PB85-191195
Historic Emissions of Sulfur and
Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from
1900 to 1980. Volume 1. Results
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Durham, NC
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC
Apr 85
I
ftS. Degutmai of
ffefossi Tedrcca) formation Service
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PB85-1911*5
EPA/600/7-85/009a
April 1985
HISTORIC EMISSIONS OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN OXIDES
IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1900 TO 1980
Volume I. Results
by
Gerhard Gschwandtner, Karin C. Gschwandtner and
Kevin Eldridge
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1905 Chapel Hill Road
Durham, North Carolina 27707
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3511
Assignment No. 31 and 47
Project Officer:
J. David Mobley
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
AIR AND ENERGY ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NC 27711
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- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
1N as, itaJ IUJL,UrI , ,,jS • ‘ , I/h ,, i s. t. npIeirn )
NO 2
EPA/600/7-85/009a I
TITLE AP,IDSUBtrrLE
Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in
the United States from 1900 to 1980; Volume 1.
Results
3 R&CIPIINT S ACCESSION NO
— PB&5 1 1 1± _LAS
5 R( ORT OATE
April 1985
6 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUThOR(S)
G. Gschwandther, 1<. C. Gschwandtrier, and
K._Eldrldge
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION RLPORt NO
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1905 Chapel Hill Road
Durham, North Carolina 27707
15 R(GRAM ELEMENT NO
IT NTRACTIGRAN1 NO
68-02-3511. Tasks 31 and 47
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13 TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
2 E 2 / 84
EPA/600/13
15 SUPPLEMEh TARY 1 1,011 5 AEERL project officer is .1. David Mobley, Mail Drop 61, 919/541-
2612. Volume II contains report data.
(6 ABSTRACT The report gives results of an estimate of historic emissions of sulfur diox-
ide (S02) and nitrogen oxides ( O ) for Task Group B, Manmade Sources, of the
! iational Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) for each state of the con-
terminous U. S. The emissions were estimated by individual source category on the
state level from 1900 to 1980 for every fifth year and for 1978. The source categorie:
included power plants, industrial boilers. in-iustrial processes. commercial and
residential heaters, natural gas pipelines, highway vehicles, off-highway diesel
engines, and all other anthropogenic sources. These emissions were calculated
from salient statistics indicative of fuel consumption or industrial output, estima-
tions of average statewide fuel properties. and estimates of emission factors spe-
cific to each source category over time. The emission estimates were then aggre-
gated to show the emission trends by state, region, and all states combined.
Total state emissions for each year were then estimated using an interpolation
procedure based on national annual fuci consumption.
•
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
— bl’)ENTIFIERS,OPEN ENOED TERMS COSATI I , IJ Grour
Pollution Control — 13B
d
OES( R IP1ORS
Pollution
Sulfur Dioxide
Stationary Sources
07B
Nitrogen Oxides
Anthropogenesis
Precipitation (Meteorology)
Acid Rain
04B
Acidity
19 SECuRITY CLASS (/h ,sR.-p 1 l/
OlD
I(
OISTAIbIJTIOP,I STATEMENT
21 NO OF
PACES
Release to Public
Unclassified
118
20 S1CURI1YCLASS(Th.$p r,
Unclassified
32 PRICE
EPA Fo,m 2220 1 )9•73)
1
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NOTICE
This docuznent has been reviewed in accorcance with
U.S. Envi.ron ntal Protection Agency policy and
approved for publication. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or reco nendatjon for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
This volume summarizes the historic emissions of s l fur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides on the national regional and state level from 1900
to 1980. It describes the methodology used to estimate the historic
emissions of all point and area sources. Volume II of this series
presents the individudl state emission estimates by individual source
category. A computer tape containing the data has been prepared to
allow changes to be made to historic data as work in this area continues
and as methods are further refined (see Volume 11, page ii). The data
base in these volumes is consistent and complete from state to state
from 1950 to 1980. For earlier years consistent assumptions were made
when state—level data pertinent to th development of emission estimates
could not be obtained directly. As a result, the historic enission
est1ma es provide the best basis at this time for comparing the spatial
and temporal changes in emissions on the state level and for studying
helr relationship to trends in acid deposition, visibility, materials
damage, and terrestial and aquatic effects observed and measured over
past years. These trends and relationships are being studied by the
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). This project
was administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with
funding from NAPAP’s Task Group B — Man-Made Sources. Under this
program, Task Group B has the responsibility to provide a sin )le consis-
tent source of historic emission trends data. These data will be used
by other Task Groups in their assigned stuoies. The report h 1 ts been
reviewed and approved for publication by appropriate EPA and HAPAP
personnel.
David J. Beety, Chai an
NAPAP Task Group B — Man-Mad Sources
U.S. Department of Energy
iii
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CONTENTS
Foreword
iii
Figures
Tables
Abbreviations
Abstract/Acknowledgment
Chapter I. PROJECT SUMMARY
7.0 Discussion
8.0 Conclusion
9.0 References for Chapter 1.
Ciiapter I I. METHOD OF DATA PRODUCTION
1.0 DefinItion of Source Categories
2.0 Sources of Data
2.1 Salient Fuel Statistics.
2.2 Fuel Sulfir C3ntent.
2.3 Emission Factors
• . . viii
i x
0 • e
* • . S
1
3
3
3
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
7
10
10
14
15
l5
20
22
22
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Method
2.1 Approach for 1950 to 1980
2.1.1 Fuel Consumption
2.1.2 Emission Factors
2 . 1.3 Emission Controls
2.2 Approach for 1900 to 1945
2.3 Assumptions
2.4 Aggregation of Emissions
2.5 Yearly Estimates
3.0 Results for 1900 to 1980
3.1 Fuel Consumption, Overall and for Categorfes
3.2 502 Emissions 1 Overall and for Categories.
3.3 HO x Emissions . Overall and for Categories.
4.0 Analysis by Region
5.0 Analysis by State
6.0 Analysis by Emission Release (Stack) Height
Preceding page blank
25
25
27
31
33
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CONTENTS (continued)
3.0 Calculation Procedures . 33
3.1 Electric Utilities 34
3.2 Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters. 35
3.3 Commercial and Residential Uses . 37
3.4 Anthracite — All Uses 38
3.5 Pipeline Compression Stations . . . . 38
3.6 H Ighway Vehicles 38
3.6.1 Gasoline—Powered Vehicles. . . 39
3.6.2 Diesel—Powered Vehicles 42
3.7 Railroads 42
3.8 Coke Plants 42
3.9 Primary Smelters 43
3.10 Vessels 44
3.11 Off—Hiflway Diesel Engines 44
3.12 Cement Plant 45
3.13 Wildfires 45
3.14 Miscellaneous . . . . 47
3.14.1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes. 47
3.14.2 Miscellaneous Other 47
4.0 Further Improvements . . . . . . 48
4.1 Fuel Consumption. . . 48
4.2 Sulfur Content. . . . 49
4.3 Emission Factors. . . 49
5.0 Quality Control 49
5.1 Comparison with Other Emission Estimates 50
5.1.1 NatIonal Comparison, 1940 to 1980 50
5.1.2 Comparison of Electric Utilities, 1975 to
1980 52
5.1.3 Comparison with the 1980 NAPAP Emisson
Inventory 56
5.2 Probabli Error of Estimates 56
6.0 Availability of Data on Computer Tape 57
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CONTENTS (concluded)
Chapter III. METHOD OF ESTIMATING YEARLY EMISSIONS
1.0 PossIble Approaches . . 58
2.0 Interpolation Procedure 59
3.0 Total Annual State Emission Estimates 60
References for Chapters II and III 1 62
Appendix A — Interpolated Annual Total State Erns ions . . 68
Appendix B - Total National Emissions by Season 100
Appendix C — Total National Emissions by Release (Stack)
Height 104
vii
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FIGURES
Nuznber
1 Total mineral fuel consumption of the United
States by major source: 1900 to 1980. . . . 9
2 Overall trend in SO 2 emissions from 1900 to 1980
for the United States and by fuel type 11
3 Overall trend in 02 en isslons from 1900 to 1980
for the United States and by source category . . 11
4 Overall trer’d in tl0 emi3stons from 1900 to 1980
for the United States and by fuel type 12
5 Overall trend in NOx emissions from 1900 to 1980
for the United States and by source category . . 12
6 Map of the EPA Administrative Regions 13
7 Temporal changes in regional SO 2 and N0, by
source category from 1900 to 1980 16 and 17
8 Total state emissions of SO 2 and NO for every
tenth year from 1900 to 1980 18 and 19
9 Annual SO 2 and NO emissions of the conterminous
United States: 1900 to 1980 61
v. •i 1
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Fuel Types and Emission Source Categories . 4
2 DefInition of Source Categories 26
3 References for State—Level Fuel Consumption Data,
1950—1980 28
4 References for State—Level Fuel Consumption Data,
1900—1945 • 29
5 NatIonal Fuel Consumption by Source Category,
1900—1950 . 30
6 References for Sulfur Content Data. 32
7 Power Plant Emission Reductions 36
8 AssumptIons Regarding the NOx Emission Factors
for Highway Vehicles 40
9 Assumed Values for Miles per Gallon 41
1(1 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes. 46
11 Miscellaneous Other Sources . . . 46
12 Comparison between Aggregated State Totals and
EPA National Estimates 51
13 Comparison between Coal—fired Electric Utility SO 2
Emissions of th l5 Study and those of Pechan, et. al. . 53
14 Comparison between Oil-fired Electric Utility SO 2
Emissions of this Study and those of Pechan, et. al. . 54
AS Comparison of Total State SO 2 and NO Emissions of
this Study and the NAPAP Emission Inventory for 1980. . 55
ix
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LIST OF ABBREYIATIOtIS
ABBREVIATiONS
bbl —— barrel (42 U.S. q llons)
Btu —— British thermal unit (0.252 KIlogram—calorie)
cuft. —— cubIc feet (0.028317 cubIc meters)
gal —— U.S. ga 1on (3.7853 lIters)
lb —— pound (0.45359 kilogram)
—— mile (1.6093 k1loct eters
NA —— not available
ton —— short ton (906.18 kIlograms)
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ABSTRACT
Historic emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides
(Nox) were estimated for Task Group B, Manmade Sources, of the National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program for each state of the conterminous
United States. The emissions were estimated by individual source
category on the state level from 1900 to 1980 for every 9fth year
and for 1918. The source categories Included power plant, industlal
boilers, Industrial processes, con nercial and residential heater,
natural gas pipelines, highway vehicles, off-highway diesel engines and
all other anthropogenfc sources. These emissions were calculated from
salient statistIcs Indicative of fuel consumption or Industrial output,
estimations of average statewide fuel properties and estimations of
emission factors specific to each source category over time. The emission
estimates were then aggregated to show the emission trends by state,
region and all states combined. Total state emissions for each year
were tnen estimated using an Interpolation procedure based on national
annual fuel consumption.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are greatly Indebted to Charles 0. Flann, National
Air Data Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency who provided
much guidance and assistance throughout this assignment and who served
as technical advisor. Sincere appreciation Is also extended to
Rudolf B. Husar and to Frederick Lipfert for sharing Information
with us and for consultation and valuable suggestions. The authors a. -e
also Indebted to many individuals in many agencies who provided copies
of relevant historic data and to the staff of Duke University Library
Reference Department for assistance In locating information. Suggestions
and comments of the technical reviewers of the draft document are
appreciated and hereby acknowledged. This assignment was supported by
funding from Task Group B, National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program, through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
xi
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CHAPTER 1
PROJ ECT SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTIOII
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are considered primary
precursors of acidic precipitation. The anthropogenic emissions of
these pollutants are suspected causes of many biological and chemical
effects observed in recent years. Understanding the historic emission
trends Is important to understanding the development of acid
precipitation—related problems and causes of observed environmental
effects.
Annual quantities of emissions of sulfur oxidcs and , itrogen oxides
are presented for each of the contiguous 48 stdtes includ’ng the District
of Columbia. Emissions of each pollutant vere estimated for every fifth
year from 1900 to 1980 a id for 1978. The time span f,om 1900 through
1980 was selected to allow study o early alkalinit) measurements and
also to allow comparison with the 1980 national emission inventories
being developed under the N tiona1 Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
Five-year intervals were s lected to provide an in 1ication of the
emission trends sufficient for most effects studies and to develop a
methodology that could be applied to all other years. The state level
was selected because it provides the most complete and consistent body
of information on a historic basis and collectively covers all geographic
regions of the country.
For each state the estimates are based on the appareni annual
consumption rate of fuels. The fuels include bituminous ccal , antn acite,
lignite, residual and distillate oil • natural gas, wood, gasol itie,
diesel fuel and kerosene. The consLniers of these fuels, which are also
the emitters of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, are catelorized
acco 1 ciing to electr:c utilities, industrial boilers, commercial and
residential furnaces, pipelines, highway vehicles, railroads, coke
plants, smelters, vessels and other major sources. Emissions were
also estimated for industrial processes based on production rates, wild-
fires and a miscellaneous source category. Col ectively, these source
categories account for all anthropogenuc emissions in each stite.
1
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These emission estimates are Improvements over previous estimates
reported by Gschwandtner, et. aL ls 2 s) , 4 They are the result of
refinement in methodology and further research. The original data file
Inc luded only 33 eastern states and the District of Columbia and was
limIted to the time period between 1950 and 1978. This file provided
the best estimates of the emission trends for these states available at
the time, but it was recognized that the estimates for 1950 and 1955
were incomplete and inconsistent with later years and that further
Improvements in the methodology were needed. The present report
incorporates many technical improvements , additional details and an
expansion of the data file in both time and space.
The state-level emission estimates for point and area sources
contained in the present report, supplement the national hiscoric emis-
sion estimates of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 5 available
for every t’nith year from 1940 to 1970 and yearly since 1970. The
state—level emission estimates in this report provide greater spatial
resolution for the study of acid precipitation trends over a longer
time period. These latest estimates also incorporate some information
provided by other historic emission researchers, Information on emission
trends for residential sources and highway vehicles inferred by Liptert
et.al. have been incorporated. 6 For years prior to 1950, estimates
of state coal consumption estimated by Husar , et,al, have also been
included in the data file, 7 ’ 8 ’ 9 Husar, et.al. used regional 1 state, and
sub-state level coal consumption to indicate the emission trends of
sulfur oxides in the early part of the century and late 1800’s.lO
This chapter swnmarizes the general methodology and the results of
the current historic emissions data file available for each pollutant.
Sulfur oxides are expressed as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx) are expressed as nitrogen dioxide to be consistent with the
emissions reported by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The next
chapter describes specific methods of data production for each source
category, compares the estimates with other emission inventories and
discusses ways to further Improve the estimates. Volume II of this
series, 1 ’ which replaces an earlier version (Reference 4) contains the
historic SO 2 and NO, emissions data file for each state by source category
and the underlying fuel consu mption and sulfur content data bases.
2
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2.0 METHOD
Average emission rates for each study year were calculated for
individual source categories for each state. The source categories are
listed in Table 1 accordIng to the type of fuel consumed. These cate-
gories represent all types of boilers, furnaces, engines, processes and
other manmade emission sources. The basic steps involved in calculating
state emissions are listed below:
1. Obtain state level information on fuel use.
2. Allocate fuel quantity used by each soL’rce category.
3. Develop source category emission factors.
4. Determine fuel sulfur content by state for each category.
5. Calculate emissions, after emission cor trols.
The actual procedure varied somewhat depending on the usefulness and
availability of information. It can generally be described in more detail
for two time periods; 1) 1950 to 1980, and 2) 1900 to 194 .
2.1 Approach for 1950 to 1980
2.1.1 Fuel Consumption
For electric utilities, state consumption rates of fossil fuels
were derived by individual power plant from the Bureau of Census , 12 the
American Petroleum Institute, ’ 3 the U.S. Department of Energy, 14 and
the National Coal Association. 15 The consumption rates were determined
according to boiler type. For all other categories except smelters and
miscellaneous sources, annual fuel consumption rates were obtained for
the source category as a whole from various publications cited in
Chapter II. When fuel consumption data were not available other salient
statistics such as fu2l sales, demand, distribution or shipments were
used. For the highway vehicles category, vehicle miles traveled were
used for 1970 to 1980 because these provided a better estimate according
to the mix of vehicle types. For earlier years, gasoline Consumption
by state was used. For the wildfire category, total forest area burned
in each state was used.’ 6 For smelters and rniscmllaneous industrial
processes, estimates were based either on individual plant or state
production rates. For 1950 to 19C0, state-leve1 fuel consumption data
were available for most source categories.
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TABLE 1. FUEL TYPES AND EMISSION SOURCE CATEGORIES
Bituminous Coal: Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers cir,d Space Heaters
Commercial and Residential Uses
Steam Railroads
Coke Plants
Anthracite coal: All Uses
Residual Oil: Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters
Commercial and Residential Uses
Vessels
Distillate Oil: Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters
Commercial and Residential Heating
Railroads
Vessels
Natural Gas: Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters
Pipeline Compression Stations
Commercial and Residential Uses
Wood: Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters
Commercial Heating
Residential Wood Stoves and Fireplaccs
Gasoline and Diesel: Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway Vehicles
Vessels
Other: Wildf lres
Cement Plants
Copper, Lead and Zinc Smelters
Ml scel laneous Industrial Pr ocesses
Miscellaneous Other Sources
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2.1.2 Emission Factors
The state-level data were then multiplied by specially derived
emission factors to yield estimates of uncontrolled emissions. First,
the most recent emission factors of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency reported in AP—42 and Mobile 2 were obtained. 17 ’ 18 These factors
are based on actual emission tests of each type of combustion process or
emission source represented in each source category. They ar most
appropriate when applied to a large number of sources such as on the
state level. Periodically, they are revised by the Agency to include
new, additional or improved test data.
The factors for each pollutant were then adjusted to represent
each source category as a whole. This procedure involved mctt,ematically
weighting each factor according to the amount of fuel consumed by
various types of boilers, furnaces, engines, processes or other emission
sources comprising the category. For highway vehicles, N0 emi ic ’
factors were state specific and were weighted according to the amount of
urbdn and rural traffic and state elevation, vehicle mi. and pollution
controls in use. These adjustments provided the most representative
factors for 1973 to 1980 for which vehicle miles tra . d were available.
For earlier years, vehicle miles traveled are i. ,t available and the
factors were based instead on gasoline consumption and on estimated
average miles per gallon for both urban and rural traffic. These
factors yield generally the same results as those of Lipfert derived
from the trend in internal compression ratios of vehicle motors.’ 9
SO 2 emission factors were also weighted according to fuel consumption
by individual emission sources within each category. However, these
factors are more dependent on fuel properties than on combustion sources
and include a fuel sulfur content variable. The emission factors
account for the fraction of the fuel sulfur that would be emitted as
uncontrolled emissions and the remaining fraction that would be
captured in the solid residue. These fractions are determined on the
basis of source emission tests and materidls balance analysis involiing
various coal ranks that are commonly used by each source. The average
statewide values of sulfur content of coal on the consumer level were
obtained from the Bureau of Mines for 1965.20 For the earlier years,
average statewide values were calculated from fuel distribution
5
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reports and information on fuel properties by originating district. 21 ’ 22
The calculation techniques are described in Chapter II. The average
values of sulfur content of fuel oils were obtained from information
published by the Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Department of Energy,
Bartlesville Energy Technology Center for domestically produced fuel
ot Is. These references are also cited in Chapter II.
2.1.3 Emission Controls
The amount of emissions controlled by certain control devices was
then subtracted frum each source category. This step pertained to SO 2
which is controlled by flue gas desulfurization systems at power plants
and by—product sulfuric acid plants at smelters. Controls applied to
sources of N0 emissions have generally had little effect In reducing
emissions through 1980.5
Estimates were then compared with EPA nationa’ emission estimates.
with the APAP emission inventory for 1980,23 and wi .h the estimates of
Pechan, et. al. for electric utility emissions. 24 25 This provided an
Indication of the precision of estimates for common years and a basis
for establishing the precision for earlier years.
2.2 Approach for 1900 to 1945
For this time period, state-level data on actual fuel consumption
by source category were not always available, especially for the earher
years. Also, the method for collecting and reporting early data was not
always consiste:’t with the method for more recent years. Depending on the
type of information found, either one of three approaches was taken.
1. State-level data were used when available,
2. National data were apportioned to the states, or
3. No estimates were made when state and national data were
unavailable and when the emissions wer’ so small as to be
considered negligible .
These approaches help account for most of the early °2 emissions which
were dominated by coal usage and for which consumption data arc available
either on the state or national level . Most NO, emissiuns are also
accounted for by this approach, but in terms of quantity are comparativ€ly
less than SO 2 because of the low co isuiiption rates of fuel oils ama
natural gas in the early study years.
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2.3 Assumptions
The same sulfur content values derived for 1955 were assumei to
apply to the earlier years. This assumption was necessarily made
because no evidence was found to suggest a general trend in sulfur
content. Available information indicates that sulfur content of coal
as mined did not change significantly arid most coal was consumed in or
near the producing states. Analysis of coal distribution patterns also
suggests little change compared to the changes in the middle or recent
part of the century.
it was also assumed that the emission factors used for 1955 applied
to earlier years. No evidence was found to suggest a change In either
the emission characteristics of coal—fired sources or the population
mh of types cf boilers and furnaces. As research in historic emission
patterns and trends continues, this general assumption may be replaced
by specific state-level data if such data can be developed.
Other assumptions which were made are more specific to certain
years and source categories and are described in Chapter II.
2.4 Aggregation of Emissions
Historic fuel consumption data were t ’ulated for e tch state
according to source category and stu j year. Corresponding luel sulfur
content values were also tabulated for each source category according
to state and year. A third tabulation contained the weighted emission
factors for SO 2 and by source c tegory and in some cases by state.
These three matrices were multiplied to produce two new matrices, one for
$02 emissions and one for llO emissions, the emissions of each state
were then totaled by year to provide an estimate of overall national
emission trends. Thej were also totaled by fuel type and by source
category to show the effects of fuel switching and changes in consumer
sectors. State emissions were also aggregated to show the tri?nds in
broad geographic regions of the country.
Th national emissions were then analyzed by season and also by
stack height ranges. For the seasonal .nalysis, the percentece distri-
bution of the emissions by season was estimated for each major
source category based on engin2ering judgment and known histor.c
characteristics of each source category to give a general indica-
tion of the trend sin e 1900. The total national emissions of ach
7
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source category were then multiplied by these oercentages. As a result,
the estimated seasonal emissions reflect both the trend in total
emissions by source category and the general change in the seasonal
distribution of emissions by source category.
For the release height analysis, the percentage distribution of
national emissions was estimated for each source category according to
four broad ranges of stack heights. In the case of electric utilities,
individual power plant emissions and stack height data ere used to
determine the national distribution by height from 1950 to 1980.2 For
earlier years dnd for other sources, the analysis was based on the
general treno in the stack heights for the category as a whole. Both
the seasonal and stack height analyses provide an approximate indication
only of the trend on the national level. The emission trend by season
Is shown graphically in Appendix B and by stack height in Appendix C.
However, these results should not be considered as reliable as other
Information presented in this report.
2.5 Yearly Estimates
State total emissions for the intervening years were interpolated
from the state e’nissions estimated for the study years and the annual
national energy consumption reported by fuel type. The interpolation
was performed individualls for each major fuel category by state. For
each intervening year, the emissions of each fuel category were then
added. The interpolation proceoure is described in Chapter 111 and the
resulting state total emissions are presented in Appendix A.
3.0 RESULTS FOR 1900 TO 1980
National and regional trends of each pollutant are presented here
by fuel type and by source category. The trend in total emissions of
Individual states are also shown while the individual state estimates
for lnd;vfdual source categories are presented in Volume II .
3.1 Fuel Consumption, Overall and for Categories
flgure I shows the total mineral fuel consumption for the United
States in terms of energy consumed by major source as obtained from the
Bureau of Censas. 26 ’ 2 Total coal consumption has remained relatively
constant over time since 1900 compared to the consumption of other fuels.
8
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L I ,
4J
-I
-J
-a
Q
F-
V. ,
0
w
-J
20
10
0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 19B0
YEAR
Figure 1. Total mineral fuel consumption of the United States by major
source: 1900 to 1980.
(Note: The numerical forvi of the data is provided in Volume I,
Appendix A. Mso, the petroleum category shown In the figure
includes crude petroleum and petroleum products as consumed,
minus the consumption of gasoline and diesel fuel which is
shown separate’y. 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ )
80
70
50
40
9
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Since 1960, coal consumption has steadily increased on the national
level bj 30 percent. Crude petroleum and natural gas consumption (the
primary sources of N0 emissions) have increased most rapidly since the
1930’s. Wood and anthracite accounted fo a large portion of the total
energy consumption in the early part of the century but not in the
latter part. Until 1930, per capita energy consumption remained
nearly constant, declined during the Great Depression and has increased
since, except during the oil shortage in the mld-1970’s.
3.2 502 Emissions, Overall and for Categories
Figure 2 shnws a plot of the total quantity of SO 2 emissions for the
contiguous United States by fuel type and for each study year. (It
should be noted that the emission levels for consecutive study years
are Interconnected only to highlight the historic trend. They do not
necessarily represent the trends between study years.) Overall, the SO 2
trend follows the general trend of coal consumption except th&t total
emissions appear to have decreased by 10 percent from .. maximum around
1970. This decrea e is somewhat due to the general decrease in sulfur
content of fuels and emission reductions brought about by national and
state environmental control regulations. 28 Sulfur contert has decreased
to a large extent as a result of coal cleaning and mixln eastern coal with
cleaner vestern co’l wPiile in the early years coal was mostly burned as
received from the nearest coal-producing district.
Figure 3 shows the overall trend by source category. Thi .. plot
reflects the growth of major fuel—consuming sectors and changes in
fuel demand. For example, electric utility emissions appear to have
Increased sharply by the 1950’s and 60’s. In contrast, SO 2 emislons
from steam locomotives almost completely disappeared by 1950 with the
advent of diesel-powered railroads.
3.3 N0, Emissions, Overall and for Categories
In contrast to SO 2 . total NO emissions appear to have increased
corstantly throughout most of the study period as shown in Figure 4. The
total quantity of “missions is plotted on the same scale as 502 to
allow a direct comparison. This upward trend is primarily a result of
greater use of natural gas and petroleum products and a conversln away
from coal. Figure 5 shows that tne increase is largely due to the
10
-------
UI
UlMia
I!Nm* c i i
FIgure 2. OveraU trend in SO 2 emissions from 1900 to 1980 for the
United States and by fuel type for each study year.
agii itttiiit
FIgure 3. Overall trend in SO 2 emissions from 1900 to 1980 for the
United States and by source category for aach study year.
figures are interconnected only to highlight
( 1 ton — 906.18 kIlograms )
Note: The bars in these
the overall trend.
11
YEAR
YEAR
-------
FIgure 4. Overall trend in NO emissions from 1900 to 1980 for the
United States and by fuel type for each study year.
m T VIJItLIS
,lptLI S
ISI’I
ft!tIltt lilt 11115
Figure 5. Overall trend in NO emissions from 1900 to 1980 for the
United States and by source category for each study year.
Note: The hars n these figures are interconnected only to highlight
the overall trend. ( 1 ton 906.18 kilograms )
I.
I1 PI1I1I lit
£si M L
YEAR
I.
YEAR
-------
( Note: This study does not Include Alaska,
Hawaii nor territories of the United States.)
Figure 6. Map of the EPA Administrative Re lons
13
-------
growth In the number of highway vehicles, natural gas-fired power
plants and many other sources related to a large extent to a growth in
population and changes in technology and lifestyles.
4.0 ANALYSIS BY ( GJ0N
The total state emissions were aggregated according to the
Administrative Regions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
shown In Figure 6. These regions represent various broad geographic
regions of the country. It should be noted that the regions vary in
size and in the number of states and that these tiio factors will also
affect the total regional emissions. By selecting a different Lombinatlon
of states other than these Federal regions, different emission trends
may be shown, Recognizing this fact, the regions were selected to
provide only a general lndlcatlor. of trends in various regions of the
Country.
The overall emission trend of each pollutant and the trend by
category are plot.ted in Figure 7 for each region. These plots provide
resolution of the national trend and allovi the historic emission trends
of each region to be compared. For exa.nple, Regions 3, 4 and S appear
to have historically emitted more SO 2 thin other regions ;;i terms ot
total quantity. The total SO 2 emissions of (legions I and 2 combIned have
historically remained constant. In Region 6, NOx emissions have increased
more rapidly than in any otlier region due to the growth In the natural
gas production Industry and the numoer of pipeline compression stations.
in all other regions, highway vehicles ani electric utilities together
have accounted for more than half the total N0 in the past several
decades.
In 1950, the regions east of the Hssissippl River emitted 75
percent of the total national SO 2 emissions and 67 percent of the total
NOx emiss ons. In 1990, the eastern regions emitted 77 percent of the
total SO 2 and 60 percent of the total NOR. During this time period,
total national SC 2 emissions ir-creased 140 percent while total NO
emissions increased 280 percent, or twice as much. While most of the
emissions h.3ve historically originated in the east, the western regions
have egun to emit a greater shire 01 the tot.’l national N0 in recent
years.
14
-------
5.0 ANALYS iS BY STATE
Figure 8 shows graphically the total emission level of each
state for every tenth year since 1900. The totals were obtained by
aggregating the emissions of all source categories on the state leveL
The figure provides a general Indication of the emission trend in each
state and is useful for comparing one state to another. Generally, the
figure shows that SOz emissions have historically been the greatest in
the northeast, especially in the heavily industrialized states. the
predominant emitters have been Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New
York, among others 1 but the emissions have significantly increased in
other states, especlatly those In the southeast and mid-Atlantic region.
t’10 emissions have historically increased In all states. especially in
those undergoing a rapid economic and population growth. The total
state emissions are numerically presented in Appendix A. The emission
esti ates for each source category comprising the total state emissions
are presented in Volume II of this series. 12
6.0 ANALYSIS BY EMiSSION RELEASE (STACK) HEIGHT
Analysis of emissions by release height (actual stacL height)
is important to studyiny the potential for long-range tran;port.
The total national emissions associated with four ranges c - i emission
release height are presented in Appendix C. it should be noted that
the potential for long-range transport increases with each higher
range. This analysis does not include stack exit velocities nor
atmospheric mixing heights which are also important considerations.
The analysis in this study suggests that more $02 emissions were released
into the atmosphere from stacks above 240 feett than from stacks below
this height since about 1945. By 1980, approximately 30 prrcent of the
502 emissions were emitted above 480 feet, for example, coiiipared to
only 5 percent above this height in 1950. Not only have the percentages
increased, but total national so2 emissions also increased and peaked
around 1970. The percentage of the total 502 emissions rel2ased below
120 feet has generally decreased over the study period. The distribution
of NO emissions has historically remained constant) although on the
national level the total emissions have steadily increased. Approximately
60 ercent of the total NQ emissions in 1980 were released from
ground level sources; predominantly from transportation sources.
(*) 1 foot z 0.30KB meter 15
-------
I
L
I - -
l n astrid
Electric Utilitini
‘Other Soercei
ifl isstri.l
Electric Utiliti
Other So.irtec
Ind ustrial
Electric IftiflUes
Electric Utilities
H1TROG OXIDES
Other
iii I wey Vehicles
Elecric iJtilftie
E
REGION V
NIgheay Vehicles
Electric Utilito
Iii he.y Vehicles
Pipelin
I nd uStri al
Iie trit Utilities
Sour c,
Vehicles
Indu trf.1
Electric ‘Jti)$t,S-
4
Figure 7 continued opposite page.
SULFUR DIOXIDE
REGION I & II
REGION I & II
u s
C
0
C
0
E
vs
a
5-’
In
I,)
‘-4
w
I ,,
a
V S
V S
‘hi
lndv tr .l
• S i
YEAR
S uses io nsees son 504 5
YEAR
-------
T T I :: : - - -- ---- - - —J
; .f.. -
SULFUR DIOXIDE NITROGEk !%s
IsdvstrLi)
4.’ 4’ £I.ctrIc Utfihil.,
0
2.3.
Jn .strIa1 pelinsi
tlertrlc :
a REGION VIII, IX & X
S IS I lSz 10 )S4OCS fl 60a 10 iS I S
YEAR
Figure 7. Temporal changes in regional SO 2 and P1O emissions by source category from
1900 to 1930. (Note: Emission estlcates for years prior to 1930 may not
account fer all emissions due to incor, 1ete data. Refer to Volume II for
details on the state level. The category ‘ocher sources” includes railroads,
t’essels, off—hig ,,ay diesels, t-illvlfjres, smelters, and miscellaneous.
1 ton • 906.18 kilograas )
REGION VI
REGION vi
REGION VII
x
L*J
3 10 IS 10 25 JO IS 40 45 10 SO 4514 75 II
YEAR
17
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
1900
1900
1920
1910
1930
1940
FIgure 8. Continued
18
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
Figure 8. Total state emissions of SO 2 and NOx for every tenth year from
1900 to 1980. ( Refer to Appendix A, Volume I for the numerical
form of the data shown in this figure. 1 ton 906.18 kilograms )
1950
1950
1960
p - I
1970
1980
—1,000,000 TONS
SCALE: IJ_0
19
-------
Analysis of the electric utility category suggests that in the
1950’s and 50’s, most of the SO 2 and NO emissions from this category were
released below 480 feet — mostly between 240 to 480 feet. By 1980, about
50 percent of the total SO 2 emissions and 40 percent of the WO emissions
from this source category were released above 480 feet as a result of the
trend towards taller stacks. Since the emissions from electric utilities
constitute a large portion of the total national emissions in recent
years as shown in previous figures, they have a significant effect
on the overall distribution of emissions by rt?lease height.
7.0 DISCUSSION
This chapter h s described the basic approach used to develop historic
emission estimates for SO 2 and NO on the state level. The emissions
were derived for individual source categories which collectivcly accvunt
for all manmade emissions. It has presented the trends in total emissions
for the contiguous United States, for sub-regions and for individual
states. The spatial and teni ioral trends were shown in five-year iterations.
The emission trends of both pollutants v ry according to the quantities
and types of fuel used and the types of combustion sources. To varying
degrees, the trend in emissions has been affected by a growth In popula-
tion, the level of industrialization, the availability of fuels, and
changes in the use of fuels. The trcnd of SO 2 emissions has also been
affected by trends in the sulfur content of coals and oils consumed,
especially during the past decade.
When comparing the trend of one state to another or one region to
another, it must be remembered that the emission estimates do not
represent emission density. (Emission density refers to the total state
emissions divided by the area of the state.) Large states may have the
highest total emissions but this does not necessarily mean that smalle:
states do not have the same or even higher emission densities. For
example, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York have historically had
the greatest SO 2 emissions of all states, but at various times their
emission densities were comparable to many other smaller states such as
Delaware, New Jersey, and Kentucky dmong others.
The historic emission estimates derived by this study are consistent
In methodology from state to state and from year to year. These state-
level estimates may provide sufficient spatial resolution to determine
23
-------
a general relationship between emissions and observed environmental
effects. The estimates prov c e a basis for studies of tree-ring growth
patterns, material damage and erosion, and aquatic effects presently
underway as part of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
In other studies, Hidy, et. al. investigated the relationship between
the SO 2 emission trends on a regional scale and historic deposition
monitoring data. 29 , 3 C In another study, Smith, et. al. Investigated
the relationship between historic emissions and stream chemistry data
collected at various sites tbroughout the country. 31 The historic
emission estimates also provide a basis for studying the implications
for public policy regarding acid rain. 32 The present emission data file
represents the best estimates to date on the state le,el. As research
continues, further refinements in the methodology can be mac 4 e.
Further improvements would involve completing the data bases on
stete fuel consumption and sulfur content values for the earlier
yea’-s and development of state-s’ecific emission factors. However, the
greatest obstacle to further improvement is the lack of inforaation.
Based on the findings of an ,. xt sive literature search during this
study, it is unlikely that any additional state-specific data can be
obtained. The completion of the data base will require that a1ddit onal
assumptions be made regarding unavailable data.
The aggregat state emissions derived by this study were compared
to the national total emissions reported by the U.S. Environmental
Protection A ency 5 and the total state emissions of electric utilities
estimated by Pechan, et. al. 25 The comparisons indicate clos greement
with these other estimates for all common years. The aggrega .ed
state totals are within 5.8 percent cf the total national emissions
estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The a’igregated
emissions of electric utilities are within 8.4 percent of the estimates
by Pech n, et. a]. These differences are due to differences in
methodology, calculation procedures and numerical round-off. The close
agreement adds some reassurance to the historic emission estimites.
Esti iates of the probable errors associated with the total state
emissions will be based on the results of the uncertainty analysis
presently being planned for the 1980 NAPAP emission inventory. 23 The
percentage differet’ce between this inventory and the historic enission
21
-------
estimates is 5.9 percent. When the uncertainty analysis of the
NAPAP emission Inventory is completed, It will serve as a benchmark
from which the probable errors of historic estimates can be Interpreted
after adjustment for assumptions In the methodology.
8.0 CONCLUSION
The current historic emissions data file presents the best estimates
available on the state level. The emission trends of each state vary
over time reflecting changes in a variety of economic and technological
factors. While the national and regional scale emissions data provide
general indications of trends, it is recommended that the reader refer
to the state-specific estimates presented in Volume II for studies
concerning the historic relationship between emissions and environmental
effects. These emission estimates ran serve as the basis for future
studies of the relationship between emissions and environmental effects
associated with acid precipitation phenomena.
9.0 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 1
1. Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides from 1950 to 1978
in the Eastern United States. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency under Purchase Order Jo. D5115 by Pacific
Environmental Services, Inc., Durham , NC, 1980. (UnpublIshed)
2. Emissions of Sulfur Dioxide ano Nitrogen Oxides from 1950 to 1978
in the Eastern United States: A Breakdown by Power Plant, Volume I
and 11. Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
under Purchase Order No. 0 671ONASX by Pacific Environmental
Services, Inc., Durham, NC, 1980. (Unpublished)
3. 6. Gschwandtner, C.0. Mann, B.C. Jordan, J.C. Bosch. Historic
Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the Eastern United States
by State and County. Paper No. 81-39.1 presented at the 74th Annual
Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association, Philadelphia, PA, 1981.
4. 6. Gschwandtner, K.C. Gschwandtner, K. Eldridge. Historic Emissions
of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to
1980. Draft Report Prep ired for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency under Contract No. 68-02—3311 by Pacific Environmental
Services, Inc., Durham, NC, 1983. (Unpublish:cl)
5. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates 1940—1982. EPA-450/4—33.
024 (NTIS P’384-121391/MF), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Parks NC, 1984.
22
-------
6. F.W. Lipfert, E. Kaplan, N. Dan. Statistical Analysts of Relationships
Between Precipitation Chemistry and Air Quality in New Hampshire
and Precursor Emissions. Paper No. 21—26.6 presented at the 17th
Annual Meeting, Air Pofl ition Control Association, San Francisco ,
CA, 1984.
7. R.B. lusar, DE. Patterson, J.M. Holloway, W.E. Wilson, T.G..
Ell stad. Trends of Eastern 1 1.5. Haziness Since 1948. In:
Pruceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Turbulence, Diffusion, and
Air Pollution, Am. Met. Soc., Reno, NV, pp. 249—256, 1979.
8. R.B. Husar• J.M. Holloway , D.E. Patterson. Spatial and Temporal
Pattern of Eastern US. flazinesi : A Suiiinary. Atmos. Environ., 15
(15/il): pp. 1919—1928, 1981.
9. R.8. Husar, D.E. Patterson. Regional Scale Air Pollution: Sources
and Effects. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 338: pp. 399—417, 1980.
10. R.B. Husar, J.M. Holloway. Sulfur and Nitrogen over North America.
in: Ecological Effects of Acid Deposition. National Swedish
Environment Protection Board-Report PM 1636: pp. 95—115, 1983.
11. Volume II. Data.
12. U.S. Depar’ment of the Interior, Bureau of Census. Minerals
Yearbook. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, Annual.
13. American Petroleum Institute. Petroleum Facts and Figures.
Washington, D.C., 1971 Edition.
14. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Information Administration.
Energy Data Report. Series available from U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C.. Annual from 1977.
15. National Coal Association. Steam Electric Plant Fuel Consumption
and Costs. Washington, D.C . Annual from 1950.
16. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Wildfire Statistics.
Washington, D.C., Annual from 1911.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors. AP—42 Third Edition (NTIS P8—275525), Supplements
1—7 and 8—14, Research Triangle Park, NC.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mobile Source Emission Factors.
EPA—400/9-78-Oos (NTIS P8295672/Al l), Washington, 0..., 1978.
19. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental Analysis. NO x
information Book. DOE/NNB—O044, Washington, D.C., 1983.
20. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Sulfur Content
of United States Coals. Information Circular 3312, Washington, D.C.,
1966.
23
-------
21. U.S. Department of the rtterior, Bureau of Mines. Mineral Industry
Survey. Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution — Calendar Year
1957. WashIngton, D.C., 1958.
22. 1955 Keystone Coal Buyers Manual. Carl Y. Coash (Publisher), HcGra —
Hill Publishing Co. Inc., flew York, NY: pp 277—327 and 431—682.
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Status Report o the Development
of the NAPAP Emission Inventory for the 1980 Base Year and Summary of
Preliminary Data. EPA-600/7-84-091, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1984.
24. Estimates of Sulfur Oxide Emissions from the Electric Utility
Industry Volume I — Summary and Analysis. EPA-600/7—82—061
(NTIS P883—130229), U.S. Envlrcnmental Pro ect1on Agency,
Washington, D.C., 1983.
25. E.H. Pechan, J.H. Wilson, Jr. Estimates of 1973—1982 Sulfur Oxide
Emissions from Electric Utilities. J. Mr Pol. Co, trol Assoc.,
34 (10): pp. 1075—1078, 1984.
26. U.S. Bureau of Census. Statistical Aostract of t e Unit-id States:
1982—83 (103 edition). Washington, D.C., 198k..
27. U.S. Bureau of Census. HIstorical Statistics of t’ie Ur 1ted States,
Colonial Tines to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 2. W sh1ngton,
D.C., 1975.
28. Analysis of State and Federal Sulfur Dthxlde Emission Regulations
for Combustion Sources. EPA-450/2—81-079 (NTIS PB8s—179 . 8/AO7),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle P trk, C,
1901.
29. An 1y .is of Trends in Historical Acid Precursor Emissions and their
Airbornc and Precipitation Pr.ducts. Uccument No. P-B538 Prepared
for the Peabody Coal Co npany, St. Louis, MO by Environmental Research
& Technology, Inc., L1estlake Village, CA, 1983.
30. G.M. Hidy, D.A. Hansen, R.C. Henry, K. Ganesan, J. Collins. Trends
In Historical Acid Precursor Emissions and Th lr Airborne and
Precipltati n Products. J. of Air Pci. control Assoc., 31 (4):
Pp. 333—35 . , 1984.
31. RA. Smith and R.B. Alexander. Evidence of Acid-Precipititfon-.
Induced Trends In Stream Chemistry at Hydrologic Bench .Mark Stations,
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 910, 1983.
32. Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutints: ImplicatIons fir Public
Policy. U.S. Congress, Office of Techr oiogy Assessment, (.)TA-O—204,
Washington, D.C., 1984.
24
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CHAPTER I I
METHOD OF DATA PRODUCTION
This cha pter presents detailed information on how the emission
estimates were derived for each source category. First the source
categories are defined and the sources of informatton on fuel consumption,
fuel sulfur content and emission factors are identified. Then the method
of data production is described for each source category. Included In
this chapter Is a discussion of quality control procedures and a comparison
of the emission estimates with other available estimates. Methods for
further improving the historic eaiission estimates are also described.
1.0 DEFINITION OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
The definition of each source category is given in Table 2. The
definition for each source category was the same for all years with only
some minor deviations from the definition for some years. For example.
the industrial category from 1970 through 1980 does not include natural
gas used in lease operations as gas processing plant fuel. Instead
this source is included under the pipelines category for these years.
This and other exceptions are noted In the fuel consumption tables
contained at the end of Section 1.0 of Volume i i. P1ost deviations from
the definiflons resulted from changes in data reporting procedures in
the references. However, they have a negligible effect on the total
emission estimates at the state level.
2.0 SOURCES OF DATA
Relevant data were collected from pulilications and files of the
institutions and Governmental agencies listed below:
American Petroleum Institute
Federal Power Commission
National Coal Association
U.S. Department of Co”rrcerce. Bureau of Census
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
U.S. Department of Energy
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines
U.S. Departnent of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Geological Survey
- 25
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TABLE 2. DEFINITION OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
Electric Utfl ties
In&strlal Boilers
C erci ii
ResIde..LI al
P1 poll no,
H$gtneaj Vehicles
iilroadj
Coke Plants
Smelters
Vessels
Off fflgiway Diesel
C 3est Plantt
Wild? ir t
l scel lan.ous
Power plants using coal • oil or gas to produce electricity for pbbllC consi tiOn.
Marejfacturing and mining sUblist nts iCh use fuel for heat. power and chemical
feedtto • and I%ltUr al gas I ease and p l ant operations.
ormerufectining organizations such is hotel,. restaurants, retail stores. laiind ies.
and other enterprises difch use fuel and opriculturel • forestry end fisheries establish-
ments iich use gas.
Private dwellings, including apar ets d,fch use fuel for heating, cocking, water
Mating. and other household uses.
Transportation of natural gas by c ression through pipelines. Internal casbustlon
engines and tWbinei are used to cmepress the gas.
Mtocobil.. light duty trucks and torcgcl.s iich require gasoline end trucks.
buses and auto bI1es ubich require diesel fuel irid are uted in transportation or
public roads.
Trains, operated railroad equip ent , space heating of buildings, and other related
operations.
Furnace led u rChsnt plants 0 11th produce coke.
Primary copper, lead and zinc smelting facilities.
C rcial or private beats, such as pleasure croft. fishing boats, tugboats and
ocean-going vessels including ves ls operated by oil cocpanies.
Engines used in co atruction . logging and road building equipment.
Portla,d c nt mioufacturin; plants.
Protected arid unprOtected forest lend burned.
A catch-all category Including ill industrial processes not included
ehcve end all Qther miscellaneous anthrcpogenic sources.
26
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The specific publications that were uted ore identified in the following
sections.
2.1 Salient Fuel Statistics
The references for state—level fuel consumption data from 1950 to
1980 are identified in Table 3 for each source category. The table
also shows whether the reference reported actual consumption or an
Indicator of consumption such as fuel demand, distribution, sales or
deliveries. An indicator was used whenever actual fuel consumption was
not reported. The Energy Statistics Branch of the U.S. Department of
Energy ( aCE) has adjusted some of these data by various means so that
the data more closely reflect actual state consumption. The data are
reported annually In State Energy Data Reports which are available
beginning with the year 1960. Since 1960 is the earliest year for
which DOE data are available, it was decided to use the original data
sources for all study years in order to maintain cortinuity In the
emission trend. For most source categories, especially the larger
ones, there is little or no difference on a percentage basis netween
the DOE values for fuel consumption and those used in this study. The
percentage difference is usually greater for the smaller source categories.
The difference in the total state emissions that could occur as a
result of using one set of data or the other, is estimated to ae less
than 6 percent for either pollutant for any year between 1960 and 1980.
To avoid introducing a discontinuity of 6 percent in the emission trend
around 1960, the original unadjusted data from the Minerals Yearbook
were used instead.
For the time period from 1900 to 1945, the references for the
state fuel consumption data are presented in Table 4. Again, fuel
consumption was not always reported as is noted in this table. However,
state-level data could be interpolated from national fuel consumption
data which are available for most source categories. Fuel con;umption
was estimated by multiplying the reported natIonal consumption by the
ratio of the state to national consumption available for the e trliest
study year. The national consumption values that were used for this
procedure are shown in Table 5. This procedure was also used by
Husar to obtain state coal consunption by category and who provided
these results for inclusion in this study. For electric utilites,
27
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TABLE 3. REFERENCES FOR STATE LEVEL FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA, 1950—1980
1 CM
Source Category 1950 l_955 1960
4* 1 e
L 6S 1970 1976 1978 1980
rence
lb *r
Bitslrious Cool
Electric UtilIties 46 55 42 470 b 38 b b
Induitriel Boilers 4,b 63 47 b 42’ 4?’ 35 b b 43 b
Cercl al .Re,ide nti ,I 47 b 63 47 b b 36 b 43 b 59 b
Mtiwdcite toil
Total Sbip nts 3? 33 43 42 59 59 59.60 58
Residual Oil
Electric itilities 4$ 4$ 411 41’ 3$ 3$ 4 4C 560
lndu%trial Boileri 4$ 4qC 41’ 41 3$ 39 C $
Co .sercislResidentlal 4$ 4$ 41’ 4 l 3$ 3$
Distillate Oil
Clectric Utilities 4a 40C 41 4I 3$ 3$ C 56 d
lflduttrisl Boilers 48 C 4 8C 451 4I 3$ es 561
C rcIel-ReiIdeotlsl 4SC 4B 411 411 396 396 446 S d
itural Gas
Electric UtilIties 34 33 40’ 40’ 38 38 45 5 1
Industrial 34 33 40’ 40’ 38 38 4% 57
PIpelines 34 33 400 38 38 45 57
C rc ial-Res Ide ntial 34 33 40’ 40 38 38 IS 57
Vood
All Uses 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 64
Highway Vehicles
Ga Soline 34 54 54 54 e e e e
Otesel luel *8.49 48,49 48,49 18,49 39 t 3 9 C 446 56 d
Rural Vehicle Milci Travelled V V 1 50 51 52 53
Urban Vehicle Miles Travelled V I S V 5’ 51 62 53
Other
Railroads — Cual 71 71 1 1 Il 7 1 71 71 71
— C I I 48.49 48.49 4849 4849 39C 39C gC
Coke Plants 61 62 42’ 421 391’ 36b *31’
Vessels - Oistill.te 44C 486 48C 44C 396 396 446 56 d
Ret ldu ,1 496 496 496 496 396 i c 561
0ff-Highway Dietel 40,496 40 C 486 4 8 C 396 39c 14C
Ce.ent Plants 66 66 66 66,68 66,67 66.67 6f .67 66,67
W lldfirei ill II I Ill 117 11) Ii ? 1,7 lIP
1 Reports ani sal fuel donind.
1’ Report s a nj l fuel distribution.
CReports as,sjal sales.
dReportI onrsiai fuel leItreri t.
‘t.lsslon estimates were based on vehicle miles travelled.
Not available. Instead, actual gasoline consueption was used.
28
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TABLE 4. REFERENCES FOR STATE LEVEL FUEL CONSUMPTION DATA. 1900-1945
YEAR
Source Category
1900
1905
1910
1915
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
teference
Number
Bituminous Coal
All categories
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
Pnthracite
NA
NA
NA
70
NA
NA
NA
NA
71
72
Residual Oil
All categories
,
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
45
45
45
Distillate Oil
All categories
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
44
44
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Coi merc1al-ResidentIal
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
76
76
NA
77
77
PIA
18
73
PtA
19
79
80
110
13
Nil
R
PU .
74
74
81
75
75
82
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
54
PtA
54
PtA
54
HA
54
HA
5t
P . ,
54
NA
Miscellaneous
Railroad - Coal
-O h
Cole Plants
Vecsels- Oil
Cement Plants
l4hIdffre
69
HA
69
NA
83
NA
69
HA
69
NA
84
NA
69
NA
69
NA
35
PtA
69
NA
69
NA
86
NA
69
NA
69
NA
87
NA
69
NA
69
48
88
117
69
NA
69
48
89
ii?
69
48
69
48
90
111
69
48
69
48
91
117
69
48
69
48
92
117
NA Plot Available.
Note: State consumption estimates for bituminous c al were provided y Husar. These estimates are based o,
state coal consumpt cri reported for 1889 In Report on Mineral Industries In the , ited States at the
Eleventh Census. 1890 , Department of the 1nt iior, Censu . Office, and for 1917, iJ27 and 1951 repó d
1 n MPnerals Yearbook .
29
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TABLE 5. NATIONAL FUEL CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE CATEGORY, 1900-1945
TEAR
Source Category
1900
1905 1910
1915 1920 1925 1930
1935
1940
1945
National Consumption
Bituminous Coal ‘
(1.000 tOns)
Electric Utilities
7,600
14,540
Industrial Boilers
67.200
19.798
101.790
26.527 33.41! 42.541 42,900
30,937
49.126
71,5)0
Comsmrc ial—Re$idential
28.100
44,061 51,582
153,907 161,821 168,8)8 141,830
75,955 19.10) 90,9)1 98.563
114,631
80,442
127,595
84,685
145.001
Anthracite foal b
(1,000 tons)
55.515
75.201 81,110
85.033 85.786 64,061 67,628
51 .100
49.000
51,600
Residual and Distillate Qsl C
(1.000 bbl)
Electric Utilities
NA
U NA
Industrial Boilers
MA
U NA
N I. NA 33.652 26,749
23.647
31 .164
38.289
Comw .ercial.Residential
U
NA NA
NA NP. 118.031 112.816
NA NA 36,835 62,512
111,692
100,414
123.688
191,153
162,457
Natural Gas a
290,892
(106 cu.ft.)
(lectr¼ Utilities
Industrial d
NA
NA
MA NA
NA
PtA 22.000 46.000 120.000
125.239
183,156
326,190
Pipelines
NA
NA MA
4)2,000 512.000 9)6,293 NA
1,227.580
1,893,2)3
3.062.980
Cmmsercial-Residential
NA
MA 169.823
NA NA NA NA
217.203 286.00) 272,146 376,407
NA
310.200
MA
U
Highway Vehicles e,f
831,499
Motor Fuel (1,000 gal)
4
35 227
1,164 4,068 8,749 14,754
16.345
22,001
Mood b
19,149
All uses Combined
(1,000 cords)
100.00
95.000 91,000
87.000 83 .000 79,000 75,000
72,000
70.000
65,003
Other
Railroads
- (1.000 tons) C ala
57.200
91 .760
— (1,000 bbl). OilC
MA
NA NA
129,037 142,719 1I8.’ 5S 101.899
79.790
88.122
128,3)7
Coke Plantta
30.201
41.082 57,841
NA NA 72,218 67,900
55.651
66.260
1)4.119
Vessels -
62,239 75,922 69,860 69.805
50.514
81,384
95,348
• (1.000 bbl) OiIC
NA
NA NA
MA NA 79,288 94.131
74.581
61,824
aReference Mines, Mineral Tearbooks and Geological Survey. Resources of the U.S .
bRefere e 109. p. 508-509.
CReference lOg. p. 113. Includes residual, distillate, and gas oilbut excludes diesel oil and kerosene sold as
range oil.
dincludes petroleum refineries, po—tland cement plants, natural gas lease and plant Operations, and ‘other industrial
uses.’
eReference 54. Includes a 1 l highway use of motor fuel. Does not include exports or Federal purchases for military use.
t For 1900 to 1920. national fuel consumption is estimated on the basis o automobile registrations. Reference 54, p. 23.
-S IS
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Industrial, commercial and residential sources, state coal Consumption
is reported for 1889. 1917, 1927 and 1957. For railroads it Is reported
for 1889, 1917, 1937, 1947 and 1960. The ratio of state to national
consumption for these years was then multiplied by the national consumption
reported for the 1 n 4 ’vening years.
The categories for which this approach could not be used because
national Consumption was not reported are listed below.
a. All fuel oil burning categories, 1900 to 1920
b. Natural gas-fired electric utilities, 1900 to 1915
c. Natural gas-fired industrial, commerical and residential
categorIes, 1900 and 1905
d. Pipelines, 1900 to 1945
These categories either did not exist in some states or were so small
that records were not kept. For this reason, the exclusion of these
categories from the estimations is Considered to make little difference
to the total emission estimates.
2.2 Fuel Suifu. Content
The sou ’ s of state sulfur content data for coal and oil are
identified in Table 6. Sulfur Lontent values vary from one state to
another depending on the quality of the fuel and in recent years on the
state environmental regulations that limit the amo’—t of permissible
sulfur . ontent. It was possible to obtain sulfur content values on the
state level for most source categories beginning with 1965. For the
oil consuming categories, average state sulfur content was derived from
samples of heating oil manufactured by domestic refineries and marketed
in 16 districts across the United States as reported by the Bartlesville
Energy Technology Center. For coal-fired electric utilities, state
values were derived from individual power plant data available from the
Federal Power Comnission. The derivation involved weighting he average
sulfur content of individual power plants by the reported annual fuel
throughput of each plant on the stdte level.
For 1955, average state sulfur content was estimated for each
coal-consuming category from information on the quality, quantity and
distribution of coal. The first step in this procedure involved
LIBRARY
31 us ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVAWS ENVIRONMENTAL RESE CM LAE
200 SW 35TH STREET
CORVALLIS OREGON 97333
-------
TABLE 6. REFERENCES FOR SULFUR CONTENT DATA
YEAR
Source Category
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970 1975
1978
1980
.
Reference
Nu ,er
Bituminous Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
a
107,108
b
95
94 94
94
94
CommercIal -ResIdential
a
a
107.108
107.108
b
b
95
95
100,101 9h ,99
98.43
98.43
Residual Oil
98,99
98,43
98.43
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
b
b
b
b
94 94
94
93
Commercial-Residential
a
a
102
102
103
103
104
104
96 97
96
105
106
Distillate Oil
)7
105
106
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
c
c
c
c
c 94
94
93
Commercial_Residential
a
a
102
102
103
103
104
104
96 Q7
96
105
106
Coke Plants
a
107,108
C
95
1 )O ,101 98. 9
105
98
106
98
6 saae references and data were used as for 1955.
bsame reference and data were used as for 1965.
C5 f jy. content was assumed to b 0.300% on average
for lack of a specific referencu.
32
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tabulating the average sulfur content of the coal by coal seam or coal
field as reported in the Keystone Coal Industry Manual .’ 07 Secondly,
the quantity of coal shipped from each mining district was noted. In
addition, the state of destination and consumer category was noted as
repcrted in the Mineral Yearbook . Then for each state receiving coal
an average sulfur content value could be calculated for each 3ource
category. The same procedure was applied to 1965 to compare the results
with the values reported by the Bureau of Mines. 95 The results were
generally within +10 percent of the reported values with few exceptions,
thus adding some confidence to the 1955 sulfur content estimates. The
sulfur content values used in this study are presented in Volume II,
Appendix A.
2.3 Emission Factors
The emission factors for the stationary sources originated from the
EPA pu hcation entitled, Compilation of Air rollutcint Emission Factors ,
AP-42, Third Edition. ’ 11 This document contains emission factors for
each type of emission source. Periodically, AP-42 is updated to
incorporate new or improved emission test data. The emission factors
used in this study were current to Supplement No. 14 of AP-42.
The emission factors used in this study were specifically derived
to represent the category as a whole. This was done by mathematically
weighting the factors reported in AP-42 for each source type according
to the total quantity of fuel consumed by each source type. The resi’lt-
ing factors are shown in Volume II , Appendix B.
For the higt.iay vehicles category, emission factors were obtained
from the EPA’s MOBILE 2 model.” 2 The factors are based on the yearly
mix of vehicle types, VMT mix, and automobile em ssion controls. These
factors are state-specific and in the case of N0 , take into account
the amount of ur ’n and rural VMT’ and VtIT’s at low and high altitudes
as well as several other assumptions.
3.0 CALCULATION PROCEDURE
For each source category, the annual fuel consumption (FC) was
multiplied by a representative emission factor (EF) for each pollutant.
For SO 2 , the emission factor was scaled by the average sulfur content
CS) of the fuel consumed :y the given category. The calculation
3:
-------
rocedL’.-e can be expressed for most categories by the following
equations.
502 EmiSSIOnS = FCI,J,k x [ EFso 2 x Sj,j,k) (eq. 1)
NOx Emissions = FCjjk x EFno, (eq. 2)
where, I = year
J = sourcA Category
k = state
In the case of coke plants, cement plamts and highway vehicles,
the emission factors varied by state. For the highway vehicles category,
the calculation can be expressed as follows:
Emissionik = VMTI,k X EFI,k (eq. 3)
where, I = year from 1970 to 1980. For earlier years VMT
were estimated for each state from state gasoline
consumption and an assumed fuel efficiency value.
k = state
The resulting estimates represent uncontrolled emissions except for the
highway vehicles category where the emission fdctors account for the
effect of automobile emission controls. For electric utilities and for
sm&ters, the ar ount of SO 2 controlled was subtracted from the calculated
uncontrolled emissions. All other categories, with few exceptions, are
Considered uncontrolled on a historic basis.
The calculation procedure 15 described in the following secticrs
for each source category. Any additional assumptions or computations
are also discussed.
3.1 Electric Utilities
Annual emissio,is for this category are a function of the quantity
0 r fuel burned, fuel quality and controls applied to the fuel-basea
emissions. The quantity of fuels burned implicitly accounts for the
capacity utilization of power plants. The quantity of fuel b.irned was
assumed to be equal to either the quantity distributed, dema’ided, or
sold to power plants whenever actual fuel consumption was rot available
(as is noted in Table 5). This assumption was necessary because it
is unknown how much coal was left over from one year to the next. The
assumption, however, has little effect on the long term trend of emissions.
34
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For the period 1970 to 1980, average state sulfur content was
calculated using . iverage sulfur content values reported for individual
power plants. 93 ’ 94 These values were weighted by the fuel throughput
of Individual plants on the state level. For 1965, the average state
values for coal-fired electric utilities were obtained from the
Minerals Yearbook, 95 and for 1955. were calculated as described In
Section 2.2 of this chapter.
National SO 2 and NO emission factors were used for coal—fired and
for oil-flred power plants. Since the formation of NO is highly
dependent on boiler type and firing configuration, the average emission
factor was based on the reported generating capacity of the various
boiler types, assuming that generating capacity was proportional to fuel
throughput. The boiler types vary depending on the source category.
For example, boiler types used in the electric utility source category
include pulverized coal-fired, cyclone, spreader stoker, and
tangentially_fired and other boiler types. For SO 2 . the enission
factor ror coal-fired power plants was weighted by the quantity of
bituninous and subbituninous coal and lignite burned. This weighting
was based on the information contained in the National Emissions Data
System (NEDS) for the years 1975, 1978 and 1980, and tne generation and
fuel consumption file, Form 4 of the Federal Power Comlnissl)n. 121 The
same national emi .sion factors derived on the basis of recunt fuel
throughput data were used for all states regardless of the actual
boiler population or coal type used In the state. This assumption may
Introduce some error in the emission estimates for some states, but
does not affect the total national emission estimates.
Uncontrolled enussions were calculated usin; equatIons 1 and 2.
The total amount of SO 2 re ,oved by FGD systems in each state, shown in
Table 7, was then subtracted. The first study year during ihich FGD
systems reduced emissions at power plants was 1975, aithougi at some
plants these systems existed as early as 1971.
3.2 Industrial Boilers and Space Heaters
This source category includes all industrial boilers and space
heaters that consumed either bituminous coal, residual and distillate
oil, natural gas or wood. It also includes the operation of oil drilling
equipment and other field or refinery operations.
35
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TABLE 7. P0 4ER PLANT EMISSION REDUcTIONSa
Emission
State 1975
ReductIons (1,000 tons)
1978
1980
Alabama 0 2.2 9.8
Arizona 2.4 5.6 33.7
Colorado 0 0 6.5
Illinois 0 12.9 148.1
Indiana 0 54.7 95.0
Kansas 103.9 68.6 78.1
Kentucky 1.4 36.5 169.7
Minnesota 0 32.4 49.4
Mississippi 0 2.2 12.8
Missouri 7.7 25.1 36.6
Montana 1.4 17.6 20.6
Nevada 5.0 9.5 8.2
New Mexico 0 14.7 42.0
North Dakota 0 10.5 26.3
Ohio 0 89.6 113.6
Pennsyl ania 40.7 213.1 325.9
South Carolina 0 6.5 13.6
Texas 0 64.6 134.5
Tennessee 0 34.0 24.0
Utah 0 4.5 23.3
West Virginia 0 0 5.2
Wyoming 0 0 13.1
All Other States 0 0 0
Total 162.5 704.9 1,390.0
aData extracted from Reference 110 on a plant by plant basis by Charles 0.
Mann, National Air Data Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The
reductions are due to the use of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by at
least one plant in each state. A zero indicates no reduction in the given
year because FCD systems had not become operational.
36
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For the oils, sulfur content was reported by domestic oil marketing
districts. However, the perimeter of a marketing district did not
always border state lines. The states that overlapped two or more
marketing districts were divided according to the state area contained
In each district. The average sulfur content of different oil grades
In each state was then estimated by weighting the reported sulfur
Content by the area of the state In each marketing district.
For bituminous coal, average sulfur Content was derived for 1955
by the method described in Section 2.2 of this chapt?r. For the other
years, an average st:te value was calculated from the sulfur content
reported by district of origin and the reported distribution of coal.
This procedure involved weighting the reported sulfur content values
according to the amount of coal consumed in each state.
National emission factors for the coal and oil-fired components of
this category were established in a manner similar to that of electric
utilities. Emissions were calculated using equations 1 and 2. The
natural gas-fired industrial source category Includes boilers, heaters
and also field sources associated with the production of’ natural gas.
Field sources include auilling, punping and processing operations
which primarily used reciprocating engines and turbines. Field sources
were included under the industrial category because for certaIn years
the fuel consumption of these sources are not provided separately.
This necessitated Including them In this category and applying a weighted
average emission factor to account for their contribution to the NO
emissions. It should be noted that for the years 1970 to 1980 these
sources are included under pipelines, but for earlier years are Included
under natural gas—fired industrial.
3.3 Commercial and Residential Uses
The procedure for this source category was sim ilar to the procedure
for industrial boilers except that the NO emission factor was varied
to accourt for changes in the composition of this category. For 1980,
the NO emission factor represented an average for both the residential
and commercial heater populations, weighted according to the fuel
consumption by each group. For earlier years, the factor was adjusted
to represent a proportionally greater fuel consumption by the residential
37
-------
sector. For 1950 and prior years. the factor alirost entirely represents
the residential sector.
3.4 Anthracite — All Uses
This source category represents all uses of anthracite coal
combined. The SO 2 emissions for each state were calculated using the
following equations.
Emissions = Total Shipments X [ EFso 2 x 0.8] (eq. 4)
where, 0.8 = average sulfur content expressed as
percent weight
EF emission factor for SO 2
UO Emissions Total Shipments X EFno (eq. 5)
Most references report only total shipments of anthracite to each state
and further segre9ation of consumption according to consuming sector was
not possible. An average weighted emission factor was esta l1shed to
represent afl anthracite-consuming sectors combined. In thr case of
anthracite, which originates mostly in Pennsylvania, the cht?mical
composition as mined and as consumed Is relatively constant over time.
thus allowing one factor to be used for all years. An aver ge sulfur
content of 0.8 percent by weight was assumed.
3.5 Pipeline Compression Stations
This source category Includes internal combustion eng1r s and
turbines used to transport natural gas through pipelines by means of
compression. Most compression ..tations are located In the ratural gas
producing states. For the years prior to 1970, lease and natural gas
plant operations are Included in the Industrial category. F r the
years 1970 to 1980, these operations are included In the pip lInes
category. This difference does not, however, affect the tot il em ss1ons
of the two categories combined.
An average emission factor was derived for the catejory by
weighting the factors for natural gas—fired reclorocating enqlnes and
turbines according to the reported fuel consumption of each. Emtssions
were than calculated on the basis of fuel consumption reportid for the
category as a whole.
3.6 I:ighway Vehicles
This source category includes both gasoline and diesel—pt wered vehicles.
Each was treated separately for the purpose of calculating emissions.
38
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3.6.1 GasolIne -powered Vehicle
For 1970 to 1980, emission estimates for gasoline_powered motor
vehicles were based Ofl vehicle-mile tabulations and state—specific
emission factors. Four vehicle categories were Considered: light duty
gasolire vehicles (passenger automobiles), light duty gasoline trucks
(trucks less than 6,000 pounds in weight, and trucks 6,000 to 8,500
pouuds in weight), heavy duty gasoline trucks and buses, and motorcycles.
The NO emission factors were obtained from the MOBIlE 2 model developed
by EPA to calculate emission factors on an annual basis.” 2 The 502
emission factors were taken from AP-42.
To derive the N0 emission factors, assumptions were made regarding
vehicle speeds, ambient temperature, vehIcle miles traveled (VMT) mix
and vehicle mix. These assumptions are shown in Table 8. Only two
average vehicle speeds were used. Greater accuracy can be achieved by
using more than two vehicle speed categories but this would greatly
complicate the emission calculation procedure. The N0 emission factors
were then mathematically weighted to reflect the VMT In low elevation
states, high elevation states and in California. For each state,
separate NO emission factors were derived for urban and rural traffic
and UO, emissions were then calculated using equation 3 for both reported
rural and urban VMT. SO 2 emissions were calculated on the basis of total
WIT.
For 1965 and earlier years, VMT data were not available on the
state level. Instead, emissions were calculated using state fuel
consumption, MOBILE 2 emissIon factors based on reported vehicle mix,
and an average national fuel efficiency values shown in Table 9. The
percentage of urban and rural VMT were assumed to be the same in each
state as for 1970. This is a reasonable assumption considering that on
the national level , the ratio of urban to rural VMT remained about the
same (+5 percent) from 1936 to 1970. It is possible to estimate vehicle
emissions based on state fuel Consumption back to 1°25; the earliest
year of record. Since NO emissions from vehicles were significant in
these early years, vehicle emissions were estimdted on the basis of
vehicle population.
39
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TABLE 8. ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING THE NOx EMISSION
FACTORS FOR HIGHWAY VEHICLES
----------_
Variable Assi.inpt lons
Vehicle Speeds: 19.6 mph for urban roads
45.0 mph for rural roads
Annual Ambient Temperaturea: 57°F for low altitude areas
54°F for high altitude areas
65°F for California
VtiT Same VMT mix by vehicle type for all
areas
Vehicle Mix by tbdel Year: For each study year, the actual
national model year age distribution
Is used based on vehicle registration
records. The same distribution is
used for all areas.
average temperature fo.- individual low elevation states pay vary
considerably from the national average, some error may be introduced
by us1n a national average value. NO emissions for warmer states
w1l be overestimated and emissions for colder states will be
underestimated. These errors, however, are considered to be minor,
compared to only assuming two-vehicle speeds.
40
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TABLE 9. ASSUMED VALUES FOR MILES PER GALLON
Source Federal Highway Administration 54
Year Nationa’ Average Miles Per Gaflon
1965 12.48
1960 12.44
1955 12.60
1950 12.87
1945 13.40
1940 13.83
1935 13.98
pre 1935 14.0
41
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3.6.2 Diesel-Powered Vehicles
for all the Study years, three diesel—powered vehicle categories
were covish1 red: light duty vehicles, light duty trucks, and heavy
duty vehicles. Calculations are based on reported diesel fuel consump-
tion. It was also decided to use an average national emission factor
for SO 2 and one for NO, to simplify the emission calculation procedure.
This Is considered a reasonable approach because the emissions fron
diesel—powered vehicles have been predominantly released by heavy duty
vehicles for which there have been no em1s 1on standards.
3.7 Railroads
This source category is divided into steam-powered locomotiv
burning bituminous coal and diesel-powered locomotives. Ste i engines
using anthracite are included in the anthracite-all uses category
discussed in Section 3.4 of this chapter. For both types of railroad
engines, the reported state fuel consumption was multip’sied by a
national average emission factor for each pollutant using equations I
and 2. On the state level, where there is a mixture of various classes
of railroads, the use of an average emission factor is reasonable.
3.8 Coke Plants
Emissions from coke manufacturing originate from the process of
heating coal in an atmosphere of low oxygen content. About 67 percent
of the total sulfur In the coal charged is emitted by combustion stacks
and about 33 perceut is transferred to the coke oven gas. The SO 2
stack emissions were calculated using equation 1 on the basis of coal
charged at the state level. Average state—level sulfur content of the
coal charged was ohtaind for most of the recent years except for 1955
where it was calculated from individual coke plant data. The state
sulfur content va ’ es are presented in Appendix A of Volume II. This
method accounted for most of the SO 2 emissions from coke plants. The
remaining SO 2 emissions transferred to the coke-oven gas and emitted in
other parts of Stc manufacturing operations, arc accounted for in the
miscellaneous category. NO emissions are comparatively minor, but
were calculated using equation 2. All emissions were assumed to be
uncontrolled for the purposes of this study.
42
-------
3,9 Primary Smelters
This source category is composed of primary copper, zinc and lead
smelters, whose predomi 1 ant emis ions are SO 2 . Estimating emissions
from these sources on the national level is straightforward First
uncontrolled emissions are calculated by multiplying the total national
production of primary slab by the average emission factor obtained from
AP—42. The total SO 2 removed to produce by-product sulfuric acid is
then subtracted from the ulcontrolled emissions to give an estimate of
controlled so 2 emissions.
On the state level, the emission calctalatjon is Complicated by the
fact that state production of primary slab is not reported. Instead,
the Bureau of Mines reports mine production in terms of recoverable
metal for years prior to 1950. This does not necessarily mean that the
recoverable metal reported for a state was smeited in the same state.
Further complications are created by th’ lack of information on a
plant-by-plant basis of by-product sulfuric acid production. Instead,
only the total national quantity of by-product sulfuric icid is reported.
As a result, state emissions for each type of smelter were calculated
individually on the basis of the following assumptions.
1. Mine output is smelted in the same state if the state was
reported to have a primary smelter in operation in the given
study year.
2. If the state was not reported to have a primary smelter, it
was assumed that mine output was smelted in the nearest state
that was reported to h ive a smelter operating.
3. SO 2 used to prod(jce sulfuric acid is proportional to the
estimated smelter state output.
These assumptions applied to the emission estimates for copper
smelters prior to 1950 and for ost zinc smelters and lead smelters
prior to 1960.
For years after 1950, the Bureau of times reports the tonnage
of copper ore concentrate produced by most smelter states. These ton-
nages were multiplied by an emission factor of 2 tons S0 2 /ton concentrate
to yield the estimated so 2 emissions. This method did not yield estimates
for Texas because the quantity of ore concentrate produced there was
43
-------
not reported. For the major copper smelter states of Arizona, Nevada
and Utah, the quantity of emissions for the period from 1950 to 1975
was obtained from a study of eaissions and visibility.’ 22 The Arizona
copper smelter emissions for 1978 and 1980 were taken from smelter
Infomation provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 65
For 1980, state emissions for nonferrous smelters was taken from the
Work Group 38 report.” 3 These estimates also provided a basis for
estimating the emissions for 1975 and 1978 by apportionment of the
total national emissions. The estimates for zinc and lead smelters
after 1960 are based on a study of Individual smelters and national
production figures.” 8 The information used to calculate state—level
emissions for this category is presented in Volume II, Appendix C.
3.10 Vessels
This source category is divided into vessels using either diesel
fuel or residual oil. The category includes all commercial and private
boats and ocean-going vessels that operated in the inner and coastal
waterways of the Contiguous United States. Gasoline- ,owered motorboats
are included under the miscellaneous category.
rhe emissions were Calculated by multiplying the reported state
fuel consumption of each fuel by national average emission factors.
For the years 1950 to 1980, AP—42 emission factors for vessels were
weighted according to the fuel consumed by each class of vessel. For
the earlier years, the factors were weighted mostly by the vessels
using residu 1 oil since this was the predominant fuel. These vessels
were usually large ocean-going vessels compared to diesel-powered
vessels which were smaller vessels or tugboats.
3.11 0ff-Highway Diesel Engines
This category includes the diesel engines used in construction,
logging and road building. The emissions were calculated by multiply-
ing the reported fuel consumption on the state level by emission
factors obtained from NEDS. The emission factors for off-highway
diesel engines represent the category as a whole.
44
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3.12 Cement Plants
E.” Esions of SO 2 and NOx are products of the coal and oil used to
supply heai. or the kiln in the manufacture of portland cement, SO 2 is
also emitted by the ‘aw minerals feed to the kiln which Contains various
amounts of sulfur.
The emissions of both pollutants were calculated on the basis of
the total quantity of portland cement produced in each state. For SO 2 ,
state average emission factors were calculated. These factors represented
the sum of the emission factors for coal and oil combustion and mineral
sources. The coal and oil factors were derived on the basis of the
type of fuel used at each plant and an approximate quantity based on
plant production capacity. For NOR, a national average emission factor
was used. N0 emissions are much less than the 502 emissions from this
industry.
3.13 Wildfires
The wildfires category includes any fire that burned uncontrolled
in protected or in unprotected lands. Statistics on wildfires, such as
the total area of each state burned eacn year are provided by the U.S.
Forest Service, ’ ’ 7 This information is available for all states beginning
In 1940 and for most states since 1925. It is not known whether these
fires were started by natural causes or by man, but are included in
this study anyway. The emissions vary from state to state depending
on the size and type of vegetation of each state.
Emissions were estimated for each study year and state, by using
total area burned and the appropriate emission factors obtained from
AP-42. The factors were state-specific, depending on the fuel loadings
which are a function of the general type of vegetation found in each
region of the country. The wildfire statistics used in this study are
presented in Volume II, Appendix 0. Wildfire statistics indicate a
general decrease in the total area burned in each state over time,
partly as a result of fire prevention programs of the past 40 years.
The statistics generally indicate that prior to 1940, total area burned
in each state was higher than in more recent years. The same states
consistently had the highest number of acres burned. On this basis, It
was assumed that the 1925 statistics were representative of the earlier
years.
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TABLE 10. MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Pulp and paper
Petroleum Refineries
Iron and steel manufacture (sintering, open ‘iearth, roll and finish)
Primary aluminum
Secondary lead (reverberatory and blast furnaces)
Glass manufacturing
Chemicals manufacturing (sulfuric acid, carbon black, petrochemicals,
ammonia, nitric acid, TNT)
TABLE 11. MISCELLANEOUS OTHER SOURCES
Aircraft
Vessels (gasoline powered and
Miscellaneous off—highway gasol me
Fuel combustion (LPG, coke-oven
gas, bagasse)
Solid waste disposal
Agricultural burning
Coal refuse burning
Prescribed burning
46
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3.14 Miscellaneous
This categor ’ Consists of two groups, a) miscellaneous industrial
processes, and b) miscellaneous other sources not included in the
preceding categories. The procedures used to estimate the emissions of
both pollutants on the state level for each gro ip are described below.
3.14.1 MIscellaneous Industrial Processes
The Industrial processes Contained in this category are listed in
Table 10. Generally, these processes account for a small percentage
of the total emissions of SO 2 and N3 in each state. They are too large
in nignber to be able to reasonably account for each one separately and
are treated as a group for the purposes o this study.
First, total state emissions of this group were obtained from the
National Emissions Data System for 1980. Then, the 1980 state emissions
were adjusted by a national growth factor. (Th factor was obtained by
dIv 4 dlng the national emission estimates for each study year by the
estimate for 1980. The emissions for study years not reported by the EPA,
were estimated by linear interpolation.) For study years prior to
1940, State emissions were estimated by adjusting the state emissions
estimated for 1940, by growth factors based on national resident
Populdtiofl. This approach is considered reasonable since industrial
production is generally proportional to overall population. A more
refined approach would require historic production figures for each
type of process. However, this information was not available on the
state level.
3.14.2 Miscellaneous Other
The individual sources contained in this part are listed in Table 11.
The total national emissions of SO 2 and NO for each of these sources
was obtained from the National Emission Data System for 1980, regarded
as the most reliable source for this information. 121 These estimates
were then apportioned to the state level by population for the base year
1980. The calculation procedure is outlined below.
1. State population was estimated for each study year from
population census data available every tenth year by state and
nationally using the following equation:
47
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S•÷ (sj . 10 — S 1 , Nj+j - N 1 + s 1 (eq. 6)
- Nj
where, S = state population
N = national population
I = census year (1900, 1910, 1920, ... 1970)
j = 5, for the year between two census years, and 8
for 1978
2. Growth factors were derived by dividing the estimated state
population for each year by the state population in 1978.
3. Emissions were calculated by multiplying the state growth
actor by the 1978 national emissions for this group.
These state estimates were added to the estima . for miscellaneous
Industrial processes and the totals for each state a 1 e shown In volume II.
4.0 FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS
The historic emission estimates may be improved by improving the
fuel consumption, sulfur content and emission factor data bases. Specific
improvements that would affect the overall quality of the estimates are
described below for each of these variables.
4.1 Fuel Consumption
The fuel consumption data base can be improved by includirg state
consumption data for the years prior to 1950. Presently some fuel
consumption data are not available for these years. This improvement
requires additional research of historic statistics for certain cate-
gories and the use of indirect methods for calculating fuel consumption.
For example, vehicle emissions prior to 1925 could be estimated
from the number of registered vehicles or from automobile sales figures.
However, such indirect meth is are not necessarily as reliable as
the present method since these would inherently require additional
assumptions. For the years prior to 1960, additional improvement would
involve adjusting the reported fuel sales, demand, distribution or
shipments to more accurately reflect actual Consumption. These adjust-
ments would require techniques sirr.ilar to those used by the Energy
Statistics Branch of the U.S. Department of Energy. This agency has
adjusted similar data for the time period between 1960 and 1980.
48
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4.2 Sulfur Content
The SO 2 estimates for the coal and oil-fired source categories can
be Improved for the years prior to 1950 by using specific sulfur content
values instead of assuming a constant 1955 value. This improvement
requires further Study of historic fuel distribution patterns, fuel
propertI s and consumption during the first half of the century. Based
on extensive research during this study, such Information is very limited 1
It Is unlikely th-at further research would provide more definitive data
on sulfur content at the state level .
In this study, sulfur content values of heating oils are represen-
tative of domestic refined petroleum. However, imported heating oil is
a major component of total oil consumption In many states, particularly
in the east. Recently, a report by the U.S. Bureau of Mines has been
obtained that may provide useful infornation on the sulfur content of
imported oil around 1970.123 ThIs report gives the quartity of oil by
sulfur content ranges and port of entry around 1970. but does not give
distribution patterns. The final link to end—use categories and states
will require further research and more as umpt ions, but ,ould provide a
more precise estimate of sulfur content than is presentl( available.
4.3 Emission Factors
The emission estimates ca- be further improved by using state—
specific emission factors instead of national factors. This Improvement
requires that information on the dist’ibution of various fuels at the statci
level going to the different source types comprising a suurce category
be located. Average state emission factors can then be calculated from
the fuel distribution data and from the emission factors reported for
individual sources in AP-42. This improvement w. uld affect the estimates
for states where the source distribution significantly deviates from
the national distribution. Usually, these are the states with the
fewest emission sources.
5.0 QUALITY CONTROL
Control over the quality of the emission estimates wis maintained
by ensuring that no errors were made during lata compilation and that
the data bases agreed with other available data. Transcription errors
in the fuei consumption data base were located by comparing the total
of all state Consumption as entered into the data file to the reported
49
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national consumption. The continuity of the consumption data and the
emission estimates were checked from one Study year to the next for each
state. Any Irregular numbers or discontinujtjes were checked against
the references. Another check involved comparing the total national
emissions generated by this study to the historic national ota s
estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ’ ’ 5 This check
helped identify errors in the calculation procedure and in the categori-
zation of emission sources and helped ensure the Integrity of the data
file.
5.1 Comparison with Other Emission Estimates
The aggregated state emissions derived by this study were compared
to the national total emissions reported by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970 and yearly since
1970.115 The total state emissions of the electric utility category were
compared to the totals estimated by Pechan, et. al. for 1975, 1)78 and
1980.119 The State totals of all categories were compared to the state
totals obtained from the NAPAP emission inventory for 1980.122 These
comparisons provide some indication of the precision of the estimates
associated with different methods or different approaches. Each
comparison is described below.
5.1.1 National Comparison, 1940 to 1980
Table 12 compares the results of this study with the EPA national
emission estimates for major source categories. The estimates are
similar, but are not identical due to differences inherer 1 t in method-
ologies and differenc-.es created by the additional assumptions required
for state-level estiriate ,, as described in this report. Other
differences stem from numerical round-off and differences in calculation
procedures. For example, the EPA national estimates were obtained by
applying an emission factor to the sum of state-level fuel consumptiop
as is illustrated by the following equation.
National Emissions = (a + b + c + . . • .) x EF 3 (eq. 7)
where, a, b, c ... = fuel consumption by each state
by a source category
EF = emission factor
3 = source category
50
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TABLE 12. COMPARISON BETWEEN AGGREGATED STATE TOTALS AN EPA NATIONAL ESTIMATES
NOTE : Numbers in brackets are EPA National Totalsa
s aru oxio nissz , (1.000 ro!s)
Major Source Cateqory 1940
Electric Utilities 2,384.
(2.425.)
lndu trI*l 6.690.
(6.063.)
C erIcaj Residential 3.241.
(3.638.)
Hlghwiy Vehicles 53.
b
All Others 7.566.
(7.826.)
Total 20.519.
(19.952.)
P,rc nt Difference, -2.8%
YEAR
1950 1960 1970 J 1975 1978 :980
4.526. 9.250. 17.692. 19.489. 17.261. 17.986.
(4.519.) (9.259.) (17.417.) (18.298.) (17.417.) (17.086.)
3.811. 3.569. 3.348. 1,995. 2.465. 1.314.
(5.732.) (3,858.) (4,521.) (2.976.; (2.976.) (2.M6.)
2.873. 2.096. 1.933. 1.343. 1.239. 926.
(3.968.) (2.315.) (1, 43.) (1.103.) (1.213.) (992.)
101. 144. 298. 366. 456. 480.
(110.) (110.) (331.) (331.) (441.) (441.)
9.882. 7.210. 8.679. 6.575. 6.060. 6.491.
(8.158.) (6.614.) (7,4g ) (5.621.) (5.070.) (4.519.)
21.203. 22.269. 31.946. 29,520. 27.249. 27,177.
(22.487.) (22.156.) (31.306.) (28,329.) (27.117.) (25.684.)
-0.5% -2.0% .4.2% -0.5% -5.8%
•1Th0611 OXiDE EMISSIONs (1.000 tons)
YEAR
Major Source Category J 1940 1950 1960 1970 1975 1978 1980
Electric UtiIitfe 646. 1.31?. 2.580, 5,1C9. 6,257. 6.742. 7,924.
661 .) (1.323.; (2.535.) (4.960.) (5.732.) (6.50.4.) (7.055.)
Industrial plus pipelInes 2.210. 2.82!. 4.227. 4.265. 3.724. 4.152. 3 494 .
(2,425.) (3.197.) (4.079.) (4.299.) (3.748.) (1.079.) (3.307.)
Connsercial..pes,defltial 259.C 613.C 688.C 831. 748. 769. 713.
(551.) (661.) (772.) (77’.) (772.) (772.) (772.) I
Highway Vehicles 1.345. 2.286. 3.469. 6.206. 7.351 8.055. 7.656.
(I . 33 .) (2.205.) (3.858.) (6.614.) (7.937.1 (8.598.) (8.377.)
All Others 3,098.d 3.275. 2.646. 2.803. 2.389. 2.697. 2.471.
(2.3:5.) (2 .7 5s,) (2.755.) (3.307.) (2.975.) (3.416.) (3.307.)
Total 7.558. 10.309. 13.610. 19.402. 20.501. 22.414. I 22.259.
(7.385.) (10.141.) (13.999.) (19.952.) (21.164.) (23.36g . J (zz.ai .j
Percent Dlfferencee -2.3% •1.61 •2.8% .3.1% 4.1I .2.41
I I
aihe CPA national totals Include Alaska and Haaif. The estleates are reported In Reference us and are report in
unitt of teragrans/,e.r signIficant to 0.1 teragrans/y ar These units re cor.erted to units a’ 1.000 tOns by
nultiplying by 1.1023 z 103. but are 1 gnificant only to 10C.000 toni.
b
Reported as 0.0 teragrass Thu Converts to l si than 55.000 tons.
csigniticant differences Occur because In this Study enlssion factors varied as a function of tine to reflect the
predoninance of residential sources In the earl ler part f the Century while CPA eStIaIe are based on the same
average factor for all year.
80.000 tons fr wood all uses category. or subsequent years, thit category is subdivided and enission 5
are included under the first three .tajor categ3ries listed.
‘Calculated as fallows EP A hational Total - Study Total • 100
Study T ij1
51
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In this study the total national emissions were derived by
aggregating individual state emissions as is Illustrated below:
National Emissions = (a x EFJ) + (b x EFJ) + Cc x EFj) + ... (eq. 8)
These two methods can yield slightly different values due to
numerical round-off. Theoretically, the methods cat. result in as
much as a 2.5 percent difference in the national estimates from round-
off alone when the state—level emissions calculated In equation 8 are
rounded to the nearest 1,000 tons. The total SO 2 emissions estimated
by this Study are wIthin 5.8 percen of the EPA estimates for all years
compared and the total NO emission estimates are within 4.1 percent.
5.1.2 Comparison of Electric UtilitIes, 1975 to i980
Table 13 compares the state SO 2 emission estimates of this study
with those of Pechan, et. al. for coal-fired electric utilities for
comparable years. The principal difference between the two sets of
estimates lies In the level of detail. Pechan, et. al. estimated the
SO 2 emissions after ccntrols on a plant-by-plant basis and iggregated
the plant emissions to the state level. Their estimates were based on
the average quality of all types of coal combined at the po r plant
level. In this study the same basic data on fuel consumptici and fuel
quality were used, but the estimates were based on the avera e quality
of bituminous coal. This approach was necessary because on a historic
basis individual plant data on fuel quality are generally not available.
Diiferences in the sulfur content values used by each study nay also
account for some difference, but Is estimated to be less than about
2.0 percent on the state level. Additional differences may occur due
to different numerical round-off and calculation procedures. On the
state level , the estimates are close, but on a percentage ba .ls they
are higher for states with the lowest emissions or fewer pow r plants.
For all states combined, the SO 2 emissions estimated by this study are
within 8.4 percent of the estimates by Pechan, et. al. for coal-fired
electric utilities.
Table 14 compares the SO 2 emissions for oil-fired electric po ;er
plants. Pechan also estimated these on a plant-by—plant basis after
controls, but applied one emission factor to the total amount of oil
burned. In this study, emissions were calculated separately for residual
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TABLE 13. COMPARISON BETWEEN COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY SO 2
EMISSIONS OF THIS STUDY AND THOSE OF PECHAN, et. al.
SO 2 Emissions (1000 tons)
YE AR
State 1975 1978 1980
___________________ This Studyl I’echan This Studyl This StudylPechan
Alabama 884.6 734.9 491.2 528.1 560.2 542.4
Arizona 31.6 35.3 55.4 47.3 81.0 82.8
Arkansas 0.0 0.0 13.2 5.9 25.1 10.6
CalIfornia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Colorado 51.8 56.0 79.2 74.8 92.9 76.2
Connecticut o.o 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0
Delaware 13.3 43.5 15.3 30.4 34.0 31.9
District of Columbia 3.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Florida 199.4 299.2 192.8 68.9 296.7 361.9
GeorgIa 537.6 439.7 556.6 580.1 704.5 730.4
Idaho 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
IllinoIs 1,752.8 1,403.2 1,275.2 1,262.6 1,161.8 1,093.8
IndIana 1,598.1 1,462.5 1,321.3 1,346.1 1,643.4 1,537.2
Iowa 212.8 185.5 288.1 262.6 231.6 230.7
Kansas 122.0 83.4 155.3 143.6 221.7 147.6
Kentucky 1,276.7 1,360.4 1,243.4 1,209.8 1,052.1 1,006.8
LouisIana 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 24.2 0.0
MaIne 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Maryland 130.0 120.7 132.9 137.8 211.9 1e4.6
Massachusetts 4.8 12.2 0.0 0.0 7.1 14.9
Michigan 1,030.5 973.7 762.9 759.4 583.2 540.9
MInnesota 192.2 199.1 135.4 181.3 121.2 174.8
MississIppi 50.8 71.7 73.1 67.0 101 3 84.6
MissourI 1,066.9 1,073.6 1,040.2 1,009.0 1,u99.4 1,138.6
Montana 14.9 13.2 22.1 21.8 30.7 23.2
Nebraska 25.6 21.9 44.2 34.0 49.7 48.5
Nevada 30.5 29.7 31.0 32.1 39.1 33.4
New Hampshire 48.1 45.3 33.3 32.3 46.4 52.3
New Jersey 86.0 78.4 62.6 70.7 88.0 78.6
New Mexico 82.8 73.7 99.3 80.7 112.2 83.7
New York 249.8 2..5.4 211.3 204.8 210.9 225.8
North Carolina 437.2 373.4 415.6 391.0 429.7 433.5
North Dakota 46.9 41.5 70.9 71.6 93.2 82.3
Onlo 2,649.9 2,703.0 a,253.9 2.449.9 2,344.6 2,163.2
Oklahoma 0.0 0.0 10.1 12.7 59.3 37.4
Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 11.9 2.9
Pennsylvania 1,418.8 1,418.6 1,089.5 1,267.5 1,377.6 1,417.0
Rhode Island o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
South Carolina 114.6 108.9 156.8 155.8 190.2 196.6
South Dakota 32.0 20.9 46.4 31.8 38.2 28.4
Ten. essee 1,J49.3 1,027.2 891.8 1,021.0 1,002.6 932.3
Texas 75.2 81.4 174.2 167.6 294.3 297.2
Utah 19.5 19.6 25.4 29.8 27.6 21.8
Vermont 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3
Virginia 64.8 62.7 88.6 79.6 94.9 95.7
Washington 37.0 34.8 89.9 69.8 81.2 68.2
West Virginia 1,299.8 1,029.5 1,091.2 894.0 1,059.1 942.0
WIsconsin 552.5 464.8 588.0 468.4 522.9 483.6
Wyoming 76.3 58.9 113.5 95.6 167.6 120.4
Total 17,871.0 16,489.4 15,441.1 15,597.7 16,625.2 15,859.1
Percent Differencea - 8.4k +10% - 4.8%
Calculated as fc.,llows: Pechan s Total - Study Total x 100
Study Total
53
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TABLE 14. COMPARISON BETWEEN OIL-FIRED ELECTRIC UTILITY SO 2
EMISSIONS OF THIS STUDY AND THOSE OF PECHAN, et. al.
SO 2 EmIssions (1000 tons)
- YEAR
State 1975 1978 1980
____________________ This Studyl Pechan T s Studyl Pechan This Studyf Pechan
Alabama 0.3 1.0 0.5 2.5 0.1 0.7
Arizona 16.5 17.1 8.7 12.2 3.7 4.7
Arkansa! 16.0 16.7 50.8 53.1 13.1 16.0
California 113.9 123.2 80.1 107.5 84.8 77.7
Colorado 4.3 3.2 1.3 1.8 0.4 1.3
Connecticut 32.0 32.1 25.8 25.5 29.4 32.1
Delaware 20.9 18.5 21.0 25.2 20.5 20.6
District of Colc,nbi. 6.5 5.5 4.7 10.4 1.9 4.6
Florida 375.0 357.2 321.3 326.2 353.7 364.0
Georgia 26.4 24.4 33.8 36.1 1.2 6.3
Idaho O 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
IllInois 26.5 20.4 30.8 30.2 29.2 31.8
IndIana 2.1 1.3 4.4 5.1 0.9 2.4
Iowa 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 O.U 0.6
kansas 15.3 17.2 14.1 15.7 0.1 2.5
kentt , .ky 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8
LouIsiana 12.6 11.8 59.2 63.7 15.5 24.7
MaIne 20.4 20.1 8.9 8.7 14.3 16.3
Mary’and 75.5 70.1 81.4 82.7 33.7 38.6
Massachusetts 98.8 97.4 257.. 258.9 262.0 260.6
MIchigan 40.1 37.9 47.3 47.5 20.6 24.4
Minnesota 9.5 6.5 7.7 8.9 1.4 2.5
MississIppi 63.9 60.9 141.2 141.7 36.4 44.5
Missouri 5.1 2.0 5.4 4.6 0.6 2.0
Montana 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2
Nebrr ka 2.5 1.8 4.2 3.9 0.2 1.0
Nevada 3.5 3.0 6.1 6.5 6.1 6.1
‘ ew Hampshire 14.9 14.0 17.8 20.0 26.5 28.1
New Jersey - 32.0 29.1 39.9 44.6 19.2 31.7
New Mexico 2.5 2.5 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.9
New York 333.4 312.6 284.3 315.2 255.5 290.7
North Carolind 0.4 0.5 4.3 5.4 0.3 0.3
‘forth Dakota 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2
Ohio 11.9 7.3 12.0 12.6 1.6 8.3
Ok1a oma 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2
Oregon 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4
PennsylvanIa 21.4 17.3 55.(., 55.2 38.1 49.1
Rhode Island 5.2 4.1 3.8 3.4 4.2 5.2
South Carolifla 28.8 30.7 34.9 37.0 12.6 16.5
South Dakota 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.2
Tennessee 1.7 3.0 4.6 12.1 0.4 1.4
Texas 9.5 3.0 8.0 11.7 2.9 5.2
Utah 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
Vennont 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2
Virginia 157.9 146.4 134.5 144.3 64.4 67.9
Washington o.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.2
West Virginia 0.6 0.3 1.4 1.5 0.6 2.3
Wiscor ’sin 3.4 3.0 1.9 3.2 0.5 2.1
Wyoming 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4
Total 1,616.5 1,525.9 1,820.8 1.948.3 1,359.3 1,465.0
Percent Differencea - 5.9% _____________________ +7.2%
Calculated as follows. Pechan’s Total — Stud y Total x 100
St ) Total
54
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TABLE 15. COMPAPISON OF TOT 1 AL STATE SC 2 AND NO EMISSIONS OF THIS STUDY
a’ND THE NAPAP EMISSION INVENTORY FOR 1980
tmiisions (1000 tons)
State ‘ 07 No _________
___________________ This Study III DRfl this 5tuay HAPAP
Alabama 788. 850. 509. 525.
Arizona 793. 844 326. 294.
Arkansas 88. 89. 222. 232.
Califorria 574. 533. 1.404. 1.323.’
Colorado 150. 134. 310. 292.
Connecticut 6. 69. 142. 143.
Delaware ioi. 127. 60. 69.
Dttrict of Colurbla 6. 17. 22. 27.
Florida 997. 1,202. 702. 629.
Georgia 818. 877. 560. 587.
Idaho 28. 55. 111. 90.
Illinois 1.579. 1.459. 1,017. 1.llB.b
Indiana 2,076. 1.880. 857. 860.
Iowa 338. 390. 312. 349.
kansa S 281. 231. 449. 592.C
kentucky 1.184. 1.158. 566. 604.
Louisiana 415. 501. 880. 821.
Maine 66. 133. 62. 64.
Maryland 359. 296. 284. 278.
Massachusetts 346. 352. 267. 272.
M1chi n 905. 878. 127. 746.
Minnesota 187. 263. 309. 456.d
Mississippi 264. 306. 276. 295.
MIssouri 1,283. 1.297. 541. 607.
Montana 163. 168. 130. 129.
Nebraska z. ?7. 172. 21C,.
Nevada 220. 146. 110. 123.
New Hampshire 87. 107. 55. 60.
New Jersey 329. 303. 411. 43 .
New Mexico 284. 58. 327. 301.
New York 934. 864. 109. 748.
North Carolina 583. 653. 560. 570.
North Dakota 121. 114. 141.
Ohio 2,R14. 2.705. 1,181. 1,219.
Oklahoma 147. 102. 486. 462.
Oregon 61. 55. 202. 227.
Pennsylv ,nia 2.011. 1,851. 1.172. I 1,082.
Rhode Island 13. 14. 36. 36.
South Carolina 304. 342. 271. 302.
$out’ Dakota 47. 41. 78. 77.
Tennessee 1,177. 1,134. 581. 573,
Texas 1.312. 1,341. 2,549. 3.4 8 6.C.
Utah 114. 116. 175. 175.
Vermont 7. 10. 25. 44.
Virginia 313. 385. 411. 411.
Washi’gton 280. 325. 298. 350.
West Virginia 1,205. 1,104. 500. 473.
Wisconsin b77. 688. 438. 426.
Wyoming 243. 249. 327. 299.
Total
Percent Differencee
27,196. 27 , 11.
22,260. 23,667.
aihe difference in total NOx euisslons stems mostly from the transportation categories.
bThe higher value reported by NAPAP is due to a prep3nderance of p0 —ar plants w th
higher elaissioli factors.
COata in the NAPAP emission inventory that was obtained f—om WEDS are not consistent
with the national overage emission fa:.or used in this study.
4 The difference in total NO emisslors cte . ’is mostly fi-os the l:trlc utl’ities category.
This study assi ed that if coal cons . ed by this catcgory In Minnesota. Worth Dakota,
and Texas, while in reality it is a mixture.
ecalculated as foll vs: UAPAP Total — Study Total ioo
Study Total
55
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and distillate oil. On the state le”el, the estimates of both studies
are in general agreement and overall re wIthin 7.2 percent far all
three years that were compared.
5.1.3 Comparison with the 1980 NAPAP Emission Inventory
Table 15 compares the state total emissions estimated by this
Study for 1980 with the results of the NAPAP emission inventory. It
should be noted that the methodologies to derive each data base are not
comparable. NAPAP Is based on a bottom_upa approac.h where point and
area sources are inventoried on an Individual source basis, while this
study was based on a Dtop_downu approach where generalizations are made
regarding broad categories of sources. The NAP.tP data base for 1980
represents the most detailed dccount of sources ar.d emissions available
to date. It is expected to undergo f arther refinement .ind imprc.vements
In the future. Considering the fun’lamental differences In methodology,
It Is interesting to note the general similarity in the total state
emissions. For all states combined, the percentage difference was 0.3
percent for SO 2 and 5.9 percent for NO, . Major differences in total
state UO emissions are explained In footnotes to Table 15.
5.2 Probable Error of Estimates
These comparisons give on indication of the precision of the esti-
mates derived by Independent studies using various nethodologles,
calculation procedures and assumptions. The comparisons do not give an
indication of accuracy because this would require knowing the actual
emission’ . This is impossible to determine on the state and national
levels &r even at a smaller scale and, therefore, estimating procedures
are requlr’?d.
The comparisons indicate that the results of this study are similar
to those of more detailed studies for the recent years. The uncerta nty
of the estimates may be determined by computing the probable error of
the estimates. Such an analysis Is planned for the NAPAP Inventory nd
the results may provide a basis for estimating the uncertainty of the
historic emission estimates for 1980. Once the uncertainty of the 1930
estimates is known, the uncertainty for earlier years can be estimated
by assigning unc rta1nty bounds to each assi ption introduced over time.
56
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6.0 AVAILABILITy OF DATA ON COMPUTER TAPE
Afl emission estimates resulting from this study are available on
c3mputer tape. These estimates are presented on tape In the same format
as they are presented In Volume II. The data tape contains the annual
fuel consumpt ion of each state presented by source category and study
year. It also contains the average sulfur content values and emission
factors used and also shown- in Volume II. In addition, the tape
contains all SO 2 and NO emission estimates for each state by source
category and by study year. It also contains special data files
such as the smelter emissions, wildfires arid miscellaneous category
from 1900 to 1980 which were calculated separately.
57
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CHAPTER III
METHOD OF ESTIMATING YEARLY EMISSIONS
1.0 POSSIBLE APPROACHES
Emission estimates for every fifth year may be adequate for most
studies requiring only a general indication of emission trends. However,
for studies of material damage and aquatic and biological effects, yearly
estimates may be needed. To provide yearly estimates of total state emissions
one of two approaches may be used. Each has advantages and li nitations.
One approach involves proportioning the emissions derived in this
study for every fifth year by major fuel type to the intervening years
on the basis of the change in the national consumption of the fuel.
For example, if the national fuel consumption of coal increased 1 then
the state level emissions attributed to coal will increase by a proportionate
amount. A more refined version of this approach involves Proportioning
on the basis of fuel consumed by each individual source category.
However, historic fuel Consumption data are not available for all
source categories so this approach would provide incomplete results.
The other approach involves applying the methodology as described
in Chapter II to the intervening years. This approach would produce
the best results because it incorporates actual fuel consumption and
sulfur content on the state level to the greatest extent possible.
However, this approach is more complicated and would best be used only
after improvements have been made to the existing methodology regarding
emission factors and sulfur content values as described in the previous
chapter. This approach would be most appropriate for the time period
1960 to 1980, for which annual fuel consumption data are available for
most source categories on the state level from State Energy Data
Report s . 59 For years prior to 1950, this approach may be limited to
the availability of information on certain source categories.
In order to provide yearly emission estimates on the state level
in this Study, the first approach was selecte 1. It provided a reasonable
alternative pending further improvements to the preser 1 c version of the
emissions data base.
58
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2.0 INTERPOLATION PROCEDURE
The basic interpolation procedure is based on the following
- assumed proportion.
SE I+k+1 — SE 1 +k NEI+k+l — NEI+k (eq. 9)
SE I+5 — SEI+k NEi+s — NEj
where 1 SE = state emissions of each fuel type category
NE = national energy Consumption
I = Study year (I.e., 1900, 1905, . . ., 1975)
k = Integer (0, 1, 2, or 3) to re .resent each Intervening
yea r.
Solving this relationship for SEI+k+l, yields the following equation.
SEj+k+1 (SE 1 + 5 SEi+k) NEi÷k+l — NEj+ + SEI+k (eq. 10)
NEj 5 —
This equation is based on the ratio of changes in the national
fuel consumption to changes in the state level emissions by fuel type
category on a year-by-year basis. For example, state emissions for
1942 (i = )940, k = 1) are calculated using the national and state data
for 1945 and 1941 and the national data for 1942. The calculathin
procedure begins with 1901 and the results for 1901 are then used for
estimating 1902 and so on. For each year, the equation was applied to
each major fuel type category; bituminous coal, antn—acite, distillate
and residual oil (combined), natural gas, wood, and gasoline and diesel
fuel combined. The state emission values (SE) for each category were
obtained from Volume II, Section 4.0. The national energy consumption
(NE) by fuel type was obtained for each year from 1900 to 1980 from
various references. The fuel data and the references are presented in
Appendix A.
The equation produces reasonable results except in a few cases
when the national fuel consumption either increased or decreased by a
large amount from one year to the next, or over the time period
reflected in the denominator of the equation. These special situations,
which result in anomalies, occur in 1912 and 1913 when the national
consumption of bituminous coal increased and in 1971 when it decreased
sharply, and in 1931, 1932, and 1933 when the consumption of natural
59
-------
gas decreased. In these cases, the emissions of the affected category
were estimated using the method of linear interpolation described below.
Annual emissions of the categories not included in the above
procedure, were estimated using linear interpolation. These categories
included smelters, cement ilants, wildfires, miscellaneous Industrial
processes and miscellaneous othe-. The emissions of these categories
were added for each state and the following equation was applied to
their sum:
SEj+ SE 1 + (SE I+ 5 SE 1 ) x j 4 5 (eq. 10)
where, SE = total state emissions of these other categories
I = study year
j = integer (1, 2, 3 or 4) to represent each Intervening
year.
The interpolated emission estimates for each major category were
then added to yield total state emission estimates for each consecutive
year.
3.0 TOTAL AI4WAL STATE EMISSION ESTIMATES
The total state emissions for each study year and the intervening
years are plotted in Figure 9 and are present6d in numerical form for
each state in Appendix A. It should be remembered that the emissions
for each study year were derived by aggregating estimates for Individual
source categories. The emissions for the intervening years were Inter-
polated using the procedure described in the previous ;ection. The
resulting numbers which are also displayed in Appendix A are available
on computer tape.
60
-------
\ —
-, f_;-
_____
C ,)
z
0
I-
U
4
U)
3
0
I
I-.
C /)
z
0
U)
U)
U
28•
26 -
24
22
20- to’
18- /
16
14
I.
O.
8-
6
4
2 ,,n, 1 . .n, III ;,, I.
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 h)70 1980
Figure 9. Annual SO 2 and NO emissions of the conterminous
United States: i 6o to 1980. ( Dots represent the
result of the methodology described in Chapter II
for every fifth year and 1978. For the other years,
the interpolation procedure is described in Chapter
III.
32 T
30’
—
I.
61
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTERS II and III
33. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Census. Minerals Yearbook,
1955. Washington, D.C. , Government Printing Office.
34. Reference 33, 195].
35. Reference 33, 1970.
36. Reference 33, 1975.
37. Reference 33, 1950.
38. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Census. Mineral
Industry Survey, Natural Gas Production and Consumption. Washington
D.C., Government Printin; Office, 1970 and 1975.
39. Reference 38, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene.
40. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Supply and Demand
for Energy in the United States by States and Regions, 1960 and
1965, Information Circular 8401.
41. Reference 40, Petroleum and Natural Gas Liquids.
42. Reference 40, Coal.
43. U.S. DepartmeDt of Energy. Energy Data Report, Bitumincus and
Subbjtunijnous Coal and Lignite DIstribution_Calendar year 1978.
DOE/EIA-0125(4Q7 8 ) Washington, D.C., April 1979.
44. U.s. Department of Energy. Energy Data Report, Sale of Fuel Oil
and Kerosene in 1978. DOE/EIA_0113(8), Washington, D.C., November 1979.
45. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Data Report, Natural Gas
Production and Consumption in 1978. DOE/EIA—0131(73), Washington,
D.C., October 1979.
46. National Coal Association. Steam Electric Plant Fuel Consumption
and Costs. Washington, D.C., 1950.
47. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bure,.j of Census. u.s. Census of
Mineral Industries: 1954 Vol. 1, Summary and Industry Statistics.
Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1958.
48. AmerIcan Petroleum Institute. Petroleum Facts and Figures, U.S.
Sales of Distillate Oils by State, 1937 to 1969. Washington, D.C.
49. Reference 48, U.S. Sales of Residual Oils by State, 1937 to 1969.
50. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway ?tdministration
Highway Statistics. Washington, D.C., 1970.
62
-------
51. Reference 50, 1976.
52. Reference 50, 1978.
53. Reference 50, 1980.
54. U.S. Departin t of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.
Highway Statistics Sumir.ary to 1965. Washington, D.C., tlarch 1967.
55. Reference 46, 1955.
56. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Data Report, Deliveries of Fuel
Oil and Kerosene in 1980. DOE/EIA_0113( 80 ), Washington, D.C.,
February 1982.
57. U.S. Department of Energy. Natural Gas Annual 1980. DOE/EM-
0131(80), Washington, D.C., Starch 1980.
58. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Data Report, Coal Distribution
January_Dec ber 1°80. DOE/EIA_ 0125( 80 / 4 Q), Washington, D.C.,
April 1981.
59. U.S. Department of Energy. State Energy Data Rejort - 1960 through
1980. D0E/EIA.O214 8O), WàShlflgtO , D.C., July 1982.
60. U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Data Report, Coal_Pennsylvania
Anthracite 1978. DOE/EIA —0119(7 8 ), Washington, D.C., October 1980.
61. Reference 33, Coke and Coal Chemicals, 1950.
62. Reference 33, Coke and Coal Chemicals, 1955.
63. Reference 33, Consumption of Bituminous Coal and Lgnite by Consumer
Class, with Retail Deliveries in the United States 1933—60.
p. 454, 1960.
64. U.S. Department of Energy. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption
from 1949 to 1931. DOE/EJA_ 0341, Washington, D.C., August 1982.
65. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Internal Memorandum from
Roy A. RathLurn to John Pratapus, December 21, 1981, Data provided
by Reylons in re;ponse to requests for irsformation from Senator
Stafford and Congressman Waxnian.
66. Reference 33, Cement portlafld Cement Production Cajacity and Stocks in
the U.S. by District, Annual 1950—1980.
67. 1976 Keystone Coal Industry Manual. Charles H. Daly (Publisher).
McGraw Hill Mining Putlicat ons, New York, NY.
68. Reference 33, 1965.
69. Data providej by Dr. Rudolf B. Husar, Center for Air Pollution
Impact and Trends Analysis, lashlngton University, st. Louis, MO.
63
-------
70. U.s. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Resources of the United States
1915, Anthracite. Washington 1 D.C.
71. Reference 70, 1941.
72. Reference 70, 1945.
73. U.s. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Resources of the United States
1930. Domestic_Industrial Consumption of Natural Gas. p. 466-475.
74. Reference 73, 1941, P. 1143—1144.
75. Reference 73, 1946. p. 832.
76. U.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Resources of the United States 1910.
Part Il—Honmetals, Distribution of Natural Gas. p. 304.
77. Reference 76, 1915, p. 936.
78. Reference 76, 1921, P. 353-355.
79. Reference 76, 1925, p. 132.
80. Reference /6, 1930, p. 472.
81. Ref irenc 76, 1941, p. 1141.
82. Reference 76, 1946, p. 831.
83. u.S. Bureau of Mines. Mineral Re, ources of the United States 1900.
Part 11 - lonmetals, Portland Cement produced and shipped in the
United States. p. 737•
84. Reference 83, 1905, p. 926.
85. Reference 83, 1910, p. 471.
86. Reference 83, 1915, p. 195.
87. Reference 83, 1920, p. p67.
88. Reference 83, 1925, p. 258.
89. Reference 83, 1930, p. 407.
90. Reference 83, 1935, p. 791.
91. Reference 83, 1940, p. 1141.
92. Reference 83, 1945, P. 831.
3. U.S. Department of Eneryy. Energy Data Reports, Cost & Quality
of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants 198C Annual. DOE/EJA_0191
(80), Washington, D.C., p. 87—92.
64
-------
• 94. Federal Power COITIJn ISSIOn. Fuel Use Reports-Form 67, obtained from
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, National Air Data Branch, Research Triangle Park, NC.
95. U.S. Depa -t m of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. Sulfur Content of
United States Coals. Information Circular 8312.
96. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of flines. Burner ruel Oils,
1970. Petroleum Products Survey No. 67, November 1970.
97. u.s. Energy Research & Development Administration. Heating Oils,
1975. BERC/PPS—75/2 by Ella Mae Shelton, Bartlesvjjle Energy
Research Center, Bartlesvjjle, OK, August 1975.
98. U.S. Department of Energy. Sulfur Content in Coal Shipments 1978.
DOE/EIA—0263(78), Washington, D.C., June 1981.
99. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of tunes. Mineral Industry
Survey. Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribut1on-.c alendar Year
1975, Washington, D.C., April 12, 1976.
100. U.S. Depart,m nt of the Interior, Bureau of times. Mineral Industry
Surveys. Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution—Calendar Year
1970, Washington, D.C., March 23, 1971.
101. U .S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Census. Minerals
Yearbook, 1970. Shipments or Bituminous Coal and Lignite and Average
Sulfur Contc..t by Consumer Use In 1970. Washington, D.C.
102. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of times. National Survey of
Burner Fuel Oils, 1955 by O.C. Blade. Information Circular 7730,
October, 1955.
103. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines. Burner Fuel Oils,
1960 by 0.C. Blade. Petroleum Products Survey No. 16, October 1960.
104. U.s. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mi.ies. Burner Fuel Oils, 1965
by O.C. Blade. Petroleum Products Sdrv y No. 41, September 1965.
105. U.S. Depar nt of Energy, Technical Information Center. Heating
Oils, 1978 by Ella Mae Shelton, Bartlesvj lje Energy Technology Center,
Bartlesvii le , OK. DOE/BETC/ppS—78/4 August 1978.
ioc. U.S. Department of Energy, Technical Information Center. Heating
Oils, 1980 by Ella Mae Shelton, Bartlesvilje Energy Technology
Center, Bartlesvil) . OK. DOE/BETC/ppS—80/4, October, 1980.
107. 1955 Keystone Coal Buyers Manual. Carl J. Coash (Publisher).
McGraw—Hill Publishing Co. Inc. New York, NY, pg. 277—372 and
431—682.
108. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of tunes. Mineral Industry
Survey. Bituminous Coal and Lignite DIstribution—Calendar Year
1957. Washington, D.C., August 1958.
65
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109. S.H. Schurr, B.C. Netschert, V.F. Ellasberg, J. Lerner, and H.H.
Landsberg. Energy in the American Economy, 1850—1975. Published
for Resources for the Future, Inc., by the Johns Hopkins Press,
Baltimore, MD.
110. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Utility FGD Sirvey,
October-December 1981. EPA—600/7-82—058 (NTIS P883—168054),
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1982.
iii. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors. AP—42, Third Edition (NTiS P8—275525). Supplements
1—7 and 8—14, Research Triangle lark, NC.
112. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mobile Source Emission
Factors. EPA—400/9—78-005 (NTIS PB295672/A17), Washington, D.C.,
March 197g.
113. UnIted States—Canada Memorandum of Intent 1982. EmissIons, Costs
and Engineering Ass ssment — Final Report of Work Group 3B.
Available from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C., June 15, 1982.
114. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Estimates of 5ulfur Oxide
Emissions from the Electric Utility Industry: Volumes I and II.
EPA—600/07—82-061 (NTIS P883-130229), Washington, D.C., March
1983.
115. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940—1982. EPA—450/4—83—024 (NTI PB84—
121391/ME), Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1984.
116. U.S. Enviroirnental Protection Agency. Analysis of SVite and
Federal Sulfur Dioxide Emisson Regulations for Combustion Sources.
EP—450/2—81—079 (NTIS PB83—179838/A07), Research Tri ngle Park,
NC, November 1981.
117. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Wildfire Statistics.
Washington, D.C., Annual from 1911.
118. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Background Information for
New Source PerFormance Standards: Primary Copper, Zir c and Lead
Smelters Volume 1 Proposed Standards. EP —45O/2—74 002a
(NTIS P8237832), Research Triangle Park, NC, October 1974.
119. E.H. Pechan, J.H. Wilson, Jr. Estimates of 1973—1982 Annual Sulfur
Oxide Emissions from Electric Utilities. J. of Air Pol. Control
Assoc., 34 (10): pp. 1075—1078, 1984.
120. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Status Report on the
Development of the NAPAP Emission Inventory for the 1)80 Base Year
and Summary of Preliminary Data. EPA—600/7—84—091, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1984.
66
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121. NatIonal Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (9EDS).
EPA-450/4--83—022 (NTIS PB84—121375/tlF), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Tr1 ngle Park, NC, 1984.
122. M. tiarians, J. Trijonis. Empirical Studies of the Relationship
Between Emissions and Visibility In the Southwest. EPA-450/5-79-009
(NTIS PB8O—1E6136/Ao5), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1979.
123. Import Supplement to Oil Availability by Sulfur Levels. By Staff,
U.S. Bureau of Mines for Envlronwental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Programs, June 1972.
67
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APPENDIX A
INTERPOLATED TOTAL EMISSIONS
68
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
A—i Total National Fuel Consumption by
Major Source: 1900 to 1980 70
A-2 Sununary of Total SO 2 Emissions by
State 72
A-3 Summary of Total NO Emissions by
State 86
69
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TABLE A-h TOTAL NATIONAL FUEL CONSUMPTION
BY MAJOR SOURCE: 1900 TO 1980
(Trillion Btu’s)
B1T 41 3.E 4Th 1TE C P TR .E p I1 .E*. a D .
— - a a a, b C DlE L
1980 !431 I I I , 229 S 252 1481 0
1981 5388 1657 256 I 20* 24.38
1522 6733 1636 364 8 299 23 ’ *
1983 7315 1843 449 0 317 2
1964 7 * 1797 4 S 330 2311 3
1985 8091 1911 618 0 372 2208 4
1906 6793 *746 S 411 2249 5
*2279 2098 763 S 436 2230 7
1988 8478 2137 820 0 ‘.27 2211 *6
1989 9685 1978 644 I 51! 2198 16
*916 16634 2860 1807 I 541 2172 24
*91* *8245 2197 *380 I 544 2153 36
19*2 11402 2138 IY 0 594 2l 45
1913 12034 7 *210 0 621 2116 62
1914 18783 21% * I 636 2097 86
19*5 11134 2160 *411 I 673 2078 120
1916 *2031 2*06 *497 S 807 2858 17 ?
:9*7 *3839 2378 17 I 850 25.39 244
1918 14588 2385 19*1 I 771 2820 285
19*9 1*688 2113 2*59 6 793 280* 344
*921 *3 125 2179 3827 —393 827 *982 436
192* 6266 2062 30*6 - 42 682 1963 506
1922 11185 1443 33% -3*9 785 1944 622
1923 23598 44*9 -389 *036 *925 78*
1924 *266* 2858 4226 -464 *170 1986 984
*925 * 179 1627 4641 -485 1212 *687 1125
1920 1.954 1961 4876 -545 I *368 *294
:927 *1095 1897 5827 -650 *465 1648 1457
1928 13269 *871 5474 —711 1538 1829 1509
1929 13612 1815 5894 —680 1942 1810 18*8
11921 17*8 6146 -496 1969 179* 1897
1931 9743 *484 5304 -339 *715 1777 1987
1936 34I 1283 -240 *554 1162 *844
1913 3323 :1143 -299 1(80 *748 1845
*93 ’ . 9808 :4*0 5136 —318 1819 *134 1938
1935 9!36 1293 5799 - 385 1914 1719 2101
*936 18697 1351 6425 -382 222* 1711 2327
*937 11286 1288 7884 —413 2468 *1 60 25 5*
1938 ($11 *146 6921 —456 2348 1691 2521
:939 9654 1262 7327 -*86 2539 168* 2663
1940 11290 1245 766 —*75 2725 1671 2829
194* *2333 1338 8343 —*39 2831 *648 31:5
:942 *4*49 1433 7987 —320 3180 1624 2564
:943 : 7 *453 85.38 —3*6 3461 1610 2058
194. i5 . *7 1509 9923 —662 37 5 *576 21*2
:9.5 14661 31I 18 *93 - 3973 1!2
Table continued next page.
70
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TASLE A—i continued
(Trflflon Stu’s)
81RIIDaS 2I I1E RE. 686Q.DE,
WI.a a a, b • C DIE .
2946 131 3 1269 10278 -283 4089 l 32%
1947 14608 1.224 11865 -262 4518 1545 3628
1948 13522 1275 12385 -147 5033 I 7 3916
2949 1167] 958 11402 57 289 1 0 4178
1958 11508 1813 12304 402 6158 1563 4584
1951 12285 941 13867 187 7248 1536 4982
152 18972 897 14248 132 7761 1476 218
2953 11182 712 14912 18$ 8156 148$ 5,94
1954 9512 683 14838 268 8548 1394 57M
192 11941 599 15956 372 8232 1424 6137
1956 21142 618 16994 424 9834 1416 6456
1957 13648 528 16961 368 18416 1333 6668
192 9356 483 16258 2724 18995 L322 6868
1959 9332 478 16686 2713 11998 1392 7243
1968 9693 447 16861 1779 2 99 1319 7441
1961 9502 484 17348 1641 13228 1294 7625
1962 9828 .363 27822 184 1 14221 1303 7932
1963 10353 361 28174 2188 14843 1383 8295
1964 18899 353 18194 2428 15648 1336 8738
1965 1158$ 328 18506 2882 16098 1333 9142
1966 1 285 299 19315 3890 17393 1367 9681
1967 11982 214 29288 3084 1 $ 1338 18234
1968 2.2481 258 2.1091 3722 19588 1417 10774
1969 3 509 224 217% 4166 21828 1439 21327
2970 12712 . 210 22367 4753 22829 1430 11867
1911 1280$ 187 38530 8 22470 1431 22890
1972 12398 158 32948 0 22788 1502 13913
197] 13280 142 34840 0 22530 1528 24237
1974 12898 138 3276.8 8 21778 1538 13567
1975 12883 122 32820 0 20808 1497 14014
1976 13700 223 35160 0 e 28348 1711 14876
1971 24008 2.20 37168 0 19918 1836 15377
1978 13841 99 38200 0 23888 2039 16884
1979 15338 81 37288 0 28678 2149 15698
1988 15483 89 34230 0 28420 2218 14786
a Reference 24 (crude petroleum category Includes gasoline and diesel
fuel).
b Minus sign denotes exports exceeded imports. These figures were
added to the crude petroleum figures for eacn year less the figures
for gasoline and diesel, to provide the basis for interpolating
emissions for residual and distillate oil.
c Reference 64 for 1949 to 1980. Consumption expressed in oven dried
tons was converted to energy units assuming 17.2 million Btu per ton.
For 1900 to 194.8, fuel wood consumption reportea for every fifth
year In Reference 27 was normalized to the 1 50 value reported in
Reference 64. For Intervening years, consumption was estinut.ed by
linear Interpolation.
d Reference 54. GasolIne, diesel category is a subset of crude
petroleum category. Consumption exoressed in ga)lons was ccrwerted
to energy units assining 138,095 8th/gal (5,800,000 Btu/bbl). ror
years prior to 1919. consumption was estimated based on the ‘iumber
of registered vehicles and the 1920 average consi .mpt1on per vehicle.
e Plet petr leum products are included with crude petroleum for t971 to
1980.
71
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TA8LE A-2. SUMMARY OF SO 2 EMISSIONS BY STATE
STATE 1900* 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905*
ALABAMA 102. 108. 120. 128. 126. 138.
ARIZO’ A 135. 160. 185. 210. 234. 259.
ARKLt AS 80. 84. ‘ 5. 102. 101. 112.
CALIFORNIA 140. 142. 149. 152. 151. 157.
COLORADO 73. 75. 80. 83. 82. 87.
CW* ECTICUT 100. 108. 110. 128. 127. 139.
DE1A ARE 5. 5. 4. 5. 5. 6.
DISTRICT OF COLLJHSIA 19. 20. 21. 23. 22. 24.
FLORIDA 58. 61. 66. 69. 69. 75.
87. 91. 101. 107. 106. 116.
IDAHO 42. 46. 50. 54. 56. 61.
ILLINOIS 1459. 1543. 1713. 1650. 1822. 2012.
INDIANA 451. 484. 558. 610. 598. 676.
IOWA 458. 479. 527. 560. 552. 602.
KANSAS 261. 282. 317. 3- 3. 349. 385.
KENTUCKY 208. 217. 240. 254. 251. 273.
LOUISIANA 141. 147. 163. 173. 171. 187.
MAINE 55. 61. 57. 72. 70. 77.
t1ARYLA1 O 111. 118. 122. 136. 134. 145.
MASSACHUSETTS 226. 238. 249. 274. 270. 92.
MICHIGAN 381. 419. 478. 5 9. 541. 605.
MINNESOTA 202. 217. 236. 263. 258. 287.
MISSISSIPPI 81. 85. 95. 101. 100. 109.
MISSCURI 449. 479. 539. 582. 579. 641.
MONTANA 310. 325. 342. 358. 369. 387.
NEBRASKA 192. 201. 219. 234. 231. 251.
tEVAOA 7. 8. 9. 10. 10. 11.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 44. 49. 43. 56. 55. 60.
HEW JERSEY 274. 302. 297. 366. 359. 398.
NEW MEXICO 41. 42. 45. 68. 48. 51.
HEW YORK 694. 757. 725. 886. 870. 949.
NORTH CAROLINA 52. 55. 63. 68. 68. 76.
NORTH DAKOTA 15. 17. 18. 22. 22. 24.
OHIO 982. 1035. 1158. 1242. 1221. J349.
OKLAHOMA 67. 76. 96. 109. 106. 127.
OPEGON 13. 14. 16. 18. 18. 20.
PEI2 SYLVANIA 745. 826. 814. 1011. 989. 1103.
RHU3E ISLANO 49. 54. 48. 61. 60. 65.
SOUTH CAROLINA 32. 34. 39. 42. 42. 47.
SOUTH DAKOTA 15. 16. 17. 20. 19. 21.
TENNESSEE 149. 153. 177. 189. 189. 208.
TEXAS 389. 403. 431. 450. 451. 479.
UTAH 61. 70. 81. 90. 98. 108.
vEPt: OUT 34. 39. 32. 44. 43. 47.
VIRGI NIA 93. 99. 113. 123. 121. 136.
WASH I N STON 36. 39. 45. 49. 49. 55.
WEST VIRGINIA 84. 92. 108. 119. 118. 134.
WISCONSIN 255. 272. 298. 329. 323. 358.
W’CIING 28. 28. 29. 29. 28. 29.
THE U.S. 9988. 10681. 11535. 1278S. 12681. 13959.
Footnotes at end of t b1e.
72
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
S4JVIARY CT $02 EPEISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1906 1907 icoa 1909 1910* 1911
ALADAIIA 148. 164. 145. 160. 173. 147.
ARIZOHA 277. 295. 309. 327. 344. 367.
ARKANSAS 120. 134. 117. 130. 141. 121.
CALXFOR , IA 168. 181. 183. 195. 207. 201.
COLORAC O 69. 94. 87. 91. 95. 84.
COflUECTICIJT 143. 160. 145. 155. 165. 152.
DELAWARE 5. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6.
DISTRICT OF COLIJ IA 24. 25. 24. 25. 25. 26.
FLORIDA 79. 88. 80. 88. 94. 83.
GEORGIA 123. 135. 121. 132. 142. 124.
IDAHO 64. 67. 64. 66. 71. 69.
2135. 2371. 2100. 2313. 2488. 2146.
II IA1 737. 849. 713. 817. 901. 716.
10 lA 630. 683. 618. 667. 706. 626.
KANSAS 401. 428. 399. 425. 446. 426.
KENTUCKy 287. 312. 282. 305. 323. 28°.
LOUISIM 198. 217. 195. 213. 228. 203.
PIAIHE 79. 91. 81. 87. 94. 84.
tIARYLAJ o 150. 164. 150. 160. 169. V.8.
I1ASSACH’J ETTS 301. 325. 301. 319. 335. 315.
MICHIG &J4 639. 705. 624. 634. 733. 611.
tIXP O 1ESOTA 304. 344. 300. 333. 361. 306.
PlISSIssIppr 116. 129. 115. 126. 133. 119.
IlIssoLmI 679. 746. 670. 733. 704. 681.
PIC HTMIA 365. 336. 373. 373. 373. 358.
HEORASKA 261. 280. 257. 274. 288. 272.
NEVADA 26. 42. 53. 68. 64.
HEW HAIIPSHIRC 59. 67. 63. 65. 66. 66.
NEil JERSEY 414. 481. 422. 462. 502. 440.
HEW PIEX1CO 53. 57. 53. 57. 60. 67.
HEW YORK 965. 1091. 995. 1054. 1121. 1045.
HÜRTH CAROLINA 83. 96. 81. 93. 103. 79.
NORTH OAXOTA 26. 32. 27. 31. 34. 27.
OHIO 1431. 1534. 1397. 1539. 1654. 1427.
CKLMiOpt 154. 196. 160. 200. 234. 174.
OREGO l 22. 25. 21. 24. 26. 21.
PE?0 SYLVANIA 1159. 1367. 1174. 1305. 1’ 32. 1197.
RHODE ISLAND 64. 72. 68. 69. 73. 72.
souTh r coixu 51. 60. 50. 53. 64. 49.
SOUTH DAKOTA ‘3. 25. 23. 25. 27. 23.
TEtNE$SEE 219. 239. 216. 235. 250. 222.
TEXAs 495. 521. 501. 525. 546. 538.
tiTAN 128. 149. 160. 181. 201. 205.
VERl1olj r 46. 53. 49. 50. 53. 52.
VIRGINIA 146. 166. 142. 161. 175. 142.
WASMIHGT0 1 59. 68. 59. 66. 73. .9.
WEST VIPGXNIA 149. 174. 147. 171. 190. lii.
WISCC9 SXU 379. 427. 373. 413. 446. 378.
W1Otl N 30. 31. 30. 31. 32. 33.
ThE U.S. 14721. 16400. 14722. 16083. 17274. 15237.
73
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
SLflIMAPY OF $02 EP.1 5510fl 5 BY STATE(1000 TONSJ
STATE 1912 1913 1914 1915* 1916 1917
ALABAnA 186. 193. 211. 205. 218. 227.
ARIZ0?1A 396. ‘.22. 449. 474. 491. 5 9.
ARKAIISAS 151. 156. 170. 165. 174. 182.
CAL1FO? I 209. 211. 215. 213 211. 208.
COLO D 98. 99. 105. 102. 100. 9ó.
CO ECTXCtJT 172. 178. 183. 185. 188. 195.
OELIWARE 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6.
DISTRICT OF COLUtIBIA 25. 25. 25. 25. 25. 25.
FLCRIDA 101. 105. 114. 112. 120. 127.
GEORGIA 150. 155. 168. 164. 174. 1e2.
IDAHO 79. 83. 89. 91. 89. 86.
ILLINOIS 2671. 2766. 3020. 2949. 2985. 3018.
IWIAtIA 991. 1037. 1168. 1127. 1238. 1328.
IOWA 744. 764. 820. 602. 768. 77g.
KANSAS 445. 446. 454. ‘.47. 442. 436.
KEUTUCVY 340. 348. 372. 364. 334. 400.
LOUISIAnA 241. 248. 267. 262. 263. 265.
MAINE 99. 105. 113. 110. 113. 120.
HAPYLAHO 175. 179. 168. 185. 186. 191.
tIA5SACHUSEflS 344. 352. 366. 361. 362. 369.
MICHIGAN 794. 826. 913. 887. 937. 974.
?IIHFESOTA 387. 402. ‘.41. 428. ‘.52. 474.
MISSISSIpp i 145. 149. 162. 158. 167. 174.
MISSOURI 638. 866. 941. 919. 921. 922.
MONTANA 367. 364. 365. 357. 340. 321.
NEBRtSKA 296. 301. 313. 309. 307. 308.
NEVArA 65. 66. 68. 88. 86. 84.
HEW HAtIPSHIRE 70. 73. 76. 74. 75. 80.
NEW .IERSEY 534. 561. 609. 592. 629. 678.
HEW t ICO 87. 101. 117. 12Q. 129. 128.
HEW YO K 1164. 1212. 1279. 1251. 1299. 1186.
NORTH CAROLINA 115. 121. 138. 132. 154. 171.
NORTH DAKOTA 38. 40. 45. 44. 46. 50.
OHIO 1761. 1816. 1974. 1923. 2006. 2073.
OKLAHOZIA 280. 303. 356. 348. 373. 393.
OREGON 29. 30. 34. 33. 35. 37.
PENNSYLVANIA 1550. 1639. 1817. 1753. 1834. 2044.
RHODE ISLAND 74. 77. 79. 77. 77. 82.
SOUTH LPO11uA 71. 75. 85. 82. 92. 101.
SOUTH DAKOTA 28. 29. 32. 31. 32. 33.
TENNESSEE 264. 270. 290. 284. 298. 309.
TEXAS 563. 571. 586. 56g. 593. 597.
UTAH 229. 243. 261. 271. 257. 242.
VERMONT 55. 58. 60. 59. 59. 64.
VIRGINIA 192. 200. 223. 216. 233. 247.
WASHI NGTON 60. 83. 93. 90. 96 100.
WEST VIP GIPIIA 215. 228. 260. 253. 275. 294.
WISCONSIN 479. 498. 547. 531. 579. 621.
U(O IIHG 32. 32. 32. 32. 32. 32.
THE U.S. 18466 19132. 20726. 20293. 1020. 21769.
74
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
5I.2V1AR OF 502 EIIISSIONS BY STATEt 1000 TONS)
S7ATL 1918 1919 1920* 1921 1922 1923
ALABAI1A 234. 211. 224. 329. 301. 229.
ARIZOnA 525. 5 7. S5 5. 580. 625. 687.
ARKANSAS 187. 176. 186. 32. 34. 219.
CALIFORNIA 204. 194. 192. 109. 199. 575.
COLORADo 96. 92. 90. 49. 63. 99.
COUUECTIcLJT 197. 162. 187. 138. 148. 214.
DELANA RE 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 15.
DISTRICT OF C0LIJp IA 25. 25. 25. 35. 33. 32.
FLORIDA 131. 118. 126. 66. 52. 197.
GEORGIA 167. 168. 179. i;i. 190. 192.
IDAHO 84. 77. 76. 44. 45. 85.
ILLINOIS 3032. 2921. 2964. 2358. 2542. 3078.
INDIANA 1383. 1164. 3266. 2164. 1924. 1252.
IO A 772. 797. 782. 25. 360. 664.
KANSAS ‘.29. 413. 405. 70. 179. 466.
KEt 1TtJCKY 410. 372. 393. 722. 625. 369.
LOUISIAnA 266. 264. 266. 59. 73. 367.
PtAIH 122. l i i . 116. 41. 52. 134.
MARYLAND 192. 126. 188. 44. 94. 254.
MASS AC hUSETTS 370. 361. 365. 256. 298. 451.
MICHIGAn 990. 833. 890. 2026. 1689. 623.
t1It2 E$orA 487. 437. 464. 369. 391. 47 .
MISSISSIppI 178. 162. 172. 40. 41. 194.
MISS uPt 922. 913. 915. 772. 819. 948.
MONTANA 302. 275. 253. 207. 249. 329.
H EDPA51 A 307. 308. 307. 19. 56. 345.
NEVADA 81. 75. 73. 58. 69. 96.
HEW hAMPSHIRE 80. 74. 76. 35. 39. 64.
HEW JERSEY 699. 605. 653. 322. 435. 910.
NEW t EXICO 127. 119. 120. 95. 109. 142.
HEW YORK 1415. 1265. 1337. 1433. 1337. 1465.
NORTh CAROLINA 182. 141. 164. 492. 395. 139.
NORTH DAKOTA 51. 4 . 46. 14. 21. 52.
OHIO 211 . 1955. 2046. 2371. 2282. 2C64.
OKIAHOHA 404. 351. 378. 91. 189. 465.
OREGON 38. 35. 37. 11. 21. 06.
PENnSYLVANIA 2118. 1816. 1933. 4333. 3552. 1517.
RHCOE ISLAND 82. 77. 78. 66. 71. 1 6.
SOUTH CAROLINA 106. 86. 97. 192. 166. 93.
SOUTH DM OTA 33. 32. 32. 7. 14. 36.
TEPNESSEE 316. 287. 303. 509. 449. 290.
TEXAS 599. 591. 5Q7• 270. 351. 680.
UTAH 22g. 203. 189. 229. 259. 287.
VERtIQUT 65. 58. 60. 40. 37. 63.
VIPGnlIa 255. 223. 241. 173. 197. 266.
WASIhI .GTOn 103. 94. 100. 16. 28. 156.
WEST VIRGWIA 304. 252. 276. 495. 4 ..1. 282.
WISCOMSIII 645. 549. 603. 1358. 125. 543.
WYJ 1I NS 32. 32. 32. 21. 26. 41.
THE U.S. 22i17. 20268. 21144. 23406. 22566. 23300.
75
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
SLR9IAQY OF S02 Et1I$51 I BY STATU100o TONS)
STATE 1924 1925* 1926 1927 1928 1929
ALABAJt 256. 246. 261. 246. 247. 257.
ARIZONA 712. 755. 721. 683. 647. 611.
APKA,:sAS 138. 175. 190. 172. 170. 179.
CALIFORNIA 400. 504. 518. 495. 507. 530.
COLORADO 86. 93. 101. 96. 98. 103.
CO 2iECTIC(JT 188. 194. 186. 172. 171.
DELAWARE 1 1. 12. 12. 1 . 13. 13.
DISTRICT OF COLUHBIA 32. 31. 37. 35. 35. 35.
FLORIDA 15 :. 175. 179. 182. 184. 186.
GEORGIA 190. 191. 203. 193. 193. 200.
IDAHO 70. 78. 82. 61. 2. 65.
ILL IIZOIS 2852. 2967. 3081. 2935. 2932. 3027.
1508. 1401. 1474. 1392. 1387. 1435.
IO &A 604. 717. 769. 715. 713. 748.
KANSAS 355. 406. 440. 403. 400. 420.
KENTUCKY 466. 425. 436. 426. 426.
LOUI SIAIIA 203. 277. 303. 279. 281. 300.
IAWE 104. 110. 95. 85. 87. 92.
IARrLAPZD 183. 214. 208. 200. 201. 207.
MA5SACHU T1S 366. 411. 424. 359. 390. 413.
PIICHIGMI 1148. 1005. 1020. 9fl. 997. 1012.
t1IP E5OTA 447. 456. 467. 437. 437. 456.
l1ISSI55 pp 134. 161. 168. 162. 162. 167.
PIISSotjpj 902. 925. 983. 921. 919.
PIOUTApiA 325. 356. 358. 3 7• 343. 342.
NEBRASKA 236. 282. 306. 276. 276. 294.
NEVADA 91. 100. t03. 102. 103. 105.
HEll HAMPSHIRE 68. 68. 50. 45. S. 48.
NEW JERSEy 710. 777. 821. 778. 782. 815.
HEW PIEXICO 137. 148. 150. 146. 145. 147.
HEW YORK 1423. 1376. 1259. 1228. 1 4. 1325.
NORTH CAROLIPM 237. 1°6. 189. 196. 198. 194.
NORTH DAKOTA 41. 44. 43. 41. 41. 42.
OHIO 2144. 2112. 2230. 2110. 2108. 2186.
OKLAHO 370. 426. 444. 409. 399. 406.
OREGON 51. 67. 69. 69. 68. 68.
PCI2 SYLVANIA 2556. 2212. 2104. 1947. 1944. 2047.
PMODE ISLAND 101. 106. 68. 64. 83. 84.
SOUTH CAROLINA 120. 109. 107. 110. 111. 110.
SOUTH DAKOTA 28. 31. 30. 29. 29.
TE P2 SSEE 352. 326. 310. 319. 317. 3 s.
TEXAS 663. 779. 810. 779. 784. 809.
UTAH 320. 352. 342. 329. 317. 306.
VER ur 55. 52. 32. 29. 29. 31.
VIFGI IIIA 233. 251. 249. 250. 251. 252.
WA5Hj pr ToN 100. 126. 135. 127. 128. 134.
l. .’EST VIRGINIA 351. 330. 333. 320. 315. 315.
WISCC 5I,l 766. 665. 6 9. 646. 646. 661.
WYO11I?.G 35. 38. 40. 38. 39. 40.
THE U.s. 23060. 23263. 23629. 22468. 22418. 23146.
76
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
stmri*ny OP 502 EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1930* 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935*
ALABAMA 230. 194. 167. 186. 1E2. 189.
APIZO’ A 571. 522. 473. 434. 384. 340.
AI KAH5AS 146. 119. 97. 97. 10 7. 109.
CAL IFO ? )flA 51 e. ‘.56. 430. 572. 427. 454.
COLORADO 92. 79. 68. 69. 73. 75.
CONNECTICUT 160. 135. 115. 115. 126. 128-.
DELAWARE 12. 12. 12. 12. 12. 12.
DISTRICT OF COLLftIBIA 30. 25. 22. 24. 24. 24.
FLORIDA 187. 172. 165. 202. 168. 176.
GEORGIA 179. 151. 129. 136. 140. 145.
IDAHO 82. 76. 71. 68. 68. 66.
ILLINOIS 2740. 2328. 2004. 2054. 2175. 2231.
INDIANA 1276. 1063. 896. 927. 989. 1021.
IOWA 640. 515. 418. 434. 473. 491.
KANSAS 348. 271. 212. 228. 241. 252.
KEUTUC1(T 412. 353. 306. 315. 332. 341.
LOUISIANA 256. 207. 177. 31. 193. 209.
MAINE 86. 74. 64. 64. 70. 71.
HARYLs p, 200. 176. 1t2. 192. 169. 177.
MA S CHUSETTS 353. 298. 2 54. 259. 277. 284.
HICHIG.tpl 968. 841. 740. 744. 767. 772.
1III.’N5 SOTA 399. 322. 261. 270. 295. 306.
MISSISSIPPI 155. 144. 134. 132. 141. 142.
I1Is 5 j 836. 685. 566. 578. 620. 636.
MONTANA 326. 310. 297. 296. 296. 295.
I4EBRA$’(4 236. 182. 140. 146. 163. 171.
NEVADA 102. 96. 92. 08. 92. 93.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 48. 41. 35. 35. 38. 38.
HEW JERSEY 735. 597. 510. 684. 555. 594.
HEW IlEXICO 140. 122. 105. 94. 83. 72.
NEW YORK 1245. 1032. 874. 961. 958. 983.
UOPTH CAROLINA 208. 192. 17G. 179. 184. 186.
HOQTH 0A OTA 38. 32. 27. 28. 30. 31.
OHIO 1949. 1666. 1443. 1476. 1566. 1607.
OKLAHOMA 344. 280. 231. 25C. r 252. 261.
OREGO a 64. 55. Si. 70. 53. 57.
PEHN5 LVAJ4!A 1842. 1478. 1197. 1271. 1358. 1410.
RHODE ISLAtD 82. 71. 63. 74. 67. 70.
SOJTH CAROlINA 114. 104. 96. 97. 99. 100.
SOUTH DAKOTA 27. 23. 20. 21. 22. 22.
TE N NES sEE 327. 312. 300. 306. 317. 324.
TEYAS 757. 644. 581. 773. 613. 660.
UTAH 291. 268. 246. 234. 221. 208.
VEPt C ff 33. 28. 23. 23. 26. 26.
VIRGINIA 256. 238. 226. 239. 232. 236.
WASHIN T o , 119. 101. 93. 112. 94. 10 .
WEST VIPGINIA 293. 256. 226. 229. 240. 244.
WISCou.sIfl 619. 525. 4S1. 463. 492. 505.
wvo;ijt 36. 32. 29. 31. 31. 32.
INC U.S. 211C5. 17900. 15474. 16531. 16535. 16978.
77
-------
TABLE A-2. Cnntinued
SURIARY OF SO EM;SSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE - 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940* 1941
AL&BA,U 207. .35. 181. 195. 214. 245.
ARIZONA 406. 472. 538. 60- .. 670. 669.
ARKA nSAS 113. 116. 119. 123. 126. 134.
CALIFORNIA 466. 474. 462. 470. 484. 559.
COLORADO 78. 82. 84. 67. 91. 91.
CO 2 ECTICtjT 136. 147. 138. 137. 151. 169.
DELAWARE 11. 12. 15. 13. 13. 15.
DISTRICT OF COLL IA 24. 27. 28. 26. 28. 30.
FLORIDA 187. 192. 172. 180. 192. 222.
GECRG IA 150. 153. 144. 148. 154. 172.
ICAHo 73. 79. 82. 89. 96. 96.
ILLINOIS 2491. 2608. 2150. 2348. 2623. 3053.
INDIANA 1128. 1176. 990. 1071. 1185. 1360.
IO .1A 520. 532. 480. 502. 532. 597.
KANSAS 255. 256. 253. 254. 257. 279.
KENTUCKY 382. 400. 325. 357. 401. 470.
LOUISIANA 209. 208. 208. 208. 208. 224.
MAInE 70. 7 . 81. 75. 82. 90.
MARYLAND 196. 211. 182. 191. 216. 255.
MASSACHUSETTS 294. 305. 251. 293. 309. 334.
MICHIGAN 873. 921. 746. 822. 930. 1049.
P1I )#1ESOTA 312. 316. 303. 308. 316. 352.
P1ISSISS IPp 157. 163. 136. 147. 163. 194.
MISSOURI 675. 69’.. 634. 665. 705. 779.
IICUTAUA 326. 355. 389. 420. 451. 419.
HEORASKA 172. 173. 171. 172. 173. 187.
NEVADA 112. 131. 150. 169. 188. 175.
HEW HAXIPSHIPE 37. 44. 50. 43. 47. 52.
NEW JERSEy 578. 6 58. 719. 639. 689. 771.
NEW MEXICO 102. 132. 162. 192. 221. 220.
NEW YORK 965. 1126. 1214. 1067. 1180. 1259.
NORTH CAROLINA 215. 227. 174. 196. 226. 270.
NORTh DAKOTA 3 . 34. 30. 31. 34. 38.
OHIO 1817. 1909. 1525. 1685. 1907. 2210.
OXLAHOtIA 267. 273. 277. 264. 290. 309.
OREGoN 55. 57. 55. 55. 56. 64.
PEI2 STLV JIIA 1449. 1566. 1554. 1512. 1626. 1756.
RHODE ISLAPD 69. 76. 81. 75. 79. 82.
SOUTH CAROLINA 114. 120. 95. 106. 121. 142.
SOUTH DAKOTA 25. 26. 21. 23. 26. 31.
TEH?IES SEE 333. 430. 507. 353. 415. 502.
TEXAS 672. 678. 661. 670. 683. 761.
tiTAN 292. 376. 457. 541. 626. 618.
VEPtIOHT 23. 29. 37. 29. 32. 35.
VIRGINIA 276. 295. 223. 253. 295. 359.
WA5HIU TQ 103. 106. 108. 112. 115. 128.
WEST VIRGINIA 278. 291. 223. 248. 284. 330.
IIISCCU S IPI 552. 575. 492. 524. 576. 657.
WYOhlI 33. 33. 32. 33. 34. 40.
THE U.S. 18366. 19542. 17948. 18742. R0519. 22857.
78
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
SIRVIARY OF 502 EflISSIou BY STATE(1000 TOI S)
STATE 1942 1943 1944 1945* 1946 1947
ALABAJIA 269. 300. 303. 291. 275. 294.
ARIZONA 668. 667. 664. 661. 7 9. 837.
ARKANSAS 140. 147. 145. 139. 106. 137.
CALIFOR?:IA 577. 736. 875. 802. 1061. 896.
COLORADO 90. 91. 87. 81. 68. 82.
COt24ECTXCIJT 182. 196. 196. 187. 126. 168.
DELAWARE 17. 18. 19. 14. 19. 15.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBTA 32. 33. 32. 32. 43. 33.
FLORIDA 242. 276. 297. 294. 262. 304.
GEOPGIA 186. 205. 207. 199. 174. 201.
IDAHO 96. 97. 93. 37. 85. 96.
ILLIUO I 3387. 3765. 3754 3544. 3026. 3528.
INDIAIIA 1495. 1655. 1656. 1578. 1349. 1561.
IOWA 646. 703. 700. 669. 584. 667.
KA nSAS 296. 316. 316. 305. 245. 304.
KENTUCKY 523. 584. 581. 548. 459. 547.
LOUISIAnA 236. 25 6. 266. 264. 245. 271.
MAINE 97. 104. 5• 99. 68. 98.
IIARTLAUD 284. 320. 333. 307. 289. 307.
HASSACHUSE S 353. 376. 377. 364. 221. 369.
tIICHIGAt J 1140. 1243. 1230. 1164. 1023. 1164.
MINNESOTA 381. 413. 412. 394. 287. 391.
MISSISSIppI 218. 245. 245. 233. 170. 234.
MISSOUpi 836. 902. 902. 869. 668. 856.
I1Our u 384. 355. 320. 278. 276. 301.
199. 212. 212. 205. 146. 203.
NEVADA 167. 158. 149. 136. 141. 149.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 56. 59. 59. 55. 37. 53.
NEW JERSEY 622. 918. 956. 928. 868. 916.
HEM I1E) 1CO 218. 216. 213. 208. 207. 215.
NEW O K 1308. 1404. 13e3. 1409. 1236. 1407.
NORTH CAROLIIJA 305. 344. 344. 325. 304. 328
NORTH DAKOTA 42. 46. 46. 44. 55. 45.
OHIO 2444. 2716. 2708. 2566. 2329. 2564.
OKLAflQ J 1A 322. 339. 339. 330. 271. 341.
OREGON 67. 61. 91. 90. 91. 92.
PEIHSYLVAnIA 1853. 1968. 2010. 1913. 1777. 1425.
RHODE ISLA O 86. 84. 80. 76. 5 o . 75.
SOUTH CAROLINA 158. 176. 175. 165. 135. 166.
SOUTH DA’ OTA 34. 37. 37. 35. 29. 35.
TENNESSEE 569. 647. 643. 600. 481. 588.
TEXAS 802. 924. 1015. 1024. 1094. 1079.
UTAH 609. 600. 587. 571. 570. 573.
VEPtIO?fl 38. 39. 40. 37. 27.
VIPGIUIA 406. 467. 471. 442. 392. 444.
WASIIINSTO N 133. 156. 169. 164. 173. 193.
WEST VIPGIt 367. 408. 406. 385. 372. 308.
WISCONSIN 721. 790. 789. 747. 576. 744
WYOMINS 42. 51. 58. 5 . 59. 60.
THE U.S. 24541. 26846. 27092. 26006. 2 297. 26298.
79
-------
TABLE A-2. COntinued
SLPIHAPY OF S02 Eflj55Io BY STATE( 1000 TONS)
STATE
1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 1953
ALABAMA
AR IZO N A
276. 257. 256. 208. 380. 35k.
ARKAnSAS
918. 1007. 1091. 1118. 1140. 1167.
117. 76. 81. 90. 57. 62.
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
607. 878. 593. 600. 584. 586.
75. 5G. 61. 64. 56. 57.
CO n 1ECT1C1JT 201. 120. 164. 147. 173. 161.
DELAWARE
23. 28. 31. 27. 42. 40.
DIS1RICT OF COLUMBIA 40. 5 1. 5 1. 53. 44. 45.
FLORIDA
301. 258. 279. 321. 321. 341.
GE OPGIA
i 8. 165. 179. 172. 198. 193.
101. 97. 105. l i i. 99. 103.
ILLINOIS 3229. 2568. 2666. 2727. 2534. 2567.
INDIANA
IOWA 1439. 1146. 1191. 1183. 1205. 1200.
KAI4 SAS
616. 508. 523. 569. 411. 436.
KENTUCKY
261. 185. 191. 214. 137. 153.
494. 380. 397. 338. 536. 504.
LOUISIANA 220. 199. 191. 159. 166.
91. 41. 56. 62. 48. 50.
MARYLAND 274. 249. 239. 243. 227. 228.
1IASSACHUSETy 5 368. 201. 279. 262. 283. 268.
HICIIGAII
1112. 932. 979. 989. 1013. 1021.
PIIU ’IESOTA
332. 195. 217. 233. 172. 162.
t1XSSiss pp 1 5. 115. 126. 143. 90. 100.
I1!Ssou 731. 478. 5 07. 504. 516. 514.
MONTANA
297. 290. ZOO. 321. 321. 340.
U CRASKA 166. 91. 10g. 114. 64. 72.
NEVADA
149. 154. 157. 172. 181. 196.
NEW IiAI1p5qrp 52. 17. 29. 32. 26. 27.
NEW JEPSFY 771. 654. 602. 617. 533. 53 .
NEW MEXICo 216. 213. 218. 222. 214. 217.
HEW YORK 13c2. 1135. 1231. 1227. 1079. 1045.
NORTH CAROLINA 324. 29 . 308. 316. 305. 309.
NORTH DAKOTA 53. 65. 65. 70. 55. 58.
OHIO 2452. 2147. 2210. 2272. 2073. 2106.
OK LAHO?IA
OP EG 0 1 1
297. 222. 233. 244. 215. 223.
81. 82. 76. 79. 70. 71.
PENNSYLVANIA 1853. 1732. 1755. 1769. 1750. 1745.
RHODE ISLAnD 92. 45. 73. 66. 84. 79.
SOUTif CAROLINA 167. 121. 142. 147. 127. 130.
SOUTH DAKOTA 33. 25. 27. 28. 24. 24.
TE 1D 1 E$ SEE 511. 362. 375. 333. 493. 472.
TEXAS 843. 959. 790. 813. 824. 844.
UTAH 593. 578. 598. 563. 518. 482.
VEPKOU7
VzpG::•T*
30. 8. 12. 12. 11. 10.
WASH1t1 5TQ I
433. 366. 3 5 . 409. 341. 351.
187. 196. 200. 218. 193. 202.
WEST VIRGINIA 383. 365. 371. 357. 405. 397.
WISCONSIN
WYC?1IplG
638. 429. 456. 457. ‘ 49. 446.
53. 53. 47. 46. 45. 46.
THE U.S. 24284. 20801. 21203. 21477. 20626. 20920.
80
-------
TABL’ A-2. Continued
St29tA.Ry OF SO2 £MIS5 O BY STATEI 1000 TONS)
STATE 1954 1955* 1956 1957 1958 1959
ALAOAnA 572. 387. 379. 402. 463. 465.
. RIZCl A 1188. 1219. 1263. 1309. 1359. 1403.
APKLt(SAS 37. 55. 54. 46. 31. 28.
CALIFOq, 56... 532. 515. 531. 464. 459.
COI.O *DO 46. 54. 55. 62. 86. 87.
CC?a (CTICUT 193. 159. 181. 186. 251. 253.
59. 43. 44. 57. 101. 102.
DISTRICT OF COLU IA 34. 42. 50. 45. 46. 46.
FLORIDA 326. 367. 338. 362. 381. 382.
GEORGIA 225. 198. 194. 200. 214. 214.
ID Jio 87. 102. 92. 85. 73. 66.
ILLINOIS 2321. 2536. 2645. 2491. 2209. 2199.
1229. 1203. I00. 1238. 1360. 1364.
IC 4A 235. 406. 418. 401. 367. 367.
KAUSAS 51. 135. 133. 126. 107. 106.
KEHTUCKY 756. 547. 581. 582.
LOUISIAnA 137. 162. 161. 159. 143. 144.
MAI nE 43. 4P 56. 53. 56. 57.
PtARyLAi 208. 224. 237. 244. 292. 294.
tIASSACHLJSETTS 298. 262. 340. 309. 373. 377.
ttICH1Gj 1C47. 1047. 1050. 1084. 1195. 1200.
P1T n,I SOT 101. 170. 203. 291. 295.
MISSISSIPPI 71. 91. 94. 89. 76. 76.
I1:Sso .JRT 528. 516. 512. 526. 568. 569.
MOIITAU A 343. 370. 365. 351. 342. 331.
t CER4SKA 19. 62. 64. 63. 62. 62.
HEVADA 207. 223. 222. 220. 218. 216.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 21. 26. 28. 28. 33. 33.
HEW JEP Er 427. 506. 532. 508. 516. 516.
NEW MEXICO 211. 219. 214. 211. 208. 205.
HEW YOPK 872. 974. 1134. 1074. 1253. 1262.
HC TH CLPOLTUA 294. 309. 328. 310. 278. 279.
NORTH OAJ(0TA 39. 56. 60. 56. 51. 51.
OHIO 1853. 2071. 1979. 2162. 2597. 2607.
CKLAHO?IA 165. 224. 223. 202. 161. 153.
OPEGQH 59. 70. 65. 64. 55. 54.
PLI STLVAUIA 1720. 1751. 1755. 1739. 1761. 1151.
RHODE ISLA .O 102. 81. 67. 78. 90. 90.
SOUTH CAROLINA 104. 126. 123. 126. 132. 132.
SOUTH DAKOTA 18. 23. 25. 23. 19. 19.
TEiO ESSEC 675. 509. 659. 584. 699. 908.
TEXAS 852. 680. e49. 850. 799 795.
UTAH 435. 406. 389. 358. 319. 296.
VEPF’.QUT 8. 9. 12. 9. 9. 9.
VI GIu a 265. 335. 327. 341. 370. 370.
WAS In Tc 1 169. 203. 200. 194. 176. 173.
WEST VIRGINIA 4 D0. 406. 395. 425. 503. 506.
WISCG:SSIII 436. 443. 445. 487. 634. 639.
Wi01 1 1.G 44. 45. 42. 48. 61. 62.
ThE U.S. 20181. 20883. 21039. 21272. 22634. 22654.
81
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
S1R*!ART OF S02 CPIXSSIOuS BY STATE( 1000 T0 G1
STATE 1960* 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965*
AU O*PIA 448. 419. 467. 547. 6’ l. 734.
ARIZ OUA 1446. 1532. 1618. 1705. 1792. 1879.
ARKANSAS 28. 8. 28. 27. 26. 26.
CALIFOPtI IA 461. 463. 461. 465. 486. 486..
COLORADO 82. 6. 94. 104. 115. 127.
COt2iECTIctJT 240. 235. 247. 265. 281. 304.
DELAI APE 91. 90. 93. 95. 103. 110.
DISTRICT OF COUJ XA 47. 51. 56. 57. 51. 53.
FLORIDA 373. 386. 428. 467. 476. 527.
6EORGIA 209. 201. 224. 257. 287. 330.
IDAHO 59. 74. 90. 106. 123. 139.
ILLft IS 2285. 2250. 2295. 2376. 2468. 2573.
INOIAflA 1333. 1301. 1354. 1440. 1531. 1643.
IOWA 377. 371. 378. 392. 408. 425.
KA 1 4SAS 110. 1 11. 107. 103. 101. 95.
EUTUCKY 572. 5’.4. 593. 672. 754. 856.
LOUISIAnA 149. 151. 12. 153. 156. 157.
1IAIUE 58. 59. 63. 66. 67. 71.
flAPyL*J 284. 270. 291. 327. 36.8. 414.
MASSACHUSETTS 373. 381. 41. 437. 437. 473.
MICHIGAn 1175. 1143. 1202. 1302. 1414. 1541.
M! 1 ES0TA 275. 271. 275. 282. 292. 302.
MISSISSIpPI 61. 82. 82. 81. 62. 81.
PIISSOURI 556. 582. 636. 700. 767. 840.
MOUTAHA 320. 324. 327. 330. 337. 340.
I 1EEPA SV .A 62. 60. 63. 69. 76. 83.
NEVADA 215. 212. 210. 206. 207. 206.
HEW ItAHPSHIRE 32. 30. 32. 36. 39. 43.
14114 JEP!EY 511. 4c5. 5Z . 574. 624. 685.
HEW PiEXICO 200. 209. 232. 260. 228. 320.
HEW YORK - 1232. 1232. 1 89. 1356. 1376. 1456.
NORTH CAROUNA 293. 282. 295. 316. 343. 373.
NORTH DAKOTA 63. 54. 54 52. 50. 48.
OHIO 2478. 2450. 2499. 2573. 26E 2. 2765.
CXL&flOlIA 156. 148. 139. 131. 125. 116.
OREGON 56. 55. 53. 52. 54. SZ.
PEH’ISYLVAN!A 1730. 1705. 1707. 1725. 1742. 1761.
RHODE 1SLAHj 83. 65. 77. 66. 59. 46.
SOUTH CAPOLINA 130. 127. 128. 131. 237. 141.
SOUTH D.U:OTA 20. 2Ô. 20. 20. 21. 22.
620. 625. 62 G. 612. 803. 792.
TE ’AS 600. 803. 794. 786. 786. 773.
UTAH 278. 303. 325. 347. 36.8. 3SLi.
‘, lPtO?IT 9. 9. 10. 11. 11. 12.
VIRGInIA 360. 357. 369. 3 S. 4C . 422.
175. 173. 167. 163. 165. 160.
WEST VIPGIP(IA *.84. 456. 5C6. 5A6. (68. 771.
U1S OuSIH 603. 590. 607. 635. 665. 701.
W(O i1! N O 58. 56. 62. 73. 79. 90.
THE .S. 22269. 22142. 22955. 24133. 25301. 2675c .
82
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
SI.R9tARY OF 502 EIIISSIOHS BY STATE(1000 T 4S)
STATE 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970* 1971
AUBA IIA 842. 806. 2.61. 901. 933. 995.
APIZcNA 1954. 2034. 2110. 2163. 2266. 2111.
ARKA nSAS 27. 28. 31. 33. 34. 59.
CALIFCP11IA 493. 507. 530. 54 . 560. 544.
COLOWLCO 116. 111. 102. 95. 87. 96.
CCUUECTICIJT 254. 289. 279. 265. 265. 170.
OELLU 1PE 92. 99. 87. 85. 79. 79.
OISTPXCT OP COLU1IBIA 80. 76. 102. 113. 127. 76.
FLORIDA 560. 576. 627. 655. 666. 766.
GCOJ GIA 366. 359. 359. 401. 418. 470.
1O HO 115. 98. 76. 56. 35. 36.
ILLINOIS 2605. 2599. 2630. 2643. 2659. 2559.
INOIANA 1660. 1782. 1426. 1963. 2033. 2048.
IOWA 402. 410. 395. 391. 383. 369.
KAnSAS 114. 108. 121. 125. 131. 153.
KEHIUCKY 1132. 1034. 1219. 1267. 1358. 1367.
LOUISI*.HA 159. 164. 70. 175. 179. 222.
PtAlIit . 73. 76. 62. 86. 90. 82.
MARYLA1 430. 432. 454. 465. 477. 448.
MASSAcHtJ SETT S 446. 490. 519. 550. 573. 370.
PIICHIG*H 1676. 1630. 1724. 1749. 1795. 1723.
PIItNE SOTA 356. 339. 377. 38.8. 407. 381.
MISSISSIPPI 102. 98. 114. 120. 12s. 185.
MISSOURI 942. 890. 955. 964. 989. 1047.
I1OPITANA 356. 371. 383. 403. 419. 373.
l(CPA5KA 81. 83. 63. 84. 64. 77.
NEVADA 227. 246. 267. 2*7. 307. 299.
HEW H.flIPSHIRE 66. 61. 80. 87. 97. 90.
NEW JERSEY 595. 649. 621. 628. 622. 476.
hEW MEXICO 374. 400. 446. 483. 523. 519.
HEW YCPK 1303. 1436. 1629. 1445. 1449. 1’60.
P CPTH CAPOLIUA 482. 447. 523. p44. : 582. 582.
NORTH DAKOTA 5.. 52. 57. 58. 60. 63.
OHIO 3043. 2961. 3122. 3167. 3254. 3266.
CXLAHQIIA 104. 105. 96. 92. 87. 86.
53. 55. 51. 59. 61. 53.
PE? OiSYLVAHIA 2122. 1996. 2257. 2326. 2453. 2314.
RHODE ISLA m 42. 49. 53. 55. 62. 36.
SOUTH C& OLIt4A 170. 164. 189. 198. 211. 216.
SOUTH DAKOTA 45. 37. 52. 56. 64. 59.
TEtt iESSEE 933. 865. 981. 1005. 1055. 1142.
TEXAS 784. 806. 823. 842. 660. 944.
IJTAIt 367. 347. 325. 305. 284. 250.
VERIIOUT 13. 12. 13. 13. 13. 10.
VIRGINIA 400. 436. 457. 48.2. 500. 484.
WASHIlI T0*1 163. 164. 169. 172. 175. 111.
WEST VIRGINIA 801. 849. 930. 956. 998. 1074.
wIscousiu 819. 718. 657. 878. 9’7. 667.
WYOnInG 85. 88. es. 86. I L . cs.
THE U.S. 28849. 28493. 30263. 30961. 3194o. 31266.
83
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
S&1itA V OF $02 tflIS$I I5 BY STAT (100O TOllS)
STATE 1972 1973 1974 197 5* 1976 1977
AUBIJIA 1063. 1194. 1123. 1117. 983. 932.
ARIZCUA 19S5. 1610. 1626. 1439. 1300. 1169.
ARK*USAS 74. 66. 79. 66. 35. 41.
CAUrCcUIA 526. 506. 506. 498. 637. 767.
COLORADO 105. 122. lU. ill. 115. 113.
CO? 2 ICTICUT 79. 9. 56. 67. 57. 46.
DILAIIAPE 72. 50. 57. 56. 103. 14).
C !STRICT OF OLtfl I4 37. 2. 20. 25. 7. 7.
FLORIDA 826. 02. 835. 823. 963. 1074.
GEORGIA 559. 761. 669. 665. 663. 674.
IDAHO 36. 37. 33. 31. 26. 22.
ILLINOIS 2413. 2108. 2239. 2236. 1955. 1800.
IIE IIHA 2062. 2005. 2667. 2064. 2070. 2072.
IOWA 345. 292. 31 . 314. 317. 317.
AHSA5 174. 212. 189. 186. 192. 205.
kLI4Tt KY 1377. 1555. 1353. 1381. 1318. 1293.
t JISIAHA 247. 266. 37. 229. 594. 952.
ItLIt E 77. 73. 77. 77. 46. 21.
IURTLAPC 391. 257. 311. 310. 226. 234.
MASSACHUSETTS 241. 131. 234. 276. 429. 580.
MICHIGAN 1602. 1341. 1432. 1420. 1194. 1132.
MI ? l SOTA 344. 266. 300. 301. 231. 221.
IIISSIS SIPPI 222. 258. 219. 2i . 226. 230.
1173. 1496. 13 2. 1295. 1275. 1275.
MONTAHA 326. 284. 231. 182. 201. 217.
NEBPASX* 67. 47. 56. 56. 55. Si.
I4EVADA 294. 299. 275. 260. 260. 256.
I EW HAIIPOHIRE 84. 76. 81. 62. 95. 109.
11tH JERSEY 367. 235. 335. 347. 306. 26!.
M W IIEYICO 512. 500. 492. 483. 443. 397.
NEW YORK 1230. 969. 1062. 1080. 9. 437.
HOQT$ CAROLINA 376. 567. 567. !‘S. 601. 634.
IICQTH DAKOTA 66. 79. 73. 74. 87. 90.
OHiO 3264. 3246. 3239. 3234. 3065. 2996.
OKLAH 1* 65. 63. 78. 75. 96. 10).
OREGON 49. 45. 48. 49. 46. 39.
P(PLSSTIVAH IA 2171. 1955. 2062. 2 62. J975. 1686.
RHODE ISLAJD 19. 7. 22. 25. 2. 2.
SOUPI CAROLINA 21?. 21 3. 210. 209. 233. 2 )6.
SOUTH OAYOTA 51. 33. 41. 41. 42. 42.
TE IP IESS(E 129S. 1648. 1485. 1476. 1392. 1363.
TEXAS 1023. 1152. 1054. 1035. 12 7. 1325.
UTAH 216. 194. 152. 115. 107. 94.
8. 5. 4. 6. 7. 7.
VIRGINIA 442. 337. 374. 374. .65. 173.
MASHIIGTOII 177. 2( 3. 193. 192. 255. 307.
111Sf VIPGIUIA 1243. 1657. 1479. 1477. 1397. 1371.
WISC 1S!t I 789. 616. 49). 694. 67 1. 663.
111. 147. 130. 129. 176. 202.
THE U.S. 30692. 30258. 29901. 29320. 26602. 28601.
84
-------
TABLE A-2. Continued
SU 91ARy OF 502 EMISSIOUs BY STATE(1000 TONs)
STATE 1978* 1979 1980*
ALABAtlA 781. 804. 788.
ARIZONA 915. 793.
ARKANSAS 123. 123. 88.
CALIFORF1ZA 532. 538. 574.
COLORADO 142. 153. 150.
COt4NECTICIJ’r 73. 71. 62.
DELAWARE 62. C2. 101.
DISTRICT OF C0LL2 IA 14. 12. 6.
FLORIDA 824. 919. 997.
GEORGIA 705. 803. 818.
IDAHO 33. 32. 28.
ILLINOIS 1717. 1632. 1579.
II1DIAu, 1792. 2004. 2076.
IOWA 398. 356. 338.
KANSAS 230. 278. 281.
KENTUCKY 1366. 1241. 1184.
LOUISIANA 328. 3 55. 415.
PIAIHE 7 6. 75. 66.
MARYLAND 329. 376. 359.
MASSACHUS EflS 402. 396. 346.
flICH IGAt 1160. 1009. 905.
1IIN’IESOTA 223. 205. 187.
11XSSISS pp 325. 325. 264.
1ISSQuo 1269. 1290. 1283.
168. 166. 163.
NEBRASKA 8 . 81. 7 .
HEV. DA 236. 230. 220.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 69. 79. 87.
NEW JERSEy 325. 337. 329.
HEW MEXICo 268. 289. 284.
HEW YORK 1021. 1013. 934.
NORTH CAROLINA 589. 593. 583.
NORTH DAKOTA 99. 114. 121.
OHIO 2846. 2839. 2814.
OKLAHOMA 105. 138. 147.
OREGON 50. 58. 61.
PEU NSYLVA,1IA 1797. 1962. 2011.
RHODE ISLAND 22. 20. 13.
SOUTH CAROLINA 296. 321. 3U4.
SOUTH DAKOTA 57. 50. 47.
TENNESSEE 1143. 1174. 1177.
TEXAS 1255. 1323. 1312.
UTAH 122. 119. 114.
VERrIO N T 9. 9. 7.
VIRGINIA 364. 369. 313.
WASHI N5TO . 292. 279. 260.
WEST VIRGINIA 1258. 1223. 1205.
WISCOUSIt4 744. 695. 667.
W’ O?IING 189. 228. 243.
THE U.S. 27249. 27653. 27197.
* Estimated by the method described in Chapter II. For the intervening >ears,
the state total emissions were estimated Dy the procedure described in hapter III.
85
-------
TABLE A-3. SUMMARY OF NO EMISSIONS BY STATE
STATE 1900* 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905*
ALABAJIA 92. 93. 96. 98. 98. 100.
ARIZONA 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.
ARKANsAS 158. 158. 159. 160. 160. 161.
CALIF CpPIIA 49. 50. 53. 55. 55. 58.
COLORADO 26. 28. 31. 33. 32. 36.
CO *4ECTIC ,JT 33. 36. 33. 41. 40. 43.
OELAWAPE 3. 3. 2. 3. 3. 3.
DISTRICT OF COtj.RIBIA 7. 8. 8. 8. 8.
FLORIDA 53. 53. 54. &5. 5s 55.
GEORGIA 72. 73. 75. 76. 76. 78.
IDAHO 7. 7. 8. 8. 8. 9.
XLLINØIg 206. 218. 231. 255. 251. 274.
I nDIANA 73. 78. 86. 9 • 93. 103.
IOWA 57. 60. 64. 66. 67. 72.
KANSAS 33. 34. 36. 38. 38. 41.
KENTUCKY 38. 39 42. 44 43. 46.
LOUISIAJi 43. 44. 45. 47. 47. 48.
MAINE 24. 26. 23. 30. 2 1. 32.
l1ARyLAj 36. 38. 37. ‘3. 42.
MASSACHUSETTS 77. 6 . 83. 92. 91. 98.
MICHIGAN 74. 78. 83. 91. 90. 98.
HIt2 E5OTA 49. 53. 52. 60. 5 . 63.
MISSISSIPPI 46. 49. 50. 52. 51. 53.
MISSOURI 81. 84. 89. 94. 93. 99.
MONTANA 21. 22. 23. 24. 24. 26.
NEBRASKA 29. 30. 31. 34. 34. 36.
NEVADA 2. 2. 3 3. 3. 4.
NEW HAIIPSHIRE 19. 22. 18. 24. 24. 25.
NEW JERSEy 93. 104. 91. 122. 120. 131.
NEW MEXICO 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8.
HEW YORK 251. 277. 242. 316. 311.
NORTH CAROLINA 33. 33. 35. 36. 36. 38.
NORTH DAKOTA 7. 8. 9. 11. 13. 12.
OHIO 173. 182. 200. 214. 211. 231.
OKLAHOMA 13. 14. 16. 16. 18. 20.
OREGON 20. 21. 21. 22. 22. 23.
PEt8ISYIVAP1IA 276. 308. 275. 362. 355. 386.
RHODE ISLAND 21. 23. 20. 26. 26. 28.
SOUTh CAPO i 22. 22. 23. 24. 24. 25.
SOUTH DAKOTA 9. 9. 10. 11. 12.
TENNESSEE 42. 43 45. 47. 47. 49.
TEXAS 60. 61. 64. 66. 66. 69.
UTAH 7. 8. 9. 9. 9. 10.
VERtiOi g 16. 19. 14. 21. 20. 22.
VIRGINIA 40. 42. 45. 48. 47. 51.
WASHINGTON 19. 20. 22. 23. 23. 25.
WEST VIRGINIA 24. 26. 30. 32. 32.
WISCONSIN 59. 62. 62. 70. 69. 74.
WYOMING 7. 8. 8. 8. 8. 9.
ThE U.S. 2610. 2764. 2766. 3127. 3091. 3314.
F jotnotes at end of able.
86
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
SUMMARY OF HOX FHISSIONS BY STATE( 1000 TONS)
STATE 1°06 1907 1908 1909 1910* 1911
ALABAMA 103. 106. 106. 108. 103.
ARIZONA 4. 5. 4. 5. 5. 4.
ARKANSA s 162. 163. 162. 163. 164. 162.
63. 67. 65. 75. 80. 79.
COLORADo 30. 41. 37 41. 44. 38.
CONNECTIcUT 43. 48. 45 . 47. 50. 7.
DELAWARE 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 9. 9. 9. 9. 10. 10.
FLORIDA 56. 58. 56. 58. 59. 57.
GEORGIA 79. 82. 79. 62. 84. 80.
IDAHO 10. 11. 10. i i . 11. 10.
ILLINOIS 287. 318. 286. 311. 333. 295.
INDIANA 110. 125. 108. 122. 133. 109.
IOWA 75. 80. 74. 79. 83. 75.
KANSAS 51. 59. 54. 75. 84. 82.
KENTUCKY 40. 52. 48. 52. SD.
LOUISIANA 50. 52. 50. 53. 54. 52.
MAINE 31. 36. 33. 35. 37. 34.
MARYLAND 46. 5 o. 47. 49. 51.
tIASSACHUSEfl 5 100. 108. 101. 106. iji. 106..
MICHIGAN 104. 117. 102. 113. 123. 101.
MINNESOTA 65. 71. 66. 7s. 74. 68.
MISSISSIPPI 55. 57. 54. 56. 53. 55.
MISSOURI 103. 110. 102. 108. 113. 103.
MONTANA 27. 29. 27. 29. 30. 2?.
NEBRASKA 37. 40. 37. 39. 41.
NEVADA 4. 5. 4. 4. 5. 4.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 25. 28. 27. 27. 28. 28.
NEW JERSEY 131. 153. 139. 147. 157. 146.
NEW MEXICO 8. 9. 8. 9. 10. 8.
NEW YORK 333. 379. 354. 367. 388. 374.
NORTH CAROLINA 39. 42. 39. ‘.1. 44. 3?.
NORTH DAKOTA 13. 16. 13. 15. 17. 13.
OHIO 251. 280. 250. 2 58. 312. 277.
OKLAHOMA 25. 31. 27. 37. 43. 38.
OREGON 23. 24. 23. 25. 25. 24.
PEI* SYLVANIA 412. 4b9. 438. 505. 553. 502.
RHODE ISLAND 27. 31. 29. 30. 31. 31.
SOUTH CAROLIp 26. 28. 26. 27. 29. 26.
SOtJTH DAKOTA 12. 13. 12. 13. 14. 13.
TEt O ESSEE 51. 54. 50. 53. 55. 52.
TEXAS 71. 73. 72. 74. 77. 76.
UTAH 11. 12. 11. 12. 13.
VERMONT 21. 24. 23. 23. 24. 24.
VIRGI,4 1A 54. 59. 53. 50. 62.
WASHINGTON 27. 30. 27. 30. 32. 28.
WEST VIRGINIA 48. 58. 3 . 75. 86. 76.
76. 84. 77. 82. 87. 79.
Wyoti luG 9. 10. 9. 10. 10. 10.
THE U.S. 3455. 3829. 3525. 3850. 4102. 3773.
87
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
SUIHARY OF NO.’C EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1912 1913 1914 1915* 1916 lfll
ALABA1t 111. 113. 117. 116. 119. 121.
ARIZOnA 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 8.
ARKANSAS 165. 166. 167. 167. 175. 178.
CALIFORNIA 81. i. 84. 84. 107. 118.
COLORADo 46. 48. 52. 51. SI.
CO?1 IECTICIJT 51. 54. 56. 56. 57. 61.
DELAwARE 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 4.
DISTRICT OF COLtR IA 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. ii .
FLORIDA 60. 61. 63. 63. 65. 67.
GEORGIA 85. 86. 88. 91. 93.
IDAHO 12. 12. 13. 13. 13. 14.
ILLINOIS 352. 363. 392. 383. 389. 399•
INOIAtIA 144. 150. 167. 63. 179. 195.
IOWA 87. 89. 95. 94. 92. 91.
KANSAS 78. 75. 69. 66. 66.
KENTUCKY 57. 58. 61. 60. 65. 69.
LOUISIAnA 62. 65. 69. 73. 84. 88.
MAINE 38. 40. 43. 42. 42. ,6.
MARYLAND 53. 5,. 57. 56. 56.
I1A5S CHUSEfl5 115. 118. 123. )22. 124. 129.
MICHIGAn 134. 140. 156. 1 ,3. 167. 181.
MINNESOTA 77. 81. 86. 84. 88. 93.
MISSISSIPPI 60. 61. 63. 3. 64. 66.
MISSO uRI 120. 123. 131. 150. 129. 129.
PIONTANA 32. 32. 34. ‘4. 35. 36.
NEBRASKA 42. 43. 45. 45. 45. 45.
NEVADA 6. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7.
NEW HAMPS i p 29. 30. 31. 31. 31. 34.
NEW JERSEy 164. 173. 184. 180. 188. 205.
NEW MEXICO 11. 12. 13. 12. 13. 14.
NEW YORK 399. 419. 437• 430. 444. 482.
HORiij CAROLINA 46. 47. !1. 0 . 56. 62.
NORTH DAKOTA 19. 20. 23. 22. 24. 26.
OHIO 335. 348. 37 372. 373. 383.
OKIAHUIIA 54. 59. 65. 71. 101. 113.
OREGON 26. 27. 28. 28. 29. 29.
PENNSYLVANIA 582. 612. 657. 640. 657. 708.
RHODE ISLAND 31. 33. 33. 33. 33. 36.
SOUTH CAROLINA 30. 31. 33 33. 35. 38.
SOUTH DAKOTA 15. 16. 17. 16. 17. 27.
1EH IESSEE 57. 58. 61. 61. 64. 67.
TEXAS 81. 83. 85. S. 108. 117.
UTAH 14. 15. 16. 16. 17. 18.
VERI1O?IT 25. 26. 27. 2. . 26. 29.
V1Rf,Ipi 66. 68. 75 7h 77. 81.
WASHINGTON 34. 36. 39. 3 i. 40. 42.
WEST VIPGII IA 95. 99. 107. br. 115. 121.
WISCOnSIN 91. 95. 101. 100. 107. 116.
WYOH1 . 10. 10. 10. 10. 15. 16.
THE U.S. 4302. 4458. 4735. 4672. 4904. 5178.
88
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
- SUIIIIARY OF NOX EPU 3IoNS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE - 1918 1919 1920* 1921. 1922 1923
ALABAjj 123. 118. 322. 143. 142. 139.
ARIZONA 8. 7. 8. 10. 16. 35.
ARKANSAS 174. 17s• 157 . 167. 211.
CALIFORNIA 108. 114. 124. 77. 220. 690.
COLORADO 51. 52. 52. 7. 17. 61.
COU’IECTICIJT 62. 57. 60. 5 . 57. 70.
OELAWARE 4. 4. 4. 4. 4• 7•
DISTRICT OF C0LL* IA 12. 10. 1 1. 16. 13.
FLORIDA 68. 66. 69. 73. 117.
GEORGIA 95. 91. 94. 105. 104. 101.
10* 1 10 14. 14. 14. 4. 6. 20.
ILLINOIS 403. 39 402. 308. 338.
IUDIAJu 203. 173. 192. 39g. 337. 192.
IOWA 91. 96. c S . 22. 23. 112.
KANSAS 69. 68. 69. 34. 61. 140.
KENT UCKY 69. 64. 68. 122. 107. 69.
LOUISIANA 81. 85. 88. 45. 87. 233.
MAINE 47. 42. ‘.4. 25. 27.
MARYLAND 59. 57. 58. 25. 42. 102.
PIASSACHUSEflS 130. 128. 131. 1 1S. 126. 176.
MICHIGAN 190. 163. 181. 442. 368. 179.
MINNESOTA 95. 89. 4. 87. 87. 101.
MISSISSIPPI 66. 64. 66. 44. 73.
IIIS SOIJRI 230. 132. 232. 79. 101.
PIONTAPIA 36. 3 s 36. 12. 20.
NEBRASKA 45. 47. 47. 5. 15. 56.
NEVADA 8. 7. 7. 2. 14. 52.
NEIl HAMPSHIRE 34. 31. 32. 23. 21.
NEW JERSEY 210. 166. 199. 187. 217.
HEW MEXIcO 15. 13. 14. 7. 10. 19.
HEW YORK 492. 471. 660. 561. 572.
NORTH CAROLINA 65. 54 62. 187. 151. 56.
NORTH DAKOTA 26. 24. 26. 8. 7. 30.
OHIO 400. 373 367. 509. 477 3c7.
OKIAHOPIA 98. 109. 68. 106. 221.
30. 30. 30. 22. 42. 114.
PENNSYLVANIA 736. 642. 685. 1367. 1117. 684.
RIIO E ISLAND 36. 33• 34. 33. 31.
SOUTH CLROLINA 39. 35. 38. 76. 65. 38.
SOUTH DAKOTA 18. 17. 18. 7. 7. 22.
TENNESSEE 68. 63. 67. 105. 95. 69.
TEXAS 108. 112. 119. 73. 189. 541.
UTAH 19. 17. 18. 22. 22. 22.
VEPMOl 30. 26. 27. 23. 20. 2 ’ .
VIRGINIA 84. 76. 81. 75. .92. :o .
WASHI HZTON 43. 41. 18. 1O .
WEST VIRGINIA 124. 112. 120. 218.
WISCOUSI,I 120. 105. 115. 261. 2.5.
W1O P1Ipl 14. 14. 16. . 15.
THE U.S. 5250. 4899. 5159. 6366. 6309. 7429.
89
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued -
SUpDt py OF P4OX Et1ISS! BY STATE(1000 TOUS
STATE 1924 1925* 1926 1927 1928 1929
ALADANA 139. 141. 140. 130. 125. 124.
ARIZO,:A 25. 31. 32. 32. 32. 33.
ARKANSAS 203. 213. 204. 191. 179. 165.
CALIFOR 1IA 491. 625. 646. 655. 682. 735.
COLORADO 45. 53. 60. 56. 58. 65.
CONNECTIC uT 67. 66. 60. 58. 63.
DELAWARE 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 7.
DISTRICT CF COLUMBIA 14. 14. 17. 17. 17. 18.
FLORIDA 98. 160. 209. 259. 309.
GEORGIA 103. 104. 116. 123. 133. 145.
IDAHO 13. 17. 18. 17. 17.. 18.
ILLINOIs 412. 429. 441. 422. 426. 452.
INDIANA 249. 227. 23?. 230. 232. 244.
IOWA 76. 94. 102. 96. 97• 104.
KANSAS 1 11. 131. 138. 137. 138. 144.
KENTUCKY 85. 60. 85. 86. 89.
LOUI5I j 195. 233. 243. 246. 255. 269.
PUlpit 43. 43. 34. 32. 33. 35.
MARYLAND 76. 87. 63. 82. 84. 89.
IIASSACH PJSEflS 158. 168. 170. 161. 164. 175.
IIICHIGAIJ 257. 228. 229. 231. 239.
PIIUUESOT 99. 100. 95 93. 94. 9a.
MISSISSIppI 60. 67. 7 . 70. 72.
flIS5 )pjp 140. 154. 163. 156. 157. 369.
IIOI4TANA 41. 49. 51. 48. 48. 49.
NEBRASKA ‘.2. 49. 51. ‘ .8. 49 53.
NEVADA 32. 42. 43. 42. 42.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 31. 29. 19. 18. 18. 20.
NEW JERSEY 312. 34 . 360. 352. 364. 386.
NEW MEXICO 15. 17. 19. 18. 18. 20.
NEW yopp( 584. 555. 482. 513. 5 9
NORm CAROLINA 94. 80. 79. 82. 83. 84.
NORTH DAKOTA 21. 25. 24. 23. 23. 24.
OHIo 430. 421. 448. 431. 435. 460.
OKLAH OT1A 200. 227. 249. 257. 285. 322.
OREGON 74. 96. 97 97. 97. 96.
PEHNSYLVAP1!A 847. 735. 641. 606. 612. 649.
RHODE ISLAND 41. 41. 31. 30. 31.
SOli ‘f CAROLIP 49. 45. 61. 79. 96. 113.
SOWN DAKOTA 16. 19. 19. 19. 20. 21.
TENNESSEE 80. 77. 79. 84. 87. 91.
TEXAS 394. 492. 536. 57 620. 729.
UTAH 22. 22. 24. 24. 24. 26.
VEP M OIT 28. 24. 13. 12. 13. 14.
VIRGINIA 95. 101. 104. 107. 112.
WASHINGTON 70. 90. 9s 93. 95. 99.
WEST VIRGINIA 127. 114. 118. 117. 1 1 . 118.
WISCO?ISIU 153. 134. 131. 131. 133. 140.
WYOPIING 42. 48. ‘ .8. 46.
THE U.S. 7002. 7302. 73;8. 7381. 7622. 8183.
90
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
Stj? tApy OF HOX EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1930* 1931 193 1933 1934 1935*
ALABAMA 111. 101. 96. 123. 106. US.
ARIZONA 32. 25. 23. 48. 26. 33.
ARKANSAS 151. 129. 112. 116. 85. 75.
CALIFORNIA 747. 558. 480. 1067. 476. 592.
COLORADO 54. 46. 39. 42. 42. 43.
CO ECTICIJT 62. 56. 49• 49. 53. 54.
DELAWARE 7. 7. 7. 7. 7. 7.
DISTRICT OF COUftlSU 16. 15. 13. 13. 14. 16.
FLORIDA 359. 342. 333. 3 7 . 330. 33
GEORGIA 148. 136. 124. 122. 115. 112.
lOM b 16. 15. 13. 16. 14. 16.
ILLINOIS 406. 359. 318. 339. 348. 363.
INOIAflA 222. 193. 168. 177. 183. 190.
IO1. bA 90. 81. 72. 75. 80. 84.
KANSAS 136. 110. 97. 151. 98. 109.
KENTIX1(y 93. 83. 73 74. 72. 71.
LOUISI ti 271. 221. 195. 314. 183. 199.
MAINE 35. 32. 20. 28. 30. 31.
MARYLAND 91. 75. 66. 112. 70. 01.
tIASSAChLISEflS 161. 139. 122. 143. 131. 138.
MICHIGAN 230. 208. 187. 190. 195. 199.
M IFI SOTA 92. 82. 73. 74. 77. 79.
MISSISSIPPI 73. 82. 90. 99 111. 121.
MISSOURI 149. 131. 115. 138. 125. 133.
MONTANA 43. 35. 30. 49. 35. 40.
NEBRASKA 46. 40. 36. 40. 40. 41.
NEVADA 40. 26. 21. 65. 23
HEW HAMPSHIRE 21. 19. 17. 16. 18. 18.
NEW JERSEy 379. 285. 241. 478. 260. 309.
HEW 11EXICO 18. 1?. 17. 23. 22. 25.
HEW ‘rORx 563. 476. 416. 527. 446. 470.
uopm CAROLINA 80. 83. 76. 75• 77. 78.
UORTH DAKOTA 22. 19. 16. 17. 18. 19.
OHIO 417. 370. 331. 336. 354.
OKLAHOMA 326. 272. 233. 284. 163. 173.
OREGON 94. 72. 65. 141. 68.
PENNSYLVANIA 628. 522. 431. 486. 476.
RHODE IS1AuI 34. 30. 27. 31. 29. 30.
SOUTH CAROLINA 132. 114_ 95. 81. 65. 50.
SOUTH DAKOTA 20. 17. 18. 18. 19.
TENNESSEE 97. 96. 90. 90. 91.
TEXAS 744. 608. 556. 991. 565. 656.
UTAH 24. 22. 20. 25. 22. 24.
VEPHOrn 16. 14. 13. 12. 14. 14.
VIRGINIA 122. 110. 99. 120. 97. 101.
WASHINGTON 95. 74. 66. 128. 69. 83.
WEST VIRGINIA 116. 104. 93. 91. 92. 91.
WISCONSIN 237. 122. 110. 109. 110. 109.
14(OI IH G 44. 35. 29. 41. 24. 24.
THE U.S. 8018. 6812. 6039. 8167. 6182. 6638.
91
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
- OF HOX EflISSIONS BY STATEI 1000 TONSJ
STATE 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940* 1941
ALABAMA . 117. 116. 103. 103. 104. 112.
ARIZONA 34. 35. 35. 36. 37 37.
ARKANSAS 77. 78. 78. 79.
CALIFORNIA 604. 616. 610. 620. 626. 670.
COLORADO 46. 48. 47. 50.
CON?1ECTICLI 58. 64. 63. 62. 68.
DELAWARE 7. 8. 9. 8. 9. 11.
DISTRICT OF COLU?IBIA 17. 19. 20. 19. 21. 24.
LORIoA 309. 278. 241. 211. 18]. 192.
GEORGIA 117. 122. 122. 126. 131. 226.
IDAHO 17. 17. 16. 17. 18. 20.
ILLINOIS 406. 430. 368. 399. 442. 506.
INDIANA 211. . 222. 192. 207. 228. 255.
IOWA 91. 95. 87. 92. 109.
KANSAS 113. 117. 115. 118. 121. 134.
KCNTUCKY 83. 90. 78. 87. 98. 109.
LOUIsIAt1 203. 208. 202. 205. 207. 215.
MAINE 30. 3 . 37. 34. 36. 40.
HA YLAJ 88. 96. 90. 93. 103. 117.
MASSACHUSEflS 142. 148. 146. 146. 151. 169.
MICHIGAN 224. 238. 203. 220. 245. 273.
MINNESOTA 84. 88. 86. 89. 93. 104.
MISSISSIPPI 128. 134. 129. 135. 143. 142.
t1ISS otjp 144. 151. 142. 150. 160. 176.
PIONTAPIA 43. 45. 46. 48. 50. 58.
NEBRASKA 43. 44. 43. 43. 44. 48.
NEVADA 3 . 31. 3 . 31. 29.
HEW HASIPSNIPE 17. 21. 25. 21. 23. 25.
lIEN JERSEY 293. 333. 383. 33 352.
HEW l1 XICO 28. 30. 29. 30. 32.
HEW ‘sO e 443. 521. 603. 512. 551. 589.
NORTH CAROLINA 90. 96. 82. 91. 102. 115.
NORTH DA’(OTA 20. 20. 19. 20. 21. 2S.
OHIO 400. 424. 355• 389. 435. 491.
OKLAHOflA 193. 212. 217. 234. 252. 251.
OREGON 85. 84. 82. 82. 81. 96.
PENNSYLVANIA 502. 556. 585. 546. 583. 641.
RHODE ISLAND 29. 33. 36. 33 35. 37.
SOUTH CAROLINA 58. 63. 58. 64. 72.
SOUTH DAKOTA 20. 21. 19. 21. 22. 25.
TENNESSEE 110. 119. 96. 109. 227. 142.
TEXAS 695. 733. 717. 747 775. 83 .
UTAH 26. 28. 26. 27. 29. 32.
VERMONT 12. 16. 20. 16. 17. 19.
VIRGINIA 115. 123. 102. 112. 126. 148.
80. 78. 78. 76. 72. 81.
WEST VIRGINIA 106. 114. 93. 104. 118. 132.
WISCOtISIP , 119. 126. 113. 118. 129. 145.
WYOMflI G 26. 27. 26. 27. 28. 31.
THE U.S. 6934. 7348. 7101. 7137. 7558. 8262.
92
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
StJ?QIARy OF NOX EflIS5Io, BY STATE(10 00 TONS
STATE
1942 1943 1944 1945* 1946 1947
ALABA1IA
iU. 135. 141. 138. 143. 134.
ARIZONA
38. 39. 38. 38. 45. 49.
ARKANSAS 80. 87. 90. 89. 90. 103.
CALIFORNIA 691. 792. 878. 889. 1095. 975.
COLORADO 57. 62. 66. 67. 64. 78.
COUNECTICIJT 73. 70. 72. 75. 65. 82.
DELAUA RE 11. o . ii. 9. ii. 12.
DISTRICT OF COWIBIA 20. 16. 17. 20. 24. 23.
FLORIDA 197. 206. 214. 220. 220. 226.
GEORGIA
123. 122. 118. 110. 120. 145.
IDAHO 21. 23. 24. 24. 26. 28.
ILLINOIS 516. 535. 547. 544. 520. 539.
INOIANA 268. 288. 292. 288. 276. 313.
1014A 109. 112. 116. 118. 120. 138.
KANSAS
138. 159. 179. 186. 202. 205.
KENTUCKY 115. 124. 124. 121. 119. 139.
LOUISIANA 231. 252. 266. 277. 301. 307.
MAIN2 40. 41. 42. 42. 36. 46.
MARYLAND
123. 136. 146. 140. 156. 150.
PtASSACH(JSEflS 158. 155. 174. 155. 190.
MICHIGAN 282. 289. 294. 297. 288. 332.
MIN nESOTA 302. 102. 105. 109. 102. 125.
PlISSISSIpp I 141. 143. 137. 127. 117. 137.
MISSOURI 175. 179. 187. 195. 192. 221.
MONTANA
UEBPA SKA
57. 70. 83. 84. 86. 88.
NEVADA
48. 50. 53. 54. 55. 68.
35. 46. 56. 56. 66. 58.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 25. 24. 24. 24. 21. 26.
HEW JERSEY 389. 433. 483. 492. 580. 514.
HEW MEXICO 39. 46. 52. 54. 59. 67.
NEW YORK
546. 528. 527. 591. 582. 636.
NORTH CAPOITHA 123. 135. 137. 134. 145. 158.
NORTh DAKOTA 25. 28. 30. 30. 35. 35.
OHIO 508. 536. 543. 538. 527. 584.
OKLAHOr. 4 239. 228. 223. 220. 232. 238.
OREGO
102. 127. i s o. 155. 176. 159.
PEPO’SYLVAHIA 641. 649. 676. 664. 643. 717.
RHrjD.E ISLAND 36. 33. 32. 32. 27. 33.
SJUTH CAROLINA 79. 82. 82. 79. 74. 86.
SOUTH DAKOTA 26. 27. 27. 28. 27. 32.
TENnESSEE 156. 176. 177. 168. 140. 187.
TEXAS 868. 1000. 1116. 1147. 1297. 1241.
UTAH 34. 38. 40. 40. 41. 45.
VERMONT
19. 18. 18. 18. 17. 19.
VIRGINIA 159. 183. 195. 190. 208. 209.
WASHINGTON 84. 99. 111. 111. 122. 126.
WEST V1PGI’ IA 139. 148. 148. 145. 148. 158.
WISCONSIN 152. 159. 361. 157. 145. 175.
WYO’iIIi
THE U.S.
31. 35. 39. 38. 39. 43.
8389. 8972. 9 55. 9548. 9993. 10470.
93
-------
TABLE A—3. Continued
SU?*IARY OF NOX EtIISSIO)iS BY STA E(1oco TONS)
STATE 1948 1949 1950* 1951 1952 1953
ALABAnA 147. 150. 154. 149. 207. 203.
ARIZOpiA 50. 56. 61. 63. 64. 65.
ARKANSAS 113. 111. 128. 132. 135. 136.
CALIF O Rp 735. 1007. 785. 611. 822. 833.
COLORADO 78. 71. 82. 91. 93. 97.
CONNECTICUT 91. 74. 90. 86. 102. 99.
DELAWAPE 15. 16. 19. 18. 24. 23.
DISTRICT OF COLUP IA 26. 29. 31. 32. 33. O.
FLORIDA 222. 213. 216. 230. 234. 240.
GEORGIA 167. 170. 198. 200. 208. 205.
IDAHO 30. 29. 32. 34. 31. 33.
ILLINOIS 616. 560. 623. 630. 683. 685.
INDIANA 314. 283. 306. 312. 352. 355.
IOWA 153. 145. 168. 182. 177. 183.
KAt•SAS 192. 210. 207. 221. 222. 228.
KENTUCKY 142. 133. 148. 143. 199. 195.
LOUISIANA 299. 328. 334. 372. 391. 407.
MAINE 46. 32. 39. 41. 39. 40.
MARYLAND 120. 138. 136. 122. 123. 125.
MASSACHNSEflS 177. 160. 168. 165. 184. 180.
MICHIGAN 346. 317. 352. 356. 383. 385.
MINNESOTA 133. 115. 135. 145. 144. 149.
MISSISSIppI 138. 121. 137. 148. 143. 147.
MISSOURI 223. 208. 229. 237. 253. 256.
MONTANA 78. 79. 74. 71. 66. 65.
NEBPAS CA 71. 66. 77. 85. 84. 88.
NEVADA 40. 55. 38. 35. 34. 33.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 27. 16. 21. 22. 22. 22.
NEW JERSEY 3S . 452. 321. 317. 311. 306.
NEW I1 XIC0 74. 79. 92. 103. 104. 108.
HEW Y3PK 668. 613. 669. 674. 678. 662.
NORTH CAROLIuA 174. 176. 194. 201. 219. 223.
NORTH DAKOTA 36. 39. 40. 43. 38. 40.
OHIO 606. 567. 617. 636. 662. 671.
OKLAHOMA 228. 239. 238. 229. 227. 220.
OREGON 121. 1q9. 115. 110. 108. 106.
PEIftJSYLV J IA 719. 700. 738. 753. 773. 772.
RHODE ISLAND 37. 24. 32. 29. 38. 36.
SOUTH CAROLINA 91. 80. 90. 96. 100. 103.
SOUTH DAKOTA 32. 29. 32. 34. 32. 34.
TENNESSEE 184. 153. 176. 160. 234. 225.
TEXAS 1094. 1293. 1186. 1197. 1224. 1228.
UTAH 66. 56. 74. 75. 76. 77.
VE ?1O y 19. ii . 14. 14. 15. 15.
VIRGINIA 197. 213. 206. 215. 217. 224.
WASHINGTON 115. 125. 119. 121. 115. 117.
WEST VIRGINIA 163. 162. 173. 170. 197. 194.
WISCONSIN 173. 152. 168. 169. 181. 181.
WYOMING 46. 45. 49. 63• 57. 58.
THE U.S. 9985. 10247. 10309. 1053i. 11056. 11104.
94
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
SlJ 9i4RY OF NO 1 EHISSIou BY STATE( 1000 TONS)
STATE 1954 1955* 1956 1957 1958 1959
ALABAflA 274. 224. 227. 237. 260. 266.
ARIZONA 67. 69. 76. 79. 86. 91.
RK P1SAS 138. 143. 142. 143. 141. 142.
CALIFORNIA 840. 863. 856. 878. 863. 887.
COLORADO 9S. 105. 107. 11 1. 122. 125.
C DHNECTICIJI 120. 103. 112. iii . 121. 124.
DELAWARE 31. 24. 26. 29. 42. 4 .
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 27. 29. 28. 26. 27. 27.
FLORIDA 238. 251. 246. 252. 259. 266.
GEORGIA 214. 207. 206. 210. 222. 224.
IDAhO 29. 34. 35. 37. 37. 40.
ILLINOI 5 745. 715. 740. 751. 827. 833.
INDIAnA 399. 379. 384. 399. 439. 448.
IOWA 172. 193. 186. 193. 198. 200.
KANSAS 226. 241. 233. 237. 231. 232.
KENTUCKY 263. 215. 220. 228. 252. 257.
LOUISIANA 420. 448. 480. 511. 539. 590.
MAINE 39. 42. 44. 44. 45. 45.
MAPYLAJ1D 124. 132. 136. 141. 159. 163.
HASSACHLSSETTS 203. 186. 204. 199. 219. 222.
)IICHIGAN 415. 403. 406. 432. 496. 509.
MINNESOTA 144. 159. 175. 175. 197. 203.
P1ISSI5S Ipp 144. 153. 156. 157. 157. 162.
MISSOuRI 273. 270. 279. 304. 339. 364.
MONTANA 64. 63. 63. 66. 69. 71.
NEBRASKA 84. 95. 97. 98. 100. 102.
NEVADA 34. 31. 27. 29. 26. 26.
HEW HAMPSHIRE 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
NEW JERSEY 299. 303. 317. 308. 306. 313.
NEW MEXIcO 109. 118. 119. 120. 120. 121.
NEW YORK 665. 667. 716. 688. 696. 709.
NORTH CAROlINA 241. 238. 241. 244. 255. 259.
NORTH DAKOTA 32. 41. 42. 43. 43. 45.
OHIO 694. 700. 703. 738. 825. 841.
OKLAHOMA 220. 211. 207. 206. 199. 197.
OREGON 106. 104. 101. 107. 106. iii.
PENNSYLVANIA 790. 793. 800. 810. 828. 842.
RHODE ISLAP.V 48. 39. 38. 39. 41. 41.
SOUTH CAROLINA 106. 110. iii. 116. 130. 133.
SOUTH DAKOTA 31. 35. . 36. 36. 37.
TEN nESSEE 317. 244. 2 . 268. 337. 345.
TEXAS 1260. 1262. 1305. 1478. 1577. 1762.
U(AH 78. 79. 83. 79. 71. 73.
VERMONT 15. 15. 17. 16. 16. 16.
VIRGINIA 217. 235. 233. 249. 261. 288.
WASHINGTON 109. 117. 121. 126. 129. 137.
WIST VIRGINIA 227. 203. 209. 202. 169. 189.
WISCONSIN 193. 188. 192. 208. 259. 266.
WYOMING 62. 63. 63. 65. 70. 69.
THE U.S. 11663. 11563. 11867. 12248. 13012. 13486.
95
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued
StflQt&RY OF HOX EMISSIONS BY STATEC 1000 TONS)
STATE 1960* 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965*
ALABAJIA 262. 258. 27. 305. 335. 368.
ARIZONA 94. 95. 105. ii i. 118. 124.
ARKANSAS 142. 146. 153. 160. 166. 172.
CALIFOPHiI 901. 934. 988. 1043. 1103. 1154.
COLORADO 124. 125. 130. 136. 144. 151.
CONNECTICUT 123. 123. 129. 136. 146. 154.
OCLAWAPE 41. 41. 43. 46. 49. 52.
DISTRICT OF COLLRIBIA 27. 28. 29. 28. 28. 28.
FLORIDA 263. 270. 289. 307. 321. 341.
6EORGIA 221. 223. 238. 256. 276. 297.
IDAHO 43. 43. 46. 48. 50. 52.
LLINOI S 818. 821. 846. 880. 922. 960.
INDIAFU 444. 447. 470. 498. 531. 663.
IOWA 197. 199. 205. 212. 222. 229.
KANSAS 232. 238. 247. 255. 265.
KENTUCKY 254. 252. 267. 289. 313. 340.
LOUISIANA 627. 656. 704. 743. 788. 814.
MAINE 46. 46. 48. 50. 51. 53.
MARTIANS 161. 162. 176. 195. 214. 236.
MASSACHUSETTS 220. 222. 232. 244. 253. 266.
MICHIGAN 500. 503. 536. 579. 626. 677.
MI HESOTA 202. 205. 211. 218. 228. 234.
MISSISSIPPI - 165. 172. 182. 189. 199. 205.
MISSOuRI 374. 369. 364. 363. 362. 368.
MONTANA 73. 72. 72. 73. 76. ‘6.
NEBRASKA 103. 106. 110. 114. 121. 125.
NEVADA 26. 27. 30. 33. 36. 39.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 25. 25. 27. 28. 30. 32.
NEW JERSEY 315. 315. 330. 352. 376. 400.
NEW MEXICO 122. 123. 133. 144. 155. 168.
NEW YORK 715. 719. 741. 771. 798. 627.
NORTH CLROLIp.A 258. 260. 279. 301. 323. 351.
NORTH DAKOTA 46. 47. 48. 49. 49. 50.
OHIO 629. 835. 864. 900. 941. 979.
OKLAHOMA 195. 204. 219. 231. 245. 255.
OREGON 114. 116. 120. 125. 130. 134.
PEHNSYLVMIIA 845. 849. £ 62. 882. 905. 921.
RHODE ISLAI 41. 41. 40. 38. 36. 33.
SOUTH CAPOLIWA 131. 133. 139. 246. 154. 262.
SOUTH DAKOTA 33. 38. 39. 41. 42. 43.
TENNESSEE 329. 338. 351. 362. 3’4. 384.
TEXAS 1891. 1931. 1994. 2050. 21 2. 2161.
UTAH 77. 80. 83. 85. 89. 90.
VERtIQ N T 16. 17. 17. 17. 18. 18.
VIRGINIA 283. 288. 304. 323. 342. 364.
WASHINGTON 142. 145. 152. 158. 166. 171.
WEST VIPGII4IA 194. 189. 202. 223. 24’. 271.
WISCOU 51, 257. 260. 274. 290. 30?. 326.
WYOMING 67. 66. 69. 74. 79. 85.
THE U.S. 13610. 13609. 14408. 15100. 15871. 16579.
96
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TABLE A-3. Continued
SLR9IARY OF NOX EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970* 19fl
AUBANA 391. 385. 408. 412. 423. 458.
ARIZONA 131. 137. 143. 149. 155. 183.
ARKANSAS 172. 173. 173. 173. 175. 201.
CALIFORuIA 1201. 1246. 1299. 1348. 1395. 1448.
COL ORA’)O 159. 157. 162. 163. 166. 180.
CO 7 ECTICUT 149. 165. 169. 178. 185. 178.
DELAWARE 51. 52. 52. 53. 53. 55.
DISTRICT OF COLUIBIA 33. 34. 39. 42. 46. 39.
FLORIDA 385. 403. 444. 475. 507. 566.
GEORGIA 324. 333. 356. 371. 390. 425.
IDAHO 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 61.
ILLINOIS 967. 996. 1011. 1032. 1050. 1079.
• INDIANA 606. 6C 2. 632. 644. 663. 685.
• IOWA 243. 249. 262. 271. 281. 288.
KANSAS 285. 292. 305. 317. 327. 344.
KENTUCKY 391. 383. 421. 436. 458. 491.
LOUISIA nA 823. 832. 842. 851. 860. 892.
MAINE 55. 57. 60. 63. 65. 64.
)1ARYU.J 244. 252. 262. 271. 280. 284.
MASSACHUSETTS 255. 276. 730. 291. 298. 287.
MICHIGAN 715. 724. 756. 775. 799. 803.
MINNESOTA 248. 252. 264. 271. 280. 290.
MISSISSIPpI 216. 222. 232. 241. 249. 276.
MISSOuRI 401. 3 . 410. 613. 423. 443.
PIONTtRA 78. 78. 80. 81. 82. 88.
I1EBRASKA 128. 132. 138. 142. 147. 152.
NEVADA 43. 43. 45. 46. 47. 56.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 39. 39. 45. 48. 52. 52.
NEW JERSEY 399. 427. 443. 4.’. 480. 462.
NEW MEXICO 202. 200. 225. 239. 255. 269.
NEW YCPK 833. 865. 887. 911. 934. 900.
NC’RTH CAROLINA 419. 407. 456. 475. 504. 514.
NORTh DAKOTA 62. 62. 71. 77. 83. 87.
OHIO 1052. 1035. 1081. 1094. 1122. 1152.
OKI .AHOtI4 279. 298. 322. 349. 369. 382.
OREGON 137. 142. 146. 150. 155. 157.
PENNSYLVANIA 982. 972. 1020. 1035. 1064. 1077.
RHODE ISLAND 3 38. 40. 43. 46. 43.
SOUTH CAROLINA 181. 184. 200. 210. UI. 229.
SOUTH DAKOTA 49. 49. 53. 56. 58. 60.
TENNESSEE 412. 408. 429. 436. 4 9. 500.
TEXAS 2153. 2156. 2150. 2140. 2139. 2240.
UTAH 91. 90. 91. 89. 90. 97.
VE t O iT 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 23.
VIqOINIA 366. 384. 395. 409. 421. 425.
WASHINGTON 176. 183. 187. 192. 198. 216.
NEST VIRGINIA 299. 288. 306. 309. 318. 342.
NI5COflSI 355. 357. 379. 391. 406. 403.
106. 111. 129. 143. 156. 175.
ThE U.S. 17390. 17635. 18372. 18847. 19403. 20123.
97 -
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TABLE A-3. Continued
SLROtARY OF NOX EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE - 1972 1973 1974 1975* 1976 1977
ALABAPtA 9). 541. 505. 503. 506. 489.
ARIZONA 212. 253. 220. 205. 243. 247.
ARKANSAS 219. 228. 201. 171. 376. 176.
CALIFORNIA 1481. 1488. 1410. 1321. 1491. 1631.
COLORADO 200. 237. 220. 230. 28’.. 328.
CONNECTICUT 169. 159. 358. 158. 136. 117.
DELAWARE 55. 50. 50. 49. 62. 71.
DISTRICT OF COLLfr BIA 33. 24. 29. 30. 21. 19.
FLORIDA 617. 659. 612. 616. 725. 793.
GEORGIA 471. 550. 503. 501. 525. 539.
IDAHO 66. 70. 66. 68. 102. 58.
ILLINOIS 1105. 1129. 1086. 1049. 991. 944.
INDIANA 711. 753. 722. 714. 829. 900.
IOWA 294. 302. 292. 283. 265. 269.
KANSAS 362. 3-87. 366. 358. 391. 455.
KEHTUCI(y 530. 591. 549. 534. 589. 645.
LOUISIANA 914. 932. 910. 913. 914. 1083.
MAINE 64. 64. 64. 65. 58. 51.
IIARYLA,m 281. 261. 262. 261. 245. 223.
1IAS SACPfU$Efl S 279. 272. 274. 276. 248. 211.
MiCHIGAN 795. 761. 765. 774. 693. 662.
MINNESOTA 302. 319. 305. 304. 286. 201.
HISSIS SIPI 296. 310. 278. 737. 261. 260.
MISSOURI 475. 539. 505. 503. 503. 508.
MONTA lA 94. 102. 94. 91. 113. 126.
NEBP 5KA 160. 170. 162. 158. 141. 142.
NEVADA 73. 110. 93. 94. 11?. 136.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 52. 51. 5 1. 51. 55. 57.
NEW JERSEY 448. 422. 428. 422. 399. 349.
NEW MEXICO 283. 301. 284. 274. 296. 294.
NEW YORK 849. 753. 774. 740. 649. 519.
NORTH CAROLINA 524. 531. 517. 513. 536. 540.
NORTH DAKOTA 93. 105. 98. 95. 113. 144.
OHIO 1182. 1221. 1182. 1172. 1207. 1290.
OKLAHOMA 394. 403. 393. 392. 426. 461.
ORLGON 161. 164. 159. 162. 200. 232.
PENNSYLVANIA 1102. 1150. 1110. 1098. 1145. 1133.
RHOOE ISLAND 41. 40. 41. 41. 31. 24.
SOUTH CAROLINA 236. 239. 230. 224. 246. 252.
SOUTH DAKOTA 64. 72. 68. 68. 72. 74.
TENNESSEE 563. 664. 602. 597. 587. 580.
TEXAS 2333. 2449. 2362. 2381. 2423. 2724.
UTAH 108. 126. 1 1 8. 125. 149. 150.
VERtIONT 23. 23. 23. 24. 25. 25.
VIRGINIA 420. 390. 392. 388. 376. 327.
WASHINGTON 239. 280. 255. 254. 304. 338.
WEST VIRGiNIA 386. 438. 4’.4 . 448. 482. 498.
WISCONSIN 399. 383. 386. 389. 413. 396.
Wyon u 197. 234. 204. 177. 269. 325.
THE U.S. 20850. 21750. 20823. 20501. 21319. 22304.
98
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TABLE A-3. Continued
SI.2VIARY OF NO( EMISSIONS BY STATE(1000 TONS)
STATE 1978* 1979 1980*
ALA BAflA 490. 535. 509.
ARIzou 276. 323. 326.
ARkANSAS 220. 242. 222.
CALIFORNIA 1423. 1475. 1404.
COLORADO 270. 293. 310.
CO 2 ECTICUT 155. 152. 142.
DELAI4ARE 52. 58. 60.
DISTRICT OF COL IA 30. 27. 22.
FLORIDA 655. 691. 702.
GEORGIA 538. 571. 560.
IOM4O 76. 145.
ILLXNO I S 1028. 1037. 1017.
INOXANA 721. 800. 857.
lOtlA 297. 325. 312.
KANSAS 424. 424. 449
KENTUCKY 552. 559. 566.
LOUISIA} A 1349. 639. 880.
MAINE 69. 68. 62.
272. 294. 284.
ttASSACHUSEflS 291. 291. 267.
MICHIGAN 776. 784. 727.
314. 322. 309.
MISSISSIPPI 269. 308. 276.
MISSO uRI 556. 556. 541.
MONTANA 123. 129. 130.
NEDRAStCA 185. 191. 172.
NEVADA 102. 103. 110.
NEW HAMPSHIRE 53. 56. 55.
NEW JERSEy 406. 451. 411.
NEW MEXICO 296. 337. 327.
NEW YORK 767. 795. 709.
NORTH CAROLINA 545. 576. 560.
NORTH DAKOTA 128. 129. 141.
OHIO 1217. 1170. 1181.
OKLAHOtj 453. 457. 486.
OREGON 195. 198. 202.
PEt8 SYLVANIA 1123. 1184. 1172.
RHODE ISLAND 38. 43. 36.
SOUTH CAROLINA 268. 282. 271.
SOUTH DAKOTA 86. 82. 78.
TEUHESSEE 5°S. 618. 581.
TEXAS 2730. 2442. 2549.
UTAH 146. 168. 175.
VERplO rr 26. 26. 25.
VIRGINIA 401. 436. 411.
WASHInGTON 306. 309. 298.
WEST VIRGINIA 446. 488. 500.
WISCONSIN 416. 466. 438.
WYCTIIUG 259. 297. 327.
ThE U.S. 22414. 22354. 22259.
* Estimated by the method described in Chapter 11. For the intervening years,
the state tot 1 3m lssions were estimated by the procedure described in Chipter U I.
- 99
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APPENDIX B
TOTAL NATIONA1 . EMISSIONS BY SEASON
100
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
B—I SO 2 EMISSIONS BY SEASON 102
8—2 SO 2 PERCENTAGE EMISSIoNs BY SEASON 102
B3 NOx EMISSIONS BY SEASON 103
B—4 PERCENTAGE OF NO EMISSIONS BY SEASON 103
101
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TABLE B-i. SO 2 EMISSIONS BY SEASONa (1000 TONS)
YEAR WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL TOTAL
1900 3460.4 1934.6 2383.4 2193.9 9972.2
1905 4866.4 2705.1 3304.7 3067.6 13943.8
1910 385e. 3348.1 4280.0 3779.5 17258.2
1915 6993.6 3912.4 4986.7 4378.6 20271.3
1920 7222.5 4139.2 5193.2 4561.6 21118.5
1925 7909.5 4536.3 5815.8 5001.6 23263.1
1930 7176.2 4115.7 5361.0 4453.3 211 6.4
1935 5687.6 3293.7 4414.2 3582.3 16977.8
194i 6668.7 4103.8 5355.5 4391.1 20519.1
1945 7854.2 5409.5 6996.0 5747.6 26007.3
195 6573.1 4346.7 3618.9 4664.7 21203.4
1955 6306.8 4448.2 5513.2 4615.2 20883.4
1960 6569.5 4899.3 58i2. 4988.4 22269.5
1965 7490.i 6018.8 6955.1 6286.3 26750.3
1970 8625.5 7315.7 8114.4 7890.7 31946.3
1975 8118.0 6789.6 7380.0 7232 4 29520.0
1980 7343.2 6472.9 6853.6 6527.3 27197.0
TABLE B-2. PERCENTAGE SO 2 EMISSIONS BY SEASONa
YEAR - WINTER - SPRING SUMMER FALi . TOTR& ..
1900 34. 19.4 23.9 22.0 100.0
1905 34.9 19.4 23.7 22.0
1910 33.9 19.4 24.3 21.9 100.0
1915 34. 19.3 24.6 21.6
34.2 19.6 24.6 2 .6 100.0
1925 34.0 19.5 25.0 21.5 100.0
1930 34.0 19.5 25.4 21.1 1J0.
1935 33.5 19.4 26.0 21. . 100.0
1940 32.5 20.0 26.1 2i .L
1945 30.2 20.8 26.9 22.1 100.
1950 31.0 20.5 2 .5 22 . 100.0
1955 30.2 21.3 26.4 100 .,
1960 29.5 22.0 26.1 22.’,
1965 28.0 22.5 26.0 23.5 100.0
1970 27.0 22.9 25.4 24.7
1975 27.5 23.0 23.0 24. 100.0
1980 27.0 23.8 25.2 24.0 100.0
a Wtnter December, January, February
Sprtng March, prti, May
Summer June, July. August
Fall September, October, November
102
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TABLE B-3. NO EMISSIONS BY SEASONa (1000 TONS)
YEAR WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL TOTAL
1900 689.7 429.5 553.1 496.7 2169.0
1905 930 . 568.4 720. 651.6 2870.5
1910 1181.7 722.2 926.4 824.3 3654.6
1915 1372.9 819.6 1048.4 919.4 4160.4
1920 1465.9 898.3 1121.7 983.2 4469.1
1925 2227.1 1496.9 1920.4 1657.6 7302.0
3930 2389.3 1659.7 2132.7 1836.1 8017.8
1935 1938.3 1387.3 1792.2 1520.1 6637.9
1940 2214.5 1617.4 2 10.4 1715.6 7537.9
1945 2616.0 2081.4 2616.0 2234.1 9547.6
1950 2927.6 2267.9 2742.t 2371.0 10308.6
1955 3237.6 2601.6 3029.5 2694.1 11562.8
1960 3742.8 313iO.3 3538.6 3198.4 13610.1
1965 4476.4 3879.5 4294.0 3929.3 16579.2
1970 5141.7 4617.8 4986.4 4656.6 19402.5
1975 5330.2 4 20.2 5227.7 5022.7 20500.9
j9 5720.6 5364.4 5653.8 5520.2 22259.0
TABLE B-4. PERCENTAGE N0 EMISSIONS BY SEASONa
YEAR WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL TOTAL
1900 31.8 19.8 25.5 22.9 100.0
1905 32.4 19.8 25.1 22.7 100.0
1910 32.4 19.8 25.4 22.6 100.2
1915 33.0 19.7 25.2 22.1 100.0
1920 32.8 20.1 25.1 22.0 100.0
1925 30.5 20.5 26.3 22.7
1930 29.8 20.7 26.6 22.9 100.0
1933 29.2 20.9 27.0 22.9 100.0
1940 29.3 21.4 26.6 22.7 100.0
1945 27.4 21.8 27.4 23.4 100.0
1950 28.4 22.0 26.6 23.0 100.0
1955 28.0 22.5 26.2 23.3 10O.
1960 27.5 23.0 26.0 23.5 100.0
1965 27.0 23.4 25.9 23.7
1970 26.5 23.8 25.7 24.0 10ø .
1975 26.0 24.0 25.5 24.5
1980 25.7 24.1 25.4 24.8
a Winter = December, January, February
Spring = March, April, May
Summer = June, July, August
Fall = September, October, November
103
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APPENDIX C
TOTAL EMISSIONS BY RELEASE (STACK) HEIGHT
104
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23.0 6 0
- . ENTAL - . ‘ ‘ENC\’
LL S EN\flP ’ ME .NTAL RESEARCH L.AB
2OO3 STREET
CORVALLIS OREGON 333
-- ___ _____
-t —— - — — —
1 - —— It—t —I
- r 4 — 1 . .f 4 iii r S
j - -
- , . . - - --- + - ..-. - t -
LW.. . 3 5 .ooo .
Li;
StackHefght
4 4 1
t - -
-0
-n
b —,,
— 1s 24 1 ’410f.st
• . 121-240 fist
.1.
-H
20 is
Year
Figure C — i. Total national 502 emIssions by stack height ranges.
0
0—120 fist
Stacf He-I
>4.0 fist
241-4.0 ?..t
121 - fist
i :t
IL
ght - — -
4 - i
‘-1
I
I
5 10 S20 25 30.33 40 4t 33 60 53 10 75 1S+IO -
Figure C-2 Total national NOx emissions by stack height ranges I
i . ; • I -
0—120 fist
$#1
0
a
1
0
(6
0
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