U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
CLfARLAKE
MlflEHAHA COUfdY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VIII
WORKING PAPER Mo, 604
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING & SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
•&G.P.O. 699-440
-------
REPORT
ON
CLEAR LAKE
MINNEHAHA COUNTY
SOUTH DAKOTA
EPA REGION VIII
WORKING PAPER No, 604
KlTH THE COOPERATION.OF THE
SOUTH DAKOTA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AND THE
SOUTH DAKOTA NATIONAL GUARD
JANUARY/ 1977
-------
•1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreward
List of South Dakota Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 1
III. Lake Water Quality Sumary 2
IV. Nutrient Loadings 3
V. Literature Reviewed 7
VI. Appendices 8
-------
11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to freshwater lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 3l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
-------
iii
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
freshwater lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the South Dakota Departments of
Environmental Protection and Game, Fish and Parks for professional
involvement, to the South Dakota National Guard for conducting the
tributary sampling phase of the Survey, and to those wastewater
treatment plant operators who voluntarily provided effluent samples.
Allyn Lockner, Secretary, and Blame Barker and Duane Murphy,
Department of Environmental Quality; Douglas Hansen, Department
of Game, Fish and Parks; and James Hayden, Director, State Lakes
Preservation Comittee provided Invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary reports, and
provided critiques most useful in the preparation of this Working
Paper series.
Major General Duane L. Corning, the Adjutant General of South
Dakota, and Project Officer Colonel Robert D. Chalberg, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the South Dakota National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
-------
Iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Albert Kingsbury
Alvin Lincoln
Angostura Fall River
Brant Lake
Byron Beadle
Clear Marshall
Clear Minnehaha
Cochrane Deuel
Cottonwood Spink
Deerfiel d Pennington
Enemy Swim Day
Herman Lake
John Hami in
Kampeska Codington
Madison Lake
Mitchell Davidson
Norden Hamlin
East Oakwbod Brookings
West Oakwood Brookings
Pactol a Penni ngton
Pickerel Day
Poinsett Brookings, Lake
Red Iron South Marshall
Richmond Brown
Roy Marshall
Sand Brown
Sheridan Pennington
Stockdale Custer
East Vermillion McCook
Wall Minnehaha
Waubay Day
-------
V
97°O1’
97b2’
I
C
97 00’
Map Location
1
)
I
43 .47 —.
4346’
4 -
CLEAR LAKE
x
Lake Sampling Site
1 1/2Kfll.
o 1/2 1
I I I
0 1/4 1/2 3/4 Mi.
Scale
43o45
-------
CLEAR LAKE
STORET NO. 4607
I. INTRODUCTION
Clear Lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey.ás
a water body of interest to the South Dakota Departments of Environ-.
mental Protection and Game, Fish, and Parks. Tributaries and nutrient
sources were not sampled, and this report relates only to the lake
sampling data.
II. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate Clear Lake is hypereutrophic. It
ranked last in overall trophic quality when the 31 South
Dakota lakes sampled in 1974 were compared using a combination
of six parameters*. All of the other lakes had less median
total phosphorus, median dissolved orthophosphorus, and mean
chlorophyll a; 27 had less median inorganic nitrogen; and all
of the others, had greater mean Secchi transparency.
Survey limnologists’noted algal blooms and heavy growths
of macrophytes in July and September.
B. Rate—Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay. results indicate nitrogen limitation at
the time the. sample was collected (09/20/74). The lake data
indicate nitrogen limitation at the other sampling times as
well.
* See Appendix A.
-------
2
III. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometrytt:
1. Surface area: 1.91 kilometers 2 .
2. Mean depth: 1.1 meters.
3. Maximum depth: 2.5 meters.
4. Volume: 2.lOlx 106 m 3 .
B. Precipitation*:
1. Year of sampling: 43.3 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 62.8 centimeters.
t Table of metric equivalents--Appendix B.
tt Murphey, 1974.
* See Working Paper No. 175, “...Survey Methods, 1973-1976”.
-------
3
IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Clear Lake was sampled three times during the open—water season
of 1974 by means of apontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time,
near—surface samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected
from a single station on the lake (see map, page v). During each visit,
a depth-integrated (near bottom to surface) sample was collected for
phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and a similar sample was
collected for chlorophyll a analysis. During the third visit, a single
l8.9-ljter depth-integrated sample was taken for algal assays.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix C and are
sumarized in the following table.
-------
I SITES
1 SITES
1 SITES
A. SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
STORET
Cr4ARACTERISTICS
CODE 4607
FOR CLEAR LAKE
1ST SAM LING C 4/22/74)
2ND SAMPLING (
7/12/74)
3RD SAMPLING (
9/20/74)
PARAMETER
RANGE MEAN MEDIAN
RANGE MEAN
MEDIAN
RANGE MEAN
MEDIAN
TEMP (C)
10.6
— 10.6 10.6 10.6
24.4
— 24.4 24.4
24.4
15.5
— 15.5 15.5
15.5
DISS OXY (MG/L)
8.2
— 8.2 8.2 8.2
16.4
— 16.4 16.4
16.4
8.0
— 8.0 8.0
.o
CNDCTVY (MCROMO)
362.
— 362. 362. 362.
787.
— 787. 787.
787.
498.
— 498. 498.
498.
PH (STAND UNITS)
********DO***Q********
9•9
— 9•9 9.9
99
94
— 94 94
94
TOT AIX (MG/L)
258.
— 258. 258. 258.
276.
— 276. 276.
276.
276.
— 276. 276.
276.
TOT P (MG/L)
0.974
— 0.974 0.974 0.974
1.400
— 1.400 1.400
1.400
1.620
— 1.620 1.620
1.620
ORTHO P (MG/I)
0.075
— 0.075 0.075 0.075
0.468
— 0.468 0.468
0.468
0.730
— 0.730 0.730
0.730
N02.N03 (MG/L)
0.200
— 0.200 0.200 0.200
0.140
— 0.140 0.140
0.140
0.040
— 0.040 0.040
0.040
AMMONIA (MG/L)
0.620
— 0.620 0.620 0.620
0.130
— 0.130 0.130
0.130
0.060
— 0.060 O.ObO
0.060
KJEL N (MG/L)
8.600
— 8.600 8.600 8.600
1.000
— 1.000 1.000
1.000
19.300
—19.300 19.300
19.300
INORG N (MG/I)
TOTAL N (MG/L)
U.820
8.800
— 0.820 0.820 0.820
— 8.800 8.800 e.soo
0.270
1.140
— 0.270 0.270
— 1.140 1.140
0.270
1.140
0.100
19.340
— 0.100 0.100
—19.340 19.340
0.100
19.340
CHL PYL A tUG/I)
79.8
- 79.8 79.8 79.8
1693.4
-1693.4 1693.4
1693.4
299.8
— 299.8 299.8
299.8
SECCHI (METERS)
0.1
— 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.2
— 0.2 0.2
0.2
0.1
— 0.1 0.1
0.1
-------
5
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling
Date Genera ____________
1. Stephanodiscus p.
2. Microcystis p.
3. Kerismopedia .
4. Surirella ia•
5. L ’ngbya .
Other genera _____
1. Anabaena .
2. Merismopedia .
3. Lyngbya . 2•
4. Oscillatoria !2.•
5. Microcystis p.
Other genera ________
1. Merismopedia p.
2. Oscillatoria
3. Microcystis J2.•
4. Lyngbya p.
5. Kirchneriella _______
2. Chlorophyll a —
Sampling Station
Date , Number
04/22/74 1
07/12/74 1 1,693.4
Dominant
04/22/74
07/12/74
09/20/ 74
Total
Algal Units
per nil
3,077
1,581
1 ,497
582
416
2,744
9,897
27,291
21 ,390
17,518
12,908
12,355
18,993
110,455
52,534
34,087
10,627
6,817
3,008
11 7,700
Chlorophyll a
(pg/i)
Total
Total
79.8
09/20/74
1
299.8
-------
6
‘C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked
OrthoP Inorganic N
___________ Conc. (mg/i) Conc. (mg/i ) _____________
0.568 0.533
0.618 0.533
0.618 1.533
0.568 1.533
2. Discussion —
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri—
cornutum , indicates that the potential primary productivity
of Clear Lake was very high at the time the sample was col-
lected (09/20/74). Also, the lack of growth response with
the addition of phosphorus until nitrogen also was added
indicates the lake was nitrogen limited at that time. Note
that the addition of nitrogen alone resulted in a yield
significantly greater than that of the control.
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation at all sampling
times (the mean inorganic nitrogen/orthophosphorus ratios were
11/1 or less and nitrogen limitation would be expected).
Spike (mg/l )
Control
0.050 P
0.050 p +1.0 N
1.0 N
Maximum yield
( jpg/l-dry wt. )
49.2
48.9
81.0
80.9
-------
7
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Murphey, Duane G. 1974. Personal comunication (lake niorphometry).
SD Dept. of Env. Prot., Pierre.
-------
8
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
-------
LAME DATA TO BE USED IN RANKINGS
LAKE MEDIAN MEDFAN 500— -MEAN 1 5— MEDIAN
CODE LAKE NAME TOTAL P INONG N MEAN SEC CHLORA MIN 00 DISSORTHO
4601 LAKE ALBERT 0.321 0.170 489.111 106.289 9.200 0.019
4602 ALVIN LAKE 0.067 0.970 442.833 4.700 9.400 0.017
4603 ANGOSTIJRA RESERVOIR 0.019 0.160 423.333 3.717 13.000 0.005
4604 BRANT LAP(E 0.194 0.130 432.833 34.150 11.800 0. 113
4605 LAKE. BYRON 0.443 0.370 488.333 149.350 9.000 0.146
4606 CLEAR LAKE 0.027 u.075 430.167 11.983 8.800 0.009
4607 CLEAR LAKE 1.400 0.270 495.333 691.000 7.000 0.468
4608 COCHRANE LAKE 0.037 0.150 446.000 15.683 15.000 0.008
4609 COTTONWOOD LAKE 0.685 0.265 490.333 112.017 8.600 0.417
4610 DEERF1ELD RESERVOIR 0.033 0.080 303.333 3.650 15.000 0.022
4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 0.037 0.085 442.600 14.200 8.200 0.013
4612 LAKE HERMAN 0.340 0.155 485.000 58.733 8.600 0.174
4613 ST JOPIN LAKE o.34Ej 0.080 489.400 120.880 9.800 0.025
4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 0.220 0.105 468.889 20.567 8.200 0.128
4615 MADISON LAKE 0.2S Q .Q9 0 445.555 22.578 14.000 0.107
4616 LAKE MITCHELL 0.099 0.085 465.833 14.883 13.800 0.015
4617 LAKE NOROEN 0.256 0.165 488.667 46.800 10.000 0.050
4618 OAKWOOI) LAKE EAST 0.146 0.175 487.000 113.600 10.000 0.009
4619 OAKW000 LAKE..WEST 0.181 0.135 485.833 159.667 9.bO O 0.021
4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 0.011 0.070 248.444 1.478 11.000 0.006
4621 PICKEREL LAKE 0.049 0,095 439.833 15.833 9.600 0.009
4622 LAKE POINSETT 0.115 0.315 468. ’ .44 40.211 10.000 0.023
4623 LAKE RED IRON SOUTiI 0.042 0.110 430.333 6.883 7.600 0.010
462’ RICHMONO LAKE 0.187 0.150 410.009 18.467 10.000 0.144
4625 ROY LAKE 0.03’. 0.070 431.000 13.333 11.000 0.010
4626 SAND LAKE 0.489 0.110 471.800 65.790 12.800 0.288
4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 0.053 0.105 394.000 15.433 15.000 0.016
4628 STOCKADE LAKE V 0.233 0.150 432.000 25.400 15.000 0.109
-------
LAKE DATA TO BE USED IN RANKINGS
- LAKE NAME
LAKE VERHILLION
WALL LAKE
WAIJBAY LAIcE NOWTH
LAK E
CODE
4629
6630
4631
MEDIAN
TOTAL P
MEDIAN
INORO N
500—
MEAN SEC
MEAN
CIILORA
15—
MIN 00
MEDIAN
DISS O TMO P
0.211
0.100
472.833
100.800
9.200
0.092
0.194
0.160
441.667
55.267
7.400
O.07o
0.093
0.145
469.555
127.033
11.400
0.023
-------
PERCENT OF LAKES WITh HIGHER VALUES (NUMBER OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES)
MEDIAN
MEDIAN
500—
LAKE NAME TOTAL P
INORG N
MEAN SEC
LAKE
CODE
MEAN
CHLORA
15—
MIN 00
MEDIAN
DISS ORTHO P
INULA
NO
4601
LAKE ALBEPT
20
20 ( 6)
10 C 3)
23 C 7)
68 C 20)
60
C 18)
201
4602
4603
ALVIN LAKE
ANGOSTIJRA RESERVOIP
67 C 20)
97 C 29)
0 C 0)
30 C 9)
57 C 17)
87 C 26)
90 C 27)
93 C 28)
63 C 19)
20 ( 6)
63
100
C 19)
t 30)
3’.0
427
4604
8RANT LAKE
40 ( 12)
53 C 16)
70 C 21)
47 C 14)
27 ( 8)
23
C 7)
260
4605
LAKE BYRON
10 C 3)
3 ( 1)
17 C 5)
7 C 2)
73 C 22)
13
C 4)
123
4606
CLEAR LAKE
93 C 28)
93 ( 28)
83 C 25)
83 ( 25)
77 ( 23)
90
C 27)
51 i
4607
CLEAI LAKE
0 C 0)
10 ( 3)
0 C 0)
0 C 0)
100 C 30)
0
C 0)
110
4608
COC,IRANE LAKE
83 C 25)
40 C 11)
50 ( 15)
67 ( 20)
5 C 0)
93
C 28)
338
4609
COTTONWOOD LAKE
3 C 1)
13 C 4)
3 C 1)
20 C 6)
82 C 24)
3
C 1)
124
4610
DEERFIELD RESERVO1
90 ( 27)
88 C 26)
97 C 29)
97 ( 29)
5 C 0)
53
C 16)
430
4 L1
ENEMY SWIM LArcE
80 ( 24)
82 C 24)
60 C 18)
77 ( 23)
88 C 26)
73
C 22)
460
4612
LAKE HERMAN
17 ( 5)
33 10)
27 C 8)
33 C 10)
82 C 24)
10
C 3)
202
4613
ST JOHN LAKE
13 C 4)
88 C 26)
7 ( 2)
13 C 4)
53 C 16)
43
C 13)
217
4614
LAKE KAMPESKA
33 C 10)
65 C 19)
40 C 12)
57 C 17)
88 C 26)
20
C 6)
303
46)5
MADISON LAKE
27 C 8)
77 ( 23)
53 C 16)
53 C 16)
13 C 4)
.30
C 9)
253
4616
LAKE MITCHELL
60 C 18)
82 C 24)
47 C 14)
73 C 22)
17 C 5)
70
C 21)
349
4617
LAKE NORDEN
23 C 7)
23 C 7)
13 C 4)
40 C 12)
45 ( 12)
40
C 12)
184
4618
OAKWOOC) LAKE EAST
53 C 16)
17 C 5)
20 C 6)
17 C 5)
45 C 12)
85
C 25)
237
4619
4620
OA,cW000 LAKE WEST
PACTOt..A RESERVOIR
SO C 15)
100 C 30)
50 ( 15)
98 ( 29)
23 C 7)
100 C 30)
3 C 1)
100 C 30)
58 C 17)
35 C 10)
57
97
C 17)
C 29)
241
530
4621
PICKEREL LAKE
73 C 22)
73 ( 22)
67 C 20)
63 C 19)
58 ( 17)
85
C 25)
419
4622
LAKE PO!NSETT
57 C 17)
7 ( 2)
43 C 13)
43 1 13)
45 ( 12)
47
C 14)
242
4623
LAKE RED IRON SOUTH
77 C 23)
58 C 17)
80 1 24)
87 1 26)
93 1 28)
78
C 23)
413
4624
RICHMOND LAKE
47 1 14)
40 C 11)
90 C 27)
60 1 18)
45 C 12)
17
C 5)
299
4625
ROY LAKE
87 C 26)
98 1 29)
77 C 23)
80 C 24)
35 1 10)
78
( 23)
455
4626
SAND LAKE
7 1 2)
58 1 17)
33 C 10)
30 ( 9)
23 C 7)
7
1 2)
158
4627
SHERIDAN LAKE
70 C 21)
65 C 19)
93 C 28)
70 1 21)
5 1 0)
67
C 20)
370
4628 STOCKADE LAKE
30 1 9) 40 1 11) 73 C 22) 50 C 15)
SC 0) 271.8) 225
-------
LAKE NAME
LAKE VERMILLION
WALL LAKE
WAUBAY LAKE NORTH
37 C 11)
43 C 13)
63 C 19)
r4EAN
CML OR A
27 ( 8)
37 C 11)
10 C 3)
15— MEDIAN
MIN 00 0155 ORTMO P
68 C 20) 33 C 10)
97 ( 29) 37 C 11)
30 C 9) 50 C 15)
PERCENT OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES (NUM3ER OF LAKES WITH HIGHER VALUES)
LAKE MEDIAN MEDIAN 500—
CODE TOTAL P IUORG N MEAN SEC
4629 70 C 21) 30 C 9)
4630 27 C 8) 63 C 19)
4631 47 C 14) 37 C 11)
IN0E
NO
265
304
237
-------
LAKES RANKED BY INDEX NOS.
RANK LAKE CODE LAKE NAME INDEX NO
1 4620 PACTOLA RESERVOIR 530
2 4606 CLEAR LAKE 519
3 4623 LAKE RED IRON SOUTH 473
4 4611 ENEMY SWIM LAKE 460
5 4625 ROY LAKE 455
6 4610 DEERFIELD RESERVOIR 430
7 4603 ANGOSTURA RESERVOIR 427
8 4621 PICKEREL LAKE 419
9 4627 SHERIDAN LAKE 370
10 4616 LAKE MITCHELL 349
11 4b02 ALVIN LAKE 340
12 4608 COCHRANE LAKE 338
13 4630 WALL LAKE 304
14 4614 LAKE KAMPESKA 303
15 4624 RICHMOND LAKE 299
16 4629 LAKE VERHILLION 265
17 4604 BRANT LAKE 260
18 4b15 MADISON LAKE 253
19 4622 LAKE POINSETT 262
20 4619 OAKW000 LAKE WEST 241
21 4631 WAUBAY LAKE NORTH 237
22 4618 OAKW000 LAKE EAST 237
23 4828 STOCKADE LAKE 225
24 4613 ST JOHN LAKE 217
25 4612 LAKE HERMAN 202
26 4601 LAKE ALBERT 201
27 4617 LAKE NOROEN 1e4
28 4626 SANDLAKE 158
-------
LMES RANKED BY INDEX NOS.
RANP( LAIcE CODE. LAI’ E NAME INDEX NO
29 4609 COTTONWOOD LAKE 124
30 4605 LAKE bYRON 123
31 4607 CLEAR LAKE 110
-------
APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
-------
CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 = feet
Cubic meters x 8.107 x = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = lbs/square mile
-------
APPENDIX C,
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
-------
STOs ET kETRIEVAL DATE 75f1i/25
460701
43 45 25.0 097 00 44.0
CLEA’ LAIcE
4609 SOUTH DAKOTA
I IEPALES 2111202
3 0005 FEET DEPTH
00010 00300 03077 0009’. 00400 0041C 00610 0u625 00630 00671
DATE TIME Ot.PT’i wATER DO TRANSP CNDUCTVY Pu I ALi( NI13—N TOT IcJEL IO26NO3 PuOS—DIS
F, OM OF TEMP SECC1II FIELD CACO3 TOTAL N N—TOTAL ORTHO
TO OAY FEET CENT MG/L INCHES MICi OMH0 SU Mu MG/L MG/I MG/L MG/L P
74/04/22 16 00 0000 10.D M.2 3 362 2S 0.620 8.600 0.200 0.075
74/07/12 15 50 0000 24.4 16.4 7 787 9.90 276 0.130 1.000 0.140 0.468
74/09/20 11 30 0000 15.5 8.0 4 498 9.41 276 0.060 19.300 0.040 0.730
00665 32217 00031
DATE TIME DEPTH P1105—TOT CrILRPHYL •INCDT LT
FROM OF A REMNING
TO DAY FEET M&/L UG/L PERCENT
74/04/22 16 00 0000 0.97’. 79.8
74/07/12 15 50 0000 1.400 1693.4
74/09/20 11 30 0000 1.620 299.8
- 11 30 0322
------- |