!
-.
h Study
Scott, Lucas Neas
EPA
El
Paso
hild
Melissa Gonzales, Debra W
USEPA, National Health and
Scott R
Robert Clickner, WES TAT Inc.
Maria Morandi, University of Texas-
L aboratoty
of Public Health
-------
Fact Sheet
September 28,2001
The Health Effects of Particulate Matter and Co-pollutant Exposure
to Children Living in El Paso, TX,
The National Academy of Science has identified information gaps in our knowledge and
understanding of the relationship between exposures to outdoor air pollutants and children's
respiratory health. Among others, these gaps include the effects of breathing air that contains motor
vehicle exhaust. The effects of breathing in these air pollutants is particularly important to
understand in order to protect the health of sensitive members of our population such as children and
the elderly.
The El Paso Children's Health Study is an attempt to fill some of these important information gaps
by looking at the possible links between outdoor air pollution and asthma, bronchitis, other chest
illnesses and symptoms in children and will focus on air pollutants that come from motor vehicle
exhaust (fine particulate matter or soot and gases such as nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic
compounds) since the effects of these pollutants on children's health are not well understood
The El Paso-Ciudad Juarez area is one of the largest metropolitan areas on the US-Mexico border.
Each year, more than 18 million vehicles cross between the two cities and many industnes are
located in the area. Heavily traveled roads and interstate freeways also run through El Paso. During
the winter, weather conditions trap air pollutants close to ground level where they concentrate.
The main sources of the air pollutants that will be studied (particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and
volatile organics) are car and truck emissions. Many of these pollutants are monitored on a regular
basis in El Paso. In addition, these air pollutants have been measured in the vicinity of El Paso
Independent School District (EPISD) schools over the previous two winters and the levels of many
of these air pollutants appear to depend on the school's distance from major roadways.
Highway and border traffic congestion, combined with the weather conditions in winter and the
different levels of air pollutants in different afeas of the city provides the chance to study the health
effects of motor vehicle exhaust on children.
The study was conducted with the cooperation of ihe El Paso Independent School District (EPISD).
The protocol complied with the EPA regulations and policies pertaining to the protection of human
subjects in research and was reviewed by the University of North Carolina's Committee on the
Protection of the Rights of Human Subjects (Institutional Review Board) and the EPA Human
Subjects Research Review Official.
All fourth and fifth grade children enrolled in EPISD during the Spring semester 2001 were eligible
to participate in the study and received a questionnaire from their teacher to take home to their
parents. The questionnaire asked about any lung illnesses, such as asthma and bronchitis, or
breathing problems their child had in early childhood and within the past year.
-------
By the end of the study, 7,775 questionnaires were completed and returned for an 80% participation
rate. Parents were also asked to consent to have their child’s height, weight, and breathing capacity
measured. From late-March through mid-May, breathing tests were performed on 2,572 children
at 20 selected elementary schools. The cooperation extended by the EPISD principals, teachers,
staff; parents and the children was excellent throughout the study.
The research data is currently undergoing quality assurance review and preliminary analysis.
The investigators plan to present a report with basic information on children’s health status and nsk
factors to the EPISD at the December 11, 2001 school board meeting. A complete analysis of the
role of traffic-related air pollutants in children’s respiratory health will be conducted dunng 2002
with a report of preliminary findings at a major international scientific conference in the Fall, 2002
and several scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals in 2003. This study will provide important
perspectives on the potential role that air pollutants may play on the health of children
Contact: Lucas Neas, Pnncipal Investigator, (919) 966-9961, or Melissa Gonzales, (919) 966-
7549, Human Studies Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
(RTP).
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
-
Child
Study
Melissa Gonzales, Debra Walsh, Scott Rhoney, James Scott, Lucas Neas
NHEERL- Epidemiology and Biomarkers Branch
Halük Ozkaynak, Shaibal Mukerjee, Gary Norris
NERL — Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division
# w
PROItG
Paso
-------
fWS T
T
——
Overview
• Large U.S. I Mexico Community
— El Paso “ 3I4 million
— CiudadJuarez 2to3 million
• Three border crossings
• Three major freeways
• Urban core and trans-border
• Considerable light industry
• Limited heavy industry
N • Land rises away from river
• Predominantly ( “85%) Hispanic
• School-based study
* NRCC sites
• Region I Schools
• Region2Schools
• Region 3 Schools
• Region 4 Schools
Ciudad Juarez,
Chihuahua, Mexico
-------
DST 4 h
Previous Studies
in the Paso Del Norte Region
• Hartetal.(1999)
— Paso del Norte 1994-1995
— PM 10 (2-day lag) associated with ER visits
• Cardena et al. (2000)
— Ciudad Juarez 1997-1 998
— PM 10 (20 Jfr tgIm 3 5-day lag) associated with a 7
percent increase in ER visits
-------
DSr 4 .
I
Previous Studies of
Intra Urban Gradients
• Ware et al. (1993) - Kanawha County Health Study
— Asthma OR = 1.16 (1.06 — 1.26) for 30 j.tglm 3 Petro. VOC’s
• Wjst et al. (1993) — Munich traffic
— Asthma OR = 1.06 (0.97 — 1.16) for 25,000 cars I day
• Van Vliet et al. and Brunekreef et al. (1997) — Dutch freeways
— FEV 1 -4.1% (-7.9 to -0.1) for 10,000 trucks I day
• Peters et al. (1999)— S. California Children’s Health Study
— Wheeze in boys OR = 1.54 (1.04 — 2.29) for 25 ppb NO 2
-------
DST 4
Pilot Exposure Study
7-Day integrated samples in February 1999
22 Elementary schools - 2 TNRCC stations
Nitrogen Dioxide
— Ogawa tubes
— PVC shelters
— Analyzed byHSPH
• Volatile Organic Compounds
— Modified 3M OVM
— Stainless steel shelters
— Analyzed by UT - Houston
-------
Volatile Organics Monitored
Benzene
Toluene
m-, p-Xylenes
o-Xylene
Decane
MTBE
Nonane
I ,3-Butadiene
2,3-Dimethyl pentane
Ethyl benzen e
Styrene
Naphthylene
a-Pinene
-Pinene
d-Limonene
lsoprene
Tetrach loroethylene
p -Dich lorobenzene
Methylene chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Inch loroethylene
Chloroform
ST .
-------
DS
“I ’— .
Pilot Study Results
1-week samples
20 elementary schools
NO 2 Concentrations
N02 (ppb)
• 11-14
• 14-21.5
o 21.5 - 30.9 Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
• 30.9-37.7
-------
__ O )
Smoothed NO 2 Concentrations
US I Mexico Border
Co
1 -
-------
DSr
I
NHEERL! NERL Collaboration
• 21- days in November and December, 1999
• 20 elementary schools — NO 2 and VOC’s
• Intensive monitoring at 2 TNRCC sites
— Continuous CO, NO, NO 2 and meteorology
— PM number concentrations with SMPS and APS
— 3 bins (0.02 — 0.1 pm) (0.1 — 0.7 pm) (1 — 10 pm)
-------
(1)
——
Source Apportionment
Auto Exhaust VOC Contnbution at CAMS 41 from auto-GC AIRS data
3500 -
Chemical Mass Balance (CMB8) Estimate .
2500 -
• •
2000 -
ft i oo-
1000- • S • .
500; • • ••• • I.
0•- flU’ • • • • • I S i s ; .:s I I • I I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
r (CMB vs. UNMIX) = 0.998 Start Hour
3500 -
UNMIX Receptor Model Estimate
3000 -
2500 -
• •
2000- •
ft 1500-
•
•
1000 I
500- •
u I s I I ! I I ! I 1 ‘ 1 1! l,iI
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Start Hour
-------
€DSTA
( J
Ultrafine Particle Counts
Particle Count at CAMS 41
70000 - -- __________________--
Ultrafine Mode (0.02-0.1 pm) Particle Counts
60000
rwith auto exhaust (CMB8: 0.77; UNMIX: 0.78) S
50000
. . S S • •
.1,: :
30000 • • • : •
$ S • I s • • • . S S
20000
liii u : j lit
0 _____ ________________
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Start Hour
14000
Accumulation Mode (0.1-0.7 pm) Particle Counts
12000
rwith auto exhaust (CMB8: 0.86; UNMIX: 0.87)
10000• • •
•
• •
8000
‘ 6000
• S .
• • S . • *
4000 S • • • • • •
S S $ • • S • •
Iiiiu’u ‘1111111 ilItili
0-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Start Hour
-------
(g \
m s o .
Passive versus Continuous
• Passive samplers (VOC and NO 2 ) are well-correlated
with continuous samplers.
• Ogawa’s (NO 2 ) under-predict and OVM’s (VOC)
over-predict ambient levels; possibly due to
diffusion barrier influences.
• GIS modeling of UF counts using NO 2 I VOC
measurements and traffic patterns.
-------
DS
I •T
. .
Respiratory Symptoms
• 53 elementary schools
• 4th and 5th grade children
• February 2000
• 8,600 returned questionnaires
• 85% response rate
TX
Franklin Mountains
State Park
A
FO BhS4iI
MhtayReeøv lon
El Paso
International Alrpod
A
N
A Schools with questionnaires
ciudad Juarez,Mexico
-------
_ QIL!
Pulmonary Function
• 20 elementary schools
• March—May2000
• Forced maneuvers
3,300 examinations
El
TX
Franklin Mountains
State Park
(Fort
Fort Bliss
Schools with PFltest
cludad JuarezMexhco
-------
( 4\
Ancillary Air Monitoring
• Concurrent with PFT
• Basic sampling
— Passive NO 2
— Passive VOC
— PM 25 compact samplers
• PM 25 sequential samplers
— 7 daily samples
— Split stream
— Teflon filters
Ciudad Juarez,
Texas, USA
.
Frenidin Mountains
State Park A
• H
S Army
El Peso
International
• Basic Sampling
• Basic and Sequential Sampling
N
Chihuahua, Mexico
— Quartz filters for EC I OC
-------
D ST .
Prospectus
O Expected publication schedule
• FuturecitiesforPM/asthma (EPA)
• Parallel work by PM centers
• Collaborations with PM centers
-------
-------
Children’s Respiratory Health Study
—
___ Focus: Chronic Respiratory Health Effects
Asthma, Bronchitis, Functional Decrements and Symptoms
________
Respiratory Health Questionnaire (English and Spanish)
4 th & 5 th grade students enrolled at 53 schools (n 9,300) will receive the
questionnaire for their l)aI’ellts to complete.
Pulmonary Function Testing
At 23 schools, approx. 4,500 children with parental permission.
Outdoor Monitoring of NO,, \OC, PI\1 2.5
Conducted at the schools (luring the pulmonary function tcstlng
-------
Previous Studies on Acute Respiratory Health and
Ambient Air Quality in the Paso Del Norte Region
Retfl)spceti\c Timc—Series Analyses on Pediatire Emergency Room Visits
C’L’/1IL’/ /‘Ir 1)/s L’U’ C Coiiirol wul Prc’vc,if ia /i
UT ih)u.sioll School of P 1 11)/ic I/ca/ui at El Paso _____
IflS’tilul() \ icio;ia/ de Sa/ud Piihlico
Hart et al. (19 ) ) • Association between ER Visits
P(l o (/L’! and PM
/994 9 i I 2-i)av La z ___________
-
Cardena et al. (2000) • 5% Increase in ER Visits
With 2() pph OLone increase
C c i. Jiiarc’z
3-1)av La i :
199 7-9(S
• 7% Increase in ER Visits
With () uwm3 P\ 110 Increase
L -Dav La
. 1
-------
El Paso Children’s Health Study
Study Design
L 0
MEXICO
NEW
TEXAS
-------
— - .—-——— —
Monitoring Nitrogen Dioxide and Volatile Organics
at El Paso Schools
7-Day integrated samples with passive monitors
NO 7 (Oga\\a)
VOCs (3M 3520 Oig inic \ poi \lonitoi)
I Week February 1999 / 3 Weeks December 1999
22 El Paso Elementary Schools
2 TX Natural Resource Conservation Commission
Monitoring Stations
-------
Spatial Distribution of NO 2 Concentration
in El Paso, TX
¶ --- - — .- ___
T _ -
14.58-20.19
20.19 - 26.74
g
S -
Biggs Army
Airfield
7-Day Integrated Measurements
December 1999
Franklin Mountains
State Park
Fort Bliss Military
Reservation
N02 (ppb)
S
EJ Paso
ir emat1 Airport
8 26.74-34.17
CiudadJuarez, Mexico
-------
—
-------
Motor Vehicle Related Volatile Organics:
Benzene and Toluene (ug/m3)
N
4 p
g 1.04-1.9
1.9-2.88
B gs AmTy
Alifleld
2.97 -4.14
t14 -7.46
7.46-11.49
BP8sQ1X
Frwiklin Mountains
State Perk
cj
Ermklun Mo..xttains
State Perk
g
BPaSQ1X
Reservation
Benzene
7
‘N
S
;r E1 Paso
emat1 pa
Reservation
Toluene
B s Army
Airfield
8
S
S
/
Paso
k*ematl po
8 2.88 - 4.64 caE *,ez A rIco
g
-------
Motor Vehicle Related Volatile Organics:
Xylenes and MTBE (ug/m3)
N
t
9gsAm
frkfiid
S
0.14 -0.52
0.52-1.1
Biggs Army
Airfield
I
g ‘N
Franidin Mou1ar
Pat
BPasc 7X
7,
-ç
Franklin Motsdains
sate Park
B Paso,
TX
\
1
Fort øiji P.4ftay
Reeerwbon
\
m&p-Xylene
1.19-2.91
S
• flP o
2.91 -t06
S
Reservation
MTBE
S
htemell Airpoil
4 06-7.46
* 1co
S
1.1 -2.24
CiudadJuarez, Mexico
-------
Point-Source Volatile Organics
(ug/m3)
N
4f1
8 0-0.08
S
0.08 - 0.29
S
0.12 -0.31
0.31 - 0.52
BPa lX
Fr ildin P utWa
a
/
Franklin Mountains
State Park
S
TX
El Paso,
/ -
I
Thchloroethylene
$
4irfi d
y
N
S
Fort Bliss Military
Reservation
/
Tetrachioroethylene
Biggs Army
ãrf laid
L
S
El Paso
Intemati A port
S
0.29-0.48
0.52 - 2.62
Ciudad Juarez, Mexico
-------
- )
-H— —
Summary of Exposure Gradients in the Vicinity
of El Paso Elementary Schools
Gradient of decreasing NO 7 concentrations with increased distance
from central El Paso and the international border.
Similar gradients for motor vehicle relaied VOCs
Gradients were similar across the 3 study weeks in ___
December 1 999 and the NO 2 gradient observed the previous
winter.
Evidence of VOC point source emissions _______
NEXT STEP: Use measurements, GIS, traffic data to develop
exposure models for the health effects study.
-------
Interpolated NO 2 Concentrations
The surface generated from three weeks of NO 2 measurements in 1999 (February 11-18 and November 29
through December 13) at 24 locations using a bivariate smooth (span of 35%)
Q)
r
Is I
-------
EPA
Continuous measurement of
ultrafine particulate matter
in El Paso, Texas, USA, during winter 1999
Noble CA; Rodes CE; Ozkaynak HA;
Mukerjee S; Gonzales M; Neas LM
I Q!! I
-------
EPA
Studies of Intra-urban Gradients
• Kanawha Valley, US
• Asthma OR = 1.13 (1.05—I .21) for 25 pg/rn 3 petro VOC
• Munich, Germany
• Wheeze OR = 1.08 (1.01-1.16) for 25 000 cars per day
• Netherlands
• Asthma OR = 1.68 (0.68-4.14) rnax.-min. dist. to freeway
• LosAngeles,US
• Asthma OR = 1.21(0.85-1.71) for 25 ppb NO 2
I
-------
&EPA
Mobile Source Emissions
• Carbon monoxide
• Oxides of Nitrogen
• Sulfur dioxide
• Volatile organic compounds
• Ultrafine particulate matter
• Accumulation-mode PM
• Fine particulate matter
• Ozone
CO
NO/NO 2
SO 2
VOC’s
UF
AM
PM 25
03
IQi’ !
-------
&EPA
Any Point
Palmes Tubes (NO 2 )
Ogawa Badges (NO 2 )
Exposure Assessment
GIS
Distance to Roadway ,1
Traffic Density /
Passive Monitors
Organic Vapor Monitors
Many Points
Few Points
Particle Counters (UF I AM)
Active Monitors
$
DM
(VOC’s)
£
$
Gravimetric (PM 25 )
-------
O(\l
El Paso NO 2 Gradients
I ! !
EPM
US I Mexico Border
-------
Active Monitoring
in El Paso
I Q!! !
W E
Bndges Mexico
-------
&E A
Particulate Matter Monitoring
-O.O2toO.1 m
• Scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS)
• Ultrafine 13 channels
• Accumulation 14 channels - 0.1 to 0.7 p.m
• Aerodynamic particle sizer (APS)
• Coarse —32 channels — Ito 10 p.m
• 15-minute intervals
• 28 Nov. through 18 Dec., 1999
;
I
I
-------
&EPA
Summary Pollutant Levels
UF
AM
CO
NO NO 2
Downtown
13600 1980
Chamizal
14600
2050
1.1
50
28
Kuoplo
44300
2105
0.5
15
15
Kuopio is still in Finland (from Pekkanen et al 1 , 1997)
1.1 68
34
-------
Diurnal Trends
oU - -
- S S
- or S S
- r • S
— i i I
• s ’ •
WSS
: ,.—‘ :
S. % S
• S •
- % S
S.
S. I_ .,
• S
• •
• S S
S
I I I I i I i I I
U • S
- • S
R ‘ •
• as.. • •
• •,
•, :
S
— •. S •
S
• :/ S
- SO S S
• S. S
S. S
— J S
A t
S
- S
S •
S •
- S
55 I ‘
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1.1
Downtown
Chamizal
&EPA
0
12
8
4
0.6
0.3
6 12
t (h)
0 6 12 18 24
t(h) -
12
t (h)
24
U
0
18 24
-------
Weekday versus Weekend
18 24
18 24
Weekday
Weekend
00 6 12
t (h)
0
12
t (h)
-------
EF -
Pollutant Correlations
Coefficients of determination (r 2 ) of hourly pollutant levels
pooled from Downtown and Chamizal (n = 871)
CO
NO
NO 2
AM
NO
0.79
NO 2
0.38
0.27
I a;7 !
AM
0.76
0.54
0.49
-------
EPA
Pollutant Levels by Wind Direction
UF
AM
CO
NO
NO 2
Northeast
14000
1740
1.0
71
29
Southeast
18400
2930
1.7
79
33
Southwest
25000
3730
2.1
88
33
Northwest
9450
1290
0.6
47
24
I Q 7 !
I
-------
&EPA
NO
Correlations by Wind Direction
Coefficients of determination (r 2 ) of hourly ultrafine levels
Chamizal (n
AM
Northeast 0.67
Southeast 0.60
Southwest 0.58
Northwest
0.78
0.40
0.46
0.63
= 430)
0.55
I
-------
Pollutant Levels by Wind Roses
E
E
w
E
E
Co
UF
S
NO 2
S
AM
w
S S
IQ !
-------
Future Research Needs
Palmes Tubes (NO 2 )
ye L .
Pa
Organic Vapor Monitors
Bridge the Gap
Counters (UF I AM)
Active Monitors
Gravimetric (PM 25 )
EPA
GIS
Distance to P
Traffic p !
Ogawa Badges (NO 2 )
initors
(VOC’s)
P jcIe
-------
Springtini
Nitrogen Dic
L
‘ radients of
ic Species
Melissa Gonzales, Debra Walsh, Scott Rhoney, James Scott, Lucas Neas
USEPA, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Robert Clickner, WESTAT Inc.
once
d Vohuil
El Paso Ch 1
ui Study
Maria Morandi, University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health
-------
• Large U.S. / Mexico
Community
— El Paso “ ‘3I4 million
— CiudadJuarez 2-3 million
• Three border crossings
• Two major freeways
• Urban core and trans-border
• Considerable light industry
N • Limited heavy industry
Land rises away from river
• Predominantly ( 85%)
Hispanic Population
• School-based study
1 Q !
Overview
* ThRCC sites
• Region I Schools
• R.glon 2 Schools
• RegIon 3 Schools
• Region 4 Schools
Ciudad Juarez,
Chihuahua, Mexico
-------
Emissions Inventory
El Paso 1 Ciudad Juarez Urban Region
Source
Category
VOC
(tons/day)
NOx
(tonsiday)
CO
(tons/day)
Point
Area
On-road Mobile
Biogenic
Total
27
110
192 56%
14
343
176
51
136 37%
4
367
81
223
1726 85%
0
2030
(Funk et a!. STE, 2001)
I
-------
Studies of Intra-urban Gradients
Kanawha Valley, US
• Asthma OR=1
.13 (1.05—1.21) for 25 p gIm 3 petro VOC
• Munich, Germany
• Wheeze OR = 1.08 (1.01
• Netherlands
• Asthma OR= 1.68
• Los Angeles, US
• Asthma OR= 1.21 (0.85-1
-1.16) for 25 000 cars per day
(0.68-4.14) max.-min. dist. to freeway
.71) for 25 ppb NO 2
-------
Overview of Spatial Gradient Studies
February 1999
- N02 at 20 schools
- Concentration gradients
_____ across the city
December 1999
____ - N02 & VOCs at 23 schools
- Similargradients for MV
related gases
- Different for point source
N02 (ppb)
: Spring 2001
- School-based health study
L
Ciudad Ju&ez Mexico
- N02,VOCandPM2.5
-------
WM
Air Monitoring
Pulmonary Function Testing
• Concurrent
• PFT with parental
consent
• March — May 2001
-20 schools
- 34 per week
I per region per week
Basic sampling
— Passive NO 2 ,VOC
— PM 25
I Q!7 !
&
Franklin Mountains
State Park
Schools with PFT test
-------
EPM
December 1999
Mean (Std.), ug/m3
Spring 1999
Mean (Std.), ug/m3
Toluene
9.6 (4.8)
2.9 (2.1)
Benzene
3.0 (3.5)
1.3 (0.6)
m,p-Xylenes
4.2 (1.7)
1.9(1.3)
Carbontetrachloride
0.4 (0.4)
0.6 (0.05)
Trichloroethylene
0.4 (0.3)
0.1 (0.08)
Winter and Spring VOC Concentrations
-------
EPR
WINTER WIND SPEED
Chamizal site - December 10, 1999
i1’1IIIN’1IIIIff
IIFT’R’T1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII1IIIIIIII
IIIJIIPP1!IIIIP! l!PPPII
I, F I. I I I. I. I I rr I I I I I I I i! I r I
— — ————————————— — —— — — — — — —
0 2 4 6 8101214161820
22
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Mean (std )
NO 2 33.2 (3.4)
WS 6.1 (1.7)
r -O.19
IWind Speed, MPH
•N02, ppb
&N0 2
Time of Day
-------
Spring Wind Storm, Wind Speed
Chamizal Site, April 10, 2001
NO 2
Eli.
1 .1111
“‘III
ii1i I I
I I I I I I
I I I
40 Mean (std )
NO 2 13.3 (5.9)
WS 17.3 (11.8)
25 (guststo 69 mph)
20 r -0.65
15
10 _____
5 IWind Speed, MPH
0 • N02, ppb
35
30
0 2 4 6 810121416182022
I Q!L)
EPM
&
I I
Time of Day
-------
EPA
• Springtime concentration gradients of motor vehicle
exhaust were spatially consistent with winter
gradients, but lower in magnitude due to unstable
atmospheric conditions.
• Monitoring at representative locations each week
limited confounding by week.
• Factors affecting ambient levels of MV VOCs:
Location in relation to international border
crossings/major roadways, altitude
Conclusions
-------
Exposure Assessment
Active Monitors
GIS
Distance to Ro:
Traffic Densut,
Palmes Tubes (NO 2 )
(NO 2 )
Ogawa Badges
iitors
Organic Vapor Monitors (VOC’s)
Bridge the Gap
Chemiluminscence (NO 2 )
Gas Chromatography (VOC’s)
-------
&EPM
Emissions Inventory
El Paso / Ciudad Juarez Urban Region
Source
Category
VOC
(tons/day)
NOx
(tons/day)
CO
(tons/day)
Point
Area
On-road Mobile
Biogenic
Total
27
110
192 56%
14
343
176
51
136 37%
4
367
81
223
1726 85%
0
2030
(Funk eta!. STE, 2001)
-------
EPA
Recent U.S.-Mexico Transboundry Air
Pollution Studies
The Science of the Total Envioronment — Special Issue, 10 Aug 2001, Mukerjee S., Editor
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EPA
PMIONOC Factor Analysis
Potential Source Origins and Source Types
Osx shs
ATD slis
a SXw dTD
— 1*$4
Factor I
Automotive
Emissions
Factor 2
Biomass
Combustion
Factor 3
Plant Debris
Factor 4
Waste Burning
From: Jeon et a!.,
U.S.
dva.bo.
MEXICO
Ii
A
JL SLd$
FL
AWMA, 2001
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