U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
CLEAR LAJ€
IWSHALL COUNTY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VIII
WORKING PAPER No, 603
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING & SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
699-440
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REPORT
ON
CLEAR LAJ€
MARSHALL COUNTY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VIII
WORKING PAPER No, 603
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND THE
SOUTH DAKOTA NATIONAL GUARD
JANUARY, 1977
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreward ii
List of South Dakota Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 1
III. Lake Water Quality Surrmary 2
IV. Nutrient Loadings 3
V. Literature Reviewed 7
VI. Appendices 8
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration comitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific Information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 3l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
freshwater lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the South Dakota Departments of
Environmental Protection and Game, Fish and Parks for professional
involvement, to the South Dakota National Guard for conducting the
tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to those wastewater
treatment plant operators who voluntarily provided effluent samples.
Allyn Lockner, Secretary, and Blame Barker and Duane Murphy,
Department of Environmental Quality; Douglas Hansen, Department
of Game, Fish and Parks; and James Hayden, Director, State Lakes
Preservation Comittee provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary reports, and
provided critiques most useful in the preparation of this Working
Paper series.
Major General Duane L. Corning, the Adjutant General of South
Dakota, and Project Officer Colonel Robert D. Chalberg, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the South Dakota National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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lv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Albert Kingsbury
Alvin Lincoln
Angostura Fall River
Brant Lake
Byron Beadle
Clear Marshall
Clear Minnehaha
Cochrane Deuel
Cottonwood Spink
Deerfield Pennington
Enemy Swim Day
Herman Lake
John Hamlin
Kampeska Codi ngton
Madison Lake
Mitchell Davidson
Norden Hamlin
East Oakwood Brookings
West Oakwood Brookings
Pactola Pennington
Pickerel Day
Poinsett Brookings, Lake
Red Iron South Marshall
Richmond Brown
Roy Marshall
Sand Brown
Sheridan Pennington
Stockdale Custer
East Vermillion McCook
Wall Mthnehaha
Waubay Day
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CLEAR LAKE
STORET NO. 4606
I. INTRODUCTION
Clear Lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey as
a water body of interest to the South Dakota Departments of Environmental
Protection and Game, Fish and Parks. Tributaries and nutrient sources
were not sampled, and this report relates only to the ake sampling data.
II. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that Clear Lake is meso-eutrophic. It
ranked second in overall trophic quality when the 31 South Dakota
lakes sampled in 1974 were compared using a combination of six
pararneters*. Two of the lakes had less median total phosphorus
and mecian inorganic nitrogen, three had less median dissolved
orthophosphorus, five had less mean chlorophyll a, and five had
greater mean Secchi disc transparency.
Survey limnologists noted a few submerged macrophytes in
July and surface concentrations of algae in September.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
Due to significant changes in nutrient levels in the samples,
the algal assay results are not considered representative of
conditions in the lake at the times the samples were collected
(04/29/74 and 09,’18/74).
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation in April and
September.
* See Appendix A.
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2
III. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICSt
A. Lake Morphometrytt:
1. Surface area: 4.41 kilometers 2 .
2. Mean depth: 3.7 meters.
3. Maximum depth: 6.1 meters.
4. Volume: 16.317 x 106 m 3 .
B. Precipitation*:
1. Year of sampling: 36.7 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 56.2 centimeters.
1-Table of metric equivalents--Appendix B.
ft Murphey, 1974.
* See Working Paper No. 175, “...Survey Methods, 1973-1976”.
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3
IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Clear Lake was sampled three times during the open-water season
of 1974 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time,
samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from
two stations on the lake and from two or more depths at each station
(see map, page v). During each visit, a single depth—integrated
(near bottom to surface) sample was composited from the stations
for phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and during the
first and last visits, single 18.9-liter depth-integrated samples
were composited for algal assays. Also each time, a depth—integrated
sample was collected from each of the stations for chlorophyll a
analysis. The maximum depth sampled at each station was 4.6 meters.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix C and
are summarized in the following table (the July nutrient samples were
not preserved properly and were not analyzed).
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A. SUMMARY OF )HYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CrIARACTE ISTICS FO CLEAR LAKE
- STO ET CODE 4606
1ST S4 PLINO ( 4/29/74) 2ND SAMPLLN( ( 7/10/74)
2 SITES 2 SITES 2 SITES
3R1) SAMPLP G ( 9/18/7’ )
PARAMETER
RANGE
MEAN
MEDIAN
RANGE MEAN MEDIAN
RAN(,E
MEAN
MEDIAN
TEMP (C)
10.3
— 11.0
10.6
10.6
23.8
— 24.8 24.5 24.5
14.6
— 15.2
15.0
15.0
DISS OxY (MG/U
10.0
— 11.8
10.5
10.1
6.2
— 8.4 7.9 8.2
10.2
— 10.8
10.3
10.2
CNDCFVY (MCROMO)
486.
— 498.
492.
492.
809.
— 820. 814. 813.
587.
— 95.
592.
592.
PH (STAND UNITS)
8.3
- 8.4
8.4
8.4
8.9
— 9.0 8.9 8.9
8.8
— 8.
8.8
8.8
TOT ALP( (MG/L)
210.
— 234.
22 .
226.
**a*
*********** ***4*Q****
400.
— 420.
410.
410.
TOT P (MG/U
0.024
— 0.030
0.026
0.025
*** **
**************O*******
0.052
— 0.079
0.065
0.065
ORTHO P (MG/L)
o.oos
— 0.010
.008
0.008
*****
0.009
— 0.009
0.009
0.009
N02 .N03 (MG/L)
0.030
— 0.090
O.O5
0.055
******
..D****QQ **Ø********* *
0.020
— 0.020
0.020
0.020
AMMONIA (P4G/L)
0.030
— 0.050
0.037
0.035
******
**********************
0.030
— 0.040
0.035
0.035
KJEL N (MG/L)
1.200
1.400
1.283
1.300
Ø***
***** ***
1.800
— 1.800
1.800
1.800
II 0kG N (MG/U
0.060
— 0.130
0.095
0.090
* * **
4 ***G* **** *** *Q**
0.050
— 0.060
0.055
0.055
TOTAL N (MC,/L)
1,230
— 1.460
1.342
1.345
* ****
...G******** D*Ø********O
1 . 20
— 1.820
1.820
1.820
CkLRPYL A (UG/L)
3.7
— 4.5
4.1
4.1
11.3
— 17.1 14.2 14.2
15.0
— 20.3
17.6
17.6
SECCrII (METERS)
1.6
— 1.9
1.7
1.7
2.6
— 2.6 2.6 2.6
1.0
— 1.0
1.0
1.0
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5
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling Dominant Algal Units
Date Genera per ml
04/29/74 1. Chroomonas 2,775
2. Flacieliates 1,057
3. Asterionella a• 330
4. Melosira . 264
5. Fragilaria 264
Other genera 134
Total 4,824
07/10/74 1. Melosira p. 1,343
2. Fragilaria 839
3. Chroonionas . a• 294
4. Oocystis p. 210
5. Aplianizonienon 84
Other genera 336
Total 3,106
09/18/74 1. Aphanizomenon p. 2,668
2. Melosira p. 1,723
3. Microcystis p_. 778
4. Fragilaria 445
5. Asterionella j2. 56
Other genera 110
Total 5,780
2. Chlorophyll a -
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( ig/l )
04/29/74 1 4.5
2 3.7
07/10/74 1 17.1
2 11.3
09/18/74 1 15.0
2 20.3
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6
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
Significant changes in nutrient levels in the assay samples
occurred between the times of collection and the heqinning of
the assays, and the results are not indicative of conditions in
the lake at the times the samples were collected (04/29/74 and
09/18/74).
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation in April and
September (the mean inorganic nitrogen to orthophosphorus ratios
were 12 to 1 or less at both stations, and nitrogen limitation
would be expected).
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7
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Murphey, Duane G., 1974. Personal communication (lake morphometry).
SD Dept. of Env. Prot., Pierre.
Petrj, Lester R., and L. Rodney Larson, 1966 (?). Quality of water
in selected lakes of eastern South Dakota. Rept. of mv. #1
SD Water Res. Comm., Pierre.
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8
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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LA(E DATA TO BE USED IN PANKINC,S
LAKE MEDIA 4 MEDIAN 500— MEAN 15— MEDIAN
CO LAKE NAME TOTAL P INO G N MEAN SEC Cr4LORA MIN DO DISS O T’-4O
460! LAKE bLBE T 0.321 0.170 489.111 106.289 9.200 0.029
4602 ALVIN LAKE 0.067 0.970 442.833 4.700 .4O0 0.017
4603 ANGOSTURA RESERVOIR 0.019 0.160 423.333 3.717 13.000 0.005
463’. BRANT LAKE 0.194 0.130 432.833 34.150 11.800 0.113
4605 LAKE 8YRON 0.443 0.370 488.333 149.350 9.000 0.146
4606 CLEAR LAKE 0.027 u.075 430.167 11.983 8.800 0.009
4607 CLEAR LAKE 1.400 0.270 495.333 691.000 7.000 0.468
‘.603 COCHRANE LAKE 0.037 0.150 446.000 15.683 15.000 0.008
4609 COTtONWOOD LAKE 0.685 0.265 490.333 112.017 8.600 0.417
4610 DEERFIELO RESERVOIR 0.033 0.080 303.333 3.650 15.000 0.022
‘.611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 0.037 0.085 442.600 14.200 8.200 0.0 13
4612 LAKE HERMAN 0.340 0.155 485.000 58.733 8.600 0.174
6613 ST JOHN LAKE O.34 0.080 489.400 120.880 9.800 0.025
4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 0.220 0.105 468.889 20.567 8.200 0.128
4615 MADISON LAKE o.2S 0.090 445.555 22.578 14.000 0.107
4616 LAKE MITChELL 0.099 0.085 465.833 14.883 13.800 0.015
4617 LAKE NOPOEN 0.256 0.165 488.667 46.800 10.000 0.050
4618 QAK OOI) LAKE EAST 0.146 Q•j75 487.000 113.600 10.000 0.009
4619 OAK OOD LAKE WEST 0.181 0.135 485.833 159.667 9.600 0.021
4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 0.011 0.070 24th444 1.478 11.000 0.006
4621 PICKEREL LAKE 0.049 0.095’ 439.833 15.833 9.600 0.009
4622 LAKE POINSETT 0.115 0.315 468.444 40.211 10.000 0.023
4623 LAKE RED IRON SOUTH 0.042 0.110 430.333 6.883 7.o0O 0.010
4624 RICHMOND LAKE 0.187 0.150 410.000 18.467 10.000 0.144
4625 ROY LAKE 0.034’ 0.070 431.000 13.333 11.000 0.010
4626 SAND LAKE 0.489 0.110 471.800 65.790 12.800 0.288
4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 0.053 0.105 394.000 15.433 15.000 0.016
4628 STOCKADE LAKE 0.233 0.150 432.000 25.400 15.000 0.109
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LA ! DATA TO BE USED I RANKINGS
LA. E
CODE
4629
4630
‘.631
LAKE NAME
LAKE VERMILLION
WALL LAKE
WAU AY LAKE NORT1
TOTAL P
MEDIAN
INOR(j N
500—
MEAN SEC
MEAN
CMLO A
15—
MIN DO
MEDIAN
DISS O TriO
0.211
0.100
472.833
100.800
9.200
0.092
0.194
0.160
441.667
55.267
7.400
0.075
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PERCENT OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES NU’ABER OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALuES)
MEAN 15— MEDiAN INDEX
LAKE
CODE
LAKE NAME
MEDIAN
TOTAL P
MEDIAN
INOPG N
500—
MEAN SEC
CPILORA
MIN Do
DISS ORT,sO P
NO
460J
.LAKE ALBERT
20 6)
20 C
6)
10 C 3)
23
C 7)
68
C 20)
60
C 18)
201
‘.602
ALVIN LAKE
67 C 20)
0 C
0)
57 C 17)
90
C 27)
63
C 19)
63
C 19)
3’.0
‘.603
ANGOSTURA RESERVOIR
97 ( 29)
30 C
9)
87 26)
93
C 28)
20
( 6)
100
t 30)
427
4604
BRANT LAKE
40 C 12)
53 C
16)
70 C 21)
47
C 14)
27
( 8)
23
C 7)
260
4605
LAKE BYRON
10 C 3)
3 C
1)
17 C 5)
7
C 2)
73
C 22)
13
C 4)
123
4606
CLEAR LAi
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PERCENT OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES (NUMaER OF LAKES WITH HIGMEF VALUES)
LAKE MEDLj M MEDIAN 500— .iEAN is— MEDIAN INDEX
CODE LAKE NAME TOTAL P I:iO G N MEAN SEC CMLORA i iIN DO DISS ORThO P NO
4629 LAKE VERHILLION 37 ( 11) 70 ( 21) 30 C 9) 27 ( 8) 68 C 20) 33 C 10) 265
4630 WALL LAKE 43 C 13) 27 ( 8) 63 C 19) 37 1 i i) 97 C 29) 37 C 11) 304
4631 WALIBAY LAKE NORTH 63 C 19) 47 C 14) 37 C 11) 10 ( 3) 30 C 9) 50 C 15) 237
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LAKES RANKED BY INDEX NOS.
RANK LAKE CODE LAKE NAME INDEX NO
1 4620 PACTOI.4 RESERvOIR 530
2 4606 CLEAR LAKE 519
3 4623 LAKE RED IRON SOuTM 473
4 4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 460
5 4625 ROY LAKE 455
6 4610 DEERFIELD RESERVOIR 430
7 46C 3 ANGOSTURA RESERVOIR 427
8 4621 PICKEREL LAKE 419
9 4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 370
10 4616 LAKE MITCHELL 349
I L 4b02 ALVIN LAKE 340
12 4608 COCHRANE LAKE 338
13 4630 WALL LAKE 304
14 4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 303
15 4624 RICrIMOND LAKE 299
16 4629 LAKE VERMILLION 265
17 4604 GRANT LAKE 260
18 4615 MADISON LAKE 253
19 6622 LAKE POINSETT 242
20 4619 OAKWOOD LAKE WEST 241
21 4631 - WA(JBAY LAKE NOPTH 237
22 4618 0APc OOO LAKE EAST 237
23 4628 STOCKADE LAKE 225
24 4613 ST JOHN LAKE 217
25 4612 LAKE HERMAN 202
26 4601 LAKE ALBERT 201
27 4617 LAKE NORDEN 1e4
28 4626 SANDI LAKE 158
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LA (ES RAN?’ EO BY 1 DEX NOS.
RA’IK LANE CODE LAr E NAME INDEX NO
29 4609 COTTUNW000 LAKE 124
30 4605 LAKE bYPON 123
31 4b ? CLEAR LAKE 110
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APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
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CONVERSION FA(;TORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 feet
Cubic meters x 8.107 x = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = lbs/square mile
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APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
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1O ET ET !EVAL DATE 75/I1#’ 5
‘.60 ’0 1
45 41 30.0 097 21 00.0
CLEAr LAIcE
‘.b091 SOUTri UAr 0TA
11EP’ LES 2111202
4 0019 FEET DEPT -1
00010 00300 00077 00094 00400 00410 00610 00625 00630 00671
DATE TI ’E DEPTrI .uTEk DO Fr AN$P CNDUCTVY P 1 I AL N,i3N TOT JEL N02 NO3 PrIOS(JJS
F Ur1 OF ILMP SECCFIL FiELD CACO3 TOTAL N N—TOTAL ORTIIO
TO DAY FEET CENT INCI-tES M1Cr OMH0 S W MG/L M /L MG/L MG/L MG/L P
7 .fC’/2’ 13 05 0000 11. 62 498 8.40 234 0.030 1.300 0.040 0.007
13 05 0005 10.9 10.0 ‘+96 .35 210 0.050 1.300 0.080 0.010
13 05 0015 io. 10.0 495 8.40 226 0.030 1.300 0.050 0.007
74/07/10 11 10 0000 24.5 E.0 102 814 8.90
11 10 0005 24.5 7.8 812 8.90
11 10 0014 23.8 6.2 809 8.90
74/09/18 13 ?0 0000 15.2 10.8 38 593 8.83 400 0.040 1.800 0.020K 0.009
13 20 0011 15.1 10.2 591 8.83
00665 32217 00031
DATE TIME OEPT I i iOS—TOT CHL PHYL INGOT LI
F ONi OF A REMNING
TU DAY FEET MG/L P U6/L PE, CENT
74/04/29 13 05 0000 0.025 4.5
13 05 000 G.0 b
13 05 0015 0.028
74/07/10 11 10 0000 17.1
74/09/18 13 20 0000 0.079 15.0
13 20 0006 50.0
13 ‘0 Ccl ? 5.0
13 20 0014 2.0
K VALUE KNOWN TO BE
LESS THAN INDICATED
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STJP ET ET IEVAL DATE 75/1±/25
460b02
45 ‘.2 00.0 097 22 00.0
CLEArc LArcE
46391 SOuTH DAPSOTA
ILEPuLES 2111202
4 0019 FEET DEPT-i
0o3 0 o077 0O09 00400 00410 00610 00625 00630 0 0b71
DATE TIME Dt.PT- ‘ TER DO Tk SP CN DUCTVY P 1- i I tALK Nd3—N TOT KJEL O2&NU3 PHOS—DIS
r o i OF TL ’P StCCi- I FIELL) CACQ3 TOTAL 4—TUTAL OPTIIO
TO DAY FEET CtNT lG/L INCHES MICROMHO 50 MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L P
7 ’,/94/2 13 .0 0000 10.3 75 489 8.’ .G 226 0.040 1.200 0.090 u, O IU
13 30 0005 10.4 lo.2 ‘ .88 8.40 232 0.030 1.200 0.030 0.005
13 30 0015 10.3 11.8 486 H.40 224 0.040 1.400 0.060 0.009
74/01/10 11 45 0000 24.H 8.4 102 819 9.00
11 45 0005 24.8 E .4 820 9.00
11 45 0011 24.b 8.4 810 9.00
7’ /0 /18 12 50 u000 15.3 1 .2 40 595 8.81 420 0.030 1.800 CJ.0201c 0.009
12 0 u014 14.6 10.2 587 8.81
0C66 32217 00031
DATE TIME DEPT l Pi-IDS—TUT CI-ILRPHYL INCDT LI
FPOM OF A p EM ING
TO DAY FEET MG/L UG/L PEI CENT
74/0./2’4 13 30 0000 C.0 ?4 3.7
13 30 0005 0.025
13 30 0015 0.030
74/01/10 11 45 0000 11.3
74/09/18 12 50 0000 3.052 20.3
i so 0006 50.0
12 50 0012
12 50 001’. 1.0
K VALUE KNOWN TO 8E
LESS THAN INDICATED
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