U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of the
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER • CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
•foOPO 697.O32
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REPORT
ON
PINE LAKE
WAUKESHA COUNTY
WISCONSIN
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 72
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND THE
WISCONSIN NATIONAL GUARD
JULY, 1975
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ii
List of Wisconsin Study Lakes iv, v
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Introduction 1
II. Conclusions 1
III. Lake Characteristics 3
IV. Lake Water Quality Summary 4
V. Literature Reviewed 7
VI. Appendix 8
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FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated In 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to Investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS*
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 3l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and 3O5(bfl activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
* The lake discussed in this report was included in the National
Eutrophication Survey as a water body of interest to the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources. This report relates only to the
data obtained from lake sampling.
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Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the fonnulatlon of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources for professional involvement and to the Wisconsin
National Guard for conducting the tributary sampling phase of the
Survey.
Francis H. Schraufnagel, Acting Assistant Director, and Joseph
R. Ball of the Bureau of Water Quality, and Donald R. Winter, Lake
Rehabilitation Program, provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey. Central Office and District Office per-
sonnel of the Department of Natural Resources reviewed the prelim-
inary reports and provided critiques most useful in the preparation
of this Working Paper series.
Major General James J. Lison, Jr., the Adjutant General of
Wiscor sin, and Project Officer CW-4 Donald D. Erickson, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Wisconsin National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF WISCONSIN
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Altoona Eau Claire
Beaver Dam Barron
Beaver Dam Dodge
Big Eau Pleine Marathon
Browns Racine
Butte des Morts Winnebago
Butternut Price, Ashland
Castle Rock Flowage Juneau
Conio Walworth
Crystal VIlas
Delavan Walworth
Eau Claire Eau Claire
Geneva Walworth
Grand Green Lake
Green Green Lake
Kegonsa Dane
Koshkonong Jefferson, Rock, Dane
Lac La Belle Waukesha
Middle Walworth
Nagawicka Waukesha
Oconomowoc Waukesha
Okauchee Waukesha
Petenwell Flowage Juneau
Pewaukee Waukesha
Pigeon Waupaca
Pine Waukesha
Poygan Winnebago, Waushara
Rock Jefferson
Rome Pond Jefferson, Waukesha
Round Waupaca
Shawano Shawano
Sinnissippi Dodge
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V
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Swan Columbia
Tainter Dunn
Tichigan Racine
Townline Oneida
Trout Vilas
Wapogassett Polk
Wausau Marathon
Willow Oneida
Winnebago Winnebago, Fond Du Lac,
Cal umet
Wisconsin Columbia
Wissota Chippewa
Yellow Burnett
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Map Location
PINE LAKE
Lake Sampling Site
Urban Area
1 Mi
- —a
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PINE LAKE
STORET NO. 5536
I. INTRODUCTION
Pine Lake was included in the National Eutrophication Survey as a
water body of interest to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
No waste treatment plants impact the lake, and there are no well-defined
tributaries. Therefore, this report relates only to the lake sampling
data.
II. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data and a report by others (Lueschow, et al., 1970)
indicate Pine Lake is meso-eutrophic. Of the 46 Wisconsin lakes
sampled, 11 had less mean total phosphorus, ten had less mean
dissolved phosphorus, one had less mean inorganic nitrogen, 16
had less chlorophyll a, and 14 had greater mean Secchi disc
transparency. Dissolved oxygen was somewhat depressed but not
depleted in June and August (at 50+ feet in depth).
Pine Lake has had extensive aquatic weed and Chara . a• control
programs (Lueschow, et al., 1970; Lueschow, 1972).
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results indicate probable inhibition of test
alga growth, and the results are not considered representative of
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lake conditions at the time the sample was collected. Analysis
of a portion of the assay sample showed a dissolved lead concen-
tration of 20 ugh, dissolved zinc of 8 pg/l, and dissolved
arsenic of 164 g/l; these elements may have caused the inhibited
growth.
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation at all sampling
times. The mean N/P ratios were 4/1 in June, 10/1 in August, and
4/1 in November.
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III. LAKE CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometry*:
1. Surface area: 703 acres.
2. Mean depth: 38.6 feet.
3. Maximum depth: 85 feet.
4. Volume: 27,117 acre-feet.
B. Precipitation**:
1. Year of sampling: 38.7 inches,
2. Mean annual: 30.7 inches.
* Ball, 1973.
** See Working Paper No. 1, "Survey Methods, 1972".
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IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Pine Lake was sampled three times during the open—water season of
1972 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples
for physical and chemical parameters were collected from a number of
depths at a single station on the lake (see map, page vi). During each
visit, a single depth-integrated (15 feet to surface) sample was col-
lected for phytoplankton identification and enumeration, and a similar
sample was collected for chlorophyll a analysis. During the last visit,
a single five-gallon depth-integrated sample was taken for algal assays.
The maximum depth sampled was 55 feet.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix A, and the
data for the fall sampling period, when the lake essentially was well-
mixed, are summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc summary
is based on all values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling
times, refer to Appendix A.
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A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
(11/09/72)
Parameter Minimum Mean Median Maximum
Temperature (Cent.) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
Dissolved oxygen (mg/i) 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.8
Conductivity ( imhos) 325 336 340 340
pH (units) 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2
Alkalinity (mg/l) 141 146 148 150
Total P (mg/l) 0.028 0.028 0.028 0.029
Dissolved P (mg/i) 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014
NO 2 + NO 3 (mg/l) 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020
Amonia (mg/l) 0.030 0.033 0.030 0.040
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches) 18 72 79 120
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling Dominant Number
Date Genera per ml
06/21/72 1. Dinobryon 886
2. Oocystis 90
3. Flagellates 78
4. Cyclotella 60
5. Microcystis 60
Other genera 217
Total 1,391
08/19/72 1. Chroococcus 1,229
2. Dinobryon 571
3. Microcystis 448
4. Anabaena 296
5. Cosmarium 51
Other genera 174
Total 2,769
11/09/72 1. Anabaena 1,130
2. Dinobryon 235
3. Lyngbya 216
4. Microcystis 171
5. Flagellates 108
Other genera 75
Total 1,935
2. Chlorophyll a -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( ig/l )
06/21/72 01 1.9
08/19/72 01 3.8
11/09/72 01 16.8
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V. LITEftATURE REVIEWED
Ball, Joseph R., 1973. Personal communication (lake morphometry).
WI Dept. Nat. Resources, Madison.
Lueschow, Lloyd A., 1972. Biology and control of aquatic nuisances
in recreational waters. Tech. Bull. No. 57, WI Dept. Nat.
Resources, Madison.
__________ James M. Helm, Donald R. Winter, and Gary W. Karl; 1970.
Trophic nature of selected Wisconsin lakes. Trans. Wisc. Acad.
Sci., Arts & Ltrs., vol. 58, pp. 237-264.
Poff, Ronald J., and C. W. Threinen, 1963. Surface water resources
of Waukesha County. WI Cons. Dept., Madison.
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VI. Appendix
APPENDIX A
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
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STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/09/30
553601
43 07 12.0 088 03 00.0
PINE LAI(E
55 WISCONSIN
11EPALES 2111212
3 0060 FEET DEPTH
00010 00300 00077 00094 00400 00410 00630 00610 00665 00666
DATE TIME DEPTH WATER DO TRANSP CNOUCTVY PH T ALK N02&N03 NH3—N PHOS—TOT PHOS—DIS
FROM OF TEMP SECCHI FIELD CACO3 N—TOTAL TOTAL
TO DAY FEET CENT MG/L INCHES MICROMHO SI) MG/L MG/I MG/L MG/I P MG/I P
72/06/21 16 55 0000 17.7 10.2 18 265 8.70 144 0.010 0.030 0.012 0.010
16 55 0015 19.8 10.5 265 8.70 143 0.010 0.030 0.014 0.011
14 55 0030 7.5 12.2 275 8.30 148 0.020 0.030 0.034 0.016
- 14 55 0055 5.4 7.6 280 7.60 149 0.030 0.040 0.029 0.012
72/08/19 16 50 0000 120 300 8.55 136 0.060 0.080 0.020 0.014
16 50 0004 26.3 8.9 298 8.60 131 0.050 0.060 0.016 0.011
16 50 0015 22.5 9.6 298 8.60 131 0.050 0.060 0.019 0.011
16 50 0023 20.8 9.4 295 8.58 131 0.050 0.060 0.020 0.012
16 50 0033 11.1 13.2 305 8.40 140 0.040 0.050 0.038 0.014
16 50 0043 6.3 4.9 315 7.40 144 0.090 0.060 0.035 0.016
16 50 0053 5.8 4.6 320 7.40 144 0.120 0.080 0.035 0.016
72/11/09 14 10 0000 79 340 8.20 148 0.020 0.030 0.029 0.01
14 10 0004 8.0 9.7 335 8.20 149 0.020 0.030 0.028 0.012
14 10 0015 8.0 9.8 325 8.20 143 0.020 0.030 0.028 0.014
14 10 0025 8.0 9.6 340 8.20 141 0.020 0.030 0.029 0.014
14 10 0045 8.0 9.4 335 8.20 148 0.020 0.040 0.028 0.014
14 10 0050 8.0 9.6 340 8.20 150 0.020 0.040 0.028 0.014
32217
DATE TIME DEPTH CHLRPHYL
FROM OF A
TO DAY FEET UG/L
72/06/21 14 55 0000 1.9J
72/Q8/19 16 50 0000 3.8J
72/11/09 14 10 0000 16.8J
J VALUE KNOWN TO BE IN ERROR
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