-------
REPORT
ON
LAKE WISSOTA
CHIPPEW COUM
WISCONSIN
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 59
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND THE
WISCONSIN NATIONAL GUARD
OCTOBER, 1974
-------
— RUSJj ____ _CO. —
CI-IIPPEWA Co.
— —
(
)CH PEWA cc J
EAU CLAIRE C
TAYLOR CO____ — ——
— CLARK CO
r
Wis.
Map Location
LAKE WISSOTA
0 Tributary Sançllng Site
)( Lake Sampling Site
Sewage Treatment Facility
Direct Drainage Area Boundary
CLAIRE
-------
LAKE WISSOTA
STORET NO. 5556
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate Lake Wissota is eutrophic.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
Results of the algal assay and the lake data indicate that
Lake Wissota is nitrogen limited.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sources-—During the sampling year, Lake Wissota
received a total phosphorus load at a rate over three times that
proposed by Vollenweider (in press) as “dangerous”; i.e., a
eutrophic rate (see page 13). However, it is estimated that the
communities of Cornell and Cadott contributed only about two per-
cent of the load to the lake, and it is concluded that phosphorus
removal at the two point sources would have little effect on the
trophic condition of Lake Wissota.
2. Non-point sources (see page l3)--The total phosphorus
exports of the Yellow River and O’Neil Creek were somewhat higher
than the exports of Wisconsin streams studied elsewhere, but the
export of Paint Creek was about the same as that of unimpacted
Lamb Creek elsewhere in the Chippewa River Basin (see Working
Paper No. 51, “Report on Tainter Lake”). However, the estimated
export of the Chippewa River was among the lowest of the phos-
phorus exports of the Wisconsin streams studied.
-------
2
II. INTRODUCTION
Lake Wissota is an impoundment of the Chippewa River near Chippewa
Falls. The dam was constructed in 1917 by the Northern States Power
Company (Martin and Hanson, 1966). Commercially, the lake is used for
the generation of electricity.
Recreational uses of the lake include swimming, boating, and fishing.
Game fish present include muskellunge, northern pike, walleyes, large-
mouth bass, and panfish. Much of the shoreline is privately owned, but
public access is provided and a number of resorts offer boats and services
(Sather and Threinen, 1963).
-------
III. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometry*:
1. Surface area: 5,429 acres.
2. Mean depth: 28.9 feet.
3. Maximum depth: 72 feet.
4. Volume: 157,044 acre/feet.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 17 days.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix A for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Name Drainage area Mean flow
Chippewa River 4,920.0 mi 4,228.8 cfs
2
O'Neil Creek 67.1 mi 45.1 cfs
Yellow River 436.0 mi 341.2 cfs
Paint Creek 55.3 mi2 35.4 cfs
Minor tributaries & 2
immediate drainage - 63.1 mi 48.6 cfs
Totals 5,541.5 mi2 4,699.1 cfs
2. Outlet -
2t
Chippewa River 5,550.0 mi 4,699.1 cfs
+ T+
C. Precipitation ' ' ':
1. Year of sampling: 40.3 inches.
2. Mean annual: 31.1 inches.
* Dept. of Natural Resources 1940 lake survey map; recalculated in 1973.
t Drainage areas are accurate within ±0.5%; mean daily flows are accurate
within ±40%; mean monthly flows are accurate within ±35%; and normalized
monthly flows are accurate within ±35%.
ft Includes area of lake.
ttt See Working Paper No. 1, "Survey Methods"
-------
4
IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Lake Wissota was sampled three times during the open-water season
of 1972 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, sam-
ples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from two stations
on the lake and from a number of depths at each station (see map, page vi).
During each visit, a single depth-integrated (15 feet or near bottom to
surface) sample was composited from the stations for phytoplankton identi-
fication and enumeration; and during the last visit, a single five-gallon
depth-integrated sample was composited for algal assays. Also each time,
a depth-integrated sample was collected from each of the stations for
chlorophyll a analysis. The maximum depths sampled were 54 feet at station
1 and 15 feet at station 2.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix B, and the data
for the fall sampling period, when the lake was essentially well-mixed, are
summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc summary is based on all
values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling times,
refer to Appendix B.
-------
5
A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
(11/05/72)
Parameter Minimum Mean Median Maximum
Temperature (Cent.) 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.2
Dissolved oxygen (mg/i) 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.3
Conductivity (Timhos) 82 86 85 90
pH (units) 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4
Alkalinity (mg/i) 25 28 28 29
Total P (mg/i) 0.039 0.043 0.043 0.047
Dissolved P (mg/i) 0.024 0.026 0.025 0.030
NO + NO (mg/i) 0.150 0.160 0.160 0.170
Am onia mg/i) 0.070 0.087 0.080 0.100
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches) 24 39 42 48
-------
6
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling Dominant Number
Date Genera per ml
06/26/72 1. Melosira 1,228
2. Chroococcus 226
3. Merismopedia 151
4. Anabaena 113
5. Flagellates 75
Other genera 287
Total 2,080
08/26/72 1. Anabaena 135
2. Flagellates 89
3. Dinobryon 72
4. Melosira 34
5. Navicula 29
Other genera 109
Total 468
11/05/72 1 . Scenedesmus 1 ,508
2. Flagellates 1,508
3. Dinobryon 1,206
4. Pediastrum 528
5. Anabaena 302
Other genera 1,229
Total 6,281
-------
7
01
02
01
02
2.5
1.1
2.0
1.5
Maximum yield
( mg/i-dry wt. )
3.8
3.8
3.7
3.7
3.9
41 .4
11.0
2. Chlorophyll a -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( pg/i )
06/26/72 01 9.7
02 13.3
08/26/72
11/05/72
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked -
Ortho P Inorganic N
Spike (mg/i) Conc. (mg/i) Conc. (mg/l ) ____________
Control 0.020 0.182
0.006 P 0.026 0.182
0.012 P 0.032 0.182
0.024 P 0.044 0.182
0.060 P 0.080 0.182
0.060 P + 10.0 N 0.080 10.182
10.0 N 0.020 10.182
2. Discussion -
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrurn capri-
cornutum , indicates that the productivity of Lake Wissota was
somewhat high at the time the sample was collected but not par-
ticularly noteworthy when compared to the other 45 Wisconsin
lakes studied (48% had higher control yields). Also, the lack
of significant change in yields with increased levels of ortho-
phosphorus, until nitrogen was also added, shows that the lake
-------
8
was nitrogen limited when sampled. Note that the addition of
only nitrogen resulted in a yield higher than the control
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation at the other
sampling times as well. The nitrogen/phosphorus ratios were
6/1 and 7/1 for the June and August samples respectively (i.e.,
nitrogen limitation would be expected).
D. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate Lake Wissota is eutrophic. Survey limnolo-
gists noted an algal bloom in progress during the June sampling;
reportedly, such blooms are not infrequent, and rooted aquatic vege-
tation is said to occur over much of the littoral zone of the lake
(Anonymous, 1972).
Of the 46 Wisconsin lakes studied, 29 had more mean total phos-
phorus, 24 had more mean dissolved phosphorus, and 29 had more mean
inorganic nitrogen. However, the short retention time in Lake
Wissota is probably the reason for moderate nutrient concentrations
in spite of the high nutrient loading rates of 79 lbs per surface
acre per year of total phosphorus and 2,276 lbs/acre/yr of total
nitrogen.
-------
9
V. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix C for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Wisconsin National
Guard collected a monthly near-surface grab sample from each of the tribu-
tary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the high runoff months
of April and May when two samples were collected. Sampling was begun in
September, 1972, and was completed in August, 1973.
Through an interagency ag reement, stream flow estimates for the year
of sampling and a “nornialized° or average year were provided by the Wis-
consin District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the tributary
sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were determined
by using a modification of a U.S. Geological Survey computer program for
calculating stream loadings*. Nutrient loadings for unsampled “minor
tributaries and immediate drainage” (“ZZ” of U.S.G.S.) were estimated by
using the mean concentrations in Paint Creek at station D-1 and the mean
ZZ flow.
The operator of the Cadott wastewater treatment plant provided monthly
effluent samples and corresponding flow data; however, the City of Cornell
declined to participate in the Survey, and nutrient loads from that source
were estimated at 2.5 lbs P and 7.5 lbs N/capita/year.
In the following loading tables, the nutrient loads attributed to the
Chippewa River are those measured at station A-2 minus the estimated
* See Working Paper No. 1.
-------
10
Cornell loads; the loads given for the Yellow River are those measured
at station C-3 minus the measured Cadott loads.
A. Waste Sources:
1 . Known municipal -
Pop. Mean Receiving
Name Served* Treatment Flow (mgd) Water
Cornell 1,616 Primary 0.ll0** Chippewa River
Cadott 977 Act. Sludge 0.150 Yellow River
2. Known industrial** -
Mean Receiving
Name Product Treatment Flow (mgd) Water
Falls cheese land disposalt 2.150 Chippewa River
Da I ry
Co.
* 1970 Census.
** McKersie, et al ., 1971.
t Reportedly, the treatment system failed in mid-1973; plans were approved
for expanded system in October, 1973 (Schraufnac e1, 1974). Survey data
do not indicate any impact during the sampling year.
-------
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
lbs P/
Source yr
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) -
c. Municipal STP’s -
% of
total
3. Net annual P accumulation -
65,810 pounds
* Six resorts, 625 dwellings, 2 camps, and 5 parks on lakeshore (Sather
and Threinen, 1963); see Working Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
11
Chippewa River
O’Neil Creek
Yellow River
Paint Creek
334,110
9,370
62,810
5,990
77.8
2.2
14.6
1.4
8,130
1.9
Cornell
Cadott
4,040
3,590
1.0
0.8
d. Septic tanks* -
450
0.1
e. Industrial -
Falls Dairy Company
?
-
f. Direct precipitation**
-
980
0.2
Total
429,470
100.0
2.
Outputs -
Lake outlet — Chippewa River
363,660
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12
Chippewa River
O’Neil Creek
Yellow River
Paint Creek
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) -
c. Municipal SIP’s -
d. Septic tanks* —
e. Industrial —
10,808,590
194,840
947 ,770
130,660
% of
total
87.5
1.6
7.7
1.1
179,100 1.4
16,800 0.1
Falls Dairy Company
2
f. Direct precipitation** -
60,690 0.5
2. Outputs -
Total
Lake outlet - Chippewa River
3. Net annual N accumulation -
12,357,700 100.0
9,054,710
3,302,990 pounds
* Six resorts, 625 dwellings, 2 camps, and 5 parks on lakeshore (Sather
and Threinen, 1963); see Working Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1 . Inputs —
Source
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
lbs NI
yr
Cornell
12,120
<0.1
Cadott
10,200
<0.1
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13
0. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary lbs P/mi 2 /yr lbs N/mi 2 /yr
Chippewa River 68 2,197
Yellow River 144 2,174
O’Neil Creek 140 2.904
Paint Creek 108 2,363
E. Yearly Loading Rates:
En the following table, the existing phosphorus loading
rates are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (in press).
Essentially, his “dangerous” rate is the rate at which the
receiving waters would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic; his
“permissible” rate is that which would result in the receiving
water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oligotrophic if mor-
phonietry permitted. A mesotrophic rate would be considered one
between “dangerous” and “permissible”.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Units Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
lbs/acr fyr 79.1 12.1 2,276.2 608.4
grams/rn /yr 8.87 1.36 255.1 68.2
Vol1e weider loading rates for phosphorus
(g/ni /yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of Lake Wissota:
“Dangerous” (eutrophic rate) 2.60
“Permissible” (oligotrophic rate) 1.30
-------
14
VI. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Anonymous, 1972. Lake Survey questionnaire. Dept. of Natural
Resources (?), Madison.
Anonymous, 1972. Wisconsin lakes. Pub], 218-72, Dept of Natural
Resources, Madison.
Ball, Joseph, 1974. Personal communication (Lake Wissota shoreline
development). Dept. of Natural Resources, Madison.
Martin, R. 0. R., and Ronald L. Hanson, 1966. Reservoirs in the
United States. Water-Supply Paper 1838, U.S. Geological Survey,
Wash., D.C.
McKersie, Jerome R., Robert M. Krill, Charles Kozel, and Danny J. Ryan;
1971. Lower Chippewa River pollution investigation survey. Dept.
of Natural Resources, Madison.
Sather, LaVerne M., and C. W. Threinen, 1963. Surface water resources
of Chippewa County. Conservation Dept. Madison.
Schraufnagel, Francis H., 1974. Personal communication (status of
Falls Dairy Co. disposal facilities). Dept. of Natural Resources,
Madison.
Vollenweider, Richard A., (in press). Input-output models. Schweiz.
A. Hydrol.
-------
15
VII. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
-------
TRIBUTARY FLOW INFORMATION OW IISCONSIN
9/30f 74
LAKE CODE 5556
LAKE WISSOTA
TOTAL DRAINAGE AREA OF LAKE 5550.00
TRIBUTARY MONTH
YEAR MEAN FLOW DAY
FLOW DAY FLOW DAY
FLOW
9 72 6000.00
10 72 8500.00
11 72 9300.00
12 72 4000.00
I 73 4900.00
2 73 4400.00
3 73 16400.00
4 73 9100.00
5 73 17600.00
6 73 7070.00
7 73 2780.00
9 73 3630.00
9 72 6000.00
10 72 7600.00
11 72 8600.00
12 72 3900.00
I 73 4500.00
2 73 3600.00
3 73 14900.00
4 73 7610.00
5 73 14800.00
6 73 6340.00
7 73 2470.00
9 73 3260.00
23 5400.00
27 7000.00
24 4800.00
26 4000.00
23 4840.00
23 9530.00
7 7330.00
11 23400.00
21 3830.00
26 3810.00
23 4320.00
23 5200.00
27 6400.00
24 4200.00
26 3900.00
23 3420.00
23 8720.00
7 6330.00
11 20300.00
21 3990.00
26 3520.00
23 3900.00
TRIBUTARY
SUB—DRAINAGE
AREA
JAN
FEB
MAR
APP
MAY
NORMALIZED
JUN JUL
FLOWS
AUG
5556A1
5556A2
555691
5 5 56C3
555601
5556ZZ
5550.00
4920.00
67.10
436.00
55.30
71.60
2100.7
2000.00
26.00
52.00
20.00
29.00
2009.3
1900.00
29.00
37.00
22.00
32.00
4658.0
4500.00
99.00
420.00
80.00
100.00
10960.0
9000.00
94.00
1300.00
77.00
100.00
8676.7
7500.00
46.00
620.00
36.00
49.00
7124.0 4018.7
6200.00 3700.00
53.00 35.00
610.00 260.00
42.00 27.00
57.00 38.00
2922.7
2800.00
28.00
135.00
21.00
32.00
4018.7
3900.00
38.00
190.00
29.00
42.00
3936.0
3600.00
32.00
190.00
24.00
36.00
3653.3
3400.00
32.00
200.00
24.00
36.00
SUMMARY
TOTAL
SUM OF
DRAINAGE
SUB—DRAINAGE
AREA DF
LAKE
AREAS =
5550.00
5549.99
TOTAL FLOW IN = S6343.00
TOTAL FLOW OUT = 56352.79
SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
MEAN MONTHLY FLOWS AND DAILY FLOWS
2374.7
2200.00
29.00
81.00
22.00
32.00
4699.0
4228.77
45.12
341 • I 9
35.36
48.61
5556*1
5556A2
23 9360.00
24 7580.00
23 8180.00
24 5750.00
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TRIBUTARY FLOW INFORMATION FOR WISCONSIN 9/30/74
LAKE CODE 5556 LAKE WISSOTA
MEAN MONTHLY FLOWS AND DAILY FLOWS
TRIBUTARY MONTH YEAR MEAN FLOW DAY FLOW DAY FLOW DAY FLOW
555681 9 72 45.00 23 43.00
10 72 53.00 27 47.00
11 72 55.00 24 44.00
12 72 39.00 26 40.00
1 73 38.00
2 73 38.00 23 40.00
3 73 260.00 23 120.00
4 73 89.00 7 70.00 23 83.00
5 73 120.00 11 170.00 24 56.00
6 73 29.00 21 18.00
7 73 39.00 26 48.00
8 73 34.00 23 37.00
5556C3 9 72 720.00 23 490.00
10 72 680.00 27 210.00
11 72 700.00 24 200.00
12 72 130.00 26 95.00
1 73 250.00
2 73 100.00 23 78.00
3 73 1500.00 23 760.00
4 73 620.00 7 490.00 23 580.00
5 73 990.00 11 1400.00 24 4S0.00
6 73 310.00 21 190.00
7 73 60.00 26 72.00
8 73 72.00 23 72.00
555601 9 72 37.00 23 35.00
10 72 43.00 27 39.00
I I 72 46.00 24 36.00
12 72 32.00 26 33.00
1 73 17.00
2 73 31.00 23 36.00
3 73 220.00 23 97.00
4 73 72.00 7 56.00 23 67.00
5 73 9R.00 11 140.00 24 45.00
6 73 23.00 21 14.00
7 73 32.00 26 40.00
8 73 27.00 23 30.00
5556 1Z 9 72 50.00 23 34.00
10 72 47.00 27 14.00
ii 72 49.00 24 14.00
12 72 9.00 26 6.60
1 73 18.00
2 73 7.00 23 5.30
3 73 280.00 23 120.00
4 73 96.00 7 75.00 23 89.00
5 73 130.00 11 180.00 24 61.00
6 73 32.00 21 20.00
7 73 3.80 26
8 73 4.40 23 4.30
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APPENDIX B
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
-------
STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/09/30
32217
DEPTH CHLRPHYL
A
UG/L
13 30 0000
08 30 0000
14 10 0000
9. 7J
2. SJ
2.OJ
555601
44 56 24.0 091 19 18.0
LAKE WISSOTA
55 WISCONSIN
I 1EPALES
3
2111202
0058 FEET
DEPTH
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
00630
00610
00665
00666
DATE
TIME
DEPTH
WATER
DO
TRANSP
CNDUCTVY
PH
T ALK
N02&N03
NH3—N
PHOS—TOT
PHOS—DIS
FROM
OF
TEMP
SECCP4 1
FIELD
CACO3
N-TOTAL
TOTAL
TO
DAY
FEET
CEIIT
‘4G/L
INCHES
IIICPOMHO
StJ
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
$G/L P
72/06/26
13 30 0000
22.0
9.4
48
125
8.50
32
0.070
0.060
0.034
0.028
-
13 30 0020
20.0
9,4
100
7.60
32
0.120
0.090
0.033
0.029
72/08/26
08 30 0000
48
88
7.10
92
0.060
0.120
0.031
0.013
08 30 0004
20.3
7.5
88
7.10
31
0.180
0.110
0.050
0.043
08 30 0015
20.4
6.8
85
7.10
27
0.190
0.100
0.042
0.030
08 30 0025
20.2
7.0
85
7.10
29
0.180
0.120
0.042
0.031
08 30 0035
20.1
6.8
83
7.10
27
0.180
0.120
0.051
0.033
08 30 0042
20.1
6.9
80
7.00
28
0.170
0.110
0.047
0.033
08 30 0052
19.8
6.7
80
7.00
25
0.180
0.150
0.056
0.032
77/11/05
14 10 0000
24
88
7.20
28
0.170
0.100
0.042
0.024
14 10 0004
5.2
11.2
85
7.20
28
0.160
0.080
0.043
0.030
14 10 0015
5.1
11.2
85
7.20
28
0.160
0.080
0.047
0.026
14 10 0025
5.1
11.2
85
7.40
28
0.150
0.080
0.043
0.025
14 10 0040
4.9
11.2
85
7.40
25
0.160
0.090
0.044
0.024
14 10 0054
4.8
11.2
82
7.30
26
0.160
0.100
0.044
0.028
TIME
OF
DAY FEET
DATE
FROM
TO
72/06/26
72/08/26
72/11/05
J’ VALUE KNOWN TO BE IN ERROR
-------
STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/0 /30
555602
44 58 18.0 091 19 42.0
LAKE WISSOTA
55 WISCONSIN
I IEPALES
3
2111202
0019 FEET DEPTH
DATE
FROM
TO
7?/06/26
72/08/26
72/11/OS
TIME DEPTH
OF
DAY FEET
13 50 0000
11 05 0000
14 30 0000
32217
C HL R P H YL
A
UG/L
13. 3J
1 • 1,)
1 .SJ
DATE
FROM
TO
72/06/26
72/08/26
72/11/05
TIME DEPTH
OF
DAY FEET
13 50 0000
13 50 0015
11 05 0000
11 05 0004
11 05 0013
14 30 0000
14 30 0004
14 30 0013
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
WATER
DO
TRANSP
CNDUCTVY
PH
T
ALK
N02&N03
NH3—N
TEMP
SECCHI
FIELD
CACO3
N—TOTAL
TOTAL
CENT
MG/L
INCHES
M!CPOMHO
SI)
HG/L
MG/L
MG/L
20.3
19.7
19.8
19.5
5.0
5.0
9.0
9.3
6.0
7.0
11.2
11.3
36
28
110
110
80
80
80
90
85
85
00665 00666
PHOS-TOT PHOS—DIS
MG/L P MG/L P
8.00
7.50
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.30
7.30
7.30
35 0.090
35 0.110
91 0.070
92 0.060
94 0.060
27 0.170
29 0.150
29 0.160
0.060
0.090
0.100
0.180
0.200
0.100
0.070
0.080
0.032
0.0 32
0.061
0.150
0.140
0.039
0.040
0.043
0.026
0.028
0.017
0.059
0.074
0.025
0.024
0.024
J’ VALUE KNOWN TO BE IN ERROR
-------
APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY and WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT DATA
-------
STORET PETRIEVAL OATE 74/10/0?
5 5 56A1 LSS5S6 A1
44 56 30.0 091 20 30.’)
CrIIPPEWA ‘ IVEP
55 15 CHIPPEWA FALL
0/LAKE WISSOTA
DAM 2.5 MI E OF CHIPPEWA FALLS
LIEPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET OEr’TH
00630 00625 006)0 00671 00665
DATE TIME DEPTH N0?&N03 TOT KJEL NH3—N PHOS—DIS PHOS—TOT
FPOM OF N-TOTAL N TOTAL OPTHO
TO DAY FEET MG/L 1G/L MG/L MG/L P MG/L P
7?/09/23 14 25 0.030 1.P50 0.076 0.026 0.075
7?/10/77 15 04 1.400
7?/11/24 13 50 0.147 0.6’O 0.027 0.01’ 0.046
7?/1?/?6 Ii ) 25 0.?20 0.660 0.028 0.016 0.034
73/0I/ 7 13 40 0.210 0.540 0.054 0.0 19 0.030
71/02/23 1 00 0.25? 0.580 0.042 0.017 0.040
73/03/23 12 40 0.189 0.670 0.10? 0.019
73/0 ../07 13 06 0.168 o.cco 0.050 0.017 0.035
71/04/23 16 30 0.1?0 0.700 0.0? 0.017 0.040
71/05/11 15 40 0.095 0.760 0.037 0.015 0.040
73/05/24 08 10 0.084 1.80 ’) 0.088 0.013 0.03
71/06/21 11 30 0.063 0.750 0.115 0.032 0.050
73/07/26 14 00 0.080 0.650 0.052 0.013 0.030
71/08/23 13 30 0.058 0.710 0.085 0.017 0.040
-------
STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/02
55564? LS5556A ?
45 03 30.0 091 16 30.0
C -IIPPEWA RIVEP
55 15 I3LOOMEk
1/LAKE WISSOTA
Co RD 3ROG .75 MI BELO JI l FALLS—DAM
11EPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEEl DEPTH
00630 00625 00610 00671 00665
DATE TIME DEPTH NO2 NO3 TOT KJEL NH3—N PHOS—DIS PHOS-TOT
FROM OF J-TOT4L N TOTAL OPT -1O
TO DAY FEET MG/L ‘ G/L MG/L MG/L P MG/L P
7?/09/23 16 45 0.519 1.250 0.?28 0.029 0.063
7?/10/27 10 03 0.096 0.700 0.050 0.019 0.050
7?/11/24 09 10 0 .1?0 4.100 0.066 0.016 0.04?
7?/I7/?6 14 25 0.160 1.540 0.105 0.016 0.037
71/01/27 14 40 0.230 0.500 0.04R 0.01€’ 0.030
73/02/23 12 75 0.231 0.520 0.017 0.017 0.040
73/03/23 14 25 0.138 0.550 0.044 0.012
73/04/07 13 40 0.099 0.540 0.020 0.011 0.030
71/04/23 14 23 0.048 0.520 0.005K 0.009 0.030
73/05/11 14 35 0.065 0.600 0.033 0.013 0.040
71/05/2 13 30 0.054 0.960 0.042 0.013 0.040
71/06/21 13 30 0.061 1.200 0.063 0.018 0.040
73/07/?6 16 25 0.026 2.600 0.105 0.0 10 0.045
73/08/23 16 20 0.017 0.480 0.028 0.0?5
K VALUE KNOWN TO BE LE3S
THAN INDICATED
-------
STOPET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/02
5556A3 L55556A3
45 06 30.0 091 1? 30.0
Cr-IIPPEWA RIVEP
55 15 CORNELL
1/LAKE WISSOTA
Co D APDG N OF CO 3BAN 8ELO CORNELL SIP
I IEPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
00630 #106?5 00610 00671 00665
DATE TIME DEPTH NO,N03 TOT KJFL NH3—N PHOS—DIS PP4OS—TOT
FROM OF N—TOTAL N TOTAL ORTi-lO
TO DAY FEET MG/I IG/L MC ,/L MG/L P MG/L
7?/09/?3 16 30 0.815 2.500 0.420 0.013 0.07?
7?/10/27 09 50 0.094 0.750 0.058 0.018 0.04’ ,
7? /11/24 08 55 0.110 1.150 0.036 0.014 0.035
72/12/26 13 25 0.169 1.050 0.064 0.017 0.038
73/01/27 11 00 0.190 0.875 0.075 0.01 0.035
71/02/23 12 40 0.210 0.980 0.07? 0.019 0.045
71/03/23 14 10 0.13? 0.520 0.042 0.011
71/04/07 13 50 0.086 0.520 o. O lq 0.010 0.030
73/04/23 14 3? 0.046 0.520 0.005K 0.009 0.030
71/05/11 1.4 25 0.052 0.890 0.03? 0.013 0.040
73/05/24 14 10 0.059 1.000 0.046 0.011 0.040
71/06/21 13 45 0.066 0.840 0.070 0.019 0.045
71/07/26 16 10 0.020 0.780 0.021 0.007 0.040
13/08/23 16 05 0.050 1.200 0.061 0.023 0.040
K VALUE cNO dN TO F LESS
TI-IAN INDICATED
-------
STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/02
5556A4 LS5556A4
45 10 00.0 091 09 30.0
CHIPPEWA RIVER
55 15 CORNELL
1/LAKE WISSOTA
DAM OUTLET IN CORNELL ABOV SIP
11FPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
00630 00625 00610 00671 00665
)ATE TIME DEPTH N02&N03 TOT KJEL NH3—?’J PHOS-DIS PHOS—TOT
FROM OF N—TOTAL N TOTAL OPTHO
TO OAV FEET MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L P MG/L P
7?/09/?3 16 15 0.725 1.100 0.175 0.03? 0.065
7?/10/27 09 30 0.105 0.762 0.189 0.01 0.050
72/11/24 08 40 0.110 0. ?O 0.023 0.013 0.034
7?/1?/?6 1? 15 0.147 0.9 0 0.056 0.011 0.031
73/01/27 11 20 0.1 9 0.730 0.056 0.017 0.030
73/02/21 17 55 0.?00 0.520 0.044 0.016 0.035
71/03/23 13 55 0.13? 0.600 0.044 0.010 0.015
71/04/07 0.084 0.500 0.021 0.009 0.0 5
71/04/23 14 30 0.046 0.540 0.005K 0.009 0.030
73/05/il 14 15 0.04’4 1.200 0.075 0.01? 0.045
71/05/24 14 30 0.066 0.860 0.052 0.014 0.040
71/06/21 16 00 0.054 0. 00 0.048 0.019 0.040
71/07/26 15 50 0.011 0.780 0.015 0.012 0.047
71/08/23 15 45 0.035 1.000 3.035 0.021 0.045
K VALUE KNOWN TO E LESS
THAN Ir DICATED
-------
ST3RET PFTPTFVAL DATE 74/10/0?
55 56r:31 LS555651
+5 00 30.0 091 23 30.0
O JE ILL C EE’c
S5 1. BLOOMEP
T/LA
-------
STOQET RETRIEVAl DATE 74/10/02
5556C1 LS5S S 6C1
44 57 30.0 091 09 00.0
YELLOW RIVER
55 15 CADOIT
1/LAKE WISSOTA
ST HWY 27 B DG N OF CADOTT ABOVE STP
11FPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
00630 00625 00610 00671 00665
DATE TIME DEPTH NO?F,.N03 TOT KJFL NH3-N PriOS—DIS PHOS—TOT
FROM OF N-TOTAL N TOTAL OPrI - lo
TO DAY FEET MG/L IG/L MG/L MG/L P MG/L P
7?/09/23 15 45 0.110 1.950 0.161 0.042 0.149
7?/)0/27 14 30 0.115 2.100 0.410 0.039 0.095
72/11/24 1’. ?5 0.240 0.R40 0.0?2 0.031 0.062
72/)2/26 12 20 0.430 0.930 0. ICS 0.04 0.095
71/01/27 1 00 0.260 0.990 0.140 0.046 0.090
71/02/23 13 15 0.460 1.320 0.120 0.063
73/03/23 11 25 0.115 0.690 0.046 0.022
73/04/07 1’. 00 0.099 0.600 0.017 0.023 0.050
73/04/23 15 20 0.067 0.660 0.005K 0.021 0.050
73/0 /11 15 00 0.049 0.690 0.0?5 0.025 0.060
73/05/24 09 25 0.092 0.900 0.033 0.029 0.055
71/06/21 15 00 0.084 1.520 0.110 0.044 0.070
71/07/2 15 75 0.020 0.940 0.075 0.033 0.095
71/08/23 1’. 50 0.016 0.600 0.036 0.017 0.040
K VALUE r NOWN TO BE LESS
THAN Ir D1CATED
-------
STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/02
5S’ 6C? L 55556C?
44 56 30.0 091 12 30.0
YELLOW RIVEr
55 15 CADOTI
1/LAKE ISSOT
Co HW’r X DG W OF
IIEPALES
4
CADOTT BELO SIP
211 1204
0000 FEET DEPTrI
00630
006 25
00610
0067)
00665
DATE
TIME
DEPTH
NO2 NO3
TOT KJEL
JH3—N
PHOS—DIS
PHOS—TOT
FROM
OF
N—TOTAL
N
TOTAL
OPTHO
TO
DAY
FEET
MG/L
MC,/L
MG/L
MG/L P
MG/L P
72/09/23
15
30
0.0 0
?.200
0.142
0.034
0.16Q
72/10/27
14
A
0.120
1.100
0.105
0.04?
0.090
7?/11/2’+
14
35
0.23i
1.150
0.044
0.050
0.080
72/12/26
11
5
0.450
1.400
0.135
0.084
0.131
73/01/27
17
15
0.260
1.600
0.154
0.05?
0.090
71/02/23
1?
45
0.490
0.770
0.126
0.074
0.108
73/03/23
13
05
0.130
0.560
0.050
0.027
71/04/07
13
78
0.160
0.740
0.030
0.028
0.055
71/04/23
15
40
0.065
0.705
0.011
0.0?6
0.06
71/05/11
15
15
0.039
0.720
0.034
0.029
O. 06 D
73/05/74
08
55
0.089
?.200
0.09?
0.032
0.06-,
71/06/21
15
00
0.120
0.750
0.024
0.050
0.105
73/07/26
14
50
0.083
1.300
0.046
0.06?
0.105
73/08/23
14
30
0.105
0.660
0.058
0.160
0.190
-------
STOREJ RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/02
5 556C3 LS 5556C3
44 56 30.0 091 15 00.0
YELLOW RIVER
55 15 C’IIPPEWA FALL
1/LAKE WISSOTA
U STRM OF Co HWY K BRDG ENIECHIPEWA FALLS
1 1EPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
00630 00625 00610 00671 00665
DATE TIMF DEPTH NO7 NO3 TOT KJEL NH3—N PHOS—DIS PI-40S—TOT
FROM OF r J_TOTAL N TOTAL ORTHO
TO DAY FEET MG/L G/L MG/L MC /L P HG/L P
7?/09/?3 15 00 0.827 1.550 0.191 0.099 0.160
72/10/27 14 00 0.140 1.100 0.?4 0 0.046 0.095
72/11/24 14 50 0.300 0.840 0.031 0.063 0.310
7?/1?/? 11 05 0.660 0.880 0.126 0.09? 0.147
71/01/27 13 15 0.315 1.000 0.140 0.054 0.090
71/02/23 12 30 0.700 1.200 0.132 0.083 0.130
71/04/07 13 45 0.560 0.660 0.018 0.029 0.050
71/04/23 16 05 3.080 0.880 0.01? 0.026 0.060
71/05/11 15 15 0.049 1.400 0.088 0.049 0.090
73/05/24 08 30 0.132 fl.R50 0.028 0.048 0.085
71/06/21 09 43 0.069 0.880 0.04? 0.052 0.085
73/O7/2 , 14 15 0.015 2.310 0.016 0.026 0.155
73/08/23 14 05 0.132 1.470 0.056 0.036 0.085
-------
STOPET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/10/0
555601 LS5556D1
4’ 55 00.0 oqi 15 30.0
‘AJNT CREEK
55 15 CHIPPLWA
1/LAKE WISSOTA
Co HWY K BRDG ESE OF CHIPPEWA FALLS
1IEPALES 2111204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
(10630 006?5 00610 00671 00665
DATE TI’IE DEPTH ‘ 4O?&NO3 TOT KJEL Nr13—N PHOS—DIS PHOS—TOT
FROM OF N-TOTAL N TOTAL ORTHO
TO DAY FEET P4G/L MG/L MG/L MG/L P MG/L P
7?/09/?3 15 15 0.340 1.400 0.265 0.100 0.146
7?/10/27 14 45 0.510 0.645 0.030 0.037 0.080
7?/l1/24 14 10 1.160 0.370 0.037 0.048 0.07
7?/1?/?6 10 45 1.340 0.460 0.093 (1.052 0.088
73/01/27 1? 40 0.960 0.710 0.090 0.042 0.065
73/02/23 1? 15 1.500 ?.700 0.110 0.050 0.065
73/03/23 12 55 0.830 0.480 0.050 0.028
71/04/07 14 ?0 0.570 0.540 0.023 0.032 0.050
71/04/23 16 00 0.5P0 0.740 0.007 0.042 0.075
73/05/11 13 4(1 0.170 0.790 0.026 0.036 0.085
71/05/ ? ’. 08 40 0.154 1.050 0.031 0.039 0.090
73/06/21 14 10 1.040 1.600 0.087 0.088 0.125
73/Q7/7 14 30 1.280 2.350 0.100 0.04 0.085
71/08/23 13 45 1.460 0.4P0 0.052 0.058 0.085
-------
STOQET PEIPIrVAL I)4T’ 74/0 )/30
555651 AS5SS6S1 P000977
44 57 00.0 091 09 30.0
CITY OF CAOOTT
55 15 CADOTT
T/L4 I(E WISSOTA
YELLOW RIVER
I IEPALES 2141204
4 0000 FEET DEPTH
0 063u 0062 5 00610 00671 00665 50051 50053
‘7ATF TI Il OEPT-4 JO? NO3 TOT KJFL NH3—N PPIOS—DIS P1105—TOT FLOW CONDUIT
rPO 4 (,r •J-1OTAL N TOTAL ORTHO RATE FLOW—MGD
TI) DAV FEEt MC,/L MG/I MG/L MG/I P MG/I P INST MGD MONTHLY
71/03/0 0 JO C.0IDc 19.800 (,.450 6.720 7.900 0.160 0.135
0 00 0.075 3.l00 9.200 8.500 9.300 0.160 0.135
10 00 0.070 21.000 9.700 7.300 8.095 0.160 0.135
II 00 0.010K 21.000 8.600 7.100 7.800 0.160 0.135
I? )0 0.010’I. ‘2.000 8.400 6.800 7.100 0.160 0.135
13 00 0.0I0’c ‘2.500 8.100 6.600 7.300 0.160 0.135
14 00 0.0I0 c 25.200 8.900 6.720 7.400 0.160 0.135
1 5 00 0.0I0P ?7.300 9.100 7.140 8.000 0.160 0.135
16 (II) 0.Ol0’ 23. ,iOO 10.000 7.400 8.100 0.160 0.135
17 00 0.0I0t 35.000 9.800 7.800 8.500 0.160 0.135
1.0 fl 0.010 ” 35.000 10.400 8.800 11.000 0.160 0.135
10 30 0.010 < 2;.200 10.900 9.300 9.500 0.160 0.135
‘0 01) (.010K ?4.000 10.800 9.400 9.800 0.160 0.135
71/I)4/Q U 30
C ’1T)- 0.05) l ’.000 2.500 2.700 3.600 0.212 0.250
71 104/0 -. 70 £0
7’)S/?- 04 00
C (T)- O.?1U 11.000 0.316 2.060 2.500 0.254 0.300
71/05/20 ?‘) 00
73/06/72 04 30
CPU)— ).037 15.vOO 4. )’00 10.500 11.500 0.169 0.210
73 /35/72 20 00
71/07/? ’ GQ 00
CPU)- 0.067 19.000 6.300 5.031 6.000 0.124 0.138
71/07/74 ‘0 ( )
71/0 /1’) i.- 1 flO
C°(T)— ‘3.400 7.000 1.100 1.370 0.148 0.135
71/0°/li ‘3 ‘IC
71/09/22 J4 1 )0
9.113 14.000 7.400 4.900 5.300 0.150 0.125
70/09/2 )f, . ‘1
71/1 1 /l’ )- “
C0(T)_ ‘.124 7 I. gj 7 .R ( ( 10.000 17.000 0.123 0.125
71/lu/if “) “
71/I1/’9 .J° t ’D
C (T)— 1.I ’) 33.501 11.000 12.000 14.500 0.116 0.120
72/)1/24 73 3
K VALUE KNOWN TO BE LESS THAN INDICATED
-------
STOP T RETRIEVAL ‘)ATE 74/09/30
A-55 565 1 P000977
44 57 )0.u 091 09 30.0
CITY ‘)F CAUOTF
1’ CAi)OTI
I/LAKL I1SS.JTA
YELLOW ?1VE Q
11’E- LES 2141204
0000 FEET DEPTH
00630 00625 ( b1O 0 71 Ooo 5005! 50053
DATE TIME DEPTH ‘JO2&N03 TOT KJEL t i —N ‘-sOS—.IS r’HOS—lOT FLOw CONLJIJ IT
FPOM OF N—TOTAL N TIJIAL (j Tr-1O PATE FLOWM(,D
TI) ‘) AY FEET M&/L IG/L Mr/t “( /L P Mr/L 0 INST lGO MONIHLY
74/01/25 OR 00
C (T)— 0.040 2 ?.Ii O O 7.220 0.10° 0.105
74/0I/2S 20 00
74/02/22 OR 00
CP(T)— 0.Ob O ??.000 lI.’ii,f 7.100 r .15() 0.110 U.1OA
74/O2/2 20 00
74/01/29 OR 00
CPU)— 0.040 16.000 2.7(,O 4.1 )0 U.1 0 0.125
74/03/?Q 2Q 00
74/04/29 OR 00
C0(T) _ O.1?0 15.000 4•( ) 0.1 0 0.225
74/04/29 20 00
-------
1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ii
List of Wisconsin Study Lakes iv, v
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Introduction 2
III. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 3
IV. Lake Water Quality Sumary 4
V. Nutrient Loadings 9
VI. Literature Reviewed 14
VII. Appendices 15
-------
11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration coniniitmerit to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 314(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
-------
111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources for professional involvement and to the Wis-
consin National Guard for conduct of the tributary sampling
phase of the Survey.
Francis H. Schraufnagel , Acting Assistant Director, and Joseph
R. Ball of the Bureau of Water Quality, and Donald R. Winter, Lake
Rehabilitation Program, provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey. Central Office and District Office per-
sonnel of the Department of Natural Resources reviewed the prelim-
inary reports and provided critiques most useful in the preparation
of this Working Paper series.
Major General James J. Lison, Jr., the Adjutant General of
Wisconsin, and Project Officer CW-4 Donald 0. Erickson, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Wisconsin National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
-------
iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF WISCONSIN
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Altoona Eau Claire
Beaver Dam Barron
Beaver Dam Dodge
Big Eau Pleine Marathon
Browns Racine
Butte des Morts Winnebago
Butternut Price, Ashland
Castle Rock Flowage Juneau
Como Walworth
Crystal Vilas
Delavan Walworth
Eau Claire Eau Claire
Elk Price
Geneva Walworth
Grand Green Lake
Green Green Lake
Kegonsa Dane
Koshkonong Jefferson, Rock, Dane
Lac La Belle Waukesha
Long Price
Middle Walworth
Nagawicka Waukesha
Oconomowoc Waukesha
Okauchee Waukesha
Petenwell Flowage Juneau
Pewaukee Waukesha
Pigeon Waupaca
Pine Waukesha
Poygan Winnebago, Waushara
Rock Jefferson
Rome Pond Jefferson, Waukesha
Round Waupaca
Shawano Shawano
-------
V
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Sinnissippi Dodge
Swan Columbia
Tainter Dunn
Tichigan Racine
Townline Oneida
Trout Vilas
Wapogassett Polk
Wausau Marathon
Willow Oneida
Winnebago Winnebago, Fond Du Lac,
Cal umet
Wisconsin Columbia
Wissota Chippewa
Yellow Burnett
-------