EPA-600/3-75-009
September 1975
LICTOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF
THE MUSKECOH COUNTY, MICHIGAN.
WASTEVATER STORAGE LAGOONS
Phase One
by
W. Randolph Frykberg
Clarence J. Goodr.ight
Biology Department
Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, Michigan ^9008
Peter G. Meier
Department of Environmental
and Industrial Health
The Uni\ersity of Michigan
School of Public Hea]th
Aim Arbor, Michigan hQlOh
Program Eleme.ji; 1EA031
Project 0 ficer
Norbert A. Javorski
Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AMD DEVELOPMENT
U.S. CtYIRONMIn'TAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CCRVALLIS, OREGOK 97330
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D I SC LA IMEP
This report has been reviewed by the Corvalli , Envi onn’ental Research
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Ageflcy, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of’ the U.S. Ervirorunental Protection
Agency, nor does mentIon of trade names or ccrnmercial products constitute
e!.dorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ABSThA( T
The iininoio r of two 050 acre wastewater storage lagoons was
investigated from September 1973, shortly after the initial filling,
through August 1974. Special emphasis was placed upon the biological
aspects of these lagoons.
During the period of study, the East Lagoon received most of the
wastewater, while the West Lagoon received mostly land drainage and
seepage water. Due to these different waters in each lagoon, alffer—
ences in nost of the parameters were apparent between the two lagoons,
Chironomid larvae ccmprised vntualiy all of a scant benthic popula-
tion in both lagoors, with differert dormant genera in earth body of
water. The dominant zooplankton in the East Lagoon were cyclopoid
copepods, with cyclcrns vernalis the moist common form, while calaiioid
copepods and Da hn1a we e dominant in the West Lagoon. The nt mber of
zoopldnkton per liter consistently remained higher in the East Lagoon
than in the West Lagoon. The green algae were the most coriuson phyto—
plank-ton In both lagoons, with different dominant genera in each.
Chlorophyll a and primary productivity were measured and r.umerous
physical-chemical parameters were lsu Investigated.
This report was submitted in parlial fulfillment of 0 .der number
04J1P01534 by iestern Michigan University, Biolo r Departn ent, under
the partial sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Work was completed as of Augi st 1974.
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CONTENTS
sEcrIo”:s PACE
I CO CLUSIONS AND RECOMNE1 DATIONS 1.
II INTr ODUCTION 3
PROJECT DESIGN AND ME’rHoDoLo y 9
IV rIESULTS AiD DISCUSSION 15
Benthos 15
Zooplankton 26
F ytop1ankton a.id Protozoa 42
Ch!orophyll a 64
Primary ProductIvity 66
Physical Parameters 69
Potal OrganIc Carbon 78
Nutrients, Anions, and etals 83
V ItEFEBE C.S 86
Preceding page hIai k
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FIG till ES
Page
1 Mt SKEGO . WASTEWATEH S’TOFtAGE L# COONS
2 CHAllOES n; THE ABu;iDA ,CE OF BENTHIC o: cA.’IsHs
IN THE WEST STORAGE LAGOON 23
3 CHM.GES IN THE ABU DANCF. OF 13ENTNIC ONGA1 ISHS
IN THE EAST ST0 (AGE LAGOC: 24
4 I Y F0 R UNIDENT1FIh.D CYCLOPOID COPEPODS 29
5 ANG S Ifl THE ABW D;NCE OF ZOOPLA’WTO
IN THE EAST STO1 AGE LAGOO 30
6 WiAIIGES Ir TiLE ABU1W J CE )F ZCOFLANIcTON
i THE WEST STOi / ,GE LAGOON 31
7 C?CLOPOID COPEPODS AS A PCHCENTA E OF TOTAL
ZCOPLANIcI’ON IN TiII. ST STO: ACE LAGOON 37
8 CYCLOFOID CCFEPCDS AS A PE! CEI.fAGE OF TOTAL
ZOOPLA1 KTON IN THE EST STORAGE LAGOON 38
9 CYCLOV VEHNAL1S A Z A PEHCE2FPAGE OF TOTAL
zooFLAi icro ii; T ilE EAST STOrU GE LAGOflN 39
10 CYCLOPS VE .ALIS AS A PEHC. NTAGE CF TOTAL
ZOOPL;J TO iN THE W i1 STCti GE LAGOON 39
11 DAPHH]A AS A PERCE r GE OF’ TOT!.!, ZOO?LANKTON
i: TIlE EAST STONAGE LAGOON
12 D .PH1!IA AS A PEiLcENrACE op rurAL zoopLANlcroN
I i . iJIE WEST STORAGE LACOON
13 C.iA GES IN THE ABUIiDACE OF’ PLANr FON AND
? OIC .OAI S I ‘Ilk. i .AS ’l .iO:(I ,(.i . L/A.OCN 43
14 CHAI4GZS ih Til ABUND NCE OF’ PLAN TON AND
PNCJTOZUANS iN THE WEST STofA(; LAGOON 44
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‘IGU. ES CONCLUDED
No. Page
15 CHLORC WYTA AS A PERCENTAGE CF TOTAL
PHYTOPLANXT0I AND pRcrrOZoA IN THE
EAST STORAGE LAGOON 54
16 CHLO OPHYTA AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
PHrroPLAlncroN AN].) CT1’OZOA Th THE
WEST STO:u CE LAGOO: 55
17 CHANGES IN THE QUANTITY OF C1{LOHOPHYLL A
IN THE NEST STORAGE LAGOON 6
18 CHANGES IN PRIIIMY PRODUCTIVITY IN THE
EAST STORAGE LAGOON 70
19 CHANGES IN PRL’1AHY PRODUCTIVITY IN THE
WEST s’rORAc.E LAGOON 71
20 CHANGES IN THE DISSOLVED OXGEN CONTENT
OF THE EAST STON AGE LhGOO ’ . 79
21 CHANGES IN THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN CO TENT
OF THE WEST STORAGE LAGOON 80
22 CHANCES IN THE BIOCHEMICAL OX GE!1 DEPIAND
IN THE EAST STOR ACE LAGOON 61
23 CHANGES IN THE BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
IN THE WEST STORAGE LAGOON 82
vii
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TABLES
No.
1 CONVERSIO s OF CPM TO CAt BON FIXED
2 GATE OPERATING POSTFI N AND WASTEWATER
FLOW PATTERNS 16
3 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AND OCCUF I1ENCE OF BENTHCS 17
4 EMFFY GASTrWPODA SHELLS 21
5 DIVERSF’Y I ;DICEs AJID EQUrrABILITY FOR THE
BENTHIC MAC OINVEi TER / TE COHMUNrI’Y 22
6 COMPARISON OF ZOOPLANETON COUNTS IN THE
EAST AND WEST LAG OO; S 27
7 PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION AN]) OCC(JRRE E OF
ZOOPL J4KTO N 33
8 COMPAUSON OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND PROTOZOAN
COUNTS IN THE EAST AND WEST LAGOCNS 45
9 PERCENTAGE COHPOSITIOi AND OCCU 1BENCE OF
PH TOPLAHW ON AND PRUI’OZOANG 51
10 PHYTOPLANK ON AND PROTOZOAN TREI i AND
DcIuANr IN ThE EAST LAGOON 56
11 PHYTCPLANWrON A’ .D rNarozoA:; ThENB3 AND
Da4INANTS IN THE WEST LACOt 59
12 ( OMPkRISON CF THE QUANTrr? OF CHLOHOPHYLL A
IN THE EAST AND WEST LAG OGI.S 67
13 COMPARISO’ CF PRINANY PRCNUCTIVfl’Y IN THE
EAST AND WEST LAG CONS 72
j14. COMPARISON C TURBIDITY, CCHI DiSK
TRA?SPAhiN.CY, pH, •\ D CONDucTIvITY IN THE
E ST AND EN LAGOCNS 74
v ii i
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TA% OObCWIED
lips
1$ caipmxsct ov TaWEIATURE, DISflLYED TCEN,
MW 3iCCH flC,J, OXTGU DBIAED I II THE LAt ?
AND V T LtCCUS 73
16 COMPARISON OP NWItIEXF, AYICN, AND Mk.TAL DATA
IN THE E. ir *1W vat LAGOONS 83
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ACKNOWLElCM Ts
“he auth rs wish to express their appreciation o Drs. Joseph C. Eng mann
and Richard W. Pippen for their assistance d ’;ring this project. sincere
thanLs also go to Frank D. Ballo and i oderick J. Morrison, for their
asnistance i the laboratory; the Rollins family, for the ‘iso of their
facilities; Richard Wember, of the Muskegon Wastwzater Mar a ement Project,
fnr his aid in the collection of samples; rim I4estman, Dr. Y.A. Demirjian,
and the rest of the staff at the Mstewater Nanageuent Project for their
assistance in the physical—chemical aspects of this study and for provid-
ing some of the facilities, including the sample boat.
A t pecial note of appreciation is extended to Dianc K. Frykberg, whose
patience, erceiiragement, and Lnderstanding havo made this report possible.
Her unttring typing and editing efforts are sincerely appreciated,
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SECTION I
CONCJ US IONS A!D R}:co d !ENDATIoNs
Two 850 acre lagoons, which are part of the ! uskegon Wastewater Land
Irrigation Systeri, were investigated from September 1973, shortly after
their initial filling, through August 1971e. Special emphasis was placed
on the biological acp cts of the water quality and the benthic and
plaxiktonic populations. The water quality of the two lagoons differed:
that of’ the East Lagoon was primarily semi—treated municipal and indus-
trial wastewatez-; that of the West Lagoon w’ s usually only seepage an
ground water.
Turbidity, BaD, total organic carbon, nutrIents, anions, and ‘netals
(except for magnesium) were all higher in the East Lgoon than In the
West. The East Lagoon was also slightly less alkaline.
The benthic fauna was limited, with chironomids acccinting for virtually
all (97.5 ) of the scant population. C] totendpes spp. va the most
c imon midge in both lagoons; ?rocl dius cu liciforrius was in h rher
numbers in the seepage water West Lagoon while Chironom P]urosus was
more common in wastewater East Lagoon. Lin’rodrilus , the c ’ ly oligcchaote
genus to be found in the lagoons, was present only in very limited num-
bers. The)r presence would indicate that the lagoons will support
benthic organisms arid that a irore dense and diverse Lenthi community
will develop in the future. Hc’we;er, a longer colo’nization time “ill bc
required to allow the benthic racroir-iertebrates o reach the r potential
density.
Although considerable variability through tir.e was found in the mean
number of zcoplanktonjc organisms per liter in each lagoon and in the
major groups, the number of zoor’lankton per liter was consi’-tentlv higher
in the nutrient and organicallv enriched East. Lagoon than i the seepage
ws’-er West Lagoon. Cyclopoid copepods, especially C .-cloos v rnsli .
were more common in the East La oon, vhile Pnrbnia and Dicotonius were
the orrJron forms in the ‘v est.
The number and ty-pes of phytop)ankton and protozoens varied greatly both
i;; tire and 2oca: on. Cret n a ae clearly dominated this Fopul - t1cn in
both lagoons, cc Pris ne 5.V of the phytoplanhton and protozoan
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y.pulations in the East Lagoon and 67.L % in the West Lagoon. The
proportion of green algae steadily increased with tne distance from
the source of the wa.stewator discharge in the East Lagoon. Blue-green
algae represented 25.3 of the phytoplamkton nd protozoan population
In the Vest Lagoon. A large Cyar ophyta bloom (coiupcsed of Aphanizornenon
flos—a uae) on 29 August 1971k accounted for nearly all of the blue—greens
(93.6%) in the West Lagoon during this study.
Although the findings for one year are presented in this report, data
collection and analyses have c.ontinued at the same frequency. Recent
results, not included in this report, show some Interesting topics
that may be investigated throughout this and possibly next year.
These special studies reco nmended could include areas 6uch as:
A.) Heterotrophic assimilation and Its relation to autotrophic
product ion.
B.) Rate of Incorporation of heterotrophic and autotrophic carbon
by the indigenous zooplanktc population. Also, investigate
the population dynamics of t} ese two planktonic communities.
C.) Follow the seasonal dynamics of phy-toplankton, chlorophyll ,
and primary productivity over the next year, especiall3 that
of the West Lagoon which is presently receiving wastewater.
This phase in particular will he of interest from the view-
point to document either the same pattern of succession as
those observed this past year in the East Lagoon or a
development of a different population.
D.) Increase the number of benthic sawples to three and follow
the colonization rate in both lagoons. Associated with this
study would be analyses of sediment for potential toxic
substances that may possibly explain the relatively slow
rate of colonization of these storage lagoons.
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SEC I0N II
flTrRODUCTION
CEIcERAL
The Muskegon County, Michigan, Wastewater Management System is an a terna—
tive to conventional wastewater treatment and disposal methods. It offers
a technique to help clean up the waters of the world by the handling of
pollutants as resources out of place.
The effluent from traditional wactewater treatment plants contains nary
nutrients and other components, some of which may Le toxic, Increasing
the eutrophication rate and pollutional load of waterways. Rather than
discharge this nutrient-rich and pollution causing treated wastewater to
a stream, river, or lake, the Muskegon System uses it as irrigation water
and allows the soil and plants to ‘polish” the effluent and perform the
final treatment (traditionally called ‘ 1’ertiary Treatme’it’ ). This enables
the effluent to act as a fertilizer and a soil conditioner.
HISTORY
The idea of land treatment of wastewater is not new. In fact, the use of
animal and human waste as soil conditio:.ers and fertilizers dates back to
antiquity. Stansbury (1974) reports that sewage farming exterds bacw
beyond the Roman Empire. In 1559 a project was designed to treat wastes
from Bunslav, Prussia, by applying domestic sewage to the la ,J for dis-
posal. This .ard treatment system continued for over 300 years (Godfrey.
19?); Thomas, 1973). During the latter part of the 19th Century, some of
the most effective sewage treatment systems were well-managed, agricul-
turally prc ucti’ie f rins (Stevens, 197k). Berlin, Germany, disposed of
its waste during this period on four faram, totaling 19,000 acres, on
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the sandy plains of northern Germany. During periods of hard frost or
heavy storms, sewage was stored in ponds for later use. In the 1870’s
Paris, France, began using land disposal for its wastewater. Initially,
the sewage was given to farmers for irrigation, but soon the wastewater
was so much in demand that the city sold it to the farmers. Today some
several thousand acres on a sandy outwash plain near rlerblay are still
used for treating a portion of the wastewater from Paris. L’uring the
late 1800’s London, England, also treated and disposed of part of its
wastewatcr on several sewage irrigation farms.
A wastewater land treatment system was established for Melbourne, Australia,
In 1893. As the volume of wastewater lr.creased, the farm was expanded.
In 1963, the system comprIsed 26,809 acres and treated the waste fro’n
approximately 2.5 million people, or about 100 million gallons of dosestic
and industrial wastewater per day. This system also Ircludes lagoons to
hold peak loads of wastewater ard to provide further s abilization of the
wastewater.
Land treatment of wastewater began in the United States in the 1870’s,
but usually on a more limited scale than in other countries. The State
Insane Asylum in Augusta, Maine, began the first reported attempt at land
treatment in the United States in 1872 (Stevens, 1974). Later that same
year a farm near Pullman, Illinois, 14 miles south of Chicago, was the
first municipal farm to use wastewater irrigation. The failure of this
farm several yrars later was blamed on poor management, as too much .aste—
water was applied at too rapid a rate, overtaxing the soil. San Antonio,
Texas, constructed lagoons and began applying sewage to the land around
1900 (G] .oyna, 1971).
A survey of 15 western states showed 113 localities practicing land
treatment of wastewater in 1935 (Hutchins, 1939). Cf significance Is the
fact that most of these systems were still in operation in 1972 (Thomas,
1973). Presently about 1,000 United States municipalities are treating
and disposing of their wastewater through land treatment techniques
(Godfrey, 1973 Stansbury, 1974). Most of these systems are quite small,
comprising less than 1,OCO acres. ‘Ihe largest facility of this type
in the U dto’i Statcb Is the “ ‘isk gon System which utilizes 10,800 acres
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and is designed to treat 145 million gallons of wastewater per day (Demirjlan,
1973).
LAC OONS
A coru on component of land treatment of wastewater systems is a lagoon or
a series of lagoons. These lagoons can serve as reservoirs during periods
when irrigation should be diminished or halted, such as during very wet
periods or when the ground is frozen, when toxic spills occur, and/or to
serve as a biological system giving further treatment to the wastewater
prior to disposal on the land. Lagoons, without being a component of land
treatment systems, have also been used for centuries to store and treat
animal and human waste. In 1962 about 1,650 sewage lagoons were treating
municIpal wa tewater in the United States (Porges and Mackenthun, i963)
and, some 1,600 lagoons wore treatirg industrial wastes (Porges, 1963).
These studies, however, did not specify the number of lagoons operating
alone or the numbe- of lagoons operating in conjunction with land treat-
ment systems.
OBJECTIVES OF ETUDY
Although there has been a fair amount of experience with land treatr’ nt
systems and/or wastewater lagoons, there is a noticeable dearth of inf or-
mation in the literature concerning the limnology of wastewater lagoons,
especially lagocns which are as large and as deep as the Muskegon lagoons.
There is even less informati.,n available on the biological aspects of
these lagoons. Yet, these lagoons are important to the successful over-
all operation of a wastewater management system, with or wtthout land
treatment. As a result, to manage these lagoons, to make necessary pre-
dictiors and assumptions, and in order to understand what is o curr1ng in
the facility, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the numbers,
types, distribution and fluctuation of organisms; that is the population
dynamics, within the lagoons.
This investigation .as concerned with the limnology of the wa: tewatcr
storage lagoons in the Muskegon Synterri, with p rtic’ lar emphasis upon the
biological aspects of these waters. A goal of this study was to generate
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basic information concerning these lagoons. Hopefully, this background
information can be incorporated into more intensive studies on the metab-.
olisra, energy relations, arid trends within large wastewater storage
lagoons. These studies are needed In order to gain a better understanding
of the interrelationships within lagoons of this type and in order to
permit a more scientific management of wastewater systems.
THE MUSKEI 0II SYSTE 4
The Muskegon County Wastewater Management System treats municipal effluents
from the greater Muskegon area and industrial effluents from various in-
dustries, including two chemical companies, a paper mill, and a foundry.
During this study, the flow of incoming wastewater was approximately 28
million gallons per day, 65 of which was industrial waste.
A network of interceptor sewers, i’orce mains and six pumping stations
collect and deliver the combined municipal—industrial wastewater to a large
central pumping station. From this station, four pumps with a maximum
pumping capacity of 56,000 gallons per minute drive the combined wastewater
11 miles to the 10, 00 acre sandy treatmer± site. M the site, the raw
wastes are first discharged into three biological treatment cells (Fig. i).
Each cell is equipped with 12 irechanical surface aerators and six mixing
units, with 1,000 combined horsepower per cell, providing a complete mix
sycter’ and an average detertlon time of three days. The ‘ffluent from
these cells, which is comparable in quality to that achieved by conven-
tional secondary treatment, flows by gravity to either or both of two
850 acre storage lagoors. This storage capacity of 5.1 billion gallons
offers operating flexibility to the syste a. During periods of heavy
rainfall, or when the ground is frozen, it is not necessary to irrigate.
Also, in the event of a toxic material spill which could be detrimental
to the biological treatment cells, the untreated wastewater can flow
directly into the storage lagoons to be assimilated and biodegraded.
These lagoons also provide additional waste stabilization during periods
of normal operation.
In order to prevent seepage fron entering the ground water outside of the
waste management site, a drainage or interceptio i ditch encircles both
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FIGURE 1
USKFXO WASTEWATEH STO (AGE LAG CONS
Key to abbreviations
BlO Bioh.gical Treatment Cells
OU Out]et Pond
$EI Settling Pond
ID - Point of discharge
OP Point of discharge
1 1W Point of discharge
EQ ualizing gat e
of interception ditch water
from lagoon to outlet pond
of wastewater
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lagoons, and seven drainage wells art located at the west end of the lagoon
area. Water collected in the ditch or withdra,m from the wells is returned
to the West Lagoon.
From the storage lagoons the water flows to an outlet pond and then to a
chlorination chamber prior to being used as irrigation water. During peri-
ods of high demand the storage lagoons can be bypassed, with the treated
wastewater flowing into a settling pond and then to the outlet pond.
Further operational flexibility is provided by gates which control the
amount of wastewater flowing into either lagoon, from one lagoon to the
other, and from the lagoons to the outlet jond. The locations of these
gates are indicated in FIgure 1.
Further information on this systei can be found in the literature (/tnony—
mous, 1973; Bastian, 1973; Bauer EngIneering, 1973; Chaiken, . aj., 19?3
Demir ian, 1973; Forestell, 19?3; Sheaffer, 1972; Snow, 1973; Teledyne
Triple B, 1973).
In 1 ate Nay, 1973, a small amount of effluent was being discharged 1n o
both lagoons. At this tin’e there was sone rainwater in t.ie basins, but
the bottoms were not yet. covered. Due to evaporation and seepage, the
bottom on the lagoons were not covered until August, 1973, at which time
the flow had increased to about 28 MCD. By this time, the constituents
of the wastewater had helped to seal the bottom.
B
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SECTION III
PBOJEcr DESIGN MID MET}{ODCLo y
DES IGU
This study began in August 1973 and continued tLtough Augu’ t 1974. Three
stations were estab: ished in eacl. hgoo.i, as bhown in Figure 1. The station
locations and designations correspond to those used by the managers of the
system.
Each lagoon was sampled biweekly. During periods of open water, all samples
were taken within 50 feet of the station using an aluminum boat. For safety
reasons, when the lagoons were ice—covere t samples were taken 50 feet from
and perp. . ndIcular to the shore and in line with the statinn. Stat.ions
SLE-5 ar.d SLW-5, the statio:-.s farthest from shore in both the East and
West Lagoons, were not sampled durin periods of ice cover.
A 2.2 liter, horizontal, opacue , non-metallic Van Porn bottle was used to
collect samples for analysis of the following parameters: phytoplankton
and protozoans; chlorophyll a and phacophytin; prirn.iry productivity; temp-
erature; Dissolved Oxygen (DO); five—day biochemical oxygen dentarid (BOD);
turbidity; conductivity; pH; totai organic carbon; metals, inciuding cal-
cium, iron,magnesjum, maaganese, potassium, sodium, and zinc; nutrients,
Including orthophosphate, nitrate, and ammonia nitrogen; ch orjdes; and
sulf.ite. An E’cjnan dred ;e was used to collect replicate bentho . samples
and a number l2plankton net (mesh openings equal to 0.15 mii1 meter)
was used to collect replicate zooplankton samples.
MErtIOW
When feasible, standard procedures and techniqLes, as described in Standard
Methods for the Examination of : atcr and 1 a.stc ater (Amer lean lublic Health
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Association, 1971 )and in Biological Field and Laboratory Methods for
Measuring the Quality of Surface Waters and Effluents (Weber, 1973), were
adhered to as close as possible. Specifics of each parameter are further
described below.
BENTH 3 . After screening the samples through a No. 30 sieve ( 28 meshes
per inch, 0.595 millimeter openings) and preserving any specimar In 70/
ethanol, qualitative and quantitative analyses of the organisms found were
carried out with the aid of stereoscopIc and compound. microscopes. Numeiojs
taxononic references aided the identification of the benthic macroinverte-
brates (Beck, 1968; Curry, 1962; Edinondson, 1959; Grodhaus, 1967; Johannuen,
1934—37; Mason, 1973; Fennak, 1953; Robeck, 1957; Ross, 1959; Usinger,
1956).
In order to make genus and species identification of the midges, it was
necessary to prepare head and body mounts of these organisms. Rather than
using the conver.tionRl but very time consuming technique of clearing the
znidges in KOM, rinsing, and then mourting (American Public Health Associa-
tion, 1971; Mason, 1973; Webcr, 1973). the mldges were mountel directly
into polyvinyl lactophenol (Meier, 1974). This substance acts as both a
clearing agent and a mounting media.
Data from replicate samples were averaged, and the results reported as
number of individuals per tenth square meter. The resin diversity, a,
and equitability, e, was calculated for each stat 4 on using the following
formulas ( .eber, 1973):
- 3.2’928 ,..
d . log 1 1. — n log n 1
5,
e
S
where N the total numbur of 1ndiv1dual at the designated
station over the complete period of study
the total number of individuals in the 1 th species
s’= a tabulated value
s = the number of taxa In the s&mple
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ZOOPLANKTON . Although a number 20 net is re ornmended for the capture of
nauplii and other small zooplankters, a number 12 net was utilized to
prevent the clogging by the unusually large quantities of suspended
matter. Several taxononic references were valuable aids to idertifj—
cation V otsfield, 1958; Brooks, 1957; Ganncr., undated; Ed.mondson, 1959;
Pennalc, 1953). Data from replicate samples were a eraged and the results
were reported as the number of organisms per 1it. r.
PHYTOPLAN1cTON ARD 1’ROTOZOA . Samples were initially collected at oi.e foot
and/or three feet. From 26 April 19714 throu bout the rost of this invest—
igatiori, sample depths were related to the transparency within each lagoon.
tn the West Lagoon, collection was at a depth equal to the secchi disk
ransparency and also at one—half of this depth. Due to the very shallow
transparency in the East Lagoon, samples could not meaningfully be collected
at these depths, and therefore, collection was at the secchi disl trans-
parency and at one and or.e—half feet. The saLpies were preserved with
Lugol’s solution and allowed to settle for ,everal weeks. Due to the low
nusber of plankters present, the samples were concentrated by withdrawal
of the sup rnatant with a suction tube.
A Pa1mer—1 !aloney cell, rather than a Sedgwick—Rafter cell, was used for
quantitative and qualitative analysis because of the higher magnification
required for nannoplankton. Twenty fielJs were examined in each f sev-
eral slide preparations and the results averaged for each sample. The
c]uxnp count was used, with all filamentous or colonial organisms counted
as one unit. References relied upon for the ana1ys s of the phy-toplankton
and protozoa included Berges (1971), Edznondsom (1959), Kudo (1971), Parrish
(1968), Patrick and ?einer (1966), Prescott (1962), and Weber (1966 and
l9(3).
PRI? AR? PRODUCTIVITY . Primary prDductlvity was measured with the carbon—
i14 method cf St. ec’an— eilson (1952), 1nc)rporat inp only minor modifications
(Jor Ian, 1970; Saunders etnl., 1962; Ueber, 1973). Table 1 indicates
the formula which was uced in order to obtain the amount of carbon fixed
per hour.
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TABLE 1
Conversion of CPM to Carbon Fixed
Conversion equation P = X C X f (Saunders, et a)., 1962)
P Photosynthesis Ii mg C/zn
r cpm counted (uptake of radic,active carbon)
C 19.2 X ir C/ r n 3 (available inorganic
carbon in the lagoons)
f 1.06 (isotope conversion factoL)
L4.2? X i0 (total available radioactive
carbon in cprn: m1crocurie
used X counter efficiency X
millipore abso ption factor
X disintegration per minute
per rricrocurle)
37 0O0
Microcuries used 40,290 (sclnti1latio cpIn/cpm per rnlcrocurie)
Counter efficienc’ 0.25
Mililpore aboorption 0.038
factor
Disintegratior s per 6
minute per i1crocurie 2.22 X 10
F Inal equaticn for P = r X 0.01477
lagoons
12
-------
CPLOROPHYLL a. After filtering 100 ml of each sample on a 0.45 micron
membrane filter, the filters were frozen until in vitro analysis in
acetone extracts by flouromctry was accomplished.
CONDUcTIVITY . A platinum electrode type specific conductance cell with a
cell constant of 1.0 * one per cent was used. Results were reported in
Tnicro-mhos.
DIs o:’ 1 ED OXYCF , . These samples were fixed in the field Immediately after
collection, and titrated in the laboratory.
i. A hydrogen ion selective glass electrode in combination with a saturated
cf cmel reference olectrode was used to determine pH by the electrometric
method. Results were reported in standard pH units.
SECCPI DiSK TRA .SPAHE CY . A star.dard 20 cm diameter black and white sccchi’
disk was used. Results were reported in centimeters.
TUitBIPITY . A riach Model 210)A Turbidometer was used for direct measurement
of turbidity by the liephelometric method. Results were reported In Forrnazth
Turbidity lirit.s (equivalent to Jackson Turbidity Units).
bITHATE ITO E : . The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was determined
through a copper-cadmium reduction of nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite
thus produced was quantified usir sulfanilamide (diazotizer) and
N—l—naphthyl—ethylenediamlne (couplet). The resulting highly colored
dye was measured colorimetrically and the results were reported as mg
per liter NO 3 .
AJ MO? IA 1;ITRCGEN . The concentration of ammonia ritrogen was determined
by distillation followed by nesslerization. Results were rep3rted as mg
per lIter
oRT}or- cspHA’rE. The concertration of orthophosphate was determined by
col rimetry, vithout preliminary filtration, digcstion or )‘ ftrolys1s,
usir, arnmonlum molybdate in the vanadonolybdophosphoric acid method.
Results were reported as ‘ g per liter F0 4 .
13
-------
SULFATE . The concentration of stdfate was detcrm ned using the Barltun—
Nethythymol Blue colorimetric procedure. Mesult were reported as ‘ng
per liter SO 4 .
CHL BIDE . The concentration of cnloride was determined by liberation of
the thiocyanate ion from mercuric thiocyanate, followed by a reaction with
the ferric ion. Results were reported as mg per liter Cl.
TOTAL O (CANlC CA1 BO . The concentration of total or -antc carbon (TOC) was
determined using a Beckman Model 915 Total Carbon Analyzer. Mesultn were
r ported as mg per liter carbon.
MLTALS . The cor entratjons of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (MC),
manganese (?ifl), sodium (na), potassium (x), and zinc (Zn) were determined
using flan’e ionization photometry ard atomic aboorption spectroscopy.
He3ults were reported as mg per liter of the specific metal.
114
-------
SECTICN IV
RESULTS A1 ) DISCUSSIOh
The data gathered during this investigation are presented in a separate
appendix. Summary data only are presented in this report. The results of
each parameter will be discussed indIvidually and the trends or relations
between parameters will be discussed where appropriate.
WASTE1 ATER FLOW PXFTE thS DUE TO GATE OPERATING POSITIONS
During this investigation, the operating positions of the gates which
controlled inflow, outflow, and mixing between lagoons were altered (Table
2). There was no noticeable effect upon any of the parameters due to
th equalizing gates being open from 17 August th .ough 26 September i 73
and from 29 } arch through 5 July 1974.
Ammonia nitrogen and secchi disk transparency were the only parameters
noticeab)y affected when the gate to the outlet pond was opened In the
East Lagoon. These effects are’ noted in the appropriate portions of this
section.
BEh!rHOS
The henthic nacroinvertebrate populatIon was, surprisingly, very limited.
This community compri ied a small number of organisms representing only a
few taxonomic groups.
The percentase composition, by group and by station, is presented In Table
3. This table also indicates the nur ber of samples taken at each station
and the number of samples at each station that contained no benthic i acio—
invertebrates. Each station-group category contains two numbers as a
perc entage. The first number was obtained by dividing the number of in-
dicated organisms at the spe cifIed station by the total number of all
15
-------
TABLE 2
Gate 0peratin Positions nd .astewater Flow Patterns
8—13—73 through 8-17-73 Flow directly from biological treatment
cells to outlet pond. Gates between the
bioogical treatment cells and the East
and We&t Lagoon (hereafter referred to as
eas .. gate or ‘4est gate) closed. Outlet
gate closed.
8—18—fl through 9 Z _73 Flow into both East and West Lagoons with
equalizing gate also open. Outlet gates
closed.
9— 5-73 through 9— 7—73 Flow directly ilito outlet pond. East ard
west gates closed, equalizir.g gate open.
Outlet gates closed.
9- 8—73 through 9—26—73 Flow into both lagoons, with equaliz 4 ng
gate also open. Outlet gates closed.
9-27-73 through 3-29—74 Flo. into East Lagoon only. West gate,
equalizing gate, and outlet gates aLl closed.
3-30—74 through 4-24-74 Flow into East Lagoon, equalizirg pate open,
outlet gates closed.
4-30-74 through 7- 5-74 Flow into East Lagoon. Equalizing gate
and west outlet gate open. East outlet
gate closed.
7- 6—74 through 8-31-74 Flow into East Lagoon. East ejtlet gate
oper, equalizing gate and wc. t outlet gate
closed.
16
-------
TABLE 3
T AA A
Percentage Composition and0ccurre e of Benthos. The first number represents
the percentage composition and the second number, in parentheses, represents
the percentage occurrence. See text for further details.
No. of samples
STAT IONS
5
SLE-1
SLE-5
SLE-8
SLW—1
SLW-5
SLW-9
EAST, —
VEST,
TOFAL
TOTAL
8
12
.o. of saxnpl’ n ‘ tth
zero orRanisr fcund
6
2
2
2
0
5
7
27
24
Arthropoda, insecta
A. Diptera, Chironomidae
1. Pupae
2. Larvae
a. Chironomus plumosus
b. Cricotopus op.
c. D1crotendi es
modes .. us
72.7
(5 .i.)
63.6
(50.0)
9.1
(7.’)
54.4
(50.0)
9.1
(7.1)
0.0
(0.0)
9.1
(7.1)
100.0
(6o.o)
100.0
(60.0)
0.8
(20.0)
99.2
(60.0)
19.4
(4o.o)
0.8
(zo.s)
0.0
(o.o)
100.0
(75.0)
100.0
(75.0)
3.2
(12.5)
96.8
( . o)
21.8
(37.5)
1.3
(12.5)
1.3
(12.5)
98.5 99.5
(83.3) (ioo.o)
94.7 99.5
(83.3) (100.0)
0.0 5.0
(o.o) (20.0)
94.7 94.5
(83.3) (ioo.o)
0.8 4.o
(8.3) (40.0)
0.0 0.0
(0.0) (0.0)
0.0 0.0
(0.0) (0.0)
97.1
(71.4)
97.1
(71.7)
0.0
(0.0)
97.1
(71.4)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(0.0)
98.1
(63.0)
97.4
2.6
(11.1)
9 1 1.9
20.0
(22.2)
1.0
(7.4)
1.3
(7.4)
99.3
(83. 3)
97.5
(83.3)
2.5
(4.2)
911.9
(83.3)
2.2
(12.5)
0.0
(0.0)
00
(o.o)
-------
TA3LE 3 COIfl II tJED
STATI0 3
SLR—i
SLE-5
SiE-8
SLW-1
SLPJ_5
SLW-9
EAI5T,
EST,
I-
TAXA
d. Parachironotrus sp.
e. gj ptotendipes spp.
i) .Q .. op. A
2) G. op. B
3) G. op. C
V. Procladjus
cul ic iforinus
g. Tanytarsus op.
3. Odor.ata, Coena,rjonjdae
C. Trichoptera
D. Epheneroptera, aet1dae
0.0
(o.o)
31.8
(28.6)
C. 0
(o.o)
22.7
(21.4)
9. 1
(14.3)
4.5
(7.1)
0.0
(0.0)
9.1
(7.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
(0.0)
78.2
(40.0)
9.8
(40.0)
(4 .o)
13.5
(4o.o)
0.8
(20.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(0,0)
L .7 , 2
( 7 5.0)
11.0
(50.0)
27.8
(75.0)
8.4
(12.5)
22.6
(62.5)
2.6
(12.5)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
2.3
(8.3)
( .j)
18.8
(16.7)
15.8
(25.0)
0.0
(0.0)
57.0
(66.7)
(o.o)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
2.3
(16.7)
0.0
(0.0)
75.3
(80.0)
28.7
(80.0)
43.6
(80.0)
3.0
(4o.c)
15.2
(100.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
6.0
(28.6)
0.0
(0.0)
6.0
(28.6)
0.0
o.o)
85. 1
(57.1)
6.0
(14.3)
0.0
(o.o)
3.0
(14.3)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
59.4
(4 )4.4)
9.7
(16.2)
39.0
(40.7)
10.6
(18 5)
11.9
(25.9)
1.3
(3.7)
0.6
(3.7)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.7
(4.2)
50.2
(41.7)
20.6
(25.0)
28.1
1.5
(8.3)
40.8
(70.8)
1.0
(4.2)
0.0
(o.o)
0.5
(4.2)
0.7
(8.3)
-------
TABLE 3 CONCLUDED
E. Coleoptera, Elrnldae
II Nollusca, Gastropoda
Physldae, Phy3a
III Anr 1 elida, Oligochaeta
Tubluicidae, Limnodrilus
TAX A
STATIONS
SLE—1.
SLE-5
SLE-8
SLW—1
SLW—5
SL —9
EAST,
TOTAL
WEST,
TOTAL
O.c
(0.0)
9.1.
(7.1.)
18.2
(7.1)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
(0.0)’
1.5
(16.7)
0.0
(0.0)
1.5
(8.3)
0.0
(0.0)
0.5
(20.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(o.o)
0.0
(0.0)
0.6
(3.7)
1.3
(7.4)
0.5
(4.2)
0.2
0.5
(4.2)
-------
benthic macroirivertebrates at that station and multiplying the quctient
by 100. This value is termed the percentage composition. The second
number was obtained by dividing the number of occasions the indicated
organism was found at the specified station by the number of benthic
samples taken at that station and multiplying the quotient by 100. The
resultant value is called the percentage occurrence.
Immature dipterans, of the family Chironomid.ae (non-biting miciges),
almost exclusively dominated the benthic community. This family, which
was represented by seven genera, accounted for 97.5% ( ).0% larvae +
2.5% pupae) of all the benth:c organisms. On a by-station basis, the
Chironomidae comprised iOO, 9f the benthos at two stations, over 94; at
three other stations, it only 63.6,t at the station closest to the
wactewater discharge, SLE—i. These high percentages are to be expected,
as non—biting midges have do n1nated the benthic macroinvertebrate popula—
iion in other wastewater storage-stabilization lagoons (Crodhaus, i967;
Kirnerle and Enns, 1968). The above authors, triough, also report that
the hironoinIdae breed so prol1fical1 in lagoons that they often emexgc
In extremely large and troublesome numbers. This high population was not
experienced at any time during the first year of operation of the Muskegon
lagoons, where in 48 out of 52 samples the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna
remained well below 100 organisms per tenth square meter. The greatest
number of organisms was 150 per tenth square meter, all 3f whic’ were
Chirononidac. Thus the number of benthic organisms remained quite low
throughout this study, in sharp contrast to the more common values of
from 1,000 to 16,000 Chironorntdae per tenth square meter in other waste—
water lagoons (Kimerle arri Enns, 1968).
The dominant genera varied from station to station. Procladius culiciformus
was dominant at SL i—1 and SL -9, comprising 57.0% e.:zd 85.1%, respectively,
of the benthic population, while Glyptotendipes spp. dominated at SLE—5
and SLW-5, corurising 7P.1% and ‘5.3%, respectively. The margin is not
so clear at SLE-R, where fl totend1pcs spp. accounted for 47.2 %,
Proeladlus culiciforinus 22.6 , and Chironornu plumosus 21.8% of the benthic
macroinvertebrate population. The dearth of organismn at SL -1 makes the
20
-------
percentages less meaningful thanat the other stations.
The type of midges found in the Muskegon Lagoons appear to be representa
tive of the normal lagoon insect fauna. In a study of 18 Missouri. lagoons
(Kirnerle and Ennz, 1968), yptotendjpes barbipes, Chironomus p umosus ,
and. Tanypus nct1pennjs 1n the same family as Procladjus , Tanypodjnae)
comprised rnor than 914% of the total number of’ Insects collected In all
lagoons. Based on Bureau of Vector Control records of larvae collected
from 22 localitltes, nine species of chironomids are considered to be
common inhabitants of lagoons in California, Including F’rocladlus sp.,
Cricotopus sp., Glyntotendipes barbipes , two species of Tanyrus , and four
species of Chironomus (Grocmaus, 1967).
Ollgochaetes were found on only two occasIons, 21 December 1973 at SLE-i
(8 per tenth square meter), and 16 November 1973 at SL —1 (4 per tenth
square meter). They represented only one genus, Limnodrilus , a group
which Is usually common in organically polluted waters. It may take
longer for the olitrochaetes to prolllerate in this new environment.
Empty snail shells were found in seven samples. The genus P ysa was the
most common, bet three other cenera were also present, as shown in Tatle 4.
TAbLE 4
Empty Gastropoda Snells ( No. per tenth square meter )
DATE GE A A D LOCATION
3-13-74 4 P ysa (SL -9)
5-28—74 6 Physa ( LW-1); 26 ysa (SLW —5)
6—28—74 2 Physa and 18 Gyr ulus (sL —5)
7-12-74 14 Physa (SLE-5)
8—29-74 2 Physa , 2 ç , o1oma, 6 ymnaea and 6 cy aulus (SLw-5)
2 Phy a ( L —1)
21
-------
Since it was not known if these snails were livjrjJ in the lagoons or if
just the empty shells were washed in, they are not included in any further
analyses. On only two occasions were both the snail body and sholl of
Physa found, 12 December 1973 at SLE-1 (4 per tenth square meter) ard
29 August 1974 at SLW-5 (2 per tenth square meter).
The changes in the abundance of benthic organisms throughout this investi-
gation are shown in FIgures 2 and 3. Both lagoons experienced a decline
in benthos from June to September, during the period when emergence occurred.
The number of benthic macroinvertebrate organisms at SLE-1 remained very
low throughout the year, and in six of the 14 samples, no organisms were
found. The mean number of benthic organisms found at this site was only
3.1 per te th square meter. Due to this paucity of animals, no species
diversity or equitability could be determined for this station. Since
each of the stations contained no few benthic organisms, diversity and
equitability were calculated on a per station basis rather than on the
more coiunon per sample basis. These results are presented, In Table 5.
TABLE 5
Diversity Ir4ices and Equitability for the
Benthie Nacroinvertebrate Community
SLE—5
SLE-8
SLW .-1
SLW-5
SLW—9
Diversity,
Equitability, e
1.7623
0.7298
2.4593
0.9377
1.8623
0.5259
1.6539
0.7839
0.8351
0.5122
This index of diverSIty, d, is based on informaticri theory and takes
into account th number of species (I.e., richness of species) as :ell
as the numerical distribution of Individuals among the species (I.e.,
the relative ioporta’ice of eac i species). Theoretically, it can range
from zero to the log of the total nun bcr of individuals ( :eber 1973).
22
-------
FIG UI E 2
1973 — 1974
Changes in the Abundance of 8enth1
organ1 ms In the West tora.ge Lagoon
STATIONS
p SLW-1
0--- -
/
/
/
/
,,
/,
/
I
,/
t
k
150
135 -
120
105
75
u
145
30
15
0
•1 \
I
/
/
/
—
\
J L I I
S
\
\
0 ii - J ? N A N i J A
I
-------
\ I
I
/
/
I’
/
/
/
/
/
// N •
\
\ /
/
\ (
‘. t
150
135
1 ’IG11BE 3
i9 ’3 — 1974
Changes In the Abundance of enthIc
Organjs In the East Storage Lagoon
I
I
/
STATIONS
120
105
0 SLE-1
0- . — — — .0 SLE-5
0 . — . — — . —oSLE- 3
cd
75
,
oO
1-,
0
\
\
\
/
/
\. /
A
/
45
30
\
/
/
/
/
15
/
/
/
0
MOtT}iS
24
-------
Orgar ic pollution usually results in the depression of diversity, , in
the biotic community, while relatively undIsturbed environpieiits have a
higher diversity index. Aquatic ecosystems without environmental pertur-
bations usually support communities having large numt ers of species with
no individual species present in overwhelming abundance. Thus if all
individuals belonged to the same species, the diversity would be minimal,
while if each individual belonged to a separate species, the divorsity
would be maximal. Wilhrn (1970) and Wilhm and Dorris (1960) roport that
values for a of less than 1 are usually obtained in heavty polluted
arluatic environments, values between 1 and 3 in areau of mc. erate pol-
lution, and values above 3 in unpolluted waters.
The diversity Indices calculated for each s;ation indicate that station
SLW -9 is heavily polluted, while SLE—5, SLW—i and SLW—5 are moderately
to heavily polluted, and SLE—S is only moderate 1 y polluted to unpolluted.
This is not borne out, however, by the other data gathered during this
investigation or by knowicd e of the source of water in each lagoon. The
Ea st Lagoon received semi—treated wastewater while the West Lagoon rcceivec
seepage water and had a much lower DOD, TOC, and nutrient concentration
h9 .n did the East Lagoon.
Equ1ta .]lty, e, is calculated by evaluating the comrc nent. of diversity
which Is due to the distribution of individuals within the species. This
index is reported to be more sensitive than d, and In fact very zer . itive
to even slight levels of degradation (Weber, 1973). Its range Is normally
from 0 to 1. Orgarlc wastes reduce equitability below 0.5 and generally
in the range of 0.0 to 0.3. Values between 0.6 and 0J are Indicative of
water no affected by oxygen demanding waste. Since the equitability
values calculated for the lagoons were all above 0.5, thIs indicatec
that the stations are not organically polluted. Thus the equitability
values are not in agreement with the calculated diversity values, nor are
they in agrcement with the other parameters tested.
It may rot be appropriate in thin study to calculate diversity and equit-
ability, arid conpare the results to historical work, because almost all
of the reported uses of d and e have been in studies with over 100 in-
25
-------
dividuals per sample, in established lotic communities, and in communities
receiving predominantly organic wastes. These conditions are not met in
this 1nvest1g tion. The Muskegon Lagoons receive more industrial waste,
especially from a papo mill, than municipal waste, These lagoons also
reprebent a n w aquatic environment. They were man—made and were covered
with terrestlal vegetation prior to this study. From the beginning, the
East Lagoon baa been a heavily stressed aquatic environment. Colonization
of the benthic community may take much longer than for the development of
the planktonic community, due in part to the much longer generation time
in the benthic nacroinvcrtebrates than in the plankton.
ZOOPLAbKTON
The zooplankton data are sununarined in Tables 6 and 7 and also in Figures
4 12.
Although there was considerable variability through time in regard to the
mean number of or ranisvns per liter in each lagoon, and in the dominant
group, e ir mber of ‘ copiankton per liter consistently remained higher
in the nitrient and organically richer i ’ast Lagoon than in the West
Lagoon (Table 6). The mean in the East Lagoon ranged fiom a low c f 6.
organisms per liter on 16 i’ ovcmber 1973 to a high of 132.3 on 9 August
1974, whIle the mean in the West Lagoon ranged from 5.9 organIsms per liter,
also on 16 Novernbcx 197) to a high of 57.) on 15 August 1974. Fhe gretter
number of zooplanhton in the nutrient-richer East Lagoon is to be expected,
ririce more eutrophic waters often support higher zooplankton populations
than less eutrphlc waters (Sc elcke and 8oth 1973). It is believed that
this is partly due to the higher fo J supply, na nely phytoplankton, in
more eutrophic waters. Davis (1958) feels that the zooplankton dcpcn
more on phytoplankton than upon nonliving organic matter, even in organ-
ically rich waters. Jt has not been determined if this is true Ir: the
Muskegon Lagoons, The zooplarkton pulses (Figs. 5 and 6) do not appear
to correspond to the phytop1ankt n pulses, and the phytoolankton counts
in the West Lagoor were higher, but the zooplankton counts lower, than
those In the i ast Jr .goon. This disparity could be due In part to the
methods used to enumerate the zooplar.kton and the phytoplankton since
26
-------
rABLE 6
Con arisen of Zooplar.kton counts (organisms/liter) in the East and in the West Lagoons.
Data are given as the mean ± one standard deviation, fol]owed by the dominant taxa and,
in parentheses, the percentage of all zoopla’ kton in the indicated collection.
DATE LACOOI ,
EAST WEST
10-26—73 37 ± 24 Daphn a (52.74) 9.8 + 2.9 Cyclopoid Copepods, unidenti—
f ted genera ** (74.1)
11- 9-73 9.9 ± * Daphnia (63.7, ) 6.6 ± 1.6 Cyclopoi Co epods, unidenti-
fied genera ‘ (34.6 , )
Cyclops excilis (24.04
Daphn ia (21.0
11-16—73 6.3 + * Dashnia (6 .i ) 5•9 ± * Unidentified Rotifer (30.5%
Chydor’ s sp aer1cus (23.7%
Fili t lor.gj et (23.7k
5—14—74 13 ± 5.9 Daphnja (‘ 7.2%)
Cvclors (4o.E )
5-21-74 95 + 110 rthnia (92.3;)
5 -28—7Li 32 13 Daphnia (E4.3 )
6—11—74 42 ÷ 7.1 Daphnia (52. )
Cyclopoid Copepods ( 4.74)
* = only one station sampled
see description following this table
-------
TABLE 6 CONCLUDED
DAI’E
6-2e-7 4
712?4 130 + 38 Cyclopold Copepods
7 .19 74
7-26-74 58 ± 1 4 Cyclopold Copepods
c1ops verr.aljs
8- 2-74
8- 9-74 130 ± 40 Cyclopoid Copepods
Cyc1op vernalis
8-15-74
-20-7 1 4 130 ± 30 Cyclopoid Copepods
Cyciops vernalls
q_ 29 _ 714
LAG 0OI
EAST I WEST
22 ± 13 £aphnja (37.6 )
Diattcmus (36. )
19 ± 5.4 D1a tornus (66.1%)
16 5.9 Diaptomus (56. )
57 ± 23 Diaptomus (61. )
(ioo, )
(loc%)
(146.14%)
(99.P ;)
(3 .6 )
(97.5%)
(25.0%)
56 ± 14 t aphn1a
-------
E 6 andE 7 i
spur midway
(on
B 8 and B 9
spur on
lower
caudal rant
FIGUr E 4
Key for unidentified cyclopoid copejods
E, has 6 segmented antenna, 57 has 7 segmented antenna
The rest of the characteristics are identical
Legs 1-3 have 2 segmented rami
Leg 11 has only a 1 segmented rant, and therefore doesn’t fit key
Size; head to caudal rami is O. 4 1- 50mrn
terminal setea is 0.20-0.26 nun
very
thick, stout
B 5 has 8 se. ’nented antenna, B 9 has 9 segmented antenna
‘ [ ‘he rest of the characteristics are identical
L ’ gs 1—’ have 2 segmented rami
Leg 4 has a 1 se ,mented rant, and therefore
Size; ‘ead to caudal rant Is
0.65—0.75 run and terminal
setea is 0.26-0.30 mm
r ome very
fine hairs
doesn’t fit Key
h
5 leg, under oil lens
th
5 leg, under oil lens
distal segment is
broad, but arsed with
only 2 setae and
spines
caudal rain I.
29
-------
— FIGUHE5
Changes In the abundance of zoo-
— plartkton In the East Storage Lagoon
1973 — 1971k
— STATIONS
— .SLE-1
— SLE -5
-
/
/
/
/
/
/
0 I 1) J F H
30
I L
‘I
/
/
1 L .L L 1
A N J J A
/
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
/
/
1
r
(-.
1
rj )
z
0
/
7
/
,1
/
/
40
20
I
/
I
I I I
I
-o
-------
FIGURE 6
Changes In the abundance of zooplanicton
In the Went Storage Lagoon
I I I I I I I I I I
80 —
1973 - 1974
70
60
50
40
30
20
srArIoNs
.oSLW-1.
C ),
C-,
0
-.—4 SLW-5
0—
— — —
,s
/
/
/
/
/
i•1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
10 —
/
I
----4k
7%
,
V
0 I D J F N A U J J A
iioi r MS
3’
-------
only numbers were determined ard not biomass. Another difficulty in
determining a relationship between the zooplankton and the phytoplankton
is the difference in the digestibility of the various algae, depending
upon the thickness and other properties of the algal cell wall (Nutchinson,
1967). There is also conflictIng evidence, however, that phytoplankton
do not constitute a controlling or limiting factor with respect to the
overall zooplankton popnlation (held, 1961; }{utchlnson, 1967).
The majority of the zooplankton were crustacean arthropods (Table 7).
The class Crustacca, which was represented by 3 orders and 9 genera,
accounted for 97.3 of the total zoopla ikton in the East Lagoon and
98. in the West Lagoon. On the order and genus levels, howev r, the
simll r1ties between lagoons disappear.
Cyclopold copepods dominated the zooplanktori in the wastewater East Lagoon,
representing 75.Z? of the population. They comprised only a small portion
of the total zooplanktori population in this lagoon duri.ng the early phases
of this study, a ceriod when the zooplankton popu)rttlons were very small.
During the summer of 19 7 L , however, tztey were do-nlmtant and accounted f r
most of the large increase in the number oi zooplankton (Fig. 7). Of the
ten species of cyclopold copepods present, Cyclops verr 1is was the most
corunon, reprenenting 19. of all zcoplankton in the East Lagoon.
In the West Lagoor, cyclopold cope ods accounted for only 11 .i% .nd Cyclops
vernalis for only i.9,t of the total zooplankton. The percentage of total
zooplankton which were comprised of cyclopoid copepods declined in the
West Lagoon throughoit this study (Fig. 8), a trend opposite the events
which occurred in the i ast Lagoon. The dominant zooplarkton n the est
Lagoon were the cladocerans, wnich as 51.2% were more than twice the
percentage of cladocerans in the other lagoon (2i.6%). Daphnia has the
dominant genera in the zooplankton of the seepage water west Lagoon, 41.’4 ,
followed by Diaptonus , 33.6%.
It is l’n ortant to note that in the wastewater East Lagoon Diaptomus
represented only O.5, of the total zooplankton pcuulntion. This char e
from calanold copcpods ( D1ao omus ) in the west Lagoon to cyc opoid cope—
pods in the z bt Lagoon corresponds to t;e general trend fcr changing
32
-------
TABLE 7
Percentage Composition and
t )e percentage coi .position
ercentage occurrence. See
Occurrence of Zooplankton. The first number represents
and the second number, in parentheses, representa the
text for further details.
si riot 1 s
a. C. vernalls
5.5
(66.7)
0.9
(44.4)
2.8
(44.4)
1.8
(33.3)
1.4
(66.7)
t.o. of sanpies
TAXA
I Arthropcda, Crustacea
A. Copepoda, Cyclopolda
1. Cyclops
9
7
SLE-1
LE—5
SLE-8
LW-1
SL -5
SLW-9
EAST,
TOrAL
EST,
TOTAL
7
10
7
95.1 98.3 100.0 98.0 100.0 98.2
1oo.o) (100.0) (100.0) (ioo.o) (ioo.o) (100.0)
9
23
76.1. 65.1 89.4
(77.8) (ioo.o) (100.0)
26
17.0 11.3 13.6
(90.0) (too.o) (100.0)
9.8 43.1
(65.7) (ioo.o)
14.7 20.6
(85.7) (100.0)
b. C. excills
C. . Sp.
2. Mesocycloi,s
42.8
(66.7)
24.3
(5 . ’)
11.0
(44.4)
7.5
(44.4)
13.8
(66.7)
.5.7
(6o.o)
1.6
(4o.o)
1.0
(40.0)
3.1
(30.0)
4.4
(71.4)
2.7
(71.4)
0.0
(o.o)
1.7
(42.9)
4.9
(57.1)
10.2
(c’r
U - ).
10.8
(85 ,7)
98.9
14.1
5.2
1.9
1.1
2.2
3.5
97.3
75.2
38.1
19.8
8.7
9.6
‘ . 3
10.9
(71.4)
11.6
(71.4)
15.4
(85.7)
4.2 4.1
( o.o) (100.0)
-------
TABLE 7 CONTINUED
‘rAXA STATIONS
SLE-1
SLE-5
LE-8
SL -1
SLW—5
SLW-9
EAST,
TOTAL
WEST,
TOrAL
a. N. edax 6.1 6.8 8.8 2.0 2.3 1.4 7.2 2.0
(55.6) (85.7) (57.1 (40.0) (71.4) (66.7)
b. h. dybowskii 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0
— (11.1) (14.3) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0)
c. H. sp. 7.1 3.7 6.6 2.2 1.8 0.0 5.7 1.5
(55.5) (8 .7) (71.4) (30,0) (71.4) (0.0)
3. Par cyc1opc sp. 3.7 5.4 9.6 * 0.1 0.0 5.9 *
(44.4) (71.L ) (57.i) (i.o.o) (14.3) (o.o)
4. Unkr own Genera 15.8 19.0 21.3 7.3 2.7 6.7 17.9 5.4
(66.7) (85.7) (85.7) (60.0) (28.6) (66.7)
a. B 6.8 6.5 4.8 2.2 1.4 1.0 5.5 1.6
(55.6) (57.2) (42.9) (30.0) (28.6) (44.4)
b. 1.6 2.1 3.8 1.4 0.4 2.4 2.4 1.3
(33.j) (42.9) (57.1) (20.0) (14.3) (33.3)
c. S 7.4 10.4. 12.7 3.5 0.9 3.3 10.0 2.5
( 5.6) (85.7) (85.7) ( o.o) (26.6) (33.3)
B. Copepoda, Calanolda
D1 etornuz 1.1 0.1 0.1 24.2 40.4 37.2 0.5 33.6
(22.2) (14.3) (14.3) (50.0) (85.7) (66.7)
-------
TABLE 7 CON ’TIb ’UED
TAXA STATIO iS
SLE-1 SLE-5 SLE-3 SL i-1 SLW—5 S! -9 EA3r, IiEST,
______ ______ ______ ______ ______ TOTAL TOTAL
C. C1 ocera 17.9 :33.2 10.5 56.8 48.3 47.4 21.6 51.2
(66.7) (57.1) (57.1) (ioo.o) (ioo.o) (ioo.o)
1. Dathnja spp. 17.6 33.2 10.4 43.9 37.8 42.7 21.5 41.4
(66.7) (57.1) (57.1) (90.0) (100.0) (ioo.o)
2. Bcz-, 1na 1onp1ro tri 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
(33.0) (o.o) (o.o) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0)
3. ydorus sphaericu 0.0 0.0 0.0 12,9 10.5 4.6 0.0 9.8
(o.o) (0.0) (o.) (70.0) (57.1) (55.6)
4. Alona ap. 0.0 0.0 * * 0.0 0.0 * *
(o.o) (0.0) (14.3) (10.0) (0.0) (o.o)
II Rotifer, Mono€onortta 4.6 1.6 0.0 1.8 0.0 1.7 2.3 1.1
(44.4) (14.3) (u.o) (30.0) (0.0) (22. )
A. Plotha 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.2
(44.4) (0.0) (0.0) (io.o) (0.0) (11.7)
1. Brachjoru urceolares 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.8 *
(24.4) (o.o) (0.0) (10.0) (o.o) (0.0)
2. Xeiatefla sp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2
(0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (ii.i)
-------
TABLE 7 CO iCLUDED
TAXA STATIONS
SLE-1 SLE
- .5 SLE-8
SLW-1
SLW-5
SLW—9
EAST,
TCTAL
wE r,
rcrr
B. Floscula.rjceae
Filirla lorglseta 2.5 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3
(33. ) (14.3) (0.0) (10.0) (0.0) (11.2)
C. UnIdentified 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.6
(0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (20.0) (0.0) (11.1)
• ‘ less than 0.1
a’
** = described in Figure Li
-------
100 —
FIGURE 7
*0
Cyclopoid copepods as a
percentage of total zooplankton
in the East Storage Lagoon
90 —
1973 — 1974
STATIONS
_ SLE—1
— —- — SLE-5
— — — — - SLE-8
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0
1’
I’
I I I I
N A M i J A
M0 T
80
70
60
1,
0
“4
50
40
30
20
10
N
0 N D J F
37
-------
100
FICU1 E 8
Cyclopold copepods at a pcrccntage of total
zocplankton In the vest Storage Lagoon
90 1973 - 197L
80
70
60
S
S
. 5 -
S ..
S
. 5-S
50
L O
&rAT loKs
—o SL -1
• — — . .. ._.o SLW-5
0-•— — — ._SLW -9
0
\
\
20
10
0
\
I I I ________ I I
0 1) J F’ M V
£ A
38
-------
0
MONFIIS
FIGURE 10
Cyclops vernalis as a percentage of total
zooplankton In the West. Storage Lagoon
20 19?3 - 197L
— ._... SLW—5
10 - •-a SL -9
0 __
60
50
FIGURE 9
1973 — 1971k
Cyclors verrialls as a percentage of total
zooplarJcton in the East Storage Lagoon
STATI0I S
SLE—1
.—.-— — — — —.SLE-5
— — — —.. SLE—8
30
10
0
Ii
0 N D J F It A M J J A
0 b D J F N A M J
39
-------
LY
50
I I
LI
100
FIGU! E 11
Daj,hnla as a percertage of total
zooplankton In the Ea it Storage Lagoon
1973 - 1974
90
80
70
/
/
60
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
30
/
d
20
STATIONS
SLE-1
0— — _._ SLE-5
• — — — -oSLE-8
10
0
0 H D J F’ Ft A M J J A
40
-------
100 —
FIGURE 12
1973 — 1974
Daphnla as a percentage of total
zooplankton in the est storage Lagoon
SLW-1
80_ • —— — 0 SLW-5
0— — — — —. _ -. SLW-9
/
/
/
/
/
/.
/
/
/
/ ,
I
,
90
STAT I0 S
70
/
/
/
60 -
/
/
50
/
/
/
,
3 0
20
10
/
I
I
I
I
I
I
4
0
I I I _J I I I I I
0 U D J F 14 H J J A
Mowr HS
-------
zooplankton composition as waters go rrc i oligotrophic to eutrophica the
proportion of caiancidz decreases htle the prcd minarce of cyclopoids
increases (Pata] .as, 1972).
Bottlers were su 3ris1ngly scarce, accounting for only 2.3% of the zoo—
plankton in thc East Lagoon and 1.Q in the West Lagoon.
The dominance oI the zooplankton by copepods (East Lagoon) and cladocerans
(West Lagoon) is similar to conditions in the surrounding Great Lakes.
From varous studies of Great Lakes zooplanktori, Davis (1966) concludes
that donilaiance by e5ther or both of these groups during various seasons
of the year is quite characteri: tic.
Virtually no information coneer ing zooplankton populations in wastewater
lagoor could be fou. ’1 in the itterature.
P1{YTCl LMiKT0N AIW P1WTOZOA
Throughout this paper the abbre . tat ion nr will be used to denote a spccics
identification whith is not positive. If it in not the indicated spccies,
it Is a closely related one.
There was a great deal of variability in both time ar d location in the
nun ber as well as the type of protozoa and phytoplankton In the lagoons
(Figs. 3 and 14 and Table 8). Du? to these large fluctuatioru In nusbers
at the different stations, the standard deviation exceeded, or was very
close to, the mean number of orgartsms on 5 out of the 19 sasnp 1ng ctates
in the East La oon and on 3 oit of 19 in the West Lagoon. On 21 December
1973 there were 1,555.7 phytoplankton and protozoan organisms per ml at
SLE-1, Uut. or ly 55.6 at SLE-8, resulting in a mean of 805.6 ar.d a standard
deviation ef 1060.7. Th two major species on this date at SLE-1 ( Chiorolla
nr. vulgaris and Chiamydomonas cp.) were the on]y tu, species present at
SLE-6. On the next sairpling date, 2 January 1974, a bloom of Chloiella
ni. vul rj at 3LW-1 but not at SLW-9 accounted for 10,777.7 organisms
per ml at SLW-1 but only 847.7 per ml at SLi .9, resulting Li a mean of
5812.6 ± 7021.8. A stmi]er coid tion occuired on 13 . xch 1974 and also
42
-------
FIGUH 13
1973 — 1974
Changes In the abur ance of Plankton and
Protozoans In the East storage LLgOon
(Graph Is on 4 —cycle semi-logarithmic
paper).
STATIO;:s
•SLE—j I
I
•1;
I i
I I
•1 •
I
20,000
10,000
— ———--• SLE —5
.-..--.— ——-.SLE-8
/
I
8,000
6,ooo
4,000
2,000
1,000
800
600
400
200
r.
I —I
(1)
0
0
U
.—
I
I
I
-3
I
I
I
I
‘I
100
80
‘Ii
\
1 i
I )
J z.
:4
M0? THS
3
-------
20,000
Changes in
I
I
I
I
‘I
P
— — —o SL -9
I I I I I I I I I I
FIGURE 14
1973 — 1974
the abundance of plankton and
protozoa a in the pest Storage Lagoon
(Graph is on 4 cycle semi-logarithmic
I
/
I -I
1-4
z
‘- .4
C-,
10,000
8,000
6,ooo
4,000
2,000
1,000
800
600
400
200
100
80
I
/
7 ”
I
1
STAT io::s
——--. SL -1
0— —— — —o SL -5
I •/
I
/
0 D J F M A N J J A
M0!cFHS
L 4
-------
TkBLE 8
Comparison of }‘hytoplankton and Protozo&n counts (0rganisms/ 1) in the Eas.. and
West Lagoons. Data are given ar the mean ± one standard deviation, followed by
the prtnc pal taxa and, in p .&enthesis, the taxa’s percentage of the mean.
DATE LAG00 i
EAST W f
11.. 9_73 1600 ± 700 Chiorella x .r. pyrenoldosa 260 10 Bodo zp. (62.1 )
(5a.t J
11 .16—73 900 + 370 Bodo p. (45.$) i oo ± 160 Bode sp. (59. )
11—30—73 200 + 9.8 Melosira . nr. granulata 680 ± 120 Chiorella nr. vulgaris
(56.t )
12-21—73 800 + 1100 Chlorella r.r. vu1 ’arjs 650 ± L 80 Chla.vdomonas op. (42.9/c.)
(5o.9p
Chiamydomenas sp. (38.9,
1- 2-74 5800 + 7000 Chiorella nr. vulgaris
(78.3 )
1-16-74 2000 + 970 Chiorella rir. vulgaris
— (76.c )
1-30-74 24Cc .s . 1000 Ch].arnydomonas sp. (69.3 ) 5200 ± 3700 Chlasiydononas sp. (83. )
2—13-74 180 ± 120 Chlariydomonas S J. (%. ) 54fl çj ± 3700 Chiorella nr. v..lgarts
(94. 5%)
-------
TABLE 8 C0NTIr UED
EAST
LAGOON
WF T
C’
DATE
2 —27..7Li.
3-13-74
3-29-74
4-12-74
4-26-74
5- 7-74
5-
5—21—74
5-28-74
__________ pyrenoidosa
(63. 74)
__________ pyrenoidosa
(89.t )
_________ pyrcnoidosa
(78.8 k)
_________ sp. (39. )
p)Tenaido a
(23. 4A )
____________ sp. (5?.51 )
____________ sp.
Golentctna paucisp1 ta
( o.z )
720
±
170
Chlorel)a nr.
7900
±
9400
Chiorella nr.
9400
±
8000
Chiorella rir.
790
+
110
Chlari ydomor.as
Chiorella nr.
320
540
250
+
+
180
500
320
Chlaxnydornonas
Chiamydornonas
10000
+
620
Chiorella
nt.
vulgarls
(84. )
6600
±
7300
Chiorella
nt.
vulp-ari
\( 5 •7;;)
2700
2400
Chiorella
nt.
vulgaris
(e .a )
8300
±
1600
Chlorclla
nt.
vulgarts
(91. )
3300
±
1200
Chiorella
nr.
vulgaris
(89. )
480 ± 110
Tracheloinonas sp. (l+9.Q )
Qyclote]la n i. Ineneghiniana
(18. Z
Eu 1ena sp. (18.W
200 ± 136
Glaucoma sp. (39.Q )
-------
TABLE 8 COwrI wED
IM’rE ] LAGOON
EAST WEST
6—11—74 270 ÷ 120 Vorticella sp. (23.%)
Tr helomonas sp. (19.9 )
6—28—74 240 ± 61 Phacus sp. (17. )
Chroomonas nr. nordstedtjj
(ii.
Chlamydomonas sp. (11.3
7-12—74 620 ± 200 Glaucoma ap. ( i.z )
7-19-74 630 ± 270 Chlore lla nr. cnoidosoa
(32. fv )
Ana aena Constrjcta
(16. )
7-26-74 980 ± 210 Crypto onas nr. ovata
( )
8- 2_7L& 630 ± V4 O Chlorell% nr. vulcarjs
(32.7, )
-------
TABLE 8 Cc.NCLIIDED
DATE LAGOON
EAST WEST
8- 9_7!4 3700 ± 1900 Cryptor i3pas nr. ovata
(2o.o )
Chlorella nr. vulgaris
Ankistrodesrnus sp ( 9.& S
Chlarnydomonas p. ( 9.O, )
8 -1 5 -7L 1100 ± 120 Chiorella nr. pyrenoldosa
(45.3 ;)
Co
8_2O_7LJ 19000 ± 5000 3tep anod1scus nr.
Invisatatus (3(. )
O—29-7 + 13000 F 3100 Aphanl.zomènon f1o -a uae
(5 )
-------
on 29 March 1974r when a bloom of Chiorella nr. aris at LW—1 but not
at SLW-9 resulted in the standard deviation exceedIng or nearly exceeding
the mean. A similar situation occurred in the East lagcon on th i dates
due to a bloom of Ch]orelld . nr. pyrenoidosa at SLE-8 but not at SIE
In May the standard deviation again exceeded or nearly exceeded the ii an
number of orgarl .sms in the East Lagoon. On 7 May 1974 and again on 2...
May 1974 this phenomena was not, however, due to a bloom of any ore oigan-
lam but rather to a general Increase in several of the organisms at only
one station. Due to highe numbers of ChlaTrydomonas spp., Colenkina
aueispIna and Glaucoma spp. at SLW-1 on 7 May 1974, this station had
1378.9 arid 874.9 organisms per rt]. hile SLE-5 had only 110.0 and 124.8
per ml and SLE-8 had only 486.0 ar l 249.8 per ml. Due to an increase in
the number of Tracheh.,monas, Euglena , and Glaucoma on 21 May 1974 there
were 694.4 and 631.9 organIsms per ml at SLE-1, but only 13.8 and 31 1.6
per a]. at SLE-8 and 125.2 and 34.7 per ml at SLE-5.
The phj-toplankton end protozoan populatIo in both lagoons showed some
similaities and yet on other occasions the populations were drastically
different from one lagoon to the other and even from station to station
within the same lagoon. These fluctuations in terms of species compo-
sitionand numbers are presented in Tables 8-11.
The phytoplankton and protozoan population in both lagoons remained rel-
atively low during the morths of May, June, and July, although it was on
an upward trend during the latter two months. The highest populations
occurred in August in both lagoons. with over 19,000 organisms per ml
on 20 August 1974 In the East Lagoon and over 13,000 organIsms per ml
on 29 August 1974 in the West { agoon.
Varlou; org . ’isms dorrinated the overall phytoplankton ard protozoan pp—
ulat’.on in each lagoon throughout this investigation. In the West La oon
Chiorella nr. vulgaris was the dcininant organism on 10 out of the 19
sampling dates, but In the East Lagoon It was the dominant oiganisrt c i
only 2 out of the 19 sampling dates. Chiamydomonas spp. was the most
common form on five occa ions in the East Lagoon, followed by Chlorej1
49
-------
nr. pyreroldosa , dominant on four sampling dates. Each of these forms
was dominant on jist two occasions in the West LagoorL. Out of the 19
sampling dates, 10 dIfferent organisms in the East Lagoon and 8 in the
West Lagoon were the domir.ants on one or more dates.
Chiorella and Chiarnydomonas ar among the most common algae in other
waste-stabilization lagoons, also. Th iir presence is hiportant, since
they are very significant in maintaining a desired oxygen level in the
lagoons (Gloyna, 1971).
The percentage composition and occurrence of the phytoplankton and
protozoan population, organized by station and group, is presented in
Table 9, whIch also indicates the number of samples obtained from each
lagoon and station. Celculations for determining the concentrations of
phytoplanktor followed the same methodologies as those utilized in the
benthos Table 3.
The Chiorophyta clearly dominated the phytoplankton and protozoan
population of both lagoons, comprisir. 55.4% in the East and 67.4 in
the West. It is Interesting to note that the proportion of the popu-
lation of t green algae increased from a low of 39.6% at SLE-1
(station nearest to the point of was..ewater discharge) t.) 47.2% at
SLE-5, and to 67.9) at SLE-8 (station farthest away from the discharge).
There was a major difference between the percentage of blue- green
algae in U’e East arid West Lagoons, with 25.3 of the phytoplankton
and prot.zoan population in the West accounted for by the blue-greens
but orly 3.C in the East. It should be noted, however, that the large
Cyanophyta bloom (composed of Auhanizomenon flos- uae) in the vest
Lagoon on 29 August 1974 accounted for most all of the blue—greers,
93.6% On this one day 60,277.6 Cyanophyta organisms per ml were
counted In the West Lagoon, while on the other 18 sampling dates a
combined total of only 4,097.1 blue—green algae were observed. This
type of late summer bloom is characteristic of the Cyanophy-ta and
especia).ly of Aphanizornenon , a genus well known for its troublesome
blooms in standing bodies of water (Prescott, 1962). It is surprising
50
-------
TABLE 9
B. Cyanophyta, iyxophyceae
I -
P • V
L r..ts
Fercentage Composition and Occurrence of hytoplankton and Protozoans. The first
number represents the percentage cornpost .ion and the second number, in parentheses,
represents the percentage oc’urrence.
‘o. of samples
ST AT TOUS
A. Chiorophy-ta, Chlorophyceae
32
SLE-1
LE—8
SLd-1
SLW—5
SLW-.9
EAST,
TOrAL
WEST,
TOTAL
16
31
30
14
31
79
74.0 42.8
(96.7) (100.0)
75
19.9
(53.3)
51.3
(64.3)
C. Chrysophyta, Bacillariophyceae
D. Eu lerioph rta, Euglenophyceae
E. Pyrrophyta
F. Protozoa
1. Ci.liophora
2.7 3.1
(93.3) (ioo.o)
39.6 47.2 67.9
(ioo.o) (ioo.o) (100.0)
5.0 2.0
(68.8) (50.0) (38.?)
23.5 2 9 11.2
(81.2) (75.0) (67.8)
6.8 5.8 3.2
(43.8) (87.5) (58.1)
0.2 0.4 0.2
(9.4) (25.0) (12.9)
25.1 13.8 14.7
(84.4) (87.5) (74.2)
7.2 3.0 1.6
(71.9) (81.2) (54.8)
69.3
(96.8)
21.8
(58.1)
3.3
(83.9)
0.6
(35.5)
0.0
(0.0)
1.2
(71.4)
0.0
(0.0)
55.4
3.0
17.6
0.2
17.7
3.6
67.4
25.3
2.9
0.7
*
3.3
1.3
0.6
(50.0)
*
(3.3)
3.1
(90.0)
1.0
(63.3)
1.6 4.8
(92.8) (100.0)
0.9
(71.4)
1.9
(71.0)
-------
TABLE 9 CONCLUDJD
** = This taxon appears to be composed of one genus of light colored, spherical organisms,
approx rnately 3-5 microns in diameter.
TAXA
2. Ma.stigophora
3. Sarcodine.
C. Unidentified Ta.xa **
STATI01 S
SLE—1
SLE—5
SLE-8
SLW-1
SLW—5
SLW—9
. . -“ ‘,
iJLt.
EST,
TCrAJ..
16.5
( so.o)
1.3
(18.8)
1.5
(12.5)
9.2
(62.5)
1.6
( . )
2.0
(25.0)
11.1
(54.8)
2.0
(25.8)
0 ,4
(16.1)
2.2
(60.0)
*
(6.7)
0.0
(o.o)
* less than 0.1 .
0.6
(78.6)
*
(21.4)
0.0
(0.0)
2.7
(54.8)
0.1
(16.7)
0.0
(0.0)
12.4
1.7
1.0
2.0
*
0.0
-------
that the blue—green algae were more common in the seepage water West
Lagoon than in the nutrient and organically richer wastewater East Lagoon.
It nay b ’t, however 1 that the h1 ,t amount of available nitrogen in the
East Lagoon nay eliminate some of the advantage that the nitrogen-fixing
blue-green algae have over other algae.
A similarphenomonon occurred with the diatoms, which represented 17.6, of
the East Lagoon population and only 2.9, of the phytoplankton and proto-
zoan population In the West Lagoon. A diatom pulse on the last sample
date in the East Lagoon, 20 August 1974, accounted for the great majority
of diatoms. On this one day a total of 36,756.6 diatoms per ml were ob-
served at the three East Lagoon Stations, while on the other 18 samplIng
dates a combined total of only 5,057.5 diatoms were observed.
The Euglenophyta, Ciliophora, and Mastigophora were all more common in
the nutrient and organically richer East Lagoon than in the seepage
water West Lagoon.
In both lagoons the green algae were the ‘nost coninon form during the
winter a L - I l early svrlng (Figs. 15 and 16). During this time period,
the green algae accounted for the majority of the total phytopla’ikton
and protozoan population and for all of the pulses, while the Eugleno—
phyta were notably aboent. From a two—year study of waste—stabiligation
lagoDns, Davis et. al. (1964) concluded that the green algae dominate
during the winter months, and several pulses, rather than one peak, can
be expected. They a so concluded that the Euglenophy-ta population
remains very scant during the winter n’ nths and occurs intermittently
throughout the rest of the year. These conclusions are supported by
the findings in this Investigation. Gloyna (1971), however, states
that Eu 1ena, together with Chlanydo ’r ras , tend to dominate during
cooler weather.
As shown by Tables 10 and 11, the thminant organisms withii each phylum
or class vere comprised of only a few different genera throughout this
study. One or more of only four genera were the major Chiorophyta on
the 19 sampling dates in the East Lagoon. Chiorella nr. rrenoidosa ,
53
-------
FIGIJF E 15
Chiorophyta as a percentage of
total Phytoplanktor and Protozoa
in the East St.orage Lagoon
1973 — 1974
tI
‘‘I’
0 ft
/
7
/
A
100 -
t.
/ 0.
/
I
—
—
90
80
70
6u
50
40
30
20
0
gl.
‘
STATIO S
SLE-1
— — — —0 SLE-5
— SLE-8
10
£ _ I - I I
0 i. I) J F N A N J J
MO! ThS
-------
FIGURE 16
Chiorophyta as a percentage of total
Phytoplankton nd Protv zo in the
West Storage Lagoon
1973 — 197’?
I
/
100
90
80
70
60
30 -
•1
¶
It
!‘
i I
iI
I
/
50
l+0
I
/
I
4
STATIC S
SLW—1
20
— —e SLW-5
0.—
—0 SLW—9
10
/
0
I - ,
C N D J AM J J A
M0 ThS
I_ I I
55
-------
TABLE 10
Phytoplanicton arid Protozoan Trends and Dominants In the East I.agoon. Data
are given as the mean number of or .n1sms per ml, followed by the percenta
of the total number th1 i mean represents, In parentheses, and the aajor
organism(s), ar’-anged in order of decr as1ng a ndance.
KEY TO AJ3BHEVIATIONS
A nab
A nkf
Anhs
Chil
Chip
C hlv
C hrd
C hrn
Anabaerta
Ark&strodesmus falcutus
A k1strode:?cms ‘p.
Chilomonas nr. paramecium
= Chlore11 r u. pyrenoidosa
Chiorella rir. y ga1is
Chrcococu dis ers’js
Chrcoccy- s nr. mi-or
Chrn
Clam
Cryp
Cyci
Clau
Cole =
Meig
Mclv
Nay I
Nitz
N ost
-I ’ . -
Phac
Step
— Navicula
— itzsch a rir.
Nostoc onm1nutuDi
Osciliatorj
Phacus spp.
— Sterhanodjscu . ru.
C’
Chroomor as nr. nordstedtlj
Chlamyd monas
ptomor nr. tr ..
Cycloteila r r. m hj.nja a
Glaucoma sp.
Goierkjr.a uc1spina
-elosira ranu lata
t’elcsjra r i. varlans
Invisatatus
Trac TrachelorT.onas spp.
Vort Vorticella sp.
D TE
rGrAL NO./ML
ChLO CPHYTA
CYAI.OPriYTI ..
C iYSOphTr,
IEUGLENOPJiYTA
CILICEhORA
11- 9-73
1600
1400
(89.z )
Chip, Clam
0.0
(0.04)
150
(9.9, .)
Meig
114
(o.9, )
1-’iac
0.0
(o.o, )
MAs’rIGomcaA
0.0
(o.o, )
11-16-73
900
300
(32.3 )
Chiv, Clajn
42
(14.6 )
Csci
140
(15.44)
Meig
20
(2. )
Phac
0.0
(o.c )
410
(‘. 5. 4,t)
11-30-73
200
62
(3i.c ,
Chlv
14
(6.9 )
Osci
100
(51. %)
Heig
14
(6.%)
Trac
0.0
(o.c )
Bodo
0.0
(o.c )
12-21-73
800
730
(c °• )
Chlv, Clan
314
(!i ..34)
Chrr.
20
(2.64)
Cyci
0.0
(o.o )
21
(24 )
G)au
0.0
(o.Q ’ )
-------
TABLE 10 ccnrLiuED
DATE
TOTAL no./r L
C}iLOROPHYTA
CYANOPHYTA
Ck{ iYS0PHYTA
E .UGLE .OPWfTA
CILI0PHO A
MASTIGOPHORA
1_16_7L 1900 1800 76 90 0.0 0.0 0.0
(93.7; ) (4.o ) (Lj..7, ) (o.o, ) (o.o; ;) (o.o )
Chlv Chrm, Chrd Cyci
1-30-74 2400 2000 62 210 0.0 87 7.0
(84.6 ,4) (2.6, ) (8.a . ,) (o.o,) (3.6, ) (o. )
Clam Chrm, Chrd Cyci Vort Bodo
2_13 _71.i . 180 140 7.0 3.5 0.0 - 10
( . a;) (t.9, ) (0. 0, ) (11.56) (5. )
Clam Chrm Cyci Vort, Giau Bodo
2- 7-74 720 640 76 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
(89.3;) (10.6%) (o.c%) (o.o, ) (o. ) (o. )
Chip host, Chro
3-13-74 7900 7700 10 0.0 0.0 170 6.9
(97.6, ) (o.th) (0.07) (0.0,4 .) (2.z ) (o.i , )
Chip, Clam Ooci Vort, Giau Chil
3-29-74 9 00 9200 51 37 0.0 0.0 32
(9 7. ) (o. ) (o.4 ) (o.c ;) (o. ) (o. 6)
Chip Chrm, Chrd I avi Chil
L. _12 _7Ll. 790 670 0.0 0.0 0.0 94 0.0
(85.0 , 4) (o.o, - (o.a ;) (o.o, ) (11.9 6) (o.o , )
Clam, Chip Giau, Vort
4-26-74 320 260 2.3 31 0.0 26 3.4
(79.6 ) (0.7/;) (9.6 ) (o.o, 0 ) (7. 6) (i.t ,)
Clam Chrin, Chrd Nitz Vort Bodo
-------
T&BLE 10 C0:;C!U&, D
DATE TOf AL N . /ML CHL0 0FHYTA C Mi0HiYTA CIU YSOPHi IA EU L HOP;IYrA CILI0PHO A MAST IGOPtIOHA
5- 7-74 540 380 6.9 10 47 3 33
(71. ) (1.3 ) (i. ) (8.8 ) (9.94) (6.1.%)
Cla.’ , Cole Osci Nitz, Melv Trac Glau Chrn, Bodo
5-21-74 260 56 2.3 21 130 40. 2.3
(21.7%) (0.9 *) (8.j4) (52.5%) (15.84) (o.9, )
C1a m Osçj, Chrrn Mclv Trac Clau Bodo
6—11-74 270 93 4.6 29 69 78 0.0
( 3 z 1 .ç ) ( ‘.7 , 4) (10.6%) (25. %) (28.4 ) (0.0 , 4)
Chip, Clam Chrrn Nitz Trac Vort
7-12-74 6Z( 74 13 8 150 210 140
(11.9, ) (2.0,4) (3.0,4) (2 3 .z ) ( i z) (22.i )
Clam, Chip Anab step Trac, P1 ac Clau Cryp, Chrn
7-26-74 980 120 57 21 110 140 430
(12.a4) (5.84) (2.2 ) (11.5%) (14.6,4) (44.5%)
Ankf, Clam Ariab Step, Cyci Phac, Trac G] .au,Vort Cryp
8 .. 974 3700 1300 130 400 240 180 1100
(35. ) (3.5%) (io. ) (6.6,4) (4.8 ) (31. )
Chlv, Anks Chrm, Anab Step Pliac Glau Cryp
Clam
8-20-74 19000 6500 700 6100 1100 270 2200
(34.5%) (3.7%) (32. 6%) (6.Q ) (1.5%) (11.84)
Chip, Anks Anab Step Trac, Phac Glau Cryp
-------
rABLE ii
Phytoplankton and Protozoan Trendi. and Dominants In the West Lagoon. Data
are given .s the mean number of organisms per ml, followed, in parentheses,
by the percentage of the total number this nean represents, and the major
gani n( ), arranged in order of decreasing abundance.
KEY TO ABB. -iEVIATIONS
A nab
A nac
Anks
Apha
A phz
C h 11
Chip
C hlv
Chrd
C rm
Ar.abaeria .
= Anabacr a coristricta
= Ankistrodesmus sp.
Aohanocapna riviilaris
/ tthanj oneno flo —aquae
Chilomoras rr. paramecium
Chiorolla nr. pyrenoldosa
= Chiorella nr. vu1 arjs
= Crrooco cus dispersu3
= Chroococcus r.r. minor
Chroorponas nr. nordstedtji
C n1amydcmonas spp.
Civ ptomonas nr. ovata
iclote11a nr. meneghlnjana
= Cyclidiun sp.
:ur1ena spp.
= ‘ra i]ar1a nr. construens
Glaucoma npp.
Goler.kjna paucispina
Microcystis aeruginosa
= Melosira g anulata
— telosjra nr. vartarts
av1cula op.
= Nitzsch1a nr. i1ae
Phacus spp.
— Scenedesnnr m x. guadri—
cauda var. ‘us
- ynedra ulna
Trachelomonac app.
Vortice]j.a ap.
Chrn
Clam
Cryp
Cyci
Cyurn
Eugi
Frag
Cl au
Cole
Micr
Melg
Melv
Navi
flitz
Phac
Scert
Sync
Trac
Vort
DAfI
forAL t10./ML
CtiI 0i OPHYTA
CYA} CPh1TA
Cth Yboi4jy’rA
11— 9.73
260
7.0
(2. )
Seen
0.0
(o.o, 0 )
49
(18.9, )
lutz, Meig
27
(io.e )
Phac
CILI0PHO A
0.0
(o.c )
MASTIGCPH A
i70
(67. )
11—16—73
,
1300
120
(8. )
Chlv
0.0
(o.c )
70
(5.3 )
Nitz
110
(a.4 )
Eugi
7.0
(o. )
Glau
Bo4o
1000
(76.a )
11-30-73
680
470
(6s.4 )
Chlv
0.0
(o.c )
190
(27. )
Nitz, havi
21
(3.1. 4)
Trac
0.0
(o.c )
Bodo
7.0
(i.o, )
12—21—73
650
420
(64.E )
Clam
0.0
(o.c )
200
( 3i. )
Cyci
0.0
(o.o, )
0.0
(o.o )
Bodo
27
(4.36)
-------
TABLE 11 CONTINUED
DATE
TOIAL O./ML
C LOi OP}ffTA
CYA c0FHrrA [ C lYSOPJrnA
EUGLENOP1r . ’TA
CILIOPHO A
MASTIGOPHOr A
0
1— 2-74
1-30-74
2-1 3 74
2-27-74
3—13-74
3-29-74
4-12-74
4-26-74
5800
5200
5400
11000
6600
2700
8300
3300
4900
(81i . )
Chlv
4500
(35. Q )
Clam
5300
(97.7;’)
- Ch lv
10000
(97. 3 )
Chlv
6600
(98.9 ; ;)
C hlv
2400
(89. 4)
Chlv
8000
(95.5%)
Chlv
3200
(95.
Chlv
170
(2.9;’)
Chrd
340
(6. )
Chrd
0.0
(0. c, )
0.0
(0.0 ; ’)
0.0
(0. a )
17
(o. 6,6)
Anab, Chrm
66
(0.6,6)
Chrm, Chrd
5.7
(o. z )
Chrm
180
(3.1)
Cyci
280
( . 4%)
Cyc 1
28
(o. ;)
N elg
0.0
(o.cz)
90
(1 .4,6)
Syno, Navi
7.0
(o.a )
Syne
280
(3.3 )
Frag
120
(3.6;’)
Cyc 1
0.0
(0. o, )
0.0
(0.0;;)
0.0
(o.oj;)
0.0
(o. )
0.0
(0.0;’)
0.0
(0.0;’)
0.0
(o. o , 6)
12
(0.4%)
Trac
0.0
(0.04)
62
(i.a )
C lau
51
(0.9;’)
Cythn
260
(2. )
Cyum
28
(0.4%)
C lau
260
(9. 4%)
Clau, Vort
10
(o.j,c;)
Cyurn
2.3
(o.i)
C lau
580
10. a )
Bodo
97
(1.a ’)
Bodo , Cryp
46
(0. a )
Bodo , Cryp
0.0
(o. o, )
0.0
(0.04)
7.0
(o. )
Cryp
3.4
*
8.7
(o. )
Cryp
-------
TABLE 11 C0 lCLUDED
DATE T hL O./ML (ELCR0P ’fTA CYANOPHYTA lC YSOPHYFA EUCLEN0PHYrA CILIOPHORA MASTIG0PH0 A
5-14-7L 73 12 160 94 8.7
(15.1%) ( 2. ) (32.4%) (19.4j ) (i.ah) (2a.a )
Chlv Chrm Cyci Eug]. Cyum Chrri, Cryp
5-28-74 200 20 0.0 6.9 32 100
(9.6%) (o.o4) (3.4%) (15.a ) (49.7%) (21.5i ;)
Cole Navi Phac Giau Chrn
6-28-74 240 74 b.1 18 4.6 45
(31.4,;) ( 3. 4k) (7.8 ) (y5 .:3%) (2.0%) (19.1%)
Clam, Anks Arha, Ana’o Melv Pnac Vort, Cyum Chrn, Cryp
7— 19-74 630 350 190 49 6.9 9.2 18
(55.a ) (30.4%) (7.76) (1.1%) (i.h.Z) (2. 9 ,)
Chip Anac, 141cr Melv, Nitz Eugi, Trac ‘l.rt Cryp
8— 2—”4 630 370 79 97 15 5S 3.5
(58.6%) (12.L ) (15.3 ) (2.4%) (9.1%) (o. )
Chiv, Chip 141cr Nits, Mciv Trac Vort Chil
8—15—74 1100 630 160 230 14 4,6
( 59. 7 ) (i .o%) (22.64) (1.34) (1.3 o) (0.4%)
Chip Aphz, Anab Meiv, Heig Eugi Vort Chil
8-29—74 13000 3100 10000 144 14 14 2.3
(23.6%) (75.a ) (0.34) (0.1%) (0.1%) *
Chip Aphz Melv Trac Vort
* = Less thar 0.1%
-------
Chlc e11a nr. vuigaris and Chiamydomonas spp. were the first dominant
green algae. One or more of these two genera (three species) were the
principal Chiorophyta from 9 hovember 1973 through 26 /.pril 1974 and
from 21 May 1974 through 12 July 1971+. Chlaznydomonas sp. and Colenkina
paucispina were the most common algae on 7 May 1974. Anki trodesm ia
falcutus and Ankistrodesmus sp., together with C ilorella spp. and
Chlamvdomonas spp. were the m’.or Chiorophyta throughout the remi tnder
of this study.
In the West Lagoon, the composition of the more abundant Chiorophyta
was more varied than In the East Lagoon. Sceredesmus nr. guadricauda
var. rvus was the dominant green alga on 9 November 19 3 and Chl-
domonas spp. or Chiorella nr. vulgaris were the prisicipal green algae
from 16 November 1973 through 14 May 1974. Golenklna paucispina was
dominant on 28 May 1974, ChlanydomDnas spp. and Ankistrodesmus sp. were
the most common forms on 28 June 1974, and Chiorella spp. dominated the
green algae throughout the rest of this study In th West Lagoon.
Chlorella, Chiamydomonan , and Sceriedesmus have been among the first gen-
era of algae to become established in other lagoor.s also, and they re-
main typical components of the Chiorophy-ta throu ghout the year (Gloyna,
1971), Gloyna (1971) also lists Golenkina as a typical green alga in
waste-stabilization lagoons, while both Gloyna (1971) and Davis, et. al.
(1964) include , \nki.strodeszu . as a commc ’.. representative. The Chioro—
phyta population of the !luskegon Lagoons appears, therefore, to he quite
typical of a wastewater lagoon environment.
The characteristic blue—green algae in the East Lagoon initially consis-
ted of psciliatoria spp., followed by Chroococcus nr. minor, Chroococcis
dispersus and Nostoc cornoinutum, and in July and August, Anaba na spp..
Chroococcus nr. minor, Chroococcus dicpersus , and Anabaena sj-p. were a1.o
dominant in the best Lagoon, along with Aphanocapsa rivularis, Nlcrocystls
aeruginosa , and anizomenon flon-acuac. Osdillatorla spp. was never a
dominant in the l e’ t Lagoon. These species are rot as typica] of a
wastewctter lagoon as are the species of Chlorophyta. The only principal
blue—green algae Gloyna (1971) listed we:e Oscillatoria and Ana aena,
(2
-------
while Davis, et. (196Li.), listed four genera dominating the Cyanophyta,
Anacystth, Oscillatorla, Phorrnidiurn and Spirulina .
With the xcept1on of Chroococcus spp., the p .1ncipal blue—green algae in
the West Lagoon are quite characteristic of eutrophic waters. In a study
of Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron, and Erie, Scholsko and Roth (1973)
found phanizomenon , Microcystis , and Anabaena to be the blue—green genera
characteristic of the most eutrophic zones. Hutchirson (1967) listed the
same three genera as dominant blue—green algae in eutrophic waters, espe-
cially In the temperate zone during the summer months.
The diatom population was generally quite low. In the West Lagoon they were
comprised of six genera, Melosira ni. granulata, Melosira nr. varlans , Nit-
zschia nr. ialea, Navicula spp., Cyclotella nr. memcgh niana, Sy-ncdra ulna
and Fragilaria nr. constrnenm. The latter two were never dominant diato ss
ii the wastewater East Lagoon, bot the other four gonora, along with
Stephanodiscus nr. invisitatus were the dominant diatoms in the East Lagoon.
in the literature searched, the only organism mentioned as typical of the
diatom - opulation in wastewater lagoons i3 Nitzschla (Cloyna, 1971).
Nitzschi.a nr. i alea , .. species found in the Muskegcn Lagoons, Is the only
diatom present out of c.ver 200 organisms which are common in trickling
filters (Cook , 1967).
Melosira g nu1ata and Stephariodiscus spp. are very common representatives
of the die torn population in e’ trophic waters, with Meloslrn granulata
very rar. ly occurring in oligotrophic waters. Cyclotella spp., which was
often a common diatom in both lagoons, is listed by Hutchinson (1967) as
an oligotrophic diatom, a fact which is not in agreement with the findings
of this study. Other authors, however, report that Cyclotella mcnoghtniana
is common in waters tending toward eutrophic conditions (Scheiske and
Roth, 1973).
Phacus, Eu lena , and Trachelonona.s were the pr5 .ncipal Euglenophyta In the
seepage-water West Lagoon, while only Phacus and Trac)-’elomonn iiere the
common Euglenophyta in the wastewater East Lagoon. rhe lack of Euglena as
a dominant in the East Lagoon is surprising, for they, along with Ph cus ,
are common dominants of the Euglenophy-ta in other astcw itcr lagoonn (Gloyna,
-------
1971 Davis, et. al., 196! ). Gloyna (1971) describes lena as having the
highest degree of adaptability to various lagoon conditions of any of the
common lagoon inhabitants. The three genera of euglenophytes which were
found In the Muskegon lagoons are all common in polluted waters rich in
nitrogenous organic compounds (Hutchinson, 1967).
The Ciliophora in the East Lagoon wem dominated by Glaucoma and Vorticella ,
whereas Glaucoma, Vorticella and Cyclidlum were dominant in th West LagcDn.
Vorticella is often the dormant protozoan present In secondary waste..tater
effluent (Yarma, et. al., 1975). Since the quality of the water discharged
into the East Lagoon was equivalent to wastewater undergoing secondary
treatment, this genus was expected to be present. All three genera found
are common components of the Ciliophora In trickling filters (Cooke, 1967).
The dominant Mastigophora present in both lagoons were the same, Bodo spp.,
Chilomonas nr. paramecium, Chroomonas or. nordstedtit , and Cryptomonas nr.
ovata . spp. is also a common represertative of the Mastigophora in
trickling filters (Cooke, 1967).
CHLO wP; YLL a
In aquatic plants, as in terrestlal plants, chlorophyll is the critical
component and initiates a series of physical-chemical changes which are
responsible for and culminate In the fauna. Due to chlorophyll’s import-
ance in photosynthesis, chlorophyll measurements may be used as indirect
indices of potential productivity (Prescott, 1962 Odun , 1971). Since the
amount of chlorophyll normally increases in bodies of water as the waters
become more eutrophic, chlorophyll measurements also provide comparative
data on eutrophication (Mackenthun, 1973). All aJgae coutain chlorophyll
a and thus It is usually the specific pigment measured in chlorophyll
determir.atioris (Weber, 1973).
Figure 17 shows the variabilit in the quantity of chlorophyll a at each
station throughout the year in the west Storage Lagoon. Two major peaks
appeared, one during February and one in late Au ,i.ist, 1974. The peak in
February does not show a good correlation with the number of phytoplankton.
On 13 February 1974, 42.99 ing chlorophyll a was present at SL -1 and
61i .
-------
55
50
145
F1GLJXE 17
Changes In the quantSty of
chlorophyll In the West
Stozaj e Lagoon
1973 — 197Z
35
0
a
STAT10 s
25
SLW-1
0
— — — —. SLW-5
H’
20
15
SLW-9
10
0 I D J
H
MC THS
A H J J A
65
-------
57.84 at SLW—9. Yet the phytoplankton counts on this date were approximately
9,400 organisms/mi at SLW-1 and only 4,LiOO at SLW.-9. On 27 February 1974
the chlorophyll a concentration increased to 56.16 mg/rn 3 aL SLW—1 and de-
creased sharply to 9.7 at SLW-9, yet the phytoplankton population remained
fairly constant at SLW—i and increased sharply to 11,277.7 organi sms/ml at
SLW-9. Since the environmental conditions did not fluctuate greatly, and
the sane species, Chiorella nr. vulgaris , was dominant ir. all these cases,
it appears that the viability of the algal cells varied during this period.
If the viability of the algal cells in the Muskegon Lagoons can vary o
greatly in a short period of time,, the use of chlorophyll measurements as
indices of productivity and/or eutrophy should be cautioned, at least in
these lagoons.
Unfortunately, the E ’st Lagoon chlorophyll samples from 26 April 1974 through
2 August 1974 were misplaced and cannot be included in these resujts. Due
to this large blcx k of missing data, a mca’ ingful graph of chlorophyll a
could not be made for the East Lagoon.
A comparison of the can quantity of chlorophyll a by depth and lagoon is
presented in Tat_c 12. ThIs table also indicates the large variability of
this parameter.
The chlorophyll a concentrations for both lagoons are not exceedingly high
compared to nat’iral waters. Caution must be exercised, however, In making
comparisons since the quantity of chlorophyll per unit of algae present is
influenced by various environmental and nutritional factors, as well as the
species and age or viability of the algal cells (Weber, 1973).
Fk IN’thY Th0DU TIvfl’Y
The basic aim of these measurements was to provide a i estinate of the
quantity of organic matter which is produced from Inorganic substances
within the lagoors. It is assumed that during photosynthesis one molecule
of oxygen is released for each atom of carbon assimilated (A ierican Public
} ealth AssocIation, 1971). ‘I’hcse measurements, therefore, also provide
information concerning the rate of oxygen production, an important con-
sideration in the .eavtly strcnsed lagoon environment.
66
-------
T .BLE 12
Comparison of the Quantity of Chlorophyll a in the East and We3t Lagoons.
Data are 6iven as the mean (mg/rn 3 ) ± one standard deviation.
KE TO ABBzU VIATJO
S shallow sample D deep sarupic B = both depths
LAG OOF
EAST
10-26-7)
11- 9-73
11—16—73
11—30-73
2 -13_71i .
2-27—74
3-13-74
3-29-74
4-12-74
4-26—74
S
4.2 +
1.7 ±
0.73 ±
0.42 ±
0.34 ±
0.24 ±
0.16 ±
0.12 ±
0.03 ±
2.8
1.2
0.07
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.08
*
D
0.24 ± 0.03
0.51 ± 0.34
0.25 ± 0.00
0.15’ 0.11
0.16± 0.12
B
0.29 ± 0.09
0.38 ± 0.25
0.20± 0.10
0.14÷ 0.06
0.13 ± 0.09
11 ± 3.9
10 ± 1.8
12 + 0.08
1. ± 0.84
50 ±10
33 ± 33
11 ± 0.43
11 ± 8.3
20 ± 2.1.
WEST
D
35 +31
6.7 + 2.4
17 ±17
13 ± 1.2
4.7 ± 0.66
B
34
8.6
i Ll.
1?
5.2
+ 26
± 2.7
+ 11
± 3.9
± 0.89
-------
TABLE 12 CCNCL T JDED
DATE LACOON
______________ EAST ______________ WEST _______
S D B S D B
5-14 -7Li . 2.3 ± 0.06 2. ± 0.16 2.5 ± 0.28
5-28-74 1.1 ± 0.63 0.91 ± 0.48 1.0 ÷ 0.38
6-28-74 1.4 ± 0.15 2.1 0.77 1.8 ± 0.62
7-10-74 10 ÷ 2.4 9.2 ± 0.56 9.3 ± 1.6
8- 2-74 53 ± 1.2 .8 ± 0.58 3.6- + 2.2
8- 9-74 9.1 ± 7.2 6.8 ± 2.7 8.0 ± .o
8-15-7 1+ 9 ) ± 1.0 5.6 + 3.4 7.5 ± 3.0
8-20-71+ 23 ± 5.2 24 + 15 23 + 9.3
8-29-71+ ± 15 33 ± 14 39 ± 14
* on .y one sample
-------
As shown in Figures 18 and 19. there was a reneral increase in the pro-.
ductivity In both lagoons during the summer. In the East Lagoon, the rates
of carbon fixation ranged from a low of 0.35 mg C/m 3 /hr on 11 June 1974 to
a very high value of 147.66 on 20 August 1974, while in the West Lagoon
the rates ranged from a low of 1.11 m C/m 3 /hr on 28 May 1974 in the deep
sample (a depth equal to the secchi disk trancparency) to a very high value
of 164.93 on 29 August 1974 in the shallow sample (a depth equal to ono-haif
the seccnl disk transparency)(Table 13). These highs and lows In the Went
Lagoon correspond with the summer highs and laws for the concentration of
chlorophyll a. Due to missing data, the same comparison cannot bc made
or the East Lagoon.
PHYSICAL PRAIiE’FEHs
The directton of flo,i oi the wastewater, as ontrolle by the various gates,
had an apparent effect upon only one parameter, secch dIsk transparency,
as noted below.
Secchi Disk Transparency
The transparency in the the East Lagoon was very small and cor sistently
xeinained much lower than in the West Lagoon. The mean In the East Lagoon,
17.0 cm ± 3.3, was only 17.6 of the me.n 1’ the west Lagoon, 96.3 cm +
18.5. The lowest values were at SLE-1, the sample point closvst to the
discharge pipe, on all but one cc tsion, 9 August 1974. On thin ctate the
exit to the outlet lagoon (Fig. 1) was open and it in quite possible that
the incoming wastewater was not mtxlng completely with the lagoon waste-.
water but rather was short—circuiting directly to th2 outlet. There wa. no
appreciable dIfference during the peilod when the equalizing gato was open
69
-------
FIGURE 18
100
Changes in primary prc iuctivity In the East
Storage Lagoon (Ordinate is a partAal 4 cycle
logarithmic scale)
80
1974
60
‘N
20
U
0
10
8
SI’ATI0 S
SLE—1
6
— _ — . S1 -5
0------
I
/
—e SLE-8
4
I
I
I
MAY JU?.E JULY AIJ(;UST
MONTHS
70
-------
200 — FIGU1 E 19
C -anges in primary productivity in the best
Storage Lagoon (Ordinate in a partial 4 cycle
logarithuic sc3le)
I CO
80
60
12O
C.,
p
2
0.8
0.6 — I
MAY JUNE JULY
MOhThS
/
1974
STATIObS
SLW—1
— _.SLW-5
— — — — — SLW-9
‘Ii
/
/ —
-7
/
/
1
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
I
71
-------
TABLE 13
Comparison of Primary Productivity in the East and West La€oons.
Data are &iven as the mean (rig c/m3/hr) ± one standard deviation.
KEY TO ABBf EVIATl0NS
S shallow samples D deep sa nple3 B both depths
DATE
LAGOON
EAST
EST
S
0.35 ±
29 ±
0.28
13
5-1-74
5—28-74
6-11—74
7—12-74
7—19-74
7—26-74
8-2-74
8-9-74
8-15—74
8—20—74
8-29-74
S
76 ± 13
15 ± 1.0
59 ± 7.3
27 ± 12
88 43
150 ± 79
1.) ± 0.01
1.1 .± 0.58
4.5 ± 1.7
35 ± 2.9
12 ± 2.0
46 ± 4.2
B
55 .± 24
14 2.3
52 8.6
160 ± 6.0 58 ± 23
110 ± 60
-------
and water flowed from the East Lagoon into the West Lagoon.
Turbidity
With the exception of SLE—i, turbidity was fairly constant at each station
and depth, and the only apparent major trend was higher turbidity in the
wastewater East Lagoon than in the seepage—water West Lagoon (Table 14).
In the West Lagoon, the range was from a low of 1.7 F’TU to a high of 7.4,
with only minor differences between the two depths at each station. In the
East Lagoon the turbidity at station SLE—5 was always close to the turb1di y
at SLE—8. At SLE—j, though, the turbidity was consistently much higher
and showed more variability between the two depths. This station is the
closest to the inflow of the semi—treated wastewater. The range at SLE-i
was from a low of 4.2 Pr U to a high of 3L , while at the other two stations
in the East Lagoon the range was from a low of 3.7 to a high of 16.
Since turbidity did not correspond with the fluctuating plankton population,
and since the turbidity at SLE-1 was much greater than at any other station,
it appears that suspended matter auch as clay, silt, and finely divided
organic and inorganic detritus,rather than aquatic organisms.accounts for
the majority of the turbidity.
Conductivity
With the exception of one sample, the conductivity at each station in the
East Lagoon consistently remained higher than at each station in the We ;t
Lagoon (Table 14). There were minor variations between stations and depths
within each lagoon, and an overall increase in conductivity throughout this
Investigation.
73
-------
‘rASL 14
Comparison of Turbidity, Secchl Disk Transparency, p}1,
and Conductivity In the East and West Lagoors. Data
are given as the r’ean ÷ one standard devlatioii.
—
LAG 0O .
-
Turbidity, F1’U
EAST
11.7 ±
6.
3.5
± 1.5
Seechi Di .k Transparency,
cm
17 ±
3
96
± 18
pH
7.7+
0.2
8.1
+0.3
Conductiv&ty,mlcro-nthos
970 ± 221
711
196
perature
The mean temperature ± one standard deviation for each lagoon and sampling
date 1 . presented In Table 15. There was very little variation 1 water
temperature between stations and between the two uepths sampled on the
same date, excc t for slight ii temperatures at SLE—i in the
winter months due to the 1ncom ng wastewater. There was, of course, a
great of seasonal variation.
The 1est Lagoon was slightly more alkaline than the East Lagoon (Table 14).
Periods of high photosynthetic c.ctivity did not appear to elevate the pH
in either lagoon, indicating a good buffering capacity in these waters.
DISSOLVED GXYGE . MW BIOCHEMICAL O/.YCEN DEMA?.D
The mean DO an ROD ± one standard deviation for each saznpling date and
each lagoon Is presented In Tablt 15. The direction of flow of the
wastewater, as controlled by the various gates, had little apparent
effect upon these parameters.
Dissolved Oxygen
With the exception o ’ 9 .over.ter 1973, and immediately after the ice
74
-------
TABLE 15
Compar1sot of Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and B .ochemica1 Oxygen Demand in
the East and West Lagoon i. Data i .re gives as the mean ± one standard deviation.
KEY TO ABi EVIATI0 .S
TE r Temperature, °C DO a Dissolved Oxygen, mg/I BOD Five day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, mg/i
DA’fE
EAST
LAG C0 .
10—26-73
11— 9—73
11—16—73
11—30—73
12-21—73
1- 2-74
1-16-74
1-30-74
2-13—74
2-27—74
TE P
10.3 ± 0.3
9.3 ± 0.4
9.0 ± 0.0
7.8 + 0.4
0.8 ± 0.3
0.5 ±
2.0 ± 0.0
2.4 ± 0.8
2.2 ± 0.3
1.5 ± 0.6
3.1 ± 1.9
8.1 4.5
5.2 + 3.5
7.0 ± 4.0
3.7 ± 2.4
3•9± *
0.2 ± 0.1
1.4 ± 2.3
0.3 ± 0.2
0.0 ± 0.0
10.0 ±
9•3 ±
9.0 +
7.5 ±
0.5 ±
0.’) ±
0.0
0. 1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
EOD
14.7 ±
19.2 ±
19.5 ±
32.5
34.5 ±
**
16.0 ±
15.3 ±
14.0 ±
19.8 ±
13.3
16.8
22.0
30.4
27.6
4.2
5.5
2.3
3.3
DO
8.4 +
li.8 ±
10.5 ±
11.6 ±
14.2 ±
13.6 ±
10.8 ±
12.9 ±
11.2 ±
0.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
1.1
0.3
1.3
2.5
1.8
OD
3.7 r 2.5
± 0.2
1.6 ± 0.5
0.5 ± 0.7
6. ± 0.7
* *
7.0 ± 0.0
5.6 ± 3.2
6.8 ± 4.1
1.0 ± 0.0
0.8 ± 0.3
0.8 0.3
-------
TABLE 15 C0IrrINUED
TEMP
3.8 ±
3.0 ±
8.8 +
12.3 ±
14.1 ±
BOD
17.2 + 2.6
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.9
DO
± 0.8
± 1.6
± 0.8
+ 0.6
+ 1.1
2.6
7.6
3.0
2.9
2.6
TEMP
3.1 ±
1.5 ±
6.0 +
12.6 ±
14.2
15.5
ii .5
19.8
± 0.5
± 7.6
+ 6.2
±9.7
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.9
DO
12.8 ±
14.5 ±
10.2 ±
8.9 ±
— DATE LAGOON
____________ EAST ______________ - W T
3-13-74
3-29-74
4-12 -714.
4-26-74
5- 7-74
O\ 54 1 4...7 1 J.
5-21-74
5-28-711.
6-11—74
6-28—74
7-12—711.
7—19—74
0.1
1.2
0.3
0.14.
17.5 ± 0.8
20.0 ± 0.0
27.0 ± 0.8
1.4 ± 0.7
2.1 0.9
0.1 ± 0.1
5.1 ± 2.8
31.3 ± 3.0
17.8 ± 5.7
BOD
4.5 ± 0.6
5.2 ± 0.9
8.0 ± 3.1
4.7 ± 0.5
4.2 ± 1.2
2.6 ± 0.6
7.2 1.2
3.6 ± 1.0
11.0 ± 0.0
16.0 ± 0.0
22.3 ± 0.7
25.6 ± 0.2
8.6 ± 0.11.
7.2 ± 0.3
5.4 ± 0.2
6. 11. 0.5
7—26—74 4.2 ± 0.3
0.0 ± 0.0 17.0 ± 3.5
-------
TABLE 15 CONCLUDED
DATE
LAGOON
EAST
E ST
TF4
-------
broke up on 29 March 1974, the moan DO levels consistently remained very
low in the East Lagoon, and much below the DO levels in the seepage-water
West Lagoon. During he first several months of this investigation,
there wan a large difference in the DO levels between stations in the
East Lagoon, as evidenced by the large standard deviations (Table 15).
The DO at SLE-j was quite a bit lower than at SLE-8. By 2 January 1974,
however, the DO had dropped at SLE—8 and it remained more uniform within
the lagoon on all subsequent sampling dates. There were two periods of
especially low DO in the East Lagoon, one during Ice-cover and the other
during July and Augu3t, when the wa. er temperatures were at their maximum
(Fig. 20). The DO levels in the West Lagoon did not experh nce a similar
decline durIn the icc—cover, but did experience an early sammer decline,
with recovery in August during the phytoDlanicton bloom (Fig. 21). This
was the only algae bloom which coincided with a peak in DO. Zone of the
other phytoplanicton peaks are evident by observing the DO values, suggest—
ng that there m y be significant heterotrophic algae growths occurring
in both lagoons ,a conunon situation in other wastewater lagoons (Zajic ar.d
Chlu, 197O Witdesian, 1970).
Biochem c’a1 Oxygen Demand
The BOD was consistently higher in the East Lagoon than In the West Lagooi,
due to the high amount of organic matter in the wastewater. fhis, in part,
accounts for the lower DO levels in the East Lagoon.
Similar to the sltuati n for DO, during the first several months of this
investigation there as a large difference in the BOD levels between
statior , in the East Lagoon, as evidenced by the large standard deviations
(Table 15). By January, however, the wastewater constituents had ob-
tained a more homogeneous distribution within this lagoon and the BOD
at SLE-1 wan close to the DOD at SLE-8 (Fig. 22).
TOTAL OFGANIC CARBON
The overall moan concentration of total organic carbon (TOO) In the East
Lagoon, 41.6 rn /l ± 12.9, was m:ich greater thai the mean In the West La-
goon, 26.2 + 17.6. On only two occasions did the West Lagoon have a
78
-------
n
I I
I j “
0
MONTHS
15
14
13
12
FIOCRE 20
Changes in the dissolved
oxygen content of the East Lagoon
1973 — 1974
STAT IO NS
- _ . SLE-1
11
0-—— — — pSLE-5
10
9
p.
p.
0 — — — .— —SLE-9
7
6
5
3
1 —
2
1
I
I
I
l-
iT
0 U D J F N A N J J A
79
-------
0 N 0 J F M
MONTHS
EQ
A H J J A
15
Ill.
13
12
11
10
9
8
E
p4
p.
6
5
3
2
1
STATIONS
SLW—1
— — —obLW-5
0—•— _.._._._SLW-9
FICUHE 21
Chan os in the dissolved
oxygen content of the West Le.goon
1973 - 1 9 7L
J__________I_ I I I t I I
-------
A
•, .‘
\.
I \.1
5g-
N
A 1 j J A
55
FIGtE1E 22
Changes in the biochemical oxygen
demand in the Eant Lagoon
1973 - 1974
STATiONS
p SLE-1
— — —.-.SLE-5
— — -. SLE-8
50
I O
35
30
25
20
15
‘-4
r
It
10
_________________I I
MON’Ti is
31
-------
FIGURE 23
10
9
8
Changes in the biochemical
oxygen demand in tn. est
Lagoon
1973 — 1974
7
6
/
0
5
4
I
3
/
I I
ST AT IONS
2
SLW.-1
—---0
1
SLW-5
0 —-— -— —. SLW-°
0
Ii
J F
A M J J A
M01 fhS
-------
greater amount of total organic carbon. These lses, on 29 March 1975
and 14’ ‘ay 1974’, do not correspond to any phytoplankton bloom and are
unexplainable with the present data. Total organic carbon was 1 ore homo-
geneous in the West Lagoon than in the Fast Lagoon.
UUT IEhTS, A I01 S At D MFrAJS
Table 16 suminarizesthese data and presents, for each parametc r, the mean
± one standard deviation. Ammonia nitrogen was the only pare.meter notice-
ably affected by a change in the flow due to gate positions.
Ammonia Nitrogen
Due to the hL h levels of ammonia in domestic and industrial astes, the
concentration of ammonia nitrogen was much higher in the East Lagoon than
in the West Lagoon . The ammonia nitrogen concentration in thr, West
Lagoon .as very often below 0.1. mg/i, and the mean coscentraticn for the
entire year was only 4.3 of the mean In the East Lagoon.
In the East Lagoon fron 2 January 1974’ through 11 June 1974’ there was an
overall general rise in the amount of ammonia, from a low of 1.0 ug/l to
a high of 5.6. Throu hout the remainder of this 3tudy, however, the
ammonia levels decrea’ed In this lagoon to a low of 0.3 mg/i on 20 August
1974’. Just prior to this period of rapid decline in ammonia levels, the
westewater flow sattern was altered in the E st Lagoon. rhe gate to the
outlet cell was opened, thus allowing the incoming wa tewater to enter
the East Lagoon, tut Instead of mixing with the lagoon water, it could
immediately flow out to be used for Irrigation water. It ap eared, from
the flow of surface foam and color, U’at this short—circuiting was oc . r—
Ing. However, secchl disk transpare.cy has the only other parameter to
bear this out. This could possibly be due to the fact that ammonia Is
rapidly oxidized to nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, and tnerefore, in order
t maintain the high levels of ammonia which were present, a continual
influx was required. Without continual replenishnent, the ammonia leve]s
plummetted. This fluctuation accounts for a g .eat deal of the rather
large standard de ,iatton. oct of the other parameters do not change
form so rapidly, and thus the levels could not drop as quickly.
-------
Nitrate ‘ itro en
The difference between the concentration of nitrate rhrogen in thc ’ two
lagoons was much lcsn than for ammonia. There was a great deal of fluc-
tuation in ths nitrate levels, as evidenced by the large stani. .rd devia-
tions.
Orthophosphate
Due to the high amount of phosphate in domestic sewage, the m an cnccn—
tratlon of orthophosphate in the East Lagoon was quite high, 4.47 mg/i ±
1.23, and 5.5 times greater than the mean of 0.80 ± 0.97 in the West
Lagoon. Unlike the situation n many natural waters, phosphorous do ’ 5
not seem to limit phyt’plankton growth or control standing crops in the
wastewater East Lagoon.
The great fluctuations in the concentrations of oDthc ,ihosphate in the
West Lagoon is pu&zling. In January 1974 the concentration was .‘. and
3.8 mg/i, and yet on the next four consec.utive samples, daring F’ bruary
and March 1974, it was less than 0.1 m -fi. Thl fluctu t!on ac.ounts
for the very large standard deviation.
Sulfate
Su]Sate levels were not high and were quite homogeneous within each
lagoon. The mean concentration in the West Lagoon, 71.5 mg/i ± 14.6,
76.?% of the mean In th East Lagoon, 93.2 /i + 13.9.
c uor1de
The concentration of chloride in each Lagoon was high and very evenly
diatribu ed am g the three station. ‘.n each lagoon. There wa only
stnor variation in tho chloride levels during this investigatic . with
the concentratio’ of this on being consistently higher In the East
Lagoon. This is as expected, since cnlorlde Is usually higher In sewage
than in raw water because sodium chloride passes unchanged throi’gh . ‘--‘
digestive system.
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Metals
With the exception of magnesium, a common constituent or natural waters,
the concentration of each of these pram t.. r . was igher in the East Lagoon
than iii the West Lagoon. Sodium levels were much higher in the wastewater
East Lagoon than in the hest for the same reason that chloride was ir.....h
higher.
TABLE 16
PAN ANEIEIt LAGOON
EAST
WEST
Ammonia Nitrogen, N1i 4 —N
2.89 ± 1.81
0.12 + 0.16
Nitrate Nitrogen, N0 3 -N
1.00 ± 1.03
0.64 ± 0.33
Orthophosphate, P0 4
4.47 1.23
0.80 ± 0.97
Sulfate, SO 4
93.2 ± 13.9
71.5 ± 14.6
Chloride, Cl
159.2 ± 12.9
100.0 ± 16.2
Calcium
63.3 ± 8.4
53.4 + 7,2
Magnesium
15.80 ± 1.51
17.25 ± 1.31.
Sodium
145.3 ± 9.7
90.1. ± 13.4
Potassium
12.05 ± 1.21.
5.44 + 0.8!,’
Manganese
0.234 ± 0.036
0.043 ± 0.021
Zinc
0.206 ± 0.041
0.081 + 0.039
Iron
0.920 ± 0.166
0.788 ± 0.394
Comparison of Nutrient,
Lagoon. Data are given
deviation.
Anion, and Metal Data In the East and West
as the yearly mean (mg/l) ± ene standard
85
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SECTION V
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