-------
REPORT
ON
EMBARRASS LAKE
ST, LOUIS COUNTY
MINNESOTA
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 98
THE COOPERATION OF THE
MINNESOTA POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY
AND THE
MINNESOTA NATIONAL GUARD
DECEMBER, 1974
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1
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword ii
List of Minnesota Study Lakes iv, v
Lake and Drainage Area Map vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 3
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 4
IV. Nutrient Loadings 8
V. Literature Reviewed 13
VI. Appendices 14
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11
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey’s eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [ 3O3(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [ 3O3(c)], clean lakes [ 3l4(a,b)],
and water quality monitoring [ lO6 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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111
Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation’s
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency for professional involvement and to the Minnesota National
Guard for conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey.
Grant J. Merritt, Director of the Minnesota Pollution Control
Agency, John F. McGuire, Chief, and Joel G. Schilling, Biologist,
of the Section of Surface and Groundwater, Division of Water Quality,
provided invaluable lake documentation and counsel during the course
of the Survey; and the staff of the Section of Municipal Works, Divi-
sion of Water Quality, were most helpful in identifying point sources
and soliciting municipal participation in the Survey.
Major General Chester J. Moeglein, the Adjutant General of
Minnesota, and Project Officer Major Adrian Beltrand, who directed
the volunteer efforts of the Minnesota National Guardsmen, are also
gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF MINNESOTA
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Albert Lea Freeborn
Andrusia Beltrami
Badger Polk
Bartlett Koochiching
Bear Freeborn
Bemidji Beltrami
Big Stearns
Big Stone Big Stone, MN; Roberts,
Grant, SD
Birch Cass
Blackduck Bel trami
Blackhoof Crow Wing
Budd Martin
Buffalo Wright
Calhoun Hennepin
Carlos Douglas
Carrigan Wright
Cass Beltrami, Cass
Clearwater Wright, Stearns
Cokato Wright
Cranberry Crow Wing
Darling Douglas
Elbow St. Louis
Embarass St. Louis
Fall Lake
Forest Washi ngton
Green Kandiyohi
Gull Cass
Heron Jackson
Leech Cass
Le Homme Dieu Douglas
Lily Blue Earth
Little Grant
Lost St. Louis
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V
LAKE NAME COUNTY
Madison Blue Earth
Malmedal Pope
Mashkenode St. Louis
McQuade St. Louis
Minnetonka Hennepin
Minnewaska Pope
Mud Itasca
Nest Kandiyohi
Pelican St. Louis
Pepin Goodhue, Wabasha, MN;
Pierce, Pepin, WI
Rabbit Crow Wing
Sakatah Le Sueur
Shagawa St. Louis
Silver McLeod
Six Mile St. Louis
Spring Washington, Dakota
St. Croix Washington, MN; St. Croix,
Pierce, WI
St. Louis Bay St. Louis, MN; Douglas, WI
Superior Bay St. Louis, MN; Douglas, WI
Swan Itasca
Trace Todd
Trout Itasca
Wagonga Kandiyohi
Wailmark Chisago
White Bear Washington
Winona Douglas
Wolf Beltrami, Hubbard
Woodcock Kandiyohi
Zumbro Olmstead, Wabasha
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xo 1
/
Bi
I
U
Minn.
Map Location
EMBARRASS LAKE
>< Lake Sampling Site
® Tributary Sampling Site
Sewage Treatment Facility
Direct Drainage Area Limits
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EMBARRASS LAKE
STORET NO. 2728
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data show that Embarrass Lake is eutrophic. Of the
60 Minnesota lakes sampled in the fall of 1972, 20 had less mean
total phosphorus, 24 had less mean dissolved phosphorus, and 32
had less mean inorganic nitrogen. Of the 80 Minnesota lakes
sampled, six had less mean chlorophyll a, and 41 had greater
Secchi disc transparency.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay sample was lost in shipment; however, the
lake data indicate nitrogen limitation in July and October and
phosphorus limitation in September.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1 . Point sources--It is estimated that about 48% of the
mean annual phosphorus load reaching Embarrass Lake during the
sampling year was contributed by the Biwabik wastewater treat-
ment plant and the septic tanks of the community of Pineville.
The present loading rate of 15.2 lbs/acre/yr or 1.70 g/m 2 /yr
is in excess of the “dangerous rate” (i.e., a eutrophic rate) as
proposed by Vollenweider (in press; see page 12). However, 80%
phosphorus removal at Biwabik would reduce the loading rate to
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2
9.3 lbs/acre/yr or 1.04 g/m 2 /yr (a mesotrophic rate) and should
result in improvement of the trophic condition of Embarrass Lake.
2. Non-point sources (see page 12)--The phosphorus exports
of the Embarrass Lake tributaries were quite low during the samp-
ling year and were similar to the exports of unimpacted streams
studied elsewhere in St. Louis County.
In all, it is estimated that non-point sources contributed
about 51% of the total phosphorus load to the lake during the
sampling year.
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3
507 acres.
6 feet.
18 feet.
acre/feet.
retention time: 22 days.
Drainage area*
142.0 mi 2
2.4 mi 2
5.2 mi 2
149.6 mi 2
II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometryt:
1. Surface area:
2. Mean depth: 8.
3. Maximum depth:
4. Volume: 4,360
5. Mean hydraulic
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix A for flow data)
1. Tributaries —
Name _______________ __________
Diversion Channel
Unnamed Stream (B-i)
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage -
Totals
2. Outlet -
Embarrass Lake outlet
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 28.0 inches.
2. Mean annual : 27.0 inches.
t DNR lake survey map (1964); mean depth by random-dot method.
* Drainage areas are accurate within ±5%; mean daily flows are accurate
within ±10%; and ungaged flows ar accurate within ±10 to 25% for
drainage areas greater than 10 mid.
** Includes area of lake.
*** See Working Paper No. 1, “Survey Methods”.
Mean flow*
94.0 cfs
1.4 cfs
3.5 cfs
98.9 cfs
150.4 mi 2 ** 98.9 cfs
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4
III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Embarrass Lake was sampled three times during the open-water season
of 1972 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples
for physical and chemical parameters were collected from two or more depths
at a single station on the lake (see map, page vi). During each visit, a
single depth-integrated (near bottom to surface) sample was collected for
phytoplankton identification and enumeration, and a similar sample was col-
lected for chlorophyll a analysis. During the last visit, a sample was
taken for algal assays but subsequently lost in shipment. The maximum
depth sampled was 9 feet.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix B, and the data
for the fall sampling period, when the lake essentially was well-mixed,
are summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc summary is based on
all values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling times,
refer to Appendix B.
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5
A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
(10/19/72)
Parameter Minimum Mean Median Maximum
Temperature (Cent.) 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Dissolved oxygen (mg/i) 11.0 12.0 12.0 13.0
Conductivity (pmhos) 130 136 138 140
pH (units) 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.5
Alkalinity (mg/i) 23 23 23 23
Total P (mg/i) 0.029 0.036 0.037 0.042
Dissolved P (mg/i) 0.017 0.023 0.022 0.029
NO + NO (mg/i) 0.160 0.160 0.160 0.160
Ani onia mg/l) 0.060 0.063 0.060 0.070
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches) 24 39 46 48
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6
B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling Dominant Number
Date — Genera per ml
07/08/72 1. Tabellaria 3,263
2. Asterionella 967
3. Flagellates 544
4. Elakatothrix 362
5. Dinobryon 242
Other genera 665
Total 6,043
09/09/72 1. Dinobryon 398
2. 1elosira 133
3. Phacus 108
4. Cyclotella 72
5. Fragilaria 66
Other genera 495
Total 1 ,272
10/19/72 1. Flagellates 2,462
2. Dinobryon 1,131
3. Cryptomonas 427
4. Melosira 402
5. Achnanthes 251
Other genera 930
Total 5,603
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7
2. Chlorophyll a -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a
Date Number ( pg/i )
07/08/72 01 6.9
09/09/72 01 1.9
10/19/72 01 6.0
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
The algal assay sample was lost in shipment. However, the lake
data indicate nitrogen limitation in July (N/P ratio = 5/1) and
October (N/P = 10/1) but phosphorus limitation in September (N/P =
17/1).
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8
IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix C for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Minnesota National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the tribu-
tary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the months of Decem-
ber, April, and May when two samples were collected. Sampling was begun
in October, 1972, and was completed in September, 1973.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the year
of sampling and a “normalized” or average year were provided by the Minne-
sota District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the tributary sites
nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were determined
by using a modification of a U.S. Geological Survey computer program for
calculating stream loadings*. Nutrient loadings for unsampled “minor
tributaries and immediate drainage” (“ZZ” of U.S.G.S.) were estimated by
using the nutrient loads, in lbs/mi 2 /year, at station B-i and multiplying
by the ZZ area in mi 2 .
The City of Biwabik did not participate in the Survey and nutrient
loads were estimated at 2.5 lbs P and 7.5 lbs N/capita/year.
* See Working Paper No. 1.
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9
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal* -
Pop. Mean Receiving
Name Served Treatment Flow (mgd) Water
Biwabik 1,483 stab. ponds O.148** Embarrass Lake
2. Known industrial - None
* Anonymous, 1974.
** Estimated at 100 gal/capita/day.
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10
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
lbs P/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Diversion Channel 3,530 45.9
Unnamed Stream (B-i) 110 1.4
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 240 3.1
c. Known municipal STP’s -
Biwabik 3,710 48.3
d. Septic tanks* - 20 0.3
e. Known industrial - None - -
f. Direct precipitation** - 80 1.0
Total 7,690 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Embarrass Lake!
Cedar Island Lake Connection 7,910
3. Net annual P loss - 220 pounds
* Estimate based on 22 dwellings in Pineville at 4 persons each; see
Working Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
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11
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1 . Inputs -
lbs NI % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Diversion Channel 213,880 89.9
Unnamed Stream (B-i) 2,280 1.0
b. Minor tributaries & imediate
drainage (non-point load) - 4,940 2.0
c. Known municipal STP’s -
Biwabik 11,120 4.7
d. Septic tanks* - 830 0.3
e. Known industrial - None - -
f. Direct precipitation** - 4,880 2.1
Total 237,930 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet — Embarrass Lakef
Cedar Island Lake Connection 181 ,240
3. Net annual N accumulation - 56,690 pounds
* stimate based on 22 dwellings in Pineville at 4 persons each; see
Working Paper No. 1.
** See Working Paper No. 1.
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12
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary lbs P/mi Jyr lbs N/mi 2 /yr
Diversion Channel 25 1,506
Unnamed Stream (B-i) 46 950
E. Yearly Loading Rates:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loading
rates are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (in press).
Essentially, his “dangerous” rate is the rate at which the
receiving water would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic; his
“permissible” rate is that which would result in the receiving
water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oligotrophic if mor-
phometry permitted. A mesotrophic rate would be considered one
between “dangerous” and “permissible”.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Units Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
1bs/acr /yr 15.2 loss* 469.3 111.8
grams/me/yr 1.70 - 52.6 12.5
Vollenweider loading rates for phosphorus
(g/m 2 /yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time for Embarrass Lake:
“Dangerous” (eutrophic rate) 1.26
“Permissible” (oligotrophic rate) 0.63
* There was an apparent phosphorus loss during the sampling year. This
probably was due to an underestimation of the loads from Biwabik and/or
Pineville or an unknown and unsampled point source discharging directly
to the lake.
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13
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Anonymous, 1974. Wastewater disposal facilities inventory. MPCA,
Minneapolis.
Schilling, Joel, 1974. Personal comunication (lake map). MPCA,
Minneapolis.
Vollenweider, Richard A., (in press). Input-output models. Schweiz
A. Hydrol.
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VII. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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T’ I -44i7 ( Y FLOW INFO -nAT TON FO ‘4f NESOTA
10/30/74
LA< rorw 77 )9
TflTAL AJ A( I4 A O LA I-
ToraL ‘)A1 IA(F A A ‘ )F t =
JM F JP r AT A - A )rjtS =
TI T-”1TA Y ‘ 4Cb’ JT-l Y A
siEM’ FL W flAY
FLD DAY
FLOW r)Ay FLOW
:
NO ’1AL IZEi)
FLOWS
T 1i iITA Y AL rA JA
‘ 1 AY JUf’J
JUL
A(J(, SEP OCT NOV DEC MEAN
77? 9 A1
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7. .4
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81.20
83.90
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1.4?
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P EAN OONT-ILY FI.fi S ANt) )A!LY FL) , ’,
SUM’ 1APY
150.40
TOTAL
FLOW
IN
=
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1 5 0.4u
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-------
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APPENDIX B
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL DATA
-------
STOPET ETR1FVAI. I)AU 7 ./I i/JO
27?80 I
‘.7 31 52.0 092 1 08.0
tMRAW. ASS LAKE
?T MINNFSOTA
I IFPALES
1
2111202
0008 FEET DEPTI-4
1)4TF
F O 1
T)
77/07/O )
7 ?/ 0 9/ OQ
77/ 0/ 1°
T1M flF T1
s,AY FfFT
IS IS 0000
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A
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00666
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N0’ NO3
P.JH3—N
PHOS—TOT
PHOS—DIS
F OM
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r -”
SECCI- 1 1
FIEL)
CACO3
N—TOTAL
TOTAL
TO
DAY
FEF
CFNT
‘1( i/L
V’ CHFS
MICROMHO
SI)
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L
MG/L P
MG/L P
7?/07/0
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.7
5
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0.030
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15 1’- 0OO 3
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0.100
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09 45 OO0
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130
7.15
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0.100
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72/10/19
IF’ (10 C000
110
7.40
23
0.160
0.060
0.037
0.022
16
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1 .0
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0.042
0.029
16 00 00(19
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0.160
0.070
0.029
0.017
J i /f L’JE K iO 4 1) - I PpljI-
-------
APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY DATA
-------
STOW T FT ?rFV1 t !) Tl- 7L./J0/ 0
?7?- AI LS272RA I
7 30 30.0 09? 20 00.0
M IA ASS LI /CEOAP ISLAND L CONN
27 1.5 - I*AdIK
‘)/E 1hA ASS LA (F
CJ H.qY ‘+ 1)G 1.5 MI S OF IwABIK
1I FPALFS 2111204
0000 FEET DEPTt-I
‘63 . ‘ - (i t- ”10 fl ?1
r) T1- T F I- T’-l lit KJ’L 3—” Pr- OS—DT Pr O5—TOT
‘1—TOTAL T IAL OPT O
T ) :ti’ FF T ‘IC/I_ M(/L P MG/L P
77/10/1 16 1 ..IM’ ‘.Q7 , ( 1.10 5 0.0’Th 0.13
72/fl/0 Ii )C ,.7 ’ .i3 0.f 0 < Cj.009 0.031
7?/I?/0) 10 ). • 7 D 0.(’2 u.00
7 /1 /2 I 70 ) . 2 u.0 13 0.(J?M
71/01/O i 10 30 C.3’.t. 0.0 14
74/ /07 L• 3.t-’ 0. - 0 0.007
71/j / 7 V- 40 (.C’- 0.’- 0C . .(37 G.C 1 7 4 u.105
71/ek/0 17 R? ‘.i c (‘.. 40 ‘ . 3Y 0.010 0.030
73/flS/7 21 10 0.l i 0.7 10 f;. ifl4 0.013
73/Th/? 11 O C.r ,, u.(i1 0.005K 0.020
71/01/ H I , 10 {).0’V) 0. f 0 ).040 0.007 0.0?5
71/0’ /?? I ‘ 0 0.014 J.03 ‘J. OJl
73/0 /0 ’- II 1 ’ (.O ‘1. f’u U.0 ’*0 0.0 S
K VALU ‘N0 ’jeI TO -i-s LESS
THAN I 9DICUTE
-------
ST ET ETRTFVAL naF 7 ./10/ 0
‘7 5r 1 LS?7 ?9Rl
47 3? 00.0 I 30.0
UN AMED TI 1B TO W S11)E OF LAKE
27 7.5 f JwAHI’c
T,F 1BARASS LAKE.
1 tI’4G .5 MI ESE OF ‘ - IWABIK
IIEPALES 2111204
4 C000 FEET DEPTH
0fl’- 1( 0e ’ ?5 0) ’l0 0O 71 00 ’6S
PAT T piE nFPT-j )? M ) Tut KJEL H3—N PrIOS—DIS f’rlOSTOT
F 0M OF ‘i—TOTAL ToTAL 0PT 1()
TO DAY F FT ‘40/L MO/L MG/L P MG/L
77/I0/1 15 ).07 ’ 0.575 0. lic 0.007
7?/j)/O 11 IS ).13P 0. ’ 0 0.005K 0.015 0.055
7?/12/0? 13 - G.C4 (.‘“#0 0.091 0.013 0.0?5
7?/17/?6 1 -‘ C..073 o.?1O 0.010
71/0?/01 to 05 n.0 4 i .io G.’40 0.0S 0.080
71/03/01 10 I 0.3 ItJ 1.750 0.440 u.05O 0.150
71/06/01 0L .5 0.0, 0.007 0.007 0.0 S
71/0 /fl 19 50 ).1 0 ç.73 0.O’I 0.00 0.O?5
71/05/Oc. 15 5 1 ’ 0.044 O. 50 0.03? 0.01? 0.050
71/(,5/ ?’ 0 45 u.0 l’)K 0. + j 0.020 0.010 0.015
71/0f- /2 e 0056 ).0I1 0. 0C fl .0j5 0.007 0.015
71/G7/0 U 00 0.03-. j . -1() 0.050 0.02? 0.030
71/1)ri/.?7 -‘ jo ‘.0l £. ‘ 0 0.03k 0.014 0.035
71/3 /Q- 10 5 J.01’- c.9’3 0.0? 0 .0I 0.040
K V LUF Kt J0W I 10 -W LESS
T -tA”i I’ji)ICATED
-------
cT’)QET TPTfV ii 1’- 4/1’)/”)
?7? C1 L 2728C1
‘.7 3? 30.0 )Q? 19 00.0
‘)T’/ ’cSlON Cr4Ai’iNEL MANE L / M 1A A
7.5 ij A8TK
1/1 iA ASS LMF
CO -i 135 XING t ETWEEt I HIWABIK—PINE:VILL
11E LES 2111204
0000 FEET OEPTH
r T P - r)cL)T.-l j ‘ iY T( t ‘< i .i t-’ —f’ —1OS—flIS PHOS—TUT
F O’. TOTAL OIdTriO
J ) 4’ /I “ /I M(/L P MG/L ‘
0.083 C.00f 0.027
77/I)/0 - II 1 .2-. 1.40’ 0.00 5K (.01!
77/1 /0? JO ‘) C.2-) i. 65 0.u)0 0.00 0.0??
72/I,’/24 15 6C .31 0 C.7’ ’ f.C? ij. l1 0.030
71/02/0’ 10 2 1. i ’ 1,.0S? O.0I c. ,5
73/(jl/01 10 00 0.0 1 ’ ) 0.00 0.0 C
71/D ’ ./07 ( ‘0 ‘ .& 3O O.01 0.00 ’
71/fl4/71 t ? 0.710 0.033 u.OOcK 0.0?0
71/)-/2U ?“ 5 1.470 fl•j54 ‘ 1.007 0.0 0
71/.) /7 “4 ‘ •) ).Ol-’ C.f.90 0.03 .ooc < 0.007
71/u7/O i9 0 ‘i. I?O 0. 410 .f’43 0.00S 0.0 )5
71/0 ’ /7 1 4 ‘ . !“) 0.75w i.04O o.oi
71/03/0’4 10 1 ‘).1l C.C’.7 0.007 0.010
c V LU TO - L S
T - ’t N I’jIC T ’)
-------