United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Office of Pesticide Programs (TS-766C)
Washington, DC 20460
cvEPA
Pesticide
Fact Sheet
Name of Chemical: Dodine
Reason for Issuance: Registration Standard
Date ISSUed: February 1987
Fact Sheet Number: 135
1. Description of the Chemicals
Chemical Name: Dodecylguanidine
Cannon Name:
Brand Names:
CAS
Registry
Number:
EPA/OPP
Pesticide
Chemical
Code:
Bnpirical
Formula:
Pesticide
Type:
Major U.S.
Producers:
acetate
Dodine
Doguadine,
Tsitrex, Dodine
acetate, CL 7521,
Dodecylguanidine
monoacetate,
AC 5223, Cyprex,
Melprex, Carpene,
Curitan, Syllit,
Venturol, and
Vondodine
2439-10-3
044301
Dodecylguanidine Dodecylguanidine
hydrochloride terephthalate (DGT)
(DGH)
Cytox 2013
Durotex 7487-A
13590-97-1
044303
C13H30N3C1
Fungicide and Industrial
industrial biocide/ biocide/
preservative preservative
19727-17-4
044302
American Cyanamid,
Onyx Chemical,
Aceto Chemical
Betz
Not Available
Industrial
preservative
Ventron Chemical
First registered: 1956
-------
—2—
2. Use Patterns and Formulations
flxlecylguanid me 1X’decylguanid me I ecylguanid the
acetate hydrochloride (IX H) terephthalate
(ccr)
i gistered Fruit and Industrial Industrial
Sites: nut trees, aquatic sites preservative
ornainentals,
industrial
aquatic sites,
çxilp and paper
products
Predcininant Apple trees Industrial Non—clothing
Use(s): biocide/ textiles
preservative
Formulation ttable p ,vider/ Soluble Soluble
Types dust, soluble concentrate! c ncentrate/
Registered: ooncentrate/ liquid liquid
liquid
Method(s) of Foliar spray, Autcmatic pump, Manual pour,
Application: Air blast spray, Drip Feed, pour Conventional
Disting equip— padding equi ent
ment drawn by
tractor or truck,
Bo n sprayer,
Aerial spray,
Autcmatic pm p,
Drip Feed, Pour
3. Science Findings
&a uiary: EPA has only limited data pertaining to dodecylguanidine
acetate (dodine), dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (1X I), aix!
dodecylguanidine terephthalate (DCr). 11 available data describing
IX { and DGF are limited to sane product identity and disclosure of
ingredients. There are no data available describing environmental fate,
ecological effects, or toxioolc, y for !X and DGF.
-------
—3—
Ch nical tharacteristics (dodine, IX H, and DCT) :
Dxline EXH DGT
Color: White Not Available Not Available
Physical Crystals, Not Available Not Available
State: Slightly waxy
Melting 136C Not Available Not Available
int:
Solubility: Soluble at 7—23% Not Available Not Available
in low molecular
weight alcohols
at r teruperture.
Soluble in acids
and 0.06% soluble
in water at 25C.
Insoluble in most
other solvents.
Soluble in ethanol.
Molecular
ight: 287.4 263.9 Not Available
&wirornental Fate (dodine): There are no available data allowing
EPA to assess the environmental fate of dodine.
Eoolo ical Effects (dodine): EPA does not have data describing
toxicity of technical grade dodine to birds or aquatic organisms.
However, data on a multiple active ingredient formulation containing
95% dodine indicate that dodine is slightly toxic to birds and highly
toxic to freshwater fish. A lalx)ratory acute contact study indicates
that dodine is relatively nontoxic to honey bees.
Although the absence of data on technical dodine limits conclusions,
available data suggest that there would be no inmediate hazard to
avian species fran terrestial f d crop residues. Data show that the
acute U ) 50 for avian species for a formulated product are in the
range of 700 to 2000 p it. Estimation of residues to which birds will
be exposed are approximately 70 — 170 *n on leaves and 3—7 w °n
fruit. The estimated environnental concentration (EEX2) in aquatic
systems, 15 ppb, is well below the toxic level to fish (650 — 870
ppb). Based on the inc nplete data base, terrestrial dodine fcod
residues pose no apparent acute hazards to any avian or aquatic species
that are Federally designated threatened or endangered.
-------
—4—
xicology (dodine): The available data allow EPA to adequately
characterize the acute effects of dodine. The findings of acute oral
W 50 of 1.46 g/kg, a one hour LCSo of 1.05—1.79 nr /l, and no deaths
in test animals after acute dermal exposure to 2 g/kg indicate rr derate
lethal potency (Category III). Severe irritation in tx)th washed and
unwashed eyes and severe dermal irritation including erythema and
edema were seen in rabbits (Category I). Based on a 21-day skin
sensitization study, there is no evidence of sensitization in humans.
Although many of the available studies of dodine do not satisfy
EPA ’s data requirements, various effects of d dine can be identified
based on existing studies. Subchronic dietary exposure of dogs caused
changes in thyroid cells indicative of stimulation (No Cbserved Effects
Level (NOEL) = 1.25 n 3/kg). In another study, chronic dietary exposure
in the rat caused reduced weight gain in both sexes, accompanied by a
comparable reduction in fcod consumption in males (NOEL = 10 nra/kg).
EPA classifies this rat study as supplementary because the histopathology
analysis was inadequate. In a reproductive study, dietary exposure of
parent mice caused decreases in the number of pups per litter surviving
until day 5 and weaning (Lowest Observed Effect Level (LOEL) = 74—89
ni /kg. The results of an es assay for mutagenicity of 5 strains of
bacteria with and without metabolic activation were negative.
Iblerance Reasses nent (dodine): The initial ceptable I ily
Intake (ADI) and Provisional ADI (PADI) for dodine are both based on a
chronic 12 nonth dog study. Treated dogs exhibited histological changes
in the thyroid described as increased vascularity and changes in the
shape of follicular epithelial cells fr zn squamous to cuboidal. These
changes are considered to be indicative of thyroid stimulation. The
No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) of 50 pp n (1.25 n* /kg) reported in
the study was confirmed in the reasses nent for this standard.
EPA calculated a PADI of 0.0013 /kg for dodine. This value is
based on a safety factor of 1000 for interspecific and intraspecific
extrapolations and the uncertainty of risk due to gaps in the chronic
data base. The PADI is equivalent to a Maximum Permissible Intake
(MPI) of 0.078 ma/day. 1t Theoretical Maximum Residue Concentration
(ThI ) of dodine in the daily diet is 0.005117 rw /kg/day (0.307 no/day
for a 60 kg person). Under these assumptions, 393.6% of the PADI is
used.
4. S iiinary of Regulatory Positions and Rationales
— EPA will not, at this time place dodine, EX , or DGr into Special
Review because, based on available data, none of these chemicals
meets or exceeds the criteria for oorkiucting a Special Review
(40 CFR Part 154.7).
— EPA will not require restricted use classification for end—use
products containing dodine, D(] , or tx r. D dine is not acutely
toxic via the inhalation or oral routes. There are data demon-
strating that exposure to dodine can cause severe ocular and
dermal irritation. However, labeling provisions for protective
clothing will minimize acute risks from use -of products containing
dodine.
-------
-5-
— EPA will not require specific label statements pertaining to
the protection of Federally designated threatened or endangered
species because the available data for dodine do not suggest
that terrestrial food residues pose acute hazards to threatened
or endangered species.
— EPA is not proposing a label advisory statement regarding
groundwater because there are, at present, no data suggesting
cause for groundwater concerns.
— EPA is adopting the following positions regarding dodine residues
and tolerances: (1) EPA will revoke, within one year of issuance
of this standard, the spinach tolerance if no use for this crop
is proposed. (2) EPA will revoke or replace the zero tolerances
for meat and milk. (3) EPA will delete the restriction against
feeding apple p nace to livestock after registrants sut nit data
den nstrating either no residues in ix iace or the need for a
tolerance.
— EPA is not imposing a reentry internal for dodine at this time.
}bwever, EPA is requiring data needed to establish a reentry
interval.
— Labels of products containing dodine must bear language requiring
the use of either protective clothing or closed mixing - loading
systems to reduce the potential risk of skin and eye exposure.
— EPA will not allow any significant new uses of dodine, D(. i, or
i T until data gaps identified in this Standard are filled because
the available data are insufficient for EPA to evaluate risks
associated with the uses of these chemcials.
— EPA will review inTnediately upon receipt of the data:
40 CFR Part 158.125 1 sidue chemistry
171—4 Nature of metaboli n in plants — dodine
40 CFR Part 158.135 lbxicology
82—1 90-day feeding — D(r
82—2 21-day dermal - dodine
83—1 Chronic toxicity, rodent and
non-rodent — dodine
83—2 cogenicity, 2 species — dodine
83—3 Teratogenicity, 2 species — dodine
83—4 Reproduction, 2 generation — dodine
40 CFR Part 158.145 Ecological effects
72—3 Oyster LC 50 — dodine, DG , and LET
72—7 Aquatic residue rw nitoring — dodine,
DG , and DGr
-------
—6—
5. Suim ary of Major Data Gaps
Dee Date
Study
[ dine DGH DGT
Product Chemistry
Product identity and ccxnposition Jan. 1988 Nov. 1987 Nov. 1987
Analysis and certification of July 1988 May 1988 May 1988
product ingredients
Physical and chemical characteristics Jan. 1987 Nov. 1987 Nov. 1987
Residue Chemistry (only dodine)
Metabolism July 1989
Analytical methods Jan. 1989
Storage stability July 1989
Residue in plants July 1988
July 1989
Residue in aniii al products Jan. 1989
&wirorunental Fate (ckidine and D( i)
Degradation (laboratory) Apr. 1988 Feb. 1988
Photogradation Apr. 1988 Feb. 1988
Metabolism (laboratory) Oct. 1989 Aug. 1989
Mobility July 1988
Dissipation (field) Oct. 1989 — Pug. 1989
Sept 1991
Acct ulation July 1988 — May 1988
Sept 1990 July 1990
lbxicology
Acute studies Apr. 1988 Feb. 1989
90 day feeding (rodent) — Sept 1988
90 day feeding (non—rodent) — Jan. 1989 Reserved
21 day derinal July 1988 May 1988 Reserved
90 day dermal — - Reserved
90 day inhalation - Reserved
Chronic toxicity (rodent & non—rodent) Sept 1991 — Reserved
Oral oncogenicity (rat and n ouse) Sept 1991 - Reserved
Teratogenicity (2 species) Oct. 1988 — Reserved
Reproduction Jan. 1990 - Reserved
Mutagenicity July 1988 May 1988 Reserved
General metabolism July 1989 May 1989 Reserved
Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms
Avian and manmalian studies Apr. 1988 — Feb. 1988 Feb. 1988
July 1989
Aquatic organisms Apr. 1988 Feb. 1988 Feb. 1988
Estuarine and marine organism July 1988 May 1988 May 1988
Aquatic monitoring July 1989 May 1989 May 1989
-------
—7—
1 e L te
Study
- EY dine DGH o cr
I entry
Foliar dissipation Sept 1989
Dermal exposure Sept 1989
6. Contact Person at EPA
3ohn Lee (PM —31)
Registration Division (TS—767C)
Dis i nfectants Branch
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Tele: (703) 557—3675
DISCLAIMER; The information presented in this Pesticide Fact S et is for
informational purposes only and may not be used to fulfill data requirements
for pesticide registration and reregistration.
------- |