Uni ed i itas C doo >f Pi tiocej ana oxic Subranci.
Environments. Protec ion C fica of Pe-tia'da Progri m« (TS-7G6C)
Agency Washington. DC 20460
&EPA Pesticide
Fact Sheet
Name of Chemical:
Reason for Issuance: REGISTRATION STANDARD
Date Issued: DEC 23 1987
Fact Sheet Number:
1. Description of Chemical
Common Name: Propanil
Chanical Name: 3',4'-dichloropropionanilide
Other Names: Surcopur, Supur, Propanex, Propanilo, Supernox, FW-734,
Stam, Stampede, DPA, Herbax, Riselect, Erban, Chem
Rice, Rogue, S-10165, Strel, Bay 30130
OPP (Shaughnessy) Number: 028201
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number: 709-98-8
Empirical Formula: CgHgC^NO
Molecular Weight: 218.1
Year of Initial Registration: 1962
Pesticide Type: Herbicide
U.S. and Foreign Producers: Rohm & Haas Company, Bayer AG,
CIFA Laboratory Chemici,
C.I.K. Australia Pty., Ltd.,
Crystal Chemical Inter-America,
Cumberland International Corporation,
Sintesul, Tifa, Ltd., Visplant-Chimiren
S.r.l.
2. Use Patterns and Formulations
Application Sites: Rice, spring barley, oats and durum wheat.
Percent of Crop Treated With the Pesticide: Rice, 70 to 80
percent-of total U.S. rice crop.
Percent of Pesticide Applied to Crop: (1) Rice, approximately
95 percent [9,000,000 to 11,000,000 pounds of active ineredient
(ai)] of total domestic usage of propanil, (2) Ubeat, barley
oats, approximately 2 to 5 percent (less than 1,000,000 pounds
ai) of total domestic usage of propanil.
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T ypes arid Methods of Application: Applied by conventional
aerial or ground equipment as a postaiiergence application.
Pest Controlled: Grasses, broadleaf and aquatic weeds.
Application Rates: Rates range from 1.13 to 6 lb at/A.
Types of Formulations:
Manufacturing-Use Products: 85, 90, and 96% ai.
End-Use Products: 33, 33.8, 35, and 35.9% ai (3 lb ai/gal)
nulsifiable concentrate; 43.48, 43.5, 44.5,
45, and 45.4% ai (4 lb ai/gal) eriulsifiahie
concentrate; 35% ai (3 Lb at/gal) soluble
concentrate/liquid.
Usual Carriers: Water
3. Science Findings
Summary Science Stat nent: There are no acceptable data to assess
acute toxicity. However, t invalid acute oral studies indicate
Toxicity Category III for propanil. The chronic toxicity data
were developed from testing three technicals of varying purity.
Pending review of the impurity profiles of these technicals, certain
studies may need to be repeated. Maternal and developmental toxicity
no-observable-effect levels (NOEL) were established at 20 mg/kg/day
in separate rat and rabbit teratology studies. In a rat reproduction
study, a reproductive and systenic NOEL was established at 300 parts
per million (ppm). Results of these three studies do not indicate
any toxicological concerns. A suppl nentary mouse oncogenicity
study conducted with 85.4% and 98% ai propanil was negative for
oncogenic potential at 180 ppm (highest dose tested). E se-related
histologic findings were observed in the male liver and the NOEL
for this lesion was 30 ppm for the 98% technical and the LEL was
180 ppm for both technicals. Bilateral retinal degeneration in
male and f nale mice and thyroiditis in fe nale mice were observed
at 180 ppm with the 85.4% ai technical only. NOELs for these effects
were not established and the mouse oncogenicity study did not iploy
the maximum tolerated dose. Therefore, this study is classified as
suppl nentary data and further information, or a new mouse oncogenicity
study is necessary. Propanil is not acutely toxic to birds on a
dietary basis. The ch nical is slightly to moderately toxic to
estuarine and marine organisms and freshwater invertebrates.
Propanil is moderately to very highly toxic to freshwater fish.
The chemical may pose a risk to same endangered species. The
environmental fate of propanil is not adequately understood. Available
data indicate that propanil is stable to hydrolysis at pH 7 and 9.
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Leaching studies indicate that the chenical is mobile to very mobile
on sand loam, silt loam, cia’- loam, clay and sand soils. A ground
water monitoring study may be required pending the results of
mobility and soil field dissipation studies.
Chenical Characteristics:
Physical State: Solid
Color: Medium to dark grey
ior: Mildly acrid
Melting Point: 89-92 °C
Density: 1.25 g/ml at 25 °C
Solubility: 0.002 g/ml in water, readily soluble in
ketones, alcohols and chlorinated solvents.
Vapor Pressure: Less than 0.001 mml-Jg at 50 °C (97% ai),
9.1 x torr at 25 °C (85% ai).
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 193 (analytical grade, 99% ai)
Stability: Stable at room tanperature. Strong acid or alkali
will hydrolyze propanil to 3’ ,4’-dichloroaniline and
propionic acid.
Toxicological Characteristics:
The chronic toxicity data base was developed fran testing three
technicals ranging in purity from 85 to 98% ai. Pending review of
the thipuricy profile of these technicals certain studies may need
to be repeated.
o Teratology - Rat: Maternal and developmental toxicity NOEL
is 20 mg/kg/day (85.4% ai)
o Teratology - Rabbit: Maternal and developmental toxicity NOEL is
20 mg/kg/day (85.4% ai)
o Reproduction - Rat: Reproductive and systenic NOEL is 300 ppm.
There were no compound-related effects on fertility, gestation,
pup viability and lactation, or sex ratios for each generation.
o M.itagenicity: Propanil s not mutagenic in gene mutation and
chranosomal aberration assays, and in all but one direct
DNA damage assay.
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?lajor Routes of Exposure
Mixers, loaders, and applicators uld receive the most exposure
via skin/eye contact and inhalation.
Physiological and Biocha nical Behavioral Characteristics:
Foliar Absorption: Propanil is absorbed through the leaves.
Translocation: The ch nical is translocated to the growing point
and back to other leaves.
flechanism of Action: Propanil inhibits a number of bioch ical
reactions, especially photosynthesis.
Environmental Characteristics:
Available data are insufficient to fully assess the environmental
characteristics of propanil. Leaching studies indicate that
the chamical is mobile to very mobile on sandy loam, silt
loam, clay loam, clay and sand soils. Propanil is stable
to hydrolysis at pH 7 and 9. Pending the results of anaerobic/
aerobic soil metabolism, aquatic metabolism, and field
dissipation studies, a ground water monitoring study may be
r uired.
Ecological Characteristics:
o Avian Dietary Toxicity: 1924 ppm (bobwhite quail), greater than
5000 ppm (mallard duck)
o Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity: Less than 3.7 to 5.36 ppm
(bluegill sunfish), 2.3 ppm (rainbow trout)
o Aquatic Invertebrate Acute Toxicity: 6.7 ppm ( Daphnia magna )
Potential probl ns related to endangered species: The use of propanil
on rice may pose a hazard to endangered aquatic species. The
Agency is consulting with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to
determine whether the fat pocketbook pearly mussel ( Potamilus capax )
may be at jeopardy fr ii the use of propanil on rice. After U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service review, the Agency may impose labeling
re uirei ents to protect endangered species.
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Tolerance Assessment:
Tolerances have been established for residues of propanil in or on the
following raw agricultural commodities (RACs):
Conunodity Tolerance (ppm )
Barley, grain 0.2
Barley, straw 0.75
Cattle, fat 0.1 (N) 1 !
Cattle, mbyp 2 / 0;1 (N)
Cattle, meat 0.1 (N)
Eggs 0.05 (N)
Coats, fat 0.1 (N)
Goats, mbyp 0.1 (N)
Coats, meat 0. 1 (N)
Hogs, fat 0.1 (N)
Hogs, mbyp 0.1 (N)
Hogs, meat 0.1 (N)
Horses, fat 0.1 (N)
Horses, mbyp 0.1 (N)
Horses, meat 0. 1 (N)
Milk 0.05 (N)
Oats, grain 0.2
Oats, straw 0.75
Poultry, fat 0.1 (N)
Poultry, mbyp 0.1 (N)
Poultry, meat 0.1 (N)
Rice 2
Rice, straw 75 (N)
Sheep, fat 0.1 (N)
Sheep, mbyp 0.1 (N)
Sheep, meat 0.1 (N)
Wheat, grain 0.2
heat, straw 0.75
A feed additive tolerance of 10 ppn is established for propanil in
or on rice bran, rice hulls, rice polishings and other milling
fractions resulting from application of the herbicide to the
growing RAC rice.
1/ The designation “(N)”, standing for negligible residues, will be
deleted fr ii this entry since it is no longer used by the Agency.
2/ Neat byproducts
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Dietary Assessment: The provisional acceptable daily intake (PADI)
was based on a 2-year rat feeding study. The NOEL for the rat
study was 5 mg/kg/day. An uncertainty factor of 1001) was used to
account for the inter- and intraspecies differences and the
toxicology data gaps. The PADI was obtained by dividing the NOEL
by the uncertainty factor of 1000. The resultant PADI was 0.005
mg/kg/day. The theoretical maximum residue contribution (ThRC)
of propanil to the daily diet of the U.S. population is 0.0015
mg/kg/day, based on the existing tolerances, with 29% of the PADI
being utilized.
Reported Pesticide Incidents: A well documented drift incident occurred
in California where propanil was applied to extensive acreage of
rice in the Sacramento Valley and resulted in phytotoxicity to plum
trees up to 40 miles away. California has disallowed use of propanil
in specified geographic areas, requires permits for application in
other areas, and has imposed application equipment requirenents and
meteorological conditions for application. Propanil is considered
a “restricted herbicide” in California State Regulations.
4. Summary of Regulatory Positions
The following Agency positions are summarized fran the Propanil
Registration Standard.
o The Agency is not initiating a Special Review of propanil at
this time.
o The Agency will not establish significant new food uses until
residue and chronic health effects data are submitted and
reviewed.
o The Agency is not imposing reentry requirenents at this time.
0 Tolerances for residues in catfish and crayfish must he proposed
and supporting data submitted. In lieu of proposing tolerances
for catfish and crayfish, label restrictions may be ünplenented.
o The Agency has determined that label restrictions on rice drainage
water must be implenented.
o If available rice processing studies are determined to be
adequate, then the registrant must propose a method to make
consistent, the feed additive tolerance and the expected
residues in rice bran.
o The registrant must propose a method to make consistent, the
tolerance for residues in or on barley, oats and wheat straw
and the expected residues for these canrnodities if available
straw data for these canmodities are determined to be adequate.
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o The Agency will initiate steps to delete the designation “(N)”
fran the tolerances listed in 40 CFR 180.274.
o The Agency is requiring product chemistry data on each technical
grade propanil product.
o The Agency has determined that product chemistry and metabolism
data will be immediately reviewed upon receipt.
Use, Formulation or Geographic Restrictions: No significant new
food or feed uses of propanil will be permitted until residue
chemistry and chronic toxicology data are available to assess
existing uses.
Unique Label Warning Statements: End-use products shall bear the
following statements as applicable:
a. End-use products with aquatic uses:
(1) This pesticide is toxic to fish. Drift and
runoff fran treated areas may be hazardous to
aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. Do
not apply directly to water except as specified
on this label. Do not contaminate ter by
cleaning of equipment or disposal of stes.
(2) Water drained fran treated rice fields must not
be used to irrigate other crops or released within
1/2 mile upstream of a potable water intake in
flowing water (i.e., river, stream, etc.) or within
1/2 mile of a potable water intake in a standing
body of water such as a lake, pond, or reservoir.
b. The following statements must appear on end-use products
labeled for aquatic uses, if the registrant of the product
chooses not to conduct tests and propose tolerances for
catfish and crayfish:
(1) Do not drain water fran treated fields into areas
where catfish farming is practiced.
(2) Do not apply to fields where commercial crayfish
farming is practiced and do not drain water from
treated fields into areas where crayfish farming
is practiced.
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c. End-use products with nonaquatic uses:
This pesticide is toxic to fish. Drift and
runoff fr ii treated areas may be hazardous to
aquatic organisms in neighboring areas. Eb not
apply directly to water or wetlands (swamps,
bogs, marshes, and potholes). Eb not contaminate
water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes.
5. Summary of Maj or Data Gaps
Product thønistry
All Product Cheriistry data.
Residue Ehei istry
Metabolism Studies (plant, livestock)
Residue Analytical Method (plant and animal residues)
Storage Stability
Residue Studies
Toxicology
Acute Oral
Acute Dermal
Acute Inhalation
Eye Irritation
Dermal Irritation
Dermal Sensitization
21-Day Dermal
Chronic Toxicity (rodent and nonrodent)
Oncogenicity (rat and mouse)
General Metabolism
Environmental Fate
Hydrolysis
Photodegradation (water and soil)
Aerobic Soil Metabolism
Anaerobic Soil Metabolism
Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism
Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism
Leaching, Adsorption/Desorpt ion
Soil Dissipation
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Aquatic (Sedthient) Dissipation
Rotational Crop (Confined) Acciinulat ion
Irrigated Crops Accumulation
Fish Accumulation
Fish and Wildlife
Avian Acute Oral
Avian Subacute Dietary (upland game bird and waterfowl)
Freshwater Fish Toxicity [ TEP] (coldwater fish and warmwater fish)
Freshwater Invertebrates Acute Toxicity [ TEP]
Estuarine and Marine Organisms Acute Toxicity
Fish Early Life Stage and Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle
Fish Life Cycle
Plant Protection
Seed Germination/Seedling Emergence
Vegetative Vigor
Aquatic Plant Grx.ith
6. Contact Person at EPA
Robert J. Taylor
U.S. &iviror nental Protection Agency
Registration Division (TS-767C)
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
(703) 557—1800
DISCLAIMER: The information presented in this Pesticide Fact Sheet is
for informational purposes only and may not be used to fulfill data
requirEnents for pesticide registration and reregistration.
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