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REPORT
ON
FOREST LAKE
WASHINGTON COUOTY
MINNESOTA
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 100
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
MINNESOTA POLLLTTION CONTROL AGENCY
AND THE
MINNESOTA NATIONAL GUARD
JANUARY, 1975
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ii
List of Minnesota Study Lakes iv, v
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 5
IV. Nutrient Loadings 10
V. Literature Reviewed 14
VI. Appendices 15
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to Investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ g303(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 5314(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency for professional involvement and to the Minnesota National
Guard for conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey.
Grant J. Merritt, Director of the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency, John F. McGuire, Chief, and Joel G. Schilling, Biologist,
of the Section of Surface and Groundwater, Division of Water Quality,
provided invaluable lake documentation and counsel during the course
of the Survey; and the staff of the Section of Municipal Works, Divi-
sion of Water Quality, were most helpful in identifying point sources
and soliciting municipal participation in the Survey.
Major General Chester J. Moeglein, the Adjutant General of
Minnesota, and Project Officer Major Adrian Beltrand, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Minnesota National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF MINNESOTA
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Albert Lea Freeborn
Andrusia Beltrami
Badger Polk
Bartlett Koochiching
Bear Freeborn
Bemidji Beltrami
Big Stearns
Big Stone Big Stone, MN; Roberts,
Grant, SD
Birch Cass
Blackduck Beltrami
Blackhoof Crow Wing
Budd Martin
Buffalo Wright
Calhoun Hennepin
Carlos Douglas
Carrigan Wright
Cass Beltrami, Cass
Clearwater Wright, Stearns
Cokato Wright
Cranberry Crow Wing
Darling Douglas
Elbow St. uis
Embarass St. Louis
Fall Lake
Forest Washington
Green Kandlyohi
Gull Cass
Heron Jackson
Leech Cass
Le Home Dieu Douglas
Lily Blue Earth
Little Grant
Lost St. Louis
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V
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Madison Blue Earth
Malmedal Pope
Mashkenode St. Louis
McQuade St. Louis
Minnetonka Hennepin
Minnewaska Pope
Mud Itasca
Nest Kandiyohi
Pelican St. Louis
Pepin Goodhue, Wabasha, MN;
Pierce, Pepin, WI
Rabbit Crow Wing
Sakatah Le Sueur
Shagawa St. Louis
Silver McLeod
Six Mile St. Louis
Spring Washington, Dakota
St. Croix Washington, MN; St. Croix,
Pierce, WI
St. Louis Bay St. Louis, MN; Douglas, WI
Superior Bay St. Louis, MN; Douglas, WI
Swan Itasca
Trace Todd
Trout Itasca
Wagonga Kandiyohi
Walimark Chisago
White Bear Washington
Winona Douglas
Wolf Beltrami, Hubbard
Woodcock Kandiyohi
Zumbro Olmstead, Wabasha
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/
)
Map Location
450 19’
- — — / — CHISAGO Co . ________
WASHINGTON CO. —
0,
x
FOREST
450
17
Fish Reari
Pond—
X02
LAKE I
.Va J
/
® Tributary Sampling Site X Lake Sampling
Scale
Si te
?fli
‘5
450 15
--
/
FOREST LAKE
9
Direct Drainage Area Limits
55’
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FOREST LAKE
STORET NO. 27A9
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data and the records of others show that Forest Lake
is eutrophic. Of the 60 Minnesota lakes surveyed in the fall of
1972, when essentially all were well-mixed, only three had less
mean total phosphorus and dissolved phosphorus, but 23 had less
mean inorganic nitrogen. Of the 80 Minnesota lakes sampled, 20
had greater Secchi disc transparency, and 22 had less mean
chlorophyll a.
Survey limnologists observed a moderate algal bloom in pro-
gress during August, and deep samples at station two were anaero-
bic at that time.
Forest Lake has a history of problems with extensive growths
of submerged and emergent vegetation and frequent algal blooms
(McGuire, et al., 1970).
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
Results of the algal assay indicate that phosphorus was
the limiting nutrient when the sample was collected. The lake
data indicate that phosphorus was limiting in August and Nov-
ember (N/P ratios were 17/1), and nitrogen was limiting in June
(the N/P ratio was 8/1).
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2
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sources--There are no known municipal or industrial
point sources impacting Forest Lake.
There was an apparent loss of phosphorus from Forest Lake
during the sampling year. It is believed that the “loss” was
in part due to unmeasured discharges from storm sewers serving
the City of Forest Lake (McGuire, 1974) and in part to insuffi-
cient sampling of the intermittant overflow at the lake outlet.
Only five outlet samples were obtained since there was little or
no overflow during eight months of the sampling year, and the
period of collection of the samples (March through June) probably
coincided with the period of maximum runoff and storm sewer
discharge.
Assuming that the sum of phosphorus input loads at least
equaled the measured outflow loads, it is calculated that Forest
Lake received a total phosphorus load at a rate more than twice
the rate proposed by Vollenweider (in press) as “dangerous”;
i.e., a eutrophic rate (see page 13). However, the measured and
estimated input loads indicate a loading rate less than the
eutrophic rate.
2. Non-point sources (see page l3)—-During the sampling
year, the phosphorus export of the unnamed stream was somewhat
high as compared to Minnesota streams studied elsewhere (e.g.,
Lake St. Croix* tributaries).
* Working Paper No. 122.
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In all, it is estimated that non-point sources contributed
nearly 94% of the total phosphorus load to Forest Lake during
the sampling year.
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4
II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometryt:
1. Surface area: 2,251 acres.
2. Mean depth: 11.1 feet.
3. Maximum depth: 37 feet.
4. Volume: 24,986 acre/feet.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 5.7 years.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix A for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Name Drainage area* Mean flow*
Unnamed tributary (A-i) 2.8 mi 2 0.9 cfs
Minor tributaries & 2
immediate drainage - 12.0 mi 5.2 cfs
Totals 14.7 mi 2 6.1 cfs
2. Outlet —
Unnamed stream (B_1)** 18.2 mi 2 6.1 cfs
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 27.5 inches.
2. Mean annual: 27.3 inches.
t DNR Survey map (1958); mean depth by random-dot method.
* Drainage areas are accurate within ±5%; mean daily flows are accurate
within ±10%; and ungaged flows are accurate within ±10 to 25% for
drainage areas greater than 10 mi 2 .
** Includes area of lake; outflow adjusted to equal sum of inflows.
See Working Paper No. 1, “Survey Methods”.
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5
III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Forest Lake was sampled three times during the open-water season
of 1972 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time,
samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from two
stations on the lake and from a number of depths at each station (see
map, page vi). During each visit, a single depth-integrated (15 feet
or near bottom to surface) sample was collected from the stations for
phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and during the last visit,
a single five-gallon depth-integrated sample was collected for algal
assays. Also each time, a depth-integrated sample was collected from
each of the stations for chlorophyll a analysis. The maximum depths
sampled were 11 feet at station 1 and 30 feet at station 2.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix B, and the
data for the fall sampling period, when the lake was essentially well-
mixed, are summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc summary
is based on all values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling
times, refer to Appendix B.
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6
A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
(11/05/72)
Parameter Minimum Mean Median Maximum
Temperature (Cent.) 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.3
Dissolved oxygen (mg/l) 10.3 10.5 10.4 10.6
Conductivity (pmhos) 280 296 285 365
pH (units) 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1
Alkalinity (mg/i) 123 128 129 131
Total P (mg/i) 0.010 0.016 0.017 0.019
Dissolved P (mg/i) 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.011
NO + NO (mg/i) 0.040 0.077 0.050 0.130
An onia mg/1) 0.060 0.071 0.070 0.080
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches) 4 73 95 120
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7
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplanktcn -
Sampling Dominant Number
Date Genera per ml
06/29/72 1. Microcystis 3,020
2. Dinobryon 868
3. Melosira 253
4. Cryptomonas 217
5. Gloeocapsa 199
Other genera 940
Total 5,497
08/27/72 1. Microcystis 2,184
2. Anabaena 1 ,084
3. Oscillatoria 888
4. Chroococcus 783
5. Synura 241
Other genera 1 ,627
Total 6,807
11/05/72 1. Dinobryon 2,189
2. Flagellates 1,849
3. Fragilaria 830
4. Achnanthes 566
5. Anabaena 490
Other genera 2,982
Total 8,906
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8
01
02
01
02
16.1
9.3
6.2
10.9
Maximum yield
( mg/i-dry wt. )
0.2
0.9
2.7
3.3
3.4
25.4
0.2
2. Chlorophyll a -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( pg/l )
06/29/72 01 6.7
02 13.9
08/27 / 72
11/05/72
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked -
Ortho P Inorganic N
Spike (mg/i) Conc. (mg/l) Conc. (ma/fl _____________
Control 0.006 0.127
0.005 P 0.011 0.127
o.oio P 0.016 0.127
0.020 P 0.026 0.127
0.050 P 0.056 0.127
0.050 P + 10.0 N 0.066 10.127
10.0 N 0.006 10.127
2. Discussion —
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum , indicates that the primary productivity of Forest
Lake was relatively low at the time the assay sample was
collected. Increasing yields with increasing levels of ortho-
phosphorus indicate that phosphorus was the limiting nutrient.
Note that the addition of only nitrogen resulted in a yield no
greater than the control yield.
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9
The lake data indicate that phosphorus was limiting in
August and November (the N/P ratio was 17/1 both times),
and nitrogen was limiting in June (the N/P ratio was 8/1).
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10
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix C for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Minnesota National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the tribu-
tary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the high runoff
month of May when two samples were collected. Sampling was begun in
October, 1972, and was completed in September, 1973.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the year
of sampling and a “normalized” or average year were provided by the Minne-
sota District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the tributary sites
nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were calculated
using mean annual concentrations and mean annual flows. Nutrient loadings
for unsanipled “minor tributaries and immediate drainage” (“ZZ” of U.S.G.S.)
were estimated by using the nutrient loads, in lbs/mi 2 /year, at station
A-i and multiplying by the ZZ area in mu 2 .
There are no known municipal or industrial point sources presently
impacting Forest Lake.
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal - None
2. Known industrial - None
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11
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs —
lbs P/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Unnamed tributary (A-i) 330 14.7
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 1,420 63.4
c. Known municipal SIP’s - None - -
d. Septic tanks* - 140 6.3
e. Known industrial - None -
f. Direct precipitation** - 350 15.6
Total 2,240 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet — Unnamed
Stream (B-i) 7,640
3. Net annual P loss - 5,400 pounds
* Estimated 230 shoreline dwellings (1955 U.S.G.S. map); see Working
Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
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12
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
lbs N! %of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Unnamed tributary (A-i) 6,650 10.7
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 28,500 45.8
c. Known municipal STP’s - None -
d. Septic tanks* - 5,400 8.7
e. Known industrial - None - —
f. Direct precipitation** - 21,690 34.8
Total 62,240 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Unnamed
Stream (B-i) 54,560
3. Net annual N accumulation - 7,680 pounds
* Estimated 230 shoreline dwellings (1955 U.S.G.S. map); see Working
Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
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13
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary lbs P/mi 2 /yr lbs N/mi 2 /yr
Unnamed tributary (A-i) 118 2,375
E. Yearly Loading Rates:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loading
rates are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (in press).
Essentially, his “dangerous” rate is the rate at which the
receiving waters would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic;
his “permissible” rate is that which would result in the
receiving water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oligo-
trophic if morphometry permitted. A mesotrophic rate would
be considered one between “dangerous” and “permissible”.
Note that Vollenweider’s model may not be applicable to
water bodies with very short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phos horus Total Nitrogen
Units — Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
Ibs/acr /yr 1.0 loss* 27.6 3.4
grams/rn /yr 0.11 - 3.1 0.4
Vollenweider loading rates for phosphorus
(g/rn 2 /yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of Forest Lake:
“Dangerous” (eutrophic rate) 0.16
“Permissible” (oligotrophic rate) 0.08
* See page 2.
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14
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
McGuire, John F., 1974. Personal communication (review of preliminary
report). MPCA, Minneapolis.
McGuire, J. F., J. C. Cook, M. R. McCleery, and K. M. Bishop, 1970.
Report on water quaLity investigation of Forest Lake, Washington
County. MPCA, Minneapolis.
Schilling, Joel, 1974. Personal communication (lake map; water sources).
MPCA, Minneapolis.
Vollenweider, Richard A. (in press). Input-output models. Schweiz.
Z. Hydrol.
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15
VII. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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TPfl3tJTARY FLOW INFORMATION FOR MINNESOTA 10/30/74
LAKE CODE 27A9 FOREST LAKE
TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA OF LAKE 18.20
SUB-ORAINAC E NORMALIZED FLOWS
TRIBUTARY AREA JAN FEt4 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
?7A9A 1 2.75 0.20 0.09 0.81 2.22 1.96 1.69 1.05 0.47 1.53 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.92
274981 18.20 1.18 0.60 4.25 16.70 13.70 11.30 7.17 3.52 9.59 2.62 2.72 2.03 6.29
27A9ZZ 15.50 1.04 0.5’ 3.55 13.70 11.10 9.68 5.86 2.72 7.92 2.04 2.07 1.69 5.16
SUMMARY
TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA OF LAKE = 18.20 TOTAL FLOW IN = 72.94
SUM OF SUB-DRAINAGE AREAS = 18.25 TOTAL FLOW OUT = 75.38
MEAN MONTHLY FLOWS AND DAILY FLOWS
TRIBUTARY MONTH YEAR MEAN FLOW DAY FLOW DAY FLOW DAY FLOW
27A9A1 ID 72 0.88 14 0.70
II 72 0.90 5 0.90 11 1.00
12 7 0.40 9 0.90
1 73 0.34
2 73 0.14 10 0.10
3 73 3.03 10 1.20
4 73 1.64 2 2.20 8 1.70
5 73 1.70 11 1.60
6 73 1.74 2 2.90
7 71 2.03
8 73 0.47 lB 0.33
9 71 1.85 8 1.76
274981 10 7? 0.0 14 0.0
ii 72 0.0 5 0.0 11 0.0
I? 7 0.0 9 0.0
I 73 0.0 20 0.0
2 73 0.95 10 10.00
3 73 15.50 10 5.90
4 73 10.50 2 16.00 12.10
5 71 11.50 11 11.00
6 73 11.30 2 19.00
7 73 13.50
8 73 3.41 18 2.42
9 73 11.30 8 11.00
27a92Z 10 7’ 3.88 14 4.10
1 1 72 5.40 5 5.50 11 5.80
I? 72 1.94 9 4.22
I 73 1.70 20 1.70
2 73 0.82 10 0.80
3 73 13.00 10 4.90
4 73 P.63 2 13.00 8 9.90
5 73 9.32 11 9.00
6 71 9.68 2 16.00
7 73 11.00
S 73 2.6’. 18 1.87
9 71 9.35 F 9.07
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APPENDIX B
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
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STOPET RETRIEVAL I)ATE 74/10/30
274901
45 17 00.0 092 58 00.0
FOMEST LAt E
27 MINNESOTA
11E ALES 2111202
0010 FEET OEPTri
r)ATE
F P OM
1 0
TIME DEPT1-’
OF
DAY FECT
7?/06/29 17 10 0000
7?/OP/27 12 25 0000
1? ?5 0004
L 25 0010
7?/11/0 1 20 0000
1? 20 0004
1? ?0 0011
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
00630
00610
00665
00666
WATER
no
T ANSP
CNDtJCTVY
P 1 - I
T ALPS
N02&NC13
Ni-fl-N
P i -iOS-TOT
PHOS—DIS
TEMP
SECCHI
FIELD
CACO3
N—TOTAL
TOTAL
CENT
‘ -I( /L
INCHES
MICROMI -4O
SU
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
-iG/L P
14.2
120
41
220
240
P.10
8.30
11?
114
0.040
0.060
0.030
0.070
0. O IP
0.023
0.010
0.011
8.0
240
8.3 5
112
0.070
0.100
0.029
0.014
7.4
238
290
8.30
8.00
115
123
0.060
0.130
0.090
0.070
0.031
0.010
0.014
0.007
10.6
10.6
?80
?RO
8.00
8.00
125
126
0.110
0.120
0.060
0.080
0.015
0.017
0.009
0.011
27.0
1 .5
19.2
18.1
5.0
5.0
3271 7
CHL PHYL
A
UC / L
6 • 7J
16. IJ
6 •
OATE
FROM
TO
72/06/29
72/08/27
72/Il/OS
TIME DFPTH
OF
DAY FEET
12 10 0000
12 25 0000
1? ‘0 0000
J VALUE PcNOWN TO -IE L”i ERPO
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STOPET PETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/30
? 7A902
45 16 00.0 09? 55 00.0
F3PEST LA
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APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY DATA
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STOQET PETRIEVAL 1)ATE 74/1 /30
2FA9A I LS27A9A1
45 15 00.0 0 ? 55 30.0
UNNAMEI) T 1 3 SE END OF LAKE
27 15 FOREST LAKE
[ /FOPEST LAKE
ST kWY 97 ‘4P0C’ ?.5 MI ESE OF FOREST LK
11EP LES 2111204
4 G000 FEET DEPT 1
1J63 0 006 S 00610 00671 00665
OATF TIMF fl O NO7 NO1 TOT KJFL NH3—N PrIOS—DIS PHOS—TOT
FROM OF c —TUTAL N TOTAL 0 T’-IO
TO OAY FEET ‘W /L 1G/L -i( ,/L MG/L P MG/L
7?/10/14 1? 15 ,.s lo i.qoo 0.176 0.034 0.115
7?/i1/05 13 45 0 . 0u ?.31 ) 0.040 0.100
72/12/0° 11 45 0.01’ 2.200 0.075
71/01/20 11 30 3. 00 u.910 0.0B2 0.270
71/02/10 14 00 0.P60 3.s4t) 0.P60 0.052 0.1 15
71/03/10 1’ ?5 ‘.7 0 3.500 1.040 0.176 0.340
73/04/07 13 10 0.730 ?.Q0 0.147 0.044 0.090
71/04/0 16 00 ). 30 ?. 10 0.140 0.04f 0.095
71/05/11 15 10 0.433 3. 0fl 0.063 0.05? 0.060
71/06/0? 10 50 0.413 3 . flP 0.230 0.190 t,.410
71/0R/1 11 15 0.7#- 0 I.3 0 0.160 0.050 0.145
71/09/0 10 0 1.0 -u 1. ’0 0.190 0.339 0.190
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STDP T -‘ET IFVAL 74/I j/3O
?7A9B1 L 527491
‘+5 17 30.0 09? 5R 30.0
UNINAMEL) OUTLFT OF LAKE
27 15 FO FST LAKE
O/FO EST LAKE
US XING NE OF CITY OF FOREST LAKE
11E AL S 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
O A3O O’ f 0 00h7 1 00665
DATE TIME F)VPT9 iO7 NOi Tul KJEL N 3—N’ PHOS—DIS PHOS—TOT
OF N—TO1AL N TOTAL ORTHO
TO PAY FEET W /L M(/L M(/L MG/L P MG/L P
73/0 /1O 14 05 fl .) O .10O 1.315 1.500
71/04/0’ 1 C O 0.4 .- fl C.2M0 0.1 0 u.400
7 /O4/O 1 C)) ).7-’ 7. )0 fl.1?O 0.100 0.220
71/OS/Il 1 Ufl 0.O Sh 1.’70 r) .0 4 0.370 0.650
71/0 ,/02 Ii ‘ 0.0I’ 7 .7C)(, 0.330 0.410
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