Factory,
125(2):149, Feb. 1967.
A pushbutton conveying system sucks
metal chips and shavings away from machinery
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1004—10 10
and deposits then in hoppers. The scrap
is then dumped into a briquetter where it
is compressed by hydraulic ram (2,500 psi)
into salable briquettes. Time and cost are
reduced by the system.
67-1008
Scrap handling and processing. Steel
Tines, 195(5165):49-52, July 14, 1967.
Although the introduction of hydraulics to
shearing and baling, and the introduction
of pulverizing/shredding techniques have
been responsible for great progress in
scrap handling much has also been accomplished
by greater resource to mechanization
and adaption of material handling
techniques to the scrap processing
industry. The hydraulic shear changed the
processing of heavy scrap from a labor-
intensive industry to a capital-intensive
one. Photographs show a mobile crane with
a 4 -ton capacity on a 9ft radius, a
hydraulic alligator shear, a general
purpose scrap-baling press capable of
baling scrap from cans to auto bodies,
a Huge Haul detachable body transportation
system, an 11-ton mobile crane, a Lindenann
press, and a Dinosaur dump truck. One
shear has a capacity to cut mild steel
plate 4 in. thick by 34 in. Hydraulic
shearing and baling facilitate the production
of highly uniform, densely compacted bundles
for blast-furnace consumption. All of the
equipnent described and illustrated was
exhibited July 17-22, 1967 at the
International Scrap and Waste Exhibition at
Olympia, England. Exhibits from nine
industrial countries will be shown and
demonstrated. There will be 3 days
of technical conferences covering the
major aspects of handling and recovery
operations. The papers and exhibits should
give a broad picture of the state-of-the-art
at the present time.
67-1009
Scrap processing by contract. Comprehensive
facilities speed LD charging at Spencer
works. Iron and Steel, 40(13):522-523,
Dec. 1967.
The facilities for handling scrap at Spencer
works are described. Scrap Processors
Ltd. were contracted to process scrap
and an enclave was created within the
perimeter of the works into which come
all the sheet trimmings, recovered skulls,
and bought scrap, which emerge as fully
processed scrap in special containers
for immediate charging. The site
consists of two parallel gantry bays,
400 ft long by 88 ft wide. One bay
handles all the inconing material which
requires chopping and is served by two
15-ton overhead cranes which empty the
trucks and feed two Lindemann shears
at a total rate of 50 tons per hr. Other
equipment on the incoming side includes
an electrohydraulic baler, with a capacity
of 40 tons per hr. The other bay is
for loading purposes with four special
trailers, capable of carrying loads up
to 150 tons and towed by diesel engine
tugs. It is also served by two 15-ton
overhead cranes. The tug unit traverses
a roughly oval course through the plant,
along which it picks up a load of 60
tons or more of scrap which can be
placed in the furnace in a few minutes
after the scrap boxes have been lifted
by crane up to a Wellman charger unit.
Remaining items of equipment
are four weighbridges, two of which
are situated along the tug unit route,
with another for weighing incoming road
scrap, and the fourth for weighing incoming
wagon material. The overall input into
the steel plant is at present about
11,000 tons per week, with a maximum
expectation of about 20,000 tons per
week. The men working at the plant are
credited with 50 percent of the value of
any non-ferrous material recovered from
the scrap, which helps to cut down the
amount of tramp metal. Some advantages of
using a special scrap handling plant of
this kind are mentioned, including
increase of steelplant yield.
67-1010
Service, C. Groundwood from sawdust.
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada,
68(6):118-121, June 1967.
A technical analysis of the conversion
of sawdust into groundwood for
newsprint is described. Operating details
and results achieved by a large-scale
production unit in Canada are presented.
Descriptive sections include the screening
and cleaning system, the reject handling
system, instrumentation, sawdust and
pulp quality, and future plans. The
sawdust, or preferably, small chips, are
obtained from sawmill gang saws and
edgers in two sawmills adjacent to the
pulp and paper mill. Flow diagrams of
the operation are given and properties of
the groundwood are summarized in tables.
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67-1011
Sewage sludge 2 1 15 backs a soil fertility
project. Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter,
191(26):5, June 1967.
A project to explore the possibility of
piping processed liquid sewage sludge
directly to improve the soil fertility
of farmlands without endangering human
health is described. The experiment is
expected to run for 3 years at a
total cost of $914,000. Projected
disposal of as much as 75 tons per acre
a year is expected to cost about $15 a ton.
If the experiment proves successful from the
standpoint of health safety and soil
improvement, Chicago nay solve a maj or
environmental sanitation problem.
67-1012
Sheldrick, M. G. Better use of wastes
spurs commercial application of hot
briquetting. Chemical Engineering,
74(25):140-142, Dec. 4, 1967.
At Chevrolet’s Tonawanda, New York,
gray-iron foundry, turnings and borings
that formerly were sold as scrap are
converted into pillow-shaped briquets
that weigh about 4 lb each. These
briquets are easily handled and shipped
and can be used as charges to furnaces
and other processing vessels. First,
the turnings and borings are covered with
oil to provide fuel for heating. Incoming
feed is tumbled with finished briquets
to conserve heat and the mixture is
screened to remove the briquets which
are ready for further processing. The
preheated feed is then charged to a
furnace, maintained at a temperature
between 1,500 and 2,000 F, which brings
it to the tequired temperature for
hot briquetting. In the briquetting
machine, a feeder accurately meters the
material and at the same time forces it
between the rolls, permitting higher
compaction pressure and a more uniform
product. Briquets are formed as the
material is forced between the indentations
on two rolls that rotate in opposite
directions. The machine produces up to
40 tons per hr of briquets at a total cost
which varies from a few cents to several
dollars a ton, depending on the material.
Recent improvements in briquetting machines
are mentioned, including the replacement
of spring roll’pressurizing systems with
hydraulic systems, the use of extremely
durable alloys for rolls, and a segmented
roll design.
67-1013
Slagceram, a new construction material.
Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research, 26(4):l82, Apr. 1967.
An article in Chewy md. (42:1966) is
briefly summarized. Slagceram is a
construction material, developed at the
laboratories of the British Iron and
Steel Research Association, which is
based on the controlled crystallization
of slag-based glass. It can probably
be used in a variety of road and building
materials such as curbstones, paving
flags, floor and roof tiles, drain
pipes, wall panels, and non-skid road
surfaces. Pilot studies suggest the
following stages in full-scale plant
production: adjustment of slag composition
to give a glass suitable for crystallization,
shaping of the glass into the final product,
and a two-stage heat treatment of the
article to convert it into Slagceram.
Conventional glass-making furnaces and
casting and shaping processes can be
used with suitable modifications. For
heat treatment, the continuous annealing
furnaces, with provisions to give the
required temperatures of 650 to 750 C
for nucleus formation and 900 to 1,100 C
for crystallization for several hours,
might be used.
67-1014
Sobel, W. H. Efficient scrap yard
layout. Waste Trade World, 111(7):14,
Aug. 12, 1967.
Careful advance planning by the scrap
yard owner, the architect, and the
building contractor are necessary to
integrate the scrapyard into the urban
planning for the whole community. Scrap
yards do not have to be eyesores, nor do they
have to be a source of air and water
pollution. In the advance planning, when
a new site is to be opened up or when
new processing equipment is acquired,
the owner should have legal, accounting,
and insurance counsel. His architect
should be backed up by engineering
specialists, such as civil, structural,
soil, mechanical, electrical, and
landscaping. The initial written program
should describe the needs, the methods,
and the past, present, and future
goals of the owner. After the initial
program is reviewed, the traffic patterns
are plotted which cover the roads, tracks,
cranes, and other material handling
282
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1011—1017
equipment and facilities. Possibly in the
near future scrap processors may follow
the lead of the automobile manufacturers,
where scrap is dropped to underground
conveyors for movement over long
distances to balers, shredders, or shears.
The final step includes studies of the
locations for fixed equipment, buildings,
warehouses, storage, and employee
facilities. All of the designs and
plans should be checked with the local
and State building authorities. When
cost estimates have been approved, the
working drawings may be started.
67-1015
Solid wastes. Environmental Science
& Technology, 1(3): 199—202, Nar. 1967.
Several ways in which society can meet
the problems of solid waste disposal are
explained. The efficiency of processes
for the recovery of metal scrap from
automobiles is discussed as is the
possibility of obtaining products useful
in steelmaking from zinc mining and milling
waste. Also mentioned is that the use
of dust generated in washing coal can
improve gypsum, concrete, and other
building materials. The fact that fly
ash in the correct proportion makes
concrete stronger and more resistant to
freezing and thawing was presented.
67-1016
South African pulp mill uses coal/sawdust
firing. Engineering and Boiler House
Review, 82(9):267268, Sept. 1967.
The South African Pulp and Paper Industries
at Ngodwana, in Eastern Transvaal, has a
boiler plant which is designed to supply
process steam for the pulp and paper
industry by waste-fuel firing of sawdust/coal
mixtures. A photograph shows the boiler
in the process of erection together with
a half-section drawing showing the
construction of the unit. Since steam
available from a chemical recovery
furnace can vary greatly, the sawdust/coal
recovery furnace which provides the balance
must be capable of meeting rapidly,
widely varying loads. The bi-drum boiler
has a heat release of 18,250 Btu per
sq ft at mcr when firing coal with a
total boiler generating surface of 9,500
sq ft and a water wall surface of 2,850
sq ft. The boiler is designed to burn
from 50 to 100 tons per day of pine
sawdust as an alternative fuel. The
sawdust, produced in the pulp making
process, is a reject which, after passing
a ¼-in, mesh on a vibrating chip screen,
is fed to storage hoppers for feeding
to the sawdust burners. The sawdust is
injected into the furnace with most of
the sawdust burned in suspension above
the grate. The boiler has an efficiency
of 83.8 percent with coal and 77.3 percent
with a mixture of coal and sawdust.
Thirty-five percent of the heat input
to the boiler is supplied by the sawdust.
The waste-fuel firing is the key to
the production of paper pulp by supplying the
energy demands by the use of reject sawdust.
67-1017
Srinivasan, V. R. Development of single
cell proteins from cellulose substrates.
In The development of food from cellulosic
waste for human and animal consumption.
Baton Rouge, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Louisiana State University,
July 1967. p. 8 - 13 .
If proper strains of microorganisms are
selected so as to allow them to grow
on treated or biodegraded cellulosic
wastes, this would prove to be an
efficient mode of conversion of cellulose
to nutritive proteins. The specific aims
of investigation are to isolate and
identify cellulose digesting microorganisms,
study the growth of these organisms in the
presence of cellulose and derivatives of
cellulose, and study the optimal conditions
of cellulase production during growth. Two
promising microorganisms have been developed
which will rapidly induce the enzyme
cellulase to cleave the cellulose chains
into simpler molecules. These low-molecular
weight components will serve as substrates
for subsequent production of single cell
or yeast proteins. Sufficient quantities
of these organisms are being prepared
for analysis of the amino acids present
in the protein as well as the whole
organism. A mixture of rotting sugar
cane and soil from an L.S.U. cane field
was used as the source for the isolation
of cellulolytic organisms. The organisms
were enriched by allowing them to grow in
the presence of filter paper which is a
pure form of cellulose. Then standard
microbiological techniques were used to
isolate pure strains and identify and
classify them into known taxonomical
groups.
283
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Recycling
67-1018
Steam load held on wood waste. Engineering
and Boiler Rouse Review, 82(7):205206,
July 1967.
A description is given of the steam
plant in a North London furniture factory
which is fed automatically with wood waste
and coal, either separately or mixed, at
an annual saving of bl,870 over the
old installation. Previously, two 30—by—
7—f t Lancashire boilers were handfed
with trash and coal. In the new
installation, the wood storage unit
receives sawdust, shavings, and chips from
the hogging machine. A rotating chain
delivers the wood fuel to the suction
chamber for mixing with the coal at the
coal conveyor (illustrated) for deliv ry
to the two GWB VekosPowermaster boilers
with a capacity of 10,000 lb per hr
(illustrated). The hogging machine handles
waste up to 4½-ft lengths In a chamber with
14-in, brick walls and a 6-in, concrete
roof to control the noise. The plant has
run on wood waste alone for 4 months.
A detailed flow sheet is given showing
the pneumatic conveying system and the
detailed flow sheet is given showing the
pneumatic conveying system and the
arrangement for delivering wood or coal
or a wood-coal mixture to the boiler.
The savings in pounds include fuel-—b2,207,
maintenance—-4r -400, and labor——b250; while
the increased costs include power—— 837, and
unburnable material—-4 l5O. The total
savings are l 2,857 and the increased
costs are 987, for a net saving of
l,870. It is anticipated that in 12 years
annual savings will pay for the new plant,
which is the first automatically—fed waste
wood and coal—fired boiler in Great Britain.
61-1019
Stone, E. J., and C. D. Callihan.
Utilization of cellulose substrates,
and single cell and yeast proteins for
animal feeds. In The development of
food from cellulosic waste for human
and animal consumption. Baton Rouge,
Department of Chemical Engineering,
Louisiana State UniversIty, July 1967.
p * 48-58.
Efforts have been made to utilize bagasse,
various straws, and wood by-products as
animal feeds, with relatively poor
results. Lignin and the crystalline
structure of the native cellulose Itself
both prevent digestion in the ruminant
stomach. Recent research has shown that
the digestibility of bagasse and rice
straw can be increased by alkali
treatment prior to feeding. Results of
this investigation are briefly reviewed.
Objectives for proposed research include:
directing pilot unit operations for the
production of high-quality ruminant feeds
from low-grade celiulosic materials;
making available test animals for feeding
studies; conducting feeding studies using
chemically treated cellulosic materials
and microbial protein; and formulating and
developing a highly nutritive, low-cost
feedstuff for ruminants that could be
produced anywhere low-grade cellulosics
are available.
67-1020
Super shredders need hands for quality
control. Waste Trade World, 111(22):5,
Nov. 25, 1967.
Although mechanization of scrap yards
has now reached the stage of super
shredders, there is also an increasing
emphasis on hand sorting. More than 40
shredding machines ranging in cost from
$300,000 are operating or being installed
by scrap processors. At the same time,
hand operations are being employed in
many yards to exercise tighter quality
control. Disassembly lines for motor
blocks are being set up in yards in
which the blocks move along conveyors as
crews with air tools and hammers strip
them. After the block Is cleaned, a
guillotine shear breaks it into the
proper size. A more elaborate hand-stripping
operation involving a 12-man crew stripping
20 cars at a time, after burning, has
been developed to the point where all
non-ferrous material, wiring, and
nonnietallics can be removed from a car
in less than 5 minutes.
67- 1021
Swanson, E., and J. V. Zientba. Seek
more profits from plant wastes. Food
Engineering, 39(7):110-112, 114, 117,
July 1967.
A molecular-exclusion process based on a
molecular sieve concept is described for
the commercial recovery of edible proteins
from whey, a waste product which is
difficult to treat. Basically, the method
used Is a modification of column
284
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1018—1024
chromatography which is less precise
and time consuming. Laboratory work
has been carried out on 150-mi samples,
but the minimum capacity for a commercial
application would amount to 0.5 million
lb of whey solids a month. The initial
raw material will come from lactose
producers of whey effluents with cheese
factories as a secondary source. Cheese
plants in the United States now produce
1.3 billion lb of whey solids annually,
most of which are sold at less than 5 cents
a lb as animal-feed supplement. The whey is
passed over cross-linked plastic material
with just the right porosity, thus trapping
the smaller molecules and allowing the
protein to pass. Product streams are taken
off at selected points to obtain the
desired product. A flow sheet and
table show the composition of the streams
as: (1) Product 75 contains 75 percent
protein, 22 percent lactose, and 3
percent minerals. (2) Product 50 contains
50 percent protein, 44 percent lactose,
and 6 percent minerals. (3) The lactose
stream contains less than 1 percent protein
and minerals and 99 percent lactose. (4)
The salt stream contains 10 percent protein,
20 percent lactose, and 70 percent minerals.
The proteins which are the same as the
lactal albumins and globulins in milk
can be blended into a variety of other
foods. The value of the products from
I million lb of whey solids is estimated
to be $162,070.
67-1022
Swarf crushing and oil reclamation plant.
Engineer, 224(5826):387, Sept. 22, 1967.
The Broadwell swarf treatment plant,
designed to process 1 ton per hr of
steel turnings, is described. The crushing
and oil recovery plant, which is illustrated,
is supplied as a self-contained packaged
plant of two-level construction and open
design to give free access to all parts.
The swarf receiving platform on the second
level is inclined to allow oil drainage
to flow through a mesh filter into the dirty
oil storage below. The swarf is fed by
the single operator into a chute which
feeds an Arboga slow-speed, vertical
crusher. Swarf under 3 in. in length is
forked by the operator through a grid to
a screw conveyor which feeds the centrifuge
directly. A rotating head carrying one
long arm and two short stub arms in the
upper chamber of the crusher feeds the
turnings down as they are ripped into
small pieces before delivery to the
crushing zone between a rotating and a
stationary ring. From the base of the
crusher, the chips are fed to the feed
chute of an Ellerwerke continuous
centrifuge by a bucket elevator. The oil
removed from the swarf flows from the
centrifuge into a dirty oil tank and
the chips are discharged from the plant
by a screw conveyor. The dirty oil is
filtered and pumped to storage. Another
version of the plant processes only high
grade cutting oil, and another purifies
a mixture of high grade cutting oil and
soluble oil. These plants incorporate
a centrifugal oil purifier which delivers
clean oil to storage ready for reuse.
67- 1023
Swedish waste paper collection increases.
Waste Trade World, 111(5):6, July 29, 1967.
Statistics are given on the collection,
use, and disposal of waste paper in Sweden
for 1965 and 1966. The 300,000 tons
collected in 1966 were 20,000 tons more
than in 1965 in Sweden; this represents
25 percent of the consumption of paper and
board in 1966 (approximately 1,220,000
tons). The domestic paper and board industry
took 189,000 tons of the 1966 salvage and
the remainder was exported. The Swedish
paper industry retains only 6 percent of its
fiber waste paper, which is far lower
than usual in the paper industries in
Western Europe and the United States
where the main use is domestic. The
types of paper which predominate in
Sweden, such as newsprint and kraft,
do not use waste paper as a raw material.
67-1024
Textiles from used tires. Waste Trade
World, 111(23):3-4, Dec. 2, 1967.
The Hungarian Palma technique, whereby
used tires are broken down and sorted
into rubber granulate and usable textile
material, is described. This efficient
and cheap process, developed in 1962,
proved so successful in its yields of
industrial raw material from used rubber
tires that it was set up in full
production by the Hungarian industry in
1964. First, the tire passes through an
edge remover which cuts off the beading
containing the wire, followed by a cutter
and storage container batcher, which chops
the tire with maximum economy and yet
ensures that best use can still be made
285
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Recycling
of the textile parts. Next, the material
is passed through the grinder and textile
separator equipment which sorts it into
three categories- - two forms of granular
and one of textile material which is
recovered undamaged and clean. The
textile is then passed through a shredder
for efficient separation of the cord yarn.
The granulate can be used for the
production of high-grade rubber bitumens,
the crumb for the dry-drip or Banbury
process or for production of flexible
carpet underlays, and the textile for
loose felting, quilted interlinings,
sound or heat insulating boards,
upholstery stuffing or sheet, and baling.
67-1025
Thiesmayer, L. H. More and more for less
and less. Forest Products Journal,
17(9):43-47, Sept. 1967.
Utilization of the whole tree in the
paper industry, including parts now
considered as waste, such as bark,
branches, roots and foliage, as well as
extraction and marketing of a host of
by-products to be made from liquid and
solid wastes, is discussed. The possibility
of producing synthesized gases from the
organics in spent liquors, in tonnage
quantities which could be used for the
manufacture of secondary products, is
being studied at the Pulp and Paper
Research Institute of Canada. A new and
more efficient bleaching procedure
for pulp is described. The pulp is treated
with chlorine and chlorine dioxide in gas
form, and is extracted with ammonia used
as a gas. In only four stages of reaction
and extraction, an unbleached kraft pulp
can be broug t to a G.E. brightness of
more than 90. The reactions are
rapid, requiring only minutes rather than
hours. It is concluded that, with the
utilization of waste products and
technological advances, the future of
the paper industry is bright indeed.
67-1026
Tipping site caused bottlenecks. Waste
Trade World, 111 (15):12, Oct. 1967.
Two static BlAB 177 Speedloaders each
with a capacity of 19.5 cwt, and a radius
of 16 ft 6 in., were installed by W. F. and
J. R. Shepherd in Newcastle upon Tyne in
order to eliminate bottlenecks in feeding
of metal to the press. Prior to the
installation of the Speedloaders, the
metal cuttings had to be unloaded as close
to the baler as possible, which necessitated
long waits for the trucks when the tipping
site was full. Now the material can be
unloaded at any point within the radius
of the Speedloaders so that the waiting
time is eliminated. One Speedloader
fitted with a cactus grab is used for
feeding the swarf crusher with metal
turnings which are dropped beside the
hopper and then hand-fed to the hopper by
two men. Hand feeding is essential to
eliminate large pieces which might be
dangerous to the crusher. The other
Speedloader handles mixed light cuttings
for a l2—by—12—iu. baler. Feeding of the
swarf crusher now requires only three men
instead of five, and the capacity is
increased from 40 to 100 tons per week.
In feeding the baler, three men worked 3 hr
to clear 8 tons of mixed light cuttings,
while with the Speedloader it takes two
men less than 1 hour.
67-1027
200-350 tons of tin salvaged monthly.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(11):26, Nov.
1967.
Tin cans are separated from household
refuse in four sanitary landfill
operations near Sacramento, California.
Each site recovers 200 to 250 tons of
tin cans per month, and by salvaging the
copper, revenue is said to run as high
as several hundred dollars per month.
Magnetic separators separate the cans as
raw waste is feed into them by track-type
loaders. Removal of tin cans makes
subsequent refuse compaction easier and
may result in longer useful life of the
landfill.
67-1028
Unique system turns out scrap bale per
minute. Modern Power and Engineering,
61(6):75, June 1967.
The continent’s largest hydraulic system,
used to drive a scrap baler, is described.
Sixteen 90-gal per minute pumps operating at
2,000 psi generate a force of 1,200 tons to
actuate the hydraulic rams. These rams
compress scrap metal into bales destined for
open hearth furnaces. Another two pumps
supply makeup oil from the system’s holding
tank while two pilot pumps supply streams of
oil for directing main oil flow through the
286
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1025—1032
system. Light viscosity oil is used because
of the high speed and pressure involved and
the small pump clearances. This oil has
a viscosity of 115 SSU at 100 F and is
fortified with a mild EP additive to
prevent scuffing and welding, and also
with rust and oxidation inhibiting and
anti-foam agents.
67-1029
Use of alumina sludge. Chemistry
Oil and Gas in Romania, 1967(3):45, 1967.
Following studies undertaken at the
‘Transylvania’ chemical works of Oradea,
a semi-industrial plant has been commissioned
for the manufacture of red oxide from the
sludge resulting from the technological
processing of alumina. Red oxide can be used
in oil paints, glue, interior decoration,
synthetic resins, and for protection
against corrosion.
67-1030
Utilization of second—hand industrial
equipment. Journal of Scientific and
Industrial Research, 26(4) l43, Apr. 1967.
A Report of the Expert Group on Second-hand
Equipment for Developing Countries is
briefly summarized. The report states that
considerable quantities of second-hand
equipment with potentialities for use in
developing countries are generated in
industrially advanced countries. Such
equipment may be essentially unused,
reconditioned, or available for sale as
taken from service. The principal causes
for the generation of such equipment are
modernization, automation, closing of
plants and mergers, government surpluses,
obsolescence and physical deterioration.
Equipment falling within the first four
classes is not obsolete and could be of
special interest to developing countries.
A number of advantages of second-hand
equipment are listed, including its
acquisition at a cost considerably lower
than that of new equipment. Disadvantages
are also outlined, including some
objections given by developing countries
against the use of second-hand
equipment. It is suggested that care
needs to be taken in selecting the
appropriate equipment for use in a
given country. However, it is difficult
to obtain information regarding the
technical and economic aspects of
second-hand equipment. The report
suggests that suitable agencies in
developing countries be set up to
collect and catalog data about the type
of equipment needed, and that similarly,
in developed countries, data on the type
of equipment available should be collected
and distributed to prospective users.
67-1031
Wachter, J., and K. Baum. Three years
of service of the sewage gas power
station at the main sewage plant at
Koehlbrandhoeft in Hamburg. Gas und
Wasserfach, 108(20):574-577, May 1967.
The sewage plant produces about 1,000
cu m gas per hr which is utilized by three
gas engines of 1.400 hp each. The 6—ky
three phase asynchronous generators
each yield 0.95 MW electrical power.
A detailed description of the electrical
installation linking the power station
with the network of an electrical company
is given. The total average consumption
of electrical energy of the sewage
treatment plant was 6.6 times 10 to the sixth
kw per year, and 13.0 times 10 to the sixth
kw per year was produced. Because of
repairs and irregularities of the gas
production, only 52 percent of the power
capacity was utilized on the average. A
calculation of costs concludes this paper.
(Text-German)
67-1032
Waste converted into space fuel.
Research, 9(3):32, Mar. 1967.
Industrial
Propulsion systems sponsored by the
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration that can use waste
products for fuel are described. The
Marquardt Resistojet electric rocket engine
can use liquid hydrogen to gain a
maximum specific impulse (I) of 800
seconds, but it can also use waste
wash water, urine products, or exhaled
carbon dioxide as the working fluids.
Although the impulse would be only 150 seconds,
it would be enough to perform station
keeping for a manned orbiting laboratory.
In another project, solid fuel (Monex W)
is made from a range of waste products such
as feces, urine, food waste, paper,
detergents, and toothpaste, which are
blended with solid oxidizer and metal
powder to form a gel. Monex W can
provide effective rocket specific impulse of
287
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Recycling
400 lb seconds per lb and in some cases values
as high as 800. Another use of solid waste
fuel, based on expendable spacecraft structure
such as fixtures, containers, and room
dividers, has been proposed. Although the
specific impulses of these waste product
systems are lower than those of many of
the liquid propellants available, they
make up for lower performance by providing
a more efficient spacecraft weight balanc ’
since they are lighter. Future ground
applications are noted.
67-1033
Waste paper baler. Waste Trade World,
110(15):13, Apr. 15, 1967.
The Personer STD5A is a continuous
hydraulic waste paper baler with
two press chambers mounted side by
side. One chamber can be filled while
baling is taking place in the other.
The machine is equipped with a double
acting press cylinder to which is hinged
the press platen. Twin press chambers of
metal clad timber are served by the same
top section comprising the hydraulic unit,
cylinder and press platen, which pivots on
a vertical shaft located between the press
chambers and is located to the respective
chamber during pressing. A micro switch
prevents operation of the motor before
the top section is locked to the chamber.
The compressed bale is secured while the
door is opened by wires or straps passed
around the bale through special grooves
in the press platen, and in the rear
and bottom of the press chambers which,
being slightly tapered, facilitate the
mechanical removal of the bale by an
automatic ejVctor during the return
of the platen.
67-1034
Wastepaper recovery at Warrington. Public
Cleansing, 57(11):612-613, Nov. 1967.
The 30 tons of waste paper and mixed waste
(shoe and chocolate boxes, cigarette
cartons, etc.), which are collected each
week from industrial sources in Warrington,
England, are transported to a depot and
discharged directly onto the tail of the
Wedco conveyor which is set in the
floor. The conveyor utilizes a wire
mesh belt of open weave which allows
dust and other foreign matter to fall
through onto a steel deck which lies just
below the belt level of the section in
the floor. A scraper arrangement
automatically moves the foreign matter
to a convenient point for removal. The
material is elevated on the conveyor to
a horizontal section at a convenient
height for sorting. Contraries are
removed and fiberboard is kept aside,
because it brings a higher price when
sold separately. After sorting, the
mixed waste paper and cardboard are
carried forward and elevated to a Powel
continuous baler which automatically
presses the material into bales weighing
1½ to 2 cwt each. A Powel Mark 6 baler,
which will be installed in the near future,
will produce bales of over 4 cwt each.
This salvaging of paper reduces the spread
of this type of material on refuse dumps and
provides an income of approximately
h12,000 per annum for the Cleansing
Department.
67-1035
Wilson, D. A., and P. N. Sullivan.
Recovery of lead and copper from blast
furnace matte. U.S. Bureau of Mines
eport of Investigations 7042. [ Washington],
U.S. Department of the Interior, Nov. 1967.
21 p.
About 58 percent of all lead produced
comes from secondary sources and more
than half of this arrives at the smelters
in the form of scrap battery plates.
A wide variety of equipment and smelting
procedures is used in the secondary
industry to recover this lead. The
two methods that are relied upon most
heavily are direct conversion into nmtal
using a reverberatory furnace and smelting
the battery plates in a blast furnace.
A process was developed by the Bureau of
Mines on a laboratory scale in which a
solid waste by—product from refining of
secondary lead was converted into three
valuable products. Toasted lead blast
furnace matter was leached with water to
recover copper. This was followed by
brine leaching to recover lead. Residues
were finally smelted to yield pig iron.
Copper recovery was 89 percent and lead
recovery was 96 percent. The experiments
and results are given with supporting
data. Numerous illustrations and tables
are furnished.
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1033—1039
67 1036
Windaus, C., and E. Petermann.
Investigations on the influence of solid
fibreboard on the growth of plants.
Das Papier, 21(5):225-239, May 1967.
Through the return of empty bottles,
often large quantities of cardboard
transport cases accumulate from wine
growers. Since wine growing usually
suffers from a lack of animal manure, it
seemed worth while to investigate the
possibilities of using crushed cardboard
as soil conditioner. From the chemistry
of cellulose, here briefly reviewed,
it can be deduced that cardboard could
supply nitrogen, would retain water, and
fix nitrogen supplied by an artificial
fertilizer. The nitrogen is liberated
microbiologically from the cardboard by
means of autolysis. Greenhouse
experiments with various kinds of plants
and types of soil proved that under
certain conditions cardboard improved
the growth. Optimal additions lay
between 0.1 and 1 percent. Further
investigacions by field experiments are
desirable. (Text -German)
67-1037
Yang, S. P. The role of single cell
proteins in human nutrition. In The
development of food from cellulosic waste
for human and animal consumption. Baton
Rouge, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Louisiana State University, July 1967.
p. 2 8-38.
It is desirable to determine the nutritional
value of single cell proteins when fed
either as the sole source of the dietary
protein or as a supplement to rice,
wheat, corn, or other cereals, for human
subjects. Studies in determining the
nutritional value of various synthetic
and natural protein sources have been
conducted. Findings indicated that the
nutritional value of the proteins in
yeast is significantly higher than that
of either wheat flour or wheat leaf and
lower than that of casein. Specific
aims of this investigation are: to
determine the amino acid composition
and other nutrient content of various
species of yeast and bacteria which are
used for producing proteins in substrates
prepared from cellulose; to study the
effect of substrates, processing procedures,
and other environmental conditions on the
amino acid composition and other nutrients
content of single cell proteins; to study
the availability of amino acids or other
nutrients in single cell proteins; and
to determine the nutritional value of single
cell proteins when fed to human subjects.
FLY ASH UTILIZATION
67-1 038
Barenberg, E. J. Lime-fly ash aggregate
mixtures. j. Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau
of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar.
14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. p. 111 - 134 .
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8348.)
This presentation summarizes findings
from research on lime-fly ash aggregate
mixtures. In certain instances, findings
reported in the literature are supplemented
by unpublished data. A brief summarization
is also made concerning the influence
of certain physical properties on the
behavior and performance of pavements
with lime-fly ash-aggregate materials.
A paper to be presented as part of a
panel on ‘Fly Ash—An Industrial
Commodity’ is summarized in the advance
program for the Annual Meeting of the
Society of Mining Engineers, to be held in
New York City, February 25-29, 1968.
The domestic portland cement industry
consumes more than 12 million tons annually
of raw materials chemically similar to
fly ash. How these materials are used
and how fly ash can serve in their place
are discussed. Fac irs favoring whether
a particular plant will use fly ash
instead of an alternate material are
described as negative factors which
would disqualify fly ash as a raw batch
component at some sites.
67-1039
Barton, W.
cement raw
19(12) :26,
R. Fly ash as a portland
material. Mining Engineering,
Dec. 1967.
289
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Fly Ash Utilization
67-1040
Barton, W. R. Raw materials for
manufacture of cement. Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Hines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967. p. 465 l.
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8348.)
The domestic portland cement industry
consumes more than 12 million tons annually
of raw materials chemically similar to
fly ash. How these materials are used
and how fly ash can serve in their place
are discussed. Factors favoring whether
a particular plant will use fly ash in
place of an alternate material are
described and so are negative factors
which would disqualify fly ash as a raw
batch component at some sites.
67-1041
Belot, J. R. Fly ash in concrete and
concrete block. In Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau
of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. p.101-106.
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8348.)
Producers of readymix concrete and
concrete blocks use fly ash because it
is profitable, increases workability,
decreases sh inkage, and produces a
high-quality ‘material. Users of fly
ash must be certain, however, that it
meets specifications and uniformity
standards by means of a regular testing
program. Increased acceptance of fly
ash in concrete products will depend upon
educational and promotional programs
carried out through the concrete product
manufacturers and their trade associations
In cooperation with coal producers and
electric power producers.
67-1042
Bender, R. J. Fly ash can be a valuable
asset. Power, 3(11):93, Nov. 1967.
Information on the treatment of fly ash
from pulverized coal-fired power plants
has been obtained during 4 years of
operating experience at The Waylite Company
in Michigan. Some of the problems involved
and their solutions are outlined. In
order to obtain pellets strong enough
for sintering, and with a satisfactory
combustible content, the fly ash used
must contain at least 5 percent carbon
and must be extremely fine. When fly ash
with the desired carbon level is not
available at the home plant, It is necessary
to add some with high carbon content
obtained from other plants. However, high
carbon fly ash may be extremely coarse
as well as quite variable in carbon content
(14-60%). When coarse, a binder (e.g. clay
slurry) must be added to forms the pellets
prior to sintering. Since the fly ash
contains almost all the water needed for
forming, the clay slurry must be kept as
thick as possible to avoid excessive
moisture. The sequence of operation is
shown on a diagram. The current daily
output of the Waylite plant is 600 to 700
tons. The procurement of adjacent land
was suggested to support an end—product
stockpile for several month. Space
must also be provided for storing of
unprocessed fly ash and for sintering
waste. A secure year-around demand for
the bulk of the product Is needed at a
price of at least $5.50 per ton to assure
the economic viability of the recovery
project.
67-1043
Bergemanu, C. 0. Use of fly ash in
specialized concrete work. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association, and
Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.235-2 49 . (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
This paper is intended to give a brief
history of the Prepakt process application
for ‘preplaced aggregate concrete’ and how
fly ash contributes appreciably to Its
strength, workability, impermeability,
and economy. Illustrations and descriptions
are also discussed to demonstrate how
fly ash is employed In preplaced aggregate
concrete to aid its qualities of drying
shrinkage, resistance to weathering, and
moduli of rupture and elasticity.
290
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1040—1048
67-1044
Brackett, C. E. Availability, quality,
and present utilization of fly ash. In,
Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Nines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.l 6 -3 6 . (U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
Basic data on current availability, quality,
and use of fly ash are presented. Problems
facing the industry are reviewed and
suggestions are made for practical methods
which can be used to solve some of these
problems. Basic research data on fly ash
is needed so that a quality product can
be produced and sold at all times and
under all conditions.
67-1045
Capp, J. P., and C. F. Engle. Fly ash
in agriculture. In Proceedings; Fly
Ash Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau of
Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. p. 210 - 220 .
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8348.)
Sintered and raw (unsintered) fly ash in
various proportions up to 75 percent was
mixed with soils in greenhouse and field
tests to evaluate the powerplant waste
as an acid soil neutralizer, soil
conditioner, and source of trace plant
nutrients. In the greenhouse tests, the
total dry weight of the first harvest of
some plants was greater than that of
control plants, with a progressive increase
in harvest weight accompanying an increase
in percentage of sintered fly ash in the
mixture. Toxicity effects of raw fly ash
were largely eliminated by adding a high
proportion of organic matter (peat). In
the field-scale tests, the addition of raw
fly ash having a relatively high pH
successfully neutralized highly acid
surface-mine spoils. Kentucky 31 fescue
was planted on the neutralized spoils and
established a luxuriant turf in a short
time.
61-1046
Cuffe, S. T., and H. W. Gerstie. Emissions
from coal-fired power plants; a comprehensive
summary. Public Health Service Publication
No. 999-AP-35. Cincinnati, U.S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, 1967.
26 p.
The Public Health Service and the Bureau
of Nines conducted a study of air pollutant
emissions from the six main types of
coal-burning power plants. The components
tested include sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, polynuclear hydrocarbons, total
gaseous hydrocarbons, solid particulates,
formaldehyde, organic acids, arsenic, trace
metals, and carbon monoxide. This report
relates the effects of variables such as
method of operation, type of boiler furnace
and auxiliaries, reinjection of fly ash,
and type of coal burned to the concentrations
of gaseous and particulate pollutants in
the products of combustion.
67-1047
Dedman, H. W. Commercial utilization of
pulverized fuel ash from power stations of
the central electricity generating board.
In Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Mines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.l56- 16 4. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Fly ash has developed into a valuable
by-product of the electric generating
industry through intensive research,
application, and marketing programs
leading to its widespread use as a
building and construction material.
In Britain, fly ash-clay bricks,
lightweight aggregates, concrete products,
and road construction uses absorb over 40
percent of the total output. The degree
of progress so far achieved is attributed
to the organization of a system of
marketing and timely, convincing
publicity.
67-1048
Dust and ashes for bricks. New Scientist,
34(549):650, June 15, 1967.
A scheme for making bricks entirely from
ash residues is discussed. The process
was developed by the U.S. Office of Coal
Research and the University of West
Virginia. Proportions of fly ash and
coarser ‘bottom-ash’ are moulded with
291
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Fly Ash Utih,ation
water and sodium silicate. Procedure
and temperatureS for drying and firing
are described. The resulting bricks are
lighter and stronger than ordinary ones.
67-1049
Engle, C. P., and J. P. Copp. Flyash:
new hope for strip spoil? Science
Serves Your Farm and Home, Bulletin 544:
1—4, Winter 1967.
Due to its high pU value, high content of
macro nd micro plant nutrients, good
moisture retention, and loosening effect
when mixed with heavy textured soils,
fly ash has been found useful as a soil
additive and conditioner for reclaiming
acid surface mined areas. During June
and July, 1965, the Agronomy and Genetics
Department of West Virginia University,
in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of
Mines, Morgantown, tested the effect of
adding fly ash to vegetation on a spoil
area which had an initial pH value of
4. Growth of fescue, a perennial
grass which provides good cover where
the pH is above 4, was better on Test
Plot 2 which received 600 tons per acre
of fly ash mixed to 12 in. with spoil than
on Control Plot 1-B which received 8
tons per acre of pulverized limestone.
This was due mainly to a faster
neutralization of spoil acidity. The pH
value of the fly ash-treated plots was
raised from initial value of 3.5 to 5.0
to 5.3. The fescue survived the first
winter and developed an excellent root
system, with continuing good growth into
the spring.
67-1050
Erythropel, H. Ash production and
utilization in the German Federal Republic.
In Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. WashIngton, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.165-175. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
In the Federal. Republic of Germany the
utilization of brown coal ash Is
practically impossible, so that these
have to be dumped as before. The production
of hard coal ash Is about 5.8 million tons.
This quantity will probably not rise
very much during the next few years
because the consumption of high-ash
coals is declining at present. Of these
ashes, about 63 percent is utilized. This
percentage, however, will continue to rise,
owing to the promotion and instruction
organized by private enterprise, and
it should be understood that the processes
yielding a cheap intermediate product
at low capital outlay will be favored.
67-1051
Face brick from flyash. Rock Products,
70(1O):96, Oct. 1967.
A pilot plant in Norgantown, West Virginia,
operated under a project sponsored by the
Coal Research Bureau (CRB) and financed by the
Office of Coal Research, U.S. Department
of Interior, produces high quality face
brick from fly ash. The brick consists
of 75 percent fly ash and a residual
content of coarse aggregate such as
bottom ash produced at the same time as
the fly ash. The fly ash and the bottom ash
are thoroughly blended with a small,
accurate amount of sodium silicate,
and the mixture is compacted into bricks
which are then baked. The closed loop
pneumatic conveying system employed in
the plant includes a 50-ton fly ash hopper,
a cyclone air filter, and a bag filter.
The fly ash bricks, having an extremely
smooth surface, are available in
standard reds, buffs, and whites. A small
plant (cost $1 million) producing 3,000
bricks per hr would pay for itself in
2 years; a larger plant (cost $2.2
million) producing 9,000 bricks per hr
would pay for itself in 1.2 years. The
estImated 1965 U.S. output of 20 million
tons of fly ash per year will double by
1980. In 1965, 90 percent of the fly ash
was dumped at a cost of $2 per ton. The
sale of fly ash for bricknaking by the
CRB process would yield a dividend of
$0.25 per ton of coal burned.
67-1052
Falecki, Z. The United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe and its work in the
field of the utilization of ash produced
by thermal power plants. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Nines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967. p. 135 - 142 .
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
This paper describes the United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
292
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1049 —1055
and its role in improving economic
conditions in Europe and the world.
The information exchange media of the
Commission are described, along with its
cooperative efforts. Highlighted is
an account of the work of the ECE on
fly ash utilization, including a list
of major documents pertaining to activities
in ash utilization published by the
Secretariat.
67-1053
Fifty-four utilities give data on fly-ash
sales and uses. Electrical World,
168(8):61-63, Aug. 21, 1967.
Data obtained from a questionnaire sent
to the various utility companies indicate
that more than half of the ashes produced in
electric power stations today find no
market or beneficial use. A chart is
given which shows that fly ash production
follows the coal consumed and covers
the years from 1950 through 1966 with a
projection given through 1970. A table is
given, presenting the figures obtained
in the survey of 54 utilities in the
United States which burn 137.6 million
tons of coal a year. The table gives the
amount of coal consumed by each utility
and the total consumed along with information
on the ash divided into electrostatic
and mechanical precipitator, fly ash,
and bottom ash. The ash information covers
the amount produced, the tons of ash sold,
the end uses, the revenue, the tons used
by the utilities, the uses by the utilities,
the tons disposed of as waste and the cost
of disposal. The utilities involved in
the survey consume from 33,100 to
26,683,206 tons of coal a year with an
average of 2.5 million tons per year. Of
the 16 million tons of ash collected,
11 percent was sold and one-third was
used by the utilities themselves. Fifty-six
percent was just dumped. The predominant
uses of ash include: additive to concrete,
as landfill, and building block and road
cinder. Other uses include lightweight
aggregate, cement-, bricks, soil
stabilization, soil conditioner, and
asphalt filler. More effort to develop
the technology of fly and bottom ash usage
and wider promotion of existing and new
uses is required.
Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p. 8 7i0O. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Fly ash is presently used in three types
of Alabama highway construction base
course stabilization, concrete bridges,
and concrete pavement. The lime-fly ash
stabilization projects are experimental,
but the Alabana Highway Department has
established specifications for fly ash
used in concrete construction, and this
material is now widely used in the State.
Superior workability, flexural strength,
and resistance to sulfate attack are
claimed for fly ash concrete.
67-1055
Hoy, L. W. Consumer economics: use
of fly ash in concrete. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.204- 2 O 9 . (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
New and more economical methods of
production, fabrication, installation, and
erection are a necessary development to
maintain a competitive position in our
industrialized world. Material prices
and wages are increasing constantly,
making it mandatory that industry produce
a better product more quickly and more
economically. The reduction of costs,
no matter how closely related the area
may be to the final product, is
constantly being scrutinized in every
possible respect so that the ultimate
realization of lower total costs may be
effected. The use of concrete in the
production of steel is not a direct
cost, but, where concrete is increasingly
being used, the reduction of installation and
maintenance costs results in a substantial
reduction in the production cost for a ton
of steel. Increased technological
advances in concrete increase the scope
of concrete uses and ultimately will
decrease the final product costs.
67-1054
Hester, .1. A.
construction.
Fly ash in roadway
In Proceedings; Fly
293
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Fly Ash Utilization
67-1056
Hyland, E. J. Fly ash in ready-mix
concrete. In Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau
of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.8 0 86. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Use of fly ash in ready-mix concrete
offers a long-term solution to the fly ash
disposal problem because large quantities
can be absorbed by this potential market.
To tap this market, however, producers
must consistently supply a high-quality,
uniform fly ash. The fly ash broker
or sales engineer, to be truly effective,
should know the type of customer he is
dealing with and have a mastery of the
technical aspects of fly ash-concrete
mixes. Of equal importance is the giving
of extra service such as aggregate
analysis or concrete-mix design. National
acceptance of concrete containing fly
ash can be brought about through widespread
advertising, participation in trade
conventions, and the combined efforts of
all interested parties.
67-1057
Jarrige, A. Art attempt to explain
French success in the utilization of fly
ash. In Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization;
Edison Electric Institute, National
Coal Association, and Bureau of Mines
Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,
1967. p. 143 - 155 . (U.S. Bureau of Nines
Information C:trcular No. 8348.)
There are two types of utilization of
fly ash, coannercial cements and
roadbuilding operations. During 1965,
both these utilizations reached a level
in France not observed in other
countries. These results are attributable
to special circumstances and to certain
human initiatives, which differ for each
of the two groups, but also to an overall
situation with regard to the coordination
of work, particularly with respect to
technical research.
61-1058
Lebda, E., and E. Olszewski. Fly-ash
replacing cement. Ochrona Povietrza
1(3):15—19, 1967.
The beneficial influence of fly ash on
the durability of concrete usually becomes
evident only after 3 to 6 months of concrete
hardening. The effect of such treatment
after 28 days, which is of greatest interest
to the user, has not yet been studied.
In addition to a survey of various
construction materials utilizing fly ash
and of their present day applications,
studies which specify the ratio of cement
or sand and fly ash entering the composition
of concrete are reported. It was shown
that 10 percent of the cement added to the
most frequently used concretes can be
saved through replacement by fly ash.
As to the amount of sand, best durability
results were obtained for the mixtures with
the least sand content, i.e. 35 percent.
Fly ash and concrete mixtures prove
especially satisfying after a longer period
of hardening (exceeding 90 days). A
large—scale industrial application of the
new findings is also described and the
results obtained are evaluated.
(Text-Polish)
67-1069
McCoy, W. B., and D. K. Smith. Utilization
of fly ash in the cementing of wells.
Mining Engineering, 19(12):26, Dec. 1967.
A paper to be presented as part of a
panel on ‘Fly Ash—An Industrial Commodity’
is si.mixnarized in the advance program for
the Annual Meeting of the Society of Mining
Engineers, to be held in New York City,
February 25-29, 1968. Fly ash as an
additive for oil well cement was introduced
to the oil industry by the Halliburton
Company in 1949. Since its early usage
in Illinois, the total amount of fly ash
pumped into wells has exceeded 30 million
sacks. The advantages of using fly
ash-portland cement mixtures in wells are
fundamentally the same as they are for
concrete, except conditions of placement
and curing are variable and the
nomenclature of properties are expressed
somewhat differently. In some instances
deep wells have been cemented with mixtures
of fly ash and hydrated lime, together with
an activator which functions as a catalyst
for setting. This fly ash-lime formula
has many advantages for high
temperature-pressure conditions found in
wells.
294
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1056—1064
67-1060
Mielenz, R. C. ASTM specifications on
fly ash for use in concrete. In
Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Mines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.271-286. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Committee C-i on Cement and Committee
C-9 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates of
the American Society for Testing and
Materials have prepared two tentative
standards that cover specifications and
methods of test for fly ash as an admixture
for portland cement concrete (ASTM Designations:
C 350 and C 311, respectively) and a
tentative standard on portland-pozzolan
cement in which fly ash may be used as
the pozzolan. Issued in 1953-1954, these
standards have been modified as new data
and information became available. The
specifications provide a sound basis for
purchase of fly ash for use in cement and
concrete for construction purposes.
67-1 06
Minnick, L. J. Reactions of hydrated lime
with pulverized coal fly ash. In
Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Mines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.287- 3 15. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
Lime-fly ash specimens were cured at
constant temperature and subjected to
X-ray diffractometry, differential thermal
analysis, pozzolanic reactivity tests, and
microscopical investigations. Bars of
lime-fly ash were subjected to cycles of
wetting and drying, and measurements of
length change were recorded. A discussion
of variations within and among types of
lime is presented. The nature of the
pozzolanic reaction is reviewed,
particularly as related to compounds which
are used up and formed during the aging
process. The relationship between the
pozzolanic reaction and the resultant
physical properties of the mixtures is
examined.
67-1062
Moehle, F. W. Fly ash aids in sludge
disposal. Environmental Science &
Technology, 1(5):374—379, May 1967.
Fly ash used as a filtering aid in dewatering
industrial waste plant sludge solves two
disposal problems at once. The filtration
plant described is designed to handle
contaminated industrial waste by chemical
means. The treatment is explained with the
aid of a diagram. Dewatering begins when
the ash and sludge mixture enters the
filter. This operation is aided by a
vacuum pump. Several aspects considered
in the operation of the plant are: the
proper concentrations of fly ash) the
effect of sludge temperature, the effect
of the pH of the sludge, the effect of
the concentrations of the sludge solids,
and the effect of various vacuum conditions.
Each of these concerns is discussed in
detail. Some mechanical problems involved
with the use of fly ash are described.
67-1063
Once coal to ashes--now ashes to coal.
Coal, Gold, and Base Minerals of Southern
Africa, 15(3):25, 27, 29, 31, May 1967.
The Blinkpan Colliery plans to stabilize
old workings with ash from the adjacent
Komati power station. A 12-in.-diameter
borehole has been completed to facilitate
filling with a slurry consisting of
40 percent solids. The filling process
is described in two steps; ash filling
during the first shift, flushing of the
pipe system and excess water pumped out
in the second shift. Ash will be pumped
alternately to Blinkpan and nearby
Koornfontein Colliery. The major subject
of the article is the construction of the
seams and the extraction of the coal.
67-1064
Pacific island plans face-lift with fly
ash. Electrical World, 168(11):23, Sept.
11, 1967.
Fly ash from Australia’s coal-fired
generating stations is being considered
to rebuild the phosphate-rich island of
Naurau which is being stripped away at
the rate of 2 million tons a year leaving
chasms and ravines, shown in illustration,
as over one third of the island. The
phosphate mining has stripped the island
down to the coral rock so that it now
looks like a section of the moon rather
than a tropical paradise. The island,
which is 2,200 miles northeast of Sydney,
295
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F y Ash Utilization
has a total area of 5,260 acres. It is
estimated that in 30 years when the
phosphate is gone, the 3,000 Inhabitants
will only have 1,000 acres left. Naurnu
which achieves independence Jan. 31, 1968,
will take control of the $400—million
phosphate industry. The island will get
a net profit of $12 million a year until
the phosphate is exhausted (in 25—30
years). The power stations in New South
Wales have available 2.5 million tons of
fly ash that could be sold to millionaires
on Naurau to prevent property from being
sluiced away. A foot of top soil on the
ash would give it the same crop potential
as ordinary earth. An inch of top soil
would greatly increase the range of
crops and vegetation while the pure ash
with the addition of fertilizers can
support clover and certain grasses and
vegetables. The fly ash could be transferred
pneumatically to and from the ships and
then sluiced in a water suspension into
abandoned phosphate works. Fortunately,
the Naurau millionaires have the money
to transport the fly ash to preserve
their island.
67-1066
Paprocki, A. Production and utilization of
fly ash in Poland. Proceedings; Fly
Ash Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau
of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar.
14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. p. 176 - 186 .
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular
No. 8348.)
Although prodii’ction and utilization of
fly ash in Poland are increasing yearly,
the latter lags behind the former and by
1975 almost 5 million tons will have to
be discarded. Comparative reactivity
tests between fly ash and several types
of aggregates show that fly ash has
binding properties and should not be
treated as an aggregate. A test
procedure is described to evaluate the
degree of pozzolanic reactivity of fly
ash.
67-1066
Pearson, A. S. Experience in production
and utilization of lightweight aggregate
at Consolidated Edison. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.l 9 O-l 9 4. (U.S. Bureau of Nines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Consolidated Edison in 1966 collected
350,000 tons of fly ash and sold 60,000
tons (17.2 ) for commercial purposes.
Disposal of the difference costs more than
$550,000, not including capital investment,
and operating costs for equipment.
Several years of experience in building
and operating a lightweight aggregate
plant are described, including boiler
changes for aggregate quality control.
Principal commercial applications for
sintered fly ash are discussed, along
with marketing experience and promotion
activities.
67-1067
Fly ash is used in mass concrete for two
principal reasons: economy, and reduction
of heat generation within the concrete.
The Bureau of Reclamation and Corps of
Engineers specify a low-carbon fly ash
and use it as a straight replacement for
a portion of the portland cement.
Ontario-Hydro uses ash from its peaking
powerplants and, therefore, has developed
a technique for using high-carbon ash.
UVA has used coarse ash from mechanical
collectors, partially as cement
replacement and partially as aggregate
replacement. European practice is to use
portland-pozzolan cement. Research indicates
that the proportion of fly ash in interior
mass concrete nay be increased.
67-1068
Pursel, H. R. Fly ash handling in coal
fired steam generating plants. Combustion,
37(7):22-25, Jan. 1967.
Philleo, H. E. Fly ash in mass concrete.
In Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization;
Edison Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Nines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.6979. (U.S. Bureau of Nines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
296
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1065-1070
Fly ash, accumulating in the rear pass, the
economizer air heater, and the fly ash
collector of coal fired steam boiler hoppers
must be removed to storage or for further
handling. The fly ash handling systems
now in use are reviewed. The details of
the arrangements of various fly ash
handling systems and their operation are
described. The arrangements are discussed
with a series of line drawings to
illustrate the various phases. Seven
arrangements are shown, both individually,
and then in one sketch which shows them
side by side so that the differences and
common points may be compared, When there is
a fill or lagoon area available, the simplest
method of disposal provides for the
pneumatic conveying of the fly ash to
the water-operated multi-jet venturi
type exhauster where the fly ash is
mixed with the water from the jets. After
impingement on a separator plate, the
air is vented to the atmosphere and
the fly ash suspension flows by gravity to
the fill area or lagoon. A sump pump
is provided in another arrangement for
a fill area at any location. Other
arrangements shown include: one with
fly ash storage bins, collectors and
conditioners; one with water scrubbers;
and one with cloth filters. All of
these devices are equipped with mechanical
air exhaust equipment. Two other types
are shown in which the exhaust is operated
by water and steam. The water type
discharges the fly ash to a silo while
the steam type discharges to a water
scrubber.
67.1069
Pursglove, J. Fly ash in 1980.
Age, 72(8):84-85, Aug. 1967.
Coal
The question is raised as to the
disposition of the 45 million tons of
fly ash which will be produced by the
U.S. electrical utility industry per
year by 1980. At the present, only
6 percent is being utilized as cement
replacement in concrete and concrete
products, as an ingredient in lightweight
aggregates, as an ingredient in asphalt
paving, and as a constituent of soil
stabilizers. The remaining fly ash is
dumped at a cost of $2 a ton and
creates a nuisance also. A projected
flow sheet is given to indicate the uses
of fly ash in 1980 with 24 million tons
going into building products such as
bricks, blocks, and aggregates. By
subjecting the fly ash to crushing,
pulverizing, magnetic separation, air
separation, heavy-media separation, and
sophisticated forms of froth flotation,
fly ash could be made a raw material for
a number of valuable metals which are
shown on the chart with the amounts
available. For example, the portion rich
in alumina could produce 5 million tons
of aluminum (U.S. production in 1966 was
3 million tons). The 9 million tons of
iron oxides shown on the flow sheet could
produce 8 million tons of high-grade iron
ore pellets. In addition to being the
source of 24 million tons of silica and
lime for bricks, blocks and aggregates,
and unknown anounts of uranium, germanium,
and vanadium, the flow sheet indicates
that by 1980 technology will have progressed
sufficiently to allow the recovery of
500,000 tons each of titanium dioxide,
potassium oxide, sodium oxide, and
phosphorus pen toxide.
67-1070
Rernirez, R. Fly-ash debut in brick
manufacturing. Chemical Engineering,
74(1):124-126, May 8, 1967.
A Morgantown, West Virginia, plant will
make bricks entirely from fly ash,
unburned material left after combustion
of coal, utilizing 74 percent fine ash,
23 percent coarse bottom-ash, and 3 percent
sodium silicate binder. The fly ash brick
is stronger than clay-based bricks, yet
30 percent lighter. Bricks form at
low pressures from a high-viscosity mix.
The fly ash, slag, sodium silicate, and
water mixture is conveyed to a 750-tom
hydraulic toggle-press. Cored bricks,
formed at the rate of 32 to 40 per minute,
are fired in two gas-operated kilns,
each having 500-brick capacity. Bituminous
coal fly ash bricks are heated at 250 F for
2 hr to eliminate moisture. Further heating,
at a rate of 175 F per hr, follows until
the temperature reaches 2,000 F. The changes
during firing are physical, not chemical.
The sodium silicate binder becomes a
viscous liquid and fly ash mineral
components undergo vitrification. The
plant would cost $635,000 for a 500,000
bricks-per-week plant, using a periodic
kiln, or $1.1 million using a tunnel
kiln. Present production costs are $22
per 1,000 bricks. The plant diagram is
depicted.
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Fly Ash Utilization
61-1071
Seabright, J. Fly ash in concrete
manufacturing. In Proceedings; Fly
Ash Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau of
Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1967. p. 107 - 110 . (U.S. Bureau
of Nines Information Circular No. 8348.)
A quality concrete producer who can keep
his variation in quality at a minimum is
able to market concrete on a strength
basis. With fly ash, he can improve the
quality of his concrete as far as
workability and finishability are concerned,
while effecting sizeable cost reductions
by eliminating portland cement provided
he has the necessary communication and
field control so as to make adjustments
to the added variables brought about with
the use of fly ash. The greatest
advantage of fly ash concrete, namely,
its retardation effect, is also its
greatest limitation. Research should be
done to determine the ill effects, if any,
that result from use of accelerators,
which imist be used in order to market
fly ash concrete on an overall year-round
basis.
67-1072
Shafer, H. E, C. F. Cockrell, and J. W.
Leonard. Appraising and improving fly
ash for use in fired structural building
products. Mining Engineering,
19(12):26, Dec. 1967.
A paper to be presented as part of a
panel on ‘Fly Ash—An industrial Commodity’
is summarized in the advance program for
the Annual Meeting of the Society of
Mining Engineers, to be held in New York
City, February 25-29, 1968. The quality
of fly ash to be used in structural
materials can be predicted by determining
the amount of detrimental scum and
efflorescence—forming water—soluble
mineral matter present in the fly ash.
Low quality fly ashes that are high in
water soluble minerals may be utilized
by the addition of small amounts of
low-cost acid. A comparison between fly
ash brick made from low quality, high
water soluble, mineral content fly ash,
with and without the addition of an acid,
shows that the use of an acid additive
increases the green and fired strength,
retards scumming and fired efflorescence,
and enhances general physical appearance.
67-1073
Shafer, H. E., C. F. Cockrell, K. K.
Humphreys, et. al. Status report on
bricks from fly ash. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.195-203. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
Optimization of the West Virginia
University-U.S. Department of the Interior,
Office of Coal Research fly ash-based
brick process for each fly ash-aggregate
combination can produce even higher
quality brick than those reported
previously. Originally, estimated
production costs for a fly ash from one
source were $30.52 per 1,000 bricks,
assuming a value of $1 per ton for fly
ash; however, optimization tests together
with the use of actual rather than
estimated equipment cost has shown that
the cost of producing brick from this
same fly ash can be reduced to $22.22
per 1,000 brick. A pilot plant for
producing fly ash-based structural
materials is now under construction and
should be in operation by late spring of
1967. The plant is so designed that it
will be capable of producing tonnage lots
of fly ash brick, hollow block, and paving
tile. In keeping with the objectives of
the pilot plant program, broad-scale and
conclusive cost and optimization studies
as well as marketing surveys are underway.
67-1074
Skaggs, H. C., and R. E. Morrison.
Producing specification fly ash.
Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Mines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p. 52 - 5 7. (U.s. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
Described in this paper is the experience
of the Appalachian Power Company in
producing specification fly ash at its
Kanawha River Plant. Boiler adjustments,
coal-fineness control, ash sampling, and
other factors are discussed. Details are
298
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1071—1075
also given on a fly ash processing
plant for producing a specification
product.
67-1075
Smith, D. K. Utilization of fly ash in
the cementing of wells. In Proceedings;
Fly Ash Utilization; Edison Electric
Institute, National Coal Association,
and Bureau of Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.221-234. (U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular No. 8348.)
Fly ash as an additive for oil well cement
was introduced to the oil industry by
the Halliburton Company in 1949. Since its
early usage in Illinois, the total
amount of fly ash pumped into wells
has exceeded 30 million sacks. The
advantages of using fly ash-portland
cement mixtures in wells are fundamentally
the same as for concrete except that the
conditions of placement and curing are
variable and the nomenclature of
properties are expressed somewhat
differently. In some instances deep
wells have been cemented with mixtures
of fly ash and hydrated lime together
with an activator which functions as a
catalyst for setting. This fly ash-lime
formula has many advantages for high
temperature-pressure conditions found
in wells. (This article also appears in
Mining Engineering , 19(12):26, December 1967)
67-1076
Smith, I. A. The design of fly-ash
concretes. Institution of Civil Engineers
Proceedings, 36(1966—1967) :769—790,
Apr. 1967.
A method for use in the design of concrete
mixes to give a required early strength
and degree of workability when incorporating
fly ash is described. The strength of the
resulting mix depends on the relative
proportions of ash, cement, and water.
The usefulness of the method is shown
by comparison with a large number of
tests on fly ash cement concretes and
with analysis of previously published
papers from external sources. Also
mentioned is the lowered cost. It is
shown that there is no need to accept a
loss of early strength when using fly ash
in concrete.
67.1077
Snyder, J. H. Specifications, limitations,
and restrictions. In Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau of
Nines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 1416,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office, 1967. p. 37 - 45 .
(U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
In most cases, the selection of
characteristics of fly ash to be specified
arid the specified limits on these
characteristics have been based on
empirical correlations between the
characteristics of a wide variety of
fly ash samples and the resultant
properties of products made from these
samples. Differences in specifications by
various groups are given, along with
detailed specifications on fly ash for
use in concrete. Limitations and
restrictions include lack of knowledge on
specifications and testing methods,
variability of fly ash, existence of
broad patents, and marketing factors. A
pessimistic outlook for fly ash marketing
is presented, but progress is indicated
as promising. The work now going on
will likely lead to more realistic
specifications and confidence in fly ash
use.
67-1078
Snyder, J. N. Specification, limitations
and restrictions on the utilization of fly
ash. Mining Engineering, 19(12): 26,
Dec. 1967.
A paper to be presented as part of a
panel on ‘Fly Ash—An Industrial Commodity’
is summarized in the advance program for
the Annual Meeting of the Society of Mining
Engineers, to be held in New York City,
February 25-29, 1968. In most cases, the
selection of characteristics of fly ash
to be specified and the specified limits
on these characteristics have been based
on empirical correlations between the
characteristics of a wide variety of fly
ash samples and the resultant properties of
products made from these samples.
Differences in specifications by various
groups are given, along with detailed
specifications on fly ash for use in
concrete. Limitations and restrictions
include lack of knowledge on specifications
and testing methods, variability of fly
ash, existence of broad patents, arid
marketing factors. The results of recent
299
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Fly Ash Utilization
research on the characterization of fly
ash and on its pozzolanic properties are
discussed in terms of relevance to present
specifications and prospects f or developing
more realistic specifications.
67-1019
Start pilot plant for making fly ash brick.
American Ceramic Society Bulletin,
46(8):740, Aug. 1967.
The 20,000,000 tons of fly ash produced
in 1965 is expected to double by 1980;
only 10 percent is now utilized in
asphaltic concrete, building blocks,
soil stabilizers, cement, and lightweight
aggregate while the rest was dumped at
a cost of $2 a ton. The economic and
technical feasibility of utilizing this
waste product is being investigated at a
pilot plant for making face brick in
Morgantown, West Virginia. The operation,
financed by the Office of Coal Research,
United States Department of the Interior,
is being carried Out by the Coal Research
Bureau at West Virginia University. At
this plant prototype bricks have been
made from 74 percent fly ash, 23 percent
of a coarser aggregate (such as the
bottom ash from the same plant) and 3
percent sodium silicate by pressing these
materials, which have a moisture content of 9
percent. Extrusion was possible only
with large amounts of plasticizers. A
photograph of a 50-cu in. clay brick on
a balance with a 65-cu in. fly ash brick
shows that it takes an additional 500g
weight on the fly ash brick to balance
the scales, which demonstrates the lighter
weight advantages claimed for the fly
ash brick. wick plants near the sources
of fly ash could use their present tunnel
kilns together with auch of their other
equipment, if they converted to fly ash
as a raw material.
67-l OeO
Stewart, R. F., and W. F. Farrior.
Nuclear measurement of carbon in fly ash.
In Proceedings; Fly Ash Utilization; Edison
Electric Institute, National Coal
Association, and Bureau of Mines Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16, 1967. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.
p.262-270. (U.S. Bureau of Mines Information
Circular No. 8348.)
A nuclear method for the continuous
measurement of carbon in fly ash was
demonstrated as technically feasible.
The number of carbon gamma rays from
inelastic scatter of neutrons is
proportional to the carbon content of
12- and 20-pound samples. Carbon in
fly ashes containing 2 to 16 percent
carbon was determined within 0.5 percent
carbon, and repeated tests measuring the
carbon content of iron ore sinter mix
showed a precision of 0.2 percent. The
accuracy may be adequate for process
control, and the technique shows promise
of being adaptable to carbon monitoring
of any granular material moving at
high-tonnage flow rates.
67.1081
Stolnikov, V. V. Fly ash in cements and
concretes. j Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau of
Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1967. p.187l89. (U.S. Bureau
of Mines Information Circular No. 8348.)
A short discussion is presented on the
investigation of fly ash utilization in
the Concrete Laboratory, Hydrotechnics
Research Institute, Leningrad. The
properties of fly ash cement and concrete
are described, including specific surface
area, water requirements, and the effect
of steam curing, particularly on the
strength of the product.
67-1082
Turning fly ash from onus to bonus. Chemical
Engineering, 74(10):98-102, May 8, 1967.
Potential uses of fly ash are discussed
from the standpoint of turning an unwanted
waste into an asset. Although fly ash
increases the strength of concrete, decreases
the vulnerability to freezing, helps to
give sharp corners to concrete blocks,
and makes strong light bricks, there is a
lack of acceptance. This lack of interest
results from lack of knowledge of the
product, insufficient promotion, inadequate
specifications, inadequate testing methods,
and a lack of standard quality. Carbon in
fly ash from poor combustion and inadequate
pulverizing has a poor effect on the
setting and strength of fly ash concrete.
One long term use of fly ash is in the
cementing of oil wells. Proposed uses
include fly-ash applications in agriculture
300
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1079—1086
as an acid-soil neutralizer, as a soil
conditioner, as a raw material for cement
manufacture, and for use in road
construction.
67-1083
Ziinmer, F. V. Problems in fly ash
marketing. In Proceedings; Fly Ash
Utilization; Edison Electric Institute,
National Coal Association, and Bureau of
Mines Symposium, Pittsburgh, Mar. 14-16,
1967. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, 1967. p.5868. (U.S. Bureau of
Mines Information Circular No. 8348.)
A short history of pulverized fuel presents
factors that guide the activity of
marketing the resulting ash. A brief
description of some of the major fly ash
markets is included, to point out
problems associated with these markets.
SANiTARY LANDFILL
67-1084
Airstrip and playfield built atop former
Scottish site. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(12):34, Dec. 1967.
The method used in reclaiming an area
of sandbanks and mud flats along the estuary
of the Tay River at Dundee, Scotland, is
described in a publication by W. A. Lewis
called ‘Controlled Tipping of Refuse’.
A sea wall of heavy demolition material
was carried upriver for about 400 yd and
built to a height of 20 ft above the river
bed, or 4 ft above high-water level. The
area enclosed was then partitioned into
lagoons, which were filled in with earth,
clay, construction materials, clinker,
etc. In 1950 the site came into use as a
domestic refuse landfill. As the area
extended, it was covered with 2 ft of
soil and sown with grass. Permission has
been obtained to extend the area of
reclamation, but the rate of expansion is
limited by the amount of hard-core material
available for the 30-ft wide embankments
used to structure the area and to protect
the fill from strong river currents. Some
25,000 tons of refuse are accepted
annually, adding 6 acres each year. Dundee
officials have found that no crude refuse
can be dumped into lagoons which still
contain water, since the action of water
on paper and cardboard yields hydrogen
sulfide. This problem does not arise in
winter. Playing fields and an airstrip
have been built on the reclaimed land.
67-1085
Albertson, L. M. Revamped refuse dump
draws praise. Public Works, 98(1):88-89,
Jan. 1967.
An improved sanitary landfill operation in
Southold, New York, is described. The
improvements consisted of the addition of
two fences, one permanent and one movable,
and the use of a machine to move and cover
the refuse. The movable fence funnels
all deliveries to one part of the site.
This gives the two men at the landfill
the control necessary to insure that the
refuse is properly separated and dumped
where the operators want it, and that
smoldering trash is extinguished. The
permanent fence prevents paper from being
blown out of the fill site, and it keeps
out scavenging animals and children. A
Hough Model H-90 C Payloader was selected
for moving and covering the refuse. This
tractor shovel has power shift and
steering, travels at 21 mph in both
directions, has a 4-yd bucket for handling
refuse, can carry 9,000 ib, and is
articulated in the center so that its
wheels track precisely. It has been
operating at the landfill for 2,200 hr
with 3 to 4 hr per month downtime, for
service and repairs and 2 days for a
punctured tire. The purchase of a spare
tire has reduced downtime for a puncture
to ½ day. Refuse delivered to the site——an
old sand pit that covers about 8 acres and
is 40 ft deep- -is inspected for smoldering.
The inspector also sorts out all wood.
The refuse is then dumped at the edge of
the pit or transported down the ramp to
the floor of the pit and dumped. The
payloader compacts the refuse and blankets
it with about 2 ft of sand. The machine
also stacks wood for burning and transports
junked cars to a selected place at the side
of the landfill site.
67-1086
Andersen, J. R., and J. N. Dornbush.
Influence of sanitary landfill on
groundwater quality. American Water
Works Association Journal, 59(4):457-470,
Apr. 1967.
A report is given of a study to afford
a more generalized conclusion than, is
301
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Sanitary Landfill
now possible, concerning the groundwater
quality as affected by a sanitary landfill
located in a gravel pit that penetrates
a high water table. Twenty-two sampling
points were installed at ten locations to
study the general quality of the groundwater,
the level of the table, and the direction
of underground water movement, to
determine whether the leaching of the
refuse dump and a small pond in the
immediate area of the fill affects the
chemical quality of the groundwater. The
parameters selected to describe the
chemical quality were pH, specific
conductance, total hardness, calcium
hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate,
sodium, and potassium. Samples were
taken every 3 to 4 weeks for a 6-month
period, resulting in six samples from
22 wells plus two samples from the pond.
Six wells were chosen as controls to
indicate the chemical quality of the water
entering the area. A geologic
investigation of the site was also made.
The quality of individual samples was
compared with that of control wells,
and change of water quality with time,
location, and depth was determined. The
results indicate that the groundwater
leaving the 160-acre disposal site is
not seriously impaired. However, groundwater
in the immediate vicinity of a refuse
landfill can exhibit a significant
increase in the concentration of dissolved
minerals as determined by specific
conductance measurements. The algae-laden
pond located immediately downstream,
which receives groundwaters from the
fill area, is an important factor in
reducing the hardness and alkalinity of
these waters during the summer.
S
Barratt, J. H. Spoil tips and landscaping
with some reference to planned refuse
disposal. Public Health Inspector,
75(11):439-446, Aug. 1967.
Colliery wastes cover 2,225 acres of
Nottinghamshire County, Great Britain.
There are 111 spoil tips, of which 48
are unused. Layer tipping by dump
truck has three advantages over older
Upping methods unsightly ropeways
are not needed; mounds can be molded to
more acceptable shapes; and driving the
vehicles over the tip increases compaction
and thus reduces the possibility of
spontaneous combustion. Trial plots
on unused dirt tips were sown with
nine different types of grass seed to
discover which types grew best on raw
shale. The reliability of hydraulic grass
seeding was tested. The County
Planning Department is planting some trees
to naturalize the tip in the landscape.
Operating in narrow seams renders
underground storage of wastes impractical.
The material can be transferred by rail to
fill in the brick clay excavations at
Carnbridgeshire and Bedfordshire. Grouping
areas into regions for mutual refuse
disposal is suggested. There will not
be enough land for controlled tipping.
A survey might ascertain what areas of
land would benefit from land reclamation
or raising.
67-1088
Bevan, R. E. Notes on the science and
practice of the controlled tipping of
refuse. London, The Institute of Public
Cleansing, 1967. 216 p.
Experiments and conclusions by the
Institute of Public Cleansing on controlled
tipping are recorded. Controlled tipping is
the disposal of refuse by tipping on
suitable sites in accordance with rules
and recommendations to ensure that it
will be done without giving offense
or endangering public health. Suitable
sites may be low-lying land; undulating
land to be levelled for use; valleys,
cuttings or ravines to be filled; quarries;
claypits; dangerous ponds; etc. Items
which need attention before tipping
begins are: working plans, site works
program, permanent civil engineering works,
and other permanent and temporary site works.
The methods of controlled tipping are
sometimes complicated and require expert
knowledge and experience by a number of
specialists, as well as diligent attention
to the everyday management at the site.
The main aspects of the management of a
controlled tip are preparation for tipping,
maintenance of the site, and finishing
for use. Five experiments conducted in
Manchester are: a comparison of methods
used in the 1930’s with those used in 1965;
the excavation of a refuse tip after
25 years; the decomposition of
refuse after tipping in paper sacks; the
decomposition of refuse in paper sacks and
refuse in polythene sacks, tipped in a
small heap of loose refuse; and the
effects of tipping low-density refuse
having a high paper content. Aspects
of control of tipping sites include:
the estimation of tip capacities and quantity
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108 7—1092
of covering material needed, the destruction
of insects and rats, and the use of mechanical
aids for tipping.
67-1089
Bevan, R. E. What is controlled tipping?
In Notes on the science and practice
of the controlled tipping of refuse.
London, The Institute of Public Cleansing,
1967, p. 6 - 7 .
Controlled tipping is the disposal of
refuse by tipping on suitable sites in
accordance with rules and recommendations
to ensure that it would be done without
giving offense or endangering public
health. The main rules are precautions
advising the filling of holes by layers
of refuse of a limited depth, the covering
of layers by suitable material to form a
seal, the provision of screens to prevent
refuse being blown away, the avoidance
of tipping into water, and measures
designed to present a neat and tidy
appearance at the tip. Controlled
tipping is inexpensive and can be used
as a means of land reclamation. Sites
can be either near or far from the city.
Alternatives to direct controlled tipping
are: direct incineration; and separation
coupled with incineration, composting,
and controlled tipping.
67-1090
Bevan, R. E. The science of controlled
tipping. In Notes on the science and
practice of the controlled tipping of
refuse. London, The Institute of Public
Cleansing, 1967. p. 8 - 29 .
The refuse lying beneath the seal of a
controlled tip is a heterogeneous mass
comprised of two main classes of
refuse- -organic (about 42%), and inorganic
(about 58%). Decomposition in organic
refuse is the result of bacteria which
can be divided into three main classifications:
saprogenic, associated with decomposition;
zyinogenic, associated with fermentation; and
pathogenic, associated with diseases of man.
A rise in temperature in the body of a
controlled tipping plot, below the seal,
is an early indication that bacterial action
has commenced. Any rise or fall in the
temperature of the controlled tip is an
indication of the length of time required
for the earlier changes to take place and
of the presence of much or little organic
matter. It also has a bearing on the
from the chance presence of pathogenic
germs. In practically every case the
reactions caused by bacterial activities
on organic materials result in the
formation of a gas. Items which effect
biological and chemcial changes in
organic refuse are: moisture, ammonia
and other nitrogenous products, humus
and humic acid, and rusting of iron articles.
There is a risk of fire through the
tipping of hot ashes or clinkers. Pathogenic
germs may be present in a controlled tip.
67.1091
Bevan, R. H. Ministry of Health--suggested
precautions. Notes on the science and
practice of the controlled tipping of
refuse. London, The Institute of Public
Cleansing, 1967. p. 30 - 33 .
The precautions which are discussed in
detail, consist of the following:
tipping in layers; depth of layer;
covering of layer; covering in 24 hr;
screens; tipping in water; possibilities
of fire; prevention of flies, crickets,
and rats; precautions regarding organic
waste; loose tins lying near the surface
of the tip; personnel; settlement of the
refuse; raising the tip above surrounding
land; quick tipping of refuse; and
protecting refuse during transit. These
precautions were published in a
Ministry of Health Annual Report. There
may be some refinements in practice which
improve the control, but if properly
interpreted the broad principles suggested
are as applicable and as successful today
as they were when first devised in 1965.
67-1092
Bevan, R. H. Selection of sites. In
Notes on the science and practice of
the controlled tipping of refuse. London,
The Institute of Public Cleansing, 1967.
p. 34 -46
Suitable sites may be: low-lying land,
marsh, foreshore, marginal, or moorland,
to be raised and reclaimed; undulating
land to be levelled for use; valleys,
cuttings. or ravines to be filled; quarries,
claypits, gravel pits, holes, dangerous
ponds, canals, and subsidence areas
to be reclaimed. The points to be looked
for in assessing a site are position and
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Sanitary Landfill
physical features, terms of use, and civil
engineering works, Dereliction might
be reduced somewhat if more were known
about the distribution and industrial
usefulness of workable deposits, and if
more care were taken to co-ordinate the
activities of the various agencies
responsible for the digging of holes and
the disposal of wastes. A study was done
concerning a backlog of land officially
defined as useless for the time being due
mainly to industrial excavation. It was
found that about 150,000 acres were lying
derelict. Proper reclamation is only
possible if the final use of the land is
known before work begins and kept in mind
as excavation and restoration take place.
It is essential to know what the final
levels should be and where drainage channels
or footpaths are to be placed when the
excavation is refilled. The types of minerals
in a given area must be considered when
deciding means of land restoration. Three
types of minerals discussed are sand and
gravel, brick clay, and limestone.
67-1093
Bevan, R. E. Preparing the site.
Notes on the science and practice of the
controlled tipping of refuse. London,
The Institute of Public Cleansing, 1967.
p. 47 - 53 .
Before tipping begins, working plans
should show the boundaries, existing
levels, proposed finished contours,
site of hutments, etc., restrictions
or conditions noted under town planning
approvals, drainage or culverting works,
soil-storage reas, or any other features
which may be useful to the supervisory
staff in charge. The site works program
timing will vary in accordance with the
contract work needed, weather conditions,
and planning approvals. It is usually
best for all aspects of the site works
to be carefully completed before becoming
involved with the inf low of refuse.
Permanent civil engineering works and
other permanent site works rmist be
completed. Temporary site works may be
undertaken at the appropriate stage to
include: access roads, hutments,
weighbridges, fencing, trees and shrubs,
soil stripping, boundary markers and
reference points, staff, stores,
machinery, and equipment. It is
important to have a program when a
number of disposal points are in use;
otherwise drivers may tend to use the tip
most convenient for them. A tip
scheduled to last for a certain period will
be filled in much less time if this
program is not devised. The preliminary
program should outline the aims on the
site, select the areas to be soil—stripped
first, select the areas to be tipped and
finished first, and show the portion to
be ‘window-dressed’.
67-1094
Bevan, R. E. The general management of a
controlled tip. In Notes on the science
and practice of the controlled tipping of
refuse. London, The Institute of Public
Cleansing, 1967. p. 54 - 71 .
The general management of a controlled
tip includes: preparation for tipping,
maintenance of the site, and finishing
for use. General rules are: try to
maintain a regular staff, each individual
knowing his duties; tip according to a
preconceived plan; maintain the entrance area
and buildings; consider problems such as
fires, windy weather, wet weather, radioactive
refuse, and manhole dangers. Management
preparations for tipping include:
soil stripping, making approach roads
and tip roads, posting notices, erecting
marker posts, checking weighbridges,
salvaging, and considering possible
problems of ponds on the site. Factors
in maintaining the site include: keeping
the area neat; erecting screens; cutting
down weeds; maintaining tip roads;
controlling for rats and insects;
covering the new tip surface each day;
keeping notices in good condition;
maintaining marker posts, direction
lamps, tools and equipment; checking
rough levels and water pollution; and
keeping unauthorized persons off the
site. Some guiding principles for
determining how long a tip should be
allowed to settle are: the depth of
tipping, initial settlement, final inertia,
compaction, type of refuse, type of
development, and trial holes. Completed
fills are suitable for such uses as parks,
playgrounds, golf courses, parking areas,
landing fields, and light industrial or
commercial buildings.
67-1095
Bevan, R. E. Recent experiments in
Manchester. In Notes on the science
304
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1093—1097
and practice of the controlled tipping
of refuse. London, The Institute of
Public Cleansing, 1961. p. 72 - 103 .
Tipping methods in the 1930’s were compared
with those in the 1960’s, and the effects of
compression of refuse were observed. An
analysis of refuse (shown in percentages
of components by weight) was made,
temperatures were recorded and compared
among the plots, and the possibilities of
spontaneous combustion were discussed.
An extensive gas analysis was made in
each plot in a number of positions. An
excavation was made in each plot to
assess densities, settlement, and
compaction. The second experiment
consisted of notes on an excavation of
refuse 25 years after tipping in
Northenden, Manchester. Some of the
findings were: (1) Decomposition of bundles
of papers occurred on the outside of the
bundle only. (2) Articles such as textiles
wrapped in bundles of paper were
unaffected. (3) Leather articles were
virtually intact. (4) There was no evidence
of vegetable and putrescible material.
(5) Metals were almost nonexistent.
There did not appear to be much difference
between refuse tipped in paper sacks
and bulk-collected refuse in other
experimental plots. Experiments were
conducted to observe the decomposition
of papersack refuse and refuse in
polythene sacks, tipped in small heaps
of loose refuse. The paper sacks
decomposed completely within a year; the
polythene sacks showed little decomposition.
The last experiment was conducted to
observe the tipping of low-density
refuse having a high paper content.
67-1096
Be-van, R. E. Notes on specific aspects
of control. In Notes on the science and
practice of the controlled tipping of
refuse. London, The Institute of Public
Cleansing, 1967. p.lO 4 l 3 l.
It is possible to estimate tip capacities
by volume fairly accurately. This can
be done when the types of refuse and the
approximate amounts of each to be tipped
are known. Quantity of covering
material needed depends upon varying
conditions of the tip but a few specific
factors to be considered are: the method
of treating the face, degree of surface
compaction, rate of intake, depth of
tipping, width of face, intervals between
sealing the face, and the general tipping
plan. Precautions must be taken to control
insects, using insecticides. Rats must be
destroyed by poisoning, fumigation, and
trapping. Water pollution is a threat
when tipping into water which has ponded,
or when tipping on land near underground
water sources. Recommendations include
research projects concerning gas production
qualities, observation of gas movement,
control of gas movement, leaching studies,
monitoring of field moisture, and
prevention of percolation. Types of
machines used at tipping sites include
excavators, bulldozers, mechanical shovels,
scrapers, dump vehicles, graders, and
tractors. Conditions of the tip must
be kept in mind when purchasing machines,
for they vary in size, make, and power.
Machine operators should be trained
carefully in the proper use and maintenance
of machines.
67-1097
Bevan, R. E. What of the future? In
Notes on the science and practice of the
controlled tipping of refuse. London,
The Institute of Public Cleansing, 1967.
p. 132 -l3 8 .
In order to look at future changes of
controlled tipping it is necessary to
examine factors which might affect this
method of refuse disposal. Composition of
refuse is a basic factor to be considered.
Quantities and the nature of refuse are
affected by the method of space heating
and the packaging of goods. Another
factor of refuse disposal is the
organization of local government- -how
controlled-tipping is practiced. A
third factor is any change in the
organization of the public cleansing
service. A new organization has been
created in London called the Greater
London Council which has separated the
responsibilities of refuse collection from
those of disposal. With cooperation
and coordination between two services,
controlled-tipping practices may be
introduced on a much wider scale and
with a more efficient and positive
approach than has been possible in the
past. Factors likely to influence a
decision to change from or to controlled
tipping are cost and standards.
Developments in road and rail transport,
with an emphasis on faster, freer movement,
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Sanitary Landfill
may call for a new look at bulk haulage
of refuse. Investigations into the
conservation of natural resources may
affect refuse disposal generally and so
affect the controlled-tipping method.
Changes in town planning may bring new
methods of refuse storage and collection.
Suggestions for research are: water
pollution control, building on tipped
land, tipping needs, the use of refuse
and compost f or land reclamation, and
the division of responsibility for
refuse collection and disposal.
67-1098
Bowerman, F. R. Land reclamation. In
L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p.87-92.
Sanitary landfill operations in Southern
California are run like a private business.
Each site has its own weigh-scale
facilities, so charges are assessed
directly on a tonnage basis. Los Angeles
County has specially designed
transfer-trailer rigs that allow landfill
sites up to 50 miles distant from the
transfer station to be used economically.
The basic operation at Los Angeles
landfills calls for dumping solid wastes
at the base of an artificially created
hill. Landfill procedure Is described
and equipment is discussed. Specific
examples of successful operations are
described. The finished operations
have been used as sites for golf courses
and parks. Landfill can also provide
security agaidst landslides in canyons.
Tests to determine whether landfills
contaminate ground water are outlined.
67-1099
California State Water Quality Control
Board. In-situ investigation of movements
of gases produced from decomposing refuse;
final report. Publication No. 35, Sacramento,
State of California, The Resources Agency,
1967. pta. I-IV.
A 4½-year study attempted to obtain
answers regarding the extent of hazard
to groundwater posed by the movement of
refuse-produced gases, so that various
agencies might better formulate rubbish
disposal requirements pertaining to the
protection of groundwater resources.
Answers to the questions of how fast
certain gases move in the soil
have been found, and estimates have
been made on how much gas can be
expected per ton of refuse disposed.
This estimate was based on actual gas
movement data and an estimate of the
so-called ‘life’ of the fill was made.
Gas control devices and methods were
developed should control be considered
necessary in given cases. Results at
various test sites, data on gas comparison
studies, and other studies are offered.
It is concluded that over 90 percent of the
gas produced by refuse decomposition in
large landfills is carbon dioxide and
methane. Both of the gases have been found
in concentrations up to 40 percent each
at lateral distances up to 400 ft away
from the edge of the fill. Methane poses
less of a threat to groundwater because
it is only slightly soluble in water and
is lighter than air, tending to rise. By
far the greater part of refuse—produced
gas goes upward to the atmosphere, but
movement into the ground can be expected
for many decades.
07-1100
California State Water Quality Control
Board. Results at various sites.
In In-situ investigation of movements of
gases produced from decomposing refuse;
final report. Publication No. 35. Sacramento,
State of California, The Resources Agency,
1967. Pt. I (p.1—53).
Experimental installations for the gas
movement study were located at four test
sites in Los Angeles County; these were
at Azusa, Calabasas, Palos Verdes, and a
Special Study Refuse Fill. The locations
of these test sites (except the Special
Study) are shown. An additional study
was carried out at the Brisbane landfill
near San Francisco. A description of each
test site and of the experimental
installations at each site is given.
The mean carbon dioxide and methane
concentrations in the two refuse layers
since the Azusa fill was made are
tabulated. The Azusa test site yielded
answers regarding the rate of carbon
dioxide movement in the soil and
afforded an opportunity to compare field
measurements with answers obtained
through theoretical considerations.
Five measurements at four locations were
made of the rate of carbon dioxide transfer
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1098—1102
to the atmosphere from the refuse fill at
Azusa by means of a specially-designed
surface monitoring apparatus, which is
shown. The rates of transfer of gas
into the air and into the ground are
summarized. It is possible to conclude
that effective barrier-type gas control
membranes, installed, can be purchased f or
10 percent or less of the sum of land
costs and operational costs for sanitary
landfilling. The asphalt technique
as described is probably only one of
several membrane-barrier techniques that
would be successful. A gas barrier
installed before landfilling will also
act as a leachate barrier, and some form
of leachate pumping or removal system
must be provided.
67-1101
California State Water Quality Control
Board. Gas comparison studies. In
In-situ investigation of movements of
gases produced from decomposing refuse;
final report. Publication No. 35.
Sacramento, The Resources Agency,
1967. pt. II (p.l — 9 ).
In order to compare gas movement in the
soil from full-scale refuse fills with
that at the Azusa test site, gas sampling
wells were drilled in the vicinity of
the large landfills at Palos Verdes and
at Calabasas, and gas analyses were made
at these locations. In order to measure
the gas concentration gradients at Palos
Verdes and to estimate the rates of gas
movement in the ground near this large
County refuse fill, three 4¼-in, wells
were drilled to a 100—ft depth. Results
were tabulated. Data indicate that sizable
concentrations of catbon dioxide exist
both laterally and with depth around the
fill. It is shown that carbon dioxide
concentration increases with depth at the
two outer wells, suggesting that the
gas concentration contours are bulb-shaped
around the fill with decreasing
concentrations going outward from the fill.
It is expected that the direction of this
gradient would reverse itself at greater
depths where concentration would decrease
going downward. The bulb shape is
consistent with outward diffusion in all
directions away from the refuse.
Relationships among the three landfills
regarding carbon dioxide movement are
shown indicating the transfer rate at
each fill and its comparison with Azusa.
Only one out of four ratios was severely
out of line, and this was for movement
upward for which it was difficult to
measure accurately all the variables
involved. The results show that for
movement downward into the ground the
rates of transfer are almost of the
same order of magnitude.
671102
California State Water Quality Control
Board. Other studies. In In-situ
investigation of movements of gases
produced from decomposing refuse;
final report. Publication No. 35.
Sacramento, The Resources Agency,
1967. pt. III (p.1—9).
The Special Study Refuse Fill made an
ideal site for studying horizontal
movement of combustible gases and was
selected for this purpose after
preliminary field study. Twenty-four gas
sampling probes were installed 2 ft
into the ground throughout the community.
The locations of these probes were chosen
in such a way that gas analyses would
yield data for defining the extent and
intensity of gas penetration into the
community. The relative locations of
the fill, the adjacent community, and
the gas sampling probes are shown.
After a period of about a week, gas samples
were extracted from these shallow probes
and analyzed in a gas chromatograph. The
results are tabulated. The extent to which
both carbon dioxide and methane travel
laterally outward from the large refuse
fill is strikingly apparent; at distances
of 300 to 400 ft from the fill edge the
maximum concentrations of both carbon
dioxide and methane were found. A
special laboratory device was designed
and built for measuring the carbon
dioxide transfer rate across a given
sheet of barrier material. The procedure
is described. Two leachate samples were
collected and analyzed for their pollution
potentiality. Results are tabulated. A
special study provided a good test for the
surface monitoring technique using the
titration modification, and it indicated
again the general magnitude of the carbon
dioxide transfer rate through a fill cover.
Using this monitoring technique, it is
now possible to determine rather rapidly
the escape rate at several surface
locations.
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Sanitary Landfill
67-1103
California State Water Qualit’q Control
Board. Discussion. In In—situ
investigation of movements of gases
produced from decomposing refuse;
final report. Publication No. 35.
Sacramento, The Resources Agency,
1967. pt. IV (p.1—4).
The object of the 4½-year study was to
determine the generation and movement of
refuse gases, the extent of potential
hazard of these gases to groundwater,
and workable control procedures for
protecting groundwater. The three phases
are discussed. It is concluded that
carbon dioxide emanating downward over
a period of many years from refuse fills
does pose a positive threat to
groundwater because of its relatively
high solubility in water. Methane gas
also poses a hazard, although perhaps
not as much to groundwater; however, it
becomes a fire hazard when it passes through
the soil and is trapped beneath closed
spaces in combination with air to form
explosive mixtures. The asphalt membrane
developed and described was shown to be
an effective barrier against carbon
dioxide novement, especially with respect
to fire hazards. No conclusive answers
yet exist on how much water will percolate
through a landfill under surface irrigation
or from rainfall, although some information
is available. The potential hazard due
to percolation of surface water is primarily
governed by the impervious nature of the
fill cover and by the presence of
settlement cracks and ponding areas on
the fill surface and on the refuse
soil interface along the edges. Subsoil
instrumentation can be installed to
indicate imminent leaching from the
surface. Reft*se gases pose a more
serious pollution hazard than leachate.
67-1104
Carlson, T. R. Mount Trashmore rises
from an old clay pit. American City,
82(7):45, July 1967.
Twenty years ago the City of Evanston,
Illinois, began a sanitary landfill
project with a 55-acre clayhole. This
site has now been converted into a 65-ft
hill with the descriptive name of
‘Mount Trashmore’. The hill, which is
a popular sledding area, has two toboggan
runs, an advanced coasting area, and a
smaller one for little children. The hill
also houses a school, playground, tennis
courts, and baseball diamond. An ice
skating area, a warming house, and
concession stand are planned for next
season. This landfill operation was so
successful, that Evanston is attempting
to acquire another pit, an old gravel
deposit, which will serve as a sanitary
landfill for 10 years. It is then slated
to become a park, incorporating similar
facilities.
67-1105
Collection crisis mounts. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(6):10, 26, 38, June 1967.
Brisbane, California, has prohibited
the Sanitary Fill Co. from disposing of San
Francisco’s refuse at an 105-acre landfill
site originally promised. The contractors
have 6 months to appeal the decision in
the District Court of Appeals. Judge
Underwood said the landfill enhanced
the value of the tidelands owned by
Sanitary Fill. Sanitary Fill had already
drained the dike area, planted trees,
and built fences. Golden Gate Disposal
spent more than $1 million to find
alternate sites and concluded that there
were none. Barging refuse out to sea is
impractical for it eventually filters
back along the shorelines. Incineration
is being studied. Brisbane feels very
independent about any talk of money and
claims they would not miss the $30,000 a
year because half of it went to policing
the landfill. If an $8 million incinerator
is approved, it would increase the
life of the landfill from 6 to 20
years with the reduced volume of residue.
In 6 months Brisbane’s disposal site
(ironically, a bay site at South San
Francisco) will be exhausted.
61-1106
Cook, H. A., D. L. Cromwell, and H. A.
Wilson. Microorganisms in household
refuse and seepage water from sanitary
landfills. Proceedings of the West
Virginia Academy of Science, 39:107-114,
1967.
Studies were undertaken to isolate and
identify some of the microorganisms found
in seepage that often flows from sanitary
landfills and that may be involved in the
decomposition of household refuse in
sanitary landfills. Bacteria, actinoniycetes,
and filamentous fungi were isolated from
fresh and partially decomposed household
refuse and seepage, and identified. Most
of the bacteria were aerobic, mesophilic
308
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1103—1110
forms belonging to the genera Bacillus
and Lactobacillus and the anaerobic, to
Clostridium and Bacillus.
Enterobacteriaccee were isolated from
refuse and seepage. The mesophilic
actinomycete isolates from refuse
belonged to the genus Streptomyces as
did most of the isolates from seepage.
However, species of Micromonospora
and Nocardia were also found in seepage
as well as the thermophilic genus
Thermomonospora. The fungal isolates
were predominantly species of Asperigillus
and Penicillium and most of the algae
in seepage were species of Oscillatoria
and Chlorococcum. It was shown that
microbial differences exist between
sanitary landfill seepage before and
after it leaves the landfill. A number
of factors influence these differences,
chief among the factors probably being
the soluble materials in the leachate
which furnish inorganic elements to
the microflora as well as soluble organic
matter to the nomphotosynthetic
microorganisms.
67-1107
Counselling service guides landfill
development. Public Works, 98(2):136,
Feb. 1967.
Everett, Washington, employed the
counselling service of National Disposal
Service, Barrington, Illinois. Under the
contract, National Disposal made a land
survey of the disposal site, which was
an open burning dump, and a design
showing the projection of grades to be
attained by the completed landfill.
Other services performed included technical
assistance on equipment, plan for
conversion of the dump to a landfill system,
and methods of controlling receipts and
fees. For these services the city pays
a fee based on the total cubic yards
of refuse delivered to the site.
67-1108
County sued over landfill blast death.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(2):39,
Feb. 1967.
The wife of a man killed by an explosion
at a King County, Washington, landfill
is sueing the county for neglecting to
have an attendant inspect, control, or
supervise dumping operations.
67-1109
Dair, F. R. The effect of solid waste
landfills on ground water quality. In
Proceedings; Sixth Biennial Conference on
Ground Water Recharge, Development and
Management, Berkeley, Sept. 13-14, 1967.
University of California. p.l36-l40.
Ground water pollution due to solid
waste landfills has been the subject of
much investigation during the past two
decades in Southern California. The
studies have developed a wealth of
valuable information but have produced
few answers about better methods of
constructing or operating landfills.
The effect of solid waste landfills on
ground water is discussed in three cases.
The first case is one in which the wastes
are deposited at such a low level as to be
in direct contact with the ground water;
the ground water quality in the immediate
vicinity of the fill is substantially
degraded. The second case involves the
leaching of a landfill by percolating
water from either rainfall or irrigation
which subsequently travels further
downward to the ground water. Tests
indicate that leachate is not a serious
problem in a properly-constructed landfill
with controlled irrigation. The third
case is that of gas migrating from the
fill to the ground water. In general a
fill will produce methane and carbon
dioxide. It was found that carbon
dioxide will migrate for great distances,
both laterally and downward from a fill.
More research, aimed at producing
quantitative data and developing better
techniques of landfill construction,
needs to be done.
Fundamentals about sanitary
Staedtehygiene, 18(6):117-119,
A survey is presented of the historical
development of laws and regulations
concerning establishing and using
sanitary landfills. As early as 1894 a
handbook of hygiene was published
containing a chapter on public cleansing.
Roehrecke was the first to point out the
importance of the aerobic decomposition of
waste. The waste should be deposited in
loose layers not thicker than 2 m in order
to allow air to penetrate. The chemical
processes occurring in landfills were
investigated in Great Britain by Jones and
Owen in 1930 and in Germany by Thiesing
67-1110
Erhard, H.
landfills -
June 1967.
309
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Sanitary Landfill
and Naumann in 1935. For the rotting
process a humidity of 30 to 60 percent is
essential while a temperature of up to
80 C is necessary to destroy pathogenic
microorganisms. This temperature can
be generated by the rotting process
itself. Best results are obtained by
crushing the waste prior to deposition.
Sixteen references are given.
(Text-German)
67-1111
Evans, H. A new idea in landfill.
operation. American City, 82(3):114-115,
Mar. 1967.
King County, Washington, has enacted a
new system of landfill conservation on a
county-wide basis. A major obstacle
such a system will encounter is coordinating
the individual collectors. To facilitate
this problem King County purchased forty
flatbed trailers pulled by sixteen tractors,
and ninety containers (two per trailer)
with 42-cu-yd capacities. The refuse is
compacted in 15-ft trenches by a new Mole
tractor, which can compact the rubbish to
one-tenth of its original volume. The
Mole can also be equipped with a hopper with
a capacity of 84 cu yd (two containers).
The 15-ft trenches help conserve the
landfill areas, prevent scattering
of debris, and can easily be covered and
transformed into fruitful recreation or
park areas.
67-1112
Finding the best place to bury our past.
Testing World, (21):6-7, Winter 1967-1968.
Sanitary landfilling is a method of burying
solid wastes in vacant tracts which are
reclaimed for’other uses. Nationally,
500,000 tons of refuse are produced daily.
Open burning and dumping are sources of
air and water pollution and breed rodents
and insects. Incineration costs four
times as mmch as landfllling and residue
must still be disposed of. Composting is not
widely used. Thus, sanitary landfilling
seems the most acceptable and most widely
used method of disposal presently available.
A hillside or bank, flat land, and a hole
or ravine are suitable for sanitary
landfills. The site is investigated to find:
flow and elevation of the water table;
site topography; soil character and
permeability; bedrock depth; relationship
of surface water to the site; and location
and depth of wells in the area. Thus
air and water contamination can be
avoided and adequate drainage assured.
There should be enough earth in the area
to assure 5-in, daily cover and 2-ft final
cover. Seismic and resistivity instruments
are used to locate strata of clay, sand,
and gravel; only one boring is necessary
and this one need be only a sample
hand-auger boring, rather than a split spoon
or Shelby tube sample. To avoid fires,
rodents, and contamination, the refuse
should be thoroughly compacted. It Is
possible to find non-compacted areas by
calibrating the seismograph f or a given
type of material, then comparing the velocity
reading to the known density of that
material.
67-1113
Gershowitz, H. The National Council:
wins landfill exemption. Refuse Removal
Journal, lO(l0):50, Oct. 1967.
The struggle to change the Highway
Beautification Act of 1965, with
respect to sanitary landf tiling, hints
of success for the solid wastes industry.
The Senate Public Works Cotmnittee, at
the urging of NCRDTA, has secured an
exemption for operating sanitary landfill
in the implementation of the Highway
Beautification Act on the basis that
sanitary landfill cannot be economically
operated if classified as a junkyard.
The House Public Works Committee
(Subcommittee on Roads) also agrees that
sanitary landfill should be exempt,
and is seriously considering rewording
the legislation to define a sanitary
landfill as ‘a method of disposing of
refuse on land without creating nuisance
or hazards to public health or safety by
utilizing the principles of engineering
to confine the refuse to the smallest
practical area, to reduce it to the
smallest practical volume, and to cover
it with a layer of earth at the conclusion
of each day’s operation or at such more
frequent intervals as may be necessary.’
67-1114
Hattery, C. S. Get out of the dumps
and win friends and industry in the
process. American City, 82(6):fOO-1O1,
June 1967.
Sanitary landfills cost more in direct
operating costs, but are less expensive if
one considers side benefits of increased land
values and elimination of health hazards.
The Medina, Ohio, landfill uses the area
310
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1111—1119
fill method on the lower part and trench
method on the upper part. A 2-ft cover
of earth is put over a 6-ft layer of
compacted refuse. All bulky items are
buried as soon as unloaded to eliminate
scavenging and undesirable pests. Snow
fences control blowing paper. Residential
and commercial customers pay for collection.
When filled, the area will be a park.
Deep-hole method extends
American City, 82(3):17,
Lafayette, Indiana (pop. 67,230), has
recently enacted a sanitary landfill
conservation project called the ‘deep-hole
method’ of solid waste disposal. Formerly
unuseable lowlands are being revamped into
40-ft pits, six times the average depth
of sanitary landfills. Lafayette also
acquired the use of 1-lough H—bOA loader—
compactor with a 3 -cu-yd bucket, which
can compact twice the volume of refuse
per cubic yard than previously. At the
end of each day, the compacted refuse
is covered with 6 in. of fill dirt,
preventing the scattering of debris into
residential sections. When each lowland
area has been exhausted, Lafayette plans
to turn the land into a city recreation
area, extracting two useful purposes from
previous wasteland.
wheel dozer improves
Public Works,
Galveston, Texas, handles 700,000 cu yd
per year of wet garbage with a 30-acre
plot. For landfill compaction, Galveston
uses a rubber-tired tractor dozer, a
Michigan Model 180 Series III which has
four steel wheels mounted over the tires.
ALter refuse has been burned and metals
removed with an electromagnet, the dozer
makes no more than two passes over the
same spot. However, the flat bugs of the
steel wheels leave a rough surface in
sand that is open to moisture so a grid-type
roller might be more effective. In clay
this imprint would not matter.
67 1 117
Homes settle and crack on old fill.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(1):39, Jan. 1967.
Twelve row houses in Bronx, New York City,
are sinking into the swampy refuse fill on
which tFceywere built 7 ydars ago
because they were built on a landfill
too loosely packed and with insufficient
construction foundations.
67-1118
How to win friends and get a landfill site
approved. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(4):10, 37, Apr. 1967.
Private contractors in Saginaw, Michigan,
established a landfill after overcoming
opposition. Wilson Garbage wanted to buy
a 90-acre lot 11 miles off its routes. In
court he was given permission, but the
township appealed the case to a higher
court where the contractor was overruled.
However, Wilson trucks used the site anyway.
A warrant was issued and the case went
to circuit court where the Michigan State
Health Department chief engineer described
the reclamation value of landfills. Judges
said the township had the right to
prohibit landfills. Contractors and
township supervisors had a meeting. If
contractors could not get land for fills,
each municipality would have to find areas
of its own. The supervisors agreed to
contractor-owned fills.
67-1119
Keams, J. T. Ripper chews through
frozen clay. American City,
82(2):60, Feb. 1967.
The sanitary landfill principle is an
extremely efficient one, but ideal soil
conditions aren’t always available. Two
detriments tO the efficient operation of
sanitary landfills are cold weather and/or
hard soil. Champaign, Illinois, has largely
remedied their problems with the addition of
a bulldozer with ripper-type teeth attached
to the rear of the machine. The bulldozer
also uses a 14-ft, U-shaped blade on Its
front. The city is also aware of the
acute conservation problems concerning
sanitary landfills. Fifteen years ago,
Champaign sectioned 90 acres of land
about 2½ miles from the residential area,
of which 49 acres have yet to be touched.
This figure is far below the quoted land
requirement of 7 acres per year per
10,000 persons.
67-1115
Hernandez, G.
landfill use.
Mar. 1967.
67-1116
Hoiheuzer, 0. Steel
landfill compaction.
98(4):115, Apr. 1967.
311
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Sanitary Landfill
67-1120
Koch, A. S. Plans for 8,150 tons per
day at landfill. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(8):14, 21, Aug. 1967.
In 1953, Orange County, California,
banned refuse burning because it
contributed to air pollution. The
conclusion of a 1959 report was that the
sanitary landfill method of disposal,
utilizing the natural canyon formations in
the foothills bordering the county, would
be the most significant means of handling
ultimate refuse disposal requirements,
despite the fact that most people were
in the ‘long haul zone.’ It was
determined that a system of four refuse
transfer stations, located tn that zone,
could substantially reduce the cost of
haul. Refuse originating outside
Orange County, liquid, and industrial
waste are not accepted. The use of
transfer stations is limited to commercial
refuse collectors and municipal vehicles.
Refuse at the landfill is placed in lifts
approximately 15 ft in depth with crawler
tractors. The material is covered daily
with approximately 1 ft of dirt.
Self-propelled rubber-tired scrapers
are used to haul and apply the necessary
cover material. Their transfer stations
consist of ground level unloading docks.
Refuse is dumped from these docks through
hoppers into the transfer trailers, It
is spread and compacted by a Drott
Hydraulic Back Hoe, Of the 3,700 tons of
refuse disposed of daily at the county’s
landfill, 1,600 are hauled by the transfer
system. The remaining 2,100 tons are
unloaded by refuse contractors and the
public. Average costs per ton are:
Landfill--$O.60, Transfer--$2.10, Combined
average--$ 1.08.
67-1121
Landfill conversion attracts new industries
to Ohio town. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(9):82, Sept. 1967.
The City of Solon, Ohio, has attracted new
industry and lowered the tax rate since
it converted an open dump into a
self-supporting sanitary landfill area.
Engineering studies showed that the old
dump which consisted of a 1,000-ft open
face, would be completely covered in 5
years as a dump.. As a compacted sanitary
landfill area, the same area would serve
the community for the next 25 years. A
plan was therefore drawn up to convert the
entire 90-acre tract into a sanitary
landfill. The sanitary landfill currently
accepts between 500 and 600 loads per
month. They average about 10 cu yd per
load. The fill also accepts contractor-
collected refuse from Solon industries and
the entire waste load from certain nearby
communities. Private vehicles from Solon
are charged $4 to $10 per load up to
49 cu yd, while the nonresident rate
runs from $5 to $12. The entire operation
is paid for by dumping fees from industry
and nonresident users. The only cost to
the city is operating the packer for
residential pickup.
61-1122
Landfill to add 15 islands with 268 million
cubic yards. Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(10):32, Oct. 1967.
A landfill project is underway in Tokyo
to expand its port facilities. Fifteen
islands, with a total land area of 5,546
acres, are being built by utilizing more
than 268 million cu yd of fill. The
operation is to be completed by 1970,
with all the planned construction to be
finished by 1975. In two of the newly
created islands there has been sufficient
settlement to permit work to begin. The
finished development is to include a
railroad yard, a truck terminal able to
serve 6,000 vehicles and 12,000 tons of
goods a day, and harbor facilities for
47 ocean-going ships and 115 smaller
vessels to handle more than 72 million tons
of cargo per year. The seven main islands
of the project are to be linked by a
14-lane road connected to Tokyo’s network
of expressways. The total cost is
estimated at $300 million. Part of this
expense will be financed by the sale of the
reclaimed land. The average price has
been set at about $35 a sq yd.
67-1123
Making sanitary landfills sanitary.
Public Works, 98(5):7, May 1967.
Good operation of a landf ill is essentially
no more costly than poor operation. State
health departments should prepare a
handbook and provide site inspections
by sanitary engineers to reduce the
occurrence of air pollution and vermin.
67-1124
Mendoza, E.
its landfill.
May 1967.
*
San Diego extends life of
Western City, 43(5):49,
312
-------
1120—1128
Every city which operates landfills is
Interested in getting the maximum number
of years out of any such facility. A
Pactor Trashmaster Compactor with an
air-conditioned cab was placed into
operation at one of the three landfills and
has increased the degree of compaction.
The compactor is not as flexible as the
conventional crawler tractor, but it
fits into the overall operation with
planning. San Diego’s refuse disposal
effort includes the operation of three
landfills: the Miramar Fill, the
Chollas Fill, and the Arizona Fill. The
total cost for refuse disposal to the city
is $421,472 per yd or an overall refuse
disposal cost of $1.26 per ton. In
1966 to 1967, it is estimated that 60,000
tons of city refuse will be brought into
the Miramar Fill, with another 60,000
tons from other users.
67-1125
Merz, R. C., and R. Stone. Progress
report on study of percolation through
a landfill. Public Works, 98(12):86-87,
148, 150, Dec. 1967.
The effect of simulated rainfall in a
non-arid region with regard to rainfall
penetration on sanitary landfill operations
was studied e,cperimentally in Los Angeles,
California. Refuse placed in the cell
came from the city’s residents and
consisted of 65 percent paper, 25 percent
grass and garden trimmings, 5 percent
garbage, and 5 percent inerts. The cell
(as diagrammed) was formed by cutting into
undisturbed earth similar to decomposed
shale. Refuse was placed continually to
a depth of 19 ft, while water which was
consistent with the precipitation pattern
for Seattle in 1961 was added. A 2-ft
cover of earth was then set in position.
Moisture content readings of cell material
were taken by core samples at 2-ft depth
increments. In the 2-year period covered
by the research account, 130 in. of water
was applied (87 in. tap water, 43 in.
rainfall). This total also represents an
accidental additional 53 in. of water due
to massive, unintentional flooding.
Coring data revealed an average moisture
content of 115 percent on a dry weight basis
in August, 1966, and 89 percent in February,
1967. A general drying out of the cell
occurred during the time of the planned
program of water application.
67-1126
Mix sewage sludge with waste at landfill.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(3):30-31,
Mar. 1967.
The placing of sludge over the face of
tipped refuse restricted the amount of
airborne paper, fly emergence, and
interference by vandals in Preston,
England. The need for more economies
drew attention to the possibility of
disposal of raw liquid sludges directly
into the refuse. In September, 1965,
it was decided to create profiles and
raise land levels by the tipping of
refuse and, by the use of the flood
bank, to create a pit into which raw
sludges could be pumped for a trial
disposal scheme.
More planning needed for refuse disposal.
Public Cleansing, 57(5):271276,
May 1967.
At a joint meeting of the Midland Centre
of the Institute and the East Midlands
Centre of the Association of Public
Health Inspectors, Mr. J. Henry Barrett
spoke on refuse disposal by tipping.
The following main requirements were
indicated: need for coordinated action; need
to set up a coordinating committee
to analyse the problem; carry out a
detailed survey to assess potentialities
of certain areas; preparation of
master tipping plan; preparation of
master plan for land reclamation; and
implementation of the master plan in
accordance with a preconceived program.
In answer to questions during the
discussion period, Mr. Barrett said he was
not happy about the tipping of great heaps
of refuse; tlppingwas less expensive
than incineration; vegetation should be
planted on the tip as soon as possible;
and surveys should be carried out for
best results for future tip areas.
67-1128
Mounts campaign to counter disposal
objections. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(8):24, 43, Aug. 1967.
The City Council of Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, intends to acquire four sanitary
landfill areas, one in each corner of the
city. Citizens raised the following
objections: refuse trucks are
unwelcome; dumps become feeding
67-1127
313
-------
Sanitary Landfill
grounds for flies; smell of refuse
can’t be controlled after hours; and
landfill sites could contaminate nearby
wells. The City council says sanitary
landfill sites: result in huge
savings because it’s cheaper to bury than
burn refuse; allow closing of an
incinerator, a cause of air pollution;
and convert old excavation sites and
depressions into useable property. The
landfill method costs 73 cents a ton
while incineration costs $2.80 a ton plus
a further $1 a ton for amortization of
the plant. Of the total refuse in that
year, 66,266 tons were incombustible
and could not be put into the incinerator.
City Hall has promised that all landfill
sites will be enclosed by fences. No
refuse will be left uncovered at night
in the present landfill sites. Waste will
be dumped into huge trenches, packed down
with a tractor and then covered with a
film of soil. Present sites will be
exhausted in 3 years.
67 1129
Park mountain from dump. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(1):37, Jan. 1967.
West Berlin is turning ‘Devil’s Hill,’
a 350-ft-high refuse dump, into a park.
67-1130
Recommended standards for sanitary
landfills. New Mexico Department of
Public Health, Apr. 1967. 8 p.
The design of a proposed sanitary landfill
should include a topographic map, and
plans should show all irrigation systems,
domestic water wells, and buildings on or
within 300 ft of the exterior boundary
of the site. The landfill should be
limited to aeas where there will be no
danger of water pollution. Adequate
numbers, types, and sizes of equipment
should be specified for the operating of
the landfill, including fuel storage
facilities. All weather access roads,
telephone communication, and fire
protection must be provided. A suitable
shelter and sanitary facility is needed
for personnel working at the site. Access
to the sanitary landfill should be limited
to those times when an attendant is on
duty. A sign should be conspicuously
posted at the entrance to the disposal site,
indicating pertinent information concerning
operation. Unloading of refuse is confined
to an area which will be covered at the
close of the day. At least 6 in. of
cover material nmst be added daily and
whenever a cell contains 8 ft or less of
compacted fill it must be covered with a
minimum of 2 ft of compacted soil. When
a cell contains over 8 ft of compacted
fill, it should be covered with a minimum
of 3 ft of compacted soil. A fence must
surround the site and suitable dust and
rodent control measures taken. Sewage
solids and hazardous materials should
be disposed of only after special permits
have been Issued. A separate unloading
area may be used for bulky wastes. No
salvage material may be separated or
stored at the site.
67-1131
Ross, C. B. Economics and aesthetics of
1 ew Jersey landfill reviewed. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(12):22, Dec. 1967.
When Neptune Township opened New Jersey’s
first sanitary landfill on Jan. 2,
1952, it took some diplomacy to still
the clamor of residents and to convince
Township committeemen to put up capital
appropriations. Now the site is a
valuable piece of reclaimed land, with
a new municipal building, a new public
works garage, and a playground and
ballfield for the high school.
Benefits have been multifold. Gone is
a swampy, rat-infested, mosquito—breeding,
valueless piece of real estate.
Taxpayers have benefited by having
available an inexpensive fill site.
Contracts from six or seven shore communities
were originally made at $1 a ton, so the
community realized several thousand
dollars in users fees annually. users
now pay $2.75 a ton. Today, 60 vehicles
a day bring In an average of 128 tons
of refuse, which Is soon covered with
soil. Other communities have followed
Neptune’s example, with Elizabeth, Mount
Holly, Little Ferry, and Lyndhurst
among them.
67-1132
Ross, C. B. Landfills transform eyesores
into productive community assets. Public
Health News, 48(9):201-202, Sept. 1967.
New Jersey’s first sanitary landfill was
opened in 1952, a swamp land pesthole site
filled in with garbage, trash, and
inorganic and organic wastes. Today,
the reclaimed 50 acres are used for
playground and bailfield, a municipal
building, and a public works garage.
It has been a paying proposition. The
charge to neighboring communities who
use the landfill, initially $1 a ton,
314
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1129—1135
is now $2.75 a ton; 60 trucks a day bring
in an average of 128 tons of refuse and
trash. Ten-ton bulldozers cover the
waste with soil, burying it in a sanitary
manner. Communities all over New Jersey
are turning to sanitary landfills to
dispose of garbage, dry trash, and
noncoinbustible rubbish. The results have
been a profitable utilization of
marginal land and construction of new
public parks, airports, parking lots,
golf courses, and shopping centers. About
12,600 tons of household garbage and
refuse are disposed of daily at 417
landfills, plus 7,500 tons of commercial
and Industrial refuse from New York City
and Philadelphia. Out of a total of
38 incinerators constructed by
municipalities, only nine are operational
today, and most of these are inadequate
to handle the refuse produced locally.
67.1133
Sanitary landfill; big decision for small
towns. Nation’s Cities, 5(2):15-17,
Feb. 1967.
The collection and disposal of garbage,
refuse, and junk is an increasing problem,
since more than half of all American cities
with populations over 2,500 do not have
nuisance-free, sanitary facilities for
the disposal of solid wastes. Among the
alternatives to open dumping and open
burning, sanitary landf tiling and
incineration are the most common, although
the cost of incineration Is often
prohibitive for a small town. There
are now 1,400 cities in the United States
using sanitary landfills, having been
attracted to their use by the low cost,
the reduction in rodent and vermin
breeding, the acceptance of most solid
waste except bulky trash, raw sewage
sludge, and garbage. The covering
of the compacted refuse with a layer
of earth at least once a day avoids the
serious health threats represented by
open burning and dumping. Photographs
show the nuisance created by open burning
of trash, the variety of disposable
containers, the growth of automobile
graveyards, and the results of weakly
enforced laws. The Public Health
Service has a program to assist local,
state, and private agencies in the
improvement of disposal practices for
solid wastes. The Public Health Service
is also investigating the feasibility
of converting wastes into a landfill
material which will not decay and will
have one tenth of the original volume.
The use of sanitary landfill offers
promise to the small community.
67-1134
Self-supporting landfill helps attract
industry. Public Works, 98(3):116,
Mar. 1967.
Engineering studies showed that a 90-acre
area would be completely covered if used
as a dump as it had been, but as a
compacted sanitary landfill it could
serve Solon, Ohio, for 25 years. The
landfill accepts 500 to 600 loads of 10
cu yd each per month. The entire
operation is paid for by dumping fees
from industry and nonresident users,
thereby lowering the tax rate and
attracting industries.
67-1135
Stickelberger, 0. Thoughts on problems
with bulky wastes and sanitary landfills.
Staedtehygiene, 18(6):130-133, June 1967.
Sanitary landfill is oy far the least
expensive of all waste disposal methods.
Its costs are approxir ately between 38
cents and $1.30 per ton of waste while
composting ranges between $4.20 and $8
per ton of waste and incineration between
$7 and $9 per ton of waste. Sixty-five
percent of all U.S. cities with a population
of more than 10,000 resort to dumping. In
West Germany 97 percent of the entire waste
is dumped into landfills. But the problem
is that In most cases the sanitary landfills
are not sanitary at all. They attract
flies in masses, are highly flammable because
of an increasing amount of paper and
packing material among the waste, and
spread pungent odors. All these nuisances
can be eliminated rather inexpensively
by crushing the waste and loosely piling
it up. This simple method does not take
care of bulky wastes, however. En this
case a method is recommended by which
the smaller waste is crushed in a slowly
rotating drum which at the same time
separates the homogenized waste from the
coarser waste. The bulky waste is spread
out in a layer which is subsequently
covered by the crushed waste. A power
shovel is necessary for spreading,
compacting, and covering the waste layers.
The costs of this method of orderly dumping
lie between $1 and $2.80, which is between
dumping and composting. (Text-German)
315
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Sanitary Landfill
67-1136
Suburb attempts to halt San Francisco
landfill project. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(1):6-8, Jan. 1967.
Brisbane set up roadblocks to prevent
San Francisco refuse trucks from
unloading into the new landfill. Brisbane
had initially approved the site but
later sought to revoke the land use
permit. Sanitary Fill Company had
diked off 105 acres, drained it, planted
trees and built fences. The ‘Brisbane
Citizens for Civic Progress’, ‘doesn’t
want the Bay to become a dump site’. The
Bay Conservation and Development Commission
recommends that San Francisco develop a
transfer refuse disposal system to transport
waste to inland sites and halt filling
in the Bay. Since the battle began,
Brisbane has had to tighten its budget
and double the tax rate not only because
of loss of the monthly dumping fee but
also because of lawyers’ fees and court
costs.
67-1137
Summers, Gary 0. Landfill method of
solid waste disposal. In Proceedings;
Solid Waste in Urban Environments-—a
Community Action Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9,
1967. University of Houston. p.59-61.
A sanitary landfill is well adapted for
small cities that wish to cope with
sanitation and pollution problems and
find the financing of an incinerator
difficult. In Bellaire, Texas,
75 acres were acquired at a cost of
$50,000, 7 miles from the city limits.
Beflaire has’ a population of
20,000 people and is completely surrounded
by the City of Houston. The land on which
the landfill is located is almost flat and
has only a few feet of slope from the front
side to the back. Since the ditches are
not allowed to drain into the bayou, a
pumping problem ensues. About 2 acres
of land per year are used to bury all of
the solid waste, including garbage, limbs,
and other bulky items. An incinerator,
built on the landfill site, would reduce
the volume of waste and the remaining
land would last for more than 100 years
instead of 20 years. The cost of
picking up the garbage and hauling it
to the landfill equals approximately $4
per capita per year. The operation of
the landfill equals approximately $1
per capita per year. A leased dragline
digs long ditches 30 ft wide and about
8 ft deep. The trucks dump their loads
at the end of the day, the bulldozer hauls
dirt which has been dug from the ditches,
and places a 4-in, layer as a cover. When
the ditch is finally filled, it is covered
with a 3—ft layer of dirt. The landfill
has been used as a recreational area.
67-1138
Tip talk at N. W. meeting.
57(6):309-312, June 1967.
At the North Western Centre meeting Mr.
Fearenside presented a paper entitled
‘Controlled Tipping - How Can It Continue?’
He said that it was time to think of new
methods of refuse disposal. With an annual
decrease in dust and cinder of 8.66
percent and an increase in paper and
vegetable matter of 5.13 percent, crude
refuse could not be tipped in a hygienic
matter with no covering. Pre-treatment
was the answer. Since incineration with
special treatment apparatus was expensive
and only 20 percent of the refuse was
suitable for composting, pulverization was
the answer, Pulverization resulted in
volumetric reduction between 30 and 50
percent. Generally there was sufficient
derelict land for tipping. During the
discussion which followed, Mr. Jolly
(Leigh) said he believed that full
incineration would be more farsighted.
Also in favor of incineration were Mr.
Whitfield (Warrington), Mr. Sutcliffe
(Bury), and Mr. Bevan (Manchester).
61-1139
Tipping of crude refuse no longer
Centre recommendation.
Public Cleansing, 57(11):60g-611, Nov.
1967.
The proceedings at an open meeting of
the Midland Centre at Birmingham,
England, on September 15, 1967, which
considered evidence to be submitted
to the General Council of the Institute
for consideration by the Working Party
Report on Refuse Disposal, were reported.
It was generally agreed that dumping of
crude house refuse is no longer acceptable.
All such refuse should be mechanically
treated before being dumped. Incineration,
pulverization, costs of various methods
of disposal, and waste heat utilization
were among the topics discussed by the
speakers.
Public Cleansing,
316
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1136—1143
67-1140
Vote on California landfill. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(1O):12,40, Oct. 1967.
Litigations concerning a 105-acre
disposal site developed by the Sanitary
Fill Company and located near Brisbane,
California, are described. The Company
purchased the acreage from the town,
developed it, and was granted a use permit
and contract. Under it, Sanitary Fill
paid the town of Brisbane $50,000 and
consented to a $2,500 monthly fee for
the life of the site. A group of Brisbane
residents fought this move and in early
1965 forced a special election to pass
an ordinance disallowing filling. That
September, an initiative ordinance
forbidding dumping went into effect. The
Brisbane council also rezoned the area,
so as to preclude refuse disposal and
rescinded the use and grading permit that
was previously approved. Sanitary Fill
questioned these moves in court and in the
ensuing court test the San Mateo County
Superior Court ruled in Brisbane’s favor.
The Company then filed an appeal with
the State District Court of Appeals in
San Francisco. This court granted
another stay, pending its hearing on the
case. Meanwhile a group of Brisbane
residents filed a petition calling for
a referendum to decide the fate of the
company’s offer to pay the City of Brisbane
$100,000 yearly to use the refuse disposal
site. The election will be held on Oct. 17,
1967.
STREET CLEANING
67-1141
Burnett, B., J. Mynderse, and S. Jacklich.
Street cleaning practices today. In
Proceedings; Fifth Annual Seminar and
Equipment Show, Governmental Refuse
Collection and Disposal Association,
San Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967. p. 90 - 92 .
Street cleaning in Bakersfield and Newport
Beach, California, is described. Bakersfield
has 200 miles of streets and a crew of
five sweepers. Streets are cleaned according
to a system based on traffic count. A
special leaf operation is employed from
October to January to handle about 800
tons of leaves. The main problem in
Newport Beach, a city of 40,000 people
with 250,000 summer visitors, is sweeping
around parked cars.
67-1142
Clark, 0. 1. 16 years of sweeping at
$1.26 per mile. American City, 82(2):57,
Feb. 1967.
The Town of St. Jcthnsbury, Vermont, pays
about $1.26 per curb mile to clean its
streets. Tabulated data detail ownership
costs, assuming a 10 percent resale value,
and all operating costs. The town
purchased a Model 40 Austin-Western
sweeper in February 1949, and has since
swept 17,500 curb miles over 16 years.
Total repair and replacement costs have
amounted to less than $1,000, or about
$62 a season. This economical performance
is attributed in part to the conveyorless
design of the machine- -the pickup (rear)
broom carries dirt and debris over a
deflector bar arrangement directly into
the hopper. Other helpful features include
the tricycle steer and the location
of the hopper behind the driver.
An intensive spring clean-up in April
covers about 78 miles of streets. During
the summertime schedules, the crews cover
about 60 curb miles per week for a total
of 1,020 curb miles over the 17-week season.
67-1143
Dietrich, H. Street cleaning in
municipalities of Baden-Wuerttemberg,
West Germany- -a comparative investigation
for the year 1965. Staedtehygiene,
18(10):231-234, Oct. 1967.
Due to the lack of competition, Street
cleaning tends to become inefficient
uneconomic, and cumbersome. Comparative
investigations were conducted in 1965 in
19 Baden—Wuerttemberg municipalities.
They were divided into two groups: those
with a population of less than 70,000 and
the rest. The cost calculations of all
cities with a population of more than
70,000, and of a representative cross
section of the rest, are tabulated. The
results show that the per capita costs
for street cleaning in the individual
municipalities with a population of more
than 70,000 range from 5.6 DN to 13.3 DM;
in municipalities with less than 70,000
inhabitants, between 6.2 DM and 15.4 DM.
The lower per capita costs in the larger
municipalities indicate that a more
mechanized cleaning method with less
personnel is employed. However, only a
very carefully planned schedule for the
use of sweepers is economical. in three
tables the sweeping costs per kilometer
317
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Street Cleaning
(ranging between 5.7 and 21 DM) and per
hour (ranging between 15.50 DM and 33
t I) for small sweeping machines, as well
as the costs per hour for street cleaning
trucks below 3 tons (costs ranging
between 2.7 and 19.63 rr4) and above 3 tons
(costs ranging between 3.47 and 12.70
DM), are listed for the various participating
municipalities. The tables indicate that
in iaost cases too many and too large
vehicles are used. Standardization, and
the use of small, maneuverable, fast
vehicles must be the aim. (Text-German)
67-1144
Edeihoff, G. D. Private enterprise and
the problems of city cleaning.
Staedtehygiene, l8(6):133-.135, June 1967.
Following the last war, a trend was begun in
which municipalities contracted private
businesses to take care of city cleansing.
Formerly, communities with populations of
less than 15,000 were the most apt to follow
this trend. Now, however, communities with
up to 50,000 or 60,000 inhabitants are
discontinuing public cleansing services.
The primary reason for this development is
the fact that private enterprises can expand
their activities to surrounding communities,
thereby increasing their efficiency and
reducing overhead charges. Furthermore,
private businesses pay taxes to the communities.
Thus the use of private versus public
services for city cleansing generally results
in savings of about 25 percent for domestic
wastes handling, 50 percent for industrial
wastes handling, and 50 percent for sewage
sludge removal. (Text—German)
67-1145
Hahn, R. E. Low-cost Leaf collection
without special equipment. American
City, 82(4):54, Apr. 1967.
West Allis, Wisconsin, which has about
160 miles of streets with two—thirds of these
dominated by towering elms, has solved
its leaf—collection problem by the use of
two steel ramps attached to three
packer—type refuse collection trucks.
After jeeps with rakes push the leaves
into piles, the ramp is attached to the
truck by two easily-removed pins and the
rear end is raised for transport by
chains attached to the packing arms.
The truck parks near the pile and the jeep
pushes the leaves up the ramp into the
hopper. The truck driver operates the
packing mechanism and one or two helpers
clean up the ragged edges of the pile.
When the truck is loaded, the men detach
the ramp and connect it to the next truck.
During an average haul of one mile, three
refuse trucks can keep two loading crews
busy. Loading with a vacuum unit or
front end loader was not as efficient and
caused dust problems.
67-1146
Hart, C. J. Collect twice the leaves with
the sane crew. American City, 82(4):116-117,
Apr. 1967.
Massapequs Park, Long Island, New York,
is using a new machine consisting of two
of their older Good Road leaf collectors
on a single axle chassis. Mounted engines
are perpendicular to the trailer axle, not
parallel. This puts the fan in front,
providing better balance. A 6—ft—wide
nozzle is connected to the fans. The
hitch is longer than usual to provide
more working space for leaf rakers between
the tow truck and the leaf collector.
The eye of the hitch lines up with the left
side of the machine rather than with the center.
Two new boxes to receive leaves were
constructed of angle iron and plywood.
Cloth over the opening prevents dust from
blowing into the Street and over the rakers.
The boxes can be dismantled for easy
storage. The new machine requires no
nozzle man. A triangular deflection shoe
was installed in the center of the nozzle
to deflect leaves to the ports. A flail-type
muicher will be added in the nozzle to
pulverize the leaves before they are blown
into the receiving box. This will increase
the load.
67.1147
Job-matched sweepers for the freeways.
American City, 82(7):13, July 1967.
California has recently added some
Wayne four-wheel sweepers to supplement
its three-wheel fleet. The advantage of
the fourwheel Model 940 is that it can
operate at 45 mph, while the top speed of
the three-wheelers is 20 to 25 mph.
However, the three-wheeled units have
the advantage of maneuverability.
Therefore an intelligent matching of these
two units to the task to be performed
improves the standard of maintenance,
saves money and reduces the hazard to
traffic.
318
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1144— 1153
67-1148
Kohn, R. E. Leaf burning. Scientist
and Cicizen, 9(4):1—5, Apr. 1967.
Clayton, Missouri, a St. Louis suburb
was chosen as the subject city for a
benefit/cost analysis of leaf-burning. Five
aspects were evaluated: the benefits of
avoiding pollution; the benefits of
avoiding other leaf-burning hazards;
the cost of controlling leaf-burning; the
possible recovery of by-products; and the
effects that leaf-mulching will have on
this control cost. The benefits and costs
were computed separately. Results showed
that benefits derived from not burning
leaves totaled $22.50 per ton. Leaves
could be collected and disposed of for
$6.60 per ton. The benefit/cost ratio
for eliminating leaf-burning pollution
is approximately 3:4. Also, collected
leaves may be utilized for mulch. Thus,
municipal leaf collection can result in
economic gains for both homeowners and
municipalities since leaves like other
waste products can be converted into
a useful resource.
67-1149
Large power sweeper. Modern Maintenance
Management, 19(3):34, Mar. 1967.
A hydraulic-drive, heavy-duty sweeper
can pick up cans, bottles, wood, paper, and
metal up to 3 in. in diameter. A broom
sweeps the debris. The doors of the
hopper open hydraulically for dumping. It
is virtually maintenance free.
61-1150
Leaf collection: growing public works
problem. Public Works, 98(7):95-9B, July
1967.
In a survey by the editors of ‘Public Works,’
a number of northern New Jersey communities
were queried on the size and nature of leaf
removal programs. Questionnaires were sent
to cities or boroughs with a population of
10,000 to 50,000, and replies were received
from 56 public works departments, 36 of which
now carry out leaf collection programs of
some sort. The tabulated data show the name
of the community; its population; number of
sweepers, end loaders, vacuum loaders, dump
trucks, and larger trucks used; curb miles
serviced; cubic yards collected; personnel;
manhours; and cost. As an example of a
good program, the leaf collection program
of Ridgewood, with a population of 30,000, is
detailed. Last year 28,000 cu yd of leaves
were collected from 190 curb miles of streets
at a labor cost of $14,900. Problems in leaf
collection include concealment of heavy
objects under the leaves, bad weather
conditions, and disposal of the leaves.
The survey showed that many communities
intend to institute municipal leaf
collection.
67-1151
Leaf collection and disposal is another
problem. Public Works, 98(5):7, May 1967.
Officials are trying to reduce air pollution
by prohibiting burning leaves. Other
means for collection and disposal must be
provided. Fall rains and winds can upset
schedules and overflow gutters. The
volume of leaves is great and many dumping
areas are already filled. Composting is
helpful in some cases but not in many.
67- 1152
Leaf vacuum teams with refuse packer
truck. American City, 82(3):55, Mar. 1967.
Albuquerque, New Mexico, has hitched a
leaf vacuum machine to a 2-ton refuse
packer truck to facilitate removal of
leaves from streets and alleys. Use of
the packer permits the loading of 1¼ tons
of leaves before a trip must be made to
the sanitary landfill area to unload. The
packer system allows a load five times heavier
than the load obtained with an open truck.
The city plans to adapt its other two
vacuum machines to packer rigs to speed
the leaf-season cleanup.
67-1153
A litter fighter goes to work on Belleville
streets. Civic Administration, l9(2):33,
Dec. 1967.
A $400 vacuum cleaner equipped with a
30-in, cleaning width, 4-in, intake, and a
3-hp engine can even pick up cigarette butts
and dust from Belleville, Ontario, streets.
The machine has a 11½-cu-ft capacity.
Contents are dumped imto seven new trash
cans which are emptied regularly.
319
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Street Cleaning
67-1154
London Centre at Dorking and Honey. Public
Cleansing, 57(5):247-248, May 1967.
The emphasis at the meeting of the London
Centre held at Dorking and Honey was on
the production of Johnston Bros. tanks used
in connection with their suction sweepers
and also for the Johnston Atumat high
pressure sewer cleaner. Members had the
opportunity to view the asphalt plant
and drawing offices, and to discuss
technical aspects of the machines. They
also saw a special rubber conveyor used
at the base of specially constructed hoppers
in chutes in multi-story dwellings. The
members also saw the Tollemache refuse
disposal plant at work with special. interest
to the interior of the pulverizer.
67-1155
Magnetic sweepers for safe driving.
American City, 82(3):55, Mar. 1967.
The New Jersey Turnpike Authority has
tested magnetic sweepers to improve
safety on the highway. Trucks tow the
sweepers at 10 to 15 mph to collect metal
debris from the shoulders and center strip.
To remove the collected tramp iron, which
consists mostly of nails and bolts, from
the sweeper, the driver merely turns off
the current and It is deposited on the
ground.
61-1156
Medal for the beauty and cleanliness of
city areas.’ Staedtehygiene, 18(4):94,
Apr. 1967.
The city of Freiburg, 1 est Germany, plans
to grant a medal of honor to land and house
owners for keeping their premises clean
and for beautifying their houses by freshly
painting them and decorating then with
flowers. The city fathers hope that this
competition will contribute to clearing
the city from ugly wastes along pedestrian
walks and streets, (Text-German)
67-1157
Molinani, P. Street cleansing: problems
of Street cleansing in relation to traffic
and parked automobiles, problems of snow
clearing in towns. In Proceedings; INTAPUC
Ninth International Conference, Paris,
June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing.
p.183-22 3 .
Several European and North American cities
and one North African city were studied,
and results are presented in tabular form
and discussed. Quantity and type of
litter are given and preventative
measures are discussed. Cleaning frequency
and time of cleaning in various cities is
given, labor force and mechanical
equipment are described. The influence
of traffic conditions on cleaning,
parking regulations in various cities,
and parking plans to allow mechanized
cleaning are discussed. Snow and ice
clearance is also covered. Losses in
revenues due to snow, and costs of snow
removal, snow removal equipment and labor
force are given for several cities.
Photographs of cleaning equipment are
included.
67-1158
Molinari, P. Summary of national
reports on street cleansing. In
Proceedings; IINTAPUC Ninth
International Conference, Paris,
June 26-30, 1967. International
Association of Public Cleansing.
p. 225 -2 77
Reports from various countries on street
cleaning are given. The reports contain
statistics on traffic patterns, parking
regulations, vehicle density, and information
on street cleaning equipment and procedures.
Information on snow removal is included.
These reports form the basis of the preceding
article ‘Street Cleansing:- Problems of
Street Cleansing in Relation to Traffic and
Parked Automobiles, Problems of Snow Clearing
in Towns’ by P. Molinari. Countries
included are Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Great
Britain, Italy (Bologna), Norway, Poland,
Sweden, Tunisia, and the United States.
67-1159
one expensive
American City,
Improved Street cleaning operations in
Baltimore are described. Addition of nine
Moore, E. Eliminated:
rehandling operation.
82(8):76-77, July 1967.
320
-------
1154—1164
Wayne 940 four-wheel sweepers has provided
better clean-up at reduced cost. These
sweepers clean the streets and haul the
debris directly to the landfills, thereby
eliminating an expensive rehandling
operation that required several trucks
to haul the debris to the disposal areas.
These sweepers also clean debris deposited
after rainstorms in gutters and intersections,
and median strips are cleaned for the first
time mechanically. Prohibition of parking
on both sides of the street in many areas
during the early morning hours, has
facilitated curb cleaning. While street
cleaning has expanded with the advent of
these nine additional sweepers, the number
of employees in the bureau has remained
constant. This has been accomplished
by tightening refuse collection routes
and by the use of eight new Ford dump
trucks with Daybrook mechanical tailgate
lifts requiring only three men, for the
collection of heavy objects.
67-1160
New sweeper much improved. Public Cleansing,
57(11):598, Nov. 1967.
The Mark III version of the KEF 936
driver-operated sweeping machine is
now available. Minor modifications have
been made throughout to ensure that this
new sweeper will give better service and
need less maintenance. Its main
improvement over earlier models is an
easily removable main broom assembly,
making brush replacement fast and simple.
A cover on one side is quickly removed,
allowing the brush assembly to slide out.
The twelve removable brush strips can be
changed as required, and the whole
assembly replaced. The new machine has a
full electrical harness and many optional
extras can now be fitted to the Mark III
sweeper, including an all-weather cab,
flashing warning light, and halfton
refuse trailer. The power source can be
a gasoline, diesel, or propane motor, as
required.
67-1161
Organization of private city cleaning
companies. Staedtehygiene, 18(12):294,
Dec. 1967.
An organization of private city cleaning
companies was founded in September 1961.
The member companies of the organization
try to fulfill their share in the task
of keeping the cities clean. They make
every effort to adjust their methods to
the increasing demands. They own more than
a thousand street sweepers and take care
of the waste of about 15 million people.
Private companies are in charge of
eliminating 20 million cu in of wastes of the
total 50 million cu m accumulating annually.
The 20 million cu ci of waste are made up
of 5 million Cu m of household waste,
10 million cu m of industrial waste and
5 million cu m of sludge. (Text-German)
67- 1162
Over the ton on the footpath. Public
Cleansing, 57(1):19-20, Jan. 1967.
Mechanical equipment used f or street
cleansing and clearing on footpaths may
exceed the 1-ton limit in certain
areas, providing area Gas Boards are
consulted if their pipes lie beneath the
footpath and the use of heavier
equipment is unlikely to cause damage to
the pipes.
67-1163
Pole promotes clean-up.
82(5):44, May 1967.
American City,
Since wind would whip up trash out of the
mouths of drums, the City Manager of
San Dimas, California, purchased aluminum
receptacles to hang from street poles for
smaller objects. Their only maintenance
is a bi nionthly washing.
67-1164
Street cleaning operations in Kenosha.
Public Works, 98(7):140, July 1967.
Street cleaning operations in Kenosha,
Wisconsin, are described. The city
utilizes four mechanical sweepers,
one truck, and one front-end loader to
sweep its 14,395 miles of streets. The
sweepers clean the two commerical routes
daily and the 18 residential routes
about once a week; 3,010 sweeper dumps
containing 10,530 cu yd of dirt were
disposed of by the pickup crew. A
Vac-All scavenger was used to pick up
leaves during the fall season and for
spring clean—up. Two jeeps equipped
with pusher screens were used to pile
leaves in the fall.
321
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Street Cleaning
67 1 165
Swets, D. H. Sweeping costs reduced
12%. American City, 82(6):24, June 1967.
Diesel-engine Street sweepers that can
dump their loads directly into truck
boxes have cut the curb-mile cost of
street cleaning in Kalamazoo, Michigan,
by 12 percent. Two of the city’s four
sweepers are Elgin Pelicans powered by
GM 4-53 diesel engines. When the hoppers of
these units become full, the operators
rendezvous with a dump truck and load the
debris directly into the truck box.
This eliminates the need for a front-end
loader or a self-loader on the truck.
Even though the diesel engines cost more
initially, the differential in fuel costs
pays for the extra initial outlay in a
short time.
67-1166
Task force picks up tons of street debris
while city sleeps. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(1):37, Jan. 1967.
Each night eighty-five men in Los Angeles
clean up 1,300 tons of paper, plastic bags,
and rubber dust ground from autos, Equipment
includes 26 motor sweepers, 14 motor
flushers, and 13 dump trucks.
TRAINING, EDUCATION,
AND PUBLIC RELATIONS
67-1167
Announce 1967’s first eight grants and
program budget. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(6):31, June 1967.
The first eight P.li.S. solid waste grants
of 1967 have been awarded: Baltimore,
Maryland,--$28,600, to convert a strip mine
into a landfill; Virginia Beach, Virginia,
--$120,200, 3o make an amphitheater,
coasting hill, and lake from a landfill;
$28,000 to set up a county-wide system in
Maricopa County, Arizona; $66,330 to Los
Angeles County, California, for development
of guidelines for landfill operation;
Bridgeport, Connecticut,--$181,600, for new
techniques in incineration; San Jose and
Santa Clara County, California,--$85,000, for
separation of non-burnables and grinding
and crushing of burnables before
incineration; and Raleigh, North Carolina,--
$27,800, for use of computers in selecting
a solid waste management system.
61-1168
Build first lab for solid waste study.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(2):36, Feb. 1967.
The first field laboratory for research
on solid waste pollution control will be
built at the University of Cincinnati.
67.1169
Drexel gets grant to study solid waste
disposal pollution. APWA Reporter,
34(1O):20, 21, Oct. 1967.
The U.S. Public Health Service has
awarded a $68,900 grant to Drexel Institute
of Technology as the first year cost
of a 3—year research project aimed at
reducing water pollution caused by solid
waste disposal in the heavily populated
areas from New York City to Washington,
D.C. The water pollution research will
involve both laboratory and field studies,
and initial work will deal with the
character and rate of pollutants going Into
underlying soil and rock. To facilitate
these studies, two tanks are being built to
hold artificial landfills in the Drexel
laboratories. These will be used to
simulate conditions at the center of a
large sanitary landfill. Wind, temperature,
and rainfall will be induced artificially
at the tops of the tanks, and instruments
will monitor temperature change, the
formation of gases, moisture movements,
and other conditions inside. A 100-ft
square section on one corner of a landfill
to be built in southeastern Pennsylvania
will be isolated for the field research
study. Changing temperature conditions
within the fill will be recorded, and soil,
gases, and water from wells to be installed
in the area will be sampled and analyzed.
Data obtained will be used in designing
a mathematical model, using a digital
computer to provide solutions to equations
expressing the hydraulic functioning
of sanitary landfills. Success in this
aspect of the research will make it
possible for engineers to predict the
movement of moisture through fills in
advance of construction.
67-1170
The education of engineers in environmental
health. Report of a WHO expert committee.
World Health Organization Technical Report
Series, No.376:1—26, 1967.
A report of the meeting of a WHO Expert
Committee on the Education of Engineers
In Environmental Health in Geneva on July
4-10, 1967, is presented. The changing
scope of environmental health and the
part it plays in social and economic
development, as well as the many unresolved
and new techniques, such as information
sciences and system concepts, were
emphasized. The training and education
of environmental engineers and the impact
of research on education were discussed.
322
-------
1165—1176
The problems and requirements of educational
health engineers were noted. The report
concludes with a list of recommendations
for a long-range, comprehensive educational
program for environmental health engineers.
67-1171
Establish first field laboratory for
solid waste research. APWA Reporter,
34(4):6, Apr. 1967.
The Solid Wastes Field Laboratory which
was established under a 5—year land—use
permit at the University of Cincinnati will
operate as a research facility. Its aim
is to eliminate health hazards due to
solid wastes. The land-use agreement
will permit the Public Health Service
to construct roads and buildings and to
conduct research on: the control of air
pollution from solid waste incineration;
the design and operation of sanitary
landfills; and other problems related to
the protection of human health and
environment from solid waste contamination.
67-1172
New field laboratory for solid-waste
research. American City, 82(4):45,
Apr. 1967.
The Public Health Service will construct
the first field laboratory on solid waste
pollution abatement. The laboratory, which
will be on the University of Cincinnati
campus, will study: air pollution from
incinerators, refuse deterioration in the
environment, sanitary landfills, and control
of ground and surface water pollution.
67-1173
New refuse-disposal study. American City,
82(1):42, Jan. 1967.
The U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare awarded a $154,000 contract
to evaluate solid waste disposal practices
in 21 States and to estimate the amount of
solid-waste reduction facilities required for
the next decade.
67-1174
New research projects. Public Cleansing,
57(10):549-550, Oct. 1967.
Two research projects for which grants
re awarded by the U.S. Public Health
Service are described. The Midwest
Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri,
has been awarded a $53,975 contract to
study solid waste disposal problems
associated with packaging, and to find ways
to minimize them. A $42,724 grant has
been made to the University of Pennsylvania,
to explore the use of pipelines in the
collection and transportation of garbage,
trash, and other solid wastes fron homes,
industries, and farms to disposal sites.
The following phases of pipeline
transportation will be studied:
experimentation with different refuse
mixtures at varying particle sizes and
concentrations to obtain data to provide a
basis for determining the extent to which
characteristic movements of solid waste
slurries in pipes may be similar to
movements of other water-borne solids in
pipes; analysis of variations in waste
sources, composition, and quantities in
terms of their significance for pipe
system designs; and the determination
of pipeline costs both in absolute terms
and in comparison with alternative
conventional collection and transportation
systems.
67-1 175
One day seminars for solid waste. Refuse
Removal Journal, 1O(2):24, Feb. 19b7.
One-day solid waste orientation seminars
will be conducted by State and Federal
health authorities sponsored by the Public
Health Service to familiarize officials
with solid waste management, collection,
and disposal.
67-1176
Rensselaer gets solid waste training
grant. APWA Reporter, 34(S):2O, Aug. 1967.
The amount of $35,000, awarded by the
Solid Wastes Program of the Public Health
Service’s National Center for Urban and
Industrial Health to the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute, is the largest of eight grants
awarded to such institutions of higher
education for the training of graduate
students for administrative or planning
careers in solid wastes management. A
$45,400 grant, to cover the second year
of a training program at the Drexel
Institute of Technology in Philadelphia,
brings to nearly $500,000 the total awarded
to date for solid wastes training at the
university level. Other institutions
with grant—supported solid wastes training
programs are: University of Florida,
Georgia Institute of Technology, University
of Kansas, University of Michigan,
University of Texas, and University
323
-------
Training, Education,
and Public Relations
of West Virginia. The training in solid
wastes is for candidates for master’s
degrees and, at one university, for students
working on doctorates. About one-third
of each grant is for student support,
including stipends, tuition and fees.
67-1171
Res arch with respect to solid wastes in
the United States. Techniques at
Sciences Municipales, 62(12):439-440,
Dec 1967.
A new series of grants has recently been
issued for research projects under the
Solid Wastes Program. These investigations
will be more specific than previous
general studies on refuse disposal have
been. The city of Los Angeles has
received a $760,000 grant for a 3-year
study of an incinerator that would meet
rigid air pollution requirements while
employing minimum control equipment. The
test incinerator will have a 100— to 150—ton—
per day capacity. This project is
governed by the scarcity of disposal sites
in the region, and by the necessity for
halting contamination of the San Francisco
Bay. A $25,000 subsidy has been granted to
the Citrus Agricultural Experiment
Station at Lake Alfred, Florida, in order
to develop a conversion and utilization
process for citrus wastes. The envisaged
process includes dilution of citrus molasses
with waste water in order to make
food for livestock and to produce citric
acid by fermentation. In the same series
of grants, Purdue University was awarded
a grant for study on aerobic digestion
of slurry and stable dung; and the University
of Illinois was granted aid for an
investigation on treating commercial
stable wastes with Pasveer trenches and
stabilization ponds. Government funds
will also help finance the University of
Maryland’s research on utilizing the
tomato plant wastes that represent ten
million tons of possible nourishment.
Various other government-subsidized research
projects are named that will investigate
specific aspects of waste disposal,
collection, or utilization. (Text-French)
87 -1118
Solid waste research projects. American
City, 82(6):63, June 1967.
Solid waste demonstration projects have
been Set U to study technology for
disposal or managment systems. A
Barrington, Rhode Island, project studies
disposal by bag for sanitary landfills.
A Madison, Wisconsin, project studies
reduction of volume by the Gondard
process. Movement of groundwater into
and leachate away from landfills is studied
at the University of Illinois. A refuse—
burying compactor that reclaims unusable
land is demonstrated in King County,
Washington. West Virginia University is
using fluidized—bed techniques. Washington,
Douglas, and Serpy Counties, Nebraska, are
promoting gully—reclamation landfills.
Stamford, Connecticut, is constructing an
incinerator. Santa Clara, California,
is using aerobic, high-rate, and composting
test cells. Bergen County, New Jersey, is
trying to recover the heat from an
incinerator as a source of power. California
Department of Public Health is planning a
management system. Bridgeport, Connecticut
is studying hazards of disposing of
volatile substances. Gainesville, Florida,
is demonstrating a composting system.
Washington, D.C., is studying air-pollution
control, heat recovery, metal recovery,
and a compression press in incinerators.
Virginia Beach, Virginia, is constructing
a hill of refuse for an amphitheater.
Los Angeles County, California, is trying
to control gas movements and leachate
from landfills. Maryland State Department
of Health wants to use abandoned strip
mines for landfills. Raleigh, North
Carolina, is applying a mathematical
simulation model to landfill selection.
Broonie County, New York, is operating a
countywide disposal program.
67-1179
Solid wastes. Public Works, 98(l):lol—102,
Jan. 1967.
The demonstration and research grants
authorized under the Solid Waste Disposal
Act of 1965 and awarded by the Office of
Solid Waste of the U.S. Public Health
Service, include: the development
of data to aid in judging suitability of
disposal sites in glaciated areas
development of a countrywide system for
disposing of wastes, including paper mill
wastes; the testing of a high-pressure
waste compaction process in producing
non-decayable land reclamation material;
testing the newly developed ‘Gondard’
method for processing refuse;
development of a regional system using a
combination of processes for disposing of
sewage sludge, cannery refuse and all
other solid wastes; a demonstration
of the practicality of burning bulk wastes,
324
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117 7—1184
such as tree stumps, in multi-purpose
incinerators; and the demonstration of
a newly developed mechanical composting
system for medium-sized cities.
61-1180
Solid wastes field laboratory.
Environmental Science & Technology,
l(2):l09, Feb. 1967.
A new Public Health Service field
laboratory is being built to study the
control of air pollution from solid
waste incineration, deterioration of
refuse in the environment, design and
operation of sanitary landfills, and
control of ground and surface water
pollution caused by solid waste.
61-1 18 1
32 States now getting USPHS planning
funds. APWA Reporter, 34(8):19, Aug.
1967.
New grants to Delaware, Florida,
Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana,
and North Dakota bring to 32 the number
of States now participating in solid
waste disposal planning. USPHS Solid
Wastes Program funds cover up to 50
percent of the cost of developing these
plans. The grants will finance the first
year of a 3-year planning effort.
67-1182
University of MichIgan offers solid waste
graduate course. Refuse Removal Journal,
10(6):38, June 1967.
The Public Health Service awarded funds
to the University of Michigan to admit
ten students for the year for a
graduate level training program in solid
wastes. The program includes: urban
and regional planning, air pollution,
water pollution, ground and surface
water, administration, and systems
analysis.
61-1183
Zemlansky, J. New Jersey reviews
training program and long term evaluation
of sanitary landfill. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(11):22, 34, Nov. 1967.
Solid waste disposal in the sixties is
not something that can be conveniently
put aside, for by 1970 every person will
produce 5 lb of wastes daily instead of
the current 4 lb. Financed by a $50,000
grant from the United States Public Health
Service, the New Jersey State Department of
Health has launched a training program
to triple the number of trainees skilled
in modern waste techniques. Sanitary
landfills throughout the State are also
being surveyed for location, size,
ownership, costs of collection and
disposal, landfill potential, manpower,
equipment, and other factors. A similar
study is being completed of incinerator
facilities--including such factors as
size, tonnage, design, method of burning,
and cost per ton.
HEALTH/SAFETY
67-1184
Barnett, S. A. Rats. Scientific
American, 216(1):78-85, Jan. 1967.
Rattus norvegicus , the common brown rat,
has small ears, a thick, short tail,
weighs approximately 1 lb, attains a 9-in.
length, and is a highly injurious and
universal pest. This burrowing animal
lives underground near sewers and
streams. Norvegicus survives almost
entirely in human environments
due to its exploratory habits,
insatiable curiosity, neophobic behavior,
and propensity to eat what man does.
Males, being desirous of sexual dominance,
are especially combative in the presence
of females; peace is only assured by
establishing a three-tiered hierarchial
structure within the colony, safeguarded
by signals of posture, bodily contact,
and odor. This amiability, however, does
not extend toward stranger rats. Group
members will show ‘territorial behavior’
by individually attacking all intruders to
specific regions. Fights are unlike
human combats for the attacked (who usually
die for some unknown reason, because
physical injuries are generally minor)
will not retaliate against the aggressor’s
leaps and bites. Signals guide the rat’s
communal living; odors tell the nale to
attempt coitus, squeaks warn of danger
to the babies. Laboratory norvegicus,
though domesticated, cannot respond to
many normal social signs. From them,
nevertheless, it has been learned (as
shown in data) that all rats do not
cooperate, are constantly restless,
cannot distinguish subtle differences, arid
thrive on novelty.
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fleatth/Safetv
67-1185
Bo, G. and C. Meloni. Research on the
hygiene conditions of inhabitants in
three rural zones of Oltrepo Pavese.
Annali Della Sanita Pubblica, 28(2):315-319,
Mar. -Apr. 1961.
Research was conducted on the nutritional
and public health conditions of three
villages near Pavia, Italy. Simple
standards were drawn up for the inhabitants
of each room, and hygienic conditions were
considered in relation to number of
individuals or families per lodging.
Location of dwelling, type of walls and
flooring, and natural light conditions
were determined; waste disposal methods
were evaluated; and general cleanliness
taken into account in the overall rating.
In addition to ratings of comfortable,
adequate, and inadequate, inspection
disclosed some permanently inhabitable
dwellings, as well as others that could
be renovated. (Text-Italian)
67-1186
California Department of Industrial
Relations. Disabling work injuries in
refuse collection. In Work injuries in
California. San Francisco, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and Research, 1967.
p. 3 - 9 .
The wide variety of hazards to employees
engaged in refuse collection are reflected
In the industry’s manual workmen’s
compensation premium rate, $8.05 per $100
payroll. This is four times the rate for all
manual classifications taken together.
For 1967, the estimated injury rate for
privately o?erated refuse collection
services was 180.9 disabling injuries per
1,000 employees, nearly six times the average
rate for all California industries taken
as a group. A review of employers’ reports
of lost-time injuries in public and private
refuse collection during a recent 6-month
period in California showed a total of
784 lost-time injuries in refuse collection.
Back strains represented the leading single
type of injury sustained by refuse
collectors, accounting for about one-fourth
of the injuries recorded. Ankle sprains
accounted for 7 percent of the disabling
injuries in garbage collection. More than
half the lost-time injuries in refuse
collection involved containers and more
than one-third involved refuse trucks.
Fifty-seven percent of the slips and falls
recorded In garbage collection services
were falls from the refuse trucks. Although
only about 7 percent of the lost-time
injuries to garbage collectors involved the
packer unit or the dump mechanism, contact
with these units hold the potential for
serious or even fatal injury. From 1964
to 1967, on-the-job accidents claimed
the lives of 15 Californians employed in
collection services.
67-1187
Committee on Environmental Health Activities,
Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE. Review
of ‘A strategy for a livable environment’.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
Proceedings, American Society of Civil
Engineers, 93(SA6) :171—179, Dec. t967.
The recommendations of the Task Force
on Environmental Health appointed by the
Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare are examined by the Committee on
Environmental Health Activities of the
Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE.
The recommendations describe 10 Action
Goals and 24 supporting actions which
the Task Force states will constitute
a desirable strategy for fulfilling the
Department’s responsibilities in
environmental health. The Action Goals
identify important existing problems,
describe specific tasks for dealing with
them, and set target dates by which the
goals are to be attained. The strategy
for the long-range program requires a
reshaping of the Health, Education, and
Welfare organization which will stress
the task or function to be performed
rather than the category of the health
worker’s specialized field. It emphasizes
the need for generalists as opposed to
specialists and calls for the training
and use of ecologists who will be
concerned with evaluation and management
of a comprehensive environmental health
program. The Committee on Environmental
Health Activities supports recommendations
on the need for the generalist. However,
it believes that the type of generalist
needed is not one originally trained as
such, but rather the former specialist
who has demonstrated extraordinary
ability through his broad interests,
knowledge, vision, aggressiveness, and
management talent. In the Committee’s
opinion, the specialist is unnecessarily
and unwisely downgraded by the Task Force.
Further, it believes that the emphasis
given to the need for the ecologist
in environmental health programs is not
realistic and detracts from the value of
the Report.
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1185—1191
67-1188
Golueke, C. C., and P. H. NcGauhey. Public
health. In Comprehensive studies of solid
wastes management; first annual report.
Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory
Report No. 67-7. Berkeley, University of
California, May 1967. p- 75 . 92 .
The public health aspect of the study
has the following objectives: evaluating
the relationship between waste management
and public health, reviewing public health
regulations relating to waste management,
advising other teams of the health
implications in their proposals, considering
the components of waste in relation to
health, and evaluating the occupational
hazards of the workers in the field.
Examples of various areas of study are:
high nitrogen and trace metal
contamination in run-off waters from
areas with large amounts of animal
manures; dangerous materials from industrial
plants which may find their way into
landfills; the contribution to air
pollution by incinerators; various
environmental contamination possibilities
of landfills; and the types of bacteria
that survive composting procedures. The
occupational hazards of refuse collectors
include arthritis, cardiovascular disease,
muscle ailments, hernia, and injuries.
Tables show various possible health
hazards from different disposal schemes,
including air pollutant emissions from
incinerators and open fires, broken down by
constituent gases; concentration of components
leached out of landfills; and estimates of
pollution levels for various landfill
depths by various rainfall levels.
67-1189
Grodhaus, G. Identification of Chironomid
ntidges commonly associated with waste
stabilization lagoons in California.
California Vector Views, 14(1):1-12,
Jan. 1967.
Since midges of the family Chironomidae,
which often emerge in extremely large
numbers from waste stabilization lagoons,
constitute a nuisance when lagoons are
located near residential areas, surveys
have been undertaken to study the midge
population levels. In this study,
illustrations, brief descriptions, and
keys are provided for the identification
of larvae, pupae, and adults. The
immature stages of some of the
lagoon-inhabiting species are described.
Characters visible under low magnification
are emphasized in the keys. The species
included are j carinatus Sublette,
T.grodhausi Sublette , Procladius sp.,
Cricotopus sp., Goeldichironomus
holoprasinus (Goeldi), Chironomus
stigmaterus Chironomus attenuatus
Walker , Chironomus sp., and Glyptotendipes
(Staeger).
67-1190
lzmerov, N. F. WHO and environmental
health. World Health Organization Chronicle,
2l(8):336—342, Aug 1967.
The contributions made by WHO to various
parameters of environmental health,
which included community water supply,
water pollution, waste disposal, air
pollution, and house hygiene, were discussed.
The technical and advisory assistance of WHO
to member countries in regard to the
satisfactory collection, treatment, and
disposal of industrial waste, and solid
and liquid waste products, has increased
considerably. For instance, a 50 percent
reduction in the diarrhea and enteritis
death rate in Costa Rica over an 8-year
period has been attributed to the
installation of more than 10,000 privies.
WHO has helped in drawing up plans for
carrying out sewage and refuse disposal
projects in Manila, Ibadan, Bangkok,
and elsewhere. It has also helped the
Government of Malta to prepare a plan
for the combined treatment of sewage,
sludge, and refuse, to produce compost
for use as manure. In 1965 it published a
guide on the construction and operation of
waste stabilization ponds. In December 1966
it convened a Scientific Group on the
Treatment and Disposal of Wastes, which stressed
the problem of waste disposal in both
developed and developing countries and its
implications for health. It emphasized
research on: a simplified method
of waste collection, treatment, and
disposal that would make the best use of
local resources in manpower and materials;
the management and disposal of waste
water solids; the recovery and recycling of
liquid and solid wastes; methods of waste
management on the site; as well as the
collection and dissemination of
information on research into better
methods of waste treatment and disposal.
67.1191
Jamieson, S Rubbish dumps. New Zealand
Journal of Agriculture, 115(4):32, Oct. 1967.
Garbage disposal in New Zealand, which is
fundamentally a farming country, is
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Health/Safety
described. A basic danger lies in the
spread of animal disease, a recent example
being trichinosis. Half of the country’s
427 rubbish dumps are inadequately proofed
against the possible spread of animal
diseases, according to a recent survey
made by the Animal Health Division of the
Department of Agriculture. Although the
ideal solution is the abolition of dumps
as they currently exist, and the incineration,
rather than burial, of all waste materials,
smoke contamination of the atmosphere and
cost of incinerators present problems.
The increasing need for efficient garbage
disposal is emphasized.
67.1192
Markham, J. W. An occupational health
service in a transport and cleansing
department. Presented at Institute of
Public Cleansing 69th Annual Conference,
Blackpool, England, June 1967. 15 p.
General aims of an occupational health
service are stated. Experiences of such
a service for the Bristol Transport and
Cleansing Department (800 people) and
City Engineer’s Department are described.
The health service personnel familiarized
themselves with the jobs of the department,
established personal contact with supervisors,
publicized the service among the employees,
and emphasized that nothing would interfere
with the employee’s relationship with his own
doctor. Specific examples of job
rehabilitation after illness or injury
are given. A discussion cf chronic
bronchitis as an occupational disease of
Transport and Cleansing Department
employees is included, A doctor’s
report on the health conditions of refuse
collecting, gathered from personal observation
of the job, is presented. Sanitary and
medical recommendations based on the
report are cited. Noise and dust hazards
in refuse processing plants are discussed
briefly. Equipment and supplies for a
first aid room are listed.
67-1193
1967 Findings of the environmental
sanitation survey of Gainesville. Aedes
Aegypti Eradication Project, Georgia
Department of Public Health. 24 p.
This survey was indertaken to determine
environmental conditions and sanitation
deficiencies, promote public acceptance
of recognized sanitation standards
through public education, and secure
citizen support and cooperation in
correcting sanitation deficiencies.
The survey revealed a number of sanitation
deficiencies. Of the 5,601 premises
surveyed, 1,270, or 21 percent, were judged
to be unapproved due to an insufficient
number of containers, missing lids, etc.
Inspection on a routine basis should be
instigated to maintain proper container
usage. The present landfill, with a
minimum of expense and using the present
equipment, could be made into a sanitary
landfill. Additional trucks, power
equipment, and manpower should be furnished
the sanitation department to assist in a
clean-up program. The present vehicle
ordinances should be amended to provide
for the removal of junked automobiles on
private premises, and should be retroactive
to provide for the removal of such vehicles.
Elimination of rubbish, privies, and poor
refuse sanitation practices are the
essential elements in rodent and fly
control programs. It is recommended
that a community project be started to
clean up all vacant areas within the city
limits.
57.1194
Prindle, R. A. Health aspects of solid
waste disposal. In L. Weaver, ed.
Proceedings; Surgeon General’s Conference
on Solid Waste Managment for Metropolitan
Washington, July 19-20. Public Health
Service Publication No. 1729. Washington,
U.S. Government Printing Office. p.15-20.
Solid waste disposal is fundamentally
a health problem. Open dumps breed vermin
and disease, open air burning causes air
pollution, burying causes water pollution,
and accidents are caused by poor refuse
handling practices. Sanitation workers
have an extremely high injury frequency
rate, twice as high as firemen and policemen
and above stevedores. Results and
recommendations of a comprehensive
literature survey done by Aeroj at—General
under a Public Health Service Grant are
discussed. Special work is needed on
the problem of chemical wastes. Educational
and legal programs are also needed.
67.1195
Results of a survey on municipal safety
programs. APWA Reporter, 34(12):3-7,
Dec. 1967.
The American Public Works Association and
the National Safety Council have distributed
328
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67-1196
67-1 198
APWA
about 3,200 questionnaires to American
municipalities having populations of
5,000 or more. The questionnaire asked
for information on safety programs, the
benefits which cities with safety programs
have derived, the number of public
employees receiving the protection of
such programs, the cost of operating each
program, and the adequacy of accident
records kept. Of the 548 respondents,
245 cities (about 45%) indicated they had
some type of safety program; this percentage
is appreciably higher than the 9 percent
found in a 1951 survey. Safety programs
in several cities are credited with helping
to reduce compensation costs. Since most
cities absorb the cost of safety programs
in the budgets of various city departments,
no useful conclusions can be made.
Interestingly, the titles given to the
officials responsible for safety programs
were not similar. Of the 245 cities that
reported the existence of a safety program,
only 39 kept acceptable data on their
accidents.
Rogers, P. A., R. A. Sawinski, J. E.
Brooks, et al. Public health aspects of
refuse collection. In Proceedings;
Fifth Annual Seminar and Equipment Show,
Governmental Refuse Collection and
Disposal Association, San Francisco,
Nov. 9-11, 1967. p. 4 - 32 .
The proceedings of a panel discussion are
presented. Solid waste and its relationships
t the environment were discussed.
California’s disposal practices are
unsatisfactory from an environmental
standpoint since 75 percent of disposal
sites in the State are open burning
dumps. The Federal Solid Wastes Program
was discussed and the Solid Waste
Disposal Act examined. Work being done
under demonstration and research grants
provided by the act is described. Public
health aspects of solid wastes and rodents
were discussed. Metal garbage cans with
tight lids are the best residential
preventative. Daily covering of wastes
with compacted soil is the best disposal
site practice. Plague, leptospirosis,
and salmonella are spread by rats, and
tetanus can result from bites. Studies
on green blow fly populations in garbage
cans show that garbage should be
collected twice a week during the fly
season and cans should be clean. Daily
covering of landfills is necessary.
Burning is the greatest problem in air
pollution. California’s Mulford-Carrell
Air Resources Act is outlined. Water
can be affected by solid wastes through
physical means (floating debris), through
leachate, and through gas production.
67-1197
Safety for collection workers.
Reporter, 34(7):27, July 1967.
A serious accident experienced by a
garbage collector is outlined. Almost
every safety survey conducted has shown
refuse collection workers to be among
work groups with- the highest accident
rates. It is therefore recommended that
every person connected with a collection
operation must be thoroughly safety
conscious. Constant training and
re-training of collectors, foremen, and
supervisors, must be conducted so that
recognizing and avoiding hazards are as
instinctive as breathing. While foremen
are responsible for the safety of their
men, it is the responsibility of their
superiors to make sure that time and
materials are available to enable them
to perform this important part of their
job.
Star, S. Safety for refuse collection
systems. In Proceedings; Fifth Annual
Seminar and Equipment Show, Governmental
Refuse Collection and Disposal Association,
San Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967. p.33-41.
Hazards in refuse collection systems are
discussed. Human errors outweigh
mechanical failures as a cause of
accidents. Common types of injuries and
safety rules and practices are listed.
Men should be trained in proper methods
of lifting, use of machinery, and sanitation
habits. Load packers and their safety
factors are described including: rotary
blade type, escalator-conveyor loader,
pack master, ejector packing blade, and
bucket loader. Hazards of open body
trucks are outlined. These are most
unsatisfactory and their use should be
discontinued. Operation of a scooter
system in conjunction with 50-cu-yd
trucks in Pasadena reduced worker
fatigue and incidence of back injuries.
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UTFER
67-1200
67-1201
67-1203
Public
67-1199
Susie, C. The ‘tool’ in refuse collection
safety. Proceedings; Fifth Annual
Seminar and Equipment Show, Governmental
Refuse Collection and Disposal Association,
San Francisco, Nov. 9-11, 1967.
p. 93-9 4.
Safety experience of a refuse collection
worker depends on his frame of mind and
this should be determined by questionnaires
at the time of application. Prework
training is important and use of
protective clothing, equipment, and
tools should be stressed. Films and
slides can be useful in accident prevention.
America’s beauty is everyone’s duty.
U.S. Steel News, 32(5):12-13, July-Aug.
1967.
The interest of the U.S. Steel Co. in
controlling litter is presented. Practical
hints for positive steps that can be taken
to prevent litter are given. One
photograph shows a recreation area which
has been used as a dump and another shows
the use of a company supplied litterbag
in a company car by an employee. A
poster is shown for use on the safety
bulletin board which emphasizes that
‘Good Housekeeping is Important Outside
Our Company - Keep America Beautiful.’
Another poster shows a scenic picture
of Mt. Ranier with the message asking
that outdo4r mann rs be improved and the
natural beauties be preserved by preventing
litter. Since 1953, Keep America Beautiful,
Inc., a national beautification organization,
has received financial support from business,
labor, and trade organizations. U.S.
Steel has always stressed good housekeeping
around its plants. Litter—prevention
activities include the use of litterbags
or baskets In company vehicles, adequate
trash receptacles in and around plants, and
bulletin board campaigns. Trash
receptacles are important in reducing the
litter on streets, beaches, schools, and
other public areas. Because of strong
structural chatacteristics, many of the
litter receptacles are made of steel.
The program for employees includes keeping
their own homem and pt operties clean, kee ing
recreation areas litter-free after use,
using litterbags in cars or boats, urging
public officials to provide adequate
collection and disposal facilities, and
working with others to eliminate litter
in the community.
Anti litter drive in New Zealand ‘fails’.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(1O):39,
Oct. 1967.
To impress upon shoppers just how much
rubbish they were scattering along the
streets, the borough council of Kawerau,
New Zealand instituted a ‘dirty fortnight’.
In that time the council staff would
empty the litter baskets, but would not
sweep the streets. It was expected
that by the end of the 1-week period
the streets would be covered with rubbish.
However, the people made it a point to use
the litter baskets, and at the end of
the fortnight there was very little to
clean up.
67-1202
Beach sanitation methods reviewed.
Works, 98(3):119-122, Mar. 1967.
Hand labor is often required to remove
litter on public beaches. Trash receptacles
are to be generously provided. The hazard
of broken glass is minimized by
prohibition of glass bottles in beach
areas. Crawler and utility tractors are
used in California. The Allis-Chalmers
Beach Sanitizer is helpful, and sand-sifting
equipment is often needed. Beaches in
Florida are cleaned with motor graders,
tractors with hay rakes, garbage trains, and
sanitizers, and by hand. Driftwood is
burned. Seaweed is windrowed and buried
in the sand to dehydrate. New Jersey
debris consists of large timbers, piling,
and wrecked craft which must be sawed
into lengths that can be manhandled.
Doctrow, D. Litter lecture. American
Glass Review, 87(13):7, June 1967.
This editorial draws attention to the
numerous disposal problems created by
the wide acceptance of non-returnable
bottles. Heavy glass bottles are not
easily compacted for disposal as are other
types of packaging. Also, when carelessly
thrown away, they create a litter problem
and a danger from broken glass. Solving
this disposal problem is the industry’s
responsibility.
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1199—120 5
67-12o ,
Federal bureau in operation cleanup.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(1O):14,
Oct. 1967.
A trial program of the Federal Bureau of
Land Management has cut littering by
one-third, from 80 percent to 60 percent, in
portions of Arizona’s 13 million public
acres. Now in its third year, ‘operation
cleanup’ provides mobile welcome stations
on key access roads, and passes out plastic
litterbags and reminder cards. Special
certificates of thanks are awarded to
campers leaving their camp sites clean.
67-1205
48 billion cans, 25 billion bottles, jars,
65 billion caps, crowns. Metals/Materials
Today, 40(8):1, Aug. 1967.
Excerpts from a phper given by William
F. May, of the American Can Co., to the
36th National Packaging Conference
emphasize the amount of refuse and litter
produced each year in the United States
and the cost of litter renoval. In the
United States, the disposal load involves
48 billion cans (over 250 per person),
25 billion bottles and jars (135 per
person), 65 billion metal and plastic
caps and crowns (338 per person), plus
billions of.iniscellaneous packages.
Litter from a conposite mile of highway
in Michigan, Texas, Florida, Maine, and
Washington consisted of 2,665 pieces of
litter, everything from cigarette packs
and gun wrappers to beer cans, bottles,
and even pajamas which occupied 3 cu yd
of loose measure. The litter was chiefly
paper packages, cans, and bottles, in
that order. The cost of cleaning the
road with three pickups a year was
$2,500 annually and each item cost $0.32
to be picked up.
67-1206
KAB invites entries for 1967 awards
program. APWA Reporter, 34(6) :30,
June 1967.
Competition for the Keep America
Beautiful Awards in the fall of 1967 is
announced. To qualify, city, county,
State or youth groups with litter—prevention
programs must involve citizen action and
the cooperation of government officials
or agencies, with the objective of
improving the cleanliness and appearance of
their locality. In the youth category,
the project must be carried out by
representatives of at least three different
youth organizations working together to
improve the appearance of their area by
preventing litter.
67- 1207
Litterbugs: are they getting the word?
American City, 82(7):l3, July 1967.
Keep America Beautiful, Inc., which
established an index (first year = 100)
in 1964, recomputes it annually by
dividing the yearly cost of clearing the
litter from State highways by the number
of vehicle niles traveled on then and
comparing the result with the 1964 value.
There was an increase in the amount of
littering in 1966, but the rate of increase
was less than half that of 1965. The
1966 National Litter Index measured 106.8,
a rise of 1.9 percent over the 1965
value of 104.8. The fifty States reported
that the cost of removing litter from
their primary highways in 1966 was
$23,187,476. Total vehicle miles traveled
on the primary highways was 332 billion.
The cost of litter removal decreased in
a number of States. Wisconsin, which
reported reduced costs for the second
year in a row, credits the effectiveness
of its anti-litter program to increasing
publicity and p ublic support for anti—litter
and beautification campaigns.
67-1208
May, W. F. The growing problems of
convenience packaging: litter and
pollution. American Glass Review,
87(13):11-12, June 1967.
Excerpts from a talk given at the
National Packaging Conference are
presented. Package manufacturers and
consumers are asked to do something to
minimize litter and pollution resulting
from disposal of package wrapping.
Further technological application is
suggested as one possible solution.
Another may be found in the fact that
tin plate cans will rust and disintegrate
in time, but glass, plastics and aluminum
are more durable and cannot be completely
consumed by incinerators.
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87-1209
The nursery knight. Public Cleansing,
57(5):253, May 1967.
The Nursery Knight, reproduced in the
article, is a poster used by the Ministry
of Housing and Local Government anti-litter
campaign. This lively figure, in
eye-catching color, attracts children
and adults, and offers a simple reminder.
67-1210
Spunky animals lead war on litter bugs.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(1):24, Jan. 1967.
There has been a change from soft sell
to hard sell to keep the city clean. New
York City changed fines from $25 to $100 for
littering. The humanization of animal
mascots and symbols in the anti-litter
battle became popular because humans
seem more inclined to take advice from
animals and cartoon characters than
Important public officials. The trend
began with Srnokey the Bear. ‘Gertie
Glitter,’ a hound, barks on signs in
Connecticut. ‘Tidy Coon’ carries a trash
pickup stick on signs in Maine. ‘Sweepy
the Squirrel’ swings a broom at litterbugs
in Maryland. ‘Pelican Pete’ stuffs its
salvaging under—bill in California.
‘Phil D. Basket’ actually speaks from
litter baskets calling ‘a cleaner New
York is up to you.’
67-1211
Sure cure for litterbugs. Refuse
Removal Journal, 10(1):38, Jan. 1967.
A Brunswick, Maine, judge ordered a man
who threw a paper cup onto an Interstate
highway to ‘pick up all beer cans and
rubbish for a distance of 1 mile on
both sides.’
67-1212
To de-litter a state fair.
City, 82(5):46, May 1967.
American
The problem ofpicking up litter from the
Ohio State Fair, which attracts 1,500,000
people, was solved by the use of litter
vacuum sweepers, which have the capacity
to gather up 12 bushels of paper cups,
candy and cigarette wrappers, throw-away
cans, and other debris. Heavy-duty Street
sweepers were used for the large areas and
five American Lincoln Air-sweep vacuums
for the sidewalks and small areas.
67-1213
Two hundred square miles of litter. Public
Cleansing, 57(11):605-608, Nov. 1967.
The problem of litter in rural areas is
discussed. The litter created on highways
through the use of official and unofficial
picnic and rest areas, and automobile
accidents, are described. The unsatisfactory
performance of mechanical sweepers, farm
litter, inefficient individual household
refuse collection, and careless householders
add to the problem. It is concluded that
considerable expense, more publicity and
education, and more routine enforcement
are necessary, if amenities are to be
preserved and the countryside kept
respectably tidy.
67-1214
Weaver, L. Refuse and litter control in
recreation areas. Public Works,
98(4):126-128, 160, Apr. 1967.
Refuse control in public recreation areas
involves problems of not dispoiling the natural
scene by man-made structures, educating
visitors to use containers, and educating
‘scavengers’ to leave refuse in them.
The best containers are of heavy-duty
galvanized iron with recessed bottoms.
Because of washing infeasibility, the
waste residue becomes a fly—breeding medium.
Therefore, plastic liners are used which
are more sanitary and speed up collection
pickup time. However, in rainy weather
the liners may fill with a messy brew
causing them to rupture or they may tear.
To prevent animal entry, some containers
are off-ground on a concrete slab.
Refuse collection should be daily for
large food service establishments, twice
weekly for residential areas, and daily
to weekly, as necessary, for picnic
areas and camp grounds. The collection
trucks should have heavy water-tight
bodies and metal or canvas covers With
loading height less than 60 in. The two
principal disposing methods are sanitary
landfilling and incineration. Landfilling
is more economical but some landfills
become habitats for disease vectors.
There may also be the problem of bad
ground or bears digging up the buried
material. Incineration can reduce refuse
75 to 85 percent by volume. Some garbage
is reclaimed, heated, and fed to hogs.
332
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1209—1219
MANAGEMENT
between Federal, State, municipal and
county agencies will have to develop.
67-1215
AIDIS to study creation of solid waste
institute. APWA Reporter, 34(3):4, Mar.
1967.
At a recent meeting of the Tenth Congress
of the Inter-American Sanitary Engineering
Association (AIDIS), a resolution was
adopted to approve the idea of creating
a Solid Wastes Institute within the AIDIS,
to entrust the matter of drafting the
proposal to the Argentine Section,
and to submit the proposal for approval
by the Eleventh AIDIS Congress in 1968.
67-1 216
Alexander, T. ‘Where will we put all
that garbage?’ Fortune, 148-151,
189-194, Oct. 1967.
The regional or systems approach to waste
disposal seems to be part of the answer to
the dilemma facing many U.S. cities today.
Every American generates some 6 to 8
lb of waste products a day, with this
figure expected to double in twenty years.
Although some cities are now spending
$3 billion annually to remove solid
wastes, most of them are running out of
ways to get rid of the paper, grass
clippings, cans, bottles, old autos, etc.,
that accumulate daily. This dilemma
was only recently discovered, and the
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was quickly
passed in order to spur scientists on in
an effort to find solutions. Hopefully,
these solutions would involve making the
wastes serve a useful purnose; however,
the unknown factor is how to go about
doing this without causing even more
pollution. Sanitary landfills and
incinerators take care of a great deal
of the solid wastes, but do not necessarily
make them useful again or prevent pollution.
Waste management experts agree that, even on
a regional basis, the major cost of any
waste disposal scheme will be collection
and transportation. Several plans have
been submitted to cut costs, such as:
railway transportation of waste products
to abandoned strip mines, etc., pneumatic
tubes running from apartment complexes
to distant incinerators, and refuse
pipelines, which would pump waste away
from cities to marginal agricultural
areas. Technology alone cannot handle
the waste disposal problem, nor can
nature itself; new patterns of cooperation
67-1217
Arora, S. R., and W. R. Bunker. Examining
costs in solid waste disposal. Public
Works, 98(10):134-136, Oct. 1967.
A simple mathematical model is presented
for quantifying the cost of waste
collection and hauling. This model
can be useful in studying the following
aspects: area density of population;
organization of crews; truck capacities;
traffic conditions; distance between
collection areas and disposal sites; and
different collection policies. For
illustrative purposes, two hypothetical
systems are evaluated using this model.
67 1218
Beta, J. N. Application of electronic
data processing and operations research
techniques. In Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste Research
and Development, University School,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967, Conference
Preprint No. D-1.
A management information system has been
designed for the several levels of
supervision involved in refuse collection
and disposal for the City of Los Angeles.
Most of the information will be fed in,
processed, and reported in less than a
12-hr turnaround time. Linear programming
of the ‘transportation problem’ for optimum
distribution of refuse to alternate disposal
sites has been investigated. One surprising
difficulty has been that with a model
which approaches the real situation,
the problem begins to exceed the capacity
of even large computers. Queuing theory
has been successfully applied to yield
insights into both routine waiting line
situations and other areas not so obviously
related to queuing. Monte Carlo simulations
have been useful in explaining existing
situations and evaluating the effects of
proposed changes in collection procedures.
67-1219
Black, R. J., and L. Weaver. Action on
the solid wastes problem. Journal of
the Sanitary Engineering Division,
Proceedings, American Society of Civil
Engineers, 93(SA6):9l—96, Dec. 1967.
The first substantial Federal commitment
to attack the problem of pollution from
solid wastes was made when the Solid
333
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Management
Waste Disposal Act was adopted in October
1965. Since that time, an impressive
record of action has been compiled.
The action on solid wastes is taking place
in five main areas: (1) In research, 42
research projects have been undertaken
with the full support of Public Health
Service grants; in addition, the PHS
Solid Wastes Program has begun to develop
its own research capabilities. (2) Grants
have been awarded to 8 universities to
strengthen the solid waste training of
graduate students in engineering, science
and economics; and to alleviate critical
shortages of personnel qualified to cope
with the technical complexities of waste
management. (3) 50 projects at local or
State levels have begun either studies
and investigations of inmroved approaches
to solid waste management, or demonstrations
of new and improved technology. (4) In the
development of State programs, governors
of 49 States have designated a specific
agency responsible for solid waste
planning. (5) Engineers and scientists of
the National Center for Urban and Industrial
Health are developing technical assistance
capabilities as provided for by the Act
in both public and private agencies.
Members of the SWP staff work on such tasks
as the development of disposal performance
criteria. Several promising demonstration
projects are outlined. It is stressed
that the solid wastes problem is a health
problem, which needs research, penetrating
engineering analysis, and perceptive
engineering innovation. (This article
also appeared in Journal of Environmental
Health, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 263-266,
November-December, 1967.)
67-1220
Black, R. J. Government calls for
contractor know-how. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(7):8-10, 34-35, July 1967.
Progress in solid wastes disposal
administration since the Solid Wastes
Disposal Act of 1965 is discussed by a
representative of the Office of Solid
Wastes. Enough progress has occurred
in the first 18 months after the Act to
indicate that soon a new era in solid
wastes management will appear. This new
era requires dedicated cooperation
between government at all levels and
industry. A first step has been taken
in the meeting of the Solid Wastes
Program in Washington, which resulted in
the establishment of a Government-Industry
Liaison Council. Although the Solid Waste
Disposal Act limits grants to public
agencies and nonprofit organizations, the
door to Program participation by
profit-making private enterprise remains
open.
67-1221
Black, R. J. Private contractor
opportunities in the solid wastes program.
Journal of Environmental Health,
30(2):181-185, Sept.-Oct. 1967.
The opportunities and responsibilities
of refuse equipment manufacturers in the
solid wastes program are outlined. The
major activities of the solid wastes
disposal program, authorized in Oct.
1965 by the Solid Waste Disposal Act and
administered by the National Center for
Urban and Industrial Health, will result
in substantial benefit to the refuse
equipment manufacturing industry.
Examples are: technical service activities;
training activities; statewide surveys
of solid waste disposal needs, and the
development of State plans to meet those
needs; projects for the conduction of
research and the demonstration of new
and improved solid wastes technology; and
plans to design new area-wide waste
management systems. Program grants
covering up to two-thirds of the cost
have been awarded to 32 demonstration
or study and investigation projects.
Profit-making private enterprise can
participate in the program by contract
with the solid wastes program or with one
of its grantees, and many grant-supported
projects now under way are aimed at
finding solutions to problems directly
concerning the industry. Examples are:
improved incineration with heat recovery;
improved sanitary landfills; and conversion
of solid wastes into carbon, chemicals, and
other marketable products.
A rapidly deteriorating refuse disposal
situation resulted in the decision to
develop a plan for Wayne County as an
entity rather than wait for the preferred
regional plan which had met with opposition.
Terminology, history, and various solutions
are discussed. Statements of present and
future requirements, including population
*
67-1222
Bowen, C.
report on
Michigan.
Townsend,
H., and H. Van Hille. Engineering
solid waste disposal Wayne County,
Muskegon, Mich., Consoer,
& Associates, 1967. 11 p.
334
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1220—1225
estimates and refuse quantities experienced
and expected, are shown. Incineration was
chosen as the best alternative and plans
were developed to conform as closely as
possible to the regional plan proposals
which night be adopted by the neighboring
communities at some future time. The
locations, basic design considerations,
and capital, operating, and maintenance
costs of the incinerators are described.
Recommendations for transfer stations
at a less populous location were made.
Transport of the ash residue to two
possible sanitary landfill locations was
considered and equipment and site
operation options detailed. A financial
statement and construction chedule are
given in full; and financing, including
bond issues and cost per tom charges -
expected, is shown. Numerous tables and
graphs as well as maps of the area contain
the data used for the recommendations.
A regional refuse-disposal
American City, 82(12):96-97,
Sparta Township in New Jersey has
experienced population growth, with the
accompanying need to find a long-range
solution to the disposal of solid wastes,
but neither the county nor any other
regional agency had made or planned to
make feasibility studies or master plans
for solid-waste disposal. The sanitary
lamdfill method was thought the most
desirable due to its relative economy,
the availability of land, and the fact
that not very large numbers of people
required service. A 100—acre site was
thus located and a detailed engineering
feasibility study made. The most
important finding was that the proposed
site was suitable and had sufficient
area and cover material to provide for
the needs of 17 of the 24 municipalities
in Sussex or Morris Counties. These 17
communities were specified because they
are all within a 10 mile radius of Sparta
Township. The site was therefore
purchased and work begun in the spring
of 1967 to prepare it for use. This
site is estimated to satisfy the
refuse-disposal need of almost the entire
Sussex County for 25 years.
67-1224
Bremser, L. W. Regional solid wastes management.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,
Proceedings, American Sociecy of Civil Engineers,
93:45—49, Oct. 1967.
The failure to apply sound management to
the disposal of solid wastes has resulted
in uneconomically small operations which
were poorly planned, inadequately supervised
unsanitary, and generally unsatisfactory.
The purpose of solid waste management is
the handling and disposal of solid
wastes at a reasonable cost with the
minimum adverse effect on the environment.
The production of refuse, which is
increasing with planned obsolescence and
throwaway packaging, must be reduced at
the source, either by public education
or legislative action. The transfer of
pollution to air and water from the solid
waste is also a matter of concern. The
basis for the solution to the management
problems is that of the regional approach,
and the article is concerned with the
logical approach to the development of
a regional plan which will cope with the
multijurisdictional problems. Political
barriers pose problems for a logical
organization of solid waste disposal.
The first act of a regional authority
should be to define the problem and
outline a sound long-range program. The
scope of the regional management depends
on local conditions, with the county as
the logical unit of government, although in
some cases, such as Washington, D.C., the
authority includes the District of
Columbia, three cities, four counties in
Virginia, and three counties in Maryland.
In densely populated urban areas, regional
management is needed to provide land,
facilities, and a competent staff to
provide for proper disposal of solid
wastes.
67 -1225
Clark, R. L. Administrative problems
in the regional approach to solid waste
management. In L. Weaver, ed.
Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
Conference on Solid Waste Management for
Metropolitan Washington, July 19-20,
1967. Public Health Service Publication
No. 1729. Washington, U.S. Government
Printing Office. p. 139 -l 4 8 .
The municipality of Metropolitan Toronto,
constituted in 1953, is described. Certain
municipal activities were under this
regional authority and some remained local,
among them waste disposal. Events and
67-1223
Braun, P.
solution.
Dec. 1967.
335
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Management
conditions leading up to regionalization
in 1967 are described. A study by
consulting engineers recommended a
combination of incineration and landfill
methods and a budget has been established
to fulfill the plan. An amendment to
the Public Health Act prohibits new
landfills until studies show no groundwater
pollution, and until engineering plans are
submitted to and approved by the Department
of Public Health. The amendment also
provides for inspection of active sites
for correction of unsatisfactory conditions
at the operator’s expense. Sections of
the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto
Act pertinent to waste disposal are included.
67-1226
Colorado Legislative Council. Solid
waste disposal; report to the Colorado
General Assembly. Research Publication
No. 129. Denver, Dec. 1967. 46 p.
The report of a committee on solid waste
disposal appointed by the Legislative
Council of the Colorado General Assembly
is presented. Findings on automobile
body disposal, junkyard control in
Colorado, and refuse disposal (both in
general and in Colorado specifically)
are included. The committee proposes
that Congress be requested to amend the
Highway Beautification Act to permit the
use of Federal funds for the actual
removal and disposal of solid wastes in
junkyards adjacent to interstate and
primary highways. Appendix A is a copy
of this proposal to be submitted to
Congress. The need for a regional
approach id Colorado is not pressing now,
but the committee recommends that the General
Assembly consider the inclusion of solid
waste disposal in any proposal to amend
the State constitution to permit regional
or metropolitan governmental services.
Appendix B contains sections of the
Highway Beautification Act pertinent to
the control of junkyards.
67-1227
Computer to aid disposal planning.
Refuse RemovaiJournal, 1O(8):34,
Aug. 1967.
A computer will be used to select the
best solid waste management system in
Raleigh, North Carolina. This is the
first operational application of a highly
specialized computer technology developed
at Northwestern University under Solid
Wastes Program sponsorship. Costs, waste
haulage distances, etc., can be analyzed
to decide among alternative landfill sites.
This model-computer system nay also be
used to help solve disposal problems at
the North Carolina Research Triangle in
Chapel Hill.
67-1228
Denver to finance disposal research.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(1O):20,
Oct. 1967.
Since efforts to interest suburban officials
in financing a refuse disposal study
failed, the City of Denver decided to pay
for the study itself. At least two
studies have been made of the city’s
problem, by the State Health Department
and the inter-County Regional Planning
Commission, without results. Within the
last year, Denver has received several
plans. They include composting and
continued use of land, distant fill via
transfer stations and large vehicles,
incineration, and disposal by railroad.
because existing dumps are filling up,
Denver must decide within the next
2 years which refuse disposal method it
should employ.
67 -1229
Dudley, R. H., and K. K. Hekimian. A
systems approach to solid waste
management (with application to Valencia,
California). Engineering Foundation
Research Conference, Solid Waste
Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
Conference Preprint No. A-il.
A systems approach to solid waste
management has been formulated. Using
this approach, those involved in the
decision—making process established
relevant criteria and constraints,
developed state—of—the—art alternative
systems, postulated advanced alternative
systems, and performed comparisons—--
quantitative insofar as possible——of the
cost, benefits, risks, and timing associated
with each alternative policy or strategy
for achieving the objectives which had
been set forth. As an initial step in
the application of this approach, a
336
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1226 — 12 32
feasibility study has been made to select
preferred alternative solid waste
management systems specifically tailored
to the time-phased needs of Valencia,
California, a new town. The study
utilizes the concepts of value theory,
the development of a three-dimensional
scoring technique, and the application of
a quantitative cost/benefit model, in
the context of the engineering design
decision situation. The resulting
methodology was applied in the selection
of a list of 15 candidate systems of
varying levels of risk to this developing
city in Los Angeles County. A flow chart
of various types of solid wastes systems is
included as well as a three dimensional
scoring scheme.
67-1230
Eldredge, R. W. A monumental problem.
Ohio’s Health, 19(12):1O, Dec. 1967.
The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
directs the U.S. Department of Interior
to help solve solid waste problems
resulting from extracting, processing,
or using minerals or fossil fuels;
remaining responsibilities are assigned
to the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare. Functions of the latter are
being discharged in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The Act requires the Federal Government
to play a cooperative role, assisting
outside agencies technically and financially.
The Federal Government has no control over
collection, disposal, or adoption of
improved equipment and methods. Program
functions include: investigations of
characteristics of solid wastes; research
on public health aspects of disposal;
demonstration projects of techniques for
disposal conversion, conservation, and
salvaging; surveys and planning toward
State and interstate programs; disposal
design and analysis using systems
management principles; and graduate-level
management courses. The nations’s per
capita refuse production has risen from
2.75 lb per day to 4.75 lb per day from
1920 to 1965, and increases 4 percent
per year. Annual collection and disposal
costs exceed 3 million dollars, yet
50 percent of all cities with more than
2,800 population have unsatisfactory
operations. Present methods generally
consist of !nexpensive gathering and
dumping at distant locations. Incineration,
composting, and grinding processes have
developed due to a shortage of such sites,
though the latter method continues to
contribute to air and water pollution and
breeding of disease carriers. Yearly
disposal of 800 million lb of wastes is
perplexing especially since much is
almost indestructible. Creative thinking
supported by public interest can meet the
challenge.
67 1 231
Environmental Engineering Intersociety
Board, and the American Association of
Professors in Sanitary Engineering.
Report of the Second National Conference
on Environmental Sanitary Engineering
Graduate Education, Evanston, Ill., Aug.
27-30, 1967. 61 p.
The objectives of the Conference are best
summarized by the nine study topics
selected for Task Committees. The topics
are: the role of the engineer in
environmental engineering, scope of
environmental engineering, chemistry in
environmental engineering curricula,
biology in environmental engineering
curricula, social sciences in
environmental engineering curri cula,
planning of environmental systems,
non-engineering students in environmental
engineering programs, criteria and
mechanisms for accreditation of professional
curricula, and graduate curricula for
professional and research careers in
environmental engineering. The Task
Committee reports on these topics and
discussion from the floor provided the
material for the preparation of the
final report. It is evident that
environmental engineering is an
interdisciplinary science based on
the engineering and applied science
fields for which nan and his well-being
are the principal focus.
67- 1232
.Establish industry-government group.
Refuse Removal Journal, 10(6):37, June 1967.
Leo Weaver stated that the Solid Wastes
Program needs industry’s cooperation.
An Industry—Government Solid Wastes Liaison
Council was established at a tecent
meeting of the Board of Directors of
the National Council of Refuse Disposal
Trade Associations and the Public Health
Service’s Solid Waste Program.
337
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Management
67-1233
Four more states get solid wastes grants.
APWA Reporter, 34(7):25, 27, July 1967.
With the recent addition of Maryland,
Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Texas to
the list, 25 StateS are now receiving
grants from the Public Health Service to
develop solid waste management plans.
The recently awarded funds, totaling
$136,656, will pay up to 50 percent of
the cost of statewide surveys and planning.
Leo Weaver, chief of the Solid Wastes
Program pointed out that, ‘A major
objective of this statewide planning is
to develop comprehensive solid waste
management systems that are responsive
to regional disposal needs.. . to reverse a
nation-wide tendency to leave responsibility
for waste disposal with communities unable,
usually because they are too small, to
handle the job except in ways which
endanger health and cause scenic blight.’
61-1234
FMC Corporation. Solid waste disposal
demonstration project, 1966 systems
analysis progress report. Santa Clara,
Calif., Feb. 15, 1967. 47 p.
The solid waste disposal systems analysis
for the City of San Jose and the County of
Santa Clara Involves three major tasks:
a solid waste system survey, a resource
recovery processes survey, and analysis
and evaluation. The solid waste system
survey has been divided Into four sub-surveys
which are being conducted concurrently:
household nd commercial, agricultural,
industrial, and sewage sludge. Existing
solid waste statistics and data recorded
by the City of San Jose, Santa Clara
County, and the State were reviewed.
In general, detailed data for quantity,
composition, and variability of solid
waste was found not be available with the
exception of sewage sludge. The Household
and Commercial Pilot and Main Survey plans
were formulated and the pilot survey
commences early in 1967. The Agricultural
Survey plans were formulated and
information is being gathered for data
processing. The Industrial Waste Survey
is in process end data are being received
from the industries contacted and being
processed. All sewage treatment plant
managers in the County were interviewed and
the historical quantitative data available
are in the process of being analyzed. A
survey of 1967 sewage sludge generation
has commenced. A number of supplemental
appendices follow.
67-1235
FMC Corporation. Household and commercial
refuse. In Solid waste disposal
demonstration project, 1966 systems
analysis progress report. Sante Clara,
Calif., Feb. 15, 1967. p. 7 - 17 .
The literature search which provided some of
the background for the survey indicated that
the volume of household refuse has changed
significantly in the last few years,
and the volume and mix of household
refuse varies with climate, season,
and socio—economic level. One method
considered in the identification of
refuse, the Collectors’ Route Survey,
would entail sorting and measuring full
truckloads of compacted refuse from
collector routes. Two other methods, the
Container Pickup Survey and the Route Sample
Survey are also described. Refuse of each
category will be sorted into 2— to 3—yd bins
or containers of smaller levels to obtain
accurate volume measurements; the weight
of each container will also be known.
The categories into which the household
and/or commercial refuse will be sorted
are: vegetable wastes; animal wastes;
glass and ceramics; wood; paper board;
plastics; leather; textiles; oils, paints,
and fats; metals; aluminum; paper; rubber;
miscellaneous; and residue. If available
space permits, an area will be provided
at the sorting site for the equipment and
personnel necessary to prepare refuse for
testing the combustion characteristics of
the samples. During and following the 6—day
pilot survey, sorting and recording
techniques, sorting equipment, and personnel
requirements will be evaluated and
modified as necessary for the main survey.
During the main survey, the quantity and
mix of household and commercial refuse,
taken to disposal sites by the residents
and owners themselves, gardeners, and
part—time collectors, will be determined.
67-1236
FMC Corporation. Agricultural solid
wastes; industrial solid wastes; sewage
sludge. In Solid waste disposal
338
-------
1233—1238
demonstration project, 1966 systems
analysis progress report. Santa Clara,
Calif., Feb. 15, 1967. p. 18 - 34 .
An information search revealed that
quantitative data on sources of agricultural
solid waste are available, and some
estimates of animal waste quantity and
disposal have been obtained. For the
study, the agricultural waste sources
are defined by these categories: animal
wastes by type, orchard wastes by type,
row crops by type, and others by type.
Sample units will be selected from each
farm classification to determine typical
waste quantities and disposal methods. An
up-to-date listing of industrial firms
f or the County of Santa Clara was
developed and coded according to its
Standard Industrial Code classification.
The solid waste data will be collected
by two independ nt methods: mail-out
questionnaires to firms with less than
100 employees and personal interviews
with large firms by a staff survey team.
The following information will be gathered:
types of routes; number of routes; names
of firms collected from, by route; route
schedules; and disposal sites. Existing
disposal sites can be readily assessed
as to present or future capacities based
on data obtained in the main sur:ey. Three
types of solid wastes are produced in
Santa Clara plants: digested sludge, grit,
and screenings. Digested sludgç presents,
by volume, the greatest disposal problem.
The results of a sewage sludge pilot study
in the San Jose and Santa Clara Water
Pollution Control Plant are given. The
objectives of the main survey are to more
accurately determine the volume,
variability, and characteristics of the
treatment plant solids disposal problem,
and to establish when projected changes
will take place.
67-1237
FMC Corporation. Survey of resource
recovery supplemental processes;
analysis and evaluation. In Solid waste
disposal demonstration project, 1966 systems
analysis progress report. Santa Clara,
Calif., Feb. 15, 1967. p. 37 - 47 .
Cursory review has been made of compost
processes and carbonizing operations.
Plans call for obtaining the following
information as a basis for selecting
one existing process judged the most
appropriate for each resource which can
be recovered: functional information
such as operations performed, type of
equipment involved, power, utilities,
and space requirements; capital cost
estimates, as related to capacities; and
operating cost estimates as related to
capacities. Information for steam
generation and demolition debris
reduction and disposal will be obtained
later in the project. Data from the
Solid Waste Systems Survey is to be in
the form of solid waste quantities for
each census tract identified by types of
waste, source categories, collection
methods, and disposal methods. Information
from the Supplemental Resource Recovery
Processes Survey is to be in the form of
capital costs, operating costs, and
functional data such as input
requirements and sizing data. Existing
management controls and operational
responsibilities are to be superimposed
as fixed constraints upon the physical
and economical representation of the
solid wastes disposal systems under
consideration. Details of the structural
application features of the simulation
and projection models are covered as to:
a simulation model structural plan,
simulation model application, and model
Output.
61-1238
Gahr, W. N. Refuse and the state
government. Colorado Municipalities,
43(1O):250-251, Oct. 1967.
The nation generates 800 million lb of
trash per day, or 4.2 lb per person per
day. A 1.7 lb per capita per day increase
is expected in the Denver area when
backyard incineration is banned. Last
June the Colorado State Health Department
obtained a fifty-fifty matching grant from
the Federal Govermnent to make a
State-wide survey. Guidance information
in the form of a model resolution for
county use and one for municipalities
has been written. Provisions of Public
Law 89—272 are mentioned: research grants
to universities; training grants to
graduate level education; demonstration
grants for application of new or improved
methods; grants for investigating means
leading to the demonstration of improved
disposal practices; and State and interstate
survey and planning grants to support
State efforts in developing comprehensive
management plans. Federal support of up
339
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Management
to 50 percent is available for local survey
and planning projects, and up to two-thirds
of total cost of demonstrations or studies
and investigations.
67-1239
Gershowitz, H. The National Council:
drafts municipal pacts. Refuse Removal
Journal, 10(9):38, Sept. 1967.
The Industry-Governs nt Solid Wastes
Liaison Council is currently engaged
in a joint effort with the Solid Wastes
Program to design model municipal
contracts to cover the areas of sanitary
landf 1111mg, incIneration, and refuse
collection. It hopes to present its
first model contract, on sanitary landfills,
by mid-October. This model contract will
attempt to establish a long-needed,
universally-acceptable definition of a
sanitary landfill. Also to be included
will be an extensive list of basic
agreements between the municipality and
the contractor in order to assure pro er
and continuous operation of sanitary landfills
in all communities where the model contract
is utilized. The stated purpose of the
Liaison Council is to establish a
continuing dialogue between the government
and industry. Members of the industry
desiring to make specific suggestions to
the Model Landfill Contracts Committee
can do so by writing to the National
Council at 1022 15th Street N.W.,
Washington, D.C.
67-1240
I
Gershowitz, H. The National Council:
1967’s accomplishments. Refuse Removal
Journal, 1O(12):50, Dec. 1967.
The National Council of Refuse Disposal
Trade Associations reviews programs and
progress made during 1967. Two main goals
were established in the beginning of the
year: to establish a meaningful and
constructive liaison with the Federal
government, and to continue to build
an authoritative voice for private
enterprise in the refuse industry.
Progress in changing the Highway
Beautification Act and working with the
Federal Solid Waste Program is discussed,
with mention of the redefinition of
sanitary landfills to exempt them from
the Highway Beautification Act. The
Government-Industry Solid Waste
Liaison Council met twice during 1967.
This year also saw the successful Third
Annual Refuse Equipment Show and Congress,
held in San Francisco. In 1968, the name
of the National Council will change to the
National Solid Waste Management Association.
67-124 1
Golueke, C. G. Comprehensive studies on
waste management. Presented at
Engineering Foundation Research Conference,
Solid Waste Research and Development,
Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967. Conference
Preprint No. A-i. 17 p.
Research objectives and plan of attack were
formulated witl 3 the knowledge that there
are but seven possible types of waste disposal
systems for dealing with all or with
selected fractions of the overall solid
wastes: reduction at the source, diversion
at the source, disposal to land or ocean
sink, change of state, direct recycling to
resource, indirect recycling to resource,
and conversion. Phase I activities
consisted of a literature survey and an
intensive review of the amount of wastes
of various categories generated in Santa
Clara County, California, in 1967 and the
components of each category. Phase LI is
now in progress. The nine participating
research teams in the four major areas
of planning, operations research, public
health, and technology have refined their
objectives, coordinated their efforts,
and are engaged in definitive research
on systems essential to the success of
an overall wastes eneration and
evaluation model. A mathematical model
based on the conceptual model developed in
Phase I was developed. Using Santa Clara
County as a laboratory in which to study
wastes, four factors were explored:
location of disposal sites and definition
of service areas, land use and employment,
solid wastes generation, and composition
of solid wastes. The health implications
of the various Individual materials
occurring in refuse were evaluated.
Studies of the technology of solid wastes
management covered: incineration,
pyrolysis, composting, sanitary landfill,
salvage, anaerobic digestion, wet oxidation
and biological fractionation. (Research
supported in part by Public Health Service
Grant 1 ROl SW 00003-01)
340
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12 39—12 44
67-1242
Golueke, C. C., and P. H. McGauhey.
Introduction. In Comprehensive studies
of solid wastes management; first annual
report. Sanitary Engineering Research
Laboratory Report No. 67-7. Berkeley,
University of California, May 1967.
p. 1 - 14 .
Members of the faculty of the College of
Engineering and the School of Public
Health plus other faculty members of the
University of California have studied
the problems of waste management in this
country from a multi-disciplinary approach.
As many as 14 different disciplines have
been represented. Considerations of
public psychology, public health, properties
of synthetic naterials, and reuse of
waste materials enter into the study as
well as the traditional approach of
finding efficient disposal means.
Ultimately, the volume of waste produced
will have to be reduced, but at the present
time, only the possible reuse of waste
materials and the most efficient disposal
of the remainder can be considered.
The study is made from a community-wide
viewpoint considering all forms of waste
produced, and all forms of transportation and
disposal available. The work has two
phases, the first being where all
participants function as a single
research team to become fully acquainted
with all aspects of the solid wastes
problem and to collect and evaluate data
on current technology and management
techniques. The second phase involves
definitive research on areas outlined by
phase one. An organizational chart is
included as well as a table summarizing
the participants in the program.
67-1243
Golueke, C. C., and P. H. McCauhey. Data
collection and evaluation. In Comprehensive
studies of solid wastes management; first
annual report. Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory Report No. 67-7.
Berkeley, University of Calif ornia,
May 1967. p. 15 - 40 .
To collect data on which to base definitive
research was the goal of phase I of the
program. This started with a literature
search in which some 500 documents were
collected, abstracted, and codified.
Personal interviews with management and
onerating personnel in the field of
waste management were also conducted.
A study was made on the characteristics
of the waste situation in California
and specifically in Santa Clara County.
Very little information was available
due to the generally unscientific approach
to waste management in the past. Detailed
breakdowns into categories of glass,
plastic, metals, leathers, etc., are shown
in tables for both domestic waste producers
and for each specific type of industry in
the county. Agricultural wastes were
also studied even though they do not
pose an immediate problem. The manure
from dairies and chicken farms is the
principal agricultural waste and is currently
hauled privately to nearby truck gardens.
The City of Berkeley was selected as a model
because a survey of its wastes made in
1952 was available. Repeating this survey
showed that the major categories of
waste have remained roughly in the same
proportions, but the trends show that metals
are decreasing and glass and plastics
are increasing. Low income areas show higher
percentages of rags and shoes than higher
income areas where such items might be given
away. From these studies, a Regional Waste
Generation and Evaluation Model was developed
into which the entire project activity could
be fitted. Particular attention was shown
to be needed in economic studies and
also salvage, biological, and wet
oxidation studies.
67-1244
Golueke, C. C., and P. H. McGauhey.
Operations research. In Comprehensive
studies of solid wastes management; first
annual report. Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory Report No. 67-7.
Berkeley, University of California,
May 1967. p.41-54.
The Regional Waste Generation Model
developed in phase I of the program is
converted into a mathematical model by
which the inputs from the various research
teams in several areas of definitive
research could be utilized to develop
the optimum decisions and operational
procedures on which management depends.
First, a waste profile for am arbitrary
region and time period was developed.
The profile, which is outlined, is the input
for a Waste Collection-Treatment and Disposal
Model. A megapolis area is considered
with all its waste flows such as sewage
lines, transfer stations, and different
hauling vehicles. Of major importance
is the system used to predict an optimal
management system. This takes input data
from land use, population, waste technology
341
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Management
industry, and the national economy, and
considers them in the framework of the
regional economy to predict quantities of
waste by use and location. This is then
considered using the various management
system alternatives and the results are
optimized to produce the best management
sys tern.
61-1245
Golueke, C. G., and P. H. McGauhey.
Planning and economics. j Comprehensive
studies of solid wastes management; first
annual report. Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory Report No. 67-7.
Berkeley, University of California,
May 1967. p.55-74.
Research in the area of planning and
economics must include land-use planning
of the community as well as social,
aesthetic, and environmental goals of the
population. The economic attitudes and
technological capabilities must also be
considered. Moreover the types and amounts
of wastes generated can be predicted on
the basis of how many people use how much
land for what purposes within a community.
Santa Clara County was selected as a
suitable laboratory area because of its
urban- surburban- industrial-agricultural
characteristics. Factors of location of
disposal sites, land-use and employment,
solid waste generation, and composition of
wastes are considered in detail. The data
are used to formulate a regression analysis.
Tables list the disposal service areas
by location and census tracts, land use
proportions by census tracts, employment
by disposal areas and planning areas,
and the economic and operational variables
involved in the county disposal sites. A
summary of the linear regression results
is presented along with the data used to
create it.
67-1246
Golueke, C. G., and P. H. McGauhey.
Summary. In Comprehensive studies of solid
wastes management; first annual report.
Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory
Report No. 67-7. Berkeley, University
of California, May 1967. p. 167 - 174 .
This report covers the first year’s activities
of a comprehensive study into the field
of solid waste. Such far reaching factors
as the structure of modern communities and
the social and aesthetic goals of man
have been considered by a group of
researchers that includes engineers,
economists, political scientists, and
public health experts. Phase I of the
program included a comprehensive literature
search followed by interviews with persons
in the field of waste management. A model
area was chosen in California and its
waste flows studied in depth. Phase II of
the program has begun and involves definitive
research into specific areas of waste
handling. These projects include:
operations research for producing a
mathematical model of the management needs
of the model community; public health; and
a technology study which considers the
existing methods of waste management.
This last group has considered the
existing processes of incineration,
composting, landfill, and salvage; the
sewage procedure of anaerobic digestion;
and the new ideas of wet oxidation and
biological fermentation.
67-1247
Hannavy, A. Can engineering cope with the
debris of affluence? Product Engineering,
38(21):36-44, Oct. 9, 1967.
The Increasing problem resulting from
the necessity of disposing of 152 million
tons of solid wastes a year (and more in
years to come), at a time when the
available land for disposal is decreasing,
may be met by the application of systems
analysis. Systems analysis is being used
to determine the best solution for each
city’s waste problems and to seek
engineering solutions which will provide
the best opportunity for the reuse of
wastes. Because of the possible reluctance
of the public to accept the ideal engineering
solution, the input for the systems
analysis model includes such considerations
as public health, land-use patterns,
technology, economic costs and benefits,
and public acceptance. A chart is given
which plots the input and output
considerations used by the systems engineer
in solving the problem of the disposal of
solid waste garbage, rubbish, and bulky
junk. A drawing is given of a Japanese
technique which compresses garbage into
rocks under 2,980 psi with a reduction in
volume of 75 percent. The garbage rocks are
coated with iron so that they can be
welded for use in foundations and retaining
walls. The odor problem is eliminated by
the compression, it is claimed. A
‘Carbecue’ plant developed in Japan is also
-------
1245—1251
shown which cooks out the nonmetallic,
melts out the nonferrous metals and bales
the scrap left from cars. Pictures are
shown of open dump burning and auto
junkyards. The conventional methods of
disposal are reviewed.
67-1248
Hawkins, M. B. Methods for the prediction
of waste characteristics. Presented at
Third Annual National Refuse Equipment
Show and Congress, San Francisco, June
4, 1967. 19 p. (Unpublished
manuscript, Burlingame, Calif., URS
Corporation.)
The prediction method was used as an
approach based on the premise that all
thimgs that enter our society ultimately
become waste; a study of the materials and
commodities that enter a community will
provide information on the waste
characteristics; a study of
predictions of changes in the character
of materials, commodities, industrial
processes, and communities will provide
data on waste characteristics of the fucure.
Numerous charts on consumption, processing,
generation, population growth, world
growth, products, and solid waste
composition are furnished. The development
of an overall waste prediction model for
a given community involves: identifying
all consumption, processing and generating
activities; establishing the pertinent
input-output characteristics and
estimating quantities per day or month;
determining the size and location of
activities; locating and validating
predictions of land use changes; ascertaining
the materials and commodities that enter
the community; and assembling data on
commodity composition.
The Ruhr Valley comprises an area of
4,590 sq km with 5.7 million people.
Under a new regional plan, which has been
delivered for approval to the State
government, 214 municipalities will
cooperate. According to this plan,
certain tasks will be handled regionally
rather than by individual towns from
common traffic regulation, water
protection, farming, and housing, to solid
waste disposal. The last requires
especially close cooperation between the
towns because available disposal site ’
have become scarce. Some towns do not
have any sites left at all. Methods for
reducing the volume of the waste prior to
dumping must be pronoted. Common
incinerator plants and composting plants
shall be erected. (Text-German)
67-1250
Hume, N. Management information system
studied for Los Angeles. Refuse Removal
Journal, l0(ll):39, 44, 46, Nov. 1967.
The Refuse Collection and Disposal
Division of the Los Angeles Bureau of
Sanitation serves the third largest city
in America. The division hauls over
1,130,000 tons of rubbish annually, nearly
all of it residential, and employs about
1,350 people, of whom 950 are engaged
in direct collection activities, 24
are concerned with landfill operations,
and the balance of almost 400 are occupied
in equipment maintenance, supervisory,
clerical, and administrative positions.
The operation of this collection program
in accordance with integrated systems
concepts is discussed. The formation of
a research and planning division in 1963
has allowed the Bureau to devote increased
attention to systems concepts. The design
and implementation of an autonated
information system, based around IBM
1050 equipment with telephone tielimes,
will improve uniformity, speed, and accuracy
of the information required for
decision-making at all levels of mamagenent.
67-1251
Hume, N. Sanitation management information
system. In Proceedings; Second Annual
Meeting, Institute for Solid Wastes, Boston,
Oct. 3-5, 1967. Chicago, American Public
Works Association. p.5-9.
The design of an information system
responsive to the needs of refuse collection
and disposal in Los Angeles is described.
Los Angeles has a collection fleet of
500 trucks which collect 4,000 tons of refuse
per day. The refuse is disposed of at seven
sanitary landfills and 1,500 employees are
required for the operation and maintenance
of all equipment and facilities. Refuse
collection activities were organized on a
district basis. Interviews were held with
supervisory personnel to determine what
decisions were made. Exception reporting,
67-1249
Hessing, F. J. Goals
for the Ruhr Valley.
108(10):254-257, Mar.
of the regional plan
Wasser und Abwasser,
10, 1967.
343
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Management
which involves the presentation of only
that information which has been predetermined
to indicate abnormalities or conditions
requiring decisions, was found to be a
useful technique. Two basic documents were
developed: a summary of decision processes
for the various levels of supervision,
and decision tables for identifying the
relationship between the decisions made
and information utilized. A systems
engineering consulting firm was contracted
to implement the specified information
system. The system chosen centered
around IBM 1050 equipment which allows
the transmission of data at a high rate
between remote stations. Programs f or
the IBM 360 computer perform the required
analyses on the data.
67.1252
Korbitz, W. E. Looking to the future
with a regional refuse disposal plan.
Public Works, 98(6):120-121, June 1967.
Omaha, Nebraska, has conducted a regional
refuse disposal study. Refuse is
collected weekly by National Disposal
Service under contract with the city
which limits it to 100 gal of mixed refuse
per residence. Excess refuse is
collected by 300 private scavengers.
In 1955 the city constructed an
incinerator and established a landfill.
In 1964 the city objected to establishing
more landfills, therefore a site was
established in Iowa. A study is undertaken
with the following objectives: plans for
indefinite future, most economical methods,
most economical haul distance,
standardZzation of collection, enforcement
of disposal regulations, and minimization
of air and water pollution. The study
will require: population and refuse
quantities; determination of economical
location; zoning regulations;
determination of location for transfer
stations, compost plants, incinerators
and sanitary landfills; and methods of
disposal for automobile bodies and
building debris.
67 -1253
Kruty, S., and E. A. Tehie. Systematic
planning developed over-all waste disposal
program. Plant Engineering, 21(4):124-126,
Apr. 1967.
The over—all examination of Dearborn
Chemical plant operations before setting
up a new disposal system is reviewed.
The first step recommended is to classify
waste in like categories, for example:
combustible, petroleum-based,
noncombustible, and chemicals dissolved,
suspended, or emulsified in water. The
combustibles are incinerated; the
noncombustibles and petroleum—based
wastes are hauled away. Water wastes
are treated to restore neutral pH,
clarify effluents, and settle sludge for
removal by scavenger service. Cost is
reduced by using the sane chemicals for
water treatment as those used in the
manufacturing of product lines. Such dual
use of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulfide,
and sodium hydroxide is discussed. A
schematic drawing and detailed description
of the liquid waste disposal system are
included, mentioning pH, alkalinity,
flocculation, and the retaining lagoon.
67-1254
Leo Weaver appointed. American City,
82(4):50, Apr. 1967.
Leo Weaver succeeds Wesley E. Gilbertson
as chief of the Solid Wastes Program in the
Public Health Service. He will direct
Federal participation in cooperative
efforts with local and State governments
and private organizations.
67-1255
Leo Weaver named head of solid waste
program. APWA Reporter, 34(4):6, Apr.
1967.
Leo Weaver has been named chief of the
Solid Wastes Program in the Public Health
Service’s National Center for Urban and
Industrial Health. He will direct Federal
participation in cooperative efforts with
local and State governments and private
organizations to solve problems created by
unsanitary and landscape-disfiguring solid
wastes disposal practices. Mr. Weaver was
commissioned in the Public Health Service
after his graduation from New York University,
College of Engineering in 1948. His first
major assignment was for North Dakota’s
Department of Health. In 1957 he became
chief of the Public Health Service refuse
sanitation program. Hr. Weaver was sanitary
engineer director at the Robert Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center in Cincinnati,
Ohio.
344
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125 2—1259
67-1256
Maier, P. P., and P. A. Rogers. The
California integrated solid waste
management project. Calif ornia Vector
Views, 14(1O):60-68, Oct. 1967.
The California Integrated Solid Waste
Management Project, initiated in July 1966,
is to be an intensive study of solid
waste management in an area of
approximately 1,200 sq miles surrounding
the city of Fresno, California. The
stated objectives of this study are to
investigate, plan, and design a regional
solid waste management system that will
handle urban, industrial, and agricultural
wastes. A portion of the Fresno area
was selected because this area has
prob lens that are representative of many
other locations, in and out of the state.
A systems approach is being used in the
analysis and design of the proposed
regional plan; this part of the project
will be handled by Aerojet-General
Corporation. Much effort in the area
of public education has gone into the
production of a documentary film, ‘It’s
a Good Faeling’, designed to motivate
positive public response toward resolving
community solid waste problems. Development
of standards, a public education program,
and the final report are expected to be
concluded in June, 1968.
67-1257
McCauhev, P.R. Living with our wastes.
In 3. F. Flack, and N. C. Shipley, eds.
Proceedings; Ninth Western Resources
Conference, Man and the Quality of His
Environment, University of Colorado,
Boulder, July 5, 1967. UnIversity of
Colorado Press, 1968. p.l7-22.
Use of food and fiber, and of commercial
products of industry, produces municipal
refuse abounding in garbage, plastics,
glass, paper, old furniture and appliances,
gadgets of all descriptions, junk and old
automobiles, sewage sludge, and so on.
Housing, transportation, and construction
produces demolition debris involving wood,
brick, metals, concrete, earth, stone, dust,
silt, etc. The distressing fact concerning
this waste production by man’s activities
is that into the air, the water, or the
land go gaseous, liquid, or solid materials
representing the entire gamut of disposal
possibilities. But the air, the water,
and the land constitute the environment
of man from which he cannot disassociate
himself. Thus pollution of the environment
is an inescapable by-product of industrial
man. This pollution may affect the qunlity
of the environment in many ways, all of
which are degrading rather than upgrading.
From an engineering viewpoint, the problem
of wastes management becomes one of
finding the optimum combination of
discharges to the air, water, and land
resources which man will accept from the
viewpoint of environmental quality and,
finding more ways to reduce pollutants to an
absolute minimum. Both of these problems
are closely related to economic concepts
of man at any point in time. If man is
to control the quality of his environment
in America and achieve the objectives of
pure air, clean water, and unpolluted land
he is going to have to accept regional
systems of unprecedented jurisdictional
nature, revise upward his concept of
economic feasibility, and above all
surrender much of our national heritage
of waste.
67-1258
Mields, H. Public administration aspects
of area—wide planning. In L. Weaver,
ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon General’s
conference on Solid Waste Management for
Metropolitan Washington, July 19-20, 1967.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1729.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office.
p.149-154.
The pressing need for a regional authority
to deal with waste disposal in the Washington
area is discussed. The nature of the disposal
problem is briefly described. Program goals
are enumerated. Work could begin now under
the auspices of the Washington Metropolitan
Council of Governments. Goals of the
proposed regional authority are discussed.
67-1259
Mitchell, R. E., F. R. Bowerman, and T.
E. Walsh. A systemized approach to
urban-rural solid waste management. In
Engineering Foundation Research Conference,
Solid Waste Research and Development,
University School, Milwaukee, July 24-28,
1967. Conference Preprint No. A-3.
Aerojet-General has undertaken to determine,
by a systems study, an optimum solution
to a specific region’s (California) problems
and develop a technology for study of the
region that may be applied in other
similar regions. The plan of operations
345
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Management
is outlined. The essential elements of
the work are: development of a method of
evaluating a solid waste management system
and comparing it to alternative systems;
and assessment of a region’s present
system and measuring the magnitude of
the present and near future problem.
A measure by which alternative systems can
be evaluated against a common criterion
must be developed. Conceptual design,
performance, and cost of various systems
must be evaluated. Data and methods
will be developed on: identification of
solid wastes and groups affected by the
problems, identification of conditions
under which the system must operate,
and provision of itemized and charted
data on the performance and costs of each
system considered, among others.
67-1260
More states join regional approach to
solid waste problem. American City,
82(6):44, June 1967.
The addition of four more States——Maryland,
Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Texas——brings
to 25 the number of States developing solid
waste management plans. Participants in
a national program for planning attacks on
solid waste pollution become eligible for
Federal grants totalling up to 50 percent
of the cost of statewide surveys that are
needed to eliminate solid waste disposal
practices that create health hazards
and destroy natural beauty. Leo Weaver,
chief of the Solid Wastes Program in
the Public Health Services National
Center for TUrban and Industrial Health
stated thaE ‘a major objective for this
statewide planning Is to develop
comprehensive solid waste management systems
that are responsive to regional disposal
needs. We are seeking to reverse a
nationwide tendency to leave responsibility
for waste disposal with communities unable,
usually because they are too small, to
handle the job except in ways that
endanger health and cause blight.’
67-1261
Muhich, A. 3. A basic data system for
solid waste. In Proceedings; Solid Waste
in Urban Environments—-a Community Action
Seminar, Houston, Mar. 9, 1967.
University of Houston. p.22-26.
Due to the paucity and general unreliability
of existing information of solid waste
conditions and practices, the major
effort during the first half of the grant
period under the Solid Waste Disposal
Act will be implementation of statewide
solid waste surveys. From the State
viewpoint, the survey will provide the
quantitative information required for the
development of State legislation; the
information will be used as the basis for
development of design and performance
criteria and for the development of
effective public information programs.
Uniform and reliable data are also necessary
to provide guidance to the Federal Solid
Wastes Program in administering funds for
demonstration projects, training and
research grants, and contracts. The
data listings and reporting forms for
the National Survey were developed and
tested in five States (California, Michigan,
Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia).
The forms were designed to gather data
on a community wide basis focusing on
community description, storage, collection,
disposal, and budget and fiscal matters. The
land disposal surveys will include any site
on which there is dumping of solid wastes
by public and/or private collectors. The
Facility Investigation Form contains a
separate section on the design features and
operational characteristics of incinerators.
The proposed survey will cover approximately
75 percent of the United States population.
A minimum population size limitation of 5,000
was chosen for communities surveyed. It is
recommended that survey teams consist of
relatively small numbers of people working
on a nearly full-time basis as field
investigators.
67-1262
Muhich, A. 3. National survey of community
solid wastes practices. In Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Development,
University School, Milwaukee, July 24 .28,
1967. Conference Preprint No. A-8.
Work done on the National Survey by the
Solid Wastes Program, in conjunction with
State Planning grants authorized under the
Solid Waste Disposal Act, is described.
Forms and procedures for State solid
waste surveys have been formulated and
field tested in five States and the final
data listings and reporting forms were
developed. A dual approach was used
in the survey forms. One data form
(Community Description) was designed
to gather general information on the
storage, collection, and disposal of
solid wastes in the ‘community.’ Two
346
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1260—1266
separate forms (Land Disposal
Investigation and Facility Investigation)
were also used. The ‘community’ form
focuses on five broad information areas:
community description, storage, collection,
disposal, budget, and fiscal. The two
disposal forms focus on community
description, description and evaluation
of site, quantitative data, and fiscal
data. The Facility Investigation form
contains a separate section on the
design features and operational
characteristics of incinerators.
67-1263
Orndorff, R. L. Regional solid waste
disposal systems. In Proceedings; Second
Annual Meeting, Institute for Solid Wastes,
Oct. 3-5, 1967. Chicago, American Public
Works Association. p. 9 -25.
A brief descriptioo is given of five
regional solid waste disposal systems.
The Metropolitan Toronto Corporation,
a federation of six municipalities, was
given the refuse disposal function of
picking up material remains in the
jurisdiction of each of the members. The
recommended plan for the area consists
of construction work on three existing
incinerators, new landfill sites, and
six transfer stations with a capital
expenditure estimated at $28,250,000,
and annual operating costs ranging
from $8,100,000 to $12,000,000. ‘The
California Integrated Solid Waste
Management Project’ deals with an
intensive evaluation of a rapidly urbanizing
area in the San Joaquin Valley. The
objective of the study is to plan and
design a regional solid waste system that
will handle urban, industrial, and
agricultural wastes, to test and evaluate
the designed system and produce a
methodology that can be generalized in
regions other than Fresno county. Solid
wastes systems analysis was carried out by
the Quad City Solid Wastes Committee
of Paterson, Clifton, Passaic, and
Wayne, New Jersey. The formation of a
Soiid Waste Authority and an attempt at
high temperature combustion are future
objectives. Milwaukee County is
proceeding with a program of solid
wastes disposal which includes
incineration, disposal area for bulky
wastes, incinerator residues, and
demolition material. The advantages of
regional refuse disposal systems and
studies bf proposed regional solid wastes
disposal systems in the Boston area and the
Old Farms section of Connecticut are
discussed.
67-1264
New solid wastes director is named. Compost
Science, 7(3):14, Winter 1967.
Leo Weaver, a Public Health Service
Sanitary Engineer Director, has been
appointed Chief of the Solid Wastes
Program. He succeeds Wesley E. Cilbertson.
67-1265
Omaha regional refuse disposal plant.
Public Works, 98(7):13O, July 1967.
The plans for a regional refuse disposal
study covering the four—county Omaha
metropolitan area are described. The study
will require, develop, and provide
information which should include: population
and refuse quantities throughout the area
(total and concentrations); a determination
of the economical location of disposal sites;
development of standard collection and
disposal regulations for the counties and
cities in the region; the legal establishment
of disposal sites throughout the study area
by zoning regulations, ordinances, statutes
or other legal means; determination of
locations for transfer stations, the use of
compost plants, incinerators, sanitary
landfills and other methods of waste
disposal; a determination of methods and
location of a disposal facility for automobile
bodies and building debris; any other
pertinent information.
67 1 266
Pollock, E. L. Solid waste management.
Refuse Removal Journal, lO(9):l4, Sept. 1967.
The Refuse Removal Journal is now called
the Solid Wastes Management/Refuse Removal
Journal, thus reflecting the progressive
steps taken by industry and government
alike since the Journal first started
publication in 1958. The words ‘refuse
removal’ no longer accurately define the
ever-widening scope of this periodical,
so the publisher is beginning the first
phase in the renaming of this trade
magazine, which ultimately will be entitled
Solid Wastes Management. Solid wastes
management is a $3.3 billion industry,
the fifth largest service activity in the
United States.
347
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Management
Mr. IJe Von Bogue has been appointed
Regional Program Director for Solid Wastes,
Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia. Walter W.
Liberich, Jr., will assist him.
67-1268
Regional test program. American City,
82(2):60, Feb. 1967.
In 1966 Aerojet General, under contract
to make a study of waste management for
the State of California, first employed
systems analysis in their study of solid
wastes. This came as a shock to many
other corporations and individuals involved
in similar studies. California then
awarded Aerojet General an additional
contract to develop an efficient solid
waste disposal program for the 500,000
people living in the greater Fresno area
(1,000 square miles). The Public
Health Service granted Aerojet General
$251,000 to complete the project. Aerojet
General also acquired a $60,000 federal
study contract to compile data concerning
solid waste tytes, sources, and processes.
67-1269
Reid, P. M. The need for long-range
planning ,for a solid waste disposal
plan. In L. Weaver, ed. Proceedings;
the Surgeon General’s Conference on Solid
Waste Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. p. 1 31-138.
History of the development of a regional
solid waste disposal plan for the Detroit
area is given. The administration is described.
Information to establish the needs of a
regional plan was obtained by a
questionnaire and field survey.
Recommendations of the advisory committee
are given and steps taken to date to
implement the plan are outlined. Most
conmiunities within the region had very
short-range plans for solid waste disposal.
The coas ittee recommended a combined
disposal system of incinerators and
sanitary landfill sites.
This editorial presents three ways to
handle waste, change its geographical
destination, its physical and chemical
form, or our way of life. Changing the
physical and chemical forms of waste
is described as making them more
amenable to recycling or restorage.
Changing our way of life can reduce food
and packaging waste. Technological
advances allowing a given operation to be
more economical and reliable are mentioned.
67-1271
Scornavacchi, M. T. How to plan a
solid waste disposal program. Compost
Science, 7(3):28, Winter 1967.
When planning a solid waste disposal
program, engineers should evaluate the
existing facilities: on premise storage,
collection, and anticipated life, and do
an economic study. They should establish
actual refuse per capita figures. The
type and quantity of salvageable refuse
should be studied. Location and natural
limitations should be considered.
671272
600-ton operation of Detroit areas.
Refuse Removal Journal, 1O(12):17, Dec.
1967.
The newly-formed Grosse Pointes-Clinton
Refuse Disposal Authority has awarded
$1,830,000 of incinerator bonds to a
syndicate led by the Bank of the
Commonwealth of Detroit. Proceeds of
the bonds will be used to construct an
incinerator plant with total capacity
of 600 tons per day. The plant will be
operated under a 25-year contract and
will meet air pollution standards now
in effect. Construction, which will
cost about $1.5 million, is expected to
begin shortly and take about a year. This
Refuse Disposal Authority is the first
such regional group in Michigan not
dependent upon Federal or State funds.
67-1261
67-1270
Public
Health
Office appoints new men.
Sachsel,
G. The management
of
solid
Refuse
Removal
Journal, 10(2):32,
wastes.
Battelle Technical
Review,
Feb. 1967.
16(6):2,
June 1967.
348
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1267—1275
67-1273
Spradlin, B. C. Solid waste management:
a systems perspective. In American
Public Works Association Yearbook 1967.
Chicago, p.lSl— 184 .
Solid waste problems must be considered
from a feedback systems perspective if
effective programs for control of refuse
generation and abatement are to be
developed. Models relating to
recognition of solid waste problems
have been developed that incorporate
regional planning effort and technology
in a complex feedback systems manner.
These models permit the design of system
characteristics, such as planning effort
allocation policies and research programs,
so that the system is stimulated to take
action toward system control. The portion
of the system relating to problem
recognition is shown in aggregate form.
The composite system that surrounds the
solid waste problem as it exists in a
large metropolitan area is also illustrated.
As the aggregated level of solid waste
technology increases, source reduction
capability increases and, after
implementation, reduces the per capita
production of solid waste. In feedback
terminology, this is a negative feedback
loop, that is, an increase in the per
capita production of solid waste
sets forth a chain of reactions that
through the effects of feedback reduce
the per capita production of waste.
Much of the current thinking regarding the
abatement of solid waste pollution
reflects only the approach that the
problem of solid waste generation lies
beyond control and that solid waste
pollution must be contained by disposal
techniques alone.
67-1274
Summaries of papers presented at 2nd
annual meeting of Institute for Solid
Wastes. APWA Reporter, 34(12):11—12,
Dec. 1967.
Papers presented at the 2nd Annual Meeting
of the Institute for Solid Wastes are
summarized, ‘Los Angeles’ Sanitation
Management Information System’ by Norman
B. Hume describes the major factors taken
into account in changing over from a
manually compiled data system for refuse
collection to an automated one. ‘The
California Integrated Solid Waste
Management Project’ by Paul P. Maier
and Peter A. Rogers reviewed the study
undertaken in the San Joaquin Valley
to design an area-wide system of solid
waste disposal. Frank P. Francis, in
his paper on ‘Regional Solid Waste Disposal
Systems’ described the evolution of
planning for refuse collection and
disposal from a 1961 survey by the cities
of Paterson, Passaic, and Clifton to the
formation of an ad hoc committee in
1966, representing those three cities
plus Wayne. H. B. Wildschut presented
a paper entitled ‘Proposed Solid Waste
Disposal System for Milwaukee County’
and Frank L. Heaney, in his paper on
‘Regional Solid Wastes Disposal Systems’,
noted the advantages of a regional disposal
system. The importance of selecting
equipment for a job was discussed by
Don C. McClenahan in his paper ‘Selection
of Equipment for Refuse Collection
Operations’, and K. Wuhrmann used seven
diagrams to illustrate his discussion of
‘The Pros and Cons of Heat Recovery in
Waste Incineration’. Three research
projects being conducted by Elmer R.
Kaiser are described in his paper
‘Thermal Processes for Refuse Reduction’
and, in his paper entitled ‘Heil-Gondard
Refuse Reduction Mill in Madison, Wisconsin,’
Edwin J. Duszynski gave a progress report
on the pilot plant study of the
French-developed Condard ballistic
rejection hammermill. Three other
papers applauded the programs and
accomplishments of the U.S. Public Health
Service in the field of solid wastes.
67 1275
Talty, J. T. Federal assistance
available under the Solid Waste Disposal
Act. Colorado Municipalities, 43(1O):250-252,
Oct. 1967.
The Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare is responsible for waste problems
of communities. The Secretary of Interior,
through the Bureau of Mines, is responsible
for mineral, metal, and fossil fuel
waste problems. The Solid Wastes Program
has a $12 million budget during fiscal year
1967, and a projected fiscal year 1968
budget of $15.6 million. The Program has
initiated action in six areas: grant
support for projects to demonstrate new
and improved technology; grant support
for area-wide solid waste management
systems; grant support for State surveys
of needs and development of plans;
research to establish new approaches to
349
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Management
management training programs; and
technical assistance to local and State
governments with solid waste problems.
Objectives of a planning project include
enacting and strengthening legislation,
developing a data collection system, and
setting and enforcing standards for design
and operation of facilities. Grants
provide up to 50 percent of costs.
Approximately $1.5 million in grant
funds have been awarded for the support
of 32 State survey and planning projects.
67.1276
IJSPHS unit moves to Cincinnati; Vaughan
replaces Weaver. APWA Reporter,
34(10):20, Oct. 1967.
The National Center for Urban and
Industrial Health has established permanent
headquarters in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Establishment of the Center in Cincinnati
brings together in one location numerous
Public Health Service programs involving
research, training, and technical and
financial assistance in such environmental
health fields as solid waste management,
prevention of occupational illness, control
of injury hazards, milk and food sanitation,
health implications of the use of water
and sea resources, and environmental
engineering. One Center activity, the
Arctic Health Research Laboratory, will
continue to function at its new facility
adjacent to the University of Alaska
at Fairbanks. The Center is now located
in rented facilities, but will eventually
have permanent facilities on the campus
of the Uxgiversity of Cincinnati. Director
of the Center is Jerome Svore; Deputy
Director is Paul W. Kabler; the Associate
Director is Murray Brown; and the
Assistant Director is Howard Kusnetz.
Solid Wastes Chief will be Richard Vaughan;
he replaces Leo Weaver, who will be
attached to the Center’s liaison office in
Washington. Environmental Sanitation
Chief will be Robert E. Novick. Water Supply
and Sea Resources Chief will be Curtiss H.
Everts. Injury Control Chief will be Richard
E. Marland. Occupational Health Chief will
be Murray C. Brown. Arctic Health Chief
will be Edward Scott.
67-1277
U.S. study group reports on German solid
waste management. APWA Reporter,
34(12):1O, Dec. 1967.
In conjunction with the U.S.-Gernan
Cooperative Program in Natural Resources,
Pollution Control, and Urban Development
administered by the U.S. Department of
Interior, a U.S. team examined solid wastes
management in Germany. The Study Group
came to several conclusions: (1) German
domestic refuse is similar to American,
but it contains more ash and fewer cans,
bottles, and paper. (2) The principal
storage container for German domestic use
is a 100-liter refuse can. (3) The
municipal government handles almost all
domestic refuse collection, collecting
from the curbside by means of mechanized
lifting devices which must dump the
containers ‘dustlessly’ due to the
high ash content in the refuse. (4) No
sanitary landfills exist; landfills have
bad reputations similar to American ones.
(5) Composting is practiced, but not
extensively, because of high costs.
(6) Efficient and well-engineered refuse
incineration with the production of steam
or electricity is coumon in Germany;
however, refuse is not a ‘free’ fuel,
as it costs more to produce steam or
electricity from refuse than from
conventional fuels.
67.1278
Vanderveld, J. Is private enterprise
necessary? Refuse Removal Journal,
1O(8):22, 40, Aug. 1967.
George Champion, Chairman of the Chase
Manhattan Bank, said recently, ‘I can
think of nothing that would put the
brakes on big government faster than for
business to identify critical problems and
take the initiative in dealing with
them before Washington felt the need to
act.’ The State of Illinois established
minimum rules and regulations for
sanitary landfill operations in the State.
The responsible contractor needs to have
his equipment look clean and attractive.
When raising collection rates, the
contractor should write a letter of
explanation. Job training is needed to
teach the men on the trucks the
fundamentals of equipment operation, safety,
proper working habits, attitudes, and
good public relations. The men are
provided with uniforms, training, and
fair-minded supervision. Private
enterprise is more likely to get a
full day’s work for a full day’s pay.
zo
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1276—1282
67-1279
Vogel, H. H. Meeting of the Swiss State
Planning Commission. Wasser und
Abwasser, 108(10):258-260, Mar. 10, 1967.
At a meeting of the Swiss State Planning
Commission, H. P. Tschudi, chief of the
Department of the Interior, pointed out
that prior to World War II, economic,
social, and cultural problems were handled
primarily by local authorities. After
the war, these tasks were shifted to the
federal government, mainly because the
towns and cantons lacked expertise and
money; at the same time, and more
importantly, national programs were
promoted to meet the various needs. In
contrast with the national highway programs
and national educational programs, however,
the tasks of water protection, waste
disposal, and the establishment of sewage
systems remained within the province of
the towns, which now find the problem of
coping with such tasks to be increasingly
difficult. A commission of experts was
set up to investigate the financial
situation in the towns and cantons. It
suggested that the following tasks should
be performed jointly by Federal, canton
and municipal governments: preservation
of natural resources, maintenance of
recreational areas, protection of water and
air against poliution, waste disposal, and
protection against noise.
(Text—German)
67-1280
Wathen, P. R., M. M. Clemmens, and W.
Zabban. Three-way cooperation develops
complete waste treatment system. Plant
Engineering, 21(6):113-116, June 1967.
The results of three-way cooperation
between plant engineer, consultant, and
designer to solve waste disposal and
water problems are discussed. The
engineer had total responsibility for the
overall program; the consultant supplied
a detailed report describing the problems
and the requirements as well as the cost.
Plant location, the stream into which
treated waste would be discharged, the
use of the stream by others, the character
of the water, and the effects the waste
would have on the stream were points
considered in planning. The activated
sludge process chosen as the most economical
and technically feasible means of removing
organic material is explained. Equalization
using ferrous sulfate minimized shock load
and blending of waste constituents by
preventing flow surge and assuring a more
uniform waste concentration. Neutralization
followed. Final disposal of solid waste
at a sanitary landfill and liquid flow into
the stream is described.
67-1281
Weaver appointed chief of solid wastes
program. Refuse Removal Journal, 10(4):36,
Apr. 1967.
Leo Weaver, a Public Health Service
Sanitary Engineer Director with 10 years
experience in solid wastes management,
has been appointed Chief of the Solid
Wastes Program to succeed Wesley S.
Gilbertson. He will direct Federal
participation in cooperative efforts with
local and State governments and private
organizations. Mr. Weaver was commissioned
in 1948 following his graduation from
New York University with a degree in civil
engineering.
67-1282
Weaver, L., ed. Proceedings; the Surgeon
General’s Conference on Solid Waste
Management for Metropolitan Washington,
July 19-20, 1967. Public Health Service
Publication No. 1729. Washington, U.S.
Government Printing Office. 194 p.
The conference consisted of three panels.
Panel A considered present practices and
needs in the metropolitan area and papers
were presented on: solid waste disposal
for the Washington Metropolitan area; air
pollution and solid waste disposal practices;
solid waste handling by Federal installations;
abandoned and scrap automobiles; and
legislative needs for a metropolitan
disposal program. Panel B discussed
technology today and papers were presented
on: transportation systems, land
reclamation, refuse reduction processes,
and recycling and utilization. Panel
C covered development of a regional solid
waste disposal plan and papers were
presented on: the need for long range
planning for a solid waste disposal plan;
administrative aspects of area-wide
planning; and, assistance available under
the Solid Waste Disposal Act. A paper
was also presented on health aspects of
solid waste disposal. The proceedings
volume also includes the open discussion
following each of the panels; a summary
of each of the panels, presented by the
panel chairmen; and, keynote, luncheon
and concluding addresses.
351
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Management
67-1283
Weaver, L. Solid Wastes; a new test for
research and engineering. In Engineering
Foundation Research Conference, Solid
Waste Research and Development, University
School, Milwaukee, July 24-28, 1967.
(Keynote speech.)
Technological and sociological resources
must be mobilized to increase knowledge
of environmental systems and to apply
present knowledge. The Solid Waste
Disposal Act of 1965 can aid in this by
utilizing the resources of local, State and
Federal agencies and private organizations.
The Federal government supplies resources
for personnel training, statewide solid
waste program planning, design of new
area-wide management systems, demonstrations
of new and improved technology, and research.
The heart of the program is grant assistance
and research.
67.1284
Welch, L. Utilization of advanced technology
in urban governmental services. j.fl
Proceedings; Solid Waste in Urban
Environments——a Community Action Seminar,
Houston, Mar. 9, 1967. University of
Houston. p.38-41.
A study made in 1964 indicated a per capita
contribution of 2 lb of garbage per day
in Houston, Texas. The city, as of one
year ago, was serving 388,500 units with
garbage pick-up. Residents who want to
hire someone to pick up at their back door
are reimbursed. Apartment projects
have their own private pick-up. The City
of Houston has disposed of its garbage and
refuse for many years by the methods of
sanitary landfill and incineration.
Residents are fighting the estabflshment
of sanitary landfills in some areas.
Three incinerators are working, each with
a capacity of 300 tons per day. A new
incinerator will include modern pollution
control equipment and will reduce the
volume of garbage and refuse by 90 percent.
The residue is ashes and noncombustible
material, mainly in cans. It will
operate around the clock, every day of the
year, except for maintenance periods.
The first 4 00—ton—per—day furnace is
almost completed and a second 800-ton—per—
day incinerator will be placed in operation
within the next 2 years. The City has
signed four separate contracts with four
corporations for each of them to dispose
of a minimum of 300 tons of garbage a day.
Two corporations have completed
composting plants. Complaints have been
received from citizens in the area of one
composting plant regarding odor. The plant
also disposes of sewage sludge from the
sewage treatment plant. If only one of the
disposal systems results in a true success,
the answer to the solid waste disposal
problem may be solved.
67-1285
Zaltzman, R. Oklahoma City-County Health
Department. Solid waste disposal
countywide study; preliminary report.
Oklahoma City, C. H. Guernsey & Co.
Consulting Engineers, 1967. 69 p.
Means for optimizing the existing solid waste
disposal systems in the Oklahoma City—County
metropolitan area were studied. The major
communities in Oklahoma County were sampled,
a working model was developed and tested,
and recommendations and cost estimates were
made. The project plan attempted to:
determine and solve the problems associated
with waste collection; determine the best
means for final waste disposal; and determine
the economic viability of area—wide collection
and disposal, as organized and operated
within the existing legislation, and with or
without the creation of new systems. The
following were among the input data which
were studied: the locations of the collection
units and routes, the number of pickups per
collection unit, the locations of the disposal
facilities, and the locations of the overnight
parking facilities for satellite vehicles.
Then data were gathered concerning daily
per capita refuse generation rates; refuse
densities; and collection rates, both in
terms of individual pickups and entire
routes. With regard to improvement of the
existing system; it was recommended that
the following be studied in detail: cost
estimates for sanitary landfills, refuse
composition, cost analyses for refuse
disposal, methods of disposal; milage
analyses; and routes taken by disposal
haulers.
67-1286
Zeinlausky, J. Solid waste disposal will
affect the future of urban land use.
Public Health News, 48(9):203-204,
Sept. 1967.
Disposal of the large amounts of refuse
(12,600 tons of household refuse and
7,506 tons Qf industrial and commercial
362
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1283—1286
refuse from New Jersey and 1,000 tons
from New York City and Philadelphia,
daily) are discussed. A program to move
New Jersey ahead in solid waste techniques
has been launched with the help of a
$50,000 grant from the U.S. Public Health
Service. A training program at Rutgers
University will triple the number of
trainees in modern solid waste techniques.
Additional personnel have been assigned to
work with a reorganized solid waste
disposal unit. An evaluation of sanitary
landfills throughout the State was
undertaken, detailing location, size,
ownership, costs of collection and
disposal, air pollution, odors, fire-control
methods, etc. A similar study is being
completed of incinerator facilities.
Important factors in planning ahead,
such as population changes, are considered.
Further investigation must be made of
the regionalization of solid waste disposal
activities, leading to new and unique
technological approaches.
353
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Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Australian Chemical Processing and Engineering, Lawson
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Australian Sugar Journal, Australian Sugar Producers Association,
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Ltd., 33-39 Bowling Green Lane, London E.C.1, England.
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14 Belgrave Square, London SW1, England.
Civic Administration/Cites et VIlles, Maclean-Hunter Publishing
Co., Ltd., 481 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada.
Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th
St., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Coal Age, P.O. Box 430, Hightstowri, N.J. 08520.
Colorado Municipalities, Colorado Municipal League, 2040—14th
Street, Suite 125, Boulder, Colorado 80302.
Combustion, Combustion Publishing Co., Inc., 277 Park Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10017.
Compost Science, Rodale Press, 33 E. Minor St., Emmaus, Pa.
18049.
Compressed Air, Compressed Air Magazine Co., 942 Memorial Parkway,
Phillipsburg, New Jersey 08865.
Construction Methods & Equipment, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd
St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Consulting Engineer, 217 Wayne Street, St. Joseph, Mich. 49085.
Diesel and Gas Turbine Progress, Bruce W. Wadman, 11225 W. Bluemound
Road, P.O. Box 7406, Milwaukee, Wis. 53213.
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal, Thunderbird Enterprises
Ltd., 3 Clement’s Inn, London, England.
Electrical Times, Electrical Times Ltd., 33 Bowling Green Lane,
London, E.C.1, England.
Electrical World, McCrawHill Publications, 330 W. 42nd Street,
New York, N.Y. 10036.
Engineer, Morgan Brothers Ltd., 28 Essex Street, Strand, London,
England.
Engineering, Chemical & Maine Press, Ltd., 33/39 Bowling Green Lane,
London, E.C.l, United Kingdom.
Engineering and Boiler House Review, ceased publication.
Engineering News-Record, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New
York, N.Y. 10036.
Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society,
1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036.
357
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Ethyl News (changed to Ethyl Magazine), Ethyl Corporation,
Public Relations Department, 330 S. 4th St., Richmond, Va. 23219.
Factory (name changed to Modern Manufacturing), McGraw-Hill inc.,
330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Fluid Power International, Morgan-Grampian Ltd., 28 Essex Street,
Strand, London, W.C.2, England.
Foerdern Heben, Krausskopf Verlag fuer Wirtschaft GmbH., Lessingstrasse
12-14, Mainz, West Germany.
Food Engineering, Chilton Co., 56th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia,
Pa. 19139.
Forest Products Journal, Forest Products Research Society, 2801
Marshall Ct., Madison, Wis. 53705.
Find & Polveri, Publicteca Europea, Via Soperga 52, Milan, Italy.
Gas Journal, Walter King Ltd., 10-16 Elm St., London, W.C.1, England.
Gas und Wasserfach (G.W.F.), R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Rosenheimer
Str. 145, 8000 Munich 80, Germany.
Gaz, Woda I Technika Sanitarna, Ruch, U i Wronia 23, Warsaw 1, Poland.
Glastechnische Berichte, Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft,
Bockenheimer Landstr. 126, Frankfurt am Main 1, Germany.
Gospodarka Wodna, Export and Import Enterprise ‘Ruch’, ul Wilcza
46, Warsaw, Poland.
Hydrocarbon Processing, Gulf Publishing Co. Circulation Mgr. P.O. Box
2608 Houston, Texas 77001.
Hygiene, Uniunea Societatilor de Stiinte Medicale, Republica
Socialista Romania, Str. Progresului, No. 8, Bucharest, Romania.
Hygiene and Sanitation, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and
Yechnical information, Springfield, Va. 22151.
IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, international Business Machines
Corp., Armonk, New York 10504.
Indian Journal of Technology, 122 E. 55th St., New York, N.Y. 10022.
Indian Sugar, india Exchange,India Exchange Place, Calcutta 1, India.
Industrial Engineering (changed to Maintenance Engineering)
Cleworth Publishing Co. Inc., One River Rd., Cos Cob, Conn. 06807.
Industrial Engineering Chemistry FundamentalS, American Chemical
Society, 1155 16th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20036.
Industrial Research, Industrial Research, inc., Beverly Shores, md.
46301.
Industrie Chimique, 8 rue dr Miromesnil, Paris, France.
Ingegneria Sanitaria, Istituto Propaganda Internazionale, Via
Friuli 32, 20135 Milan, Italy.
358
-------
Addresses. of Periodical Publications Cited
Institute of Materials Handling Journal (changed to Materials
Handling and Management), tezrçrint Frees Ltd., Stasiford House,
65-66 Turnmill St., E.C.T., London, Zngland.
Institution of Civil Engineers. Proceedings, 1-7 Great George
Street, Weatminister, London S.W.1, England.
Institution of Municipal Engineers. Journal, Institution of
Municipal Engineers, 25 Eccleston Sq., London, S.W.1, England.
Iron Age. Chilton Company, Chestnut and 56th Street, Philadelphia,
Pa. 19139
Iron and Steel, Iliffe Industrial Publications Ltd., Dorset
House, Stamford Street, London, S.E.l, England.
Journal of Agricultrual Scieàce, Cambridge University Press,
Bentley house, 200 Euston Rd., london N.W.1, England.
Journal of Air Pollution ControL Association., 440 Fifth Ave.,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 14213.
Journal of The American Water Works Men., American Water Works
Association, 2 Park Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016.
Journal of Environ nental Health, National Association of
Sanitarians, Lincoln Bldg., 1550 Lincoln St., Denver, Co b. 80203.
Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan, Nenryo Kyokai, 4-5, Ginza
Nishi, Cbuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Journal of the Institution of Public Health Engineers, Municipal
Publishing Co., Ltd., 3-4 Clement’s Inn. London, England.
Journal of the Institution of Water Engineering, Institution of
Water Engineers, Secy, 11 Pall Mall, London, England.
Journal of the Philippine Medical Association, Philippine Medical
Aasn., Manila, Philippines.
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division,, American Society of
Civil Engineers, American Society of Civil Engineers, 345 E. 47th
St.., New ‘fork, N.Y. 1001).
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pergamon Press 1 Inc. ,
Maxwell House, Pairview Park, Einsford, N.Y. 10523.
Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 3900 Wisconsin Ave.,
N.W., Washington , D.C. 20016.
Kogai to Taisaku, Kogai Taisaku Gijutsu Doyakai, Cho-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
Landtechnik, Heilmut Neureuter Verlag, Postfach 1349, 819 Wolfratshausen,
Germany.
Machinery Lloyd, Engineering, Chemical, & Marine Press Ltd.,
20-23 Greville Street, London, E.C.1, England.
Machinery Market, Machinery Market Ltd., I4 a Queen Victoria St.,
London E.C.4, England.
Machinery & Production Engineering, Machinery Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New England House, New England St., Brighton 1, England,
359
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Manufactured Milk Products Journal, Milk Publishing Co., P0 Box 67,
Minneapolis, Minn. 55440.
Material Handling Engineering, Industrial Publishing Corp., 812
Huron Rd., Cleveland, Ohio 44115.
Metallurgia, Kennedy Press Ltd., 31 King Street West, Manchester 3,
England.
Metals, ceased publication.
Metals/Materials Today, ceased publication.
Mill & Factory (changed to Plant Operating Management), Conover-Mast
Publications Inc., 205 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Mining Engineering, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical
& Petroleum Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Mining Journal, Mining Journal Ltd., 15 Wilson St., London, E.C.2
England.
Modern Casting, American Foundrymen’s Society, Inc., Golf & Wolf
Ms., Des Flames, 111. 60016.
Modern Power and Engineering, Maclean-Hunter Publishing Company,
Ltd., 481 University Ave., Toronto 101, Canada.
Modern Sanitation and Building Maintenance, Powell Magazines, Inc.,
855 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N.Y. 10001.
Nation’s Cities, National League of Cities, 1612 K Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20006.
New Scientist, New Science Publications Ltd., Cromwell House,
Fulvood Place, High Holborn, London, England.
New Zealand Engineering, Technical Publications Ltd., C.P.O. 3047,
Wellington, New Zealand.
New Zealand Journal of Agriculture, Wilson and Horton Ltd., Box
32, Auckland, New Zealand.
Norsk Skogindistri, Drammensvejen 30, Oslo 2, Norway.
Nucleonics, ceased publication.
Ohio’s Health, Ohio Department of Health, Box 118, Columbus, Ohio
43216.
Oil and Gas Journal, Petroleum Publishing Co., Fulfillment
Manager, P0 Box 1260, Tulsa, Okla.
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, Schnell Publishing Co., 100 Church
St., New York, N.Y. 10007.
Pakistan Journal of Science, Pakistan Association for the
Advancement of Science, Ismail Aiwan-I-Science, Ferzaepore Rd.,
Lahore, Pakistan.
Paper Age, Waldon-Mott Corp., 466 Kinderkamack Rd., Oradell, N.J.
07649.
350
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Paper Technology, British Paper and Board Makers’ Assn., Technical
Section, 3 Plough Place, Fetter Lane, London, England.
Paper Trade Journal, Lockwood Trade Journal Co., Inc., 551 Fifth Ave.,
New York, N.Y. 10017.
Papier, Eduard Roether Verlag, Berliner Allee 56, 6100 Darmstadt, W.
Germany.
Pennsylvania Medicine, Pennsylvania Medical Society, Taylor Bypass &
Erford Rd., Lemoyne, Pa. 17043.
Petroleum, ceased publication.
Plant Engineering, Technical Publishing Co., 308 E. James St.,
Barrington, Ill. 60010.
Plating, American Electroplaters’ Society, Inc., 56 Melmore Gardens,
East Orange, N.J. 07017.
Polish Technical Review, Central Technical Organization, Czackiego
3-5, Warsaw, Poland.
Power, McGraw-Hill Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York, N.Y. 10036.
Product Engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New York,
N.Y. 10036.
Public Cleansing, The Institute of Public Cleansing, 28 Portland
Place, London, England.
Public Health Inspector, (changed to Environmental Health),
Association of Public Health Inspectors, 19 Grosvenor Place,
London, S.W.l, England.
Public Health News, New Jersey State Department of Public Health,
Trenton, N.J. 08625.
Public Health Reports (changed to I-ISNHA Health Reports), Superintendent
of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Public Health Service World, Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Public Works, Public Works Journal Corporation, 200 S. Broad St.,
Ridgewood, N.J. 07450.
Pulp and Paper, Miller Freeman Publications, 370 Lexington Ave.,
New York, N.Y. 10017.
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, National Business Publications Ltd.,
Gardenvale, Quebec, Canada.
Reactor Fuel Processing (changed to Reactor and Fuel-Processing
Technology). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Refuse Removal Journal, (changed to Solid Waste Management:
Refuse Removal Journal), BRJ Publishing Corporation, 150 E. 52nd St.,
New York, N.J. 10022.
Research/Development, F.D. Thompson Publications, Inc., 205 W. Wacker
Drive, Chicago, Ill. 60606.
361
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Research and Industry, Publications and Information Directorate,
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hillside Road,
New Delhi, India.
Roads and Streets, Rei ben H. Donnelly Corp., 209 W. Jackson Blvd.,
Chicago, Ill. 60606.
Rock Products, Maclean-Hunter Publishing Corp., 300 W. Adams St.,
Chicago, Iii. 60606.
Rohr-Armatur-Sanitaer-Heizung, A. Krammer & Co., Hermannstr. 3,
Duesseldorf, West Germany.
Royal Society of Health Journal, 90 Buckirigham Palace Rd., London,
S.W.1, England.
Rubber World, Bill Brothers PublishIng Corp., 630 3rd Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017.
SPE (Society of Plastic Engineers) Technical Papers, Society of
Plastics Engineers, Stamford, Connecticut.
Salud Publica de Mexico, Secretaria de Salubridad y Assistencia,
Mexico City 1, Mexico.
Sanitar and Heizungstechnilc, Verlag A. Krammer and Co., Hermannstr.
3, Duesseldorf, West Germany.
Saturday Review, Saturday Review, Inc., 380 Madison Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017.
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Zurich-Giesahuebel, Staffelstr 12, 8021
Zurich, Switzerland.
Science 6 Industry, Centrex Publishing Co., Eindhoven, Netherlands.
Science Journal, British Publications, Inc., 30 E. 60th St., New
York N.Y. 10022.
Science News, Science Service, Inc., 1719 N St., N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20036.
Science and Technology, Science and Technology, 205 E. 42nd St.,
New York, N.Y. 10017.
Scientific American, 415 Madison Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017.
Scientist and Citizen (changed to Environment), Committee for
Enviroz menta1 Information, 438 N. Skinker Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. 63130.
Smokeless Air, National Society for Clean Air, Field House, Breams
Building, London, E.C.4, England.
Southwest Water Works Journal, Southwest Section, American Water Works
Association, 306 E. Adams Ave., Temple, Texas 76501
Staedtahygiene, Nuer Hygiene-Verlag in Mediziniech-Literaris Chen
Verlag, Dr. Blume and Co. Ringstr 4, 3110 Uelzen, Germany.
Staub, VDI-Verlag G H, Postfach 1139, 4 Duesseldorf 1, West
Germany.
362
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Steam and Heating Engineer, Troup Publications Ltd., 35 Red Lion
Sq., London, W.C.1., England.
Steel Times, Fuel and Metallurgical Journals Ltd., John Adam House,
17-19 John Adam Street, London, England.
Surveyor and Municipal and County Engineer, (changed to Surveyor, and
Municipal Engineer), 40 Bowling Green Lane, London, E.C.l, England.
Tappi (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), 360
Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Techniques et Sciences Municipales, A.G.H.T.M., 9 rue de Phalsbourg,
Paris (17e), France.
Testing World, ceased publication.
Today’s Health, American Medical Association, 535 N. Dearborn St.,
Chicago, Ill.
Tonindustrie-Zeitung und Keramische Rundschau, Herman Huebener Verlag
KG, Postfach 68, 3380 Goslar, Germany.
Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 420 Main Street, St.
Joseph, Michigan 49085.
VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingeniere) Zeitschrift, VDI-Verlag GmbH,
Postfach 1139, 4 Dusseldorf, Germany.
WHO Chronicle, World Health Organization, Distribution and Sales
Unit, Avenue Appia 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
Wasser und Abwasser, Gas und Wasserfach (GWP), Roesenheimer Str.
145, Munich 8, Germany.
Wasser, Luft, und Betrieb, lliffe-NTP Inc., 300 E. 42nd St., New
York, N.Y. 10017.
WasserwirtschaftWassertechnik, Kammer der Technik, VEB Verlag
fuer Bauwesen, Franzosische Strasse 13-14, 108 Berlin, E. Germany.
Waste Trade Journal, Atlas Publishing Co., 130 W. 42nd St., New
York, N.Y. 10036.
Waste Trade World and Iron and Steel Scrap Review, McLaren and
Sons, Ltd., Davis House, 69/77 High St., Croydon, Surrey, England.
Water Research, Pergamon Press Inc., Journals Dept. Maxwell House,
Fairview Park, Elnaford, N.Y. 10523.
Water and Sewage Works, Scranton Ptsblishittg Co., Inc., 35 E. Wader
Dr., Chicago, Ill. 60601.
Water and Wastes Engineering, 466 Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017.
Water and Waste Treatment, Dale Reynolds & Co., Ltd., Craven House,
121 Kingsway, London, England.
Water Works and Wastes Engineering, 466 Lexington Ave., New York, N.Y.
10017.
363
-------
Addresses of Periodical Publications Cited
Welding and Metal Fabrication, Engineering Chemical & Marit
Ltd., Dorset House, Stamford St., London, S.E.1, England.
Western City, League of California Cities, 702 Statler Center
Angeles, Calif. 90017.
Westinghouse Engineer, P.O. Box 2278, 3 Gateway Center, Pittsbu
Wood and Wood Products, Vance Publishing Corp. 300 W. Adams St.
Chicago, Ill. 60606.
Zeitschrift fuer die Gesamte Hygiene und Lhre Grenzgebiete, VEB
Verlag Buk und Gesundheit, Neue Gruester 18, Berlin C-2, Germany.
Zeitschrift fuer Hygiene (changed to Zeitschrift fuer
Infektionskrankhelten) (Journal is presently Zeitschrift fuer
Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Itnmunolgie), 175 Fifth Ave.,
New York, N.Y. 10010.
364
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
AARONS,
67—0636
A EMA , 0.
67—0637
ADRIAN, R.C.
67—0496
AGARDYP F..).
670639, 67—0784
AGNEW, R.W.
67—0344
AHRENHOL , H.W.
67—0888
AHRENS, Es
67—0459
AKERMAN, K 5
67—0640
AKYEL. H.
67—0641
ALBERTSON. L.M.
671085
ALBERISON, O.E.
670b 42
ALEXANDER, 1.
67—1216
ALIKONIS, U.).
67—0643
ALLISON. K.
67—0855
A ESp U.
67—0081
ANDERSEN, .j.R.
67—1086
ANDERSON, U.S.
67—0809
ANDREONI. G
67—0619
ANDREWSP G.H.
67—0730
ANDRITZKY. N.
67—0564, 67—056
ARMSTRONG, R.
67—0744
ARNST. F.
67—0084, 67—0085
ARORA’ S.R.
67—1217
ASHCROFT, U.
67—0858
ASRAEL, S.J.
67—0358
ATHERTON. E.B.
67—0003
ATTEBERY, U.E.
67—0164
AZEEMODDIN, 0.
67—0648
BACON, V.W.
67—0649
BADDELEY, D.C.
67—0408
BAELZP W i
67—0650
BAILEY, I.E.
67— 651
BAINBRIDGE, R.W.
67—0834
BAINES, N.D,
67—0823
BAKER. G.H.
67— 0824
BALAZS, C.F.
67—0848
BALDEN, A.R.
67-0652
BANDA, E.M.
67—0653
BARENBERG. E.U.
67—1038
BARNETI, S.A.
67—1184
BARNISKE, L.
67—0567
BARRATT, U.N.
67—1087
BARTH, H.
67—0409
BARTON, A.E.
67—0485, 67—0568
BARTON, W.R.
67—1039, 67—1040
BAUM F.
67—0569
BAUM. K.
67—1031
BEARINT, D.E.
67—0451
BEIDLER. E.A.
67—0654
BELLENGERI G.J.
67—0 071
BELOT, J.R.
67—1 041
BENDER, R.J,
67—O570 67—0655,
67—1042
BENEDEK. P.
67—0656
BENUAFIELD, F.E.
67—0 167
BENJES, H.H,
67—0657
BENNETT. E.R.
67—0247
BENNETT, H.J.
67—0862
BERGEMANN, 0.0.
671043
BETZ. J.M.
67 1218
8EVAN. R.E,
671 88 ,
671090,
67—1092,
67109’4,
67—1096 ’
67—1089,
67—1091,
67—1093.
67—1095,
67—1097
365
-------
Author Index
SHATTY, M.K. BROWN, V.
67—0988 67—0411
BIE:RMA1’ , G. BROWNE, H.H,
67—0870 67— 170
BILLETT , J.D. BRUNT, L.P.
670004 67—0’452
BINNEWIES. F.W. BRUSKOTTER, J.W.
67—0086 67—0661
bISHOP, U.W. BUCKSTEEG. W.
67—0487 67—0662
8ITTMAN, H, BUEHLER, W i
67—0659 67—0055
b .IOERKMAN, A. BUGHER, R.D.
67—0087 67—0171
BLACK’ R.J. BUNKER, W.R.
670088 . 67—1219, 67—1217
67—1220, 67—1221 BURCH. L.A.
BLANCO. R.E. 67—1196
67—0825 BURGE. S.J.
BLANKEN . G. 67—0489
67—0328 BURGER, G.
BLOMEKE, J.O. 67—0412. 67—0413,
67—0 25 67—3414
BL000GOOD, D.E. BURKE. J.R.
67—0346 67—0453, 67—0997
80’ 6. BURNETT. B.
67—1185 67—1141
BOCKENHUEHL, W. BURNS, 0,
67—0571 67— 663
BOHNE. H. BUTLER, D.M.
67-0488 67—0870
BOND’ R.G. CALLIHAN, C,D.
67—0248 67—0872. 67—1019
BOPP, R. CANTLEP M.G.
67—0866 67—0923
BOSLEY, j, . CAPP. J.P.
67—0005 67—1045
BOWEN. C.H. CARDINAL, P.J.
67—1222 67—0664
B0WERMA,’ , FiR. CARLSON. T,R,
67—1098. 67—1259 67—1104
BRACKETT. C.E. CARTWRIGHT . P.E.
67—1044 67—0665
BRAMER, H.C. CHAKRABARTY . R.N.
67—0660 67—3669
BRANCATO, B. CHALMERS, R.K.
67—0572 67—0670
BRAUN. P. CHANDRA ’ H.
67—1223 67—0669
BRAUSS, F.W. CHARNES, A.
67—0409 67—0219
BREIDENBACH, A.W. CHATFIELD’ H.E.
67 —0826 67—0671
BREMSER, L.w. CHEOD’ 6.
67—0089. 67—1224 67—0877
BRIBER. A.A. CLAGHORN, A.U.
67—0835 67—0880
BRIOSI, G.L. CLARK, D.T.
67—0573 67—1142
BROOKS, J.E. CLARK. R.L.
67—1196 67—1225
BROWN. R.S. CLEMMENS, M.M.
67’-0869 67—1280
366
-------
Author Index
CLOUGH, G.F. DEVINY, W.M.
67—0673 67—0827
COCHRAN, D ,M, DEY. H,
67—0254 67—0496
CC CKRELLP c.F. DIAMOND, G.X.
67—1072, 67—1073 67—0891
COHAN. L..). DICK. R.I.
67—0881 67—0679
COLE’ J.I. DIETRICH. H.
67—0882 67—1143
CONWAY. M.4. DILLON, K.E,
67—0836 67—0680
COOK’ H.A. D’IMPEpIO, u.
67—1106 67—0496
COPE, J.H. DOCTRO p 0.
67—0675 67—j203
Cc,PP. J.P. DQDSON , U.
67—1049 67—0258
CORREA, 4.y ,
DOMANSKI. U.
67—0095 67—0682
CREISLEj , U.
67—0366 OORNBUSH, U.N.
CREMEAN, .j. 67—1086
67—0676 DORSEY, 1 J.A.
CRITCHLEY. H,F. 67—0535
67—0178 DOWNING, A,L.
CROMWELL, D.L. 67-0683
67—1106 DUBASH, M .E.
CUFFE, S.T. 67—0987
67—0671, 67—1046 DUBOS. R.J,
CZA JKOwSKI. M. 67—0259
67—0581 DUDLEY, R.H.
DAHM. H.P. 67—1229
67—0887 DUNHAM. A.
DAIR. FiR. 67—0009
67—0179, 67—1109 OVIRKA. M.
DALE. A.C. 67—0582
67—0329, 67—0346 EASTMAN, W.H.
DANFORTH, H,L. 67—0261
67—0180 EASTON, U.K.
DANIELSON, i.A. 67—0684
67—Q495, 67—0677 ECKE’ 0.11.
DANIELSON. V.A. 67—0056
67—0888 ECKENFELDER, W. ,
DANNEVIG, E. 67—0685. 67—0686
67—0887 EDELHOFF, 0.0.
DARLEY. E,F. 67—1144
67—0330 EFFENBERGER, N,
DAVIS. C.S. 67—0687
67—0330 EGAN. H.N.
DAY. D.L. 67—0895
67—0329, 67—0331, EGGEN’ A,
67—0431 67—0097. 67—0896.
DECKER, W.A. 67—0897. 67—0898.
67—0934 67—0899
DEDMAN, H.W.G. EINBRODT, H.U.
67—1047 67—0099
DEMING. L.F. ELDREDGE R.W.
67—0487 67—1230
DERRICKSON. G.F. ELLIS’ H.S.
67—0367 67—0198
DESSAUER , R.G. ENDERS, K.E.
67—0889 67—0690
367
-------
Author Index
ENGEL’ .F, FORNEY, A.J,
67—0901 67—0934
ENGLE’ C.F. FOX, R.A.
67—1045 670 00
ENGLE. C.P. FRANUS. R.
67— l OLi9 670907
EPPES. M.H. FREDERICKS, T.
67—0100 67—0107
ERHARD. H. FREED. /.H.
67—1110 67—0906, 67—0909,
ERYTHROPEL, H. 67—0910, 67—0911,
67—0902, 67—1050 670912, 67—0913.
ETTELT. 6.A. 67—091k
67—0723 FRYLING, G.R.
EVANS, H. 67—0502, 67—0503
67—1111 FULLARD. A.C.
EVANS, L. 67—0457
67—0103 FULLER, 4.E.
EWING. B.B. 67—0699
67—Q679 FULMER, M.R.
EWING, R,C. 670554
67—0692 FURNESS. i,F .
FABIAN, p , 67—0 69
67—0584 GABLER, R.J.
FAIRBANKS. G,B. 67—0836
67—0183 GAHR, .N.
FALECKI. Z. 67—1238
67—j052 GALLER. W.S.
FARKASDI, 6. 67—0108
67—O’159 GARNETT. J.C,
FARR. .S. 67—0458
67—0010 SATEHOUSE . H.C.
FARRELL. R.P. 67—0333
67—0809 GAZDA. L.P,
FARRIOR. .F. 67—0270
67—1080 GENETELLI, E.i.
FEARN, R.J. 67—0700
67—0726 GERSHOwITZ. H.
FEINMESSER, A. 67—1113, 67—1239,
67—0924 67—1240
FELLER, M. GERSTLC, R,W.
67—0905 670505, 67—1046
FERNANOES. J,H. GHOSH . A.K.
67—0881 67—0919’ 67—0920
FIELD. J.H. GIBSON, E.A.
67—0934 67—033k
FINA. L.R. GILBERISON, W.E.
67—0350 67—0272
FIRST’ M.W. GILDE’ L.C.
67—0829 67—0701
FISCHER, A. GIL-ES’ H.
67—0697 67—0246
FISCHERSTROM, N.H. GILL’ is
67—0698 67—0185
FLAMM. H. GLATHE, H.
67—0459
67—0057 GOLDIE. J.H.
FLAVIER. 67—0109
67—0267 GOLUEKE. C.G.
FLINTOFF, F. 67—0273. 67—0702,
67—0058 67—0703, 67—0921
FORD. &.R. 67—1188, 67—1241,
67—1196 67—1242, 67—1243.
3
-------
Author Index
67—j244 , 67—1245.
67—12 16
GOOD. IeL.
67— l86
GOOEDER, D.M,
67—0 011
GOTTE, H.
67—0830
GOVAN, F.A.
67—0274
GRAHAM, W.M,
67—0870
GRANZ, P.
67—0588
GRAY. K.R.
67—041.9
GRAY’ S.T.
67—0335
GRIRBLE. Q,J,
67—0336
GRIMES, L.M.
67—0704
GRODHAUS. G.
67—1189
GUARINO C.F.
67—0276
GUIDI. E.J.
67—0642
GUNNER5ON , C.G.
67—0826
GUPTA, S.C.
67—0705
GUROWSKI. Z
67—0581
HABERMAN, J.
67—0506
HAHER. K.
67—0059
HAHN, R.E.
67—1145
HALE. R.W.
67—0376.
67—0390.
67—0392
HALL’
67—0460
HALTRICH. W.
67—0706
HAMBURG, F.C.
67—0870
HAMELIN, G.H.
67—0187
HA 1LIN. G.H.
67—0 111
HAMMER, P1 ,. ).
‘7—0690
HAMMOND, .F.
67—0677
I-iANMANNP w.G.
67—0589
HANNAVYP A.
67—1247
HANSEN, N.B.
67—0112
HAN AY, .J.E.
67—0 70 7
HARDEN, D.T.
67—0277’ 67—0278,
67—0279. 67—0280
HARDING, C,I.
67—0420
HARMSENP H.
67—0590, 67—0708.
67—0709
hARRIS, S. i.
o7 0507
HARROP, .J.A.
67—0923
HART. C. . ).
67—1146
HART. S.A.
67—0337, 67—0421
HARIMAN. C.D.
67—028 1
HARVEY, K.
67—0282
HATTERY . G,S.
67—1 11
HAwKINS, M.B.
67—1248
HAZEN’ I.E.
67—0335, 67—0349
HEKIMIAN, K.K.
67—1229
HERMANSON, R.E.
67—0338
HERNANDEZ, 6.
67—1115
HLRRMANN. C.
6700 12
HERSHKOVITZ , S.z.
67—0924
HESC1IELES, C.A.
67—0509
HESSING’ F.J.
67—1249
HESTER, .J.A,
67—1054
HICKMAN. H.L.
67—0113, 67—0121
HIGGINS’ G.C.
67—0711
HIGGINSON. A.E.
67—0284
HINKLE, i.E.
67—0712
HIRSCH, H.
67—0592
HIRTEN, J.
67—0114
HODGES, C.R.
67—0422
HOESCH, K.
67—0191. 67—0285
67—0377,
67—0391..
369
-------
Author Index
HOFFMAN. D.A. JACO8SO . A.R.
67—0286 67—0716, 67—0933
HOLHELJZER. 0. iAESCHKE, L.
67—1116 67—0717
HORVATH. I, JAMIESON, S.
67—0656 67—1191
HOSKINS. JARNUSZKIEWICZ. 1.
67—0925 67—0719, 67—0720
HOOTER, P.J. JAROSCH. K.
67—Q ( 24 67—0293
HOY. L,W. JARRIGE, A.
67—j055 67—1057
HUBIAK, M. .JENSON E.J.
67— 193 67—0198
HUGHES, G.M. JOHNSON , G.E.
67—0287 67093 4
HUGHES, H.L. .JQHNSON, H.P.
67—0115 67—0338
HULL. R. JOHNSON, R.R.
67—0339 67—0013, 67—O01’4
HOME. N. JONES. B.A,
67—0111. 67—1250, 67—034,1
67—1251 JONES. D.D,
HOME. N.B. 67—0341
67—0510 JUNG. R.
HUMMELL. ‘p.O. 67—0199
67—0511 KAISER. E.R.
HUMPHREYS, K.K, 67—029k, 67—0513,
67—1073 67—051k, 67—0533
HUNTER, J.v. KALIKA, P.W 5
67—0769 67—0515
HYLANO, E.J, KANE. w.C.
67—1056 67—0200
IGLAR. A.F. KAPLOVSKY, A..J,
67— 130, 67 02118 67—0723
IMHOFF. I(.R. KARIMULLAH
67—0713 67—0988
INGELS, R.M. KATO. K.
67—0671 67—0721
IRVING. G.w. KAUPERT. R.
67—0832 67—0120
ISGARD. Es KAIJPERT. W.
67—0698 67—0516
ISLAM. M.A. KEAMS , J.T.
67—0932 67—1119
ITO. S. KEAN. J.H.
67—03L40 67—0427
IZMEROV. N.F. KEARING. S,j.
67—1190 67—0295
JABLONOwSKI. E.J. KEIM. Q,
67—0376. 67—0377, 67—0722
67—0390. 67—0391. KEMNIT , O.A.
67—0392 67—0505
JACKLICH, S. KENAHAN. C.8.
67—1141. 67—0937
JACKSON, D.E. KENNEDY. J.C.
67—0836. 67—0841 67—0113, 67—0121
JACKSON, D,W. KENNEDY. T.j.
67—0195 67—0723
JACKSON, P. KERCHER, H.
670196 67—0600
JACOBI. J. . KERR’ F.H.
670634 67—0122
370
-------
Author Index
KHAN , A.Q.
67—0669
KILGARRIFF, P.J.
67—0342
KIROV, N.Y.
67—0296
KLOPOTEK, A V.
67—0459
KNOLL, K.H.
67—0297
KOCH. A.S.
67—1120
KOHN, R.E.
67.. l1L48
KQJETINSKY, R.
67—0 123
KOJIMA. R.
67—0124
KORBITZ. W.E.
87—1252
K ATOVIL, R.
67—0017
KRUEGER ’ O.A.
67- OBLU
KRUTY. S.
67—1253
KUENEMANP .W.
67—070’4
KURTZWEG, J.
67—0378. 67—0379
LAHINY, N.L.
67—0763
LAMB. J.C.
67—0724
LANDLER. Y.
67—0842
LARSEN, I,
87—0696
LAw. R.E.
87—0343
LAWSON. H.M.
67—0726
LEBDA. E.
67—1058
LEHMANN , H.
670 938
LEI. K .p.
67—0939
LIJSEX, L.
67 09’+0
LEONARD, U.
67—1073
LEONARD, J.W.
67—1072
LEUDTKE, K.D.
67-0677
LEVERICH, P.C.
67—0016
LEVIN’ D.R.
67—0019
LEW. I.P.
67—0728
LEWIS. G.E.
67—0942
LEwIS ’ P.H,
670 020
LINGARD, A,L.
67—0675
LINK. P.
670 727
LINSDALE, D.D.
67—0056, 67—1196
LuEHR . P.C.
67034’4. 67—0345
LOHRMANN, H.
67—0938
LOW. A.J.
67— 9 44
LLJDINGTON, D.C.
67—U 346
LYLE. K.C.
67—0841
MAC DONALD. F.w.
67—0728
MAC KA y. D.
67—0 061
MAC KNIGHT. R.J.
67—0561. 67—0671
MACTAL, V.
67—0267
MAIERD P.P.
67—12S6
MALONEY, U.
67—0496
MANCINI. U.
67—0663
MANDELBAUM, P.E.
67—0517
MANGANELLI. R.M.
67—0742
MARCHANT, A,J.
67—0 129
MARCISZEWSKA—SZOPLIK, M•
67—0429
MARKHAM.
67—1192
MARRIOTT, U.
67—0202, 67—0203,
67—0300. 67—0464
MASSEY. L.M,
67—0441
MATHUR, M.L.
67—0978
MATTHES. F.
67— 0820
MATTHEWS, W.C.
67—0730
MAWSON, C.A.
67—0833
MAY. W.F.
67—1208
MAYER. H.
67—0889
MC CARTHY. F.S.
67—0062
371
-------
Author Index
MC CARTHY, W.W. MOHRER, H.Z.
67—0948 67—0957
MC CASKILL, O.L. MOLINARI, P.
67—0740 67—1157, 67—1158
MC CLENAHAN. D.C. MONTANO. J,M,
67—0201 67—0023
MC COY. R.A. MONTENS. A.
67—0712 67— 738
MC COY. W.8. MONTGOMERY, D.R.
67—1059 67— 739
MC GAUHEY. P.M. MOORE. E.
670273 , 67—0702, 67—t159
67—0703, 67—0921, MOORE. H.C.
67—1188, 67—1242. 67—0522
67—1243, 67—1244, MOORE. V.P.
67—1245. 67—1246, 67—0740
67—1257 MORRIS, S.S.
MC KINNEY. R.E. 67—0741.
67—0657 MORRISON, R.E.
MEIER. E. 67—j074
67—0602 MOSS, H.S.
frEIGH. .F, 67—0882
67—0733 MUHICH, A..).
MILONI, C. 67—1261, 67—1262
67—1185 MUIR. i.
MENCHER, S,K. 67—0958
67—0734 MULLEN, B.J.
MENDOZA. E. 67—0024
67—1124 MUNNECKE , D.E.
MERWZN. ReF. 67—0330
67—0950, 67—0951 MUNZP we
MERZ. R.C. 67—0743
67—1125 MUSSELMANN, We
MESSENT, B.E. 67—0959
67—0923 MUTHANA. P.6.
METZGER, C,A. 67—0978
67—0954 MYNDERSE. i,
MICHAELS, A. 67—11.41
67—0518, 67—0519 MYRICK, H.N.
MICHAELSEN, G.S. 67—0132
67—0130 MYTELKA. A.I.
MICKELSON. R. 67—0742
67—0347 NAIDU. P.M.N.
MIDDLETON. J.T. 67—0978
67—0301 NANCE. J.T.
MIELDS, H. 67—0677
67—1258 NASH, G.E.
MIELENZ, R.C. 67—0100
67—1060 NEBIKER. .J.H.
MILLARD, R.F. 67—0743
67—0205 NEFF’ S.B.
MILLS. K.C. 67—0843
67—0348 NEMEROW , N.L.
MINER. J.R.
67—0349, 67—0350 67—0351. 67—0744
MINNICK, I. . ). NEPPER. M.
67—0745
67—1061
MITCHELL, R.E. NETHERTON. R.D.
67—1259 67—0025. 67—0026
MOEHLE. F.W, NETTLETON. M.A.
67—0736. 67—1062 67—0746
MOEL.LER. U. NETZLEY, A,8.
67— 737 67 0525. 67—0526,
372
-------
Author Index
670869,
67—0961
NLVEN. M.
67—0641
NIESE 0.
ts7 0 ’ 459
NILES’ C,F.
67—0352
NOLAN’ .J,
67—0964
NOWAK’ F.
67 0606
OAKLEY, H.R.
67—0304
0’E3RYAN v .).
670969
O 3RZUTp ‘J. -J.
67—0970
Oct - 1 5, H..J.
67—0607
OUO l, , J.U.
67—0752
OGDEN’ M.
67—0 137
O’HARRO , U.
67—0032
OLDS
67—0 20 7
OLSON’ 0.0.
67— 080 ‘4
OLSZEWSKI, E.
67—10 58
O’NEAL, A.
67—0753
O’NEILL, J,F.
67—0888
ORLOB. G.T.
670639 , 67—0784
ORNDORFF. R.L’
67—1263
OF’NING. A.A.
670558, 67—U559 ,
67—0560
CSTERATH, R.F.
67—0609
0STLE E.J.
67—0485
PAGAN, A.R.
67—0531
PAGANINI, 0.
67—0755
PAJALICH. W.
67—0973’ 67—0974
PAPROCKI, A.
67—1065
PARKER, S.F.
67—0348
PARKER, R.R.
67—0756
PARSONS’ W.C.
67—0757
PATRICK. P.K.
67—0470
67—0960,
PATZNER. •J.
67—0889
PEARSON, AsS.
67—i 066
PEIL G.
67—0799
PENOLE 1 ON. A.M.
67—0758
PERRY, G,F.
67—0140
PETERMANN, E.
67—1036
PETIE. J.A.
67—0211
PHILLEO, R.E.
67—1067
PHILLIPS. R.F.
67—0976
PlAIT. C.
67—0 350
PIERAU, E.
67—0977
PIKE, R.W.
67—0872
PILLAI, S.C.
67—0978
PINGEN, I.
67—0 066
PIPES, W.O.
67—0760
POERTNER, H.
67—0216
POLAK. S.
67—0434. 67—0435
POLLOCK. E.L.
67—1266
PORTEOUS, A.
67—0979
PORTER, 4.;<.
67—0473
POWELL . 0.A.
670097, o7—0896 ’
6 7 0 97p 670898 ,
67—0899
PRABHU, K.A.
67—0 705
PRESCOTT. J.H.
67—0432
PRESUHN, A.
670 052
PRICE’ A.I.
67—0 183
PRINOLE, R.A.
67119’4
PRIOR’ P.H,
670983
PROCi P.J.
67—0 055
PROCHAL, P.
67—0434, 67—0435
PURSEL, H.R.
6710 68
373
-------
Author Index
PURSGLO E, J. ROGUS . C.A.
67—1069 67—0614
QUICK. A.J. ROLT. L.T.
67—0353 67—0998
QUON. J ,E , ROSE. 0.
67—0219 67—0847
QURESHI. O,A. ROSS’ C.B.
67—0987 67—1131. 67—1132
RABINS. H. ROTH. M.G.
670220 67—0376. 67—0377,
RAIE. M.Y. 67—0390. 67—0391.
67—0988 67—0392
RAIt ONUO, F.E. ROTTER. H.
67—0989 67—0057
RA ’IN. E. RUB. F.
67—0437 67— 771
RAO. S.D. SABLESKI . J.J.
67—0648 67—0536
RAO . S.V. SACHSELP 6.
67—0763 67—1270
RASCH. R. SACHSEL. GeF.
670592, 67U764 67—0654
RAThER, H,M. SAMUELS. L,J.
67—0846 67—0772
REDDY. B.R. SANDERS, C.
67—06 48 67—0107
REH. L. SANKEY, K.A.
67—0765 67—0773
REICHE. H. SA INSKI, R.A.
67—0766 67 1196
REID’ P.M. SCHACHT, C.J.
67—1269 67—035 14
REID’ R.L. SCHATZ. RCA.
67—0533 67—0453. 67—0997
REINHAROT. j.J. SCHIEMANN, 6.
67—0473 670615
REMIREZ. R. SCHLOERKE. K.W.
67—1070 67—0538
RENKEN, H.C. SCHNEIDER. W.
67 —ü997 67—0616
REPLOH , H. SCHOENOwITZ . A,
67—0099 67— )43k , 67—0435
REYNOLDS, T.D. SCHOPPE. F.
67—0768 67—0617
REYNOLDS, W,F. SCHROEDER. E.D
67—0308 67—077k
REYSNER, L. SCHULZ. H.
67—0640 67—0073
RICHARDS, C.T. SCHUSTER, H.
67—0100 67—0775
RICKERT. D.A. SCHV.ARTZ , C.H.
67—0769 67—0558. 67—0559,
RIOGLEY. A.8. 670560
67—0534 SCHWARZBACH, F.
RILEY. 8.1. 67007’4
67—0535 SCORNAVACCHI. M.T.
ROBERTS. J.T. 67—1271
67—0825 SEABORO. 0.1.
ROEDIGER. H. 67—0035
67— 77O SEABRIGHT, J.
ROGERS, P.A. 67—1071
67—0071, 67—1196. SEARLES, S.Z.
67—1256 67—0036
374
-------
Author Index
SEBASTIAN, F. SPRADLIN, B.C.
67—0618 67—1273
SEBASTIAN. F.P. SRINATH, E.C.
67—0539 67—0978
SEITZ ’ J.T. SRINIVASAN, V.R.
670848 67—1017
SEKIKAWA, Y. STABENOw, S.
67—0721
67—0624
SEN GUPTA, S.C.
67—0919’ 67—0920 STALMANN, V.
SERVICE, 6. 67—0786
67—3010 STANDER, G,J.
SETTI’ 8. 67—0788
67—0619 STAR, S.
67—1198
SETTINO, F.A.
67—0395. 67—0396, STAUFFER, F.H.
67—0397 67—0789
SHAFER, H.E. STEDRONSKY, VeL.
67— 072. 67—1073 67—0791
STEINBACH. W.
SHAKIR, N. 67—0569
67—0988 STEPHENSON, J.W.
SHELDRICK, M.6. 67031L 1 .
67—1012 STEWART R.F.
SHUKLA, hP, 67—1060
67—0705 STEYTLER, R.
SNULTS, F, 67—0792
67—0150 STICKELBERGER, F. ).
SIBIGA, U. 67—1135
67— 620, 67—0621, STILL’ H.
67— 622 67—0335
SIMON, H, STINSON, D.L.
67—0496 67—0316
SKAGGS, H.C, STOECKER, D.L.
67—3074 67—0793
SMITH, C. STOFKA,
67—0233 67—0395. 67—0396’
SMITH, O.K. 67—0397
67— 059, 67—1075 STOLNIKOV . V.V.
SMITH. H.S. 67—1081
67—3782 STOLP’ D.W.
SMITH. l.A. 67—01 1.24
67—1076 STONE. E.H.F.
SNYDER, J.M. 67-0794
67—1078 STONE’ E.J.
SNYDER, M.J. 67—0872. 67—1019
67—j077 STONE. R.
SOBEL. W.H. 671125
67— 014 STRAUB, H.
SOyA. C.R. 67—0442
67—0448 STRAUSS, E.L.
SPENCER. E.F. 67—0650
67—0671. 67—0677 SULLINS. J,K.
SPENCER, F..j. 670730
67—0152 SULLIVAN, P.M.
SPICHER. R.G. 670545. 67—0937.
67—0639. 67—0784 67—1035
SPILHAUS, A, SULLIVAN, l.A.
67—o153 67Q939
SPITZER’ E.F, SUME, C.
67—0440. 67—0785 67—1199
SPLITTSTOESSER. D.F. SUMMERS. 6.0.
67—0441 67—1137
375
-------
Author Index
SUMNER, J. VAUGHAN, R,D.
67—0236 670046
SWANSON. E. VENNES, J. .
67—1021 67—0804
SwANWICK. J,D. VERSSEN, J.A.
67—0683 o7—0671. 67—0677
SwETS , D.H. VICKERMAN. J.L.
67—1165 67—0805
TAGGARTI R.S, VINCENT, E.J.
67—0317 57—0L496, 67—0677
TAIGANIDES. E.P. VISwANATHAN, K.
67—0355. 67—035€ 67—0648
TALEN5, P.6. VOGEL’ H.E,
67—0546 67—1279
TALSKY, U. VOGELY, W.A.
67—0830 67—0406
TALTYP J.T. VOITH’ J.M.
67—0795, 67—127 67—0959
TANAKA, M. WABER. C.L.
67—0219 67—0690
TATARIAN SM. ACHTER. U.
67—0155 67—1031
TAYLOR. R.A. WALKER, A.B.
67—0636 67—0552
TEHLE. E.A. wALKER, H.
67—1253 67—0948
TESARIK. I. WALKEY, I.
67—0796 67—0829
THIESMEYER. L.R. WALLMAN, H
67—1025 67—0258
THOMAS, 6. WALSH. R.T,
67—0677 67—0553
TIETUEN, C, WALSH’ I.E.
67—0357 67—1259
TIPPER, C.F. WALTER. Li
67—0489 67—0626, 67—0627
TOMCZAK. 6. WALTERS’ O.F.
67—0318 67—0960
TOVEY. N.E. WARNER, D.L.
67—0319 67—0806
TRAIN. R.E. WATHEN, P.R.
67 00140 67—1280
TRIEBEL. W. WATSON, K.S.
67—0799 67—0809
TROBISCH. K. WEAVER. L.
67—0717 67—1214, 67—1219,
TRLJFTT, U.S. 67—1282, 67—1283
67—0870 WEBB D.J’
TUNNARD. C. 67—0339
67—0042 WEBER. C.C,
UHTHOFF. K. 67—0555
67—0800 WEBER. H.O.
UNWIN. H.D, 67— 584
67—0801
WEGMAN, L.S.
VAIAN.S.J. 67—0556, 67—0557
VANDERVELD ’ U. WEIAND. H.
67—024 6 WEIMER, M.L..
VAN HILLE, H. 67—0661
67—1222 WEINTRAUB. 14.
VATER. W. 67—0558. 67—0559,
67—0321 67—0560
376
-------
Author Index
WELCH. L.
67—1284
WESIBERGI N,
67—0810
WHEATLAND, A.B.
67— 811
WHITWORTH. B.
67—0159
WIERZBICKI . i.
67—0812
WILD, H.E.
67—ci445 , 67—0446,
67—0447
WILEY, . 1.5 ,
67—0448
WILLENBRINK, R.V.
67— 813
WILLIAMSON,
67—0525,
67— 536.
67—0960
WILSON, D.A.
67—1035
WILSON, H.A,
67—1106
WILSON, H.T.
67—0160
WINDAUS G.
67—1036
WOERNLE. R.
67—0814. 67—0815
WOLF. M.
67—0634
WOTSCHKE, U.
67—0635
WRIGHT, R.O.
67—0562
WLJHRMANN, K.A.
67—0563
YANG. s.P.
67—1 L 37
YQUNG. W.M,
67—0817
ZABbAN . .
67—1 a0
ZALTZMAN, R.
67—1285
ZANDI. I.
67—0818
ZANFTr A.B.
b70582
ZAPF. F.
61—0246
ZEMLANSKY , 1,
b?1183 , 67—1286
Z1E BA, J.v.
6706 43, 67—1021
ZILLES. P.
67—0829
ZIMMER, F.V.
67—1083
ZIMPEL. U.
67—0819
ZOBEL. D,
67 082 0
J.E.
67—0526,
67—0561,
377
-------
CORPORATE AUTHOR INDEX
AEROSPACE COMMERCIAL CORPORATION, PALO ALTO. CALIF.
67—0479
AGRICULTURAL RESLARCH SERVICE. WASHINGTON, D.C.
67— 0ö2 1
AMERICAN ASSCCIATIO OF PROFESSORS IN SANITARY ENGINEERING.
b7— 1231
AMERiCAN bAR ASSOCIATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE, CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
67—0002
AMERICAN P BLjC WORKS AS5OCIATjO 4 , CHiCAGO, ILLINOIS
67—0144
AMERICAN SUCIETY oF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, PITTSBURGH, pA.
67—0979
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE, COLUMBUS, OHIO
67—0376, 67—0390
iERLIN MUNICIPAL CLFANSING SERVICE’ BERLIN, GERMANY
t3LACK AND EATCH COWSULTING ENGINEERS, KANSAS CITY. MO.
67—0 4 9
BOOZ. ALLEN APPLIED RESEARCH INC.. BETHESDA, MD.
o7—0 7O
BRILEY. WILL) ANO ASSOCIATES. DAYTONA BEACH. FLA.
67—0250
BUREAU OF MINES. WASHINGTON, D.C.
67—0401, 67—0558’ 67—0862,
67—o a . 67—0939’ 67—0973.
67—j&35, o7—1044
CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS AND RESEARCH,
SA; FRANCISCO. CALiF.
67—1186
CALIFORNIA STATE VATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD, SACRAMENTO. CALIF.
67—1099
COLORADO LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL DENVER. COLORADO
07-1226
COMMITTEE LN ENVIRO4MENTAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES, WASHINGToN ’ D.C.
67—1187
CONNECTIcuT L EVELOPMENT COMMISsION. HARTFORD, CONN.
Ô7—O3 9
CONRAD ENGINEERS. LOS ANGELES, CALIF.
67—0091
COt4SOEF(. TOiiVNSEiO AND ASSOCIATES. MUSKEGON, MICHIGAN
7— 1222
EN6INEERIM FOU OATION. MILWAUKEE. WIS.
67—0264
ENVIRO ’4MLNTAL E. GIN ERING INTERSOCIETY BOARn.
b7— 1 3j
ERIE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. ERi COUNTY, PA.
67—0101
FEDERAL .ATER PjLLUTION CONTROL ADMINiSTRATION, OENVER, COLORADO
67—0694
FMC CORPORATION, SA; jTA CLARA. CALIF.
GEORGIA DEpARTM 4 T OF PUBLIC H ALTH , GAINESVILLE, GA.
67—1193
GOVERNMENTAL REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL ASSOCIATION.
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF.
67—0142
378
-------
Corporate Author Index
GREAT bRITAIN, , R MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. LONDOr’4, ENGLAND
67—0368
GUERNSEY, C.H.. AN ; COMPANY, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA
67—1285
HARZA LNC-tr ELRI G COMPANY, CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
67—0713
IDAHO DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. BOISE. IDAHO
67—0288
ILLINOIS SlATE. G .OLC’GICAL SURVEY, URBANA, ILLINOIS
67—0287
INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC CLEANSING. GREAT bRITAIN
67—108 5
4 NIERNAT1QtJAL ASSOCIATION F PUBLIC CLEANSING, PARIS, FRANCE
67—C 143
JAPANESE MINISTRY CF HEALTH AN ; WELFARE. TOKYO, JAPAN
67—0718
JONES’ HENF Y AND WILLIAMS , ENGINEERS, TOLEDO, OHIO
67—0119
LICKING COUNTY REGIONAL PLANNING COMMISSION, LICKING COUNTY, OHIO
67—D127
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, BATON ROUGE, LA.
67—3590
MARYLAND TECHNICAL ADVISORY SERVICE, COLLEGE PARK. MD,
67—3 00
METROPOLITAN ENGiNEERS COUNCIL ON AIR RESOURCES, NEW YORK, N.Y.
67—0 Oo
NATIONAL COAL ASSOCtATION. WASHINGTON, D.C.
67—l u
NEW 1LXIco OLPA TMENT OF PuBLIc HEALTrI. SANTA FE. N.M.
b7— 1.130
NORTHERN VIRGINIA REGIONAL PLA 4NING COMMISSION, FALLS CHURCH. VA.
67—0028
OKLAriO iA CI7Y—CO1.iNT HEALTH DEPARTMENT, OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA
67—1285
OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, CORVALLIS. OREGON
b7— 0908
PP , Il\JDUS1RIE5. PITTSBURGH, PA.
67—0395
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. WASHIN&JONr D.C.
67—O08 , 67—0425’ 67—0477.
67—0495. 67—0674’ 67—0729.
07—1282
PUGET SOUr JL REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL, SEATTLE, WASH.
67—0378
PURDUE UNI ER5ITy, LAFAYETTE. INDIANA
67—0761
SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS. GREENWICH, COWN.
67—0834, 67—0835. 67—0836,
67—O 41, 67—0842’ 67—0843,
67—0846, 67—0850
STANDARD £ 1ETHODS COMMITTEE. WASHINGTON. D.C.
67—0787
UNIVERSITY OF CALIF ,RNIA, BERKELEY. CALIF.
67—1242
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, GAINESVILLE’ FLA.
b7 — 04L45
UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD’ HARTFORD. CON .
67—0396
UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, HOUSTON, TEXAS
67—0 132
U.S. BUSINESS A DEFENSE SERVICES ADNZNSTR,’TION, ASHjNGTON, D.C.
67—0367
379
-------
Corporate Author index
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WASHINGTON, D.C.
67—O 58p 67 O951+
U.S. LJEPAR1ME T OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND ,ELFAREP cINcrNNATI OHIO
b7 1Cl+6
U.S. SENATE. wAsHIr TON, D.C.
67_OGl4 4
URS CORPORATION, BU LIN6AME, CALIF.
VEREIN DEUTSCHER INGENIEURE, DUESSELDORF, GERMANY
67—0513
380
-------
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION INDEX
AFRICA. 67—1157
TUN 51A, 67—11,8
LWSTRALIA, 670296p 6 7 —lOb’+
TULLY, 670714
AUSTR I A
LINZ, 67—0293
VIENNA, 7—0057, 67—0626
BELGIUM, 67—0745, 67—0761
CANADA, 670798, 67—0865, 67—1158.
67—1263
bELLEVILLE, 67—1153
CALGARY, 67—1128
CHATHAM, 67—0715
MONT AL, 67—0457. 7—0521,
67—0550. 67— 693
ONT1 0SE, 67—0754
OLOS, 67—0754
TOR0j TQ, 67—0756. 67—1225
INNI1’EG, 67—0554
C ECHOSLDvAKIA, 67—0081, 67-0940
EUROPL. fi—0120 , 67—0123, 67—Q128.
67—0131, 67—0151. 67—0236.
67—O5 ,2, 7—O514, 70618 ’
67—0520, 7—Q621, 57—0622.
67—0627, 67—U 322 , 57—0952’
67 — 10 D2, -7—1157, 67—1158’
67—1249
FINLANL, 67—0106
FRANCE 67—0555, 67—0892, 67—1057
CHER€’OURG, u7UO 9 O
PARIS, b703.39, 67—0570
GERMA 4Y( EST). 6 7 jO 7 ’ 4 ’ 67—0099’
67—0111, 57—0302, 67—0421.
67—050ô, 7—0569, 67—0577’
67—0559, e, 7 059 2 . 67—0599,
67—06o3, 67—0513, 67—0628
67—0629, 670631, 67—0635.
67—0539, 7—Q70o, o7—0709 ’
67—0722, 67—0725. 67—0738’
67—0761, 67—0767. 67—0802.
67—0814, 57—0815, 67—0819’
67—0830, 67—0847. 67—0902.
67—1050, 67-1135, 67—1144.
67—1277
BADE’J —wUERTTEMBERG , 67—1143
BERLIN, 67—0324. 67—0567.
67—( 6lL ’ 67—U616 , 67—0630,
67—1129
COLOGNE, s7—O 15
L ARMsyA [ )T , 67—0708
CUESSELL,ORF, 67—0615
FRANKFURT, 57—0688. 67—0717
FREIBURG , 67—0085’ 67—1156
HAMBURG, 67—0060, 67—0073,
b7—1031
KIEL— AAR0EN, 67—0977
LEVERKUSENP 67—0584, 67—0588.
67—0590i 67—0596, 67—0605
MOENCHENGLADSACH., 67—0105
MUNICH, 67—0052, 67—0564.
67—0565, 67—0624, 67—0626
NIERSVERBANU, 67—0799
SALZGITTER, 67—0938
STUTTGART, 67—0606, o7’0626 ,
67—0764
VILLIGEN, 67—0321
GREAT BRITAIN, 67—0062, 67—0070.
7—0082, 67—0138, 67—0168,
67—0170, 67—0176, 67—0178,
67—0203, 67—0205, 67—0222,
67—0223, 67—0224, 67—0269,
67—0289, 67—0306, 67—0307,
67—0361, 67—0362, 67—0355,
67—0368, 67—0373, 67—0382,
67—0388, 67—0394, 67—0417.
67—0428, 67—0460, 67—0 +71,
67—0520, 67—0568, 67—0575,
67—0578. 67—0585, 67—0678,
67—0683, 67—0696, 67—0713,
67—0732, 67—0761, 67—0773.
67—0823, 67—0824, 67—0858,
67-0893, 67—0903, 67—0904.
67—0922, 67—0927, 67—0942,
67—0945, 67—0958, 67—0963,
67—0965, 67—0983, 67—0986,
67—0998, 67—1004, 67—1013,
67—1047, 67—1138, 67—1154.
67—1209
A 3ERDEEN , 67—0303
ATTLEBOROUGH, 67—0646
AYR. 67—0604
BANBURY. 67—0670
BIRMINGHAM, 67—0098, 57—0282.
67—0387 6 7Q79L4 . 67_1127,
67—1139
BLACKPOOL. 67—0359
BRADFORD, 67—0117. 67—0256,
67—0360
BRISTOL. 67—1192
BURY’ 67—0975
COVENTRY, 67—0159
DARTFORD . 67—0503
DENTON, 67—0731
DERBY, 67—0580
DUNDEE, 67—0075. 67—0311,
67—1084
EAST KILBRICEr 67—0061,
67—064
EPSOM, 67—0418. 67—0439
F LKIRK . 67—0999
GARTSHERRIE, 67—0863
GLASGOW’ 67—0149’ 67—0387
GLENR0THES, 67—0109
GUERNSEY. 61—0150
HORLEY, 67—0472
IRELAND
PORTAD0 NP 67—0457
IRELAND(N) 7—o154’ 67—0468
LANCASHIRE. 7 O783
LINDSEY, 67—0384
LIVERPOOL. 67—0936
381
-------
Geographical Location Index
LONDON, 67—0093’ 67—0335’
67—0371.. 67—03714’ 61—0375.
67—0387. ô7—u 398. 67—0539.
67_05714. 67—0579. 67—05a3 ,
67—0587. 67—,601 . 67—0610,
67—0612’ b7— 625. 67—0981,
67—1003’ 67—1018
LONG EATON, 67—0751
ANCt-jESTER, 67—1 088
MIDOLETON, 7—0157
MIDLAND CENTRE, 67—0063
NEWIjURY, 67—0803
WEWCASTLE—UPON —TYNE:. 67—1026
NOTTINGHAM, o7—0726
NOTT1NGHAMSH1RE 67—1087
OAKENC-ATES • 67—0750
PORT5 , Q% TH • 67 01472
PRESTON. 67—1126
REDDITCH. 67—0115
ST. jE LENS, 67—0381, 67—0385,
67—C87’4 . € 7—0B76
SCOTLAND, 67—0229
SHEFFIELD, 67—0225
SOUTHPQRT . 67—0319
STEVENAGE. 67—0918
STOCKTON—ON—TEES. 67—0816
TYNSI E, 67—0594
UPPINGHAM. 67—0817
ALTHAM CROSS’ 67—0380.
67—( 381
WARRINGTON, 67—1034
.EAR$IOE. o70594
WEST KENT. 67—0595
WESTp IN5TER, 67—0064, 67—0194
ETHER6Y, 67—0300’ 67—0464
*OLVERHAMPTON, 6701140
WOLVERTON. 67—0593
b ORCESTER. 67—0591
H jN AFO(, 7—0929, b7 0 930.
67—1024
INDIA. 67—0705. 67 0864. 67-0919.
67—09 0, 67—0932, 67—0991
ISRAEL. 67—0924. 67—0933
JERLSALEM, ô7 —118 67—0220
ITALY. 67—0573
1LAN, 67—0572, 67—0619
PAVIp., 67—1185
IVoRY COAST
ABID’JAr4 ’ 67-0139
JAPAN, 67—0124, 67—0131. 67—0134.
67-0618, 67—0655, 67—0718,
670721r 67—0761. 67—0917,
67—1247
CHIRA, 67—0197
TOKYO. 67—0156, 67—0759,
67—ti22
MALAYSIA, 67—0947
MALTA, 67—1190
MExICO. 67—0095, 67—0131
MEXICO CITY, 67—0204
NETHERLANDs, 67—0066 ’ 67—0136,
67—0227, 67—0331, 67—0424,
67—0637. 67—0709. 67—0761
RO’TTERDAM. 67—0597
NE* ZEALAND. 67—0342’ 67—0761,
67—0805, 67—1191
AUCKLAND’ 67—0430
KAWERAU ’ 67—1201
NORWAY
OSLO. 67—0633
PAKISTAN’ 67—0987
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 67—0267
POLAND. 67—0429, 67—0581, 67—0907,
67—1065
KRAKOW, 67—0434. 67—0435
REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA. 67—0860,
671016, 67—1063
CAPETOwN, 67—0741
PRETORIA, 67—0788
ROMANIA
ORADEA, 67—1029
SOUTH AFRICA. 67—0761
WELKOM, 67—0177
SOUTH AMERICA’ 67—0128, b 7 0653.
67—0932
SWEDEN. 67 O129, 67—0162, 67—0688,
67—0698. 67—1023
STOCKHOLM, 670207. 67—0215
SWITZERLAND. 67—07143, 67—1279
GENEVA, 67—0586
UNITED STATES, 67—0086, 67—0161.
7—O236. 67—0272, 67—0367.
67—0614, 67—0655, 67—0740’
67—0806, 67—0826, 67—0902.
67-1157. 67—1158, 67—1176,
67—1178. 67—1179, 67—1181.
67—1207
ARIZONA
TuCSON 57 O180
CALIFORNIA, 67—0160. 67—0175,
67—0189, 67—0234 ’ 67—0235.
67 —Q3j0, 67—0330, 67—06 1,
67—1098’ 671099, 67—11C9,
67—1147, 67—1186, 67—1189.
67—1202. 67—12145, 67—1246,
67—1259, 871261P 67—1263,
67—1268
BAKERSFIELD. 67—1141
6ER
-------
Geographical Location Index
PAS QENA, 7—O246, 67—1198
SACRAMENTO, 67—1027
SA DIEGo, 67—02&6 67—1124
SAN DIMAS’ 67—1163
SAN FRANCISCO. 67—0034,
67—0107. 67—0111.
ó7—0114, 67—0146 ,
67—0155, 67—0187
67—0208, 67—0245,
67—0503, 67—0537.
b7—05, 9 , 67—0777,
67—1136
N J0S . 67—1234, 67—1235,
67—1236’ 67-1237
SAN LEANDRO. 67—0666
SIkN MATEO COUNTY, 67—0006’
67—0112, 67—0253
SANTA CLAF A . 67—0056,
67—0071
SANTA CLARA COUNTY P
67—1234. 671235.
67—1236. 67—1237’
67—1241. 67—1242,
67—1243
SOUTH GATL, 67—0179
VALENCIA, 67—1229
COLORADO, 67—0364’ 67—0862,
67—1226
A1 VADA, 67—0172
AURORA, 670562
6O LDER, 67—0410, 67—0427
DENVER, 67—0661, 67—1228.
67—1238
JOHNSTOWN, 67—0694
LITTLETON, 67—0762
LOVELAND. 67—0200
CONNECTICUT, 67—0097, 67—0359,
67—0370. 67—0776, 67—0896
DELAWARE
MILLSBORO, 67—0351
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 67—0005,
67—0 30. 67—0089, 67—0171.
67—0249, 67—0261, 67—0301,
67—0323. 67—0325, 67—0477.
67—0540, 67—0541, 67—0542,
67—0550. 67—0937
FLORIDA, 67—0369’ 67—0390.
67—0391, 67—0392, 67—0888.
67—0964. 67—1177
GAINESVILLE. 67—0445.
67—0792
ST. PETERSBURG, 67—0438
TAMPA, 67—0250, 67—0251,
67—0252
GEORGIA. 67—0888
ATLANTA, 67—1267
GAINESVILLE, 67—1193
IDAHO. 67—0288, 67—0704
ILLINOIS. 57—0219, 67—0287,
67—0808. 67—0831, 67—0973,
67—1177, 67—1278
CHAMPAIGN. 67—1119
CHICAGO, 67—0173, 67—0210,
ô7—032Q, 67—0322, 67—0490,
67—0649, 57—07i0, 7—0B78,
67—10 11
DECATUR, 67—0813
EVANSTON 67—1104
HAZEL CREST, 67—0077
NORMAL, 67—0051
PALATINE, 67—0192
INDIANA’ 67—0973. 67—1177
LAFAYETTE, 67—1115
MISHAWAKA. 67—0736
ROCKPORT 67—0352
IOWA’ 67—0935, 67—0973
SIOUX CITY, 67—0122
KANSAS, 67—0126, 67—0344
KENTUCKY, 67—0016. 67—03ô9,
67—0376? 67—0377, 67—0544,
67—0 88
LOUISIANA
BATON ROUGE’ 67—0486.
67—0543
MAINE, 67—0299, 67—0312
BRuNSWICK. 67—1211
MARyLAND, 67—0030’ 67—0089.
67—0249, 67—0313. 67—1177,
67—1233. 67—1260
bALTIMORE, 67—0212.
67—1159
CAROLINE COUNTY, 67—0100
F - OSTBURG, 67—0308
MASSACHUSETTS, 670038,
67—1233, 67—1260
BOSTON, 67—0141. 67—0190
CAMbRIDGE. 67—0094
MICHIGAN, 67_0JL49, 67—0425,
67—0426. 67—0973’ 67—1182,
67—1261
DEARbORN, 7—0226. 67—1253
OLTROIT, 67—1269, 67—1272
KALAMAZOO, 67—1165
KALAMAZOO COUNTY’ 67—0119
SAGINAW, 67—1118
TECUMSEH, 57—0068
WAYNE COUNTY’ 67—1222
YPSILANTI. 67—0665
MiNNESOTA, 67—0022, 67 0248,
67—0973
MISSOURI
CLAYTON, 67—1148
KANSAS CITY, 67—0484,
67—1174
ST. LOUIS. 670021. 67—0O75
67—0548
NEBRASKA, 67—0862
G AND ISLAND, 67—0657
OMAhA’ 67—1252, 67—12&5
NEVADA, 67—0901
Lt S VEGAS. 67—0137
NEW HA 1PSHIRE. 67—0030
HANOVER. 67—0748
383
-------
Geogmphical Location Index
NEW JERSEY, 67—0113, 67—0174,
67—j132. 67—1155. 67-1183.
67—1263, 67—1286
bERGEN COUNTY. 67—0531
L)OVER. 67—0218
ELIZABETH, 670244
NEPTUNE. 67—1131
RIDGEWOOL.. 67—1150
SPARTA, 67—1223
NEW hEXICO . 67—0862
ALBUQUERQUE’ 67—0185.
67—11 2
NEW YCRK. 67—0027’ 67—0030,
67—0478. 67—j51 2 . 67—0645,
67—0724. 67—j261 .
ARKPORT, 67—0638
A1LANTIC BEACH, 67—0015
CROTON POINT. 67—0498
EAST ROCHESTER 67—0664
GLOVERSVILLE . 67—0744
JOHNSTOWN, 67—0744
LONG ISLAND. 67-0556.
o7—05 7
MASSAPEOUA PARK, 67—1146
NE CASTLE, 67—0238
NEW ROCHELLE. 67—0238
NEW YORK CITY. 67—0037,
67—0043, 67—0091,
67’0092P 67—0148,
67—0163. 67—0165,
67—0188, 67—0206,
67—0241, 67—0243.
67—0262. 67—0268,
67—0295, 67—0400.
67—0483, 67—0493,
67-0499, 67—0506,
67—0523, 67—0527.
67—0528, 67—0530.
67—0551. 67—1117.
67—1210
NORTH HEMPSTEAD, 67 O517 .
67—0557
SOUTHOLO 67—1085
TONAWANDA, 67—1012
WEBSTER, 67—0807
WESTCHESTER COUNTY, 67—0238
YONKERS, 67—0327
YORKTOWN, 67—0238
wORTH CAROLINA, 67—0888
MONROE, 67—0712
RALEIGH, 67—0108, 67—1227
NORTH DAKOTA, 67—0862
SELFRIDGE, 67—0672
OHIO. 67—0271. 67—1212
CHILLICOTHE, 67—0730
CINCINNATI, 67-’O]13.
67—0501, 67—1168,
67-1171. 67—1172.
67—1230, 67—1276
COLUMBUS, 67—0455. 67—0676
LEBANON, 67—0067
LICKING COUNTY. 67—0127
MEDINA, 67—1114
PIoUA, 67—0511
SOLON, 67—1121. 67—1134
TRQY, 67—0511
OKLAHOMA
OKLAHOMA CITY, 67—1285
OREGON, 67—0033
PENNSYLVANIA, 67—0275, 67—1261
BE 7 HLEHEM, 67—0186
ERIE, 67—0962
ERIE COUNTY. 67—ulOl,
67—0102
PHILADELPHIA. 67—0007.
67—0221, 67027o.
6 7 — 0 3U9 ’ 67—1169,
67—1171+
YORK, 61—0240
RHODE ISLANU
BARRINGTON. 67—0065
SOUTH CAROLINA, 67—0688
SUMPTER, 67—0701
SOUTH OAKOTA, 67—0675,
67—( 862
TENNESSEE. b 7 —0 8 &O ’ 67 —1233P
67—1260
1 .JOHNSOI . CITY, 67—0420.
67—044 3
KINGSPORT. 67—0730
TEXAS, 67—0132. 67—0254,
67 0755. 67—0758, 67—1233,
67—1260
ALICE’ 67—0196
AUSTIN. 67—0768
bAYPORT , 67—0692
BELLAIRE, 67- 0078, 67—1137
UA .LAS. 67_0041, 67—0257
GALVESTON, 67—1116
hCUSTO:i, 67—0305. 67—0411.
67—0422. 67—0423.
67—0432’ 670440.
67—0666’ 67—1284
PARIS, 67—0701
SAN ANTONIO 67—0658
UTAH, 67—0862
VERMONT
ST. JOHNSBURY’ 67—1142
VIRGIf IA. 67—0028’ 67—0029.
670030i 7—QO31, 67—0089,
67—0249 67—1261
ARLINGTON COUNTY, 67—0228
ChESAPEAKE. CITY. 67—0104
NORFOLK NAVAL BASE.
67—0487, 67—0508.
67—0522. 67—0521+
ASHI ,GToN
6REMERTON ’ 670048
COLVILLE. 67—0386
EVER&.TT 67—1107
KING COUNTY. 67—1108,
67—1111
SEATTLE, 67—0039, 67—0053’
67—0183, 67—0230,
67—02j2 ’ 67—0378.
67—0379
384
-------
Geographical Location Index
WEST VIRGINIA, 67—0739
M ,f\GANTO , 67—1051,
67—1( 70, 67—1079
HEELI; 4G , 7—0266
WiSCONSIN, 67—002’+, 67—0973,
67—1263
KE 1 OSHA, 67—00 +7, 67—0158,
67—1 16L1.
MADISON, 67—0+73
MILWAUKEE, 67—0050,
67—0069
MILWAUKEE COUNTY, 67—005 4
WEST ALLIS, 67—1145
wYOMING. 67—0862
U.S.S.R.. 7—0087, 67—0812.
67—085 +, 67—0942
VIET NAM
SAIGON, 67—0135
385
-------
SUBJECT INDEX
AEROSPACE RESEARCH
SEE SPACE CRAFT
AGRICULTURAL WASTES
CARBONIZATION, 67—034 +0
DECOMPOSITION. 67—0329. 67—0714
DISPOSAL. 67—0330. 67—0333.
o7—0334 . 67—0335’ 67—0337,
67—0342. 67—0355. 67—0758
PROTEIN RECOVERY, 67—0925
QUANTITY PRODUCED, 67—12344.
67—1236
RICE wASTES. 67—0927
SHREDDING. 67—0330, 67—0714
UTILIZATION. 67—0339. 67—0340.
67—0342’ 67—0864. 67—0890,
67—0925. 67—0927’ 67—0971
SEE ALSO MANURE
AIR POLLUTION. 67—0335. 67—1188
ANALYSIS OF POLLUTANTS, 67—0294.
67—0505. 67—0517. 67—0615
BURNING WASTES. 67—0257’
67—0301. 67—0330, 67—0478,
67—0484. 67—0505. b70519.
67—1148. 67—1151, 67—1194
CONFERENCE. 67—0275. 67—0283,
67—0674
CONTROL EQUIPMENT, 67—0 95’
b70512. 67—0527. 67—0530.
67—0536. 67—0552. 67—0553.
67—0556. 67—0564. 67—0565.
67—0568. 67—0569. 67—0600.
67—0602. 67—0614. 67—0671,
67—0677. 67—0733. 67—0740.
67—0758
PARTICULATE MATTER. 67—0496
DUMPS. 67—0323
HOSPITAL INCINERATORS, 67—0488
INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS, 67—0960,
67—0961
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0016.
67—0044. 67—0257
MANUA . 67—0495
SMOKE CONTROL. 67—0783
SOURCES OF. 67—0755
STANDARDS. 67—0514. 67—0613,
67—0629
SURVEYS’ 67—0101, 67—1046
ANIMALS
DISEASE CARRIERS. 67—0334
FEED LOTS. 67—0332. 67—0344,
67—0345. 67—0350
SEE ALSO MANURE
AREA—WIDE APPROACHES TO HASTE MANAGEMENT
67—0250, 670252s 67—1216’
67—1224, 67—1256
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—0280.
67—1252
INCINERATION PLANTS. 67—0594.
67-1249
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—0509
LEGAL AUTHORITY. 67—0280
SANITARY LANDFILLS. 67—1223
AUTOMOBILES, SCRAP. 67—1015
ABANDONED. 67—0028, 67—0029,
67—0030, 67—0375, 67—0376,
67—0400, 67—0406, 67—0966.
67—1193
LOCATION. 67—0391
SURVEYS. 67—0367
ANALYSIS. 67—0389
BURNING. 67—0390. 67—0505
COLLECTION. 67—0363, 67—0374.
67—0377. 67—0387. 67—0390
COSTS’ 67—0898
DUMPING. 67—0386
EQUIPMENT FOR PROCESSING
67—0367, 67—0376, 67—0384,
67—0390, 67—0393. 67—0394,
67—0404. 67—0406. 67—0970
BALERS. 67—0359. 67—0370.
67—0917
BULLDOZERS. 67—0154
CRANES. 67—0371
CRUSHERS, 67—0397
FRAGMENTIZERS. 67—0361,
67—0370. 67—0373. 67—0381,
670398. 67—0399. 67—0401.
67—0874. 67—0876. 67—0888.
67—0896. 67—0897. 67—0898,
67—0962
HAMMERMILLS. 67—0361.
67—0372, 67—0380. 87—0385,
67-0388
SHEARS. 67—0358
INCINERATION, 67—0393. 67—0491.
67—0917
UUNKYARDS, 67—0364, 67—0365.
67—0369, 67—0378. 67—0393
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0028.
67—0029. 67—0031. 67—0360.
67—0366. 67—0367, 67—0368,
670 375
PELLETIZING, 67—0372
PROLER PROCESS. 67—0362.
67—0371. 67—0382. 67—0387
QUANTITY. 67—0384. 67—0391,
67—0400, 67—0402. 67—0406
SURVEYS, 67—1226
UTILIZATION. 67—0153. 67—0377,
67—0379, 67—0383, 67—0392.
67—0395, 67—0396. 67—0397.
67—0884
ELECTRIC FURNACES. 67—0859
BALING
COSTS, 67—0455
EQUIPMENT. 67—0134. 67—0449,
67—0450. 67—0455, 67—0461.
67—0463. 67—0469, 67—0476,
67—0917
PAPER, 67—0873. 67—0885’
67—0893, 67—0965. 67—0975.
67—1033. 67—1034
SCRAP METAL. 67—0861. 67—0943.
67—0952. 67—1028
386
-------
Subject Index
TEZUKA SYSTEM, 67—0j3L1
BULKY WASTES’ 67—0284
COLLECTION. 67—0186
CRUSHING. 67—0462, 67—0465.
67—0466. 67—0470. 67—0475
DISPOSAL. 67—0102. 67—0116,
67—0256, 67—0362
DISPOSAL DEPOTS. 67—0163.
67—0188
INCINERATION, 67—0227, 67—0531,
67—0571. 67—0584
PELLETIZING. 67—0372
SHHEDDIN 3. 67—0295. 67—0388.
67—0866. 67—0874
TRASH RACKS. 67—0310
SEE ALSO CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS,
DEMOLITION WASTES
BURNING RATES.
67—0746
BURNING WASTES
SEE AIR POLLUTION
CLIMATE
EFFECTS ON WASTE CONTAINERS,
67—0055
CLINKER
UTILIZATION. 67—0611
COLLECTION OF WASTES, 67—O 81,
67—0095. 67—0098. 67—0102,
67—0119, 67—0124, 67—0127.
67—0145. 67—0150. 67—0156.
67—0162. 67—0177. 67—0178.
67—0200, 67—0211. 67—0220.
67—0224, 67—0229
BULK CONTAINERS. 67—0063.
67—0064
CARTS. 67—0092
CENTRALSUG SYSTEM. 67— 176.
67—0194
CHUTE SYSTEM, 67—0091, 67—0092.
67—0096. 67—0168, 67—0176.
67—0194. 67—0207. 67—0215,
67—0274. 67—0493
CONFERENCE’ 67—0116
CONTAINERS’ 67—0085
CONVEYORS. 67—0167
COSTS’ 67—001+8, 67—0051.
67—0053. 67—0078. 67—0097.
67—0179, 67—0185. 67—0189,
67—0190, 67—0202. 67—0203
DUSTLESS SYSTEM, 67—0062.
67—0070. 67—0090. 67—0223.
67—0229
EQuIPMENT, 67—0169, 67—0201
CRANES. 67—0197
FOLIAGE, 67—1145. 67—111+6,
67-1150. 67—1152
FREQUENCY. 67—0190. 67—0203.
67—0205, 67—0210. 67—0219
GARCHEY SYSTEM. 67—0225
HARBOR DEBRIS. 67—0212
HILLSIDE. 67—0235
HISTORY. 67—0J26
INJURIES TO PERSONNEL. 67—1186
LAWS CONCERNING, 67—0100
MULTI—STORY BUILDINGS. 67—0039,
67—0058, 67—0194, 67—0215,
67—0493
MUNICIPAL, 67—0200
NORBA KB—SYSTEM. 67—0106
PAPER SACK SYSTEM. 67—0057,
67—0068. 67—0071, 67—0073
PERSONNEL, 67—0073, 67—0165
PLASTIC SACK SYSTEMS, 67—0066.
67—0067
PRIVATE COLLECTION FIRMS.
67—0053. 67—0094. 67—0122,
67—0139. 67—0141, 67—0172,
67—0175. 67—0189, 67—0190,
67—0192, 67—0208, 67—0218,
67—0230. 67—0238. 67—1278
RECREATIONAL AREAS, 67—0086,
67—1214
SCOOTER SYSTEM, 67—0246
SURVEYS, 67—0097. 67—0203.
67—0210, 67—0219, 67—0236
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, 67—0108
TRAIN SYSTEM, 67—0180, 67—0196
TRUCKS, 67—0107. 67—0181,
67—0184, 67—0195
URBAN pROBLEMS, 67—0152
COMMERCIAL wASTES
COLLECTION. 67—0137. 67—0170.
67—0 172
DISPOSAL. 67—0119
FEES. 67—0149
INCINERATION. 67—0501. 67—0577
QUANTITY PRODUCED. 67—1234.
67—1235
STORAGE. 67—0064
COMPACTION, 67—02714
EQUIPMENT, 67—0091,
67—00914. 67—0134.
67—0226, 67—0311.
67—0466. 67—0’467,
67—0476
FORMATION OF STRUCTURAL BLOCKS,
67—0458
PAPER. 67—01+49. 67—0965.
67—0969
TEZUKA SYSTEM. 67—01314,
67—0917
COMPOST
BACTERIA’ 67—0414, 67—0448
COMPOSITION. 67—0417. 67—0431,
67-0432. 67—0434’ 67—0438,
67—0459
NITROGEN’ 67—0416
MARKETING. 67—0108, 67—0417.
67—0420. 67—0421. 67—0424,
67—01+25. 67—0426, 67—0427,
67—0438. 67—0440
TESTING. 67—0414, 67—01+29
UTILIZATION. 67—01+15 67—0421.
67—01+32, 67—0435. 67—0441,
67—0911
67—0092,
67—0225.
67—0450.
67-04714.
387
-------
Subject Index
COMPOSTING. 67—0081. 67—0087’
67—0227. 67—0251. 67—0273.
67-028’., 670291. 67030 ’ ..
67—031’.
BIOLOGICAL DECOMPOSITION.
67—0416. 67—0442
COMBINED WITH INCINERATION.
67—0407. 67—0411
COMBINED WITH OTHER DISPOSAL
METHODS, 67—0430
COSTS. 67—0255. 67—0408.
67—0410, 67—0420. 67—0424,
67—0425. 67—0438. 67—04145
DIGESTION TIME. 67—0413.
67—0429. 67—0434. 67—0437
ECONOMICS. 67—011’., 67—0277.
67—0417. 67—0425. 67—0433.
67—0440. 67—0445. 67—0447
EQUIPMENT
PULVERIZER. 670436.
67—0438. 67—0475
ROTARY DRUM. 67—0419
FOLIAGE. 67—0999
HISTORY. 67—0426
HYGIENIC ASPECTS. 67—0409,
67—0i412 , 67—0413. 67—0414,
67—0448
INSTALLATIONS. 67—0131.
FOREIGN. 67—0418. 67—0424,
67—0428. 67—0430. 67—0434.
67—0616. 67—0718. 67—1190
SITES. 67—0412
UNITED STATES. 67—0422.
67—0427. 67—0432. 67—0438,
67—0440
METHODS, 67—0120. 67—0407
BADEN—BADEN PROCESS. 67—0409
BOGGIANCO—PICO PROCESS.
67—0408
BRIKOLLARE PROCESS. 67—0297,
67—0459
8U ER SYSTEM. 67—0300.
67—0464
DANO PROCESS. 67—0297.
67—0408. 67—0409. 67—0419.
67—0428. 67—0430. 67—0446
FAIRFIELD SYSTEM. 67—0420.
67—0446
FERMASCREEN PROCESS.
67—0408. 67—0418. 67—0439,
67—0446. 67—0456
HUMUCI. 67—0139
INTERNATIONAL OX SPOSAL.
CORP. SYSTEM. 67—0420
LIND PROCESS. 67—0426
METROWASTE SYSTEM. 67—0420,
67—9422. 67—0440. 67—0446,
67—0447
MULTIBACTO PROCESS. 67—0297.
67—0409
NATURIZER PROCESS. 67—0446
ROTTING CHAMBER PROCESS.
67—0413
STACK SYSTEM, 67—01437
THOMPSON, JOHN, SYSTEM.
67—0’446
TOLLEMACHE SYSTEM. 67—0436,
67—0446
WINDROWING, 67—0427.
67—0442. 670456
ODORS. 67—0407, 67—0423
PAPER. 670419
PRoBLEMS. 67—0433. 67—0443
REsEARCH. 670415. 670416,
67—0419. 67—0431, 67—04’+4
SALVAGE. 67—0411. 67—0L4-18.
67—0422. 67—0425. 67—0438
SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL.
670407, 67—0422
SLUDGE, 67—0697
SLUDGE AND REFUSE. 67—0300.
67—0321, 67—0408, 67—0411,
67—01415, 67—0421. 67—01422,
67—01425. 67—0428. 67—0432.
67—01448, 67—0464
SURVEYS, 67—032’.. 67—1237
UNITED STATES. 671284
TEMPERATURE. 67—0413. 67—0414,
670 1 434
CONFERENCES, 67—0132. 67—0142.
67—0143. 67—0144. 67—0264.
67—0500. 67—0674. 67—0761
CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS. 67—0266,
67—0295
SEE ALSO BULKY WASTES
COSTS
COLLECTION OF WASTES. 67—0048.
67—0051. 67—0179’ 67—0202.
67—1217
COMPARATIVE. 67—0100. 67—0359.
67—0247. 67—0255. 67—0277,
67—0297, 67—0522
COMPOSTING. 67—0445
COMPUTERIZED CALCULATIONS,
67—0445
INCINERATION. 67—0047, 67—0052.
67—0480. 67—0621
SCRAP PROCESSING, 67—0376,
67—0377. 67—0380’
67—0392
SLUDGE TREATMENT. 67—0778
TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES.
67—0191. 67—1217
VEHICLES. 67—0364
COURT CASES
SEE LEGAL ASPECTS OF
WASTE MANAGEMENT
CRUSHING
SEE REDUCTION OF WASTES
DEEP WELLS
SEE INDUSTRIAL WASTES
DEMOLITION WASTES
INCINERATION. 67—0501
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0038
SEE ALSO BULKY WASTES
388
-------
Subject Index
DEMONSTRATION PROhJECTS, 67—OqL 3,
67—0443, 67—11,78, 67—1179,
67—1181, 67—1219
DISEASES
ANIMAL, 67 -l19j
FEED LOTS. 67—0350
SANITATION DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES,
67—1192
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—002w ,
67—0O9 3 , 67—0102. 67—0124.
67—01L45, 67—0576. 67—1190.
67—1194, 67—1279
BEACHES. 67—1202
CONFERENCE, 67—0083, 67—01,20,
67—0123, 67—0132, 67—0142,
67—01 1+3. 67 —014L, 67—0264,
67—0290, 67—0321, 67—0326,
67—1282
CONSTRUCTION DEBRIS, 67—0266
COSTS, 67—0096, 67—0097,
67—0100. 67—0159, 67—0247,
67—0278
EFFECTS OF WAR. 67—0135
EXTRATERRESTRIAL, 67—0125
FACILITIES, 67—0279
FOLIAGE, 67—1148
HISTORY, 67—0124. 67—0141,
67—0146, 67—0220. 67—0285,
67—0293
HOG FEE:OING, 67—0126, 67—0277
HOSPITALS, 67—0088
INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES,
67—0128, 67—0131
METHODS, 67—0261. 67—0278
COMPARISON, 67—0247
MULTI—STORY BUILDINGS, 67—0053,
67—0091, 67—0092, 67—0274
RECREATIONAL AREAS, 67—0086.
6712i4
RESEARCH, 67—0152
RURAL AREAS, 67—0267
SITES’ 67—0278
SURVEYS, 67—0089, 67—0097.
67—0236, 67—0249, 67—0250,
67—0278, 67—0289, 67—0306,
67—0307
UR3AN PROBLEMS, 67—0277,
67—0315
WET GRAVEL PITS. 67—0269
DISPOSERS, 67—0274. 67—0302,
67—0314
INVESTIGATION, 67—0809
DUMPS, 67—0251. 67—0277, 67—0323
ELIMINATION, 67—0232
INDUSTRIAL, 67-0904
LAWS CONCERNING, 67—0049,
67—0100’ 67—0102, 67—0126,
67—0163, 67—0271, 67—0365
OPEN BURNING. 67—1196
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS’ 67—0297,
67—1191
WATER POLLUTION, 67—0288.
67—0299
ECOLOGy, 67—0020, 67—0035, 67—0040,
67—0292, 67—0315, 67—1257
EDUCATION
CONFERENCE, 67—1231
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENGINEERS,
67—1170
GRADUATE TRAINING, 67—1176.
67—1182
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE SEMINARS,
67—1175
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, 67—1176,
67—1183
EQUIPMENT, 67—0096
BIDDING, 67—0206
EXHIBITIoN, 67—0083, 67—0084.
67—0093, 67—0110, 67—0133,
67—0138. 67—0142, 67—0151,
67—0222, 67—0906, 67—1003,
67—1008. 67—1154
HANDBOOK, 67—0147
MAINTENANCE, 67—0 5g, 67—0166,
67—0193, 67—0228. 67—0576,
67—0678, 67—0790
SELECTION. 67—0201
STORAGE, 67—0059
FEES
COLLECTION
67—0007,
67—0068,
67—0170.
‘7—0235
SANITARY LANDFILL, 67—1121
67—1134
FERTILIZERS
COMPOST AS 67—0421, 67—0426,
67—0435. 67—0441
MANURE AS, 67—0328, 67—0336,
67—0339. 67—0343. 67—0352,
67—0357
ORGANIC WASTES, 67—0661
SLUDGE AS, 67—0649. 67-073 1,
67—0781
SUGAR INDUSTRY WASTES, 67—0705
FINANCING, 67—0049. 67—0050.
67—0054, 67—1228
FINES LEGAL.
67—0368
FIRE RESISTANCE
WASTE CONTAINERS, 67—0055
FIRES
COLLECTION TRUCKS, 67—0244
GOB PILES. 67—0544
STORAGE CONTAINERS, 67—0080
FL DC C ULAN TS
SEE SLUDGE
FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSES
SEE INDUSTRIAL WASTES
FLY ASH
ANALYSiS, 67—0654
COST OF CONVERSION TO USEFUL
PRODUCT. 67—1051, 67—1055,
67—1070
AND DISPOSAL,
67—0039, 67—0051,
67—0122, 67—0149,
67—0185, 670200,
389
-------
Subject Index
DISPOSAL. 67—0499, 67—1050,
67—1053. 67—1066, 67—1069
LAGOONS. 67—1068
MARKETING. 67—1053. 67—1056,
67—1066. 67—1077. 67—1083
POWER PLANT EMISSIONS. 67—1046
REACTIONS WITH LIME. 67—1061
RECOVERY OF METALS FROM. 67—1069
SINTERING. 67—1042
TESTING, 67—1065’ 67—1078
CARBON MEASUREMENT, 67—1080
TRANSPORT AND HANDLING. 67—1068
UTILIZATION, 67—1015’ 67—10144,
67—1047, 67—1050. 67—1052,
67—1053. 67—1065
AGGREGATE. 67—1038. 67—1066.
67—1069
BRICKS, 67—1048. 67—1051.
67—1070. 67—1072. 67—1073.
67—1079
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS. 67—1072.
67—1073
CEMENT. 67—1039, 67—1040.
67—1057. 67—1059. 67—1069,
67—1081
CONCRETE. 67—1041. 67—1043.
67—1055. 67—1056. 67—1058.
67—1060. 67—1067. 67—1069,
67—1071. 67—1076, 67—1077,
671081. 67—1082
DEEP wELLS, 67—1059.
67—1075. 67—1082
FILTERING AID. 67—0736.
67—1062
MINE STABILIZATION. 67—1063
ROADWAY CONSTRUCTION.
67-1054. 67—1057. 67—1082
SOIL CONDITIONER. 67—1045’
67—1049. 67—1064. 67—1082
SPECIFICATIONS, 67—1060,
6 1074. 67—1077. 67—1078
FOOD PROCES ING WASTES
BAGASSE , 67—0860’ 67—0872.
67—0890’ 67—0932. 67—0964.
67—0987, 67—1019
BEET SUGAR. 67—0694
BRAN. 67—1000
CENTRIFUGING. 67—0668
CEREAL, 67—0793
CHEESE WHEY, 67—0672’ 67—1000’
67—1021
COFFEE. 67—0670
COST OF TREATMENT, 67—0670
DAIRY’ 67—0347, 67—0811
DRY DISPOSAL, 67—0317
FISH. 67—0763
FRUITS. 67—0639. 67—0643.
67—0701, 67—0784
FURFURAL. 67—0793
IRRIGATION WITH. 67—0342.
67—0701
LAGOONS, 67—0351. 67—0638
MEAT PACKING. 67—0643. 67—0690,
67—0741
POTATO. 67—0704
POULTRY. 67—0351. 67—0701
RECOVERY. 67—0648
RICE wASTES. 67—1019
SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL.
67—0122
SUGAR. 670643. 67—0705.
67—0714. 67—1017
TOMATO. 67—0784. 67—0798
UTILIZATION, 67—0704. 67—0860.
67—0925. 67—1037
VEGETABLES’ 67—0813
GARBAGE GRINDING
EFFECTS ON SEWAGE SYSTEM,
67—0302, 67—0314. 67—0702,
67—0809
LAWS CONCERNING’ 67—0008
GARCHEY SYSTEM.
67—0225
GLASS
BOTTLES. 67—0840
CRUSHING. 67—0847
DISPOSAL. 67—0838
INCINERATOR RESIDUE. 67—0545
PACKAGING. 67—0838. 67—0839.
67—0840
PULVERIZING’ 67—0452
UTILIZATION. 67—0839
GRANTS
FEDERAL. 67—0213, 67—0214,
67—0250. 67—0308. 67—0431,
67—0444. 67—0537, 67—0710,
67—1181’ 67—1221. 67—1233,
67—1238. 67—1260. 67—1268.
67—1275. 67—1286
RESEARCH. 67—1167, 67—1169.
67—1174. 67—1177. 67—1179
TRAINING. 67—1176, 67—1183
STATE. 67—1268
GRINDING, 67—0115
COMPOSTING PREPARATION. 67—0418.
67—0422. 67—0435. 67—0439,
67—0456
‘EQUIPMENT. 67—0452. 67—0457,
67—0468. 67—0470
GONDARD SYSTEM, 67—0090
ROTATING SWING HAMMERS, 67—0311
SANITARY LANDFILL PREPARATION.
67—0303. 67—1135. 67—1138
SEWAGE SOLIDS. 67—0687
GROUNDWATER
POLLUTION. 67—0287, 67—0412,
67—0662. 67—1086. b7—1109
GYPSUM
UTILIZATION. 67—0636
HARBOR DEBRIS
SEE OCEAN DISPOSAL
HAZARDOUS WASTES
DISPOSAL. 67—0827
HOSPITALS. 67—0130
INCINERATION. 67—0589. 67—0590.
390
-------
Subject Index
67—0596. 67—0631
SEE ALSO INDUSTRIAL WASTES;
PESTICIDES; RADIOACTIVE WASTES
HEALTH
SEE ANIMALS DISEASES; PUBLIC
HEALTH
HIGHWAYS
SEE LAwS$ LITTER
HOSPITALS
COMPACTION EQUIPMENT. 67—0141.
DISPOSABLE ITEMS. 67—0130.
67—0846
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—0088,
67—0130, 67—0248
INCINERATORS. 67—0488.
67—0623
PNEUMATIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM,
67—0129
HUMAN WASTES
DISPOSAL. 67—0678’ 67—0681
DISPOSAL ON SPACE CRAFT.
67—0258, 67—0928, 67—0954,
67—0980, 67—0996, 67—1032
INCINERATION, 67—0688
ODORS. 67—0258, 67—0267
SEPTIC TANKS, 67—0729.
67—0776
UTILIZATION. 67—0681
INCINERATION. CENTRAL’ 67—0273.
67—0291. 67—02g6. 67—0314.
67—0498. 67—0533. 67—0614.
67—0618. 67—0634, 67—1225’
67—1269
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 67—0286,
67—0294. 67—0477, 67—0479.
67—0481, 67—0486. 67—0490,
67—0495, 67—0496, 67—0497.
67—0510. 67—0512, 67—0514,
67—0517. 67—0518, 67—0530,
67—0544, 67—0547, 67—0548,
67—0552. 67—0553, 67—0556.
67—0557 67—0562. 67—0587.
67—0595. 67—0599. 67—0612.
67—1284
AREA—WIDE APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT, 67—0594. 67—1272
BULKY WASTES. 67—0300’ 67—0303.
67—0518. 67—0571, 67—0617
CAPACITY. 67—0497, 67—0613
CLINKER, 67—0626
CLINKER RECOVERY. 7—0611
COMBINED WITH COMPOSTING.
67—0411
COMBINED WITH SEWAGE TREATMENT.
67—0268
COMBUSTION ENGINEERING. 67—0502.
67—0503. 67—0558. 67—0561.
67—0622
COMPARED WITH SANITARY LANDFILLS
67—0112. 67—0510, 67—0562
CONFERENCE. 67—0500. 67—0995
CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT, 67—057’4
CONTINUOUS PROCESSING, 67—0494.
67—0574. 67—0578. 67—0579.
67—0583. 67—0591
CORROSION. 67—0516. 67—0563,
67—0570, 67—0592. 67—0606
COSTS. 67—0047, 67—0052.
67—0054. 67—0158. 67—0268,
67—0275, 67—0277. 67—0285,
67—0479, 67—0480. 67—0507.
67—0510. 67—0520. 67—0521.
67—0539. 67—0562. 67—0572.
67—0581, 67—0582, 67—0594,
67—0601. 67—0621, 67—0624.
67—0654. 67—0664. 67—1222
CRITERIA. 67—0477, 67—0518.
67—0538. 67—0540. 65—0541.
67—0542
DAILY RECORDS. 67—0540, 67—0555.
67—0557
DESIGN. 67—0538. 67—0561,
67—1222
DESIGN OF PLANT. 67—0487’
67—0497. 67—0503. 67—0516,
67—0518. 67—0582. o7—0633
EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN
REFUSE. 67—0515
ECONOMICS, 67—0487. 67—0516,
67—0563. 67—0582. 67—0597.
67—0599. 67—0621
EMISSIONS. 67—0514. 67—0526.
67—0541. 67—0552. 67—0557,
67—0560. 67—0579. 67—0593,
67—0603’ 67—0604. 67—0606.
67—0610’ 67—0613. 67—0615.
67—0626. 67—0633. 67—0664
DUST. 67—0517, 67-0564.
67—0565. 67—0568. 67—0600
GASES. 67—0489. 67—0517.
67—0553. 67—0565. 67—0568.
67—0592
ODORS. 67—0495
PARTICULATE MATTER. 67—0496.
67—0519. 67—0527, 67—0553.
67—0558
TESTING. 67—0485
EQUIPMENT. 67—0481. 67—0496.
67—0511. 67—0541. 67—0579,
67—0606
AFTER—BURNERS. 67—0140.
67—0553
BOILERS. 67—0576. 67—0981
CRANES. 67—0504. 670578.
67—0587. 67—0609
CYCLONE COLLECTORS. 67—0555,
67—0602
CYLINDRICAL COMBUSTION
CHAMBER. 67—0558. 67—0559.
67—0560
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS,
67’0282. 67—0521. 67—0527,
570530, 670539. 67—0550.
67—0552. 67—0572. 67—0600,
67—0612. 67—0624. 67—0625
391
-------
Subject Index
FILTERS. 67—0552. 67—0564.
67—0565’ 67—0567.
67—0600
FURNACE WALLS’ 67—0526.
67—0557
FURNACES, 61—0487. 67—055k.
67—0567. 67—0597. 67—0616.
67—0620. 67—0630. 67—0633.
67—0664
MULTIPLE HEARTH. 67—0507,
67—0526. 67—0561.
67—0595. 67—0603
GRATES. 67—0494. 67—0520.
67—0567. 67—0571. 67—0578.
67—0591. 67—0599. 67—0604,
670607. 67—06214. 67—0630,
67—0633. 67—0981
HEENAN—NICHOLS. 67—0282
HOPPERS. 67—0593. 67—0604.
67—0625
MAINTENANCE. 67—0576.
67—0578
RAM FED BURNER. 67—0486
SCRUBBERS. 67—0499. 67—0507,
67—0512. 67—0552. 67—0553,
67—0595
SELECTION. 67—0503. 67—0538
SPRAYS. 67—0593. 67—0602
STEAM BOILERS. 67—0516,
67—0553. 67—05714, 67—0587.
670612. 67—0624. 57—0625,
67—0626. 67—0630. 67—0633
STOKERS. 67—0580
FLAME CONE, 67—0617
FLY ASH, 67—0511. 67—0626
FLY—ASH CONTROL. 67—0261
FUEL.. 67—0581. 67—0624
SLUDGE GAS. 67—0676
HISTORY. 67—0620
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—0050.
67—0081. 67—0157. 67—0251.
67—0471. 67—0482. 67—0490.
67—0543. 67—0548. 67—0550,
67—0605. 67—0666’ 67—0718
INSPECTION, 67—0555
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0016
MELT—ZIT. 67—0897
ODORS. 67—0517. 67—0595
OPERATION OF PLANT. 67—0487.
67—0503. 67—0541. 67—0570.
67—0582. 67—0613. 67—0619
PERSONNEL. 67—0 e85 ’ 67—0506.
67—0511. 67—0549. 67—0574.
67—0578. 67—0587
PRESSURE. 67—0481
PUBLIC RELATIONS. 67—0497
QUENCH WATER. 67—0625
ANALYSIS. 67—0540 p 67—0542
RATING OF FACILITIES. 67—0540.
67—0541. 67—0542
REFINERY WASTES. 67—0616
REFUSE’ 67—0515
RESEARCH. 67—0537. 67—0591
RESIDUES. 67—0294. 67—0305.
67—0311. 67—0481. 67—01490,
67—0499. 67—0511. 67—0521.
67—05141. 67—05514, 67—0557.
67—0567. 67—0579. 67—0580.
67—0582. 67—0587. 67—0595.
67—0599. 67—0603. 67—0610.
67—0612. 670617. 67—0633.
67—0900. 67—0905. 67—0937.
67—1222
ANALYSIS. 67 05140, 67—0542.
67—0545
SALVAGE, 67—0521, 67—0539,
67—0545. 67—0578, 67—0579.
67—0580. 67—0537. 67—0604,
67—0606. 67—0625. 67—0900,
67—0937. 67—0975. 67—0999,
67—1286
SEPARATION SYSTEM, 67—0486
SEWAGE EFFLUENT USE. 670L486
SITES. 7—0249
SLUDGE. 67—0507. 670603.
67—0616. 67—06614, 67—0676.
67—0770. 67—0772. 67—0779.
67—0780. 67—0820
SLUDGE AND REFUSE, 67—Q255
STANDARDS. 67—0538. 67—0561,
67—0613. 67—0629
SURVEYS, 67—0324
TANGENTIAL OVERFIRING. 67—0547.
67—0558. 67—0560
TEMPERATURE. 67—0503, 670521,
67—0563. 67—0595. 67—0606.
67’0607
TESTING. 67—0540. 67—0547,
67—0555. 67—0559. 67—0568,
67—0571
TRANSPORTATION TO PLANT.
67—0191, 67—0586.
67—0597
TYPES OF REFUSE BURNED
COMMERCIAL. 67—0501
COMPOSTING RESIDUES. 57—0571
DEMOLITION. 67—0501
INDUSTRIAL. 67—0501.
67—0507. 67—0509
MOIST WASTES. 67—0560
OIL. 67—0815
PAPER. 67—0530
PLASTICS. 67—01489’ 67—0617,
67—0815
RESIDENTIAL. 67—0501
SAWDUST. 67—0560
VON ROLL. SYSTEM. 67—0608.
67—0626. 67—0627
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY. 67—0052,
7 —0114. 67—0136. 67—0139,
670153. 67—0155. 67—0268.
67—02814. 67—0297. 67—0305,
67—0481, 67—0487. 67—0492,
67—0503. 67—0508, 67—0509.
67—0513. 67—0516. 67—0518.
67—0539. 67—0563. 67—05614.
-------
Subject Index
67—0582. 67—0588, 67—0599,
67-0608 . 67—0611, 67—0622,
67—0626, 67—0627, 67—0633,
67—0654. 67—0881, 67—0896,
67—0897’ 67—0898, 67—0995
ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION,
67—0479. 67—0480. 67—0524,
67—0570. 67—0572. 67—0574,
67—0579. 67—0597, 67—0601,
67—0610. 67—0612, 67—0619,
67—0624. 67—0900. 67—0981
SALE OF STEAM’ 67—0666
STEAM GENERATION. 67—0521
URBAN HEATING. 67—0570,
67—0573. 67—0630
WOOD, 67—0526
INCINERATION. ON SITE
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 67—0129,
67-0301. 67—0528. 67—0529,
67—0536. 67—0544, 67—0551,
67—0584. 67—0590. 67—0596,
67—0631. 67—0815. 67—0960,
67—0961
APARTMENT, 67—0215. 67—0274.
67—0483. 67—0493, 67—0523,
67—0528. 67—0536
BULKY WASTES. 67—0584
CAPACITY. 67—0585
CONFERENCE’ 67—0500
CORROSION. 67—0814
COSTS, 67—0225, 67—0522.
67—0584
DESIGN. 67—0525
DESIGN OF PLANT. 67—U493’
67—0584
ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, 67—0623
EMISSIONS. 67—0488. 67—0615.
67—0635
OUST. 67—0569
GASES. 67—0596
HYDROCARBONS. 67—0569
EQUIPMENT. 67—0525
AFTERBURNERS. 67—0491.
67—0536. 67—0551, 67—0569
bURNERS. 67—0589
FURNACE WALLS, 67—0522
FURNACES. 67—0590. 67—0631..
67—0765
STEAM BOILERS. 67—0522
FLAME CHAMBER. 67—0635
GAS—FIRED. 67—0585
GOVERNMENT FACILITY, 67—0487.
67—0508. 67—0522. 7—0524
HOSPITALS, 67—0088. 67—0130.
67—0488. 67—0536’ 67—0551.
67—0623
INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 67—0584.
67—0589. 67—0596. 67—0628.
67—0631. 67—0635’ 67—0652,
67—0725. 67—0727’ 67—0734.
67—0738. 67—0764. 67—0765.
67—0766’ 67—0775’ 67—0814
LAWS CONCERNING’ 67—0523
MOBILE UNITS. 67—0525
MULTI—STORY BULLDLNGSP 67—01)91,
67—0534. 67—0536. 67—0566
PAPER. 67—0577
SLUDGE, 67—0697. 67—0708
STANDARDS, 67—0433. 67—0493,
67—0534. 67—0569, 67—0613
TEMPERATURE. 67—0584
TYPES OF REFUSE BURNED
AUTOMOBILES. 67—0491
BULKY WASTES. 67—0491
CHEMICALS, 67—0529. 67—0589.
67—0590. 67—0596’ 67—0631.
COMMERCIAL. 67—0534
PAPER. 67—0632
WOOD. 67—0491
WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION, 67—0522.
67—0524, 67—0589, 67—0590,
67—0628
INCINERATORS. SPECIAL PURPOSE
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL. 67—0532,
67—0535
ASH REMOVAL. 67—0598
CLEANING STORAGE DRUMS, 67—0869
HAZARDOUS WASTES. 67—0829,
67—0832
HUMAN WASTES. 67—0688
PATHOLOGICAL WASTE. 67—0546
PIT. OPEN, 67—0531. 67—0535
RAILROAD CAR DISMANTLING.
67—0870
SCRAP AUTOMOBILE DISPOSAL.
67—0370
TEEPEES. 67—0532
WOOD WASTES. 67—0531
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS,
67—0643. 67—0656. 67—0692.
67—0706. 67—0745. 67—0811,
67—0813. 67—1280
AERATION. 67—0638’ 67—0775
AIR POLLUTION PROBLEMS, 67—0671,
67—0674, 67—0677
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES’ 67—0495.
67-0740. 67—0753. 67—0755.
67—0758. 67—0783. 67—0791
ALUMINA SLUDGE. 67—1029
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT. ‘7 0690.
67—0788
ANALYSIS. 67—0767
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY, 67—0652
BIOGAS FORMATION. 67—0705
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. 67—0637’
67—0639. 67—0717. 67—0725.
67—0739. 67—0744. 67—0775,
67—0787
BOD. 67—0638. 67—0639.
7—0739. 67—0804
CANNERY. 67—0639. 67—0643.
67—0668, 67—0701. 67—0784
CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANT.
7—0666, 67—0692
CENTRIFUGING, 57—0667. 67—0568,
393
-------
Subject Index
67—0730. 67—0732. 67—0739
CERAMIc. 67—0875
CHEMICAL. 67—0636. 67—0640.
67—0645. 67—0655, 67—0665,
67—0667. 67—0673. 67—0707.
67—0711, 67—0717. 67—0725,
67—0727. 67—0734. 67—0738,
67—0739. 67—0756. 67—0759.
67—0766, 67—0767. 67—0787.
67—0793. 67—0794. 67—0797,
67—0801, 67—0806, 67—0807.
67—0827. 67—0869, 67—0919,
67—0920. 67—0993. 67—1029
CHEMICAL REDUCTION. 67—0654
CLARIFIERS. 67—0660. 67—0665.
67—0699. 67—0716. 67—0805,
67—0813
COLLECTION. 67—0170. 67—0172
COMBINED WITH MUNICIPAL WASTES.
67—0643. 67—0668. 67—0669.
67—0670. 67—0744
COMPACTION. 67—0094
CONFERENCE. 67—0761
CONVEYORS. 67—0167
COST OF TREATMENT. 6 7 u 637 ’
67—0673. 67-0692. 67—0703.
67—0726. 67—0738. 67—0741.
67—0745
COTTON—GINNING. 67—0674
CYANIDE PLATING WASTES, 67—0684
DAIRIES. 67—0342, 67—0347.
67-0638. 67—0811
DEEP WELLS. 67—0281. 67—0692.
67—0806
DEWATERING. 67—0697, 67—0736
DISTILLERY’ 67—0788
DORR—OLIVER CLARIGESTER. 67—0788
DRY DISPOSAL. 67—0317
ELECTROLYSIS. 67—0684
EMISSIONS. 67—0765
FERMENTATION. 67—0705
FILTERING. 67—0663
FIXED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
(FAS), 67—0721
FLOCCULATION. 67—0670
FLUIDIZED BED PROCESSES.
67—0707. 67—0765
FOOD PROCESSING. 67—0639’
67—0643. 67—0648. 67—0668,
67—0670. 67—0672. 67—0694.
67—0704. 67—0705. 67—0707.
67—0741. 67—0763. 67—0784,
67—0793. 67—0798. 67—0804.
67—0811. 67—0813. 67—0860,
67—1000. 67—1021
GRAVITY THICKENING. 67—0663
HAZARDOUS. 67—0800. 67—0801.
67-0807. 67—0814. 67—0827
INCINERATION. 67—0501. 67—0507.
67—0509. 67—0529. 67—0584,
67—0589. 67—0590. 67—0596,
67—0605. 67—0616. 67—0631.
67—0635. 67—0652. 67—0654.
67—0655. 67—0663. 67—0670.
67—0692. 67—0727. 67—0735,
67—0738. 67—0758. 67—0764.
67—0765’ 67—0766’ 67—0814.
67—0815
INSULATION PRODUCTION. 67—0948
IRRIGATION WITH. 67—0756.
67-0757’ 67—0812
LABORATORY. 67—0661
LAC. 67—0919. 67—0920
LAWS CONCERNING, 67—0726
LEATHER, 67—0929
LIGNITE ASH. 67—0675
MEAT PACKING PLANT. 67—0643,
67—0690. 67—0701.
67—0741
METAL HYDROXIDE. 67—0662
METALWORKING PLANT. 67—0665.
67—0677, 67—0684, 67—0707,
67—0716’ 67—0738. 67—0794,
67—0871, 67—0923, 67—0953.
67—1012
METALS. 67—0636
MINING, 67—0675. 67—0680,
67—0795, 67—0984
NITRATE. 67—0706
OCEAN DISPOSAL. 67—0645.
67—0692
ODORS. 67—0689
OIL. 67—0652, 67—0661, 67—0665,
67—0689. 67—0707. 67—0711.
67—0732, 67—0734. 67—0738,
67—0762. 67—0767. 67—0794,
67—0797, 67—0801
ORGANIC. 67—0749
OXIDATION DITCH TREATMENT.
67—0637. 67—0798
PAINT. 67—0652
PAPER AND PULP MILL. 67—0663.
67—0667, 67—0699. 67—0703.
67—0730, 67—0735, 67—0745.
67—0757, 67—0766. 67—0795.
670805 . 67—0872. 67—0887.
67—0957, 67—0958, 67—0959,
67—1016, 67—1025
COPELAND PROCESS. 67—0707
PLASTICS. 67—0717
POWER PLANTS. 67—0675
PRESSING. 67—0663
PYROLY5IS , 67—0661 . 67—0762
QUANTITY PRODUCED. 67—1234,
67—1236
RADIATION TREATMENT. 67—0742
RECOVERY. 67—0363, 67—0636.
67—0648. 67—0652. 67—0675,
67—0704, 67—0705. 67—0716.
67—0738, 67—0759, 67—0763.
67—0795. 67—0877. 67—0920.
67—0923. 67—0940. 67—1015
REFINERY. 67—0616. 67—0689,
67—0732. 67—0734. 67—0767.
67—0797
RESIDUES. 67—0765
394
-------
Subject Index
SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL,
67—01.22, 67—0727
SAWDuST, 67—0735
SEDIMENTATION, 67—0670, 67—0704,
67—0706
SEDIMENTATION BASINS, 67—0660,
67—0805
SEPARATING, 67—0453, 67—0732
SPECIAL HANDLING, 67—0119,
67—0242
STEEL MILL. 67—0653, 67—0861,
67—0942, 67—0990
STORAGE, 67—0652, 67—0661
SURVEYS. 67—0655. 67—0694
TANNERY, 67—0669, 67—0682,
67—0744, 67—0756. 67—0988
TEXTILE PLANT. 67—0628, 67—0740,
67—0744, 67—0753. 67—0755,
67—0758. 67—0791
THERMAL TREATMENT, 67—0727
TOXICITY. 67—0645, 67— 797
TRANSPORTATION TERMINAL, 67—0711
TREATMENT. 67—0304. 67—0673,
67—0801. 67—1253
TREATMENT PLANTS 67—0715
UTILIZATION. 67—0640. 67—0675,
67—0864
WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION, 67—0655,
67—0703
WET OXIDATION, 67—0703
WOOD, 67—0816
INJURIES
SEE SAFETY AND ACCIDENT
PREVENTION
IRRIGATION
SEE FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
INDUSTRIAL WASTESI SEWAGE
SLUDGE
JUNKYARDS. 67—0379. 67—0401.
67—0404
CONFERENCE, 67—0002
EQUIPMENT. 67—0985
FENCING, 67—0364
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0002,
67—0003. 67—0013. 67—0023,
67—0030. 67—0935, 67—1226
OPERATION, 67—0936. b70985,
67—1014
SCREENING. 67—0901
SITES. 67—0365’ 67—0366
VALUATION, 67—0003
JURISDICTION,
67—0230
LABOR UNIONS
SEE PERSONNEL, EMPLOYEE—MANAGEMENT
RELATIONS
LAGOONS
AERATED, 67—0338
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES. 67—0351,
67—0638, 67—0643
INDUSTRIAL WASTES’ 57—0663,
67—0672, 67—0690. 67—0701,
67—0716
INSECTS, 67—1189
MANURE TREATMENT, 67—0338,
67—0344. 67—0345. 67—0348,
67—0349
LAND RECLAMATION
RAIL TRANSPORT, 67—0214,
67—0216, 67—0239
SEASHORE, 67—0319
SLUDGE UTILIZATION, 67—0710
SPORTS FACILITY, 67—0322
LAWS. 67—0005. 67—0030, 67—0119,
67—0254
AESTHETIC CONTROLS,
67—0003, 67—0011.
67—0013, 67—0014.
67—0018 67—0019.
67—0025. 67—0026,
67—0036. 67—0040,
67—0364
AIR QUALITY, 67—0044. 67—0257.
67—0478, 67—0483. 67—0484,
67—0495. 67—0506. 67—0510,
67—0514. 67—0523. 67—0528,
67—0544. 67—0568. 67—0614
ANTI—LITTER, 67—0021.
67—0022
BACKYARD INCINERATION BAN.
67—1238
BULKY WASTES. 67—0362
COLLECTION OF WASTES. 67—0015.
67—0229
DEMOLITION WASTES 67—0038
DISPOSAL OF WASTES, 67—1225
DUMPS. 67—0271
ENFORCEMENT. 67—0026’ 67—0036.
67—0288, 67—0366, 67—0368,
67-0387, 67—1211
GARBAGE DISPOSERS. 67—0008
HAZARDOUS WASTES. 67—0823
HIGHWAYS. 67—0003. 67—0012.
67—0013, 67—0023, 67—0024
HISTORY, 67—0146
INCINERATOR DESIGN. 67—0016.
67—0493
JUNKYARDS. 67—0002. 67—0003,
67—0010, 67—0013, 67—0023.
67—0027. 67—0031. 67—0378.
67—0379, 67—0391. 67—0901.
67—1226
LAND USE. 67—0009. 67—0011.
67—0013. 67—0014, 67—0017.
67—0018. 67—0023. 67—0024.
67—0026. 67—0032’ 67—0042
LITERATURE REVIEW, 67— 019
NUISANCE. 67—0004,
67—0006
PUbLIC HEALTH. 67—0726
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES, 67—0028.
67—0029. 67—0031. 67—0362,
67—0367. 67—0368. 67—0391.
67—0401
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL. 670049.
67—0295
67—0002,
67—0012,
67—0017.
67—0024,
67—0032,
67—0042,
395
-------
Subject Index
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ACT’
67—0283. 67—1230’ 67—01275.
67—1283
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, 67—0001..
67—0005’ 67—0033’ 67—0046
TRUCK AND TRAILER CAPACITIES,
67—0045
ZONING. 67—0935
LEGAL ASPECTS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
CAR DISMANTLING. 67—0360,
67—0406
COLLECTION OF WASTES. 67—0015.
67—0039
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—0037
FINES, 67—0041
iLLEGAL PRACTICES. 67—0037’
67—0041. 67—0043. 67—0163.
b7—0238
OCEAN POLLUTION CONTROLS.
67—0318
PRICE FIXING. 67—0007
SANITARY LANDFILLS. 67—0006,
67—0034
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES. 57—3028
ZONiNG. 67—0390
LICENSLS.
67—0031
LITTER. 67—0061. 67—0292
AWARDS’ 67—1206
t3EACHES. 67—1202
CAMPAIGNS. 67—0105. 67—0190.
67—1200’ 67—1201’ 67—1204.
67—1206.67—1209, 67—1210
CONTAINERS. 67—1163. 67—1200,
67—1204
COST OF REMOVAL. 67—1205.
67—1207
ENFORCEMENT OF LAWS. 67—1211
FINES. 67—0021. 67—0022
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0021,
67—0022
PACI(AGIN MATERIALS. 67—1203.
67—1205. 67—1208
PUBLICITY. 67—1213
RECREATION AREAS. 67—1214
STATE FAIRS. 67—1212
SURVEYS, 67—1157
MANAGEMENT, 67—1273. 67—1280
COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM. 67—1218.
ô7—1227 . 67—1250w 67—1251
CONFERENCE. 67—0264. 67—1215.
67—1274, 67—1282
CONTRACTORS. 67—1220. 67—1221
INDUSTRY—GOVERNMENT LIAISON
COUNCIL. 67—1232. 67—1239,
67—1240
JURISDICTION, 67—0288
PLANNING, 67—0270. 67—0272’
67—0279, 67—1245. 67—1246.
67—1259. 67—1270, 67—1271
COUNTY. 67—1222
FEDERAL. 67—1219
INDUSTRY, 67—1253
REGIONAL. 67—1216. 67—1223,
67—1224. 67-1225. 67—1226.
67—1249. 67—1252. 67—1256.
67—1257. 67—1258. 67—1260.
67—1263. 67—1265. 67—1269.
67—1272’ 67-1274. 67—1279,
67—1282
STATE. 67—0254. 67—1 33.
67—1238
PUBLICATIONS, 67—1266
SELECTION OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL SYSTEM’ 67—1229
SOLID WASTES INSTITUTE, AIDIS.
67—1215
SOLID WASTES PROGRAM. 67—0272.
67—0298, 67—1219. 67—1220.
67’122 1. 67—1230. 67—1232.
67—1239. 67—1254, 67—1255’
67—1260. 67—1261. 67—1262,
57—1264. 67—1267. 67—1276,
67 128 1
STUDIES. 67—1241. 67—1242
67—1252. 67—1277.
67—1285
SEE ALSO SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
MANURE
AEROBIC DIGESTION. 67—0341,
67—0344. 67—0348
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION. 67—0344.
67—0345
ANALYSIS. 67—0352. 67—0356.
7 —0357
CATTLE. 67—0254. 67—0329.
57—0332, 67—0341. 67—03L4L4,
7—0350
DISPOSAL, 67—0335. 67—0337.
7—O355. 67—0356
DRYING. 67—0328. 67—0335.
67—0343’ 67—0352’ o7— 03 53
HEALTH ASPECTS. 67—0334.
67—0336. 67—0350
IRRIGATION WITH SLURRY. 67—0334.
67—0335. 67—0336. 67—0345.
67—0353. 67—0354
LAGOONS, 67—0338
ODORS. 67—0328’ 67—03. 5.
67—0343. 67—0346. 67—0355
OXIDATION DITCH TREATMENT.
67—0329. 67—0331
POULTRY. 67—0328. 67—0343.
67—0346. 67—0351. 67—0352.
67—0357
STORAGE. 67—0346
SWINE, 67—0331’ 67—0338’
67—0349
UTILIZATION. 67—0339. 57—0356.
67—0441
MATER TRANSPORT. 67—0349
METALS
ANALYSIS. 67—0389
CLASSIFICATION. 67—0389
COMPACTION. 67—0465’ 67—0474
INCINERATOR RESIDUE. 67—0545
-------
Subject Index
MAGNETIC SEPARATION, 67—0361,
67—0453. 67—0454
MARKETING, 67—1004
PACKAGING, b7—084Q
RECOVERY. 67—0405, 67—684.
67—0879, 67—0931
SCRAP. 67—0027. 67—03b0 ’
67—0369. 67—0382, 67—10.LL4.
ANALYSIS, 67—0962
BULK CONTAINERS, 67—0994
COPPER. 67—0882, 071004,
67—1035
COPPER CONTENT, o7—0395,
67—0396, 67—0397, 67—0399,
67—0403
ECONOMICS,
67—0399.
67—0888.
67—0974
tLECTRIC FURNACES. 67—0859
EGUIPHENT, 67—09u3, 67—0936.
67—0949, 67—0970, 67—0977,
67—1002, 67—1008, 67—1009,
67—10 20
BALERS, 67—0861.
67—0943, 67—j952,
67—1005, 67—1028
CHARGING MACHINE.
67—10 06
CONVEYORS, 67—1007
ELECTRIC FURNACE,
67—0926
MAGNETS, 67—09’+6.
67—0950’ 67—0951,
67-0972
SHREDDING 67—0982
LEAD’ 67—1035
MARKETING, 67—0862, 67—0888,
67—0973
NON—FERROUS. 67—0t353
PLUTONIUM. 67—0944
PROCESSING, 67—0376, 67—0378
67—0383. 67—0385. 67—0393,
67—0394, 67—0401, 67—0406
RECOVERY. 67—0358. 67—0372.
67—0373, 67—0388, 67—0403,
67—0404, 67—0865. 67—0870,
67—0874. 67—0918’ 67—0939,
670986. 67—0992. 67—0997,
67—10 12
STEEL MILL, 67—0990, 67—1009
TANTALUM. 67—0931. 67—0992.
67—1027
TRANSPORT. 67—0977
UTILIZATION, 67—0370.
67—0406
VANADIUM. 67—0939
SEPARATING, 67—0388
SWARF. 67—0405, 67—1001.
67—1022, 67—1026
MINES
DISPOSAL OF WASTES FROM. 67—1087
DISPOSAL OF WASTES IN. 67—0221.
67—0308, 67—0309. 67—0313,
7_0675, 67—1063
TAILINGS UTILIZATION, 67—0984
WASTE WATER UTILIZATION. 67—0680
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
SEE ANIMALS; DISEASES; PUBLIC
HEALTH
OCEAN DISPOSAL, 67—0286
ATOMIC WASTES, 67—0822, 67—082
BALED WASTES. 67—0476
HARBOR DEBRIS, 67—0156, 67—0212,
67—0262
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—0645
INTERNATIONAL CONTROL, 67—0318
POLLUTION, 67—0114
SLuDGE. 67—0276
ODORS
SEE COMPOSTING; HUMAN WASTES;
INDUSTRIAL WASTES; ANURE
OXIDATION DITCH
SEE INDUSTRIAL WASTES; MANURE
PACKAGING MATERIALS, 67—0153
DISPOSAL. 67—1205. 67—1208
GLASS. 67—0838, 67—0839
PROPERTIES, 67—0843
OUANTITY. 67—0837. 67—0852
RESEARCH, 67—0845, 67—0849,
67—0851
SELF—DESTROYING, 67—0840.
67—0844. 67—0852
TAXATION. 67—0847
PAPER
BALING. 67—041+9, 67—O4 5’
67—0461, 67—0463, 67—0873,
67—0885, 67—0893. 67—0965,
67—0975. 67—1033. 67—1034
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL. 67—1023
COMPACTION, 67—0474
COMPACTION BY PELLETIZING,
67—0969
COMPOSTING, 67—0419
CONTAMINANTS, 67—0983. 67—1034
DEINKING. 67—0989. 67-0991
DISPOSAL. 67—0162
ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM.
67—0979
INCINERATION. 67—0577. 67—0632
INCINERATOR RESIDUE, 67—0545
MADE FROM BAGASSE, 67—0932.
67—0964
MADE FROM WASTES, 67—0932,
67—0987. 67—1010
PERCENTAGE IN REFUSE, 67—0161
RECOVERY. 67—0140. 67—0580,
67—0880, 67—0957. 67—0958,
67—0959. 67—0966, 67-0983,
67—0989. 67—0991. 67—1034
BOARD MANUFACTURE. 67—0963
SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL.
67—1088
SHREDDING. 67—0263
SPECIAL COLLECTION METHODS’
67—0878
67—0379. 67—0392,
67—0403, 67—0862.
67—0973,
397
-------
Subject Index
UTILIZATION. 67—1036
PApER INDUSTRY WASTES
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
67—07145
CENTRIFUGING. 67—0667, 67—0730
CLARIFIER SYSTEM. 67—0699
DISPOSAL’ 67—0663. 67—0757.
67—0805
INCINERATION’ 67—0735. 67—0766
RECOVERY’ 67—0872, 67—0887.
67—1016’ 67—1025
PAPER SACKS
SEE STORAGE OF WASTES
PARKS
SEE COLLECTION OF WASTES.
RECREATIONAL AREAS DISPOSAL
OF WASTES. RECREATIONAL AREAS
PATHOGENIC wASTES
SEE HO5PITALS INCINERATORS,
SPECIAL PURPOSE
PERSONNEL. 67—0377
CLOTHING’ 67—0118
EMPLOYEE—MANAGEMENT RELAT IONS.
67—01014. 67—0160. 67—02140.
67—0243
INCENTIVES. 67—0233
INCINERATION PLANTS , 67 —061L4
MANAGEMENT • 67—0165
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH. 67—1192
SALARIES. 67—0173, 67—01714.
67—0202. 67—02’40 , 67—02141,
67—0243
TRAINING. 67—0242. 67—0275.
67—0506, 67—0549. 67—1197,
67—1199. 67—1231
WORKING CONDITIONS. 67—0203.
67—02141
PEST IC IDES
ANALYSIS OF RESIDUES. 67—08214.
67’0826
CONTAINER DISPOSAL. 67—0821.
67—0832
DISPOSAL’ 67—0337, 67—0821,
67—0832
WATER POLLUTION. 67—0826
PIPELINES, 67—0171, 67—0198.
67—0207, 67—0213, 67—0237.
67—0298. 67—0818, 67—1011,
67—1174
PLASTIC
DISPOSAL. 67—0840, 67—0846
INCINERATION, 67—0489. 67—0570.
67—0628. 67—08147
PERCENTAGE IN REFUSE. 67—0161
PROPERTIES. 67—0834’ 67—0835.
67—0836. 67—0841. 67—0842.
67—0848, 67—0850
RECOVERY’ 67—0945
SANITARY LANDFILL DISPOSAL.
67—1088
TESTING. 67—0835’ 67—0841
POLLUTION
SEE AIR POLLUTION;
WATER POLLUTION
PUBLIC HEALTH, 67—1187, 67—1188.
67—1190
EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL METHODS,
67-1194, 67—1196
GARBAGE DISPOSAL. 67—1191
HOSPITAL WASTES. 67—02148
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—0800
LAWS CONCERNING’ 67—0726
RATE’ 67—11814
SURVEYS, 67—0101’ 67—1185,
67—1193
PUBLIC RELATIONS’ 67—0095, 67—0103.
67—0280. 67—1256’ 67—12814
ABANDONED AUTOMOBILES. 67—0359
COMPOSTING PLANTS, 67—01423
LITTER PROBLEMS. 67—01.05
SANITARY LANDFILLS. 67—11.18.
67—1128. 67—1136
PULVERIZING
SEE GRINDINGI REDUCTION OF
WASTES
PYROLYSIS. 67—0273
BY—PRODUCTS’ 67—0286
RADIOACTIVE WASTES
DISPOSAL. 67—0822, 6 7 m 823 ’
67—0825. 67—0830. 67—0831
INCINERATION. 67—0829
LAND BURIAL. 67—0828. 67—0833
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—0823
RAILROAD CARS
SEE SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
RECREATIONAL AREAS
SEE COLLECTION OF WASTES;
DISPOSAL OF WASTES; LITTER
REDUCTION OF WASTES. 67—0284.
67—0294. 67—0314
BULKY WASTES. 67—01462
COMPOSTING PREPARATION. 67—01451.
67—01454, 67—01456. 67—0475
CONFERENCE. 67—0116
CONFIDENTIAL DOCUMENTS, 67—0137’
67—0261
COSTS. 67—04614. 67—0470
DANO EGSETOR SYSTEM, 67—0109
EQUIPMENT, 67—0152 67—0169,
67—0295. 67—01451, 67—01454
HAMMERMILL. 670 109.
67—0137. 67—0452.
67—0465. 67—0470.
67—0473
PACKER. 67—04714
PRESS. 67—0458
ROTARY DRUM’ 67—0460,
67—01470
GONDARD SYSTEM. 67-0090.
67—01457’ 67—0468. 67—0473
INCINERATION PREPARATION,
67—01451. 67—0475.
67—01490
PAPER SHREDDER. 67—0263’ 67—01449
RAIL HAUL PREPARATION. 67—0309
REVIEW’ 67—0451. 67—0453
398
-------
Subject Index
SANITARY LANDFILL PREPARATION.
67—0303. 67—0451. 67—0460,
67—0462. 67—0464. 67—0468.
67—0471. 67—0473
SEERORUM SYSTEM. 67—0115’
67—0460
SHREDDING. 67—0459
TOLLEMACHE SYSTEM. 67—0472
REFINERY WASTES
TREATMENT, 67—0689, 67—0732,
67—0734. 67—0767, 67—0797
REFUSE
CALORIFIC VALUE. 67—0570.
67—0573, 67—0581. 67—0606,
67—0622, 67—0881
CLASSIFICATIONS, 67—01.30.
67—0170, 67—1235, 67—1243.
67—1253
COMPOSITION, 67—0111. 67—0113.
67-0161., 67—0236 , 67—0296,
67—0518, 67—0536, 67—0538.
67—0582, 67—0614, 67—0650,
57—1234. 671248, 67—1285
ANALYSIS. 67—0099’ 67—0294.
67—0485, 67—0509. 67—0513,
67—0607. 67—0784
COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTION
PRODUCTS’ 67—0505.
67—0513
QUANTITY, 67—0082. 67—0089.
67—0121, 67—0127, 67—0130,
67—0131. 67—0161, 67—0162.
67—0205, 67—0210. 67—0219,
67—0236. 67—0248, 67—0249.
67—0289. 67—0483, 67—1234,
71.235. 67—1241, 67—1243.
67-1248. 67—1261. 67—1262
PROJECTION, 67—0265
SEASONAL VARIATIONS. 67—0121.
67—0573
WEIGHT. 67—0113. 67—0219
REGIONAL PLANNING
SEE AREA—WIDE APPROACHES TO WASTE
MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH. 67—1242
AIR POLLUTION. 67—1171. 67—1172.
67—1177. 67—1180
COMPOSTING. 67—1178. 67—1179
CURRENT PROJECTS’ 67—1219
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—1185
FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEMS’ 67—1.178
FUTURE TECHNOLOGY. 67—0259
GRANTS, 67—0001. 67—0046
HAZARDOUS WASTES. 67—1178
INCINERATION, 67—1167’ 67—1171,
67—1172. 67—1177. 67—1178,
67—1179, 67—1180
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—1179
LAND RECLAMATION. 67—1167.
67—1178, 67—1179
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. 67—1167.
67—1168, 67—1178
MANURE DISPOSAL. 67—1177
NEEDS IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT,
67—0035, 67—0270
PACKAGING WASTES, 67—1174
PIPELINES. 67—0213, 67—1174
REDUCTION OF WASTES, 67—1178
REGIONAL SYSTEMS, 67—1167
SANITARY LANDFILLS, 67—1167,
67—1169. 67—1171. 67—1172,
67—1178. 67—1179. 67—1180
SLUDGE TREATMENT. 67—0320
UTILIZATION OF WASTES. 67—1177
WATER POLLUTiON. 67—1169.
67—1172. 67—1180
SEE ALSO GRANTS
RUBBER
BURNING OF TIRES. 67—0575
PALMA PROCESS. 67—0894. 67—1024
TIRES. 67—0894’ 67—1024
UTILIZATION. 67—0575
ROAD AGGREGATE. 57—0855
SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION.
67—1188
FIRES, 67—0244
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS. 67—0833
REFUSE COLLECTION INJURIES,
67—1186, 67—1197. 67—1198.
57—1199
SURVEYS. 67—1.195
SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION, 67 -0096.
67—0145. 7—0273, 67—0363’
67—0941. 67—0976’ 67—0997’
67—0999. 67—1015. 67—1247
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES. 67—0853.
67—0960. 67—0961
ASH. 67—0902
BARK WASTES. 67—0910. 7—09i4
BRICK FROM WASTES. 67—0927
BRIQUETTING. 67—1012
CADMIUM. 67—0871
CARBON BLACK’ 67—0934
CELLULOSIC MATERIAL, 67—0864’
67—0872. 67—0890. 67—0908.
67—0909. 67—0910. 67—0912.
67—0914. 67—0921. 67—0987.
67—1.01.7. 67—1019. 67—1036,
67—1037
HYDROGENATION, 67—091.3
CERAMIC MATERIALS. 57Q875 .
67—0998
CHEMICAL CONTAINERS, 67—0869
CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION’
67—0908. 67—0911. 67—0914,
67—0918
CHEMICALS. 67—0993
CLAY. 67—0948
CLINKER. 67—0611
COAL WASTES. 67—0895. 67—0905.
67—0907
COMPOSTING PLANT’ 67—0300
CONCRETE REINFORCEMENt’ 67-0884
CONFERENCE. 671001, 67—1002.
67—1003, 67—1282
CONVERTING WASTES TO CERAMIC
399
-------
Subject index
COMPOSITES. 67—0896. 67—0897,
67—0898. 67—0899
CONVERTING WASTES TO CHARCOAL.
67—0947
CONVERTING
67—0854,
67—0925,
67—1017,
67—1037
CONVERTING
67—0860,
67—0971.
67—1032
CONVERT ING
61-0932,
CONVERT ING
67 —10214
COSTS. 67—0052
DOMESTIC REFUSE. 67—0911
DRYING SYSTEM. 67—0879
DUMPS, 67-090k
ECONOMICS. 67—0098. 67—0277,
67—0856. 67—0858. 67—0896.
67—0899. 67—0922. 67—0986.
67—1003
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT WINDINGS.
67—0960
EQUIPMENT, 67—0903. 67—0906.
670970. 67—1002. 67—1003.
67—1008. 67—1026
BALERS. 67—0873, 67—0893,
67—0917, 67—0943. 67—0952,
61—1005. 67—1028, 67—1034
CHARGING MACHINE, 67—1006
CONTAINERIZED HANDLING,
67—0994
CONVEYORS, 67—0949. 67—1007
CRANES’ 67—0886, 67—0915.
67—0955. 67—0956
FURNACES, 67—0882
MAGNETS. 67—0946. 67—0950.
6T 0951. 67—0972
SEPARATORS. 67—0453,
670885. 67—0931, 67—0950.
67—0951, 67—0972
SHREDDING, 67—0866.
670945. 67—0982. 67—1020
SORTING. 67—0853. 67—0857
ETHANOL FROM WASTE PAPER.
67—0979
FERMENTATION. 67—0921
FIBERS’ 67-0880’ 67—0983,
67—0987
FLOTATION PROCESS, 67—0887.
67—0989. 67—0991
FOOD PROCESSING WASTES, 67—1000.
67—1017. 67—1021
GYPSUM, 67—0940
INCINERATOR RESIDUES. 67—0905.
67—0937
INCOME FROM. 67—0117. 67—0261.
67—0425. 67—0618. 67—0899,
67—0930. 67—0979
INDUSTRIAL PLANT FOR. 67—0963
INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 67— 795.
67—0864. 67—0869. 67—0942,
67—1029. 67—1035
LAC FACTORY WASTES, 67—0919.
67—0920
LEATHER WASTES, 670929’ 67—0988
LICENSED SCAVENGERS. 670878
MARKETING. 67—0856. 67—0912
METALS. 670311
METALWORKING PLANT. 67—0879
MINE WASTES. 67—0984
MOLYBDENUM. 67—0953
OIL, 67—0967. 67—0986. 67—1001’
67— 1022
PACKAGING MATERIALS. 67—1027.
67—1036
PALMA PROCESS. 67—0894, 67—1024
PAPER. 67—0140. 670311
PAPER AND PULP MILL WASTES.
67—1025
PLUTONIUM. 67—0944
RAGS. 67—0857
RAILROAD CARS. 67—0867,
67—0870. 67—0968
ROAD AGGREGATE. 670855. 67—0938
RUBBER TIRES. 67—0575
SAND. 67—0891
SAWDUST, 67—0890, 67—0916,
67—1010. 67—1016
SEMICONDUCTOR WASTE. 67-0889
SILTY CLAY WASTES, 67—0868
SLURRIED WASTES. 67—0923
STRAw, 67—0909, 670913. 67—0914
SULFUR. 67—0877
SURVEYS. 67—1237
SWARF. 67—0986. 671001.
67—1022. 67—1026
TANTALUM’ 67—0992
TRANSPORT VEHICLES. 67—0883
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE. 67—0365
ULTRASONIC PROCESSING. 67—09148
URANIUM. 67—0892
USED INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT,
67—1030
VANADIUM. 67—0939
WIRE. 67—0961
SALVAGE MATERIALS
SEE AUTOMOBILES, SCRAP; METALS;
PAPER; PLASTIC; RUBBER; SLAG
WOOD
SANITARY LANDFILLS.
67—0087, 67—0108.
67—0155, 67—0156,
67—0251. 67—0273.
67—0293. 67—0296,
67—0314. 67—1089,
67—1133, 67—1139,
67—1225. 67—1269
AESTHETICS, 67—0327
AREA FILL METHOD. 67—1114
BUILDING ON, 67—1117
BULKY WASTES. 67—1135
WASTES TO FOOD,
67—0872. 67—0890.
67—0978, 67—1000.
67—1019. 67—1021.
WASTES TO FUEL,
67—0907. 67—0916.
67—1016. 67-1018.
WASTES 10 PAPER.
67—0964. 67—0987
WASTES TO TEXTILES.
67—0068.
67—01140.
67—0186,
67—0284.
67—0299.
67—1123.
67—1193.
-------
Subject Index
CLIMATE EFFECTS. 67—1119.
67—1125
COMPACTION, 67- 1096, 67—1111,
671115, 67—1116. 67—1124
COMPARED WITH INCINERATION,
67—0510
COSTS. 67—0277, 67—0285.
67—1120, 67—1124, 67—1128,
67—1131, 67—1132, 67—1135,
67—1137, 67—1285
COVER. 67—0150, 67—1085.
67—1091. 67—1114. 67—1126,
67—1128. 67—1137, 67—1138
DECOMPOSITION OF REFUSE,
67—1090. 67—1099. 67—1110
PAPER, 67—1088, 67—1095
PLASTIC. 67—1088. 67—1095
DEEP—HOLE METHOD’ 67—1115
DEPTH OF LAYERS’ 67—1091
DESERT WASTELANDS. 67—0111.
67—0114, 67—0187, 67—0234,
67—0245
DRAINAGE. 67—0150
ECONOMICS. 67—1131. 67—1132
EQUIPMENT, 67—1096. 67—1111,
67—1115
BULLDOZER. 67—1119
COMPACTORS. 67—1124
TRACTOR, 67—1085, 67—1116
EXPLOSIONS. 67—1108
FEES, 67—1121. 67—1134
FENCING, 67—1085. 67—1091.
67—1114, 67—1128
FIRES. 67—1090, 67—1091.
67—1135
GAS FORMATION. 67—0308. 67—1090.
67—1095. 67—1096. 7—11Q9
CARBON MONOXIDE. 67—1099,
67—1100. 67—1103
CONTROL MEMBRANES, 67—1100
HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT’ 67—1102
METHANE. 67—1099. 67—1100
RATE OF MOVEMENT. 67—1101
GRINDING OF WASTES, 67—1135.
67—1138
INCINERATOR RESIDUES, 67—0305.
67—0499. 67—0511, 67—1222
INDUSTRIAL WASTES, 67—0122.
67—0636. 67—0666. 67—0727,
67—1121’ 67—1134. 67—1280
LAND RECLAMATION, 67—0999.
67—1084. 67—1092. b7—l098 ,
67—1104. 67—1114, 67—1115.
67—1122, 67—1127. 67—1129.
67—1131’ 67—1132. 67—1137
LAWS CONCERNING. 67—1110’
67—1113. 67—1278
LEACHING. 67—1096. 67—1100,
67—1101. 67—1102. 67—1103.
67—1106. 67—1109’ 67—1125
LEGAL PROBLEMS. 67—0034.
67—1108. 67—1118. 67—1140
MANAGEMENT. 67—1097
MICROORGANISMS, 67—1090,
67—1106
MINES, 67—0221. 670308.
67—0309. 67—0313. 67—1087
NONCOMBUSTIt3LES, b7—015 3
OPERATION, 67—0100, 67—0127,
67—0254. 67—0288, 67—1088,
67—1093. 67—1094, 67—1098,
67—1107
PESTICIDE DISPOsAL, 67—0821
PRETREATMENT OF WASTES, 67—0090.
67—0468. 67—0473
PU8LIC RELATIONS. 67—0482,
67—1105. 67—1118, 67—1128,
67—1136
RECLAMATION OF LAND. 67—0085,
67—0095. 67—0253. b7-0298,
67—0312. 67—0319. 67—0322,
67—0327
REGIONAL COOPERATION, 67—1127,
67—1223
RESEARCH. 67—0316, 67—1097.
67—1169
SETTLEMENT. 67—1091, 67—1117
SITES. 67—0089. 67—0108’
67—0112. 67—0127. 67—0249.
67—0265, 67—0279, 67—0280,
67—0287, 67—0295, 67—0412.
67—1088, 67—1093, 67—1105.
67—1112
ACQUISITION. 67—0252
AVAILABILITY. 67—0119
SELECTION. 67—1092
SLUDGE DISPOSAL. 67—0667,
67—0702, 67—0724. 67—0730,
67—0789. 67—1126
SLURRIED WASTES, 67—0316
STANDARDS. 67—1130
SURVEYS, 67—1286
TIN CAN SEPARATION. 67—1027
TRANSPORT TO, 67—0148. 67—0159,
67—1098, 67—1111, 67—1120
TRENCH METHOD. 67—1111.
67—1114
VECTOR CONTROL. 67—1091,
67—1096. 67—113
WATER POLLUTION. 67—1086,
67—1096, 67—1098. 67—1099,
67—1102, 67—1103, 67—1109
SCOOTERS
SEE COLLECTION OF WASTESI
TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES
SCRAP
SEE AUTOMOBILES, SCRAP1 METALS
SEPTIC TANKS’
67—0729
SEWAGE. 67—0314
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS.
67—0658, 67—0685. 67—0693,
67—0698, 67—0700. 67—0719,
67—0720, 67—0723, 670760,
67—0768. 67—0769, 67—0774.
67—0782. 67—0792, 67—0810
401
-------
Subject Index
67—0411’ 67—0422,
67—0432’ 67—0448,
67—0697’ 67—0709.
SEDIMENTAl ION.
AERATION’ 67—0657. 67—0712,
670771, 67—077k. 67—0782,
67—0792
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION. 67—0702
ANALYSIS. 67—0809
BACTERIA. 67—0804. 67—0810
BOO’ 67—0713’ 67—0804
COST OF TREATMENT. 67—0712.
67—0752
EFFECTS OF DETERGENTS, 67—0752
EFFECTS OF GARBAGE DISPOSERS.
670702, 67—0809
EQUIPMENT, 67—0771
FILTERING. 67—0687, 67—0691
FIXED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
(FAS). 67—0721
FLOCOR SYSTEM. 67—0691
GAS UTILIZATION. 67—1031
GRINDING OF SOLIDS. 67—0687
INCINERATION. 67—0775
IRRIGATION WITH. 67—0812.
67—0924’ 67—0933
ORGANIC MATTER. 67—0782
OXIDATION DITCH TREATMENT,
67—0754’ 67—0771
PHOSPHATE REMOVAL, 67—0658
PIPELINE TRANSPORT’ 67—0298
SEPTIC TANK WASTES. 67—0729
SMALL SCALE TREATMENT. 67—0681
SUSPENDED PARTICLES, 67—0713
TREATMENT. 67—0304’ 67—0325.
67—0685’ 67—0691. 67—0718.
67—0785. 67—0924. 67—0933
CONTROL PARAMETERS. 67—0700
TREATMENT PLANT. 67—0646’
67—0653’ 67—0657. 67—0676,
67—0687’ 67—0693’ 67—0708.
67—0712’ 67—0724’ 67—0748.
67—0750. 67—0769. 67—0777,
67—0792. 67—0799’ 67—0808.
67—0819
DESIG 4. 67—0728
SHIP TRANSPORT
SEE TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES
SLAG
UTILIZATION. 67—0260. 67—0567’
67—0630. 67—0863’ 67—0902,
67—0938. 67—0953. 67—0997,
67—0998. 67—1013
SLUDGE
AERATION. 67—0338
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT. 67—0683.
67—0686
ANALYSIS. 67—0644. 67—0659’
67—0662. 67—0700.
67—0820
CARBOFLOC PROCESS, 67—0780’
67—0802
CENTRIFUGING. 67—0641’ 67—0642’
67—0723. 67—0730. 67—0737.
67—0747’ 67—0769
CLARIFIERS’ 67—0796
COMPOSTING. 670300, 6i—0321.
67—0408’
67—0425’
67—0464’
67—0802
CONT INUOUS
67—0786
COST OF TREATMENT. 67—0642’
67—0697’ 67—0743. 67—0770’
67—0778. 67—0789. 67—0799
DECOMPOSITION. 67—0650
DEWATERING’ 67—0507. 67—0641.
67—0642. 67—0649’ 67—0659.
67—0667. 67—0668. 67—0679’
67—0683. 67—0695’ 67—0696.
67—0697. 67—0708’ 67—0724,
7—0735r 67—0737’ 67—0747,
670751. 67—0768. 67—0770.
67—0772. 67—0773, 67—0779.
67—0780
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE’ 67—0743
DIGESTION. 67—0649. 67—0676.
67—0686. 67—0695.
67—0768
DISPOSAL’ 67—0304. 67-0308.
67—0311. 67—0646, 67—0653.
67—0665, 67—0682, 67—0702.
67—0770. 67—0777. 67—0780,
67-0802
DISPOSAL WITH REFUSE’ 67—0255
DORR—OLIVER FS DISPOSAL. 67—0779
DRYING. 67—0282. 67—0603
EQUIPMENT FOR HANDLING. 67—0647,
67—0699, 67—0731
FILTRATION. 67—0664, 67—0665.
67—0683’ 67—0695. 67—0696.
67—0697. 67—0708. 67—0724i
67—0725. 67—0736. 67—0737,
67—0749. 67—0773. 67—0778.
7 —0794. 67—0799. 67—0807.
67—0820. 67—1062
VACUUM. 67—0803
FLOCCULANTS. 67—0695’ 67—0697’
67—0724. 67—0734, 67—0737.
67—0744. 67—0749. 67—0751
ORGANIC. 67—0641
GAMMA IRRADIATION. 57-0320
GAS FORMATION. 67—0650. 67—0676.
67—0683. 67—0686. 67—0770
GAS UTILIZATION. 67—0268.
67—0819
INCINERATION, 67—0321. 67—0507,
67—0509’ 67—0595. 67—0603.
67—0676, 67—0697. 67—0708.
67—0725’ 67—0734. 67—0765.
67—0770. 67—0772, 67—0779.
67—0780, 67—0820
COSTS. 670664
IRRIGATION WITH’ 67—0644’
670649. 67—0817
LAND SPREADING. 67—0683
OCEAN DISPOSAL’ 67—0276.
67—0683
PASSAVANI PROCESS. 67—0814
402
-------
Subject Index
PASTEURIZATION, 67—0802
PRESSING, 67—0751, 670773
PUMPS, 67—0748
QUANTITY PRODUCED, 67—1234,
67—1236
RECOVERY, 67—0745
SETTLING. 67—0679, 67—0682,
67—0698, 67—076a, 67—07&g,
67—0786
TRANSPORT, 67—0644, 67—0710
TREATMENT, 67—0331
TREATMENT PLANT, 67—0750
UTILIZATION, 67—0644, 67—0649,
67—0709, 67—071ô, 67—0754,
67—0773, 67—0799, 67—0907
LAND RECLAMATION, 67—0710,
67—0770, 67—0781, 67—1011
VITAMIN B12. 67—0854,
67—0978
WET OXIDATION, 67—0649, 67—0697,
67—0703, 67—0789
YIELDS, 67—0685
SPACE CRAFT
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM,
67—0258, 67—0928, 67—0954,
67—0980, 67—0996, 67—1032
STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS,
67—0168, 67—0275. 67—0569, 67—0613
BULK CONTAINERS. 67—0223
SToRAGE OF WASTES. 67—0224
BULK CONTAINERS, 67—0117.
67—0223, 67—0467
CONTAINERS, 67—0063, 67—0076,
67—0077, 67—0080, 67—0136,
67—0162, 67—0175, 67—0197,
67—0203
ALUMINUM BINS, 67—0106
FIBER—GLASS BINS. 67—0106
FLY PRODUCTION, 67—0056
PLASTIC. 67—0055, 67—0060,
67—0062. 67—0120, 67—0178’
67—0205
PLASTIC LINERS, 67—0067
SELF—TILTING, 67—0231
STEAM CLEANING, 67—0790
COSTS, 67—0062. 670074
67—0075
LAwS CONCERNING, 67—0077
MULTI—STORY BUILDINGS. 67—0058,
67—0069, 67—0271+
NOiSE PROBLEM, 67—0055, 67—0062
PUBLIC HEALTH. 67—1196
SACK HOLDERS. 67—0074,
67—0079
SURVEYS, 67—0065, 67—0236
SYSTEMS
PAPER SACKS, 67—0057,
67—0061, 67—0064, 67—0065.
67—0068. 67—0069, 67—0070,
67—0071. 67—0073, 67—0074,
67—0075. 67—0079. 67—O105
67—0107, 67—0109, 67—0127’
67—0229
PLASTIC LINERS, 67—0055,
67—0067, 67—0072, 67—0078,
67—0079, 67—0136
STREET CLEANING, 67—0095,
67—0155
COSTS, 67—1142, 67-. .iL#3,
67—1148, 67—1150, 67—1165,
67—1205. 67—1207
DUST. 67—0099
EFFECTS OF
67—1141.
67—1159
EQUIPMENT, 67—0085.
67—0109, 67—0156.
67—1154, 67—1157,
67—1162. 67—1166
PACKER. 67—1145, 67—1152
SWEEPERS, 67—1141, 67—1142,
67—1147. 67—1149. 67—1155,
67—1160, 67—1164
DIESEL, 67—1165
VACUUM, 67—1153
TRICYCLES, 67—0136
TRUCK, 67—1146
FOLIAGE, 67—1141, 67—1145,
67—1146, 67—111+8. 67—ll Sü,
67—1151, 67—1152
INCENTIVE PROGRAMS, 67—1156
NIGHT SWEEPING. 67—1166
PERSONNEL, 67—0081, 67—0087,
67—1157, 67—1159
PRIVATE FIRMS, 67—1j44, 67—1161
RURAL. 67—1213
SURVEYS, 67—1143. 67—1150,
67—1157, 67—1158
SURVEYS. 67—0279
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
WASTES 67—1228, 67—1234,
67—1243, 67—1261, 67—1262,
67—1265, 67—1269’ 67—1285,
67—1286
DISPOSAL OF WASTES. 67—1173
INCINERATORS, 67—1183
PAPER SACK SYSTEM, 67—0065
QUANTITIES OF REFUSE, 67—1235,
67—1236, 67—1261, 67—1262
SAFETY PROGRAMS, 67—1195
SANITARY LANDFILLS, 67—1183
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES, 67—0367
STATE, 67—1173
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, 67—0108, 67—1244,
67—1246, 67—121+7, 67—1259,
67—1268, 67—1273
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL OF
WASTES, 67—1217’ 67—1218,
67—1229, 67—1234. 67—1241,
67—1245, 67—1250, 67—1251
COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM, 67—1227
COST DETERMINATION. 67—0202,
67—0445, 67—1285
REGIONAL PLAN, 67—1256
SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION, 67—1237
WORK METHOD EVALUATION, 67—0107
VEHICLE PARKING,
67—1157, 67—1158,
67—0087,
67—1143,
67—115g.
403
-------
Subject Index
TANNERY WASTES
ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT,
67—0669
SLUDGE BEDS’ 67-0682
TREATMENT • 67—0756
UTILIZATION, 67—0988
TAXES
COLLECTION OF WASTES. 67—0220.
67—0238
INCINERATION PLANT, 67—0054
PACKAGING MATERIALS, 67—0847,
67—0941
TEXTILE INDUSTRY WASTES
COTTON—GINNING, 670674.
67—0740. 67—0753. 67—0755,
67—0758, 67—0791
SEPARATING FIBERS, 670857
TRAINING
SEE EDUCATION$ PERSONNEL
TRANSFER STATIONS. 67—0183, 67—0187
67—0232
COSTS, 67—0159
DESIGN. 67—0183
ECONOMICS. 67—0179. 67—0183,
67—0191. 67—0196, 67—0226
FEASIBILITY STuDY. 67—0252
RAILROAD. 67—0214
SPECIALIZED VEHICLES, 670181.
TO SANITARY LANDFILL. 671120
TRAILERS. 67—0226
TRUCKS TO SHIPS. 67—0148
TRANSPORTATION OF WASTES
COSTS, 67—0111. 67—0171’
67—0180
METHODS. 67—0 171
PIPELINES, 67—0198, 67—0213.
67—0237
PNEUMATIC, 67—0128, 67—0129,
67—0199. 67—0207. 67—0215
RAILROAD. 67—0111, 67—0114.
67—0187. 67—0214. 67—0216,
67—0221. 67—0227, 67—0234,
67—0239. 67—0245’ 67—0309
ROUTES. 67—0233
SALVA6E COLLECTION. 67—0883
SCOOTERS, 67—0246
SCRAP AUTOMOBILES, 67—0371’
67—0376. 67—0377, 67—0401,
67—0404
SHIP. 67—0148. 67—0276. 67—0586
SLUDGE. 67—0710
SWEEPERS. 67—1159
TRAIN SYSTEM, 67—0180. 67—0196,
67 021 1
TRANSPORTAflON TERMINALS
WASTE TREATMENT FACILITIES,
67—0325. 67—0711
TRUCKS, 67—0096. 67—0171
BIDDING, 67—0206
COMPACTION, 67—0177, 67—0184.
67—0195. 67—0285
COSTS. 67—0164
DETACHABLE CONTAINER. 67—0181
DIESEL. 67—0164. 67—0204
DUMPSTER DINOSAUR. 67—0182
GARAGE, 67—0193
LARGE CAPACITY, 67—0045
LO DAL. 67—0180
MAINTENANCE, 67—0085, 67—0217,
67—0228
PERSONNEL, 67—0242
SELECTION. 67—0201
SELF—TILTING CONTAINERS, 67—0231
TIRES, 67—0217
WEIGHT. TAXABLE, 67—0209
VECTOR CONTROL. 67—1196
FLY, 67—1189
PRODUCTION IN STORAGE
CONTAINERS, 67—0056. 67—0057
RATS. 67—1184
WASTE WATER
SEE SEWAGE
WATER POLLUTION, 67—0269. 67—0315,
67—0812. 67—1188
AGRICULTURAL WASTES. 67—0332.
67—0333
DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT,
67—0651, 67—1086
DUMPS. 67—1194
EXHIBITION, 67—0722
FEED LOTS, 67—0350
INDUSTRIAL WASTES. 67—0281,
67—0347, 67—0667, 67—0694,
67—0739, 67—0805, 67—1280
OIL, 67—0967
PESTICIDES, 67—0826
PIPELINES, 67—0818
SANITARY LANDFILLS, 67—1099,
67—1109
SEWAGE DISPOSAL, 67—0304
SILTY CLAY WASTESP 67—0868
SURVEYS, 67—0287
TRASH RACKS. 67—0310
URBAN CONTRIBUTION, 67—0785
SEE ALSO GROUNDWATER, POLLUTION
WET OXIDATION
SEE INDUSTRIAL WASTES; SLUDGE
WOOD
BURNING OF WASTES. 67— 916.
67—1018
RECOVERY. 67—1025
UTILIZATION, 67—0340. 670916
ZIMMERMAN PROCESS
SEE SLUDGE. WET OXIDATION
po72—1—37s
404
U. S. GOVERNMEXT PPIETLNG OFFICE 1972 0 4 93-O S
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