•J.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
PB-245 988
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT
OF BORON, INDIUM NICKEL SELENIUM, TIN, VANADIUM AND
THEIR COMPOUNDS
VOLUME V - TIN
VERSAR, INCORPORATED
PREPARED FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
AUGUST 1975
-------
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EPA-580/2-75-OOSE
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF BORON,
INDIUM NICKEL, SELENIUM, TIN, VANADIUM
AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
VOLUME
TIH
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
EWIKOIIMMTAL PROTEC7JO* A6EHCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 29499
AUGUST. 1975
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-560/2-75-005e
3. Recipient's Accession No.
4. Title and Subtitle
Preliminary Investigation of Effects on the Environment
of Boron, Indium, Nickel, Selenium, Tin, Vanadium and
Their Compounds - Volume V - Tin
5. Report Date
August 1975
6.
7. Auchoc(s)
8. Performing Organization Repc.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
Versar Inc.
6621 Electronic Drive
Springfield, Virginia 22151
10. Pro)ect/Taslc/Work Unit No.
2LA328
11. Contract/Grant No.
68-01-2215
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Office of Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
A comprehensive review of published literature was conducted to prepare
this preliminary investigation report on the physical and chemical properties
of tin, on the environmental exposure factors related to its consumption
and use, on the health and environmental effects resulting from exposure
to this substance, and on any applicable regulations and standards governing
its use.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. I7o. Descriptors
Tin
17b, Identifiers/Open-Eadcd Terms
17c. COSAT1 F.eid/Group Q6/F, J, T; 07/B /
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EPA-560/2-75- 0 05e
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF BORON, INDIUM
NICKEL, SELENIUM, TIN, VANADIUM AND THEIR COMPOUNDS
Volume V
Tin
Contract No. 68-01-2215
Project Officer
Farley Fisher
Prepared for
Office of Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
August 1975
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Y / JA R JjYC.
TIN
OF Ofl S
Page
IX. ENVEME TAL E ’FECTS
A. flwiraulEnta .l Content,
1. Environnental Transport
B. Bioaccurnulation
X. TOXICITY
A. H nans
1. Occt atior.a1 xposure
a. Inorganic Tin
b. Organic Tin . .
2. Epidext iological
a. Inorganic Tin
b. Organotin .
B. ?riirnals
1. Acute Toxicity .
2. ronic Toxicity
C. Ixmerteb rates
1. Insects
2. I llt cs
3. Wo is
4. Plants
D. Mi corganisne
1. Fungi.
2. Alg
3. Bacteria
1). Biothemistxy
V-37
1. Effects of Inorganic Tin . .
2. Prod tion of Edema
3. Effects or. fl ergy r tabolism
4. Mis 11aneous Effects . .
E. Micrcxrganisns
Transportation,
and
Contarnina Lion
V-37
V-37
• . V-38
V—39
• . V-40
V-4 1
V-4 1
O • V—41
V-47
O V-52
• . V-52
O V-52
V-52
V-52
V-52
• . V-52
V-53
• . V-53
V-53
O V -57
V-58
O V-58
O V-59
• . V-59
O V-59
V-64
O V-64
O V-64
O • V-64
E. Results of Personal Contacts with edic&. Personnel . . • • 7-68
-------
1 RfAR Ixc.
TIN
TABLE OF N TS
Page
! iitoring
.Ana_].yt.ica.]. r thc)dS
1. I ntification of Tin-bearing Mineral
2. J nalysis of Tin ( n ntrate
3. Analysis and t tection of Organo-Tin rpo ds
A. E vir nta1-Assocja d actions
B. Use-Associated Reactions
VIILBIOLCGY
A. Absorption and Excretion
B. Thans rt and Distribution
C. Grcyv th and Nutñtjon
I. TIN INWST ’ IN tJNIT STAlES v-i
A. Produ rs and Location v-i
B. t_s
C. Physical Properties V—iO
V 12
A. L flESt1C Qu antit s V-12
B. P roc ss . . V—14
l.PrirnaryTin v— 14
2. Secxru3ary Tin v.48
a. E tii.üng v—18
b. Ot r Seo dary Tin Reovery V-18
— 3 . St n..ic C cj ‘V 1.9
UI. USES V—20
A. Tin V—20
B. Substitute Materials V-20
V—24
A. Transportation and Handling Regu.lations V-24
V. ENVI M AL DNJ j’Ic V—25
A. FrcznUse V—25
B. i ii roduct.i i V—25
C. Ekitiy of Tin into the flwironrrent V-25
VI. 1 I’IOR1NG A .AN LYSIS . . . . V—27
A. V-27
B. V—27
V-27
V-2 7
V-2 8
V-29
V-29
V-29
V-30
V-30
V-31
V-37
/ 1
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Y JRJAR JXC.
Tm
TABLE OF ENTS
Page
X I. OJP T I ECUL TIOr JS . . V—69
XII. S NDARDS V—70
XIII. SUWAPY P 1 ND CCN LLJSIONS V—71
. 1_znTna.r j V—7 1
Conclusions V-72
C. V—72
il-i
-------
1 RfiR INC.
LIST OF T Rr,P
Page
V- 13
V-21
V-22
V- 30
V-32
V-33
V-34
V-35
V-36
1.
Produ rs of Tin
v-i
2.
Physical Properties
V-il
3.
U.S. Tin Statistics for 1972
V— 12
4.
Seoondaxy Tin fran Scrap at Detinn.ing Plants, 1972
V-13
5.
Reooveiy of Tin from Scrap, 1972 (exclusive of c tinning
plants)
6.
U. S. CaistDlption of Tin, 1972 (n tric tcns of tained tin) . .
.
7.
Table of Uses
8.
Tin Balan in Nan
9.
Blood Levels of Tin Three Hours After Oral Doses of
Organotin Caipounds
10.
Tin Levels in Tissues of Man
II.
Effects of Tin in the Diet on levels of Tin in Tiss s of
Adult Rats (2-3 Years Old) Chronical] y Fed 5 pm Tin in
the Diet
12.
Levels of Triethyltin in rdina1 Tiss s Four Hours after
Injection of Tin-113-Thiethyitin (l0rt ,4cg) (?nimals
Perfused before Tiss S rp1es 11ected)
13.
Subc 1lu1ar Distribution of Tin-113-Triethyitin in the Liver,
Kidney, and Brain of the Rat. (Results of one e erinQr1t) .
.
14.
Tin in Fresh and Pro ssed Food and Tiss s ( t ight)
15.
Geogra thical Distribution of Tin in Kidney, Liver and
linig of Man (ppn ash)
V-48
16.
Tin in nima1 Tissues and Vegetation fran Vexn t
V-49
17.
Tin in Plants
v—51
18.
TcDcic Doses of Tin Caipot ds
V-54
19.
Per nt Mortality and Weight Loss of Clothes Moth Larvae
(Tinoola bisselliella) treated with Organotin Caipounds,
one per nt by Weight
V—60
20.
lethal Qmcentratians of Organotin C pounds for Various
Spedes of Molluscs
V-61
21.
ntihe1xninthic Action of Organotins
V-62
22.
ntifungal Activity of Different Salts of Triethyltin
V-65
23.
The InfitEnce of the lUJcyl Group on the ntifunga1
Properties of Sons Triaikyltin A tates
V-66
24.
Organotin Caipounds Used in the Treat rent of F gal
Infections of Sate op Plants
V67
V-42
iv
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3/ RfAR Jxc.
VOLIJNE V
P] eIimir ary In sti ation of Effects
on vi.ra-urent of Tin and Its Ca o ds
FORE PD
This is Vo1 te V of a series of six reports on tJ enviroru ntal effects
of boron, indium, rickel, selenium, tin, and vanadium and t ir cxnpowids. The
information is based an literathre reviews, direct contact with representati es
of a rrpanies invlo d in the pr uctian or use of the materials, and cx nsultation
with kr led able indivi iia1s from industry, aca einic instithtions and the Fed-
eral Governmsnt.
V.
-------
Y RJAR Jxc. v-i
I. TIN IN JST ( IN UNI STA
A. Produ rs and Location
Tbe rmercia11y significant tin products and tbe U.S. produ rs
invol d are gii .’en in Table 1. (1) For this study significant is fined
as production ex ding 1/2 rretric ton or $1,000 vah . Other materials
nay also be inclu d because of their unusual properties, or tbeir antici-
pated future significance.
Table 1. (1)
Producers of Tin Conpounds
Producer
Chen iical Conpany, subordination Location
Bariiin stanr te NL Indust., Inc.
T M Div. Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Thenselcx, Inc. Penn Yan, N.Y.
Bi rtuth stannate Anarican Can Co.,
M&T Cben s. Inc. Carroliton, Ky.
anse1a, Inc. Penn Yan, N.Y.
Calcium stannate Arrer± can Can Co.
M&T chems. Inc. Car ioflton, Ky.
NL Indust. ,, Inc.
T? M Div. Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Transe1 , Inc. Penn Yan, N.Y.
Ceriuii stannate NL Indust., Inc.
¶L M Div. Niagara Falls, N.Y.
The Shepherd Chen . Co. Cincinnati, Ohio
Cobaltous stannate City Cnem. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Ct ric starlnate City Cnem. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Le&1 (phnr us) Anerican Can Co.
stannate M&T Chems. Inc. Carroilton, Ky.
City Chem. Co. Jersey City, N.J.
The Shepherd Chem. Co. Cincinnati, Ohio
-------
YL RJAR Ixc. V-2
Table 1. (Can’t)
Produ r
C -emical Caipany, su.bordiriation Location
Magnesitin stannate nerican Can GD.
M&T Ct -e . Inc. Carroilton, Ky.
ML Endust., Inc.
T M Div. Niagara Falls, N.
‘ftansel , Inc. Penn Yan, N.Y.
Nickel stannate Merican Can Co.
M&T CheItE. Inc. Carrofltan, Ky.
Potassiixn stannate Arrerican Can Co.
M&T Chens. [ nc. East Chicag , md
Vulcan Materials GD.
tals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin a tate City ODeni. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
(stanr us)
Tin bisa tyla tonate MacKenzie Ct-em. Works, Inc. Central Islip, N.
(stann.ic)
Tin bromide (stannic) City C iein. Corp. Jer y City, N.J.
Tin chloride (stannic) irerican Can Co.
M&T Chen . Inc. Carroilton, Ky.
East Chicago, md
Fib Color and Ct ein. Corp. Newark, N.J
Mallinckrodt Ctein. Works
Indust. Chens. Div. St. Louis, MD.
Richardson-Mairell, Inc.
J.T. Baker Cheni. GD. Phillipsburg, N.J
Vu.lcari Materials Co.
1 tals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin chloride (stannous) nerican Can GD.
M&T Ct -ems. Inc. Carroliton, Ky.
East Chicago, Ind
F lo Color and Chem. Corp. Newark, N.J.
Mallinckrodt Chem. Works
Indust. Ctierns. Div. St. Louis, Mo.
Ridiardson—Merxell, Inc.
J.T. Baker Ct-em. Co. Phillipsburg, N.J
Vulcan Materials GD.
tals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
-------
34 RfAR Jxc. V-3
Table 1. (Cai’t)
Produ r
themical. Capany, si±ordinaticr Location
Tin thloride dihydi a Vulcan Ma rials Co.
(stanz us) Matals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin chloride pentahydrate Airerican Can Co.
(stannic) M&T Chens. Inc. East Chicago, md.
Vulcan Ma rials Co.
thls Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin diranate (stannous) City them. Corp. Jersey City, N J.
Tin 2-ethylhexanoa e MErican Can Co.
(stanr us) M&T chen6. Inc. Carroliton, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Cincinnati Milacrcn Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chens. Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio
Turineco Inc.
Tenneco Chens., Inc.
Intent diates Div. Elizabeth, N.J.
Long Beach, Calif.
oy them. Corp. Newa , N.J.
Witco Chem. Corp.
Organics Div. Clearing, Ill.
Tin flucborate
(stannous) Allied (2 m. Corp.
Specialty Chens. Div. Marcus Hook, Pa.
Hars tan Chem. Corp. ‘ arooklyn, N.Y.
Kewanee Oil Co.
Harshaw C2iexn. Co., div.
Indust. (lens. t pt. Cleveland, io
Tin fl ride (stann!c) City them. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Ozark-Mahaiing Co. Tulsa, Okia.
Tin flt ride tstanr.ous) Allied them. Corp.
Specialty Cheirs. Div. Marcus Hook, Pa.
Arrerican Can Co.
M&T Chems. Inc. Carroliton, Ky.
City them. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Ozark-Naboning Co. Tulsa, Okia.
Tin iodide (stannic) City Chein. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
-------
I4RJAR Ixc. V-4
Table 1. (Q i’t)
Produ r
e.mical ç py, subordination Location
Tin iodic (stanr us) City n. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Tin Mathi At rergic ( iretals CO. Div.
Ga1lard-Sd-ilesin r Cane Pla , N.Y.
J.T. Baker thernical Co. Phillipsburg, N.J.
theiTetron Corp.
Inorganic theinicals Division Cleveland, Ohio
Division Lead Co.
Division Cantuxy Display Mfg. Co. Sizwnit, Ill.
Electronic Spa Products Inc. Los Angeles, Cal.
& gelhard Minerals & Chemicals
Corporation 1’tlrray Hill, N.J.
Ka.ie&i Berylco md. Inc. New York, N.Y.
Morris P. Kirk & Sons
Inc. Los Angeles, Cal.
M&T inicals Inc.
Anericari Can Co. Richrond, Cal.
NL Industries, Inc.
tal Division New York, N.Y.
Texasguif Inc. New York, N.Y.
Ventron Corp.-Alf a Products Beverly, Mass.
Vulcan Materials Co.
! tals Div. Sandusky, Ohio
Tin na tbenate Troy them. Corp. Newark, N.J
Tin neocècanoate ? bDney Cherts., Inc. Franklin, Pa.
(st.aimoi )
Tin oleate (stannous) Anerican Can Co.
M&T Cleins. Inc. Carroll n, Ky.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Nilacron Clierris. Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio
Tenr co Inc.
Tenneco Chexrs., Inc.
Iniediates Div. Elizabeth, N.J.
Long Beadi, Calif.
Tray them. Corp. Newark, N.J.
-------
V RfAR Ixe. V-5
Table 1. (Can’t)
Produ r
Chemical Canpany, subordination Lacation
Tin oxalate (stannous) rican Can Co.
M&T Cher s. Inc. Carrolitan, Ky.
City Chemn. Corp. Jersey City, N.J.
Vulcan Materials Co.
tals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin oxide (stannic) Pin rican Can Co.
M&T Crienis. Inc. East ( ucago, md.
Cheiretron Carp.
( Ems. Group
Inorg iic Cnems. Div. Cleveland, Ohio
Fib Color and Chemn. Corp. wark, N.J.
Kewanee Oil Co.
HarshawCheni. Co., cliv.
Indust. Chen . E pt. Elyria, Ohio
Transelcx, Inc. Penn Yan, N.Y.
Tin oxide (stannou ) ? iTerican Can Ca.
M&T iien,s. Inc. Cariolltcn, Ky.
East Chicago, md.
Eelntnt SiTelting & fining
b s Inc. Brooklyn, N.Y.
Kewanee Oil Co.
Harshaw Cheni. Co., div.
Catalyst I pt. Elyria, Chio
Vulcan Materials Co.
tals Div. Pittsburgh, Pa.
Tin er Alcan Aluminuin Corp.
Al an frletal Pc der DiV. Eliza th, N.J.
.rnax tal P t3ers Niagara Falls, N.Y.
Ataiergic Cr n tals Co. Div.
Gallard-Schiesinger Cane P1a , N.Y.
Brain ?. tallurgical-them Co. Philadelphia, Pa.
Chenetron Corp. Inorganic O ernicals
Division Cleveland, Ohio
Electronic Spac Products Inc. Los Angeles, Cal.
SC Corp.
Glidden-Durk Div. Cleveland, Ohio
-------
R R Jxc.
Table 1. (Con’t)
Produ r
_______ Corr!pany, subordination _______
D . F. C1- rn & tal Corp.,
Coldsir ith
Morris P. Kirk & Sons Inc.
N.L. Industries Inc.
N.L. Industries Inc.
tal Division
United Mineral & C1 mical Corp.
Ventron Corp. -Aif a Products
rican Can Go.
M&T c2eins. Inc.
Ozark-Mahoning Co.
City Chem. Corp.
ric i Can Co.
M&T Inc.
City (i-iern. Corp.
Vulcan Materials Co.
petals Div.
Tin CaTç ounds, Organic, Miscellaneous
n-Butylstannoic acid Cincinnati Nilacron Inc.
Cincinnati Nilacron Chems. Inc.
Di—n—butyltin bis
(2-ethyihexoate) Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Nilacron Cherrs. Inc.
Di-n-butyltin bis
(is ctyl ti ly late) Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chems. Inc.
Di-n-butyltin bis
(n-lauxyl nercaptide) Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron theins. Inc.
Di-n-butyltin diacetate Jnerican Can Co.
M&T Cherrs. Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Ct-iems. Inc.
G rnical
Tin pc der (can’t)
Tin pyr hosphate
(starinous)
Tin su.lfate (stannic)
Tin sulfate (stannou.3)
Location
Evanston, Ill.
Los Angeles, Cal.
w York, N.Y.
New York, N.Y.
Bei rly, Mass.
CaxTolltan, Ky.
Tulsa, Okia.
Jersey City, N.J.
Carroilton, Ky.
Jersey City, N.J.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cincinnati,
Carroliton,
Cincinnati,
Ohio
Ky.
Ohio
-------
3/L RfAR mc.
V-7
C mica1
Di-n-butylt.in dithioride
Di-n-butvltin diiso-
octy1thiog1y 1at
Di-n--butyltin di.aurate
Table 1. (Con’t)
Produ r
ODnpany, subordination _______
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron thexr . Inc.
Anderson Day. Co.
Airerican Can Co.
M&T Chants. Inc.
Anderson Dev. Co.
Cincinnati Milacrai Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chains. Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Chain. Div.
‘boney Chairs., Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Chain. Div.
An rican Can Co.
M&T Cherns. Inc.
Ferro Corp.
Ferro Chain. Div.
AriErican Can Co.
M&T Chairs. Inc.
Anderson Dev. Co.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chains. Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron ChenE. Inc.
Arrerican Can Co.
M&T Che.rrs. Inc.
rican Can Co.
M&T chairs. Inc.
Location
Cincinnati, Ohio
rian, Mith.
Carroilton, Ky.
M ilan, Mich.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Bedford, Quo
Franklin, Pa.
Bedford, Ohio
Rahway, N.J.
Bedford, Ohio
Carrol1 n, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Adrian, Mich.
New Brunswick, N.J.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Carroiltan, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Dibutyltin dilaur ate
nErcaptide
Di-n-butyltin
(2-ethyie ate)
Dibutyltin iso-octyl
thio lycolate
Dibutyltin maleate
Di-n-butyltin
rrercapt rcpionate
Di.butylt.in oxide
Di (n-octyl) bisina’ eate
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RJAR mc.
Table 1.(Con’t)
v-B
hexnica1
Di (n—octyl) tin—S,S’—
bis (iso-octyiirercapto-
a tate)
Di (N-octyl) tin oxide
Hexabutyltiri
Hexarrethyltin
Produ r
Cai any, subzrdination _______
Arrerican Can Co.
M&T Chains. Inc.
American Can Co.
M&T Chains. Inc.
American Can Co.
N&T Q erns. Inc.
American Can Co.
&T Chems. I.nc.
American Can Co.
M&T Chains. Inc.
Cincinnati Mila on Inc.
Cincinnati Mi1ac ari Cnerrts. Inc.
Cosan Q m. Coip.
Cincinnati Mi1a ai Inc.
Cincinnati Mi1a on Chains. Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chains. Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Inc.
Cincinnati Milacron Chains. Inc.
American Can Co.
M&T Chains. Inc.
Arrerican Can Co.
M&T Chains. Inc.
American Can Co.
M&T Cheins. Inc.
Arrerican Can Co.
M&T chains. Inc.
thylt i n
Organotin carboxylatas
Organotin rrrpounds
( .r is cif led)
Organotin maleatas
Organotin ire rcaptides
Organotin nercapto
acid esters
tra-n-butylt i n
Tetra anylthi
T Thutyltin acetate
Tri-n-butyltin chlorite
Location
Railway, N.J.
Rahway, N.J.
Carroilton, Ky.
Railway, N.J.
Carroilton, Ky.
Bahway, N.J.
Carrolltal, Ky.
New Brunswick, N.J.
Clifton, N.J.
New Brunswick, N.J.
New Brunswick, N .3.
New Brunswick, N.J.
Carroilton, Ky.
Railway, N.J.
Railway, N.J.
Carroilton, Ky.
Railway, N.J.
Carrolltnn, Ky.
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Y RJAR JjVC. V-9
Table 1. (Cori’t)
Produ r
Corrpany, su rdination
Anerican can GD.
M&T Cherns. Inc.
Ventron Corp.
Alfa Products Div.
AnErican Can Co.
M&T Chems. Inc.
Fib Color and Chem. Corp.
Anerican Can Co.
M&T Chen . Inc.
AnErican Can Co.
N&T Cheirs. Inc.
Royce Chein. Co.
Wo nsodcet Color
Anerican Can Co.
M&T ChenE. Inc.
Anerican Can Co.
M&TCheins. Inc.
Anerican Can Co.
M&T hene. Inc.
- Chemical
Tributyltin f1 .rride
Tri-n-butyltin hy ride
Tributyltin oxiä
Tributyltin resinate
Tributyltin sulfide
Thi-n-butyltin salt
( specified)
Tr±phenylth- acetate
Triphenyltin chloride
Thiphenyltin hydrox. .de
Location
Carroilton, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Be erly, Mass.
Carroilton, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Newark, N.J.
Ca.rrollton, Ky.
Rahway, N.J.
Rahway, N.J.
East Ritherford, N.J.
WoaLsocket, R.I.
Rahway, N.J.
Rahway, N.J.
Rahway, N.J.
& chein. Co.
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RJAR INC. V-lU
B. O3sts
The United States is allrr)st oorrpletely dependent on foreign oo tries
for tin and tin-bearing minerals. Scee seirblance of order is established by
a group called The International Tin Council, ooirposed of representati es
of the oonsi.mth-ig arid producing countries. At the regular quarterly ireeting
in July, 1972 the Council redeterrnined floor arid ceiling prices for tin in
the light of than s in exchanga rates foU ing the floating of the pound
sterling. The U.S. Go .errirrent subsidizes tin exploration up to 75 per cent
of a1lc able costs. In 1972 the depletion a1l ance for tin remained at 22
per cent for cbrrestic deposits and 14 per cent for foreign deposits.
Tne avera N Yo c price for delivery of Straits (Nalaysian) tin in
1972 was appr cimate1y 399 .125 cents per kilogram. This is a iiatinal
increase over the 1971 price of alx)ut 368.927 cents per kilcx ram.
C. Physical Pr erties
Physical pr erties of tin and the nost irrportant tin coirpounds axe listed
in Table 2.
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RJAR INC. V-il
Table 2.
Physical Properties
(9)
lting Boiling Solubility
Specific Point Point Wa r
thernical Gravity _____ ______ g/lOOcc @ °C
Tin 7.28 231.88 2260 i
Stannic oxide 6.95 1127 subi i
1800—1900
Stanr us chloride 3.95 246 355 83.90, 269.B d
Stannic chloride 2.226 —33 114.1 s
(liq)
Stannic sulfate >360 3325
Dibutyltin dia tate 1.32 10 142-145 i
Tributyltin a tate 1.27 80-83 i
Tetra—n-butyltin 1.0572 <-70 145 —
Tetra-ethyltm 1.187 —112 181 i
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RJAR INC. v-12
II. P icri
A. t TestiC Quantities
t)zrestic pruduction of raw materials for primary tin in 1972 was
less than 100 rretric tons. r bst of this caie from Colorado as a byproduct
of no1yb n zn mining. Sorre tin -i ntrates were also produoad at dredging
operations arid as a byproduct of pla r gold-mining operations in Alaska.
The only primary tin srrelter-refiner in the United States is the Texas City,
Texas, plant of Gulf th nica1 and ta1lurgical Corporation. It uses inported
tin on ntrate from Bolivia together with reclaisred industrial residt s as
the base load. Five caipanes in eleven states were involved in tinriing in
1972, making use of tin-plate scrap, spent chemicals, and tinning solutions.
The United States leads in production of recycled or se nthry Un. Individual
cx tpar1y production figures axe not available. Pertinent statistics of o era11
1972 U. . production are gi n in Table 3. As a rule the te1ters are located
close to the mining areas which are in foreign axintries.
Table 3.
U. S. Tin Statistics for 1972
(3)
Production or ourcx ‘ rin, n tric tons
Tin-bearing ore *
Srrelter (primary tin) 4,060
Seondary tin 20,450
Exrxrts 1,153
Irrports for nsuiption
I etaJ. 53,200
Ore (tin ntent) 4,280
*Proprietary info ation
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V-13
VERfAR JjYC.
t) estic production of tin rretal, themicals, and alloys is uniq 1y
related to sea ndary tin re ry as sh n in Tables 4 and 5
Table 4.
Seandary Tin from Scrap at Detinning Plants, 1972
Tin, n tric tons
Tin rec v red as:
tal 1,355
C iexnicais (tin a ntent) 608
Total 1,963
Table 5.
Peavery of rtin fran Scrap, 1972 (exclusive of tinning plants)
Fbrm of re very tric tons
Bron and brass
From copper-base scrap 9,430
Fran learn- arid tin-base scrap 7
So1c ,r 5,300
Type rretal 1,250
Babbitt 865
? nti nj .a1 lead 613
inical catpounds 728
Misc. (foil, cable lead, ten netal, etc.) 8
Thtal 18,268
In 1972 U.n from the strategic stockpile was not disposed of through
ccirrnercia]. channels; ver, 360 rretric tons of tin ere released for ship-
rrent to Thx ey. Th stockpile objective reii ir d at 235,000 netric tcns. At
the end of 1973 there was an excess of about 19,000 rtetric tons on hand.
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RJAR J rc V-14
B. Pro ss
1. Primary Tin
The only tin snelter-refiner in the United States is in Texas
City, Texas. It was built by the United States Governmant to s .pp1y errergency
tin during r].d War II and operated der governrrent contract. The c nership
has since chan d hands several tines. plant was originally designed to
pro ss high grade Bolivian tin conoantrate into ade A tin (minimum tin com-
position of 99.80 per oant) netal. plant’s limited suc ss was blarred on
the iripurities in the Bolivian tin conosntrate and the lack of an electrolytic
refining plant. The plant has been nodified to handle tin omc ntrates of
varying grades. In 1972 the plant pro ssed lcx.i grade tin conosntrate from
Bolivia and lcxQ-cost industrial resid s. The plant prooass as described in a
1969 publication is schezratically represented in Figure 1. A re nt change
has been made drLith is supposed to greatly inprove the plant’s performan , but
the exact nathre of the change is considered proprietary information.
The plant perforns the major ft ction of: ore storage, roasting,
leaching, elting, refining (both thermal and electrolytic), casting, and
shiprrent. The tin ore i ntrates axe delivered in 50 kg sacks to the Port
of Texas City from the West ODast of South Anerica. For the roasting operation
the ntrates are -ushed and fed into either the top hearths of o 6-hearth
gas-fired fuxnac s or six 1. 5-iieter diarreter X l5-rieter long rotary kilris. The
teir ratures in the roasters change from 315 to 760 C and the retention tine
is about hours. Most of the sulfur and sare of the arsenic are rerroved
in the roasting. Five per nt ight addition of sodium chloride is made
for conc ntrates contai.ning over 1 per nt lead. Ninety per nt of the lead is
olatilized as the chloride. 1 next step is leaching. T dusts collected
in balicon flt s and electrostatic precipitators are subjected to leaching
while the gas containing sulfur dioxide exits fran a 80—mater high stack. The
acid leaching system consists of t e1ve spherical pressure vessels 3.7 ireters
in diane r, with approximately 3,750 liters of preheated hydrochloric acid
per 10 netric tons of cxncentrate. The leacher is revolved and heated with dry
steam at 105 C for four hours and the material allo ...ed to settle for one hour.
e clear liq r is jet’ d into large thickeners for recovery of the five tin
slines.
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V-15
IMPORTED TIN CONCENTRATES
I
L
FIRE
f EFINING
CRUSHING
[ GRINDING
11L
ROASTING
I]II
LEACHING
mi
SMELTING I
I ELECTROLYTIC1
L REFINiNG I
CASTING
TO MARKET
Figure I
tin smelter — refiner
Texas City
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1 RJAR INC. V-16
After the acid leach, the charge is washed with hot water to
raise the pH to 5.0 and dried in a natural gas-heated rotary kiln. st of
the iron, lead, sih r, copper, and bismuth are reno ied by the acid leach
and hot water wash. Next snelting is perforned in two gas-fired re theratory
furnaces. pending on the type of charge, special treatrent may be needed
for iron arid sulfur i urities. The tapped iretal from the snelters is gravity-
fed into brick-lined transfer floats and peuxed into cast iron kettles. “Dross”
is skirmred off the kettles and added to the furnace, in addition to the regular
charge, four hours or rtore before the tin is tapped.
The primary snelting furnace operates at 1400 C and produces a
tin-rich slag (20 to 23 per cent tin) and crtr1e tin netal. The slag is part
of a secondary furnace charge, and the rretal is reiTo d to the drossing kettles.
Since there is no practical way to reirove lead and bismuth, purification is
effected by electrorefining. The netal tapped from the furnaces is cast into
anodes and scrap or unfinished anodes from the electrolytic cells added in
the arode-casting process. The f l ie gases from both primary and secondary
furnaces contain dus c with from 48 to 68 per cent tin. This is pelletized
and used as part of the primary furnace charge.
A high-ire lting iron-tin-arsenic-t gsten alloy is forired in the
bottom furnace. These “furnace bottorrs” are allo d to accumulate and re-
rro d only when the furnace is shutd .zn to be relined, about every two years.
Pri.nary granulated furnace-rich slag and 1inesti e charge the
secondary snelting step and acts as a fli < to keep the high irelting slag a
liquid. The end slag, which is discarded, a tains less than one per cent tin,
but represents the largest single loss of tin in the srrelting process. The
netal tapped from the secondary furnace is a tin-iron alloy called “hardhead”
containing 45 to 75 per cent tin. This is granulated and used as part of
the primary furnace charge. i1 next operation is electrolytic refining of
the crtñe bullion to Grade A tin iretal. The purity of the final product de-
pends an the ltage and cathode current density; production is sl ed if extrerrely
high purity tin is made.
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RJAR V- 17
The unit at xas City was developed by plant personr l as a
result of laboratoty and pilot plant investigations and is very flexible. Cxix
rretal is cast into 180 kg anodes, pure tin n tal plated out on 90 kg cathodes,
while the impurities collect as anode shires. The electrolytic plant has 80
concrete calls. The electrolyte feeds and discharges are arranged in rtulti-
level fashion al3i ing use of gravity flcM. As of 1969, the sane electrolyte
had been in the circuit for a period of aLrost six years. No bleed-off of
electrolyte had been required, and a build-up of any impurity detriirental to
the operation was rot foir d. The electrolyte tposition has been maintained
by daily additions of sulfuric acid, phenolsulfonic acid, distilled water,
animal gli , and cresylic acid. The sulfuric acid assures easy dissolution of
anode tin and precipitation of lead. The organic additives are necassary to
insure a firm and dense cathode deposit free fran dendrites or trees.
The ancdes are r ved by overhead cranes in gxtt s of 12 at
least every o days for brushing in a special machine. The slines or
black rrud brushed off contains the inpurities of the crude rretal. The anodes
are washed, dried, arid put aside for further procassing.
The cathodes axe zencved every six days, washed and placad in hold
kettles. The starter sheet, originally about 7 kg and ncw over 90 kg, is nelted
in the kettle. The finished liquid rretal is pirrped to the autanatic continuous
casting machire, “ihere 40 kg pigs of electrolytic Grade A netal are forned.
Part of the iretal fran the holding furriaca is used to form starter sheets. A
Itelting loss of less than five per cant takes placa in the holding kettle. This
dross is resnelted for recovery of Grade A tin netal.
Depending on prevailing market pri s, the dried anode mud. is either
reducad to alloy, drossed, blended, and sold as solder or bearing tretal alloy;
or sold as is to bearing netal manufacturers. Any precious rretal remaining
in the slirres is recovered as an additional byproduct.
The final product is shipped in 40 kg thgots by railroad car
or barges. The tin ingots are normally double strapped in one rretric ton-bundles
of 27 ingots to a bundle prior to shiprent.
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Y I?/A II v-i 8
2. Secondary Tin
a. Detinning
Detinni .ng is the process of rerroving tin from tinpiate scrap
primarily to reclaim the basic steel. The tin may be recovered from the process
as either a tin thelTdcal or netal. èarly all the scrap processed corres as
new tin cans, although a small annrit is from miscellaneous tin-plated steel.
The largest potential sDurce, used tin cans, is not widely e loited because
of the high cost of collection. If the cans are not shredded, solution will
be lost and dented cans provide pcor tin recovery. e residual lead and tin
from the soldered cans will create a poor grade of steel. (6)
(1) In the alkali-chemical detinning process (the rrost
widely used) the tinplate scrap is treated with a hot
solution of caustic soda in the presence of an oxidizing
agent. The tin enters into solution as sodium stannate,
leaving the steel whith is then washed and pressed into
bales. The tin may be recovered from the stannate solu-
tion as ire tal, crystals of sodium stannate, or tin oxide. (6)
(2) The alkaline—electrolytic process uses the sodium stannate
solution described above as a plating bath. This has
the advantages of 1c M processing costs and produces a
high purity netal. (6)
b. Other Secondary Tin Recovery
Alloy scrap containing tin is handled by secondary ielters as
part of their production of primary netals and alloys. Lead refineries, for
exairple, ac pt solder, tin drosses, babbitt, and type netal. This type of
scrap is rerrelted, irrpuriti.es such as iron, copper, antinony, and zinc rerroved,
and the scrap retu.med to the market as a binary or ternary alloy. e dross
from the clean-up of scrap rretal is returned to the primary refining process.
Iron-tin and copper-tin can be largely reiroved from liquid
solder by lcMering the teir erature to just above the rrelting point and with-
d.r ing the sludge from the bottom of the pot with a perforated paddle; another
techniqt is to pass the liquid under pressure through an asbestos filter in
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1 4 RJAR JjVC. V-l9
a specially desiqre vessel. Irrpurities can also te partly reitcved fran
solder by heating it to just above 183 C. At this teirçeratuxe the eutectic
alloy, 63 par oent tin - 37 par oent lead, nelts and fl s ay leaving the
higher malting irrpurities.
QDpper refineries will acoept scrap bronze matal. Tin-
bronze scrap is largely fx fruiu cbjectionable in urities and is recovered
by sinply rerrelting or adding the scrap to new natal. Bronze scrap, if
highly contaminated with iron, nickel, zinc, lead, or precious nEtals, is
channeled through the primary relting and electrorefining procEsses.
3. Stannic C cide
Stazuic oxide is made by two quite different procEsses. In one,
the so—cal led “dry” procEss, tin rretal is oxidized in a furnacE, using air
or oxygen. The product, stannic oxide, is recovered in E dry dust collector
and packaged for sale. There are no wastes fran this procEss. The i2,500
to 16,700 liters water par netric ton of product is used for cooling and dces
ixt axte into contact with the itetal.
“wet” prooess ncw in use involves scrap as the sour of tin
and uses about 185,300 liters of nunicipal water per netric ton of product
stannic oxide. This appears as waste discharge which goes through a settling
tank to re ve nude and then to the murLiCipal sewer. Future plans call for
this plant to use pure tin instead of scrap .which should amplify various
themical pretrea rents and reduoe the raw waste load. Various sludges which
acctutulate in the wet pro ss are sold for their tin content.
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RJAR J ((! V20
III. USES
A. Tin
Tin is the nost expensive of the rrrron rretals so it is only used
when no other utufl matal will the job satisfactorily. In many cases the
ano t of tin used is nall enough not to affect the st of the manufactured
product. In tin-plated steel, for exanpie, a few millionths of a ntimater of
“nontoxic” tin adds strength, corrosion-resistance, and appearance. The
product becxxr s printable, formable, solderable, and 1aqt rable. The con-
susrption of tin in the United States by finished product is giJen in Table 6.
•i1 va1 s shci very little diange from 1971. Table 7 shcws the uses of
tin and its caT x)unds.
B. Substitute Naterials
The largest anount of tin used is tinpiate for containers. In the
late 1960 ‘S manufacturers worried about the donestic stpply of tin and began
using steel and li.nnin n in p1a of tinpiate for cans. These substitute rretals
did not prove to be as economical as expected. The greatest potential source of
tin is fran the recovery of tin from used tinpiate. At the present tizre this is
an unecononucal operation, but several factors may carbine to change the picture
in the future, not the least of which is the problem of solid waste disposal. A
technique has been developed to separate aluniinurn scrap from the magnetic rTetal
scrap. This nay make tin recovery from used cans rruich cheaper. Not to be over-
looked is the ba1an be een the si.pply and demand for tin. ie estWi ate is
that the U.S. tin requireirent for 1977 will be five per nt higher than the arrount
needed in 1970. 1977 tinpiate usage is expected to be l .ier than the 1970 anount. (8)
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V-21
VERfAR Ixc.
Table 6.
U.S. CL s ziption of Tin, 1972
(netric tais of ntained tin)(3)
Finished Product Primary Tin Secx ndary Tin ‘ Ibtal
Alloys (mis 11aneDus) 475 448 923
Babbitt 2,241 904 3,145
Bar tin 792 118 910
Bronze and brass 3,144 6,651 9,795
eniica1s 2,501 1,593 4,094
Co1la ib1e tubes and foil 803 16 819
Pipe arid tubing * * *
Solder 17,166 5,030 22,196
Teirie netal 195 41 236
Tinning 2,573 80 2,653
Tin plate 21,407 21,407
Tin pc der 1,168 — 1,168
¶1’jpe netal 105 749 854
White natal 1,604 140 1,744
Other 186 5 19] .
Total 54,262 15,775 70,135
*Withheld as pr rietary
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Table 7.
Table of Uses of Tin and Tin Conpounds
Ccripound Use Purpose Cararents
Elenental Coating tin plate Ingots axe cast into anocl2s
Tin and tin a1lc js this use
Bottle cap lir rs Uses tin foil
Electrical condensers
Gun charges
Food wrapping
Distilled water and Extnx d tin pipe and tin-lined brass
carbonated be”er ages pipes used for shipping (x)ntaners
Sheet tin used to line distilled
water storage tanks
PcMcèr Iretallurgy Uses tin pc ider
Float-glass process rklten tin used as a surface on F sults in snooth surface, making
which the nolten glass is afl ed costly polishing and grinding un-
th float and solidify necessary
Other Special pharmaceutical products Uses collapsible t es, extruded
ft)od pastes from slugs of tin
Artists paint
Tin Oxides Vitreous enanel
opacifier
Marble polishing
Intenrecliate for
other chemicals
Tin Chloride Electroplating baths
Catalyst Used for silvering mirrors
Chemical reducing
agent t’j
Electrical con-
ducting glass
F od edditive Inproves taste
Perfune stablizer
Hardening glass
surface
Organic chemical Used in manufacture of organo-tin
inte rued! ate cX TpOundS
-------
Table 7. (Ccn’t)
CaT ound Use Purpose Oiivrents
Tin Sulfate Electroplating baths
Liquor finishing wire
Tin Fluoride and ICothpaste ditive Source of fllx)ride
Tin Pyrophos *iate
Tin Bromide Heavy rretal separa-
tiOflS
Tin Flinhorate Electrcçlatthg baths
Tin Octx e Catalyst Used in polyure U ne foam rrianufacti r Organo-tin a r ound
4onobutyltins Plastics Used as stabilizer Organo-tin cDnpoond
Dibutyltins Plastics Used as stabilizer for polyvinyldüoride Organo-tin cx rpound
plastics
Veterinary uses Organo-tin cDrrpound
Catalysts Used in polynerization
UTemical inter-
nediate
Fodent repellant
Tributyltins Biocides Organo- tin cxnpound
Industrial fungicide
Insecticides
Disinfectants
Paint aäiltive Provides a protective coating
Food preservative
Navigation aides Provides a protective rubber aDating
(Binys)
Triphenyl tins I g ioiltural Funç i cide and insecticide
t’J
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RfAR INC. V-24
I V CURRENT PRACTI
A. Thansportation and Handling F guatians
only tin capound in the “List of E losi s and Other
Danc rous Articles” is tin tetrathioride, anhydrous. Other tin cxu pounds
axe oonsidered poisonous and their shi ing cr ntainers must be so labeled.
Tin tetrathioride is classified as a rrosi e liquid and requires a white
label. Rail e q ress is limited to carrying no rrore than 1 liter in one
outside czntainer.
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V RJAR Jxc. V-25
V. VI X €L N MD TION
A. From Us
r ’ st tin ccnta.iners axe used to store fcxd. A study of the tin
ocntent of an nsed mi]i sairples was mare. Where the product was not over
four eeks old, the tin ntent was at rrost 40 çzn, and rose inappreciably for
an Mditional five nonths. In storage experitrents lasting n re than o years,
F ever, the tin itent rose to 160 p n in exosptional cases. While there are
no reports of poisoning by the tin present in con nsed nti]J, it has been
suggested that the date of filling he stated ai the cans so that only new cans
be used for infant feeding. (10)
B. Fran Production
aily tin relter-refiner in operation in the United States uses
the pro ss described schematically by Figure 2. Dust losses occur during the
ushing of the feed ore, the roasting step, leaching, drying, and lting in
the reverberatory fuxnaoss. The gas and parti .ilates from these pro sses
through electrostatic precipitators and then axe discharged through a 80-ITeter
high stack. reaDvered particulates are returned to the process. The waste
slag, which is inert and insoluble, is used for land fill on the prc rty. All
liquid wastes axe neutralized, clarified, and discharrd ‘thra .igh approved
effl nt points as provided in state regulations”. (11 Sane nodificatians have
been rnac e xeosntly to iirprove the cperations, but cbtails are not available.
C. Entry of Tin into the fl vironnent
The major sour of tin entering the envirannent is tin plate used to
anat steel cans for itathxrent of fccd and other materials. Since little of t üs
tin is reclained, essentially all of the roi h1y 20,000 nEtric tons of tin per year
utilized in this manr r may be assi d to enter the environrrent. SaTe wastes also
arise from the use of tin in solder.
Contribution fran tin-bearing rocks and soils may be aDnsidered much
smaller than the ab’ve value. Because of the relatively high value of tin, sirelting
and other pxo ssing wastes are minimal, and rmn.ich of the tin used for purposes
other than tin plate and solder is reclairred. Waste hazards from manufacture and
use of the toxic organc—tin aitipounds do riot a ar generally significant because
the waste quantities are small and the compounds are minimally soluble in water.
-------
Y RJA R j/ f( V26
Perhaps t rrcst significant aspect of tin plate solid waste is the
availability of the tin, iruth of ‘thich would be re v rab1e under e nanic con—
ditions rrore favorable than at present.
-------
Y RfAR IjYC. V-27
VI. I t)NI’IORING AND ANALYSIS
A. nitoring
The virainental Protection Agency, state and local a ncies
nduct air s rp1ing activities to cbtain information about the quality of the
air in the United States. Tin was one of lve ITetals decked in suspended
particulate matter. The last published detailed sur y, based on sanpling
during 1968-1969, s ed tin concantrations in urban and naiuthan regions
during the va.riot4s seasons. The detectable ccnc ntrations of tin were 0.001
inicrogran per cubf.c n ter for urban sai p1es and 0.0003 for nonurban areas.
The tin ocn ntration was decidedly h.igher in urban areas with the highest
oDnountrations oc .irring during the colder rtonths. The highest maximum val s
reported were 0.120 micrograms per cubic neter for Jersey City and 0.100 for
Philadelphia.
B. Analytical ? thods
1. Identification of Tin-bearing Mineral
Cassiterite (stannic oxide) is t1 only tin-bearing raineral of
inportan . It is recognized in the field by its high density (7.01 gr per
cubic cantineter), 1 solubility in acid and alkaline solutions, and extrene
iiaxc ness.
2. Analysis of Tin Cancantrate
a. A fire assay nethod is used to analyze the tin ct cantrations
at the sirelters. After preliminary di stion with nitric and hydrochloric acids,
the sarrple of contrate is mi d with sodium cyanide in a clay or por 1ain
crucible and heated in a xtniffle furna at red heat for 20-25 minutes. ‘I tin
oxide is reducad o rretal and weighed.
b. Tin con ntrates can be put into solution by fusion with
a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium peroxide in a nir cel crucible at
red heat. This is foll ed by leaching the fused salts with water, acidifying
with hydrochloric a:id, and reduction by digestion with a coil of nid e1 sheet.
The solution is cooled in a protective atrosphere of carbon dioxide, and
titrated with a standard potassium iodate-iodide solution with starch as an indicator.
-------
V-28
vi;I?JA R INC.
c. analysis of tin in ncentrates as 11 as in rretals
ntaining o r 75 per cent tin requires a special procedure. A s. ighed
sarple is thsso1i d in hydrodiloric acid, reduced with nidcel, and 1ed
in a carbon dioxide abT sphere. A calculated height of pure potassi ii iodate
(dried at 100 C) and an excess of potassit n iodide are disso1 d in water and
ac1 ed to the reduced solution to oxidize 96 to 98 per cent of the stannous
düoride present. The reaction is ozrpleted by titration with 0 .i1’ potassium
iodate-potassium iodide soluticn to a bli.e lor using starch as an indicator.
3. rialysis and 1 tection of Organo-Tin Carijxninds
OrgaIx)-t111 ca xD .rids are highly toxic, so this rret1 d of de-
tection in the air was developed. The rreasuxed air is passed through a
mixture of 30 to 35 per cent hydrogen peroxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
This is fo1l ed by celorinetric determination of the stannic ion in the form
of a yell -orange conpound by the standard series rrethod or with a photoelectro-
lorirreter. The sensitivity is 0.1 mi ram per salTple. Inter xence of ferric
ion or antirr -iy (3+) is eliminated by the dition of as rbic acid. (13)
-------
RfiR Ixc. V-29
VII. iEMICAL REAC IVIT ?
A. Environ rental-Associated Reacticais
1. Tin d s not react directly with nitrogen or ca±on dioxic ;
ho ever, sulfur dioxicè when noist attacks tin. The netal is noo ily red
with a thin protecti ,e film of stann.ic oxide wh.idi thickens as the tenperatuxe
is raised.
2. A ne de e1 nent is a catalytic system using stannic oxide
-precipitated with van ate for the oxidation of ca±on nonaxide. This u1d
be of inportance in treating auto exhaust gases. (14)
B. Use-Associated Reactions
1. In the absence of oxygen, the high o .erpotential of tin causes
a film of hydrogen to be retained on the surface so that attack by acids is
retarded.
2. A re rsa1 of potential of the iron-tin cxuple occurs when tin-
aated steel (tinpiate) is in antact with acid solution in the absence of air.
The tin mating acts as the anode and is sl 1y attacked instead of the steel.
This unique property is the keystone of the canning industry. Organic acids
sudi as citric, lactic, and oxalic acids attack tin s1 1y in the presence of
air or other oxidizing envira xrents. Nonaqueous organic o1ients, lubricating
oils, and gasoline ha little effect on tin.
-------
RfAR Ixc. V-30
\7III. BIOLOGY
A. bsorption and Excretion
Daily tin nsurption in hii rens may range fran 1 m g in diets oom-
sed chiefly of fresh, pro ssed foods to 38 n in diets including many
canned fcods and fish. (18) Ingested tin is abso ed very oor1y by the
nall intestine. In a variety of rnarrrnals, less than 10 per t of the oral
intake of tin is absor -ed, even when sodium s tannous tartrate, a soluble
salt) is the tin source. (19) Therefore, the feces are the major rrr,cè of tin
excretion. Systemic tin is excreted in the urine, and nall anoi. ts are
excreted in the bile. (20) Thble 8 shcx ’s the typical distribution of ingested
tin ipazed with the distribution of that ancunt excreted.
Table 8.
Tin Balan in Nan
(15)
Average Average
Daily intake (mg) Daily output (mg )
Food 4.0 (1—40) F s 3.98 (1—40)
H 2 0 0.0 (0—0.03) Urine 0.023 (0—0.4)
Air 0.003 (0—0.007)
Tbtal 4.003 Tbta l 4.003
Average daily rounts of tin excreted in the urine of man range
fran 0.13 to 0.33 pg/kg body weight. Fecal tin ex tion ranges from 0.11 to
0.45 ug/kg bDdy weight per day. (18,20,21) Intravenously injected tin is only
s1 ly excreted by the kIdneys. (20) No tin was tected in the urine of rats
fed 10 ml of a solution oontaining 1200 ppm tin as tin citrate. The fe s
antained 96 per nt of the adnth-iistered tin dose. (23) The ],ack of tin in
the urine is prthably d to lack of absorption. The tin citrate was 65 per
nt tin (IV) and only 35 per nt tin (II) citrate. Sin rats cannot absorb
( ) , (24) only very minute aricunts, if any, oould l present in the urine.
-------
3 ?fAR [ x c. v3 1
Organotin carpounds are also absorbed by the small intestine.
Table 9 sh s blood levels of tin three hours after single oral dosage of
various tin tpounds to rabbits. (20)
B. Transport and Distribution
P bsorbed tin is carri to all parts of the bcdy by the blood. In-
organic tin does not cross the blood-brain barrier, but organic tin does. (25)
Sinos no tin was fo d in stillborn infants, tin apparently doss not cross
(18)
the plaosntal barrier.
Tin rapidly leaves the vascular syst9n and is deposited in various
parts of the body. Tin (II) is deposited primarily in the soft dss s
(ituscle, skin, extraosllular fluid) and organs. Tin (IV) is retained in
the bones, soft tisst s and organs. (20)
The tin distribution thro xbout the body as reported by several
souross is s nierizad in Table 10. The brain ontains no tin; the bores
contain the highest levels. Tin acctmulates in the lungs with advancing
age. 5)
The tiss distribution of tin in rats given 5 ppm tin as tin (II)
ia s in their drinking water is shcMn in Table 11. Sare ac raflation is
noted in afl organs but the kidney. The distribution of tin in the rat is different
from distribution in man.
Organic .in ipo x ds are aLso acc itulated by the bocty t3 .ssuss. Blood
levels of tin after oral doses of sate organot.ins appear in Table 9. After
intravenous injection of tetr thy1tin (11) or triethyltin (12) in the rat,
the highest tin oonosntrations appear in the blood (see Table 12). In the
rabbit, harrster, and guinea pig, hc ever, the highest levels of tin occur in
the liver. ‘I1 bile of the guinea pig and haneter xntained oopious aixunts
of tin. The hic h tin level in rat blood is d to the efficient binding of
tin to rat heztcglobin (itclar ratio 2:1). Th binding to heinoglcbins of other
species and ot1- r proteins is mucl- poorer or nonexistent. (27) The subosilular
distribution of tin in liver, kidney, and brain of rats appears in Table 13.
The highest tin oonosntration in the ilver appears in the supernatant fraction,
but the nuclear fraction has the nost tin in the brain. (27)
-------
/ V-32
YERJAR Jxc.
Table 9.
B1 Le els of Tin Three Hours After
Oral D3ses of Organot in npoiiids
Single Oral Tin in
Ca rpo id Dzse (nv/kg) Blood (p n )
Dibutyltin dia tate 110 90
Dibutyltin d i- (2-ethyTh. xanoate) 200 130
Th J uty1tin a tate 300 140
trabutyltin 500 200
-------
V-33
VERJAR JXc.
Table 10.
Tin Levels in Tissues of Man
(14)
Tin Content
( rn, t % ight)
Tissue (la) (ib) (2) (7) (8)
whc 1e b1o 0.14 0.22—0.40
red blcxd c 11s — 0.26—0.64
plasma — — 0.04—0.10 —
brain 0 0.0 0
muscle 0.1 0.11 3.3
1 art 0.2 0.22 0.07
liver — 0.35—1.0 0.60 1.01
kidney 0.2 0.23—0.76 0.20
spleen 0.2 0.22
intestine 0.2 0.16
itrig 0 0.44—1.20 0.45
aorta — 0.22—0.94
laig bone 0.8 0.80 8.6
rib 0.50
stanach 0.50
-------
/ V-34
YERJAR Ixc.
Table 11.
Effects of Tin in the Diet on Levels of Tin in Tisst s of
Adult Rats (2-3 years old) Q iraiically Fed 5 pm Tin in the Diet
(26)
Tin Can ntration (p n)
Tissue Controls Tin-Fed
Kidney 0.31 0.17
Liver 0.11 0.35
Heart 0.59 0.93
Dzig 0.14 0.54
Spleen 0.96 1.88
-------
V-35
VERfAR mc.
Table 12.
Lei ’els o Triethyltin in Anlinal Tiss s Four Hours after
Injection of Tin-113-Triethyltin (10 ir / g) (kiirrals
Perfused before Tiss Sanples Collected)
(27)
Thiethyltin (Nanouoles/g t ? ight)
Tiss Rat Gu.ir a pig H nster
Liver 103.0 275.0 124.0
Kidney 52.7 78.5 31.4
Muscle 16.2 17.8 26.0
Brain
Cerebelliin 22.4
28.1 25.2
Bra.i.n stein 22.0
Cerebrizt (half) 22.4
Cortex 21.2
Remain r of brain 21.6 24.8 24.6
Spinal cord 20.7 24.4 23.1
Fat 30.3 11.2 48.7
Bile 57.0 404.0
Blood 224.0 8.3 7.7
-------
RJAR iwc. V36
Table 13.
Sub Uu1ar Distribution of Tin-113-Tr3 ethY1t -n in the Liver,
Kidr y, arid Brain of the Bat. ( su1tS of or ex rixrent)
Triethyltirl (riariaio1es/n protein)
Sub llu1ar Fractim Liver Kidney Bra
‘Ibtal hai enate 0.71 0.44 0.27
Nuclear and debris 0.59 0.41 0.42
I avy mitxchondrial 0.30 0.31 0.28
Light mi nd.tia1 0.62 0.39 0.26
Micros ra1 0.65 0.51 0.28
S ernat.aflt 1.01 0.43 0.24
-------
1’ RfAR Jwc. V37
Tin is n. t oonsistently fo iid in plants. Lichens are apparently
tin accumulators. ‘I lichens growing on silicic rock contained 72.4 ± 4.7
ppm tin. On ultrabasic rock, the tin content was 37.0 ± 8.0 ppm. 1osses
contair d 24 ± 8.6 and 18 ± 5.5 ppm tin, respectively, when growing on the
sa type of rocks. In Russia, plants growing in areas with tin deposits
have been reported to contain high levels of (28) Hethage in Scotland
has been fo .r d to contain 0.3 to 0.4 ppm tin on a dry basis. Thi thenyltin
etate, an agricultural fin- gicide, was not taken up by plants. (29)
C. Growth nd Nutrition
The essentiality of tin for man has not been established. Tin is
apparently essential for normal growth in rats, but its ftw ction is ur*ncwn. (30)
The aphid, Macrospinum utili s tin as judc d by the occurrence of
alate fonis in the resence of the elemant. (21) nutritional requirerrent in
plants has been established. traces of tin have been reported to stirrn.ilate
root growth in s .uif1owers, and growth in grains and 1eg mes.
D. Biochemistry
1. Effects of Inorganic Tin
Stannous chloride feeding in stock feeds at levels of 0.30 and
1.00 per cent sigtu ficantly reduced growth in male and female rats. F rrcglobin
tent of the blood was reduced after four weeks of either diet in both males
and females. Serum a]kalir thosphatase activity was significantly reduced in
rats fed on a 0.3 par cent stannous chloride diet for 13 eks, but serum
glutainate-oxaloacetate transaminase, serum glutaxnate-pyruvate transaminase,
and bilirubin levels re unaffected. (31)
2. Production of Edema
A vi.3lble increase in the water content of the central r rvous
system occurs after triethyltin (TFT) treatirent. The levels of total nucleic
acid, total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol par mit dry ight re un-
chan d. (32)
The effect of TE (2Oppm in the diet) on the water content,
electrolyte distribution and the kinetics of radioactive sodium, chloride and
-------
ERfAR JM . y-38
sucrose uptake of c rebra1 cortex and skeletal nu. scle were studied. In
the -treated animals. water content of the cortex was increased by 1.2
per c nt, but muscle wa r was not altered. Potassii.rn levels were not
than d in brain cortex and skeletal ITu. sc1e; sodi ii and chloride increased
in both of these tiss s. TE Mnduced c rebra1 edema in rats, characterized
by a reduction in ext’-a 11u1ar spa and increase in glial 11 vo1 re, is
apparently d to an increased perneability of the glial 11 irembrane to
sodium and chloride, res u1ting in an inflw of both ions.
The lipid crzr ositicn of rat brain rrryelin was examined in
chx ic TET-induc d edena. A noti ab1e decrease in the airotrit of stainable
rrr ’elin occurred, which was apparently d to a change in myelin c iT ositicr1.
Decreases in prot 1ip d protein and galactolipids were isistent with the
changes in rr ’elin prqDerties.
3. Effects on Energy ! etabolisrn
ta1 oxygen conswTption is depressed by 3 irg/kg TET in the
rat, but tissi oxygen tension was adequate for nomtel rretabolic f ctioning.
Slions of brain cortex, brain white matter, and spinal cord rretabolizing glucose
were nore sensitive to TE than were other tissLes. tinder aerobic conditions,
lactate increased, pyruQate fell and glucose uptake rose. TEr depressed both
glucose uptake and lactate fomnation i.rider anaerobic conditibns. (32) Similar
results were observed in brain horrogenates. TET d s not inhibit lactate de-
hydrogenase. (32)
TriajJcyltin corrpoi.nds affect the oxidative acti.rity of isolated
liver Tfl tochandria. Trialkyltin horit1ogi s up to tri-n-octylt.in inhibit mito-
chondrial oxidation. At 1cM conc ntraticns, trirrethyl- and triethyltin stirrn. lated
miththondrial oxidation. Oxidative phosphorylation was also inhibited by
trialkyltins. Triethyltin is the nost potent inhibitor kncMn, inhibiting
oxidative phosphoryl tion at concontraticns of lO nolar.
The actions of the trialkyltins an mitochondrial netabo1i n are
belie ?ed to be caused by the activation of a latent adenosine triphosphatase.
Only trine’thyl- and triethyltin have a prano niosd effect, henos the stirrailaticin
of oxidative activity a lc conosntratims. At high conosntrations, inhibition
is probably a result of damage to the inithchondria. Triethyltin produoss large
anplittr3.e swelling of m tochondria in vitro. (36) triaJJ y1tin conpo s, ex-
-------
RfAR JxC. V-39
cept tri-n--octyltin, inhibited the activation of adertosine triphosphatase
by 2, 4-diitr13nol. 37
‘I binding of trin thyltin and triethyltin to rat liver mito-
choedria was determined. Cne binding site had the sane characteristics
as the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Since ultcasonication r id.ly
destroyed the site, the intact mitothondrial neirbrane was necessary for the
effect of the triaky1tins. 38
4. Miscellaneous Effects
effect of TEl’ on incorporation of radioactive amino acids
into rat tissue protein is quite curious. No change in oorporation ocourred
within fifteen minutes, but pancreatic protein incorporation was 50 per cent
of control after t o hours, and liver incorporation was raised 50 per cent
after 24 hours. No chan s in kidney or brain re obser ’ed. (32)
In isolated rat intestine, io6 to l0 nolar TET inhibited
transport of water and glucose. Glucose utilization was inhibited by 2 x
nolar TE T. ‘ lET was 100 tines less effective on inhibiting transport in the
intact rat. (32)
r reduced the perneability of the blood brain barrier to in-
organic phosphorus—32 but had only a slight effect on the c 1 istribution of dyes.
The distribution of radio-phosphorus within the acid-soluble fractions of
the brain was the sane as controls except that N2\D con ained relatively
less radioactivity. There was also a l r radioactivity in the lipid and
residual phosphate fractions. In the liver, the relative labelling of the
lipid fraction was again reduced, but a relative increase in the residual fraction
occurred. (32)
Single oral doses of 300 rr frg tributyltin acetate or 500 mg
tetrabutyltin to rabbits prcdiiced significant increases in ser n glutamate pyruvath
transarninase 144 hours after the & e.
Fatal ses of triethyltin given to the rat caused a iToderate
hyperglycerr ia secondary to the liberation of adrenalin by the adrenal nEdulla.
Serum nonprotein nitrogen was elevated, and urinary porphyrin excreti .on greatly
reduced. rn v-i tro a 25 per cent inhibition of horse serum pseudocholinestera.se.
was achieved by 1.4 x i0 i trietliyltin. (32)
-------
RJIR IXC.
The phan co1ogica1 effects of tetraethyltin are siniilar to
those of TET. (40) Tetraethyltin is converted to triethyltin in the liver. The
microsorn3.l plus soluble fractions ethi.bited the rrost activity in vitro. Kidney
preparations could perfo n a na1l aircunt of conversion but other tissues suth
as brain were inactive. ygen, nicotinamide, divalent magnesium, and NADPH
were required in vitro. (40) Female rats converted tetraethyltin tin at a
slc er rate than neles. (40) No eviden suggests that di- or tria1icyltin
cou ds axe rratabolicaLly altered.
E. Microorganisne
Tributyltin &loride depressed respiration in rnitothondria prepared
from the n ’oslia of As ergillus oryz . The P/O ration was l red. (41)
-------
V RfAR mc. V41
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
A. Environmental Content, Transportation, and Contamination
The p-esence of tin in most of the foods ingested by humans
is shown in Table .4. Generalizations about the most likely sources
ef dietary tin are difficult, but oily sea foods preserved in tin
cans appear to be the most likely source. Lacquerinq tin cans rec3u-
ces the amount of tin which can leach into the contents.
Drinking water is a possible source of tin for humans. Tin
was found in only three out of 59 samples from 15 major North Ameri-
can rivers. Ma. y salts of tin are insoluble, and factory effluents
probably contr..bute little tin to rivers. Tin levels in municipal
waters have been difficult to reliably obtain. The U.S. Public
Health Service found tin ranging in concentration from 0.8 to 30 ppb
in 32 of 175 fi’-iished municipal waters.
Sizeable amounts of tin occur in the atmospheres of Ameri-
can cities, especially where industry is located. Amounts of tin
3
from 0.003 to 0.3 ).ig/m were found in 60.6% of 754 samples taken
from 22 cities. Suburban areas had the least. Assuming a respira-
tory volume of 20 m 3 /day, 740 ,ug of tin in the lungs per day, and
deposition of one-eighth of the inspired tin, air containing 0.015
3 (15)
pg/rn would not account for human pulmonary levels until age 55.
Plastic products stabilized with organotin compounds rep-
resent another possible source of tin contamination. Leaching of
low levels of di-n-octyl (l- 14 C)-tin—2-ethyl-n-hexyl dithioglycolate
from polyvinyl chloride into edible oils and fat stimulants was
demonstrated. The toxic leachable substance in PVC catheters
for humans has been shown to be an organotin corrpourid. (17)
Cigarettes contained 1.58 ppm tin. “20 per cent Superphos-
phate” from Florida contained 3.24 ppm tin. (15)
1. Environmental transport
Tin removed from the soil by plants may be ingested by
herbivores. Since less than 10 per cent of the tin taken in is
absorbed, most would be excreted, presumably unchanged, in the feces.
The action of soil bacteria on tin is not known.
-------
Sample
Condiments
Garlic bud
Cloves, packaged
Veqetab) es
Peas,
Peas,
Peas,
Peas,
Beans, Navy, dried
Beans, string, fresh
Potato, raw
Turnip, raw
Turnip greens
Radishes
Radish leaves
Parsnips
Swiss Chard
Lettuce, Iceberg
Spinach
Spinach
5.80
0.28
0.97
0.11
0.07
0.38
0.0
1.02
0.23
0.07
1.23
0.89
Source
Chain store
Chain store
chain store
Chain store
Home garden
Home garden
phate
Chain store
Home garden
Vermont
Home garden
Home garden
Home garden
Home garden
Institute garden
Institute garden
Home qarden
Institute garden
Home garden
Table 14
(15)
Tin in Fresh and Processed Food
split, green, dried, bulk
split, dried, packaged
fresh
fresh, fertilized
(wet weiaht)
0.3
0.47
1.92
8.50
1.06
1.69
and Tissues
iug/100
cal
64
281
166
264
191
187
ill
61
64
253
203
88
61
473
342
with phos—
p . -)
-------
Sample
Spinach, fresh 1 packaged
Cabbage, raw
}(ale
Asparagus, fresh
Rhubarb, fresh
Rhubarb, fresh
Mushrooms, fresh
Mushrooms, in glass
Soil, dry weight
Soil, dry weight
Animal tissues
Lamb liver
Lamb chop
Beef, ground, lean
Beef, roast
Beef, brisket
Beef and fat, ground
Beef, bone marrow, forelimb
161. 94
32. 71
Source
Troy, N.Y.
Institute garden
Hoiae garden
Local ‘organically’
grown
Institute garden
Local ‘organically’
grown
Home garden
Institute garden
Vermont
Local market
Local market
Local market
Local market
Local market
Chain store
Table 14
(15) (cont.)
Tin in Fresh and Processed Food and Tissues
.ug/100
ug/g cal
(wet weight)
6.47 2488
0.40
0.86
9.07
1.29
1.88
1. 08
0. 72
95
430
5039
2150
3133
1543
1029
23
72
153
23
28
90
Chain store
Chain store
0. 32
1.36
2. 76
0.51
1. 10
3.44
0.42
-------
..ig/l00
ug/g cal Source
0.84 26 Local
1.73 92 Local
3.50 135 Chain
0.60 50 Maine
1.?S 276 Cap Cod
1.21 121 Chain store
3.67 459 Chain store
0.49 60 Chain store
3.21 382 Newfoundland
4.30 169 Chain store
1.9 57 Fallow ground
37.10 Where rye grown
0.0 Feed store
0.65 18 Feed store
0.11 3 Chicago
0.12 4 Local store
4.76 418 Chain store
0.47 14 Japan
U. S.
Feed store
Chain store
Table 14
(15) (cont.)
Tin in Fresh and Processed Food and Tissues
(wet weight)
market
market
store
S amp 1 e
i-ork, lean chop
Chicken Breast, frozen
Gelatin, packaged
Lobster, 1aw meat
Ovst rs, frozei
Halibut steak
Codfish steak,1
Codfish steak,2
Greysole fillet
Bloaters, smoked
Cereals and grains
Rye, winter
Soil, field, dry weight
Rye flour from seed
Barley
Corn meal
Corn, fresh on cob
Macaroni
Wheat flour
Wheat flour
Wheat seed
0.0
0.0
Wheat bread
2.48 100
-------
Sample
Oats, seed
Oatmeal, packaged
Pice, packaged
Dairy products
Milk, dry skim, packaged
Milk, raw, bulk cans tinned
Milk, from udder into polyethylene
Cheese, tinfoil wrapped
Eggs, chicken
Miscel laneous
Peach
Tea, packaged, bags
Rat diet (rye, corn oil, dry skim
milk)
Laboratory dog chow
Dog meal
Rabbit pellets
Rat diet, commercial
20% Superphosphate
Phosphate rock
0.0
2.28
0.28 7
1.0 25
0.8 20
2.0 50
0.8 20
3.24
4.24
Source
Feed store
Chain store
Chain store
Nationally distribute
Local farm
Local farm
France
Local farm
Chain store
Ceylon
Spectrographic method
Spectrographic method
Spectrographic method
Spectrographic method
Florida
Tennessee
Table 14
(15) (cont.)
Tin in Fresh and Processed Food and Tissues
pg/lO0
____ cal
66
p
(wet weight)
) g/ 9
2.28
2.63
0.28
0.96
0.68
0. 19
0.32
0.91
29
100
29
8
57
-------
Sample
20% Superphosphate
Cigarettes
Urine, human
In Ccat’ d cans
Cz. ndensed tomato soup
Green beans, French
Whole beets
Carrots, dietetic
Apricots, sweetened
Spinach, dietetic
Asparagus
In Uncoated cans
Kipper snacks
Anchovies
Sardines
Sardines
Corn oil, bulk
Coffee, ground
Molasses
Chile powder
Thyme, ground
Cloves, whole
1 ug/g
4 . 06
1. 58
0.0
7.35
2.84
3.38
6.45
4.99
11.82
8. 96
61.88
129.31
18.65
1.57
4.10
3.65
4.15
3.9
4.8
7.26
1470
4055
768
3071
818
4546
4922
3094
5851
634
53
45
161
Source
Yugoslavia
National brand
Normal female
Chain score
Chain store
Chain store
Cleveland,
Cleveland,
Cleveland,
California
Norway
Portugal
Morocco
Portugal
National brand
National brand
Louisiana
Chain store
Chain store
Chain store
Table 14
(15) (cont.)
Tin in Fresh and Processed Food and Tissues
pg/100
_____ cal
(wet weight)
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
-------
i/ RJAR Jxc. v47
B. Bioaccumulation
Animal! fed a diet containing tin accumulate the element
in their body tissues. Differences in tin content of human tissues
are evident when individuals from different geographical locations
are compared. Table 15 shows shows the tin found in geographical
groups around the world. Tin was quite low in Africans, and was
not detected in well over half of the organs sampled. The lungs of
all groups contained the highest concentratior of tin, perhaps indi-
cating the importance of airborne sources of tin. Additional support
of this idea is the consistently high tin levels and frequency of
detection of tin in tissues of persons from the heavily industrialized
United States.
Laboratory animals chronically fed or injected with tin
compounds have higher tissue levels than controls. Foragers ingest-
ing plants containing significant amounts of tin may themselves devel-
op elevated tin levels.
Tin Jevels in plants may not reflect differences in soil
levels of tin, but differences in species ability to accumulate tin.
Lower plants, such as lichens and moss tend to contain higher levels
of tin than higher plants. Table 16 presents tin levels found in
some species of forest plants and wildlife in Vermont. Despite an
abundance of tin in the soil, the plants vary çreatly in their accum-
ulation of tin (15) Table 17 lists tin levels in plants grown on dif-
ferent types of soils containing tin. (15)
The concentration of tin in sea water is about 3 ppb. Tin
has been found in marine algae, but not in zooplankton, bacteria,
flowering plants, protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, echinoderms or
most fish. Small amounts have been reported in a marine worm, an
oyster, and a dogfish. The presence of tin in phosphate fertilizers,
which come from marine phosphorites, suggests that marine animals in
the Pleistocene absorbed tin from the sea. 5
-------
Table 15
(15)
Geographical Distribution of Tin in Kidney,
Liver and Lung of Man (p.p.m. ash)
No.of
Samples Present Mean Range Median
Kidney
United States 161 97 30 <5—480 20
wi Z r1 Rnd 9 5 <5—17 - 5
Africa 53 19 5 <5—30 < 5
Middle East 43 42 8 <5—55 < 5
Far East 57 40 11 <5—110 < 5
Liver
United States 163 96 35 <5—300 24
Switzerland 9 78 6 <5-20 Tc
Africa 49 25 4 <5 -20 < 5
Middle East 44 55 11 <5—140 Tc
Far East 54 41 10 <5—74 < 5
Lung
United States 159 98 69 <5—920 39
Switzerland 7 100 37 23—62 28
Africa 53 60 10 <5—40 Tc
Middle East 45 91 33 <5—200 17
Far East 57 93 65 <5—1200 29
Note: Tc=trace, or barely detectable.
Mean and median values were obtained by assigning a value of one half the least
detectable amount to those cases where tin was not detected.
-------
Table 16
(15)
Tin in Animal Tissues and Vegetation from Vermont
Sample
Animal tissues
Puffed grouse liver
Mudkrat liver
Woodchuck livers (3)
Pea ’t-r he rc
Deer liver
Deer kidney
Deer kidney
Deer heart
Deer kidneys (4)
Red fox liver
Vegetation
Pine, white, needles Pinus strobus
Spruce, red, needles Picea rubra
Soft “iood chips
Elm, section, 40 yr old
Elm, section, 80 yr old
Clover, Trifoijuru pratense
Wild blueberries
Poplar leaves, Populus tremuloides
.ug/g (wet weight )
0.50
0.33
1.77
7.28
0.82
2.20
1.65
0.0
0.0
3.50
0.37
0.0
0.70
1.70
1.39
0.38
0.14
0.0
-------
Table 16
(15) (cont.)
Tin in Animal Tissues and Vegetation from Vermont
Sample ug/g (wet weight )
Maple leaves, Acer saccharum 0.18
Birch leaves, Betula alba 0.0
Oak leaves, Quercus rubra 0.0
Alfelfa, Medic .ao sativurn 2.92
rem, suburban, fronds 3.69
Peonies, pink flowers 0.0
Barberries 1.06
Mountain ish, berries 0.10
Soil, forest
Note: Trees and blueberries were situated in a remote hilltop forest; the elm, fern and
mountain ash were suburban. The clover and alfiafa came from a pasture 5 miles from
a town.
U i
-------
Table 17
(15)
Tin in Plants
Positive Samples
No.
Content (p.p.rn. ash)
Mean + S.E.M. Range
72 + 4.7 <10—100
37 ÷ 8.0 10— 60
24 + 8.6 <10— 60
18 4- 5.5 <10— 30
12 + 9.0 <10— 30
3.2 + 0.21 <10— 10
3.2 + 0.15 <10— 10
<10— 30
6.0 + 3.0 <10— 30
3.8 -i- 0.80 <10— 30
300
*Ssilicic, U=ultrabasic, C=calcareous.
rocks from which the soil was formed.
These terms describe the character of the underlying
No. of
Samples
Soil*
Spec ies
Lichens
Nr sses
Ferns, fronds
Coni fers
Deciduous trees and shrubs
Dwarf shrubs
F! e rb S
Grasses
Soil
Rock
59
16
93
83
117
48
403
30
94
23
17
180
50
34
55
10
20
9
2
5
7
1
13
0
3
8
0
0
93.2
62. 5
21.5
10. 8
1.7
10. 4
1.7
3.3
13.8
0
17.6
4.4
0
0
S
U
S
U
C
S
S
U
U
S
U
C
S
U
C
4.5 :!: 0.50
4.6 ÷ 1.6
3.8 i: 0.56
<10— 30
<10
<10— 30
<10—100
<10
<10
-------
RJAR J y(; V-52
x. oxicrr
A. Hui ans
1. Occ ationa1 Exposure
(a) Inorganic in. E sure to the dust or fiire of tin causes
a benign pne toconiosis-stannosis. Wcrkrren involved in bagging tin oxide, tending
furnaces in which rretallic tin is burnt to tin oxide, or pro ssing tin ores
may re ive substantial e osures. Small dense shadf s appear in lung x-rays.
The cases of stannosis were not disabled, and lung function tests were within
nOI Te1 limits, as were the blo3d and urine tests.
(b) Organic Tin. Brief contact with organic tin conçounds may
cause acute skin burns. Thibutyl and dibutyl c pounds are especially caustic.
L sians consisted of reddening and swelling of the hair follicles t to three
hours after exposure. The reaction Iecarre itore intense over the next eight
hours, and minute pustules over the follicular openings forrred during the
se d day. The skin between the hair follicles was little affected. Only
faint erytherna and scaling remained after a week.
Subacute lesions are characterized by itdiing and may
affect the skin of the l r abdon n, thighs, and groin of v r1 ren handling
these coupounds through clothing contamination. A faint erythematous eruption
develops, but disa pears rapidly upon renoval frai contact. (42)
In five young persons eirployed in a chemical laborator,,
acute organotin intoxications occurred. In all cases, headaches and nausea,
with visual defects were reported. Electroen phalogram showed general
disturban s and dysrhythmia, as well as occipital foci of short waves.
2. EpiderniologicaJ.
(a) Inorganic Tin. lloidal iretallic tin and tin arsenate were
tested as txeatnents for typhoid and staphylococcal infections. Little
therapeutic effect was observed, but no toxic reactions were reported either. (42)
-------
Y RJAR Jxc. V53
An orange juice and apple juice oontalning 250 to 385
pn tin were under suspicion as tie causes of an outbreak of food poisoning
in Kuqait in 1967. Ex edirents with animals indicated th at tin levels (as
tin (IV) citrate) must be at least 1400 ppet before toxic €igns appear, and
that toxicity is &e to the local, irritation of the mu us nerrbrane of the
digestlie tract. the major toxic effect was emasis. (23)
(b) Organotin. Atterrpted therapy of bacterial infections by
organic tin oorrpnxids has led to disastrous tesults. In France, a prepara—
tion called uStalinonI was used for tie treathent of va rious infections. The
acti ingredient was diethyltin dilodide, but high alTounts of inpurities
as rr n ethyl and triethyltin produced 217 cases of poisoning, 100 of which
were fatal. Triethyltin is ten tines as toxic to rats as diethyltin and
oontributed up to ten per cent of the theoretical weight of diethyltin.
Poisoning syirptoirs appeared after a latent period of about
four days, beginning with a severe ersistent b a che. Vomiting, i ertigo,
abdominal pain, and urine retention foflcwed. Paralysis cccurred in severe
cases; death, preceded by oonvulsions or ra, was d .e tc cardiac or res-
piratory failure. Edema of the white matter of the brain was the n ’ st signifi-
cant lesion at necropsy. (42)
B. Animals
1. Acute ‘Itxicity
The doses of tin omnpounds required for the developnent of synptoms
of acute t cicity have been ipiled in Table 18. In general, inorganic tin
oonpounds are not as toxic as organic tin corrpounds oontaining small alkyl
groups. Pathology of the liver and spleen is evident in poisoning by inorganic
tin.
The in easing order of toxicity of the organotin derivatives
for a series of h no1ogues appears to be ircnoalkyltin < dialkyltin < trialkyltin =
tetraalkyltin. The larger harrologtes are usually less toxic than the l er
ones. Long chain fatty acid salts of organotins are less toxic than the
morganic salts.
-------
Table 18.
It)xc Doses of Tin Ca pounds
1 kxb of Dose
OMipound 1 c1ministration Nith a1 Ibxicity ( mg/kg) I ferenc
A. NOI 1 NIC
tin (IV) chloride intraperitoneal rrouse LD 50 21 (46)
tin (II) chloride intraperitoneal rrouse LD 50 41 (46)
intravenous cbg ID , 20-50 (46)
o aJ. r t ID 50 700 (47’
oral ID 50 1200 (4’)
tin (II), disodium tartrate intravenous rat Ii) 20 (52)
subc,itanectis rabbit Ti) 25 (52)
tin (IV) iodide intravenous rat LD 200 (52)
B. O1 NIC
tin, bis (tributyl)—czxide oral rat LD , 175 (46)
tin, dibutyl- , cliacetate oral rabbit ID 50 109 (46)
tin, cUbutyl- ,dichloride peroral rabbit LD 125 (48)
intraperitoneal rat LD 7.5 (46)
intravenous rat ID 50 (46)
oral rabbit LD 50 (46)
peroral riouse ID 50 35.0 (48)
peroral rat 182 (48)
peroral guinea pig 11)50 190 (48)
tin, c3ibutyl-,di-
(2—ethy lhexoat.e) oral rat 200 (46)
tin, dibutyl—, oxide intraperitoneal rat ID 50 40 (46)
intraperitoneal rat rD 50 .9 (49)
tin, diethyl—, thchloride intravenous rat ID 50 25 (46)
oral rat ID 40 (50)
-------
Table 18. (Can’t)
Z4x of Dose
Cbxtu ound Mministration Toxicity ( m ,1cg) 1 ferenc
B. OFG. NIC (cx n ‘t)
tin, thethyl-, thiodide intraperitoneal. rat ID 15 (50)
oral rat ID 100 (50)
intraperitoneal rat LD 26 (50)
tin, di-2-ethylhexyl-, intravenous rat LD , 5 (46)
di chloride
tin, diiscpropyl-, intravenous rat 15 (46)
thchloride
tin, dinethyl-, intravenous rat 1 1)50 40 (46)
dichioride
tin, thoctyl—, bis oral nnuse LD 50 2700 (51)
(2—ethyl hexyl maleate)
tin, dioctyl—, bis oral nouse 11)50 3750 (51)
(butyl rnaleate)
tin, dioctyl—, bis (2— oral rat ID 50 2100 (46)
ethyihexyl thioglycxlate)
tin, dioctyl—, maleate oral rrouse ID 50 2250 (51)
tin, dioctyl—, irercaptide oral rat ‘p50 750 (46)
tin, dipropyl-, dichioride intravenous rat 11)50 7 (46)
tin, nr)xiolthyl—, trichioride intraperita-ieal rat ID 200 (50)
tin, mno-n-butyl-, oral rat LD 50 1400 (45)
trich loride
nlDno-n—butyl thiotiri acid oral rat 15,000—20,000 (45)
tinox (fen tin) oral rat ID 84 (46)
tin, tetrabutyl- oral rat LD 5 o 6000 (46)
tin, tetraethyl- peroral rak it ID 50 7.0 (48)
oral rat 11)50 16 (46)
eroral nouse ‘ 50 40.0 (48)
peroral guinea pig 40.0 (48)
-------
Table 18.
(oDn’t)
Mde of E se
( ln c ind J c1ministratic Niimal 1bxicity ( mg/ky) 1èferen
B. OI J NIC (cx,n’t)
tin, tributyl-, acetate oral rabbit ID. 99 (46)
tin, tributyl-, linoleate oral rat 1305 (46)
tin, tributyl-, neocècanoate oral rat ID 50 658 (46)
tin, tributyl-, oxide intrape ritoneal rat 11)50 7.21 (49)
tin, triethyl-, acz?tate intra eLitorea1 r t LD 53 4 (46)
Lin, triethyl-, chloridc intraperitoneal rat 11)50 5 (46)
tin, triethyl-, sulfate i ntra eritonea1 rat D 50 (46)
intraperita-ieal rat U) 10 (50)
intraperita-ieal guinea pig ID 50 3 (46)
oral rat ID 10 (50)
tin, trirrethyl-, sulfate oral rat LA) 30 (50)
intraperitoneal rat LI) 16 (50)
tin, trip1 ny1—, acetate oral rat LD o 429 (46)
intraperitoneal rat r i) 50 8.5 (46)
oral rrouse 11)50 81.3 (46)
intraperitoneal nouse ID 50 719 (46)
oral guinea pig ID 50 23.5 (46)
ntrapertoneal guinea pig ID 50 3.7 (46)
intraperitoneal chicken LD 50 10 (46)
tin, triphenyl—, thiocyanate oral rat LD 500 (46)
tin, dibutyl—, dilaurate intraperitoneal rat LA) 85 (50)
-------
RfAR Ixc. V-57
M noa1ky1tin pisoning is evidenced by heircrrhaging of the
gastric rnu sa, ste tosis of the liver and spleen. D .alkyltins affect
the liver and bile duct. Severe lesions axe produced in the bile duct, and
death results fran patic nage or peritonitis. (18) Trialkyltins affect
the central neruou system, causing progressive weakness, convulsions and
paralysis. Severe edema of the white matter of the brain is the major pathological
finding. t.raaB yltins are converted to trialkylins in the liver, and thus
the toxic effects are the sane. (18) In ncst cases, ai yi tin o rpo s cause
severe burns when applied to the skin. Dibutyltin cx:xrpDunds apparently are
absor d through the skin as well, since biliary lesions also occur.
2. ronic tlXCty
In r-janic Tin
Oral dosages of pc ered tin have proven rpletely harmless
to rats. Rats fed 5 ppm tin as stannoi. chloride grew as well as controls,
but female rats fed tin had a reduced life span. (26) innate toxicity of
tin was observed in male or female mice. In rats fed diets containing
different aJroi ts of tin for 4 or 13 weeks, no adverse effects appeared in
rats ingesting tin (II) sulfide or oleate or tin (II) or tin (IV) oxides.
Severe gra th retardation, decreased food efficiency, slight ar inia, and
slight histological changes in the Liver were observed in rats receiving 0.3
par cent or I ore tin (II) chloride, orthophosphate, sulfate, oxalate, and
tartrate. Dietary iron protected against the tin inô.iced anemia.
Tin hydride is highly toxic to anJ a1s when administered by
inhalation. bre toxic than arsine, its effects were mainly on the central
(42’
Qx anic 2 a. The 1 r trialicyltin corrpo xids, especially tn-
ethyltin, e rt a specific effect on the central nervous system, producing
cerebral edema. Dia]Jyl tin corrpounds do not exert this effect, but axe
severe skin irnitmts and have an infl matory action on the bile ducts.
n oral dose of 50 n tin as dibutyltin chloride per kg body
weight in the rat caused congestion and inflaninatiori of the lo. .ier bile duct.
peated dosage paused rr re extensive bile duct damage and necrotic changes
-------
/ V-58
VERfAR INc.
in the liver. ‘I highest harmless level in food for rats is 20 ppm.
Severe skin damage and typical bile duct injury r su1ted frm
skin applications of 1C mg dibutyltin per kg over a period of 72 days. The
dioctyl and higher luro ogs had no toxic effects on the skin of rats, guinea
(42)
pigs, or rabbits.
Thialkyl and tetraa]J yl tin salts produ the sari biological
effects because the tr’tr thyl t .xtnds are first deirethylateo by the liver
to the triaJicyl hon l’.qi.e. thronic toxicity (following 20 ppm triethyltin
oxide orally) was characterized by weakness of the hind legs in rats. Increasing
n itrations produ d treir rs and weigtit loss. (42)
C. Invertebrates
1. Insects
Marty org notin ooii wids have been used as insecticides. Listed
below are sone of the:ie organotins which have proven effective against the
insect species following thøn. lvhe minimum lethal dose, if known, follows
the insect species.
Tributytin oxide — Helothis vivescens , 0.2 i.ig/laxva
Ste biuin paniceum , 0.1 per cent
Tth la bisselliella . B per c it 81 , carpet beetlE
Thiphe ty1tin hydroxide - Heliothis vivescens , > 10 pg/larva
Triphenyltin chloride - Cellosobrochus chinensis , i’iusca
donestica , 0.25 pg/g ), Daphnia
longspina , 0.25p 90), Libelloid
larva, 0.25
Thiphenyltin acetate - Helioth.is vivescens > pg/larva 7 ,
Musca darestica 0.25 pg/ ), Antigastra
__________ Pseudodaletia seprata 9 ,
Prodenja lithra , S d tera littoralis
Hynen.ia facialis , 0.2 to 0.4 per
-------
V RfAR INC. V-59
clohexyltin hydroxide - Phytophagous mites , trai ythos
urticae 95 , Panonychus citri 96
Tanycthcs • ifjcus (96)
iethyltin hydroxide - b isca c1Dn stica , 0.4 pg/fly 63
Triinathyltin hydroxide - Heliothis z .a, 0.2 pg/larva
irtethyltin a tate - Heliothis zea; 0.2 ug/lara 57 , Heliothis
vi sc ns , 0.2 pg/1ar a 57
Mexarrethyltin - Noctuidae (flies)
The effectii r ss of various organotins agathst clothes nDth larvae ( Th la
biselliella ) is E-hc n in Table 19. Significant height losses are produ d
by salE iipounds which are not lethal.
2. M l.uscs
Organotin cxmpci.nds have n 1luscidal prcperties as illustrated
in Table 20. The lethal ncentrations of various organot.ins for various
snails are shown.
3. Worris
Orgar tins have been en loyed as vermicides against various types
of parasitic rins, particularly tape orn (c stodes). The antineirninthic
activity of different organic tin o tipoi.u ds against specific species is shcwn
in Table 21.
4. Plants
‘Ihe lower alkyltin a tates axe quite toxic to plants. Thiethyltin
a tate and tripropyltin a tate are toxic to the broad Lean, Vicia faba .
Tr’iphenylt.in a tate is less toxic, but still hazardous; it is very toxic to
ric . Thivinyltin chloride is a nonselective herbicide. ? n 0.5% solution kills
char1od ( Sinapis arvensis ) .
-------
V-60
VERJAR mc.
Table 19.
Per Cent. Mortality and ight Loss of Clotles
Moth Larvae ( Tin 1a bisselliella ) treated
with Or an ti.n O iTpou1 ds, one er nt by V i t
(55)
ight Loss
irpound Mortality Grans as % of ntro1
Tributyltin oxide 100 0 0
Tri eny1tin thiopheno4dl 76 0.0019 3.3
Tri ±ieny1tin ch1ori 67 0 .0010 1.7
Triphenyltin ac tate 61 0.0019 3.3
Triphenyltin bxoniide 53 .0007 1.2
N— Citiphenyltin) —p—to1 ene 52 .0020 3.4
sulpionarnide
Triphenyltin isocyanace 5 .0007 1.2
Triphenyltiri hydroxide 50 0.0014 2.4
Ttiphenyltin isoth.iocyanate 50 0.0005 0.9
Tri.phenyltin iodide 46 0.0015 2.6
Triphenyltin oxide 31 .0014 2.4
Diphenytin dich1oric 26 .0032 5.5
Triphenyltin benzoate 12 .0026 4.5
Thiphenyltiri suiphide 3 .0098 17
Hex heny1ditin 0 0 .029 2 50
1 t.rapheny1tin 0 0.0596 102
-------
RJAR INC. V-6 1
Table 20.
Lethal Ccn ntraticris of Organotin Canpou- ds for
Various Species of Dfluscs
Carpotu d Ccncentration lvbllusc feren
Triphenyt.in thioride 0.5 ppn Austraiothus braths (56)
0.5 ppm Bulinus ntortus (59) (62)
1.0 ppm Lin ea stagnalis (59) (62)
1 Bioi halaria glabrata (57)
Tributyltin oxide 0.075 ppm uatic snails (58)
0.015 to 0.04 Bulinus tisuncatus (59)
- 0.015 to 0.04 Bionpha].aria giabrata (59)
0.015 ppm Bi rpha.laria (59)
cairerour nsis
0.015 p n Australorbis labratus (59)
0.015 ppm Bulinus ntortus (59)
3 ugh ? iatic snails (59)
Thiphenyltin a tate 3 pg/i k uatic snails (60)
0.5 no/i Bian ha1arja glabrata (61)
0.5 n /1 Bulinus cxntortus (57)
Tributyltin acetati 0.2 to 0.3 ppm Biarphalaria pbrata (57)
3 pg/i Pquatic snails (60)
0.3 ppm ustra1orbus gl bratus (62)
0.3 ppm Bulinus ntorbis (62)
Tripropytin oxide 0.2 to 0.3 ng/l Bionphalaria qlabrata (57)
ibutyltin oleate 3pg/1 P uatic snails (60)
Thibutyltin benzoate 3 ug/i uatic snails (60)
Thibutyltin laurate 3ug/1 ? uatic snails (60)
ThiiDUtyltin chloride 3ug/1 Aauat±c snails (60)
Tri-p-tolytin a tate -- Bionphalaria glabrata (61)
Tricyclopentylne thyl tin
acetate Biorrphalaria glabrata (61)
-------
V 2
VERfAR Ixc.
Table 21.
ntiJ 1rnint1uc Acti of Organotins
Tin Q rrçound cies of Worm lethal Dose Referenos
d.ibutylt.in dichioride enolysis fraterna (c stocè) (63)
dThutylti.n dilaurate flailletina stici11us ( stode) 75 ri /kg (57,64)
Ei.reria teriefla —— (57)
Etrreria necatrix -- (57)
Asc rdia gal ii (57)
MmLezia beneden.i . ( stode) — (57)
p vlidi caninun-i 300 rig/kg (65)
Hynenolepis carioca ( st de) — (66)
thoanotaen.ja infwidibu] .t ( stode)— (66)
? aillietina tetragona ( sto ) — (66)
BaJ.llietina ethjnobothrjd,a ( stode) — (66)
Cothgnia thgonopora ( sto e) — (66)
dibuty1th oxide Crepidos nirrt farionis 150 mg/kg (67)
( re riatode)
Eubothrit ass n (c stode) 500 rig/kg (68)
d.thutyltin rnaleate eno1epis carioca ( stode) -- (66)
Cotugnia digon ora (osst ) — (66)
anot nia infundibuj .um ( stcx e ) — (66)
a .11ientia sticjflus (c stode) — (66)
Rdilhientia ediinobothrjd,a ( stode) — (66)
Raillientia tetragona ( stode) — (66)
dibutyltin d.isterate Dipylidi mi caninurn 300-400 mg/kg (65)
diethyltin dichioride rtha itis na o rca 1 per nt (57)
di eny1tin dic±iloride Railhientjna stici11us ( stode) -- (66,69)
Raillientina tetrag a ( stode) — (66 ,69)
ai]jientjna eththobothrjda (cEstcde)— (66,69)
H meno]epis carioca ( sth&) (66,69)
-------
RJAR Ixc. V-63
Table 21. (Ccn’t)
Tin ODnpound S cies of Worm Lethal Dcse Peferen
dipbenyltin oxide Q-ioanotaenia ift dibu1um (66)
( stod )
fin arsenate sbrdezia henedjti (osstrx3e) —— (70,71)
? ‘bniezia expansa ( stode) —— (70,72)
Ascaribia styph1o rca (osst e) -- (70)
Stilesia glthipi.uictata ( stode) -— (70)
Avitelljn ntrip iictata ( sto )— (70)
Thiethyltin hydroxide Phabditis rt cro rca 1 er nt (73)
-------
RfAR J y(l V 4
D. ! icroorganisn
1. Fungi
Both the type of a.Thyl group and the kind of salt affect the
antifungal properties of organotin ccxripounds. Table 22 sl ws the catc ntra-
ticxis of different salts of triethyltin required to inhibit the gr th of
four different fungi. The infitEnat of the type of a]Jcyl groups or groups
on antifungal activity appears in Table 23. generalizations for toxicity
can be mace based on his data.
Table 24 lists sate organotiri cnipounds found to be effective
against ftngal infestati.Dns of plants and the organi ns against which they
are active. E ssive levels of organotins can be ithytotoxic, also.
2. Alg
Trinethy...tin hydroxide, trirrethyitin a tate, tribenzyl tin
hydroxide and tribenzyltin chloride are very toxic to green alg at con-
ntrations as ic as 0.2 mg/i. S nedesrrus rdricauda. ilorella vulgaris
and steraronas gracilis re investigated.
3. Bacteria
Tributylaetoxystannane had a pronounoad antibacterial effect on
cocci of 29 strains cf gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (98) Tn-
a.lkyltin coirpounds are the host active tc ards gram-positive bacteria such as
Bacillus subtilis, Mionbacteri .m phlei , and Streptococcus iactis .
ethyltin a tate and .nipropyltin a tate are the rrost active triakiyitins
against 9 m-rEgative bacteria. traaucyluns ethinited increasing
bactericidal activity with increasing chain length fran ethyl to butyl groups.
In the trialkyltin bratiides, the ethyl and propyl carpounds had little activity,
the butyl cortpound was he Trost toxic and the arr J not very toxic.
The inhibitory effect of 0.03 per osnt aqueous-alcohol solutions
of PVC stabilizers on the respiration of Pseudaionas aeruginosa was 20 per nt
greater wi th dibutyltin 2-ethyThexylmaj.eate than with llite 3l.<
-------
4/ V-65
VERfAR Jxc.
Table 22.
Mtifi gal Activity of Different Salts of iethy1tin
(55)
Antif gal Activity ( nt for corrplete inhibition gr zth)
Botrytis P üci1lit n Aspergiflus Phizc?us
Ccmpound allii italic n nig er n igri ns
triethyltin hydroxide 0.2 5 0.5 0.5
triethyltin chloride 0.5 2 5 2
triethyltin branide 0.5 2 1 1
triethyltin iodide 0.5 1 5 2
Bis(triethyltin) sulfide 0.2 1 1 1 -
Bis (triethyltirt) sulfa 0.2 0.2 5 5
triethyltin a ta 1 2 5 2
triethyltin caproate 1 5 2 2
triethyltin laurate 0.2 0.2 5 5
triethyltin benzoate 2 10 5 5
Bis (thriethyltin) nialaiate 0.5 5 2 1
Bis(triethyltin) rnaleate 0.5 5 0.5 0.5
triethyltin pheonoxide 0.5 1 2 1
triethyl p—tol r s1.Eforanide 1 5 2 5
triethyl nethar sulfaranide 0.5 5 2 2
P- (triethyltin sulfonyl) to1t ne 1 5 2 2
N—(triethyltin) saccharin 1 10 2 2
N— (triethyltin) phthalilTlide 0.2 5 1 2
trt. thy1 p—mitre phenoxide 0.5 2 2 2
-------
RfAR Ixc. V-66
Table 23.
1 fle InfJ of the Alkyl Gro on the ntifwigal
Properties of Sare Tria]Jcylti.n A tates
(55)
Antif aa3 Activity (p n for irplete inhibition of growth)
Fungus
# of alkyl. Botrytis Penicilhitnn Aspergiflus
carbai atins - allii ita1ic n ni r
Rhizopus
ni .gricaris
0s
(X = OCO B 3 )
(Ci 3 ) 3 SNOCO H 3
3
20
20
200
200
(C 2 H 5 ) 3 SNX
6
1
2
2
2
(cH 3 ) (c 4 H 9 )SNx
6
1
2
5
5
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 4 H 9 )SNx
8
0.1
1
0.5
0.5
(C 3 H. 7 ) 3 SNx
9
0.1
0.1
1
1
(iso—C 3 H. 7 ) 3 SNX
9
0.1
0.1
1
0.5
( 3 ) 2 (C 8 7 )
10
0.5
0.5
0.2
2
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 6 H 13 )SNX
10
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.1
(C 4 H 9 ) 3 SNx
12
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 8 11 17 )SNX
12
0.02
0.5
0.1
> 5
(C 5 H 11 ) 2 (c 2 H 5 )SNX
12
0.2
1
1
0.5
( 3 ) 2 ( 2 1 5 )S
14
0.2
1
0.2
10
(C 5 H 11 ) 3 S
15
0.2
5
5
10
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 (C 12 H 25 ) SNX
16
0 .2
5
0.5
50
(C 6 H 13 ) 3 SNx
18
1
10
20
100
(C 8 H 17 ) 3 SNX
24
>100
>100
>100
>100
(C 4 C 10 —C 6 H 11 ) 3 Sr
18
0.5
0.5
5
20
(C 6 H 5 ) 3 SNX
18
2
1
0.5
10
-------
V—67
VERJ’AR IjYC.
Table 24.
Organotin Q xtpounds Used in the Treatrrent of F .riga1
Infections of Son op Plants
npaind Plant Disease Pathogen Ièferenc
Triphenyltin ac. tate potab blight Phyt hchcra infestans (75,76)
lery spot Septoria a ii (76)
sugar beet spot Cercospoca beticola (77,76)
Triphenyltin h thoxiee celery spot Septoria apii (78)
sugar beet spot Cercospora betioDla (79,78)
potato blight Phytophthora infestans (78)
peanut blight (78)
stem-end blight Caxya illinoensis (80)
pecan scab Fusicladium effusum (81)
ne blast Piricularia o yz (82)
Thiphenyltin chloride celeiy spot Septoria apii (76)
pota blight Phytophthora infes tans (76)
sugar beet spot Cercxspora beticola (76)
Tributyltin oxide wood rot C niophc.ra olivacea (82)
wood rot Poria nDntioola (82)
wood rot Fortes lividus (82)
Triphenyl(p:ienylthio) tin potato blight Phytcphthora infestans (83)
Tniphenyl (p-chloro-
phenylthio) tin potato blight Phytophthora infestans (83)
A_36* potato blight Phytophthora infestans (84)
celery spot Septori apii (84)
sugar beet spot Cercospora beticola (84)
Tripropyltin acetate wood rot Coniophora olivacea (82)
Thibutyltin acetate wood rot Ponia itonticola (88)
* Decafentin (D .cyc 1otripheny1phos onium-bnyiochlorotriphenylstannate]
-------
1/ RJA I? JX(’ V-68
E. Results of Peisonal Contacts with I ’edical Personnel
A total of 74 toxi logists and iredical examiners throughout the United
States re ntacted by telephone or letter with regard to their professional
a uaintanc with inciden s of accidental poisoning by tin or tin cx irpounds. Of
the 31 responses, one wa positive. This involved a non-fatal case of poisoning
attributed to ingestior. of tin in fcx)d from a rroded tin can. Poisoning of
other family nei±ers was r t }c-iown by the respondent.
-------
V-69
VERJ’AR Ixc.
XI. CJRRENT JLP TIONS
The “agreed” limit on tin oontent in foods is 300 ng/kg in the U.S. and
286 p n (ny/kg) in the Uni d Kingdckn.
•i1 aily tin ooir nid in the “List of Explosives and OtI r Dangerous
Articles” is tin trathlori , anhydrous. Tin tetrachioride is classed
as a oorrosi’ve liquid and requires a “white” label. The rnaxiram’i quantity
which can be shi çed in aie outside itainer by rail express is one
liter.
Other tin ooi ounds except for tin oxide are oonsidexed toxic (see XII)
and must be so labeled.
-------
RJAR J V-70
X II. STAND1 S
A. Inorganic Corrpc’urids ex pt SnH 4 and SriO 2
Thy - 2 rrg,’rn 3 as Sn 99
above li.mit is reo rrended in t1 interest of preventing stanriosis.
Tin salts in t1 blood stxeain are highly toxic, producinq paralysis and other
(99)
neurologic damage.
B. Orgar tin Corpnn ds
Thy - 0.1 as Sn
OrganoU..n-oortçxunds are ntmerous and vary wic ely in t1 ir toxic
reaction and effects. Ir view of this, actual e erience with specific organotin
a rpounds is of vital ortanca . Sin many of the organic tin oorrpounds have
not yet leen fully in estigated, t Thy indicated above is rec zrrrenc d for the
entire organotin class of cXrr x)unds.
-------
14RfAR Jxc. V71
) tII. St]MW ’ N1) N JJSIONS
A. Si.mmary
The thüted States is dependent on foreign countries for tin and tin
minerals. It is nct. by accident but by design that the U.S. leads t.he rest of the
world in producticn of recycled or secondary tin. Tin is the rrost expensive of
the c auon rretals; and, as a conseqi. nc of prico and availability, tin is riot used
where suitable substitutes are available.
‘pically, the axr unt of tin used in rrost applications is so snall as to
have little effect on the cost of the product. The selective and limited use of tin haE
been pursued since rld War II, and tin is one of the few materials for which
there is a strategic stodcpile maintained by the Gereral Sez-vic s Administration.
The largest uses are for tin plate and solder.
There is aln ost rx cont nination of the env±ronzr nt from procossing of
tin or its conpounds. The recovery and repro ssing of tin wastes is a large factor
in this. The one significant sourco of environirental contamination which involves
tin is scrap tin cans and tin plate in general. Disposal o these wastes instead
of rretal recovery is strictly due to economic ca sideraticns.
Sane local conditions do or can occur which constitute health hazards
to workers in the tin procossing and user industries, but these are quite limited
and the effects are not acute. One definite sour of contamination of the environ-
rrent with tin is from food stored in tin cans. Although serious health prthlerr
attributed to thin sour appear to be unusual, the ingestion by humans of tin from
this source is continually under surveillance. An unofficial limit of tin in foods
of 300 hg/kg has been set.
As a generalization, inorganic tin corrpounds are relatively nontoxic.
Inorganic tin crnpounds are poorly absothed by the intestine, and rrcst of ingested
tin is excreted in the feces. Tin is essential for normal gr wth in rats. Sane
tin may be absorbed through the lungs,. but inhaled tin oxide particles produce only
benign lesions in the lung tissue. Tin es not appear to be a carcinogen, terato-
gen or allergen.
Organic tin conpounds may be absorbed through the intestine and skin and
axe quite toxic, depending upon the type of organic groups present, and the degree
of substitution on the tin. Thialkyltins aie the ntst taxi c to maimials, producing
cerebral edema and ghepatic degeneration. Tetraaikyltins are converted to trialkyltins
-------
Y Rj4 N INc. V 72
in the liver; thus the toxicity synptorrs are the sane. Dialkyl .ins are excreted
in the bile, and fatal peritonitis or liver damage may occur. W c ’ tioa]Jcyltins pro-
du gastric irritation. Organotins have proven effective as insecticides, nol-
luscides, ermicides, aria fungicides.
Tin acc nulation by plants varies with the species. Lichens and irosses
ntain relatively hiqh levels of tin. Phytotoxicity can result fran ex ssive
applications, but the actions of tin on plants are not clearly established.
B. C iclusions
The following nclusions are based on the information presented in
this report:
(1) Tin as an erivronzrental ntaminant appears to essentially harm-
less.
(2) 1 ’lan is antinually ingesting tin in canned f ds, but nost of this
tin is quiddy eliminated and detrirrerital effects are rare.
(3) 1 major sour of tin entering the envira-urent in this tmtry
is through disposal of tin plate (nostly tin cans). When exposed to the elerrents
this tin rather quickly enters the soil and surf ac water. When the econariics of
reclaiming tin fran tin plate bea res favorable, rruch of the tin now entering the
envira-urent will be re yclyed instead.
C. o im ndat ons
There are nc recairrendations for further st- d ’ of environiiental effects
of tin and its canpo ds at this tisre.
-------
Y RJAR INC. V73
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/ V-77
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(1972).
(86) Bcilanciin, A. A., arid L. G. Gindin. Kinetics of Antibacterial Reactions. 1.
Action on Pathogenic Bacteria of Certain Organic Tin Compounds. Biofizika
(Moscow) I0(6):986-992 (1965).
(87) Drga, J., and M. Heger. 1972. Effect of Organic Tin Compouncs on Respiration
of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa . Cesk. Hyg. l7(I):18—24 (1972).
(88) Gardner, B. and R. Poller. Insecticidal Activity and Structure of Some Organotin
Compounds. Bull. Entomol. Res. 55:17-21(1964).
(8 Hays, Sidney B. eproduction Inhibition in House Flies with Triphenyltin Acetate
and Triphenyltin Chloride Alone and in Combliation with other Compounds. J.
Econ. Entomol. 6i( ):II54—ll57 (1968).
-------
V-79
VERJ AR Jxc.
References
(90) Floch, Herve, and Robert Deschiens. Comparative Study of the Molluscidial Action
of 5 1 2’—dichlors—4-nitro—salicylanilide (Bayer 73) and the salts (acetate and
chloride) of triphenyl tin. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot (Paris) 55(5):8l6—825 (1962).
(91) Mathur, Y. K. and R. C. Saxena. Note on the Possible U e of Triphenyl
Tinacetate as a Crop—Protectant Against some Lepidopterous Pests. Indian J.
Agric. Sci. 42(5):427-428 (1972).
(92) Findlay, J. B. R. Laboratory Studies on the Effects of Triphenyltin Acetate and
Triphenyltin Tydroxide on the Stages in the Life—Cycle of Spodoptera littoralis
(Bois.) Phytophylactica 2(2) :91—96 (1970).
(93) Verma, J. P. and P. C. Join. Efficacy of Triphenyl tin Acetate as a Crop
Protectant for Some Lepidopterous P ests. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 42(6):529—53 1
(1972).
(94) Commercial Buletins. The Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1968.
(95) Lindquist, R. K. and R. R. Spadaforo. Control of Twospotted Spider Mites on
Greenhouse Roses. J. Econ. Entomol. 65(6) :1746—1747 (1972).
(96) Jeppson, L. R., M. J. Jesser, and J. 0. Complin. Responses of the Pacific
Spider Mite and the Citrus Red Mite to Laboratory and Field Applications of
Tricyclohexyltin Chloride. J. Econ. Entomol. 6 1(6): 1502—l505 (1968).
(97) Joshi, B. G., G. Ramaprasod, and C. L. Noraycna. Studies on Antifeeding
Properties of Triphenyltin Acetate Against the Tobacco Caterpillar, Prodenia lituro
F. indian J. En omoI. 29(I): 18—20 (1967).
(98) Troyan, C. A., P. K. Krichinyok, and G. K. Palii. 1969. Antimicrobiol
Effect of Triethylstannol and Tributylacetoxystannan and its Mechanism. Antibiotiki
(Moscow). 14(t0);923-926 (l96 .
(9 Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances n Workroom Air,
3rd ed. American Conference of Government Industrial Hygenists, 1971.
-------
i V—80
VERfA R JM .
Vanadium References (missing)
(3 Soremark, Rune. Vanadium in some biological specimens. J. Nutr. 92(2):
183-190 (1967).
(51) Hudson, 1. G. Faulkner. Vanadium. Toxicology and biologcal significance.
American Elsever Publishing Company, Inc. New York, New York, 1964.
(67) Mountain, John 1., Fulton R. Stockell, Jr., and Herbert E. Stokinger. Effect
of ingested vanadium on cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism in the rabbit.
Proc. Soc. Exptl. Bol. and Med. 92(3):582—587( 1956).
-------
Y RJAR JXc. 1
GLLSSAr
bomasi nn - The tr digestive stoinadi of ruminante. Also called 4th stomath.
A tic Acid - An a ualor solution containing 36—37% a1 xC .
A ty1ation - eznical introduction of an a tyl radical (CR 3 -W--) into the
nolecular structure of an organic conpDund.
Ac ty1cho1ine - ‘CR ) N ( ) CR CR -00301 . Neurotransniitter released from para-
synpathetic postgans L onic an ali preg nglionic ner e terminals.
Acne Vulgaris - The mrcn type of aa occurring in sexually maturing and mature
dividuals , and related to horxrcnal imbalance.
Action Potential - ianges in electric potential at the surface of a nen or
n scle at the norrent of their excitation.
Activated S1 ge - Treathent of water with a sludge ntaining zticrcbial de np sers
to reduce the organic matter in the water.
Active Transport - The novenent of biochemicals against a concentration gradient.
It r u.tres energy.
Acute Tb dcity - Rapid onset, a short course and pxono ced synptans of a poison.
Adenocarcincma - One originating in glandular or ductal epithelium and tending to
produce aciinic structures.
Adipose - Fat, fatli.ke.
Adjuvnant - A material administered with and enhancing the action of a c1r x or
antigenic substance.
PDP - Adencsine diphosphate. The result of a reiroval of one P group fran ATP.
Adrenalin - Trade—mark for epinephrine.
Adrenal Cortex - The peripheral portion of the adrenal gland.
Aerd ic Respiration - uiring air or free oxygen in order to live.
Agar - Any of various culture nediurts containing agar—agar, a dried mucilaginous
extract obtained from sea eeds.
Albunin - One of a group of protein substances, the chief cza stittents of animal
tiss .e.
Alcohol dehydrogenase - An enzyne of yeast, capable of reversibly oddizing ethanol
to acetaldehyc .
-------
R JJ f(] 2
G1DSSAF i
Alkali Disease - Selenium poisoning disease in sheep and cattle which results
from ingestion of selenium indicator plants.
Alkaline - Containing nore hydroxyl than hydrogen ions.
Allantoicase — zyn which oonvert.s allantoic acid to urea and glyoxylic acid.
Alpha-2-global i ne - . traction of serum globulin.
Al olus - An air ll of the lunq.
Amavadin - Vanadium-oontaining ooiipound synthesized by Amanite muscaria.
Me loblast - An en rel onli; helps in the formation of c ental en l.
2-Amino-6-selenopurine - a selenium eerivative of uric acid.
Arriinopyrine D thylase - A liver c?etoxifying enzyire.
An robic - Aheence of noleo.ilar oxygen.
Anaphylaxis - A stats of increased s s ptibility or hypersensitivity.
Anaplastic Ca.rcirxDrra - A malignant epithelial ttmor, characterized q reversion
of form of a cell or cells t ard the errbryonal, with increased capacity for
multiplication.
Aremia - A significant reduction kelow normal in the n .rn1 r of erythiocytes,
herroglobin ncentrati.x , and the vo1 nre of packed red cells/lCiO c.c. of blood,
resulting in a ecreas& in the oxygen-carrying capacity of a given volune of blood.
Anorexia - Absence of appetite.
AnthDcyanin - Any of . class of glyoosid s ziprising the soluble ooloring matter
of blue, red and vic’let flowers.
Antigen - Any substance /nich stinrulates the production of antibodies or reacts
witF them.
Antioxidant - Any substance which delays the process of oxidation.
Aorta - The large vessel arising from the left ventricle.
-------
Y RfARJXC.
GI SARY
Arginase - Enzyrre wh.ich catalyzes the coinersion of the m.no acid arginine plus
water tc orn.iththe and urea.
Arteriole - A i ery nall artery.
Ascites - M abnormal accunulation of serous fluid in the eritcneal cavity
caused by increased enous pressure or a decrease of pla na aJ.bunin.
Asthma - Conit nly called allergic asthma characterized by oough, wheezing, rru.boous
sputun and a sense of oonstriciton of the d st.
Atopy - ?n allergy marked by a f nilial tenc ncy to certhin hyçersensitivities,
as hay astF a, etc.
- 1enosine triphosphate. A a o d of one rtolecule each of adenirie and D-
5 se with 3 rrolecules of phosphoric acid. Hy roylsis of it yields energy for
rruscular and cellular work.
ATPase - n enz i catalyzing the hydrolysis of adenosinetriphosphate.
Atrophy - A reductiai in size of an organ or cell which had previously reached
matire size.
Autoradiography - ‘ i techniq of locating and maasurir the distribution of
radioacti el nts in test material, by n ans of photographic registration of the
emanations from the elenents.
A c xDdia - Fine, needle—like pseud podia rediating fran the surface of the body of
Heliozoans (single cell animals).
Azotobacter - Soil and water bacteria capable of fixing ath ospheric nitrogen.
Basal cistern - The subarachnoid space at the base of the brain, divided by the
optic düasma into the cistern of the chiasrna and the interpeduncular cistern.
Basal Diet - Funderental food requirertents.
“ Beath’ s Indicator& ’ - Plants which acciznulate selenitnn to thousands of ppm.
Benzpyrene-h roxylase - A iher detoxifying enzyrre.
Betaine - A substance obtained fran sugar-heet irolasses. Useful in prei enting
hepatic cirrhosis.
Bilirubin - A dark green bile pigTrent fonred in the body from hemoglobin, but
lar ly reduced in the li er to bilirubin.
-------
1’ RfAR Jxc.
GLOSSARY
Biological Half-Life • i r tine required for one-I)alf of the remaining adrniiustered
ãse of a substanoo to elintinated from the body.
Bi l ers - High rrolecu.lar ight polyrrers of biological irrportance, such as
proteins, nucleic aci& and polysactharides.
Blastocyst - A blastula, which is a spherical mass oDrisisti.ng of a ntral cavity
surrounded by a single la r of Us produ d by the cleavage of the
Blastar to nic - Pertaining to factors which excite Uular tiultiplication
resulting in neoplastic grc th.
Blastorrere - ny one of the lls into which the fertilized ov mi divides.
Blind Staggers - Seleniun poisoning disease in sheep and cattle which results from
igesti of forage pl nts gr ing on seleniferous soils.
Blood—Brain Barrier - f ctia-ial barrier be en the blcx d s plying the
ntral nervous system and the interstitial spaoos of the neural tisstE.
Blood Catalase - Erythrocyte enzyrre which catalyzes the oxidation of hydr en
paroxide to water and Dxygen.
31) - Biological oxygen deniar 1.
Bronthospa n - T rrpor ry narro &’ing of the bronchi d to violent involuntary oon-
traction of the bronchial muscles.
Cachexia - ‘èakness and emaciation caused by scxre serous disease.
Ctha r - A dead body.
Calci n Selenate — Ca..e0 4 .
Carcinoma - n epithelia1. ttnror which is malignant.
Caxx3.iac Blo Pool Voli. e of blood in the heart.
Caries - A nolecular death of bone or teeth.
Carotene - ny of three isorreric hydrocarbons, of the forirula C 40 H 56 , thstinginshed
by the prefixes a-, S- and y-. All are synthesi d by plants.
Carrier-Free - Des crib i.ng a radioactive isDtcçe to which rrore of the stable form
of the isotopa has been added as a carrier.
Catarrh — Inflarr natic..-i of the muoous rreithranes, particularly those of the air
passa s of the nose and throat, with an ex ath oontain.ing rraicin and epithelial
c l1s.
-------
4 RJAR Jxc.
GLOSSARY
Catheter - A hol1o tube for intrtxlucticn into a cavity through a narrr canal
for the purpose of discharging the fluid tents of a cavity.
Cellulose - fl principal ca thy rate constit nt of the U wall of plants.
Cerebellum - The inferior part of the brain lying belc i the forebrain and above
the hindbrain.
Cerebrospinal Fluid - JIbe fluid within the rebral ventricles and bet en the
arachnoid n ibrane and pia mater of the brain and spinal cx)rd.
Ce.rebrospInal Scanning - Autoradiogra *ky of the brain ar 1 spinal cord.
Cexoid Pi nt - A substanc fo xid in the fat in experirrerttal liver cirrhosis
brou t about by diet lc in irethionine.
Cerulcplasmin - A blt , copper-containing senirn alpha globulin.
ilorella \ Ailgarie - ?n alga, the source of the antibiotic thlorellin.
Uorosis - Greensidcness; in plants the loss of chlorophyll.
( o1esterol - C 27 1-1 45 0H, an unsaturated alcohol of the class of sterole.
Chranatin-FNA Polyrterase Carrplex - Canpiex of a polymarized nucleic acid present
in the chrarosares and carrying the genes.
C ixoi rcgen - My substance which, under suitable conditions, is capable of pro-
ducing color.
xonic Selenosis - Long tern selenium poisoning.
Chxonic Uremia - Tha long te retention in the blood of urinary constituents due
to failure of the kidneys to excrete them.
Ciliate - M organism having threadlike cytcpla.smic processes of cells which
beat rhythmically, thereby causing loconotion.
Cirrhosis - A chronic, progressive disease of the liver.
Clone - A group of individuals of like genetic constitution obtained by asexual
reproduction fran a single original individual.
Clonic - Describing a series of noverrents cha.racterizeI by alternate contractions
and relaxations.
Coagulation Tiire - The length of tiire required for shed bicod to coagulate.
-------
V RJAR Jxc. 6
GL SARY
0]) - Chemical oxygen demand.
CcenzyTre A - A deriv?tive of pantothenic acid which in the presence of a suitable
enzyr e can accept an ac.etyl group.
Cofactor - ny iretal n .itritionally required in trace quantities, participating in
reactions, on a rrolecLlar le l with enzyrres.
Collenterator - A ph ’hin of animals which inc1 hydras, jellyfish, sea aneirones
and rals.
Colloidal Ln - Suspension of elerrental tin.
Coltm Chr r to raphy - A rrethod for the separation of a mixture acoorrplished by
passing a solution trrough a colurrn of material which effects separation based
on irolecular ight, acisorpti e properties, solubilities, or charge.
j ctivitis - InflaauT ation of the mi us rreirbrane ering the anterior portion
of the globe of the eye.
Cortical Pyrwriidal Cell - A nerve cEll of tJe cerebral oortex.
Cortisone -17-Hydroxy-li dehydrooortic sterone - A constit .ent of adenal rtical
extract,
CotyledDne - The primary or seed leaf in the phan rogamic embryo.
Creatinuria - The oc rrence of creatine in the urine.
Crista - A crest.
Cysts - A sac with a distinct wall, ntaining fluid or other material.
Cvtochrcrre Oxidase - An iron— ntaining oxidase which oxidizes the reduced form
of cytochrare C.
Cytoplasm - The protoplasm of a cell other than that of the nucleus.
Decarboxylate - To split off one or rrore rroleo.iles of carbon dioxide fruri organic
acids.
Deliri ‘I errens - A state marked by distressing delusions, illusions, hallucin-
ations, stant tretror, fizr ling xroverrents of hands, ins iriia, and great exhaustion.
Dentin - The calcified tiss which fonns the major part of a tooth.
De atitis - M infla .rrnation of the skin.
-------
1 RJAR INc.
(LOSS ’
Desouaxi tion - A peeling and casting off, as of the superficial epitheliuin
n ig nEnbranes, renal thbules and the skin.
I sulphydrase - nre which nver-ts cysteine sulfur tc H 2 S der an rcbic
conditions.
xtran - D-gluoc ’e polyirer used as plasma substitute.
Dialkyltin — + 2 Sn
a yl
grot
Dibutyltinacetate - (C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(G 5 ) 2
n- C 2 H 5
Dibutyltin di-(2-ethylhexanate ) - ( C 4 H 9 ) 2 Sn(C 3 Q 2 Q 2 cH 2 cHcxo) 2
Dibutyltln Oxide (I)3flJ ) - (C 4 H 9 ) 2 SnO
Diencephalan - That part of the brain containing the thalamic and xrost of the
third ventricle.
Diethy1tir Jchloride -(DE 1 ) - (C 2 H 5 ) 2 SnC1 2
Dinercapt ropance - BPIL ( British Pinti-L wisite ) — P 1 n effective therapeutic agent
aInst both the local and systemic actions of certain arsenic war gases. Also
used as antidote to poisoning by certain nEtals.
Di.u thyl Di lenide - CH 3 Se Se—C-I 3
Diit thylgl ’cxi - [ O1 C:N:OH) 2 - A white crystalline p der used for the detection
and deterru.nation of fackel.
DinEthyl Selenide - C l - I 3 Se-CH 3
Diphenylacetic Acid - (C 6 H 5 ) 2 0H
Dithiocarb - Q lating agent used to treat sate rretal poisonings; diethyldithio-
carbamate.
Diuxesis - Increased excretion of urine.
I A- Desoxyribonucleic acid.
PA - Dihydherrjlalanine.
-------
1 RfA R Ixc. 8
DSSARY
DrPA - Diethylenetriaflir 1 fltacet1C acid.
1 ’spnea - Difficult cr labored breathing.
jsrhythmia - ny abnormal rhythn such as in brain waves.
rstrophy - fective nutrition or abnormal cèvelopient or degeneration.
Echinoderit ta - A ph”linii of invertebrates which inclu s such animals as the sea
stars, sea urchins, se cucurrbers and sea lilies.
Eczema - An acute or d ironic noncontagious, itching, inflarrm tory disease of
the skin.
E rna - Ex ssive accn nulation of fluid in the tissue spaces.
Edestin - A globulin type of sirrple protein; obtained from tba seeds of 1- irp.
- Ethy1enedirni netetraa t ic acid.
Electr n phalOgraIfl - A graphic record of the minute chanc s in electric potential
associated with the activity of the rebral cortex.
Electron Spin Resonance — Analytical technique based on the changes in spin
properties of electrons in an electrical field.
Electron Transport System - r itochondrial respiratory chain wh.idi oxidizes reduced
coenzyires with irolec.ilar oxy n as the ultimate electron acceptor.
Electrophoresis - The migration of charc d colloidal particles through the nedi n
in which they are disporsed when placed under the influence of an applied electric
potential.
Dthryopathic - The c is3ased state of a yo .rig orgarii n in the early stacy of devi l-
optent.
F TesiS - Vomiting.
nission S ctxopho retry - Analytical technique based on the characteristic
r ission of light by a ornpo rid.
En mic Fluorosis - localized poisoning by absorption of to,dc anounts of fLx)rl.ne.
dametri zn - e rnu s rrembrane lining the uterus.
idopla. tic ticulumn - Cytopla. nic irenbrane system providing the site for protein
synthesis and secretirn.
-------
1’ RJAR Jxc.
GWSSAPY
E zyire - A catalytic protein fo d by the 1l with a specific action of praioting
a dieinical thar .
Eosir philia - An increase above the r rnal nt rber of eosino iil leukocytes in the
circulating blood or in the tiss s.
Epidernoid Carcinoma - An epithelial t xror which is malignant derived fran surf a
or lining epitheliuin.
Epididymis - That portion, of the seminal duct lying posterior to the testis and
oonnected to it by the efferent ductules of the testis.
Epileptogenic - Producing epilepsy.
Epiphytes - A vegetable parasite gro. iing on the exterior of the body.
Epidei .ology - The study of occuxen and distribution of disease.
Erythema - A redness of the skin occurring in patches of variable si and shape.
Erythro rtes - non-nucleated U of ht.men blood whose oxyc n-carrying pigirent,
henoglthm is responsthle for the red oDlor of fresh blood.
Esd erjd,erja Coli - A normal bacterial inhabitant of man and all vertebrates.
E cphtalrri.is - Abnormal protusion of the eyeball fran the orbit.
Exudative Diasthesis - Selenitnn deficiency disease in chicks.
F ddase - zyne which converts Fe 2 to Fe 3 carpo ds.
E rrovanadium - Fo 3 V 2
Fibrinogen - A protein of the globulin class present in blood pla na.
Fibriri Thranbi - Clots of blcxDd forned within the heart or blood vessels oonsisting
of suc ssive layers of fibrin and red blood lls.
Fibroblast - A steilate or spindle-shaped l1 with a large, oval, flattened nucleus
and a thin layer of cytcplasm.
Fibrosarcanas - Spind1e- ll sarcoma, mature in type, with production of collagenous
fibrils.
Focal crosis - The localized pathological death of a il or group of Us in
contact with living l1s.
-------
RfAR INc. 10
GLC6SARY
Follicle - A nall se ctory cavity or sac.
Formic Acid Dehydroc enar e - zyrre which redu s formic acid to carbon dioxide.
Free Fatty Acid - Long chain rronoca oxylic acid of the general formula
ai 3 (cH 2 ) oDH.
Free Radical - A non-ionic pound, highly reactive and of relatively short life,
in which the ntral elenent is linked to an abnormal nuir1 r c’f atoms or gro s of
atars.
Galactolopid - Any phosphorus-free nitrcge.nous, fatty substan , containing also
galactose, found in large airot ts in the brain.
Galliizn hydroxide - Ge (OH)
Ganma-G lcjuljns - A senrn fraction protein, contains the antibodies.
Gastric iptying - Stomach exrptying.
Gastroc -iernius - A muscle on the posterior aspact of the leg.
Castr nteritis - Inflamnation of stomach and intestine.
Gastrula - An errbryo at that stage of its develo nt when it sists of two
l1ular la rs, and ‘ primitive gut.
Gel Filtration - The pro ss of passing through a colloid in solid form.
Gelatin - The product obtained by the partial hydrolysis of colla n, rived from
t skin, white connective tiss , and bones of animals.
Gestation - Duration of pregnancy.
Gizzard - The strong rru3a.llar stomach of birds used for grinding the food.
Glial Cell - A nerai term for the fibrous and llular, r n nervous st porting
elenents of the rervo is system, chiefly derived fran the ectoderm.
Glcrreru.lin - The tuft of capillary locps projecting into the ltmen of a renal
corpuscle.
-Gluouronida - An enzyire which cataly s hydolysis of glucurorades.
Glutainate-Oxa1oa tate Transaminase - A transfer enzyrre which cataly s the reaction
glutamate + oxaloa tate, . aspartate aiphaketogluterate.
-------
Y RfAR INC.
GLCSSARY
G1utan te Pyruvate D ansaininase - Thansfer enzyne which cataly s the reaction
glutamate + pyruvate alanir + aiphaketoglutarate.
Glutamic Acid - CXXI- (O{ ) 2 CHNH 2 OH, a dica±oxylic alpha amino acid.
Gold—198 - The gold isotcpe with atanic weight of 198.
Half-Life - The tine during which half of any given anr’unt of a radioactive substance
will have tu rga e transnitation.
Haptert - A partial antigen which reacts with a specific ‘ntibody in vitro only.
Hebephrenic Schi phrenia - A fonn in which there is marked silliness, pesthring
and neru ri , pidying with words and regressive behavior.
1iozoan - Freshwater rhizqod protozoans that reproduce by binary fission
or budding.
E iroglobin - T he repiratozy pi rent of ezythrocyt s having the reversible prcçerty
of taking up oxygen or of releasing it.
F nopoiesis - The formation of blood.
Ii ITorrh e - An escare of blood from the vessels.
Henovanadiun - The vanadit.nn present in the blood.
F parin - A substance occurring in the liver and other tissues, having the property
of prolonging the clotting tine of blood.
F patcsis Diactetica - A gereratiai or inflarTrnation of the liver whic± cannot
be clearly distinguished clinically. aracteri d by diac tic acid in the blood.
Herbi vre - An animal which eats plants.
l se Dipbosphate - C e of the he> sephosphates forrred during the decxrr x)stion of
gluoose and gly gen in rtu.iscle-tisste netabolism. -
H ydrated Indiun Oxide - 1n 2 0 3 x H 2 0.
H rogen Seleni - H 2 Se.
ydrolysis - Any reaction with water, frequently of the type AB + } H AOH + .
5-Hydroxy-Indole-Acetic Acid - A rretabelite of serotonin,
-------
1 RJ4R J 12
GWSSA 7
8-Hydroxybutyrate - CH 3 CHOHCH 2 aX)H. An organic ac.i.d that is an interiredia.ry in
f at rretabolism.
Hypercholasterolemia - L
-------
V RJAR JXC. 13
GLOSSARY
Indi rn-li3M Ferric Hydroxide - Mixture used for diagnostic organ scanning.
Indium-113M Glutathione - Injection mixture used for diagnostic organ scanning.
Endium-U3M Sulfur Clloid - Suspension of radioactive ll 3 Mfl.. and sulfur, used
for organ scanning.
Indii ntin nide - InSb.
Indium Chelates - Chemical c n p1ex hetween indium and chelating agents.
Indium ( 1oride - m d 3 .
Indi .nn Chondroitin Sulfate Colloid - Suspensicn used for diagnostic organ scanning.
Indium Colloid - latin dispersion of elerrental indium used for diagnostic organ
scanning.
Indium H’.m n Serun AThurnin - Injection mixture used for diagnostic organ scanning.
IndiIron— scorbic Acid Corrplex - Injection mixture used for organ scanning.
Indium Nitrate - In 2 3) 3
Indium Phospha Colloid - In ) 4 dispersed in a gel matrix.
Indium iacetate - In (CH 3 CX)O 3 ) •
Induction - 1 morphological effect brought about by the action of one tissue
upon another.
Interferon A heat-stable soltble basic antiviral protein of 1 noleo.ilar weight
pnxlucad by c 1ls exposed to the action of a virus.
International Units - P1n arbitrarily defir d weight of n international standard
of referenca adopted by the Pe nanent Catinission at Biological Standardization of
the League of Naticns. -
Intracranial - Within the skull.
Intragastric - Within the stanach.
Intraperitoneal - Within the peritoneun.
Inb:atratheal - Within the trachea.
Intravenous - Within the vein.
-------
Y RJAR JJ ( 14
OSSARY
Ioni.c mdi . -
Iron-Dextran -
Iron ( III) Hydroxide Selenite - FeOHSeO 3 .
Iron(II) Selenide - F3Se.
Keratin - Any of a grou of albtrninoids or scleroproteins characteristic of horny
tiss s, hair, nails, feathers, etc.
ci-}(etoglutaric Acid - 2 0 L A dibasic keto acid.
1 ashiorkor - A deficiency disease, probably of animal protean.
Lacrimation - Normal secretion of tears.
Lactalbui in - A sinpie protein cxntained in ini]Jc whidi reserrbles serwn albumin.
- Lethal centration, rredian.
LD. - Mirthnin lethai dese.
— d.ian letha.. dose.
Leaf Rust - A rust disease of plants that affects primarily the leaves.
Legtxres - A vegetable used for food.
Lesion - The ai ration, structural or functional, dl.E to injury.
Leuoopenia - A decrease belc the rxrinal rnzrber of ]i uoDcjtes in the peripheral blood.
Lichen - Any of rnmerous plants mace .p of an alg and a fungus grc ing in syrrb tic
association on a solid surface.
Liirb Bud - The erbryonic proliferation of cells which will form the limbs.
Li ase - A fat-splitting enzyne tair d in the pancreatic juice, in blood plasma
and many plants.
Lipid PerocLdation - i process of inoorporating the bivalent C-O--O-- gro into
proteins or ca±thydratt.s that are the cxxipcnents of living cells.
Lip rotein - Conjuga d proteins sisting of sirrple protein oorrbir d with a lipid.
-------
34 RfAR Jxc. ‘ 5
GLOSSARY
Lucid Cataton.ia - k disor r ma. ed by catalepsy.
Lyrtphocytes - A cell forrred primarily in lynphoid tissue.
L tphoid Leuk a - A form of i emia, acute or chronic, in which the predaninating
cell type belongs to the lynphocy e class.
Lynph xnas - A group of malignant or premalignant cxnditions of lynphoid tissi in
whith splenaregaly and l hadenc a hy are usually present.
LysozynE - An enzyrre found in tears, leukocytes, nuoous secretions, egg albtnnin and
many plants.
Macronoiecules - large n lecu1es.
Macrophage - A phagocytic cell, not a leukocyte, belonging to the reticuloendo-
thelial system.
Magnt - Large, as in foraman magnun.
Maiphigian Layer - The forrrer n e of germinative layer of the epidermis.
Maneb - A plant fungicide.
Mannitol - CH.,OH.OHC •HO H(DHHCOH c L,OH. A hexahydric al l fran manna and
other plant s&iroes; used to ire asure th rate of glonerviar filtration.
Maxillary Antrt n - maxillary hollow or cavity.
Madullary Layer of Adrenal - The tral area of the irenal gland.
lancholia - A form of rrental disorc r characterized by extreire pressicn, fear,
brooding, and painful delusions.
Manostasis - A suppression of the nen trual flow.
sendiyxre - The portion of the iresoderm that produces all the r ctive tiss s
of the body, the bJood vessels, and the blood, the lyrrphatic system . and the heart.
SC )hyfl - The parenchyma between the epidermal layers of a foliage leaf.
tallcenze - An enzyrre oontaining rretal as an inherent portion of i nDlecule.
tarrcrphosis - A stnictural change or transformation.
tastasis - The transfer of disease from a primary focus to a distant one by n-
veyance throu the blood or l tph vessels.
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I 4 RJAR mc. 16
GLOSSARY
? thandrostenoione - carcinogenic synthetic steroid.
Mich 1is Laws - A relationship that rreasuzes the kir ti of an enzyrre
reacti.cn.
Microcurie - The ai t t of a radioactive substan which uncèrgees 3.7 x 1O dis-
intergrations/second.
Mi o grams — pg; one millionth of a gram.
Microns - -millionth of a mater; p.
Microsone - A noncx rmi ttal for any granule fcxind in a onil.
Milthtolar - One th sandth of a iTole.
Mitod ondria - Cyt lasrnic organelles present in all osils; energy nEtabolisrn
takes plaon in them.
Mitotic Figures - A suries of visthie evente d ing mitr)sis, e.g. spindle and
asterr,
Mitotic Index - The nt rber of dividing onus r thousand cells.
blar - .bles of solute in a definite vol ii of solution, usually 1 liter.
Mnoairdxe Oxidase - &izy1te which d.dati ly deaminates the catediolarnines, irore-
pine r arid epinephrire.
nocytosis - Increase in the ni. er of large xrcrionuc].ear 1eukocy s in the peri-
pheral circulation.
Monogastric - One stanach.
Muri*w Lynphosarcai a - . malignant 1yirpion a that tends to rretastazize freely.
l 1sc1e Trenor - Slight, oscillating, ythrnic muscular ntractions.’
I’& iscu1ar Dystr hy - A progressive, familial hereditary disorder, marked by atr hy
and stiffness of the muscles.
M e1in - 1 white, frtty substance forming a sheath of sone ner s.
eloid Leukemia - Leukemia in which the predoniinant cell types belong to the grwi-
ulocytic series.
Myopathy - ny disease of the muscles.
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RJAR 1 )1G. 17
opathj - My disease of the muscles.
ocardial Infarction - A region of necrosis in the heart tiss dtE to couplete
interference with blood flow.
Myocardial Schemia - Iical diminution in the blood supply, d to obstruction of
inflow of arterial blood.
Myocardial Tràbeculae - The interlacing muscular co1 utris projecting from the inner
surface of the ventricles of the heart.
Myotrophic Steroid - A steroid which acts directly n muscle.
NADPH - Reduced nicotine adenine dinuc1eotic e phosphate, a re&x coenzyn .
Narcosis - A state of pro fo crid stupor, iriaDnsciousness, or arrested activity.
Nasophazynx - The space hehind the posterior mares and aho ve a horizontal plane
through the lower nargin of the palate.
Nematode - A worm of the class N toda tr rouncMrms.
N pla ns - My new growth.
Nephrotc cic - Cestructive to the kidney cells.
Neutro Phil - The polyrrorphonuclear leukocyte of the blood, which contains neutro—
phil granules in its cytoplasm.
Newcastle Disease - M acute virus disease of fowls characterized by pneuronia
and encephcelon ’elitis.
Nickel Carbonate - NiC) 3 .
Nickel Carhonyl - Ni(CO) 4 .
Nickel C üoride - NiC1 3 . -
‘ T Nickel Itch ” - Derina tis at area of contact with nickel.
Nicke l-63 - Radioisotope of nickel.
Nicotin nide - C 5 H 4 N .
Niphen - Th e nare of a phenol derivative used for athlete’s foot or ring orm.
Nitrification - The conversion of the nitrogen of arruronia and organic cxznpotrids
into nitrites and nitrates.
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Y RfAR Jxc. 18
OSSARY
Nr ogen Fixation - n ersion of free nitrogen in the air into aJnpounds, such
as ai rronia and nitric ac id.
! de of Ranvier - Regular, local nstrictions of imjelinated nerve fibers of
tbe perip1- ra1 nerves.
Norepineohrine — ein3 cal tran itter at syrrpathetic nerve endings with tbe
Structhre.
Nuc].eotide - The rbin tion of a purine or pyrirrddine base with a s ar and
phosphoric acid.
Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy (? ) - A disease characterized by progressive was-
trng of the muscles aggravated by inproper diet.
Occipital Focus - The principle location of a disease in the occipital bone.
Ornas - The third ccrroar rent of t1- stomach of a ruminant.
Orreiroid Catatcnia - A severe type of c uentia pr ccx.
Occyte - n g osli before tbe o npletion of the maturation proosss.
C isthDtcmos - A d ti on in thich, from a tetanic spa. n of tbe muscles of the
back, the ad and lode: linbs are bent backward and tbe tr .r k is arched forward.
Oratic Acid - C 5 H 4 N 2 0 4 . A pyrimidine precursor in animal tissues.
Organelles - A specialized structhxe or part of a osil having a c finite function
to perform.
O rotic Diuresis - A ubstanos producing diuresis because of tne osnotic effect of
the unabsorbed fraction .ri the renal ibules with resulting loss of water.
Ost blastoc1astcrra - Drie-fo!Trd.ng osli.
Osteochondrczre - A tu r originating in bone or cartilage occasionally from other
structure, which histologically tains both bone and cartilage.
Osteodystrophy - ny c’ fective bone formation.
Ovabain - C 29 H 44 0 12 2° A gly si which inhibits ATPase.
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RJAR INC. 19
G1CSS
Ova1b iinin - The albiinin of egg white.
Ovine - 1ating to sheep.
Oxidative Ph phorylation - The esterification of aDnpounds with phosphoric acid
in the presen of oxygen.
Palantine Torisils - One fouid on each side of the throat.
Paranoid Schizophrenia - A fonn in which delt ions of persecution or of grandeur or
both, hallucinations, and ideas of referen predominate and sonetines are systema-
tized. - --
Parenchynia - The essential or specialized part of an organ as distinguished from the
S . pOrting nr ctive tissue.
Paroxysm - The periodic increase or crisis in the progress of a disease.
Pectoral Muscle - Muscle, which annects the am and the chest.
Pelt - skin of a fur-bearing animal.
Peroxidation - A proosss of in rporating the bivalent -0-0- group into a
o pound.
PhagDcyte - A ll having the property of engulfing and digesting foreign or other
particles or oslis harmful to the body.
Phagocytosis - Ingestion of foreign or other particles, principally bacteria, by
rtain l1s.
Pharynageal Mu uz Sheath - A lining of rnuct s in the region of the
pharynx.
1, lO-Phenanthroline - E 1zyne inhibitor which acts by combining with required matal
cxxfactors.
Phenoxybenzarnirie - N-phenoxy-isopropyl-N-benzyl -ch1oroethylainine, an adrenergic
bloddng agent.
PhosphoLipid Monolayer - A single layer of a type of lipid, which is an ester of
phosphoric acid and contains, in addition, one or molecules of fatty acid; an
a1 hol, and a nitrogenous base.
Photosynthesis - The pro ss by which sinpie carbohydrates are synthesized from
carbon dioxide and water by the thlorcplasts of living plant lls in the presence
of light.
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Y RJAR Ixc. 20
GL SARY
Pixeal - Feferring to the pineal gland.
Pitiitary - A si al1 ro ded organ attached to the floor of the brain by a stalk.
It is the master gland of internal secretion.
Placental Scanning - / toradi raphy of the placenta.
Plankton - General term for free-floating plants and animals in sea water.
Plantararch —The arch of the sole of the foot.
Platelet - Spheroidal r ovid light-gray bodies f ind in blood; an in rtant factor
in blood ooagulaticn.
Pleistocene — earlic r epoch of the Quartenary or the rresponding system
of rodcs.
Pleura - The serous n’errlrane erive loping the luig -
Polycythei da Vera - A rare disease in which the red blood cells are greatly increased
in rnzrber, with an absciute increase in the total mass of red cells/kg of body
waight.
Polydactyly - The existence of supernurrerary fin rs and toes.
Polystyrene-Latex - A ckar light ight plastic prepared by reaction and polyneri-
zation of ethylene and tenzene.
Polyvinyl iloride - 2 l) ; a polyrrer of vinyl chloride.
P.P.B . - Parts par billion.
P.P.M . - Parts per million.
Precentral l bthr Cortex - ‘fl-s outer gray portion of the cere.brurn in frost of
centra.l fissure of the brain.
Pressor Effect - n effect which produces a rise in blood pressure.
Prm Y CaZCiJX)Ina e principal location of malignancy.
Primary Se1eniui Indicators - Plants which absorb selenium from the soil.
Proline - C 5 H 9 0 2 N; an arniro acid.
Protholytic E izyrres - zynes converting proteins into simpler substances.
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RJAR INC. 21
JJSSAPY
Proximal Coni luted ‘l\±ule - part of the renal tubule which lies in the rbax
of the ]ddriey r axest the renal crrpuscle.
Pse ocho1inesterase - n enzyne which catalyzed the hydrolysis of acetyicholine
but whith differs fran tholinesterase in that it is nonspecific and hydrolyzes
esters other than choline esters.
Pseunrsclerosis - An affection similar in synptans to multiple sclerosis of the
nervous syst n.
Psoriasis - A chronic infl tory skin disease.
Puln nary Artery - The artery 1e J.ng from the right ijentricle of the heart to the
lungs.
PyridDxal Phos ate - 4-al hyde of pyridoxirie, an essential oirponent of enzyrres
cxncerned with amino—acid ca±oxylation with transamination.
Pyrrole Rings - NH CH:CH .CH:CH. A oDlorless liquid occurring in bone oil. Many
o lex natural xr ouids, such as hen 1obin ar . chlorophyll, contain pyrrol o m-
pcxients.
Padialized Larvae - larvae subjected to radiation.
RadiooDlloid - Any oDiloidal aggregate of radioactive substances.
Radioirditmt - Any radioactive isotope of Indii.mt.
R .ionuclide - A r ioactive atcin which is characterized by the nu±er of protons
in the nucleus.
RaLoDp - Not transparent to the X-ray.
Radiopharmaceuticals - A radioactive ô ug used for tha ostic or therpeutic purposes.
Pedox Agent - An agent which brings about a reduction—oddation reaction, state,
or system.
Peductive Mathylation - Introduction of the nethyl group into a comp und.
PES - Reticuloendothelial system.
Pespiratoxv Center - A region of the du1la oblongota which regualtes respiratory
n v ents.
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3’ RfAR JM7. 22
OSSA
Ièticulocyte - n IT nathxe or youlg erthiocyte taining riJ nucleoprotein as a
granular or filarentous ne ork.
ticulocytosis - Condition in which reticulocytes are present in ex ss in the
peripheral blocxI.
ticulosndothe1ial System - rtaining to 1ls which axe grouped irider the term
which incl a11 the phagocytic 11s of the body, es pt the leuko-
cy s.
1 tinitis - Inflarrri tion of the retina.
iab r ’o-Sar - A malignancy ocourring fri the rodlike structhxes in the
retinules in the r o nd eyes of arthrcpods.
natoid 1 rthritis - A chronic arthritis of unkncx. n origin; affects n .iltiple
joints, producing consti tutiona.l effects such as debility, v akness, arid loss of
Ight.
Rhinitis - Infl ration of the nasal uu cous nerthrane.
Ribonuc].ease - n enzync present in various body tissues whid-i depolyrrerizes ribo-
nuc].e.ic acid to give rrinonucleotides.
Ribosarel - rected dth the cyt 1a nic granules that are sites of
protein synthesis.
- Ribonucleic acid.
Pous Sarcoma Virus - A thicken sarcoma.
zren - First par rent of the stanach of the ruminant, where food is teuporarily
stored.
Rmtnant - One of an order of animals possessing an arrangeiient of the foxe-stc ach
reby f cod is regurgitated and reinasticated.
Sarcoma - A malignant t x r r osed of lls derived fran nonepithelial tissues,
mainly connective tissue.
Schi phxenia - Ore of a group of psychotic reactions.
Scintigr n - A printed or penned record, consisting of hori nta.l r s of short
vertical lines, variably spa d, which in the aggregate shows the distribution of a
radioactive tra r st stan , in intact tissue, and also the profile of the tissue.
Saturation Binding - cinectfrig cxxrpotrids by adding one to the ub1e bond of an
organic ccinpound.
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1/ RJAR Ixc. 23
DSSAPY
Sclerosis - Hardening, espacially of a part by oi ergrc.wth of fibrous tissue.
Se daxy Selen.ium Indicators - One of a group of plants which absorb a limi d
ar oi t of selenium fran the soil.
Sedirrentazy Poöc - P.od thich is fo by depositicri.
Selenate - A salt of selen.ic acid, Se0 4 2 .
Selenious Acid - H 2 SeO 3 .
Selenite - A salt of selexdous acid, SeC 3 2 .
Selenium-75 - Radioxtive isotope of selenium.
Selenium-75-Selencm thionine - R ioacti selenium analog of irethionine,
ai 3 Se—Qi 2 QL GIOOH.
Selenium—75-Sodium Selenite - Nye 75 0 3 .
Selenium Dioxide - SeC 2 .
Selenium cychloride - SeClO.
SeJ.eno—Amino Acids - Amir acids ntaining Se.
Selenocyanate - SeCt O.
Selenocystathicx iine - Selenium analog of xystathicnirie,
NH (X)OH.
Selenocysti n e - Selenium analog of the amino acid, cystire, HO(X G NH 2 CH 2 -Se-Se-
Q CDOH.
Selenogluthathicrie - Selenium analog of gluthathione,
OH-aH 2 2 c Ha1-Ca H 2
6-Se ler purir ie - Selenii.rm-substituted urine,
Selenotauririe - Selenium analog of taurine, HNCH 2 CH 2 SeO 3 H.
Selenotrisulfide - SeS 3
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V RfAR mc. 24
GL SA t T
Serothru n - A subs tance present in the blood s ea1Tl thich inparts vaSOoDnStrictOr
activity to the vascular system.
Serpentine Soil - Soi containing hydrous itagnesium silicate.
Sen - The aither colored fluid which exudes fran ooagulathd bl d as the clot
shrinks, and then no lcnger contains fibrinogen.
Siderosclioosi s - Diffuse fibrosis of the lungs d to prolonged inhalation of dusts
ntairi.ing sili i dioxide arid iron salts.
Sinus Venosus - The ch er of the ver brate heart to which the veins return
blood from the body.
Sinusitis - Inf1ar mation of a sinus.
Slt ge - Sewage deposit.
Scr3it R-Calciwn channel -
Sodium r . tavanadate - NaVO 3 .
Scidiumn Seleriate - Na 2 SeO 4 .
StEctral Absorption - The absorption of a selective portion of radiation, after it
has passed thxougEsCcie absothir suJDstanc .
permatoge11eSiS - ‘Ihe phena na involved in the pro&iction of mature male germ onus.
StanoSiS - Tin poisoning.
Stannous üoride - S Ci 2 .
Stexol - Any saturated or unsaturated aboohol derived fran cyclD1atafl0erhYd?
anthiene.
Subacute - stage of a disease when it is interrrediate bet en an acute and a
.hrmic form.
StI o nllular - Below the onliular level, e.g. nuclear, mitechondria, etc.
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I4RJAR Jxc. 25
SSA L’
Subcutaneous — Beneath the skin.
&ib rmal — Beneath the dermis.
Succinate - A salt of succjnjc acid. (OX)H.a 2 2 0J0H).
Sulfanilamide - NH.,C HASD )NH.,. Exerts a potent antibacterial effect aainst n ny
organ SIT 1 being ot Dtbef apeutic val .
Suithydryl Group - The i.nivalent radical SM, usually attad d to a carbon chain.
Stz rnate - The fluid which remains after tbe reitoval of susçen d matter by centri-
fugatixxi or other physical or d mical irearis.
Syitpathetic Nervous System - The thoraool z±ar division of the nervous system supply-
ing and exerting a regulatory inflience oi r involmtaxy nuiscle, glands, viscera, etc.
- L st to dc ooncentration.
lophase - The final stage of rnitosis in which the thrcmosaies reorganize to rm
an interstage nucleus.
“ Test” Cells — CelLs under examinaticr..
Testicular Parenth a - The specialized part of the testicle.
— Triethyl tin, (C 2 H 5 ) 3 SnX.
Tetany - A disease characterized by inte nittent, bilateral, painful tonic spa
of the rm. c1es, in children and young adults.
Tetraethytin - (C 2 H 5 ) 4 Sn.
Thioctic ?cid - Any o± several dithi.o-n-octamic acios, all of which are rrore or less
able to pr tote oxidative decarboxylaticri of pyruvic acid by certain bacteria.
Thrcnibocytcpenia - A oonditicin in which the blood platelets are f rictionally abnormal.
‘ I hyitTus - An organ situated in the beneath the breast bone ccnposed of lyrrphatic
tsstE.
Tissue Calcification - position of calcium salts in tissue.
Transferrin - A pseu gl ulin of blood tbining with ts o at s of ferric iron to
form a oorr cund which serves to ansport iron in blood.
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Y RfAR Jxc. 26
-oss 7
Thansu ati - ‘fl passing of fluid through a irembrane, especially of blood ser n
through the vessel wa ls.
Trithai nar Vagin.itis - A genus of flagellate protozoa fotr . in the vagina.
iethylt i n - (C 2 H 5 ) 3 SrX.
igly c eride - An estr r of glycerin in which all three hydr yl groups of the latter
are esterified with an acid.
Tributyltin Acetate - C 4 H 9 ) 3 IOCCCH 3 .
Thi thy1selenonhi.nn Icri - Se (cH 3 ) 3
Tri—n-Octyl Tin — 8 H 17 ) 3 SflX•
Tri nyltin Acetate - (C 6 H 5 ) 3 Sn 3
Trypte ian - i-Amino- --indole propicriic acid, an essential nino acid.
Tubificid - .1 ny of a f tily of uatic wor rs that d r t reproduce asexually.
Tunicates — Nei ers of degerErate rr rine thordate animals that have clefts in the
w l1 of the gills and a heart able th reverse the dire c ipn of the blood flc i.
‘rosir - P-HO•C 6 H 4 CH ( 2 )03OH; an amino acid widely distributed in proteins.
tJltrasonification - applicatiai ,f waves of high fr ncy ax ilode rate intensity
for txea rent of cells.
Urea Cycle - 1 produc icri of urea fr nitrogen derivatives.
t)V Spectrc hotceetry - asuring the relative intensities of light In the ultra-
v let regLorl. -
Uvu.lar Edema - A s lling of the xriical appendix hanging frcTn the free edge of the
ft palate.
Vacuole - A clear space in a cell.
Vanadium-48 - R uioisotcpe of vana iim .
Vanad.ii un Ca±ic - VC.
Vanadi n Pentoxide - V 2 0 5
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RJAR Jxc. 27
C DSSARY
Vanad .th-48 .Jrrjthlor - Radioactive fo n of ‘ jci 3 .
Vana cy s - Cells oonta.thing vanadium.
Vascular Shock - Shock caused by paralysis and dialatim of all art ries, a.rter-
ioles and capiflaried with no loss of blood volun but increased vascular-free
capacity.
Vasooonstrictjon - The oonstriction of blood vessels.
Vasodjlatjan - Dilatation of the blood vessels.
Vasospa re - Vasoo stricticn.
Venous Oxyç n Capacity - The capacity of the blood for replacing oxygen with
carbon dioxide.
Vitamin C - Asoorbic acid; re ssaxy for maintenan of int r 1lular substance of
th, baies and vascular walls.
Vitamin E - ooçk erol. This vitamin a ears to be essential for t1 maturation and
ferentiátion of certain cells.
Vitreous Hurror - fl transparent gelatinlike substance filling the greater part of
the glpbe of the eye.
white sc].e Disease ( 1D ) - A rr jcpathy that occurs in young ruminants often
dl.E to a deficiency of selenium.
Yoshida Sar na - An asciter of rats. Used to st the efficiency of cancer ther-
peutic drugs.
Zineb - plant fungicide.
Zooplankt - Animal life of the plankton. - -
ygote - An organism produ d by the i.z ion of t garretes.
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