U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
CASTLE RXK FLOWAGE
JUNEAU AND ADAMS COUNTIES
WISCONSIN
REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 75
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of the
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER • CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
697.032
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REPORT
ON
CASTLf RXK FLOWAGE
JUNEAU AND ADAMS COUNTIES
WISCONSIN
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 75
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND THE
WISCONSIN NATIONAL GUARD
JUNE, 1975
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ii
List of Wisconsin Study Lakes iv, v
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Introduction 1
II. Conclusions 1
III. Reservoir Characteristics 3
IV. Lake Water Quality Summary 4
V. Literature Reviewed 8
VI, Appendix 9
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTI VES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophi ation analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS*
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 3l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
* The lake discussed in this report was included in the National
Eutrophication Survey as a water body of interest to the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources. Tributaries and nutrient sources
were not sampled, and this report relates only to the data obtained
from lake sampling.
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111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources for professional involvement and to the
Wisconsin National Guard for conducting the tributary sampling
phase of the Survey.
Francis H. Schraufnagel, Acting Assistant Director, and Joseph
R. Ball of the Bureau of Water Quality, and Donald R. Winter, Lake
Rehabilitation Program, provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey. Central Office and District Office per-
sonnel of the Department of Natural Resources reviewed the prelim-
inary reports and provided critiques most useful in the preparation
of this Working Paper series.
Major General James J. Lison, Jr., the Adjutant General of
Wisconsin, and Project Officer CW-4 Donald D. Erickson, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Wisconsin National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF WISCONSIN
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Altoona Eau Claire
Beaver Dam Barron
Beaver Dam Dodge
Big Eau Pleine Marathon
Browns Racine
Butte des Morts Winnebago
Butternut Price, Ashland
Castle Rock Flowage Juneau
Como Walworth
Crystal Vilas
Delavan Walworth
Eau Claire Eau Claire
Geneva Walworth
Grand Green Lake
Green Green Lake
Kegonsa Dane
Koshkonong Jefferson, Rock, Dane
Lac La Belle Waukesha
Middle Walworth
Nagawicka Waukesha
Ocononiowoc Waukesha
Okauchee Waukesha
Petenwell Flowage Juneau
Pewaukee Waukesha
Pigeon Waupaca
Pine Waukesha
Poygan Winnebago, Waushara
Rock Jefferson
Rome Pond Jefferson, Waukesha
Round Waupaca
Shawano Shawano
Sinnissippi Dodge
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V
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Swan Columbia
Tainter Dunn
Tichigan Racine
Townline Oneida
Trout Vilas
Wapogassett Polk
Wausau Marathon
Willow Oneida
Winnebago Winnebago, Fond Du Lac,
Cal umet
Wisconsin Columbia
Wissota Chippewa
Yellow Burnett
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Adams
CASTLE ROCK FLOWAGE
& PETENWELL FLOWAGE
X Lake Sampling Site
Location
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CASTLE ROCK FLOWAGE
STORET NO. 5510
I. INTRODUCTION
Castle Rock Flowage was included in the National Eutrophication
Survey as a water body of interest to the Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources. Tributaries and nutrient sources were not sampled,
and this report only relates to reservoir sampling data.
Castle Rock Flowage was formed by a 1950 impoundment of the Wisconsin
River near Mauston by the Wisconsin River Power Company. It lies immedi-
ately downstream from Petenwell Flowage* and is indirectly impacted by
the same domestic, food-processing, and pulp and paper mill wastes that
affect Petenwell as well as domestic and food-processing wastes discharged
to a major tributary, the Yellow River (McKersie, et al., 1970).
II. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate Castle Rock Flowage is eutrophic. Of
the 46 Wisconsin lakes sampled, 20 had less mean total phosphorus,
31 had less mean dissolved phosphorus, 30 had less mean inorganic
nitrogen, 33 had less mean chlorophyll a, and 33 had greater mean
Secchi disc transparency.
Dissolved oxygen was depressed but not depleted with depth at
sampling station 1 in August, 1972. However, severe dissolved
oxygen problems occur in the Flowage (Schraufnagel, 1974), and
* Working Paper No. 74.
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2
partial winterkill and sunimerkill conditions occasionally
occur (Klick and Threinen, 1969).
Survey limnologists noted an algal bloom in the southern
end of the Flowage in August, 1972.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results indicate phosphorus limitation
at the time the sample was taken (11/08/72). However, the
reservoir data indicate nitrogen limitation at the other
sampling times.
Castle Rock Flowage may have been somewhat light-inhibited
due to absorption by color resulting from pulp and paper mill
wastes and natural sources as Kluesener (1968) considered likely
at upstream Petenwell Flowage. However, the numbers of phyto-
plankton and the levels of chlorophyll a during Survey sampling
indicate light inhibition was not as important as during
Kluesener ‘s study.
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3
III. RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS
A. Iviorphometryt:
1. Surface area: 16,640 acres.
2. Mean depth: 10.5 feet.
3. Maximum depth: 30 feet.
4. Volume: 174,720 acre-feet.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 13 days*.
B. Precipitation**:
1. Year of sampling: 42.7 inches.
2. Mean annual : 30.7 inches.
t Ball, 1973.
* Based on mean Wisconsin River discharge of 6,671 cfs at Wisconsin
Dells (Anonymous, 1974).
** See Working Paper No. 1, “Survey Methods, 1972”.
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4
IV. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Castle Rock Flowage was sampled three times during the open-water
season of 1972 by means of a pontoon—equipped Huey helicopter. Each
time, samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected from
three stations on the reservoir and from two or more depths at each
station (see map, page vi). During each visit, a single depth-irftegrated
(15 feet or near bottom to surface) sample was composited from the stations
for phytoplankton identification and enumeration; and during the last
visit, a single five-gallon depth-integrated sample was composited for
algal assays. Also each time, a depth-integrated sample was collected
from each of the stations for chlorophyll a analysis. The maximum depths
sampled were 23 feet at station 1, 10 feet at station 2, and 8 feet at
station 3.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix A, and the
data for the fall sampling period, when the reservoir essentially was
well-mixed, are summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc
summary is based on all values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling
times, refer to Appendix A.
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5
A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
(11/08/72)
Parameter Minimum Mean Median Maximum
Temperature (Cent.) 5.5 5.8 5.9 6.1
Dissolved oxygen (mg/i) 10.2 10.5 10.6 10.8
Conductivity ( imhos) 135 141 140 150
pH (units) 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.4
Alkalinity (mg/l) 25 32 32 36
Total P (mg/i) 0.044 0.048 0.048 0.055
Dissolved P (mg/i) 0.025 0.027 0.026 0.032
NO 2 + NO 3 (mg/i) 0.270 0.298 0.280 0.340
Ammonia (mg/i) 0.120 0.127 0.130 0.140
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches) 20 30 33 38
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6
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytopiankton* -
Sampling Dominant Number
Date Genera per ml
08/18/72 1. Anabaena 219
2. Gloeocapsa 188
3. Chroococcus 173
4. Melosira 83
5. Flagellates 60
Other genera 211
Total 934
11/08/72 1. Melosira 3,170
2. Flagellates 1,887
3. Fragilaria 981
4. Aphanocapsa 717
5. Chroococcus 659
Other genera 3,152
Total 10,566
2. Chlorophyll a -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( pg/i )
06/24/72 01 102.3
02 65.9
03 32.8
08/18/72 01 1.7
02 6.3
03 1.3
11/08/72 01 6.4
02 7.4
03 5.0
* The June sample was lost in shipment.
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7
Maximum yield
( mqJl y wt. )
1.7
4.6
10.4
10.4
40.0
1.3
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked —
Ortho P Inorganic N
Spike (mg/i) Conc. (mg/i) Conc. (mg/i ) ____ _____
Control 0.020 0.390
0.006 P 0.026 0.390
0.012 p 0.032 0.390
0.060 P 0.080 0.390
0.060 P + 10.0 N 0.080 10.390
10.0 N 0.020 10.390
2. Discussion —
The control yield of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum , indicates that the potential primary productivity
of Castle Rock Flowage was moderately high at the time the
sample was taken (11/08/72). Also, the increased yields with
increased levels of orthophosphorus indicate phosphorus limi-
tation at that time (note the lack of yield response when
only nitrogen was added).
The reservoir data confirm phosphorus limitation in
November (N/P ratio = 16/1) but indicate nitrogen limitation
in June (N/P = 6/1) and August (N/P = 9/1).
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8
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Anonymous, 1974. Water resources data for Wisconsin. Part 1.
Surface water records. Water Resources Div., U.S.G.S., Madison.
Ball, Joseph R., 1973. Personal communication (flowage morphometry).
WI Dept. Nat. Resources, Madison.
Klick, Thomas A., and C. W. Threinen, 1969. Surface water resources
of Juneau County. WI Dept. Nat. Resources, Madison.
Kluesener, John W., 1968. Oxygen and color relationships in Peten-
well Reservoir, Wisconsin River. M.S. thesis, U. of Wisconsin,
Madison.
McKersie, Jerome R., Robert M. Krill, William H. Doyle, and Larry L.
Maltbey; 1970. Upper Wisconsin River pollution investigation
survey. WI Dept. Nat. Resources, Madison.
Schraufnagel, Francis H., 1974. Personal communication (review of
preliminary report on Castle Rock flowage). WI Dept. Nat. Resources,
Madison.
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9
VI. APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
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STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/09/30
DATE
FROM
TO
TIME DEPTH
OF
DAY FEET
32217
CHLRPHYL
A
UG/L
551001
43 52 00.0 089 57 30.0
CASTLE ROCK FLOWAGE
55 WISCONSIN
I IEPALES
5
7?/05/24
72/08/18
72/11/08
06 00 0000
09 15 0000
07 45 0000
102.3J
I • 7J
6.4J
2111202
0020 FEET DEPTH
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
00630
00610
00665
00666
DATE
TIME
DEPTH
WATER
DO
TRANSP
CNDUCTVY
PH
1 ALK
N02&N03
NH3—N
PHOS—TOT
PHOS—DIS
FROM
OF
TEMP
SECCHI
FIELD
CACO3
N-TOTAL
TOTAL
TO
DAY
FEET
CENT
MG/L
INCHES
MICROMHO
SU
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
MG/L P
72/06/24
06 00 0000
19.3
9.2
38
115
7.2 5
33
0.140
0.080
0.054
0.038
06 00 0015
19.7
8.8
US
7.31
27
0.160
0.040
0.087
0.040
72/08/18
09 15 0000
33
145
8.20
33
0.210
0.070
0.070
0.041
09 15 0004
25.7
10.0
153
8.30
35
0.210
0.070
0.065
0.037
09
15 0015
20.7
4.6
155
6.80
32
0.320
0.180
0.075
0.051
09 15 0023
?0.O
4.0
158
6.85
24
0.350
0.200
0.071
0.049
72/U/OR
07 45 0000
22
140
7.40
31
0.280
0.120
0.047
0.025
07 45 0004
5.9
10.4
140
7.30
33
0.280
0.130
0.048
0.026
07 45 0015
5.9
10.7
140
7.20
32
0.280
0.130
0.049
0.026
07 45 0020
5.9
10.6
140
7.20
31
0.280
0.130
0.055
0.032
J VALU r NOL IJ To I
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STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/09/30
551002
43 55 30.0 089 58 30.0
CASTLE ROCIc FLOWAGE
55 WISCONSIN
DATE TIME DEPTH
FROM OF
TO DAY FEET
72/06/24 06 35 0000
- 06 35 0010
72/08/18 10 10 0000
10 10 0004
- 10 10 0008
72/11/08 08 05 0000
08 05 0004
08 05 0010
1 1EPALES
S
2111202
0010 FEET DEPTH
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
00630
00610
00665
00666
WATER
DO
TRANSP
CNOUCTVY
PH
T
ALI
NO2 NO3
NH3—N
PHOS—TOT
PHOS—DIS
TEMP
SECCHI
FIELD
CACO3
N—TOTAL
TOTAL
CENT
MG/L
INCHES
MICROMNO
SU
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
MG/L P
18.2
9.2
36
115
7.10
27
0.200
0.150
0.085
0.055
18.0
9.5
24.8
8.4
33
160
158
8.20
8.10
35
35
0.260
0.280
0.070
0.060
0.073
0.063
0.046
0.042
23.8
7.7
20
160
140
7.40
7.10
34
25
0.310
0.300
0.070
0.140
0.061
0.045
0.043
0.028
6.1
10.2
135
7.20
28
0.280
0.130
0.044
0.028
6.1
10.4
135
7.20
29
0.270
0.120
0.047
0.026
DATE
FROM
TO
72/06/24
72/08/18
72/11/08
TIME DEPTH
OF
DAY FEET
06 35 0000
10 10 0000
08 05 0000
32217
CHLRPHYL
A
UG/L
65.9J
6.3J
7 • 4J
J V. LU K’1Or N TO si:: I\ FR O
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STORET RETRIEVAL DATE 74/09/30
551003
43 59 00.0 089 57 30.0
CASTLE ROCK FLOWAGE
55 WISCONSIN
1 1EPALES
5
2111202
0010 FEET DEPTH
DATE
F RON
TO
7?/ 06/24
7?/08/ 18
72/Il/OS
TIME DEPTH
OF
DAY FEET
06 55 0000
11 45 0000
08 20 0000
32217
C HL P P HYL
A
UG/L
32.8J
1 • 3J
5•0J
00010
00300
00077
00094
00400
00410
00630
00610
00665
00666
DATE
TIME
DEPTH
WATER
DO
TRANSP
CNDIJCTVY
PH
T ALK
NO? .NO3
NH3—N
PHOS—TOT
PHOS—DIS
FROM
OF
TEMP
SECCHI
FIELD
CACO3
N—TOTAL
TOTAL
TO
DAY
FEET
CENT
MG/L
INCHES
NICROMNO
SU
P4G/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
MG/L P
72/06/24
06 55 0000
18.1
11.6
36
135
6.68
31
0.210
0.230
0.107
0.076
06 55 0010
18.5
8.4
135
6.70
.
30
0.220
0.230
0.108
0.064
72/08/1R
11 65 0000
33
180
7.10
32
0.430
0.170
0.081
0.052
11 45 000’
24.1
170
6.90
30
0.470
0.080
0.071
0.061
72/11/08
08 20 0000
20
150
7.30
35
0.330
0.120
0.050
0.028
08 20 0004
5.5
10.6
145
7.30
35
0.340
0.130
0.048
0.027
08 20 0008
5.5
10.8
145
7.30
36
0.340
0.120
0.049
0.026
J V LUr KNOWr 1 to r-IR I
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