c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response
Washington, DC 20460
Superfund
Compendium of ERT
Soil Sampling
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GENERAL FIELD
SAMPLING GUIDELINES
SOP# 2001
DATE 08/11/94
REV 00
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide general field sampling guidelines
that will assist REAC personnel in choosing sampling
strategies, location, and frequency for proper
assessment of site characteristics This SOP is
apphcable to all field activities that involve sampling
These are standard (i e., typically applicable)
operating procedures which may be varied or changed
as required, dependent on site conditions, equipment
limitations or limitations imposed by the procedure In
all instances, the ultimate procedures employed should
be documented and associated with the final report
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute U S EPA endorsement or
recommendation for use.
2.0 METHOD SUMMARY
Sampling is the selection of a representative portion of
a larger population, universe, or body Through
examination of a sample, the characteristics of the
larger body from which the sample was drawn can be
inferred In this manner, sampling can be a valuable
tool for determining the presence, type, and extent of
contamination by hazardous substances in the
environment.
The primary objective of all sampling activities is to
characterize a hazardous waste site accurately so that
its impact on human health and the environment can
be properly evaluated. It is only through sampling and
analysis that site hazards can be measured and the job
of cleanup and restoration can be accomplished
effectively with minimal risk The sampling itself
must be conducted so that every sample collected
retains its ongmal physical form and chemical
composition. In t Ins way, sample integrity is insured,
quality assurance standards are mamtained, and the
sample can accurately represent the larger body of
material under investigation
The extent to which valid inferences can be drawn
from a sample depends on the degree to which the
sampling effort conforms to the project’s objectives
For example, as few as one sample may produce
adequate, technically valid data to address the
project’s objectives Meeting the project’s objectives
requires thorough planning of sampling activities, and
implementation of the most appropriate sampling and
analytical procedures These issues will be discussed
in this procedure
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE
The amount of sample to be collected, and the proper
sample container type (i e, glass, plastic), chemical
preservation, and storage requirements are dependent
on the matrix being sampled and the parameter(s) of
interest Sample preservation, containers, handling,
and storage for air and waste samples are discussed in
the specific SOPs for air and waste sampling
techniques
4.0 INTERFERENCES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
AND
The nature of the object or materials being sampled
may be a potential problem to the sampler If a
material is homogeneous, it will generally have a
uniform composition throughout. In this case, any
sample increment can be considered representative of
the material On the other hand, heterogeneous
samples present problems to the sampler because of
changes in the material over distance, both laterally
and vertically
Samples of hazardous materials may pose a safety
threat to both field and laboratory personnel Proper
health and safety precautions should be implemented
when handling this type of sample
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Environmental conditions, weather conditions, or
non-target chemicals may cause problems andlor
interferences when performing sampling activities or
when sampling for a specific parameter Refer to the
specific SOPs for sampling techniques
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUs
The equipment/apparatus required to collect samples
must be detennined on a site specific basis Due to the
wide variety of sampling equipment available, refer to
the specific SOPs for sampling techniques which
include lists of the equipment/apparatus required for
sampling
6.0 REAGENTS
Reagents may be utilized for preservation of samples
and for decontamination of sampling equipment The
preservatives requu-ed are specified by the analysis to
be performed Decontamination solutions are
specified in ERT Sop #2006, Sampling Equipment
Decontamination
7.0 PROCEDURE
7.1 Types of Samples
In relation to the media to be sampled, two basic types
of samples can be considered the environmental
sample and the hazardous sample
Environmental samples are those collected from
streams, ponds, lakes, wells, and are off-site samples
that are not expected to be contaminated with
hazardous materials They usually do not require the
special handling procedures typically used for
concentrated wastes However, in certain instances,
environmental samples can contain elevated
concentrations of pollutants and in such cases would
have to be handled as hazardous samples.
Hazardous or concentrated samples are those collected
from drums, tanks, lagoons, pits, waste piles, fresh
spills, or areas previously identified as contaminated,
and require special handling procedures because of
their potential toxicity or hazard. These samples can
be further subdivided based on their degree of hazard,
however, care should be taken when handling and
shipping any wastes believed to be concentrated
regardless of the degree.
The importance of making the distinction between
environmental and hazardous samples is two-fold
(I) Personnel safety requirements Any sample
thought to contain enough hazardous
materials to pose a safety threat should be
designated as hazardous and handled in a
manner which ensures the safety of both field
and laboratory personnel
(2) Transportation requirements Hazardous
samples must be packaged, labeled, and
shipped according to the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous
Goods Regulations or Department of
Transportation (DOT) regulations and U S
EPA guidelines
7.2 Sample Collection Techniques
In general, two basic types of sample collection
techniques are recognized, both of which can be used
for either environmental or hazardous samples
Grab Samples
A grab sample is defined as a discrete aliquot
representative of a specific location at a given point in
time The sample is collected all at once at one
particular point in the sample medium The
representativeness of such samples is defined by the
nature of the materials being sampled In general, as
sources vary over time and distance, the
representativeness of grab samples will decrease
Composite Samples
Composites are nondiscrete samples composed of
more than one specific aliquot collected at various
sampling locations and/or different points in time
Analysis of this type of sample produces an average
value and can in certain instances be used as an
alternative to analyzing a number of individual grab
samples and calculating an average value It should
be noted, however, that compositing can mask
problems by diluting isolated concentrations of some
hazardous compounds below detection limits
Compositing is often used for environmental samples
and may be used for hazardous samples under certain
conditions For example, compositing of hazardous
waste is often performed after compatibility tests have
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been completed to determine an average value over a
number of different locations (group of drums) This
procedure generates data that can be useful by
providing an average concentration within a number
of units, can serve to keep analytical costs down, and
can provide information useful to transporters and
waste disposal operations
For sampling situations involving hazardous wastes,
grab sampling techniques are generally preferred
because grab sampling minimizes the amount of time
sampling personnel must be in contact with the
wastes, reduces risks associated with compositing
unknowns, and eliminates chemical changes that
might occur due to compositing
7.3 Types of Sampling Strategies
The number of samples that should be collected and
analyzed depends on the objective of the investigation
There are three basic sampling strategies random,
systematic, and judgmental sampling
Random sampling involves collection of samples in a
nonsysternatic fashion from the entire site or a specific
portion of a site Systematic sampling involves
collection of samples based on a grid or a pattern
which has been previously established When
judgmental sampling is performed, samples are
collected only from the portion(s) of the site most
likely to be contaminated Often, a combination of
these strategies is the best approach depending on the
type of the suspected/known contamination, the
uniformity and size of the site, the levelltype of
information desired, etc
7.4 QA Work Plans (QAWP)
A QAWP is required when it becomes evident that a
field investigation is necessary It should be initiated
in conjunction with, or immediately following,
notification of the field investigation This plan should
be clear and concise and should detail the following
basic components, with regard to sampling activities
C Objective and purpose of the investigation
C Basis upon which data will be evaluated.
C Information known about the site including
location, type and size of the facility, and
length of operations/abandonment.
C Type and volume of contaminated material,
contaminants of concern (including
concentration), and basis of the
information/data
C Technical approach including medialmati,x
to be sampled, sampling equipment to be
used, sample equipment decontamination (if
necessary), sampling design and rationale,
and SOPs or descnption of the procedure to
be implemented
C Project management and reporting, schedule,
project organization and responsibilities,
manpower and cost projections, and required
deliverables.
C QA objectives and protocols including tables
summarizing field sampling and QA/QC
analysis and objectives
Note that this list of QAWP components is not all-
inclusive and that additional elements ma be added
or altered depending on the specific requirements of
the field investigation It should also be recognized
that although a detailed QAWP is quite important, it
may be impractical in some instances Emergency
responses and accidental spills are prune examples of
such instances where time might prohibit the
development of site-specific QAWPs prior to field
activities In such cases, investigators would have to
rely on general guidelines and personal judgment, and
the sampling or response plans might simply be a
strategy based on preliminary information and
finalized on site In any event, a plan of action should
be developed, no matter how concise or informal, to
aid investigators in maintaining a logical and
consistent order to the implementation of their task
7.5 Legal Implications
The data derived from sampling activities are often
introduced as critical evidence during litigation of a
hazardous waste site cleanup Legal issues in which
sampling data are important may include cleanup cost
recovery, identification of pollution sources and
responsible parties, and technical validation of
remedial design methodologies Because of the
potential for involvement in legal actions, strict
adherence to technical and administrative SOPs is
essential during both the development and
implementation of sampling activities.
Technically valid sampling begins with thorough
planning and continues through the sample collection
and analytical procedures. Administrative
requu-ements involve thorough, accurate
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documentation of all sampling activities 10.0 DATA VALIDATION
Documentation requirements include maintenance of
a chain of custody, as well as accurate records of field Refer to the specific SOPs for data validation
activities and analytical instructions Failure to activities that are associated with sampling
observe these procedures fully and consistently may techniques
result in data that are questionable, invalid and
non-defensible in court, and the consequent loss of 11.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY
enforcement proceedings
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
8.0 CALCULATIONS follow U S EPA, OSHA, and corporate health and
safety procedures
Refer to the specific SOPs for any calculations which
are associated with sampling techniques
9.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
Refer to the specific SOPs for the type and frequency
of QAJQC samples to be analyzed, the acceptance
criteria for the QAJQC samples, and any other QA/QC
activities which are associated with sampling
techniques
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SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
DECONtAMINATION
SOP#: 2006
DATE 08/1 1/94
REV. #: 00
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure
(SOP) is to provide a description of the methods used
for preventing, minimizing, or limiting
cross-contamination of samples due to inappropriate
or inadequate equipment decontamination and to
provide general guidelines for developing
decontamination procedures for sampling equipment
to be used during hazardous waste operations as per
29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910 120
Tb.is SOP does not address personnel
decontamination.
These are standard (i.e typically applicable) operating
procedures which may be varied or changed as
required, dependent upon site conditions, equipment
limttation, or limitations imposed by the procedure.
In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed
should be documented and associated with the final
report
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute I ) S. Environmental Protection Agency
(U S EPA) endorsement or recommendation for use
to METHOD SUMMARY
Removing or neutralizing contaminants from
equipment minimizes the likelihood of sample cross
contamination, reduces or eliminates transfer of
contammants to clean areas, and prevents the mixing
of incompatible substances.
Gross contamination can be removed by physical
decontamination procedures. These abrasive and
non-abrasive methods include the use of brushes, air
and wet blasting, and high and low pressure water
cleaning.
The first step, a soap and water wash, removes all
visible particulate matter and residual oils and grease
This may be preceded by a steam or high pressure
water wash to facilitate residuals removal The
second step involves a tap water rinse and a
distilled/deionized water rinse to remove the
detergent An and rinse provides a low pH media for
trace metals removal and is included in the
decontamination process if metal samples are to be
collected. It is followed by another distilled/deionized
water rinse. If sample analysts does not include
metals, the acid rinse step can be omitted Next, a
high purity solvent rinse is performed for trace
organics removal if organic s are a concern at the site.
Typical solvents used for removal of organic
contaminants include acetone, hexane, or water
Acetone is typically chosen because ii is an excellent
solvent, miscible in water, and not a target analyts on
the Prionty Pollutant List If acetone is known to be
a contaminant of concern at a given site or if Target
Compound List analysis (which includes acetone) is
to be performed, another solvent may be substituted
The solvent must be allowed to evaporate completely
and then a final dtstil(ed/deionized water rinse is
peiformed. This rinse removes any residual traces of
the solvent
The decontamination procedure described above may
be summarized as follows
Physical removal
2. Non-phosphate detergent wash
3 Tap water rinse
4 Distilled/deionized water rinse
5 10% nitric acid rinse
6 Distilled/deionized water rinse
7 Solvent rinse (pesticide grade)
8. Air dry
9 Distilled/deionized water rinse
If a particular contaminant fraction is not present at
the site, the nine (9) step decontamination procedure
specified above may be modified for site specificity
For example, the nitric acid rinse may be eliminated
if metals are not of concern at a site. Similarly, the
solvent rinse may be eliminated tf organics are not of
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concern at a site Modifications to the standard
procedure should be documented in the site specific
work plan or subsequent report
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION;
CONTAINERS, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE
The amount of sample to be collected and the proper
sample container type (i e, glass, plastic), chemical
preservation, and storage requirements are dependent
on the matrix being sampled and the parameter(s) of
interest.
More specifically, sample collection and analysis of
decontamination waste may be required before
beginning proper disposal of decontamination liquids
and solids generated at a site This should be
determined prior to initiation of site activities
4.0 INTERFERENCES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
AND
C The use of distilledideionized water
commonly available from commercial
vendors may be acceptable for
decontamination of sampling equipment
provided that it has been verified by
laboratory nalysis to be analyte free
(specifically for the contaminants of
concern).
C The use of an untreated potable water supply
is not an acceptable substitute for tap water
Tap water may be used from any municipal
or industrial water treatment system
C If acids or solvents are utilized in
decontamination they raise health and safety,
and waste disposal concerns.
C Damage can be incurred by acid and solvent
washing of complex and sophisticated
sampling equipment.
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
Decontamination equipment, materials, and supplies
are generally selected based on availability Other
considerations include the ease of decontaminating or
disposing of the equipment. Most equipment and
supplies can be easily procured. For example, soft•
bristle scrub brushes or long-handled bottle brushes
can be used to remove contaminants Large
galvanized wash tubs, stock tanks, or buckets can hold
wash and rinse solutions Children’s wading pools can
also be used. Large plastic garbage cans or other
similar containers lined with plastic bags can help
segregate contaminated equipment Contaminated
liquid can be stored temporarily in metal or plastic
cans or drums
The following standard materials and equipment are
recommended for decontamination activities
5,1 Decontamination Solutions
C Non-phosphate detergent
C Selected solvents (acetone, hexane, nitric
acid, etc)
C Tap water
C Distilled or deionized water
5.2 Decontamination Tools/Supplies
C Long and short handled brushes
C Bottle brushes
C Drop cloth/plastic sheeting
C Paper towels
C Plastic or galvanized tubs or buckets
C Pressurized sprayers (1-120)
C Solvent sprayers
C Aluminum foil
5.3 Health and Safety Equipment
Appropnate personal protective equipment (i e, safety
glasses or splash shield, appropriate gloves, aprons or
coveralls, respirator, emergency eye wash)
5.4 Waste Disposal
C Trash bags
C Trash containers
C 55-gallon drums
C Metal/plastic buckets/containers for storage
and disposal of decontamination solutions
6.0 REAGENTS
There are no reagents used in this procedure aside
from the actual decontamination solutions. Table I
(Appendix A) lists solvent nnses which may be
required for elimination of particular chemicals In
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general, the following solvents are typically utilized
for decontamination purposes
C 10% nitric acid is typically used for
inorganic compounds such as metals An
acid nnse may not be required if inorganics
are not a contaminant of concern
C Acetone (pesticide grade)
C Hexane (pesticide grade)W
C Methanoim
- Only if sample is to be analyzed for organics.
7.0 PROCEDURES
As part of the health and safety plan, a
decontamination plan should be developed arid
reviewed. The decontamination line should be set up
before any personnel or equipment enter the areas of
potential exposure The equipment decontamination
plan should incLude
C The number, location, and layout of
decontamination stations
C Decontanilnaflon equipment needed
C Appropriate decontamination methods
C Methods for disposal of contaminated
clothing, equipment, and solutions
C Procedures can be established to minimize
the potential for contamination. This may
include (I) work practices that minimize
contact with potential contaminants; (2)
using remote sampling techniques; (3)
covering monitoring and sampling equipment
with plastic, aluminum foil, or other
protective material. (4) watering down dusty
areas, (5) avoiding laying down equipment in
areas of obvious contamination; and (6) use
of disposable sampling equipment
7.1 Decontamination Methods
All samples and equipment leaving the contaminated
area of a site must be decontaminated to remove any
contamination that may have adhered to equipment
Various decontamination methods will remove
contaminants by (1) flushing or other physical
action, or (2) chemical complexing to inactivate
contaminants by neutralization, chemical reaction,
disinfection, or sterilization
Physical decontamination techniques can be grouped
into two categones abrasive methods and
non-abrasive methods, as follows
7 1 1 Abrasive Cleaning Methods
Abrasive cleaning methods work by rubbing and
wearing away the top layer of the surface containing
the contaminant. The mechanical abrasive cleaning
methods are most commonly used at hazardous waste
sites The following abrasive methods are available
Mechanical
Mechanical methods of decontamination include using
metal or nylon brushes The amount and type of
contaminants removed will vary with the hardness of
bristles, length of time brushed, degree of brush
contact, degree of contamination, nature of the surface
being cleaned, and degree of contaminant adherence
to the surface
Air BlastinR
Air blasting equipment uses compressed air to force
abrasive material through a noule at high velocities
The distance between nozzle and surface cleaned, air
pressure, time of application, and angle at which the
abrasive strikes the surface will dictate cleaning
efficiency. Disadvantages of this method are the
inability to control the amount of material removed
and the large amount of waste generated
Wet Blasting
Wet blast cleaning involves use of a suspended fine
abrasive The abrasive/water mixture is delivered by
compressed air to the contaminated area. By using a
very fine abrasive, the amount of materials removed
can be carefully controlled.
7 1 2 Non-Abrasive Cleaning Methods
Non-abrasive cleaning methods work by forcing the
contaminant off a surface with pressure In general,
the equipment surface is not removed using
non-abrasive methods
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Low-Pressure Water
This method consists of a Container which is filled
with water The user pumps air out of the container to
create a vacuum A slender nozzle and hose allow the
user to spray in hard-to-reach places.
High-Pressure Water
This method consists of a high-pressure pump, an
operator controlled directional nozzle, and a high-
pressure hose Operating pressure usually ranges
from 340 to 680 atmospheres (atm) and flow rates
usually range from 20 to 140 liters per minute
Ultra- g -Pres u e Water
This system produces a water Jet that is pressured
from 1,000 to 4,000 atmospheres. This
ultra-high-pressure spray can remove tightly-adhered
surface films The water velocity ranges from 500
meters/second (m/s) (1,000 atm) to 900 m/s (4,000
atm) Additives can be used to enhance the cleaning
action
Rinsm
Contaminants are removed by rinsing through
dilution, physical attraction, and solubilization
Damn Cloth Removal
In some instances, due to sensitive, non-waterproof
equipment or due to the unlikelthood of equipment
being contaminated, it is not necessary to conduct an
extensive decontamination procedure For example,
au sampling pumps hooked on a fence, placed on a
drum, or wrapped in plastic bags are not likely to
become heavily contaminated. A damp cloth should
be used to wipe off contaminants which may have
adhered to equipment through airborne contaminants
or from surfaces upon which the equipment was set
DismfectioWSterilizatton
Dismfectants are a practical means of inactivating
infectious agents. Unfortunately, standard
sterilization methods are impractical for large
equipment. This method of decontamination is
typically performed off-site.
7.2 Field Sampling Equipmerd
Decontamination Procedures
The decontamination line is setup so that the first
station is used to clean the most contaminated item
It progresses to the last station where the least
contaminated item is cleaned The spread of
contaminants is further reduced by separating each
decontamination station by a minimum of three (3)
feet. Ideally, the contamination should decrease as the
equipment progresses from one station to another
farther along in the line
A site is typically divided up into the following
boundaries Hot Zone or Exclusion Zone (EZ), the
Contamination Reduction Zone (CR2), and the
Support or Safe Zone (SZ) The decontamination line
should be setup in the Contamination Reduction
Comdor (CRC) which is in the CRZ Figure 1
(Appendix B) shows a typical contaminant reduction
zone layout The CRC controls access into and out of
the exclusion zone and confines decontamination
activities to a limited area The CRC boundaries
should be conspicuously marked The far end is the
hotline, the boundary between the exclusion zone and
the contamination reduction zone The size of the
decontamination comdor depends on the number of
stations in the decontamination process, overall
dimensions of the work zones, and amount of space
available at the site Whenever possible, it should be
a straight line
Anyone in the CRC should be wearing the level of
protection designated for the decontamination crew
Another comdor may be required for the entry and
exit of heavy equipment Sampling and monitoring
equipment and sampling supplies are all maintained
outside of the CRC. Personnel don their equipment
away from the CRC and enter the exclusion zone
through a separate access control point at the hotline
One person (or more) dedicated to decontaminating
equipment is recommended
7 2 1 Decontamination Setup
Starting with the most contaminated station, the
decontamination setup should be as follows
Station 1. Segregate Equipment Dron
Place plastic sheeting on the ground (Figure 2,
Appendix B) Size will depend on amount of
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equipment to be decontaminated Provide containers
lined with plastic if equipment is to be segregated
Segregation may be required if sensitive equipment or
mildly contaminated equipment is used at the same
time as equipment which is likely to be heavily
contaminated.
Station 2 Physical Removal With A High-Pressure
Washer (Ootional
As indicated in 7 1 2, a high-pressure wash may be
required for compounds which are difficult to remove
by washing with brushes. The elevated temperature of
the water from the high-pressure washers is excellent
at removing greasy/oily compounds High pressure
washers require water and electncity.
pooi with tap water Several bottle and bristle brushes
should be dedicated to this station Approximately
10-50 gallons of water may be required initially
depending upon the amount of equipment to
decontaminate and the amount of gross contamination
Station 5 Low-Pressure Sprayers
Fill a low-pressure sprayer with distilled/deionized
water Provide a 5-gallon bucket or basin to contain
the water during the rinsing process Approximately
10-20 gallons of water may be required initially
depending upon the amount of equipment to
decontaminate and the amount of gross contamination
Station 6 Nitric Acid Soravers
A decontamination pad may be required for the high-
pressure wash area. An example of a wash pad may
consist of an approximately 1 1/2 foot-deep basin
lined with plastic sheeting and sloped to a sump at one
corner A layer of sand can be placed over the plastic
and the basin is filled with gravel or shell The sump
is also lined with visqueen and a barrel is placed in the
hole to prevent collapse A sump pump is used to
remove the water from the sump for transfer into a
drum
Typically heavy machmeiy is decontaminated at the
end of the day unless site sampling requires that the
maclunely be decontaminated frequently A separate
decontamination pad may be required for heavy
equipment
Station 3 Physical Removal With Brushes And A
Wash Basin
Prior to setting up Station 3, place plastic sheeting on
the ground to cover areas under Station 3 through
Station 10
Fill a wash basin, a large bucket, or child’s swimming
pool with non-phosphate detergent and tap water
Several bottle and bristle brushes to physically remove
contamination should be dedicated to this station
Approximately 10 - 50 gallons of water may be
required initially depending upon the amount of
equipment to decontaminate and the amount of gross
contamination.
Fill a spray bottle with 10% nitric acid An acid rinse
may not be required if inorganics are not a
contaminant of concern. The amount of acid will
depend on the amount of equipment to be
decontaminated. Provide a 5-gallon bucket or basin to
collect acid during the rinsing process
Station 7 Low-Pressure Sprayers
Fill a low-pressure sprayer with distilled/deionized
water Provide a 5-gallon bucket or basin to collect
water during the nnsate process
Station 8 Organic Solvent Svravers
Fill a spray bottle with an organic solvent After each
solvent nnse, the equipment should be rinsed with
distilled/deionized water and air dried Amount of
solvent will depend on the amount of equipment to
decontaminate, Provide a 5-gallon bucket or basin to
collect the solvent during the rinsing process
Solvent nnses may not be required unless organics are
a contaminant of concern, and may be eliminated from
the station sequence
Station 9 Low-Pressure Soravers
Fill a low-pressure sprayer with distilled/deionized
water Provide a 5-gallon bucket or basin to collect
water during the rin sate process
Station 4: Water Basin
Station 10 Clean Equipment Drop
Fill a wash basin, a large bucket, or child’s swimming
Lay a clean piece of plastic sheeting over the bottom
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plastic layer This will allow easy removal of the
plastic in the event that it becomes dirty Provide
alununuin foil, plastic, or other protective material to
wrap clean equipment
7 2.2 Decontamination Procedures
Station I Segregate Equivment Drop
Deposit equipment used on-site (1 e, tools, sampling
devices and containers, monitoring instruments radios,
clipboards, etc) on the plastic drop cloth/sheet or in
different containers with plastic liners. Each will be
contaminated to a different degree Segregation at the
drop reduces the probability of cross contamination
Loose leaf sampling data sheets or maps can be placed
in plastic zip lock bags if contamination is evident
Station 2 Physical Removal With A High-Pressure
Washer (O tionaI’ )
Using a spray bottle rinse sampling equipment with
nitric acid Begin spraying (inside and outside) at one
end of the equipment allowing the acid to drip to the
other end into a 5-gallon bucket A rinsate blank may
be required at this station Refer to Section 9
Station 7 Low-Pressure Soravers
Rinse sampling equipment with distilled/deionized
water with a low-pressure sprayer
Station 8. Organic Solvent Soravers
Rinse sampling equipment with a solvent Begin
spraying (inside and outside) at one end of the
equipment allowing the solvent to dnp to the other
end into a 5-gallon bucket Allow the solvent to
evaporate from the equipment before going to the next
station A QC rinsate sample may be required at this
station
Use high pressure wash on grossly contaminated
equipment Do not use high- pressure wash on
sensitive or non-waterproof equipment
Station 3 Physical Removal With Brushes And A
Wash Basin
Station 9 Low-Pressure Soravers
Rinse sampling equipment with distilled/deionized
water with a low-pressure washer
Station 10 C]ean Equipment Drop
Scrub equipment with soap and water using bottle and
bristle brushes. Only sensitive equipment (i e , radios,
air monitoring and sampling equipment) which is
waterproof should be washed. Equipment which is
not waterproof should have plastic bags removed and
wiped down with a damp cloth. Acids and organic
rinses may also ruin sensitive equipment. Consult the
manufacturers for recommended decontamination
solutions
Station 4 Enuioment Rinse
Wash soap off of equipment with water by immersing
the equipment in the water while brushing. Repeat as
many times as necessaiy
Station 5 Low-Pressure Rinse
Rinse sampling equipment with distilled/deionized
water with a low-pressure sprayer.
Station 6 Nitric Acid Soravers ( reauired only if
metals are a contaminant of concem
Lay clean equipment on plastic sheeting Once air
dried, wrap sampling equipment with aluminum foil,
plastic, or other protective material
7 2 3 Post Decontamination Procedures
Collect high-pressure pad and heavy
equipment decontamination area liquid and
waste and store in appropriate drum or
container. A sump pump can aid in the
collection process Refer to the Department
of Transportation (DOT) requirements for
appropriate containers based on the
contaminant of concern
2 Collect high-pressure pad and heavy
equipment decontamination area solid waste
and store in appropriate drum or container.
Refer to the DOT requirements for
appropriate containers based on the
contaminant of concern.
3 Empty soap and water liquid wastes from
basins and buckets and store in appropriate
6
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drum or container Refer to the DOT
requirements for appropriate containers
based on the contaminant of concern
4 Empty acid rinse waste and place in
appropriate container or neutralize with a
base and place in appropriate drum pH
paper or an equivalent pH test is required for
neutralization Consult DOT requirements
for appropriate drum for acid rinse waste
5 Empty solvent rinse sprayer and solvent
waste into an appropriate container Consult
DOT requirements for appropriate drum for
solvent rinse waste.
6 Using low-pressure sprayers, rinse basins,
and brushes Place liquid generated from
this process into the wash water rinse
container
7 Empty low-pressure sprayer water onto the
ground.
8 Place all solid waste materials generated
from the decontamination area (i.e, gloves
and plastic sheeting, etc) in an approved
DOT drum. Refer to the DOT requirements
for appropriate containers based on the
contaminant of concern.
9 Write appropriate labels for waste and make
arrangements for disposal. Consult DOT
regulations for the appropriate label for each
drum generated from the decontamination
process.
8.0 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP
9.0 QUALITYASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
A rinsate blank is one specific type of quality control
sample associated with the field decontamination
process. This sample will provide information on the
effectiveness of the decontamination process
employed in the field.
Rinsate blanks are samples obtained by running
analyte free water over decontaminated sampling
equipment to test for residual contamination The
blank water is collected in sample containers for
handling, shipment, and analysis These samples are
treated identical to samples coLlected that day A
nnsate blank is used to assess cross contamination
brought about by improper decontamination
procedures Where dedicated sampling equipment is
not utilized, collect one rinsate blank per day per type
of sampling device samples to meet QA2 and QA3
objectives
If sampling equipment requires the use of plastic
tubing it should be disposed of as contaminated and
replaced with clean tubing before additional sampling
occurs.
10.0 DATA VALIDATION
Results of quality control samples will be evaluated
for contamination. This information will be utilized
to qualify the environmental sample results in
accordance with the project’s data quality objectives
11.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow OSHA, U S EPA, corporate, and other
applicable health and safety procedures
Decontamination can pose hazards under certain
circumstances Hazardous substances may be
incompatible with decontamination matenals For
example, the decontamination solution may react with
contaminants to produce heat, explosion, or toxic
products Also, vapors from decontamination
solutions may pose a direct health hazard to workers
by inhalation, contact, fire, or explosion
The decontamination solutions must be determined to
be acceptable before use Decontamination materials
may degrade protective clothing or equipment, some
solvents can permeate protective clothing If
decontamination materials do pose a health hazard,
measures should be taken to protect personnel or
substitutions should be made to eliminate the hazard
The choice of respiratory protection based on
contaminants of concern from the site may not be
appropnate for solvents used in the decontamination
process
Safety considerations should be addressed when using
abrasive and non-abrasive decontamination
7
-------
equipment Maximum air pressure produced by 12.0 REFERENCES
abrasive equipment could cause physical injury
Displaced matenal requires control mechanisms Field Sampling Procedures Manual, New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection, February,
Material generated from decontamination activities 1988
requires proper handling, storage, and disposal
Personal Protective Equipment may be required for A Compendium of Superfund Field Operations
these activities Methods, EPA 54 O/p- 87 /OOI
Material safety data sheets are required for all Engineering Support Branch Standard Operating
decontamination solvents or solutions as required by Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual, USEPA
the Hazard Communication Standard Ci e, acetone, Region IV, Apnl 1, 1986
alcohol, and tnsodiumphosphate).
Guidelines for the Selection of Chemical Protective
In some jurisdictions, phosphate containing detergents Clothing, Volume 1, Third Edition, American
(i.e , TSP) are banned Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Inc ,February, 1987
Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
Hazardous Waste Site Activities,
NIOSH/OSHAJUSCG/EPA, October, 1985
8
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APPENDIX A
Table
Table I Soluble Contammants and Recommended Solvent Rinse
TABLE 1
Soluble Contaminants and Recommended Solvent Rinse
SOLVENT ’
EXAMPLES OF
SOLVENTS
SOLUBLE
CONTAMINANTS
Water
Deionized water
Tap water
Low-chain hydrocarbons
Inorganic compounds
Salts
Some organic acids and other polar
compounds
Dilute Acids
Nitric acid
Acetic acid
Boric acid
Basic (caustic) compounds (e.g , ammes
and hydrazines)
Dilute Bases
Sodium bicarbonate (e g.,
soap detergent)
Acidic compounds
Phenol
Thiols
Some nitro and sulfonic compounds
Orgamc Solvents (2)
.
Alcohols
Ethers
Ketones
Aromatics
Straight chain alkahnes
(e.g.,
hexane)
Common petroleum
products (e g., fuel, oil,
kerosene)
Nonpolar compounds (e.g., some
organic compounds)
Organic So1vent 2
Hexane
PCBs
- Material safety data sheets are required for all decontamination solvents or solutions as require
by the Hazard Comniumcation Standard
(2) - WARNING Some organic solvents can permeate and/or degrade the protective clothing
9
-------
APPENDIX B
Figures
Figure 1 Contamination Reduction Zone Layout
10
-------
APPENDIX B (Cont’d.)
Figures
Figure 2 Decontamination Layout
PKS1ul sPlAyta
bITT1U,LD WATtS
NOT K StO*M )
ONOAIOC $OLYV4T PUY
( Av NOT K ItOIMED)
LOW PKSIUS( SPSAYED
!TTW MTU.LLD WATER
MY NOT K KOUI )
LZCLVO
‘4OTLINC
: COPlTAMINA7 ON CONTROL UNE
PLAWC SHCtTING
OVERLAPPING PLASTIC SHEETING
NEAV’V touww ]
DCCOSflAM Ow I
‘ au-i
—o
—o
WA I RAS1W WITh SOAP
AI TAP WATER
RU 3L UA3 1W WITh TAP WATER
LOW PUEDIu SPlAYED
wm4 DISTU.LED WATtS
A iO SPRAYED
NOT K KOUmED)
S II
cLEAN CQUIPNCpiT DROP
PATh
11
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SOIL SAMPLING
SOP# 2012
DATE 11/16/94
REV 00
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this standard operating procedure
(SOP) is to describe the procedures for the collection
of representative soil samples Analysis of soil
samples may determine whether concentrations of
specific pollutants exceed established action levels, or
if the concentrations of pollutants present a risk to
public health, welfare, or the environment
These are standard (i e , typically applicable)
operating proceduxes which may be varied or changed
as required, dependent upon site conditions,
equipment limitations or limitations imposed by the
procedure In all instances, the ultimate procedures
employed should be documented and associated with
the final report.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute U S Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) endorsement or recommendation for use
2.0 METHOD SUMMARY
Soil samples may be collected usmg a variety of
methods and equipment. The methods and equipment
used are dependent on the depth of the desired sample,
the type of sample required (disturbed vs
undisturbed), and the soil type. Near-surface soils
may be easily sampled using a spade, trowel, and
scoop Sampling at greater depths may be performed
using a hand auger, Continuous flight auger, a trier, a
split-spoon, or, if required, a backhoe.
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION;
CONTAINERS, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE
Chemical preservation of solids is not generally
recommended Samples should, however, be cooled
and protected fi m sunlight to minimize any potential
reaction
4.0 INTERFERENCES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
AND
There are two primary interferences or potential
problems associated with soil sampling These
include cross contamination of samples and improper
sample collection Cross contamination problems can
be eliminated or minimized through the use of
dedicated sampling equipment If this is not possible
or practical, then decontamination of sampling
equipment is necessary Improper sample collection
can involve using contaminated equipment,
disturbance of the matrix resulting in compaction of
the sample or inadequate homogenization of the
samples where required, resulting in variable, non-
representative results
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
Soil sampling equipment includes the following
C Sampling plan
C Maps/plot plan
C Safety equipment, as specified in the Health
and Safety Plan
C Survey equipment
C Tape measure
C Survey stakes or flags
C Camera and film
C Stainless steel, plastic, or other appropriate
homogenization bucket, bowl or pan
C Appropriate size sample containers
C Ziplock plastic bags
C Logbook
C Labels
C Chain of Custody records and seals
C Field data sheets
C Cooler(s)
C Ice
C Vermiculite
C Decontamination supplies/equipment
C Canvas or plastic sheet
C Spade or shovel
-------
C Spatula
C Scoop
C Plastic or stainless steel spoons
C Trowel
C Continuous flight (screw) auger
C Bucket auger
C Post hole auger
C Extension rods
C T-handle
C Sampling trier
C Thin wall tube sampler
C Split spoons
C Vehimeyer soil sampler outfit
• Tubes
- Points
- Dnve head
- Drop hammer
- Puller jack and grip
C Backhoe
6.0 REAGENTS
Reagents are not used for the preservation of soil
samples. Decontamination solutions are specified in
the Sampling Equipment Decontamination SOP and
the site specific work plan.
7.0 PROCEDURES
7.1 Preparation
Determine the extent of the sampling effort.
the sampling methods to be employed, and
the types and amounts of equipment and
supplies required.
2 Obtain necessary sampling and monitoring
equipment
3 Decontaminate or pre-clean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order.
4 Prepare schedules, and coordinate with staff,
client, and regulatory agencies, if
appropriate
5 Perform a general site survey prior to site
entry in accordance with the site specific
Health and Safety Plan.
6 Use stakes, flagging, or buoys to identify and
mark all sampling locations Specific site
factors, including extent and nature of
contaminant should be considered when
selecting sample location If required, the
proposed locations may be adjusted based on
site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions All staked locations will be
utility-cleared by the property owner prior to
soil sampling
7.2 Sample Collection
7.2.1 Surface Soil Samples
Collection of samples from near-surface soil can be
accomplished with tools such as spades, shovels,
trowels, and scoops Surface material can be removed
to the required depth with this equipment, then a
stainless steel or plastic scoop can be used to collect
the sample
This method can be used in most soil types but is
limited to sampling near surface areas Accurate,
representative samples can be collected with this
procedure depending on the care and precision
demonstrated by the sample team member A
stainless steel scoop, lab spoon, or plastic spoon will
suffice in most other applications The use of a flat,
pointed mason trowel to cut a block of the desired soil
can be helpful when undisturbed profiles are required
Care should be exercised to avoid use of devices
plated with chrome or other materials Plating is
particularly common with garden implements such as
potting trowels
The following procedure is used to collect surface soil
samples.
Carefully remove the top layer of soil or
debns to the desired sample depth with a pre-
cleaned spade.
2 Using a pre-cleaned, stainless steel scoop,
plastic spoon, or trowel, remove and discard
a thin layer of soil from the area which came
in contact with the spade.
3 If volatile organic analysis is to be
performed, transfer the sample directly into
an appropriate, labeled sample container with
a stainless steel lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly. Place the remainder
of the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
2
-------
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval Then, either place the sample into
appropnate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly, or, if composite samples are to
be collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval or location into the
homogenization container and mix
thoroughly When compositmg is complete,
place the sample into appropriate, labeled
containers and secure the caps tightly
7 2.2 Sampling at Depth with Augers and
Thin Wall Tube Samplers
This system consists of an auger, or a thin-wall tube
sampler, a series of extensions, and a “T 0 handle
(Figure 1, Appendix A). The auger is used to bore a
hole to a desired sampling depth, and is then
withdrawn The sample may be collected directly
from the auger If a core sample is to be collected, the
auger tip is then replaced with a thin wall tube
sampler The system is then lowered down the
borehole, and driven into the soil to the completion
depth The system is withdrawn and the core is
collected from the thin wall tube sampler
Several types of augers are available, these include:
bucket type, continuous flight (screw), and post-hole
augers Bucket type augers are better for direct
sample recovery since they provide a large volume of
sample in a short time When continuous flight augers
are used, the sample can be collected directly from the
flights. The continuous flight augers are satisfactory
for use when a composite of the complete soil column
is desired Post-hole augers have limited utility for
sample collection as they are designed to cut through
fibrous, rooted, swampy soil and cannot be used
below a depth of three feet.
The following procedure will be used for collecting
soil samples with the auger
Attach the auger bit to a dnll rod extension,
and attach the “T” handle to the drill rod
2 Clear the area to be sampled of any surface
debris (e g, twigs, rocks, litter). It may be
advisable to remove the first three to six
inches of swf ace soil for an area
approximately six inches in radius around the
drilling location
3 Begin augering, penodically removing and
depositing accumulated soils onto a plastic
sheet spread near the hole This prevents
accidental brushing of loose material back
down the borehole when removing the auger
or adding drill rods It also facilitates
refilling the hole, and avoids possible
contamination of the surrounding area
4 After reaching the desired depth, slowly and
carefully remove the auger from boring
When sampling directly from the auger,
collect the sample after the auger is removed
from the boring and proceed to Step 10
5 Remove auger tip from drill rods and replace
with a pre-cleaned thin wall tube sampler
Install the proper cutting tip
6 Carefully lower the tube sampler down the
borehole Gradually force the tube
samplerinto soil Care should be taken to
avoid scraping the borehole sides Avoid
hammering the drill rods to facilitate coring
as the vibrations may cause the boring walls
to collapse
7 Remove the tube sampler, and unscrew the
drill rods
8 Remove the cutting tip and the core from the
device.
9 Discard the top of the core (approximately
1 inch), as this possibly represents material
collected before penetration of the layer of
concern Place the remaining core into the
appropriate labeled sample container
Sample homogenization is not required
10 If volatile organic analysis is to be
performed, transfer the sample into an
appropnate, labeled sample container with a
stainless steel lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly Place the remainder
of the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval. Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
3
-------
caps tightly, or, if composite samples are to
be collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly
When compositing is complete, place the
sample into appropriate, labeled containers
and secure the caps tightly
II If another sample is to be collected in the
same hole, but at a greater depth, reattach the
auger bit to the drill and assembly, and
follow steps 3 through I I, making sure to
decontaminate the auger and tube sampler
between samples
12 Abandon the hole according to applicable
State regulations. Generally, shallow holes
can simply be backfilled with the removed
soil material
7 2 3 Sampling at Depth with a Trier
The system consists of a trier, and a “T” handle The
auger is driven into the soil to be sampled and used to
extract a core sample from the appropriate depth
The following procedure will be used to collect soil
samples with a sampling trier
Insert the trier (Figure 2, Appendix A) into
the material to be sampled at a 0° to 45° angle
from horizontal This orientation minimizes
the spillage of sample.
2 Rotate the trier once or twice to cut a core of
material
3 Slowly withdraw the trier, making sure that
the slot is facing upward.
4 If volatile organic analysis is to be
performed, transfer the sample into an
appmpiiate, labeled sample container with a
stainless steel lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly Place the remainder
of the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropnate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly, or, if composite samples are to
be collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly When
compositing is complete, place the sample
into appropriate, labeled containers and
secure the caps tightly
7 2 4 Sampling at Depth with a Split
Spoon (Barrel) Sampler
The procedure for split spoon sampling describes the
collection and extraction of undisturbed soil cores of
18 or 24 inches in length A series of consecutive
cores may be extracted with a split spoon sampler to
give a complete soil column profile, or an auger may
be used to drill down to the desired depth for
sampling The split spoon is then driven to its
sampling depth through the bottom of the augured
hole and the core extracted
When split spoon sampling is performed to gain
geologic information, all work should be performed in
accordance with ASTM D 1586-67 (reapproved
1974)
The following procedures will be used for collecting
soil samples with a split spoon
Assemble the sampler by aligning both sides
of barrel and then screwing the drive shoe on
the bottom and the head piece on top
2 Place the sampler in a perpendicular position
on the sample material
3 Using a well ring, dnve the tube Do not
drive past the bottom of the head piece or
compression of the sample will result
4 Record in the site logbook or on field data
sheets the length of the tube used to penetrate
the material being sampled, and the number
of blows required to obtain this depth
5 Withdraw the sampler, and open by
unscrewing the bit and head and splitting the
barrel. The amount of recovery and soil type
should be recorded on the boring log If a
split sample is desired, a cleaned, stainless
steel knife should be used to divide the tube
contents in half, longitudinally This sampler
4
-------
is typically available in 2 and 3 1/2 inch
diameters However, in order to obtain the
required sample volume, use of a larger
barrel may be required
6 Without disturbing the core, transfer it to
appropriate labeled sample container(s) and
seal tightly
7 2 5 Test Pit/Trench Excavation
These relatively large excavations are used to remove
sections of soil, when detailed examination of soil
characteristics (horizontal, structure, color, etc) are
required. It is the least cost effective sampling
method due to the relatively high cost of backhoe
operation
The following procedures will be used for collecting
soil samples from test pit/trench excavations
I Prior to any excavation with a backhoe, it is
important to ensure that all sampling
locations are clear of utility lines, subsurface
pipes and poles (subsurface as well as above
surface)
2 Using the backhoe, a trench is dug to
approximately three feet in width and
approximately one foot below the cleared
sampling location Place excavated soils on
plastic sheets Trenches greater than five
feet deep must be sloped or protected by a
shoring system, as required by OSHA
regulations
3 A shovel is used to remove a one to two inch
layer of soil from the vertical face of the pit
where sampling is to be done.
4 Samples are taken using a trowel, scoop, or
coring device at the desired intervals. Be
sure to scrape the vertical face at the point of
sampling to remove any soil that may have
fallen from above, and to expose fresh soil
for sampling. In many instances, samples
can be collected directly from the backhoe
bucket.
5 If volatile organic analysis is to be
performed, transfer the sample into an
appropriate, labeled sample container with a
stainless steel lab spoon, or equivalent and
secure the cap tightly Place the remainder
of the sample into a stainless steel, plastic, or
other appropriate homogenization container,
and mix thoroughly to obtain a homogenous
sample representative of the entire sampling
interval Then, either place the sample into
appropriate, labeled containers and secure the
caps tightly, or, if composite samples are to
be collected, place a sample from another
sampling interval into the homogenization
container and mix thoroughly When
compositing is complete, place the sample
into appropriate, labeled containers and
secure the caps tightly
6 Abandon the pit or excavation according to
applicable state regulations Generally,
shallow excavations can simply be backfil led
with the removed soil material
8.0 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP
9.0 QUALITY ASSURANCEI
QUALITY CONTROL
There are no specific quality assurance (QA) activities
which apply to the implementation of these
procedures However, the following QA procedures
apply
All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks
2 All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur pnor to
sampling/operation, and they must be
documented
10.0 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP
11.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
5
-------
follow U S EPA, OHSA and corporate health and de Vera, E R , B P Simmons, R D Stephen, and D L
safety procedures Storm Samplers and Sampling Procedures for
Hazardous Waste Streams 1980 EPA-600/2-gO.O 18
12.0 REFERENCES
ASTM D 1586-67 (reapproved 1974), ASTM
Mason, B J, Preparation of Soil Sampling Protocol Committee on Standards, Philadelphia, PA
Technique and Strategies 1983 EPA-600/4-83 -020
Barth, D S and B J Mason, Soil Sampling Quality
Assurance User’s Guide 1984 EPA-600/4-84 -043
U S EPA. Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites
- A Methods Manual Volume H Available
Sampling Methods, Second Edition 1984 EPA-
600/4-84-076
6
-------
APPENDIX A
Figures
FIGURE I Sampling Augers
S
S
l uBE
AUGER
BUCKET
AUGER
7
-------
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 2 Sampling Trier
(I
‘U
-J
L. 1.27-2.54
(1/2—1)
8
-------
SOIL GAS SAMPLING
SOP#: 2042
DATE 06/01/96
REV #: 0 0
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
Soil gas monitonng provides a quick means of waste
site evaluation. Using this method, underground
contamination can be identified, and the source,
extent, and movement of the pollutants can be traced
This standard operating procedure (SOP) outlines the
methods used by U S EPAIERT in installing soil gas
wells, measuring organic vapor levels in the soil gas
using a Photoionization Detector (ND), Flame
Ionization Detector (F ID) and/or other air monitoring
devices; and sampling the soil gas using Tedlar bags,
Tenax sorbent tubes, and/or Swnma canisters
These are standard (i e, typically applicable)
operating procedures which may be varied or changed
as required, dependent on site conditions, equipment
limitations or limitations imposed by the procedure
In all instances, the ultimate procedures employed
should be documented and associated with the final
report.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute U S. EPA endorsement or
recommendation for use.
2.0 METHOD SUMMARY
A 3/8’ diameter hole is driven into the ground to a
depth of four to five feet using a commercially
available slam bar Soil gas can also be sampled at
other depths by the use of a longer bar or bar
attachments. A 114’ O.D. staiiiless steel probe is
inserted into the hole. The hole is then sealed around
the top of the probe using modeling clay The gas
contained in the interstitial spaces of the soil is
sampled by pulling the sample through the probe
using an air sampling pump. The sample may be
stored in Tedlar bags, drawn through sorbent
cartridges, or analyzed directly using a direct reading
instrument. The air sampling pump is not used for
Sumnia canister sampling of sod gas Sampling is
achieved by soil gas equilibration with the evacuated
Summa canister
Other field air monitoring devices, such as the
combustible gas indicator (MSA CGL/02 Meter,
Model 260) and the Organic Vapor Analyzer (Foxboro
OVA, Model 128), can also be used dependent on
specific site conditions. Measurement of soil
temperature using a temperature probe’may also be
desirable Bagged samples are usually analyzed in a
field laboratory using a portable Photovac GC
Power driven sampling probes may be utilized when
soil conditions make sampling by hand unfeasible
(i e , frozen ground, very dense clays, pavement, etc)
Commercially available soil gas sampling probes
(hollow, 1/2 = 0 D. steel probes) can be driven to the
desired depth using a power hammer (e g, Bosch
Demolition Hammer or Geoprobe”) Samples can be
drawn through the probe itself, or through Teflon
tubing inserted through the probe and attached to the
probe point Samples are collected and analyzed as
described above.
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION;
CONTAINERS, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE
3.1 Tedlar Bags
Soil gas samples are generally contained in I Q-L
Tedlar bags. Bagged samples are best stored in dark
plastic bags placed in coolers to protect the bags from
any damage that may occur in the field or in transit
In addition, coolers rnsw e the integrity of the samples
by keeping them at a cool temperature and out of
direct sunlight. Samples should be analyzed as soon
as possible, preferably within 24. 48 hours
3.2 Tenax Tubes
Bagged samples can also be drawn onto Tenax or
-------
other sorbent tubes to undergo lab GC/MS analysis
if Tenax tubes are to be utilized, special care must be
taken to avoid contamination Handling of the tubes
should be kept to a minimum and only while wearing
nylon or other lint-free gloves After sampling, each
tube should be stored in a clean, sealed culture tube;
the ends packed with clean glass wool to protect the
sorbent tube from breakage The culture tubes should
be kept cool and wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent
any photodegradation of samples (see Section 7 4)
3.3 Summa Canisters
The Sumnia canisters used for soil gas sampling have
a 6 liter sample capacity and are certified clean by
GCIMS analysis before being utilized in the field.
After sampling is completed, they are stored and
shipped in travel cases.
4.0 INTERFERENCES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
4.1 PID Measurements
AND
A number of factors can affect the response of a PID
(such as the HNu P1101). High humidity can cause
lamp fogging and decreased sensitivity This can be
significant when soil moisture levels are high, or
when a soil gas well is actually in groundwater High
concentrations of methane can cause a downscale
deflection of the meter High and low temperature.
electrical fields, FM radio transmission, and naturally
occurring compounds, such as terpenes in wooded
areas, will also affect instrument response
Other field screening instruments can be affected by
interferences Consult the manufacturers manuals
4.2 FED Measurements
A number of factors can affect the response of an FU)
(such as the OVA model 128) High humidity can
cause the F to flame out or not ignite at all This
can be significant when soil moisture levels are high.
or when a soil gas well is actually in groundwater.
The FID can only read organic based compounds
(they must contain carbon in the molecular structure)
The FID also responds poorly to hydrocarbons and
halogenated hydrocarbons (such as gasoline, propane
iel). High and low temperature, electrical fields and
FM radio transmission will also affect instrument
response
4.3 Factors Affecting Organic
Concentrations in Soil Gas
Concentrations in soil gas are affected by dissolution,
adsorption, and partitioning Partitioning refers to the
ratio of component found in a saturated vapor above
an aqueous solution to the amount in the solution, this
can, in theory, be calculated using the Henry’s Law
constants Contaminants can also be adsorbed onto
inorganic soil components or “dissolved” in organic
components These factors can result in a lowering of
the partitioning coefficient
Soil ‘tightness” or amount of void space in the soil
matrix, will affect the rate of recharging of gas into
the soil gas well
Existence of a high, or perched, water table, or of an
impermeable underlying layer (such as a clay lens or
layer of buried slag) may interfere with sampling of
the soil gas Knowledge of site geology is useful in
such situations, and can prevent inaccurate sampling
4.4 Soil Probe Clogging
A common problem with this sampling method is soil
probe clogging. A clogged probe can be identified by
using an in-line vacuum gauge or by listening for the
sound of the pump laboring. This problem can usually
be eliminated by using a wire cable to clear probe (see
Section 7 13).
4.5 Underground Utilities
Prior to selecting sample locations, an underground
utility search is recommended. The local utility
companies can be contacted and requested to mark the
locations of their underground lines Sampling plans
can then be drawn up accordingly Each sample
location should also be screened with a metal detector
or magnetometer to verify that no underground pipes
or drums exist
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
5.1 Slam Bar Method
C Slam Bar(l per sampling team)
C Soil gas probes, stainless steel tubing, 1/4”
0 D., 5 ft length.
C Flexible wire or cable used for clearing the
2
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tubing during insertion into the well
C “Quick Connect” fittings to connect sampling
probe tubing, monitoring instruments, and
Gilian pumps to appropnate fittings on
vacuum box
C Modeling clay
C Vacuum box for drawing a vacuum around
Tedlar bag for sample collection (I per
sampling team)
C Gilian pump Model HFSII3A adjusted to
approximately 3 0 L/mm (1 to 2 per sample
team)
C 1/4” Teflon tubing, 2 ft to 3 ft lengths, for
replacement of contaminated sample line
C 1/4” Tygon tubing, to connect Teflon tubing
to probes and quick connect fittings
C Tedlar bags, 1 0 L, at least I bag per sample
point
C Soil Gas Sampling labels, field data sheets,
logbook, etc
C PIDIFID, or other field air monitoring
devices, (I per sampling team)
C Ice chest, for carrying equipment and for
protection of samples (2 per sampling team)
C Metal detector or magnetometer, for
detecting underground utilities/pipes/drums
(1 per sampling team).
C Photovac GC, for field-lab analysis of
bagged samples.
C Sumina canisters (plus their shipping cases)
for sample, storage and transportation
C Large dark plastic garbage bags
5.2 Power Hammer Method
C Bosch demolition hammer.
C 1/2” O.D. steel probes, extensions, and
points.
C Dedicated aluminum sampling points.
C Teflon tubing, 1/4”.
C ‘Quick Connect’ fittings to connect sampling
probe tubing, monitonng instruments, and
Gilian pumps to appropriate fittings on
vacuum box.
C Modeling clay.
C Vacuum box for drawing a vacuum around
Tedlar bag for sample collection (I per
sampling team).
C Gilian pump Model HFS113A adjusted to
approximately 3.0 L/min (1 to 2 per sample
team)
C 1/4’ Teflon tubing, 2 ft to 3 ft lengths, for
replacement of contaminated sample line
C 1/4’ Tygon tubing, to connect Teflon tubing
to probes and quick connect fittings
C Tedlar bags, 1 0 L, at least I bag per sample
point
C Soil Gas Sampling labels, field data sheets,
logbook, etc
C HNu Model P1101, or other field air
monitoring devices, (I per sampling team)
C Ice chest, for carrying equipment and for
protection of samples (2 per sampling team)
C Metal detector or magnetometer, for
detecting underground utilities/pipes/drums
(I per sampling team)
C Photovac GC, for field-lab analysis of
bagged samples
C Summa canisters (plus their shipping cases)
for sample, storage and transportation
C Generator w/extension cords
C High lift jack assembly for removing probes
5.3 Geoprobe Method
The Geoprobe is a hydraulically-operated sampling
device mounted in a customized four-wheel dnve
vehicle. The sampling device can be deployed from
the truck and positioned over a sample location The
base of the sampling device is positioned on the
ground The weight of the vehicle is hydraulically
raised on the base As the weight of the vehicle is
transferred to the probe, the probe is pushed into the
ground A built-in hammer mechanism allows the
probe to be dnven past some dense stratigraphic
horizons When the probe reaches the sample depth,
up to 50 feet under favorable geologic situations,
samples can be collected
Soil gas can be collected from specific depths in two
general ways. One method involves withdrawing a
sample directly from the probe rods, after evacuating
a sufficient volume of air from the probe rods The
other method involves collecting a sample through
tubing attached by an adaptor to the bottom probe rod
section Correctly used, this method provides more
reliable results. Manufacturer’s instructions and the
SOP for the Model 5400 Geoprobe Operation
should be followed when using this method
6.0 REAGENTS
C PID/FID or calibration gases for field air
monitoring devices (such as methane and
3
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isobutylene)
C Deionized organic-free water, for
decontamination
C Methanol, HPLC grade, for decontamination
C Ultra-zero grade compressed air, for field
blanks
C Standard gas preparations for Photovac GC
calibration and Tedlar bag spikes
C Propane Torch (for decontamination of steel
probes)
7.0 PROCEDURES
7.1 Soil Gas Well Installation
Initially a hole slightly deeper than the
desired depth is made For sampling up to 5
feet, a 5-ft single piston slam bar is used
For deeper depths, a piston slain bar with
threaded 4-foot-long extensions can be used
Other techniques can be used, so long as
holes are of narrow diameter and no
contamination is introduced
2 After the hole is made, the slam bar is
carefully withdrawn to prevent collapse of
the walls of the hole The soil gas probe is
then inserted
3 It is necessary to prevent plugging of the
probe, especially for deeper holes A metal
wire or cable, slightly longer than the probe,
is placed in the probe prior to inserting into
the hole The probe is inserted to full depth,
then pulled up three to six inches, then
cleared by moving the cable up and down.
The cable is removed before sampling.
4 The top of the sample hole is sealed at the
surface against ambient air infiltration by
using modeling clay molded around the
probe at the surface of the hole.
5 If conditions preclude hand installation of the
soil gas wells, the power driven system may
be employed. The generator powered
demolition hammer is used to drive the probe
to the desired depth (up to 12 Ft may be
attained with extensions). The probe is
pulled up 1-3 inches if the retractable point is
used. No clay is needed to seal the hole
After sampling, the probe is retrieved using
the high lift jack assembly
6 If semi-permanent soil gas wells are
required, the dedicated aluminum probe
points are used These points are inserted
into the bottom of the power driven probe
and attached to the Teflon tubing The probe
is inserted as in step 5 When the probe is
removed, the point and Teflon tube remain in
the hole, which may be sealed by backfilling
with clean sand, soil, or bentonite
7.2 Screening with Field Instruments
The well volume mi be evacuated prior to
sampling Connect the Gilian pump,
adjusted to 3 0 L/min, to the sample probe
using a section of Teflon tubing as a
connector The pump is turned on, and a
vacuum is pulled through the probe for
approximately IS seconds Longer time is
required for sample wells of greater depths
2 After evacuation, the monitoring
instrument(s) (1 e HNu or OVA) is
connected to the probe using a Teflon
connector. When the reading is stable, or
peaks, the reading is recorded on soil gas
data sheets
3 Of course, readings may be above or below
the range set on the field instruments The
range may be reset, or the response recorded
as a greater than or less than figure
Recharge rate of the well with soil gas must
be considered when resampling at a different
range setting.
7.3 Tedlar Bag Sampling
Follow step 7 2 I to evacuate well volume
if air monitoring instrument screening was
performed prior to sample taking, evacuation
is not necessaiy
2 Use the vacuum box and sampling train
(Figure I) to take the sample The sampling
train is designed to minimize the introduction
of contaminants and losses due to adsorption
All wetted parts are either Teflon or stainless
steel. The vacuum is drawn indirectly to
avoid contamination from sample pumps
4
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3 The Tedlar bag is placed inside the vacuum
box, and attached to the sampling port The
sample probe is attached to the sampling port
via Teflon tubing and a “Quick Connect”
fitting
4 A vacuum is drawn around the outside of the
bag, using a Gilian pump connected to the
vacuum box evacuation port, via Tygon
tubing and a “Quick Connect” fitting The
vacuum causes the bag to inflate, drawing
the sample.
5 Break the vacuum by removing the Tygon
line from the pump. Remove the bagged
sample from the box and close valve
Record data on data sheets or in logbooks
Record the date, time, sample location ID,
and the PID/FID instrument reading(s) on
sample bag label
CAUTION Labels should not be pasted directly onto
the bags, nor should bags be labeled directly using a
marker or pen. Inks and adhesive may diffuse through
the bag material, contaminating the sample Place
labels on the edge of the bags, or tie the labels to the
metal eyelets provided on the bags Markers with inks
containing volatile organics (i e, permanent ink
markers) should not be used.
Chain of Custody Sheets must accompany all samples
submitted to the field laboratory for analysis
7.4 Tenax Tube Sampling
Samples collected in Tedlar bags may be adsorbed
onto Tenax tubes for further analysis by GC/MS
7.4 1 Additional Apparatus
A. Syringe with a luer-lock tip capable of
drawing a soil gas or air sample from a
Tedlar bag onto a Tenax/CMS sorbent tube
The syringe capacity is dependent upon the
volume of sample begin drawn onto the
sorbent tube.
B Adapters for fitting the sorbent tube between
the Tedlar bag and the sampling syringe
The adapter attaching the Tedlar bag to the
sorbent tube consists of a reducing union
(1/4” to 1/16” 0 D - - Swagelok cat #
SS-400-6-ELVor equivalent) with a length of
114” 0 D Teflon tubing replacing the nut on
the 1/6” (Tedlar bag) side A 1/4” 1 D
silicone 0-ring replaces the ferrules in the
nut on the 1/4” (sorbent tube) side of the
union
The adapter attaching the sampling syringe to
the sorbent tube consists of a reducing union
(1/4” to 1/16” 0 D. -- Swagelok Cat #
SS-400-6-lLVor equivalent) with a 1/4” ID.
silicone 0-ring replacing the ferrules in the
nut on the 1/4” (sorbent tube) side and the
needle of a luer-Iock syringe needle inserted
into the 1/16” side (Held in place with a
1/16” ferrule) The luer-lock end of the
needle can be attached to the sampling
syringe It is useful to have a luer-lock
on/off valve situated between the syringe and
the needle.
C Two-stage glass sampling cartridge (1/4”
OD x 1/8” ID x 51/8”) contained in a
flame-sealed tube (Manufacturer Supelco
Custom Tenax/Spherocarb Tubes) containing
two sorbent sections retained by glass wool
Front section ISO mg of Tenax-GC
Back section 150 mg of CMS (Carbonized
Molecular Sieve)
These tubes are prepared and cleaned in
accordance with EPA Method
EMSL/RTP-SOP-EMD-Ol 3 by the vendor
The vendor sends ten tubes per lot made to
the REAC GCIMS Laboratory and they are
tested for cleanliness, precision, and
reproductability
D Teflon-capped culture tubes or stainless steel
tube containers for sorbent tube storage and
shipping. These containers should be
conditioned by baking at 120 degrees C for at
least two hours. The culture tubes should
contain a glass wool plug to prevent sorbent
tube breakage during transport
Reconditioning of the containers should
occw between uses or after extended periods
of disuse Ci e, two weeks or more)
E Nylon gloves or lint-free cloth. (Hewlett
Packard Part # 8650-0030 or equivalent)
5
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7 4 2 Sample Collection
Handle sorbent tubes with care, using nylon gloves (or
other lint-free material) to avoid contamination
Immediately before sampling, break one end of the
sealed tube and remove the Tenax cartridge
Connect the valve on the Tedlar bag to the sorbent
tube adapter Connect the sorbent tube to the sorbent
tube adapter with the Tenax (white granular) side of
the tube facing the Tedlar bag. Connect the sampling
synnge assembly to the CMS (black) side of the
sorbent tube Fittings on the adapters should be
finer-tight Open the valve on the Tedlar bag Open
the on/off valve of the sampling syringe Depending
on work plan stipulations, at least 10% of the soil gas
samples analyzed by this GC method must be
submitted for confirmational GCIMS analysis
(according to modified methods TO-I [ Tenax
absorbent] and TO-2 [ Carbon Molecular Sieve (CMS)
absorbent]) Each soil gas sample must be absorbed on
replicate Tenax/CMS tubes The volume absorbed on
a Tenax/CMS tube is dependent on the total
concentration of the compounds measured by the
photovac/GC or other applicable GC
Total Concentration ( vvm )
Samole Volume (mL
7 4 4 Quality Assurance (QA)
Before field use, a QA check should be performed on
each batch of sorbent tubes by analyzing a tube by
thermal desorptionlcryogenic trapping GC/MS
At least one blank sample must be submitted with
each set of samples collected at a site This trip blank
must be treated the same as the sample tubes except
no sample will be drawn through the tube
Sample tubes should be stored out of UV light (i e,
sunlight) and kept on ice until analysis Samples
should be taken in duplicate, when possible
7.5 Summa Canister Sampling
Follow step 7 2 I to evacuate well volume
If PID/FID readings were taken prior to
taking a sample, evacuation is not necessary
2 Attach a certified clean, evacuated 6-liter
Summa canister via the lI4 Teflon tubing.
3 Open valve on Summna canister The soil gas
sample is drawn into the canister by pressure
equilibration. The approximate sampling
time for a 6 liter canister is 20 minutes
Use Senal Dilution
10- 50
20.100
100-250
>10
10
5
After sampling, remove the tube from the sampling
train with gloves or a clean cloth. DO NOT LABEL
OR WRITE ON THE TENAX/CMS TUBE.
Place the sorbent tube in a conditioned stainless steel
tube holder or culture tube. Culture tube caps should
be sealed with Teflon tape.
7 4 3 Sample Labeling
Each sample tube contain (not tube) must be labeled
with the site name, sample station number, date
sampled, and volume sampled
Chain of custody sheets must accompany all samples
to the laboratory.
4 Site name, sample location, number, and date
must be recorded on a chain of custody form
and on a blank tag attached to the canister
8.0 CALCULATIONS
8.1 Field Screening Instruments
Instrument readings are usually read directly from the
meter In some cases, the background level at the soil
gas station may be subtracted:
Final Reading = Sample Reading - Background
8.2 Photovac GC Analysis
Calculations used to determine concentrations of
individual components by Photovac GC analysis are
beyond the scope of this SOP and are covered in ERT
SOP #2 109, Photovac GC Analysis for So,! Water
and Air/Soil Gas.
6
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9.0 CALIBRATION
9.1 Field Instruments
It is recommended that the manufacturers’ manuals be
consulted for correct use and calibration of all
instrumentation
9.2 Gilian Model HFS113A Ai
Sampling Pumps
Flow should be set at approximately 3 0 L/min,
accurate flow adjustment is not necessary Pumps
should be calibrated prior to bringing into the field
10.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE/
QUALITY CONTROL
10.1 Sample Probe Contamination
Sample probe contamination is checked between each
sample by drawing ambient air through the probe via
a Gilian pump and checking the response of the
FID/PID If readings are higher than background,
replacement or decontamination is necessary
Sample probes may be decontaminated simply by
drawing ambient air through the probe until the HNu
reading is at background More persistent
contaimnation can be washed out using methanol and
water, then air drying. For persistent volatile
contamination, use of a portable propane torch may be
needed Using a pair of pliers to hold the probe, run
the torch up and down the length of the sample probe
for approximately 1-2 minutes Let the probe cool
before handling. When using this method, make sure
to wear gloves to prevent burns. Having more than
one probe per sample team will reduce lag times
between sample stations while probes are
decontaminated.
10.2 Sample Train Contamination
The Teflon line fonning the sample train front the
probe to the Tedlar bag should be changed on a daily
basis. If visible contamination (soil or water) is
drawn into the sampling train, it should be changed
immediately When sampling in highly contaminated
areas, the sampling train should be purged with
ambient air, via a Gilian pump, for approximately 30
seconds between each sample. After purging, the
sampling tram can be checked using an FID or PID, or
other field monitoring device, to establish the
cleanliness of the Teflon line
10.3 FID/PID Calibration
The FID and PIDs should be calibrated at least once
a day using the appropriate calibration gases
10.4 Field Blanks
Each cooler containing samples should also contain
one Tedlar bag of ultra-zero grade air, acting as a field
blank The field blank should accompany the samples
in the field (while being collected) and when they are
delivered for analysis A fresh blank must be
provided to be placed in the empty cooler pending
additional sample collection One new field blank per
cooler of samples is required. A chain of custody
sheet must accompany each cooler of samples and
should include the blank that is dedicated to that group
of samples
10.5 Trip Standards
Each cooler containing samples should contain a
Tedlar bag of standard gas to calibrate the analytical
instruments (Photovac GC, etc) This trip standard
will be used to determine any changes in
concentrations of the target compounds during the
course of the sampling day (e g, migration through
the sample bag, degradation, or adsorption) A fresh
trip standard must be provided and placed in each
cooler pending additional sample collection A chain
of custody sheet should accompany each cooler of
samples and should include the trip standard that is
dedicated to that group of samples
10.6 Tedlar Bag Check
Pnor to use, one bag should be removed from each lot
(case of 100) of Tedlar bags to be used for sampling
and checked for possible contamination as follows
the test bag should be filled with ultra-zero grade au,
a sample should be drawn from the bag and analyzed
via Photovac GC or whatever method is to be used for
sample analysis This procedure will ensure sample
container cleanliness prior to the start of the sampling
effort
7
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10.7 Sum ma Canister Check
From each lot of four cleaned Summa canisters, one
is to be removed for a (IC/MS certification check If
the canister pames certification, then it is re-evacuated
and all four canisters from that lot are available for
sampling
If the chosen camster is contaminated, then the entire
lot of four Summas must be recleaned, and a single
canister is re-analyzed by (IC/MS for certification
10.8 Options
10.8.1 Duplicate Samples
A minimum of 5% of all samples should be collected
in duplicate (i e, if a total of 100 samples are to be
collected, five samples should be duplicated) In
choosing which samples to duplicate, the following
criteria apphes if, after filling the first Tedlar bag,
and, evacuating the well for 15 seconds, the second
HN (or other field monitoring device being used)
reading matches or is close to (within 50%) the first
reading, a duplicate sample may be taken.
10.8.2 Spikes
A Tedlar bag spike and Tenax tube spike may be
desirable in situations where high concentrations of
contaminants other than the target compounds are
found to exist (landfills, etc) The additional level of
QA/QC attained by this practice can be useful in
determining the effects of interferences caused by
these non-target compounds. Sunima canisters
containing samples are not spiked.
11.0 DATA VALIDATION
11.1 Blanks (Field and Tedlar B
Check)
For each target compound, the level of concentration
found in the sample must be greater than three times
the level (for that compound) found in the field blank
which accompanied that sample to be considered
valid. The same criteria apply to target compounds
detected in the Tedlar bag pre-sainpling contamination
check
12.0 HEALTH AND
CONSIDERATIONS
SAFETY
Due to the remote nature of sampling soil gas, special
considerations can be taken with regard to health and
safety Because the sample is being drawn from
underground, and no contamination is introduced into
the breathing zone, soil gas sampling usually occurs in
Level D Ambient air is constantly monitored using
the HNu P1101 to obtain background readings during
the sampling procedure. As long as the levels in
ambient air do not rise above background, no upgrade
of the level of protection is needed.
When conducting soil gas sampling, leather gloves
should be worn, and proper slam bar techniques
should be implemented (bend knees) Also, an
underground utility search should be peiformed prior
to sampling (See Section 4 5).
13.0 REFERENCES
Gilian Instrument Corp, Instruction Manual for Hi
Flow Sampler HFSII3, HFS 113 1,1-IFS 113U,
HFS 113 UT, 1983
HNu Systems, Inc. Instruction Manual for Model Pt
101 Photoionization Analyzer, 1975
N J D E F, Field Sampling Procedures Manual,
Hazardous Waste Programs, February, 1988
Roy F Weston, Inc., Weston Instrumentation Manual,
Volume 1, 1987
U S E P A, Characterization of Hazardous Waste
Sites - A Methods Manual. Volume II, Available
Sampling Methods, 2nd Edition, EPA-60014-84-076,
December, 1984.
8
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APPENDIX A
Figure
FIGURE I Sampling Train Schematic
- EVACUATiON
VACUUM PORT
1/4.
SCREENING
PORT
TUBING
MODELING
CLAY
1/4 S.S.
SAMPLE
QUICK coNNEcr
FITTiNG
SAMPLE
WELL
9
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APPENDIX B
HNu Field Protocol
Field Procedure
The following sections detail the procedures that are to be followed when using the HNu in the field
Startup Procedure
a. Before attaching the probe, check the function switch on the control panel to ensure that it is in the
off position. Attach the probe by pluggmg it into the interface on the top of the readout module
Use care in aligning the prongs in the probe cord with the plug in. don’t force
b Turn the function switch to the battery check position The needle on the meter should read within
or above the green battery are on the scale If not, recharge the battery If the red indicator light
comes on, the battery needs recharging
c Turn the function switch to any range setting Look into the end of the probe for no more than two
to three seconds to see if the lamp is on If it is on, it will give a purple glow Do not stare into the
probe any longer than three seconds. Long term exposure to UV light can damage eyes Also,
listen for the hum of the fan motor
d To ZERO the instrument, turn the function switch to the standby position and rotate the zero
adjustment until the meter reads zero A calibration gas is not needed since this is an electronic
zero adjustment If the span adjustment setting is changed after the zero is set, the zero should be
rechecked and adjusted, if necessary Wait 15 to 20 seconds to ensure that the zero reading is
stable If necessary, readjust the zero
Operational Check
a Follow the startup procedure
b With the instrument set on the 0-20 range, hold a solvent-based major market near the probe tip
If the meter deflects upscale, the instrument is working
Field Calibration Procedure
a Follow the startup procedure and the operational check.
b Set the function switch to the range setting for the concentration of the calibration gas
c. Attach a regulator (HNu 101.351) to a disposable cylinder of isobutylene gas (HNu 101-351)
Connect the regulator to the probe of the HNu with a piece of clean Tygon tubing Turn on the
value on the regulator.
d. After fifteen seconds, adjust the span dial until the meter reading equals the concentration of the
calibration gas used. Be careful to unlock the span dial before adjusting it If the span has to be
set below 3 0, calibration internally or return to equipment maintenance for repair
10
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e Record in the field logbook the instrument ID no (EPA decal or serial number if the instrument
is a rental) the initial and final span settings, the date and time, concentration and type of
calibration has used, and the name of the person who calibrated the instrument
Operation
a Follow the startup procedure, operational check, and calibration check
b Set the function switch to the appropnate range If the concentration of gases or vapors is unknown,
set the function switch to the 0-20 ppm range Adjust it if necessary
c While taking care not to permit the HNu to be exposed to excessive moisture, dirt, or
contamination, monitor the work activity as specified in the Site Health and Safety Plan
d When the activity is completed or at the end of the day, carefully clean the outside of the HNu with
a damp di osable towel to remove any visible dirt Return the HNu to a secure area and place on
charge
e With the exception of the probes inlet and exhaust, the HNu can be wrapped in clear plastic to
prevent it form becoming contaminated and to prevent water from getting inside in the event of
precipitation.
I I
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MODEL 5400
GEOPROBETM OPERATION
SOP# 2050
DATE 03/27/96
REV #• 0.0
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this standard operating procedure
(SOP) is to descnbe the collection of representative
soil, soil-gas, and groundwater samples using a Model
5400 Geoprobe 1 ” sampling device. Any deviations
from these procedures should be documented in the
site/field logbook and stated in project deliverables
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute U S. Environmental Protection Agency
(U S EPA) endorsement or recommendation for use
2.0 METHOD SUMMARY
The Geoprobe sampling device is used to collect
soil, soil-gas and groundwater samples at specific
depths below ground suiface (BGS). The Geoprobe 1 ’
is hydraulically powered and is mounted in a
customized four-wheel drive vehicle The base of the
sampling device is positioned on the ground over the
sampling location and the vehicle is hydraulically
raised on the base As the weight of the vehicle is
transferred to the probe, the probe is pushed into the
ground. A built-in hammer mechanism allows the
probe to be driven through dense matenals.
Maximum depth penetration under favorable
circumstances is about 50 feet. Components of the
Model 5400 Geoprobe are shown in Figures I
through 6 (Appendix A).
Soil samples are collected with a specially-designed
sample tube. The sample tube is pushed and/or
vibrated to a specified depth (approximately one foot
above the intended sample interval). The intenor plug
of the sample tube is removed by inserting small-
diameter threaded rods. The sample tube is then
driven an additional foot to collect the samples The
probe sections and sample tube are then withdrawn
and the sample is extruded from the tube into sample
Jars.
Soil gas can be collected in two ways. One method
involves withdrawing a sample directly from the
probe rods, afler evacuating a sufficient volume of air
from the probe rods The other method involves
collecting a sample through tubing attached by an
adaptor to the bottom probe section Correctly used,
the latter method provides more reliable results
Slotted lengths of probe can be used to collect
groundwater samples if the probe rods can be driven
to the water table Groundwater samples are collected
using either a penstaltic pump or a small bailer
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING AND
STORAGE
Refer to specific ERT SOPs for procedures
appropriate to the matrix, parameters and sampling
objector
Applicable ERT SOPs include
ERT #20 12, Soil Sampling
ERT #2007, Groundwater Well Sampling
ERT #2042, Soil Gas Sampling
4.0 INTERFERENcES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
AND
A preliminaiy site survey should identify areas to be
avoided with the truck. All underground utilities
should be located and avoided during sampling
Begin sampling activities with an adequate fuel
supply
Decontamination of sampling tubes, probe rods,
adaptors, non-expendable points and other equipment
that contacts the soil is necessary to prevent cross-
contamination of samples. During sampling, the
bottom portion and outside of the sampling tubes can
be contaminated with soil from other depth intervals
-------
Care must be taken to prevent soil which does not
represent the sampled interval form being
incorporated into the sample Excess soil should be
carefully wiped from the outside surface of the
sampling tube and the bottom 3 inches of the sample
should be discarded before extruding the sample into
a sample jar
The amount of sample to be collected and the proper
sample container type (i.e., glass, plastic), chemical
preservation, and storage requirements are dependent
upon the parameter(s) of interest Guidelines for the
containment, preservation, handling and storage of
soil-gas samples are described in ERT SOP #2042,
Soil-Gas Sampling.
Obtaining sufficient volume of soil for multiple
analyses from one sample location may present a
problem The Geoprob&” soil sampling system
recovers a limited volume of soil and it is not possible
to reenter the same hole and collect additional soil
When multiple analyses are to be performed on soil
samples collected with the Geoprobe tm4 , it is Important
that the relative importance of the analyses be
identified Identifying the order of importance will
ensure that the limited sample volume will be used for
the most crucial analyses.
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
Sampling with the Geoprobe involves use of the
equipment listed below Some of the equipment is
used for all sample types, others are specific to soil
(S), soil gas (SG), or groundwater (GW) as noted
C Geoprobe TM sampling device
C Threaded probe rods (36”, 24”, and 12”
lengths)
C Drive Caps
C Pull Caps
C Rod Extractor
C Expendable Point Holders
C Expendable Drive Points
C Solid Drive Points
C Extension Rods
C Extension Rod Couplers
C Extension Rod Handle
C Hanuner Anvil
C Hammer Latch
C Hammer Latch Tool
C Drill Steels
C Carbide-Tipped Drill Bit
C Mill-Slotted Well Point (GW)
C Threaded Drive Point (GW)
C Well Mini-Bailer (GW)
C Tubing Bottom Check Valve (OW)
C 3/8” 0 D Low Density Polyethylene Tubing
(OW, SO)
C Gas Sampling Adaptor and Cap (SO)
C Teflon Tape
C Neoprene “0” - Rings (SG)
C Vacuum System (mounted in vehicle) (SO)
C Piston Tip (S)
C Piston Rod (S)
C Piston Stop (S)
C Sample Tube (II 5” in length) (S)
C Vinyl Ends Caps (S)
C Sample Extruder (5)
C Extruder Pistons (Wooden Dowels) (S)
C Wire Brush
C Brush Adapters
C Cleaning Brush (Bottle)
6.0 REAGENTS
Decontamination solutions are specified in ERT
SOP #2006, Sampling Equipment Decontamination
7.0 PROCEDURES
Portions of the following sections have been
condensed from the Model 5400 Geoprobe’ 3 ’
Operations Manual(l) Refer to this manual for more
detailed information concerning equipment
specifications, general maintenance, tools, throttle
control, clutch pump, GSK-58 Hammer, and trouble-
shooting A copy of this manual will be maintained
with the Geoprobe and on file in the Quality
Assurance (QA) office
7.1 Preparation
Determine extent of the sampling effort,
• sample matrices to be collected, and types
and amounts of equipment and supplies
required to complete the sampling effort
2 Obtain and organize necessary sampling and
monitoring equipment.
3. Decontaminate or pm-clean equipment, and
ensure that it is in working order
4 Perform a general site survey prior to site
2
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entry in accordance with the site-specific
Health and Safety Plan
5 Use stakes or flagging to identify and mark
all sampling locations All sample locations
should be cleared for utilities prior to
sampling
7.2 Setup of Geoprobe
Back carrier vehicle to probing location.
2. Shift the vehicle to park and shut off ignition
3 Set parking brake and place chocks under
rear tires
4 Attach exhaust hoses so exhaust blows
downwind of the sampling location (this is
particularly important during soil gas
sampling).
5 Start engine using the remote ignition at the
Geoprobe operator position.
6. Activate hydraulic system by turning on the
Electrical Control Switch located on the
Geopmbe electrical control panel (Figure
1, Appendix A) When positioning the
probe, always use the SLOW speed The
SLOW speed switch is located on the
hydraulic control panel (Figure 2, Appendix
A)
Important: Check for clearance on
vehicle roof before folding Geop robe TM out
of the carder vehicle.
7 Laterally extend the Geoprobe tm ’ from the
vehicle as far as possible by pulling the
EXTEND control lever toward the back of
the vehicle while the Geoprob&” is
horizontal.
8 Using the FOOT control, lower the Dernck
Slide so it is below cylinder (A) before
folding the Geoprobe TM out of the carrier
vehicle (Figure 3, Appendix A) This will
ensure clearance at the roof of the vehicle
9 Use the FOLD, FOOT, and EXTEND
controls to place Geoprobe to the exact
probing location Never begin probing in the
fully extended position
10 Using the FOLD control, adjust the long axis
of the probe cylinder so that it is
perpendicular (visually) to the ground
surface
11 Using the FOOT control, put the weight of
the vehicle on the probe unit Do not raise
the rear of the vehicle more than six inches
Important: Keep rear vehicle wheel, on
the ground surface when transferring the
weight of the vehicle to the probe unit
Otherwise, vehicle may shift when
probing begins,
12. When the probe axis is vertical and the
weight of the vehicle is on the probe unit,
probing is ready to begin
7.3 Drilling Through
Pavement or Concrete
Surface
Position carrier vehicle to drilling location
2 Fold unit out of earner vehicle
3 Deactivate hydraulics.
4 Insert carbide-tipped drill bit into hammer
S Activate HAMMER ROTATION control by
turning knob counter-clockwise (Figure 4,
Appendix A). This allows the dnll bit to
rotate when the HAMMER control is
pressed.
6 Press down on HAMMER control to activate
counterclockwise rotation
7 Both the HAMMER control and the PROBE
control must be used when drilling through
the surface (Figure 4, Appendix A) Fully
depress the HAMMER control, and
incrementally lower the bit gradually into the
pavement by periodically depressing the
PROBE control
8 When the surface has been penetrated, turn
the HAMMER Control Valve knob
3
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clockwise to deactivate hammer rotation and
remove the drill bit from the HAMMER
Important: Be sure to deactivate the
rotary action before driving probe rods.
7.4 Probing
Position the carrier vehicle to the desired
sampling location and set the vehicle parking
brake.
2 Deploy Geoprob&” Sampling Device
3. Make sire the hydraulic system is turned off
4 Lift up latch and insert hammer anvil into
hammer - push latch back in (Figure 5,
Appendix A)
5 Thread the drive cap onto the male end of the
probe rod
6. Thread an expendable point holder onto the
other end of the first probe rod
7 Slip an expendable drive point into point
holder
8 Position the leading probe rod with
expendable drive point in the center of the
demck foot and directly below the hammer
anvil
Iniportanti Positioning the first probe rod
ii critical in order to drive the probe red
vertically. Therefore, both the probe rod
and the probe cylinder shaft must be hi
the vertical position (FIgure 6, Appendk
A).
9 To begin probing, activate the hydraulics and
push the PROBE Control downward When
advancing the first probe rod, always use the
SLOW speed. Many times the probe rods
can be advanced using only the weight of the
camer vehicle. When this is the case, only
the PROBE control is used.
importanti When advancing rods, always
keep the probe rods parallel to the probe
cylinder shaft (FIgure 6, Appendli A)
This is done by making minor
adjustments with the FOLD controL
Failure to keep probe rods parallel to
probe cylinder shaft may result in broken
rods and increased difficulty in achieving
desired sampling depth.
7.5 Probing - Percussion Hammer
The percussion hammer must be used in situations
where the weight of the vehicle is not sufficient to
advance the probe rods.
Make sure the Hammer Rotation Valve is
closed.
2 Using the PROBE control to advance the rod,
press down the HAMMER control to allow
percussion to drive the rods (Figure 2,
Appendix A)
Important: Alway. keep static weight on
the probe rod or the rod will vibrate and
chatter while you are hammering, causing
rod threads to fracture and break.
3 Keep the hammer tight to the drive cap so the
rod will not vibrate
4 Periodically stop hammering and check if the
probe rods can be advanced by pushing only
5 Any time the downward progress of the
probe rods is refused, the demck foot may
lift off of the ground surface When this
happens, reduce pressure on the PROBE
control. Do not allow the foot to rise more
than six inches off the ground or the vehicle’s
wheels may lift off the ground surface,
causing the vehicle to shift (Figure 6,
Appendix A)
6 As the demck foot is raised off the ground
surface, the probe cylinder may not be in a
perpendicular position If this happens, use
the FOLD control to correct the probe
cylinder position.
7.6 Probing - Adding Rods
Standard probe rods are three feet in length
If the desired depth is more than three feet,
4
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another rod must be threaded onto the rod
that has been driven into the ground In
order to ensure a vacuum-tight seal (soil-gas
sampling), two wraps of teflon tape around
the thread is recommended
2 Using the PROBE control, raise the probe
cylinder as high as possible.
Important: Always deactivate hydraulIcs
when adding rods.
3 Deactivate hydraulics.
4 Unthread the drive cap from the probe rod
that is in the ground.
5 Wrap teflon tape around the threads
6 Thread the drive cap onto the male end of the
next probe rod to be used
7 After threading the drive cap onto the rod to
be added, thread the rod onto the probe rod
that has been dnven into the ground. Make
sure threads have been teflon taped
Continue probing.
8 Contmue these steps until the desired
sampling depth has been reached.
7.7 ProbingtPulling Rods
Once the probe rods have been driven to
depth, they can also be pulled using the
Geopmbe Machine.
2 Turn off the hydrauhcs.
3 Lift up latch and take the hammer anvil out
of the hammer.
4 Rep1 thedrive apfromtbe laszprober od
driven with a pull cap.
5 Lift up the hammer latch.
6 Activate the hydraulics.
7 Hold down on the PROBE control, and move
the probe cylinder down until the latch can
be closed over the pull cap
Important If the latch will not close over
the pull cap, adjust the derrick assembly
by using the extend control. This wil
allow you to center the pull cap directly
below the hammer latch.
8 Retract the probe rods by pulling up on the
PROBE control.
Important: Do not raise the probe
cylinder all the way when pulling probe
rods or it will be Impossible to detach a
rod that has been pulled out. However, it
Is necessary to raise the probe cylinder tar
enough to allow the next probe section to
be pulled.
9 After retracting the first probe rod, lower the
probe cylinder only slightly to ease the
pressure off of the hammer latch
10 Attach a clamping device to the base of the
rods where it meets the ground to prevent
rods from falling back into the hole
II Raise the hammer latch
12 Hold the PROBE control up and raise the
probe cylinder as high as possible
13 Unthread the pull cap from the retracted rod
14 Unthread the retracted rod
IS. Thread the pull cap onto the next rod that is
to be pulled
16 Continue these steps until all the rods are
retracted from the hole
17 Decontaminate all portions of the equipment
that have been in contact with the soil, soil
gas and groundwater.
7.8 Soil-Gas Sampling
Interior Tubing
Without
I Follow procedures outlined in Sections 7 I
through 7 6
2 Remove hammer anvil from hammer
5
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3 Thread on pull cap to end of probe rod
4 Retract rod approximately SIX inches
Retraction of the rod disengages expendable
dnve point and allows for soil vapor to enter
rod
5 Unthread pull cap and replace it with a gas
sampling cap Cap is furnished with barbed
hose connector
Important: Shut engine off before taking
sample (eihaust fume. can cause faulty
sample data).
6 Turn vacuum pump on and allow vacuum to
build in tank
7 Open line control valve For each rod used,
purge 300 liters of volume Example Three
rods Used = 900 liters = 900 on gauge
8 After achieving sufficient purge volume,
close valve and allow sample line pressure
gauge to return to zero This returns sample
train to atmospheric pressure.
9 The vapor sample can now be taken
Pinch hose near gas sampling cap to
prevent any outside vapors from
entering the rods
2 Insert syringe needle into center of
barbed hose connector and
withdraw vapor sample
10 To maintain suction at the sampling location,
periodically drain the vacuum tank.
11 To remove rods, follow procedures outlined
in Section 7 7
7.9 Soil-Gas Sampling With Post-Run
Tubing (PRT)
Follow procedures outlined in Sections 7 1
through 7 6
2 Retract rod approximately Six inches
Retraction of rod disengages expendable
dnve point and allows for soil vapor to enter
rod
3 Remove pull cap from the end of the probe
rod
4 Position the Geoprob& ” to allow room to
work
S Secure PRT Tubing Adapter with “0 - Ring
to selected tubing.
6 Insert the adapter end of the tubing down the
inside diameter of the probe rods
7 Feed the tubing down the hole until it hits
bottom on the expendable point holder Cut
the tubing approximately two feet from the
top probe rod.
8 Grasp excess tubing and apply some
downward pressure while turning it in a
counter-clockwise motion to engage the
adapter threads with the expendable point
holder.
9 Pull up lightly on the tubing to test
engagement of threads
10 Connect the outer end of the tubing to silicon
tubing and vacuum hose (or other sampling
apparatus).
II Follow the appropriate sampling procedure
(ERT SOP #2042. Soil Gas Sampling) to
collect a soil-gas sample.
12 After collecting a sample, disconnect the
tubing from the vacuum hose or sampling
system
13 Pull up firmly on the tubing until it releases
from the adapter at the bottom of the hole
14 Extract the probe rods from the ground and
recover the expendable point holder with the
attached adapter.
6
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15 Inspect the “O ’-rlng at the base of the
adapter to verify that proper sealing was
achieved during sampling The ‘O”-ring
should be compressed
Note: lithe “O”.rlng Is not compressed,
vapors from within the probe sections may
have been collected rather than vapors
from the intended sample interval.
7.10 Soil Sampling
Follow procedures outlined in Sections 7 I
through 7 6
2 Assemble soil-sampling tube.
Thread piston rod into piston tip
2 Insert piston tip into sample tube,
seating piston tip into cutting edge
of sample tube
3 Thread drive head into threaded end
of sample tube
4. Thread piston stop pin into dnve
head. Stop pin should be tightened
with wrench so that it exerts
pressure against the piston rod
3 Attach assembled sampler onto leading probe
rod
4 Drive the sampler with the attached probe
rods to the top of the interval to be sampled
5 Move probe unit back from the top of the
probe rods to allow work room
6 Remove drive cap and lower extension rods
into inside diameter of probe rods using
couplers to join rods together.
7 Attach extension rod handle to top extension
rod
8 Rotate extension rod handle clockwise until
the leading extension rod is threaded into the
piston stop in downhole.
9. Continue to rotate extension rod handle
clockwise until reverse-threaded stop-pin has
disengaged from the dnve head.
10 Remove extension rods and attached stop-pin
from the probe rods
II Replace drive cap onto top probe rod
12 Mark the top probe rod with a marker or tape
at the appropriate distance above the ground
surface (dependent on sample tube length)
13 Dnve probe rods and sampler the designated
distance Be careful not to overdrive the
sampler which could compact the soil sample
in the tube, making it difficult to extrude
Important: Documentation of samp
location should include both surface and
subsurface Identifiers. Example: Correct
Method - Sample LocatlonS’-6, 12.0’ -
13.0’, Incorrect Method - Samph
Location S-6, 12.0’.
14 Retract probe rods from the hole and recover
the sample tube Inspect the sample tube to
confirm that a sample was recovered
15. Disassemble sampler Remove all parts
16. Position extruder rack on the foot of the
Geoprobe demck
17 Insert sample tube into extruder rack with the
cutting end up
18 Insert hammer anvil into hammer
19 Position the extruder piston (wood dowel)
and push sample out of the tube using the
PROBE control on the Geoprob&” Collect
the sample as it is extruded in an appropriate
sample container
Caution: use care when performing thb
task. Apply downward pressure
gradually. Use of excessive force couki
result in Injury to operator or damage ii
tools. Make sure proper diameter
extruder piston is used.
20. To remove rods follow procedures outlined
in Section 7.7
7
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7.11 Groundwater Sampling
Follow Sections 7 1 thorough 7 6 with the
following exception the Mill-Slotted Well
Rod with attached threaded drive point
should be the first section probed into the
ground Multiple sections of mill-slotted
well rods can be used to provide a greater
vertical section into which groundwater can
flow
2 Probe to a depth at which groundwater is
expected
3 Remove Drive Cap and insert an electric
water-level indicator to determine if water
has entered the slotted sections of probe rod
Refer to ERT SOP 2O43, Water Level
Measurement, to determine water level
4 If water is not detected in the probe rods,
replace the drive cap and continue probing
Stop after each additional probe length and
determine if groundwater has entered the
slotted rods
5 After the probe rods have been driven into
the saturated zone, sufficient time should be
allowed for the water level in the probe rods
to stabilize
Note: It will be difficult If not impossible
to collect a groundwa r sample In aquifer
material small enough to pass through the
slots (<0.02 Inch diameter).
6 Groundwater samples may be collected with
the 20-mL well Mini-Bailer or a pumping
device. If samples are being collected for
volatile organic analysis (VOA), the 20-mL
Well Mini-Bailer should be used. If samples
are being collected for a variety of analyses,
VOA samples thould be collected first using
the bailer. Remaining samples can be
collected by pumping water to the surface
Withdrawing water with the pump is more
efficient than collecting water with the 20-
mL well Mini-Bailer
Important: Documentation of samph
location should Include both surface and
subsurface Identifiers. Example: Sample
Location GW-6, 17’-21’ bgs, water level in
probe rods ii 17 feet bgs, and the leading
section of probe rod is 21 feet bgs. 1 1w
water sample is from this zone, not from
17 feet bgs or 21 feet bgs.
7 Remove rods following procedures outlined
in Section 7 7
8.0 CALCULATIONS
Calculating Vapor Purge Volume for Soil-Gas
Sampling without Intenor Tubing
Volume of Air to be Purged (Liters) = 300 x
Number of Rods in the Ground
Volume in Liters/l000 = Reading
Vacuum Pump Instrument Gauge
9.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE!
QUALITY CONTROL
The following general QA procedures apply
All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks.
2 All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instructions as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation and they must be
documented
10.0 DATA VALIDATION
This section is not applicable to this SOP.
11.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U S EPA. OSHA and the REAC site specific
Health and Safety Plan. The following is a list of
health and safety precautions which specifically apply
to Geoprobe operation
Always put vehicle in “parlC, set emergency
the brake, and place chocks under the tires,
before engaging remote Ignition
on
8
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2 If vehicle is parked on a loose or soft surface, 13 Always remove the hammer anvil or other
do not fully raise rear of vehicle with probe tool from the machine before folding the
foot, as vehicle may fall or move machine to the horizontal position
3 Always extend the probe unit out from the 14 The vehicle catalytic converter is hot and
vehicle and deploy the foot to clear vehicle may present a fire hazard when operating
roof line before folding the probe unit out over dry grass or combustibles
4 Operators should wear OSHA approved 15 Geoprobe” TM operators must wear ear
steel-toed shoes and keep feet clear of probe protection OSHA approved ear protection
foot for sound levels exceeding 85 dba is
recommended
5 Operator should wear ANSI approved hard
hats 16 Locations of buried or underground utilities
and services must be known before starting
6 Only one person should operate the probe to drill or probe
machine and the assemble or disassemble
probe rods and accessones 17 Shut down the hydraulic system and stop the
vehicle engine before attempting to clean or
7 Never place hands on top of a rod while it is service the equipment
under the machine
18 Exercise extreme caution when using
8 Turn off the hydraulic system while changing extruder pistons (wooden dowels) to extrude
rods, inserung the hammer anvil, or attaching soil from sample tubes Soil in the sample
accessories tube may be compacted to the point that the
extnider piston will break or shatter before it
9 Operator must stand on the control side of will push the sample out
the probe machine, clear of the probe foot
and mast, while operating controls 19 A dry chemical fire extinguisher (Type ABC)
should be kept with the vehicle at jj times
10 Wear safety glasses at all times during the
operation of this machine 12.0 REFERENCES
II Never continue to exert downward pressure I Model 5400 Geopmb& 7 Operations Manual
on the probe rods when the probe foot has Geoprobe’ Systems, Salina, Kansas July
risen six inches off the ground. 27, 1990
12 Never exert enough downward pressure Ofl 8 2. Geoprobe Systems - 1995-96 Tools and
probe rod so as to lift the rear tires of the Equipment Catalog
vehicle off the ground.
9
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APPENDIX A
Figures
FIGURE 1 Electrical Control Panel
10
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APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 2 Hydraulic Control Panel
Slow SD..d Wh•n
Po.mon ig G.oprob.
I I
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APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 3 Deployment of Geoprobe from Sampling Vehicle
12
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APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 4 Geoprobe Setup for Dnlling Through Concrete and Pavement
PROBE
13
-------
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 5 Insertmg Hammer Anvil
14
-------
APPENDIX A (Cont’d)
Figures
FIGURE 6 Probe Cylinder Shaft and Probe Rod - Parallel and Vertical
Machine in Vertical
Operating Position
PROBE
CYLJ4DER
IS
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TEDLAR BAG SAMPLING
SOP#• 2102
DATE 10/21/94
REV 00
1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
The purpose of this standard operating procedure
(SOP) is to define the use of Tedlar bags in collecting
gaseous grab samples. Tedlar bags are used to collect
both volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds,
including halogenated and non-halogenated species
The sensitivity of the method is pnmarily dependent
on the analytical instrument and the compounds being
investigated
These are standard (i e, typically apphcable)
operating procedures which may be varied or changed
as required, dependent upon site conditions,
equipment limitations or limitations imposed by the
procedure In all instances, the ultimate procedures
employed should be documented and associated with
the final report
Mention of trade names or commercial products does
not constitute U S Environmental Protection Agency
(U S EPA) endorsement or recommendation for use
2.0 METHOD SUMMARY
When collecting gaseous sampLes for analysis it is
often necessaiy to obtain a representative grab sample
of the media in question The Tedlar bag collection
system allows for this and consists of the following
items
C
fittings
C
C
the Tedlar bag complete with necessary
a box in which the vacuum is created
a sampling pump to create the necessary
vacuum
C an appropriate Teflon and Tygon tubing
The Tedlar bag is placed into the vacuum box and the
fitting is inserted into Teflon tubing. The Teflon
tubing is the path through which the gaseous media
will travel The pump is attached to the Tygon tubing,
which is part of the vacuum fitting on the vacuum
box. The pump evacuates the air in the vacuum box,
creating a pressure differential causing the sample to
be drawn into the bag. The sample introduced into the
Tedlar bag never passes through the pump The flow
rate for the pump must be defined prior to sampling
(usually 3 liters/minute EL/mm] for bag sampling)
3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION,
CONTAINERS, HANDLING,
AND STORAGE
The Tedlar bags most commonly used for sampling
have a I-liter volume When the sampling procedure
is concluded, the Tedlar bags are stored in either a
clean cooler or a trash bag to prevent
photodegradation Itis essential that sample analysis
be undertaken within 48 hours, as after that time
compounds may escape or become altered
4.0 INTERFERENCES
POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
AND
Contamination is a major concern since many of the
compounds in question will be present in the parts per
billion range In order to minimize the risk of cross
contamination, the following factors should be
considered:
Proximity of the bags to sources of potential
contamination during transportation and
storage The further away from the source(s)
the bags are, the less likely the chances of
external contamination
2 Bags must be attached only to clean Teflon
tubing
3 Once the bag has been collected, affix the
sample label to the edge of the bag
Adhesives found in the label may permeate
the bag if placed on the body of the bag Fill
out labels with a ballpoint pen as permanent
1
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markers contain volatile compounds that may
contaminate the sample
4 Due to the chemical structure of Tedlar,
highly polar compounds will adhere to the
inner surface of the bag Also, low
molecular weight compounds may permeate
the bag Real-time monitors such as the
organic vapor analyzer (OVA),
photoionization detector (HNIJ), and
combustible gas indicator (CGI) are used as
screernng devices prior to sampling The
information gathered is written on the sample
label to inform the individuals performing
the sample analysis
The Tedlar bag sampling system is straightforward
and easy to use However, there are several things to
be aware of when sampling
The seal between the top half and the bottom
half of the vacuum box must be air tight in
order to allow the system to work.
2 Check the O-nng gasket to see if it is in
place with the proper fit O-nngs that have
been stretched out will not remain in place,
thus requiring constant realignment
3 Check that all the fittings associated with the
vacuum joints are securely in place The
fittings can be pushed loose when inserting
the valve stem into the Teflon tubing
4 Occasionally, a corner of the Tedlar bag will
jut out between the two halves of the vacuum
box, thus impainng the seal. Since the bags
will hold only a given volume, over-inflation
will cause the bags to burst.
5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS
The following items must be operational to perform
Tedlar bag sampling: -
C Vacuum box - must be clean, Teflon tubing
replaced, and equipped with extra 0-rings
C Pump(s) - must be charged, in good working
order, and set with the appropriate flow rate
of 3 L/min
C Tedlar bags - must be free of visible
contamination and preferably new
C Chain of Custodyrècords, custody seals
C Sample labels
C Air Sampling Worksheets
C Opaque trash bags
6.0 REAGENTS
This section is not applicable to this SOP
7.0 PROCEDURES
7.1 Preparation
Determine the extent of the sampling effort,
the sampling methods to be employed, and
the types and amounts of equipment and
supplies needed
2 Obtain necessaxy sampling and monitoring
equipment.
3 Decontaminate or pre-clean equipment., and
ensure that it is in working order
4 Prepare scheduling and coordinate with staff,
clients, and regulatoiy agency, if appropriate
5 Perform a general site survey prior to site
entry in accordance with the site specific
Health and Safety Plan
6 Use stakes or flagging to identify and mark
all sampling locations If required, the
proposed locations may be adjusted based on
site access, property boundaries, and surface
obstructions.
7.2 Field Operation
Tedlar bags are stored in boxes of ten The valve is in
the open position when stored Occasionally, a piece
of debris will clog the valve, necessitating the closing
of the valve stem to clear The valve stem is closed
by pulling the stem out If the valve stem is difficult
to pull, it helps to spin the valve stem simultaneously
Remove the Tedlar bag from the carton
2 Insert the valve stem into the Teflon tube
which runs through the vacuum box (Figure
I, Appendix A).
2
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3 Place the Tedlar bag in the vacuum box
Seal the vacuum box by applying pressure to
the top and bottom (ensure that the 0-ring is
in place and Unobstructed)
4 Connect the sampling pump to the
evacuation tube
5 Connect the intake tube to the desired source
or place the intake tube into the media of
concern
6 Turn on the sampling pump
7 Allow the bag to fill (visual observation and
sound of laboring pump)
8 Turn off the sampling pump and remove the
evacuation tube from the pump
9 Remove bag and pull the valve stem out
10. Lock the valve stem
11 Label the bag using either a tag or a sticker
placed on the edge of the bag Do not write
on the bag itself
12 Place Tedlar bag in a clean cooler or opaque
trash bag to prevent photodegradation
7.3
Post-Operation
Once the samples axe collected, transfer bags
to the laboratory for analysis
2 When transferring the Tedlar bags, a chain of
custody form must accompany the samples
Personnel should be aware that some of the
compounds of concern will degrade within a
few hours of sampling.
3 For the time prior to analysis, samples may
be stored in a clean cooler or opaque trash
bag with a trip blank (a Tedlar bag filled with
“zero air”) and the chain of custody form.
8.0 CALCULATIONS
This section is not applicable to this SOP
9.0 QUAL!TY ASSURANCE!
QUALITY CONTROL
The following general QA procedures apply
All data must be documented on field data
sheets or within site logbooks
2 All instrumentation must be operated in
accordance with operating instruction as
supplied by the manufacturer, unless
otherwise specified in the work plan
Equipment checkout and calibration
activities must occur prior to
sampling/operation and they must be
documented
Depending upon the Quality Assurance Work Plan
(QAWP) requirements, a background sample
consisting of upgradient/downgradient,
beginning/ending of day or combination, may be
collected It may also be desirable to change sample
train tubing between sample locations
Tedlar bag standards must be filled on site to identify
the contaminants’ degradation from the time the
sample is collected until analysis Trip blanks, Tedlar
bags filled with “zero air”, must accompany sample
bags at a minimum rate of one per day to identify
possible contamination during handling For each lot
of Tedlar bags, a minimum of one bag must be filled
with “zero air” and then analyzed for the parameter(s)
of interest to detect contamination due to the Tedlar
bag itself which may produce false positive results
Duplicate Tedlar bags should be collected at a
minimum rate of five percent of the total number of
samples or one per sampling event
10.0 DATA VALIDATION
Results of the quality control samples (trip and lot
blanks) will be evaluated for contamination. This
information will be utilized to qualify the
environmental sample results according to the
project’s data quality objectives.
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11.0 HEALTH AND SAFETY NJDEP, Field Sampling Procedures Manual,
Hazardous Waste Programs, February, 1988
When working with potentially hazardous materials,
follow U S EPA, OSHA, arid corporate health and Roy F Weston, Inc. Weston Instrumentation Manual,
safety procedures. Volume I, 1987
12.0 REFERENCES US EPA, Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites
A Methods Manual Volume II. Available Sampling
Gilian Instrument Corp; IiTStructton Manual br Hi Aethods, 2nd Edition, EPA-6OOI4-84 -O76, December,
Flow Sampler I- 1FS I13, HFSII3T, I-IFSII3U, 1984
HFS1I3UT, 1983
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APPENDIX A
Fiaure
FIGURE 1 - Tedlar Bag Sampling Apparatus
VACUUM BOX
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