GROUND WATER DISINFECTION
AND PROTECTIVE PRACTICES
IN THE UNITED STATES
FINAL
November 1996
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Jon C. Merkle
Bruce A. Macler
Science Applications International Corporation
Lynn Kurth
Faysal Bekdash
Lee Solomon
Holly Wooten
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Prepared for:
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 260-9545
Prepared by:
Science Applications International Corporation
1710 Goodridge Drive
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 917-8496
EPA Contract No. 68-C3-0365; Work Assignment No. 2-3
SAIC Project No. 01-0833-07-4830-001
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ES-1
TECHNICAL APPROACH ES-1
FINDINGS ES-1
SUMMARY OF STATE REQUIREMENTS, GUIDELINES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ES-3
ALABAMA 1
ALASKA 5
ARIZONA 9
ARKANSAS 13
CALIFORNIA 17
COLORADO 22
CONNECTICUT 27
DELAWARE 32
FLORIDA 37
GEORGIA 42
HAWAII 46
IDAHO 50
ILLINOIS 57
INDIANA 65
IOWA 69
KANSAS 74
KENTUCKY 79
LOUISIANA 84
MAINE 91
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
MARYLAND 95
MASSACHUSETTS 99
MICHIGAN 103
MINNESOTA 109
MISSISSIPPI 114
MISSOURI 119
MONTANA 123
NEBRASKA 127
NEVADA 132
NEW HAMPSHIRE 136
NEW JERSEY 141
NEW MEXICO 146
NEW YORK 150
NORTH CAROLINA 154
NORTH DAKOTA 159
OHIO 163
OKLAHOMA 167
OREGON 171
PENNSYLVANIA 175
RHODE ISLAND 181
SOUTH CAROLINA 185
SOUTH DAKOTA 188
TENNESSEE 192
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
TEXAS 196
UTAH 201
VERMONT 206
VIRGINIA 211
WASHINGTON 215
WEST VIRGINIA 220
WISCONSIN 224
WYOMING 228
iii
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
GROUND WATER DISINFECTION AND PROTECTIVE PRACTICES
IN THE UNITED STATES
1.0 Introduction
The goal of the workgroup developing the National Primary Drinking Water Regulation for
disinfection of ground water systems (Ground Water Disinfection Rule) is to ensure protection of
the public from fecal contamination of their drinking water and, thereby, to reduce the occurrence
of waterborne illness. In the development of this rule it was recognized that many states have
addressed this problem. It was therefore thought useful to review and consider the various state
approaches already in use as possible starting points or models for further discussion.
2.0 Technical Approach
This document consists of abstracts of existing state regulations, guidances, codes, and other
materials pertaining to protection of public health from microbial contamination in public water
systems using ground water. The abstracts also contain data and other information on the ground
water protective practices of the 50 state programs.
In general, the type of information incorporated into the abstracts includes the following:
• A listing of documents supplied by each state
• The state contact person(s) responsible for this information
• Wellhead/ground water protection information
• Ground water disinfection requirements and occurrence data
Well siting and construction requirements/guidelines
• Sanitary survey requirements/guidelines
• Distribution system protection requirements/guidelines
• Operator certification requirements
The texts of state laws and regulations were collected in the summer and fall of 1995. Draft
abstracts were then prepared for review and validation by each state.
3.0 Findings
In the United States there are widespread but diverse requirements for the protection of drinking
water that has ground water as its source. These protective practices include wellhead protection
programs, disinfection, well siting and construction requirements, and distribution system
safeguards. However, few of these protective practices are used by all states and there is a variety
of interpretations of the same practice. For example, as of July 1, 1996, 41 states had approved
wellhead protection programs. Forty-seven states specify minimum setback distances from sources
of microbial contamination but show a wide range of setback distances for the same type of
contaminant source. Seventeen states require periodic flushing of the distribution system. Exhibit
1 shows these and other variations.
Of the ground water protective practices in place, none shows a greater state-to-state variability
than disinfection. Nationwide, about 55% of community water systems, 28% of nontransient
noncommunity water systems, and 17% of transient noncommunity water systems disinfect.
Individual state disinfection rates in these three categories range from 7%/l%/l%, respectively, in
Rhode Island, to 100%/100%/100% in Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, and Texas (Exhibit 1). The state-
to-state variation in disinfection rates is driven primarily by the regulatory structure in effect in
each state. Low to medium disinfection rates are common in the 29 states where disinfection is
required only when coliform violations occur, when some other treatment is in place, or when the
ES-1
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system is otherwise believed to be vulnerable. High disinfection rates are mostly confined to the 20
states that impose a blanket requirement to disinfect upon one or more categories of water systems.
Disinfection rates in many states have been raised by an unquantified amount of voluntary
disinfection used by systems trying to avoid violations of the total colifonn rule.
The amount of disinfectant that must be applied also varies by state. Fifteen states do not require
a specified minimum chlorine residual, even though disinfection is required in these states when
colifonn violations occur. Thirty-four states do specify a minimum chlorine residual which most
commonly is 0.2 mg/l free chlorine at the end of the distribution system. Three states (Alabama,
Maryland, Utah) require disinfection to a CxT value. One state (Connecticut) has no disinfection
requirement even when colifonn violations occur.
While 40 states have no prohibitions on the use of specific disinfectants, five states have restrictions
on ultraviolet light (Idaho, Kansas, New York, Oregon, Vermont) and other rarely used disinfectants
are prohibited by several other states. In contrast, Pennsylvania has almost 800 ground water
systems using ultraviolet disinfection.
Waivers from the requirement to disinfect are frequently given in some states (Washington,
Louisiana) while in other states waivers are available but rarely, if ever, given (Kansas, Florida).
Waivers from a blanket requirement to disinfect are not allowed in Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky,
Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas.
ES-2
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EXHIBIT 1. SUMMARY OF STATE REQUIREMENTS, GUIDELINES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
STATE
Approved Wellhead
Protection Program?
Ground Water Disinfection
Well Siting & Construction
Sanitary Survey
Required?
Distribution System
Operator Certification?
Wellhead Monitoring
Data Required?
Is Disinfection
Required?
Waiver from Disinfection
Requirements?
Percent Ground Water
Systems Disinfecting
Specified Minimum
Chlorine Residual?
Specified C x T Value?
Microbial Kill/
Reduction Value?
Well Construction Code?
Well/Pump Disinfection?
Minimum Distance
Specified from Microbial
Contamination?
Hydrogeological
Criteria Used?
Periodic Flushing of
Distribution System?
Disinfection of New/
Repaired Water Mains?
Cross-Connection
Controls?
c
NTNC
¦mc
Alabama
Y
Y
N
100
100
82
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Alaska
N
S
N
*
*
4
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Arizona
Y
S
N
14
18
10
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Arkansas
Y
Y
N
>95
-100
-70
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
California
N
S
N
11
8
7
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Colorado
Y
Y
Y
92
*
*
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Connecticut
Y
N
N/A
15
U
U
N/A
N/A
N/A
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Delaware
Y
S
N
26
17
9
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Florida
N
Y
Y
100
100
100
Y
S
S
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Georgia
Y
Y
Y
88
66
46
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Hawaii
Y
S
N
98
100
83
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
Idaho
N
S
N
-10
-8
-2
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Illinois
Y
s
Y
87
*
*
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
S
Y
Indiana
Y
s
N
-60
<5
<5
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Iowa
N
s
N
-50
-15
-5
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
S
N
Kansas
Y
Y
Y
100
100
100
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Kentucky
Y
Y
N
100
100
100
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Louisiana
Y
Y
Y
56
23
9
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Maine
Y
S
N
43
4
6
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Maryland
Y
S
N
90
10-15
-0
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Massachusetts
Y
S
N
21
3
1
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Michigan
Y
S
N
30
—6
-3
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Minnesota
Y
S
N
-50
-3
-1
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Mississippi
Y
S
Y
86
46
26
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
S
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Missouri
Y
S
N
29
17
25
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
U - Unknown from files provided S = Some Systems or Sometimes N/A = Not Applicable * = See Text
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EXHIBIT 1. SUMMARY OF STATE REQUIREMENTS, GUIDELINES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued)
STATE
Approved Wellhead
Protection Program?
Ground Water Disinfection
Well Siting & Construction
Distribution System
Operator Certification?
Wellhead Monitoring
Data Required?
Is Disinfection
Required?
Waiver from Disinfection
Requirements?
Percent Ground Water
Systems Disinfecting
Specified Minimum
Chlorine Residual?
Specified C x T Value?
Microbial Kill/
Reduction Value?
Well Construction Code?
Well/Pump Disinfection?
Minimum Distance
Specified from Microbial
Contamination?
Hydrogeological
Criteria Used?
Sanitary Survey
Required?
Periodic Flushing of
Distribution System?
Disinfection of New/
Repaired Water Mains?
Cross-Connection
Controls?
c
WTOC
TNC
Montana
Y
S
Y
17
8
4
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Nebraska
Y
S
N
7
8
1
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Nevada
Y
s
N
-30
14
-0
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
New Hampshire
Y
s
N
16
4
2
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
New Jersey
Y
s
Y
71
—6
~3
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
New Mexico
Y
s
N
38
37
20
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
New York
Y
Y
Y
-50
<50
<50
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
North Carolina
Y
Y
N
58
23
2
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
S
North Dakota
Y
S
N
64
0
10
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Ohio
Y
S
Y
99
31
12
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
Oklahoma
Y
S
N
21
2
7
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Oregon
N
S
N
29
19
17
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Pennsylvania
N
S
N
89
50
26
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Rhode Island
Y
S
N
7
1
1
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
South Carolina
Y
S
N
97
16
6
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
South Dakota
Y
S
N
58
35
19
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Tennessee
Y
S
N
100
70
52
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Texas
Y
Y
N
100
100
100
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
Utah
Y
s
N
39
33
17
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
S
Y
S
Y
Y
Y
Y
Vermont
Y
S
N
39
~5
-0
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Virginia
N
S
N
22
14
9
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
S
Y
Y
Y
S
Washington
Y
Y
Y
36
41
24
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
S
West Virginia
Y
Y
Y
98
95
-50
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Wisconsin
Y
S
Y
23
2
<1
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Wyoming
N
S
N
33
17
13
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
S
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y = Yes N = No U = Unknown from files provided S = Some Systems or Sometimes N/A = Not Applicable * = See Text
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ALABAMA
General.Infbnnatioit
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Development of a Comprehensive State
Ground Water Protection Program
(CSGWPP)
March 1994
Alabama Department of
Environmental Management
Administrative Code. Division 7, Water
Supply Program
August 1995
Alabama Department of
Environmental Management
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Charles E. Davis, Community Systems Section, Water
Supply Branch, Water Division
(334) 271-7820
Joe Alan Power, AL DEM
(334) 271-7773
Doug Cook, AL DEM
(334) 271-7773
StatePrograms
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Joe Alan Power
Chief Water Supply Branch
(205) 271-7774
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for microbials/pathogens? Y/N/S* Y
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
According to Administrative Code Division 7, Water Supply Program, continuous disinfection is
required of all ground water sources used by community and NTNC water systems.
Continuous disinfection of other non-commuruty ground water sources is required for all
systems constructed after January 4, 1989, or which undergo a change in ownership, and for
any system showing a positive total coliform result 3 or more months in any 12-month period.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A - Not Applicable
1
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ALABAMA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N ^N/A^
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 100% vTwr 100% - TMr 82%
C ,331/M.) NTNC (56/36) TNC (116/141)
Compliance with disinfection requirements checked during annual sanitary surveys.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
(Administrative Code p 5-12): Residual must be maintained at a level of no less than
0 2 mg/1 free chlorine in the distribution system.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N Y
According to Administrative Code, p. 5-11, a chlorine concentration time (CT) of at least 60
is to be provided when the average monthly turbidity is less than five NTU, and
• The geologic conditions are such that contamination may occur, or
• The average total coliform count of the raw water exceeds 20/100 ml but is less
than 100/100 ml for an average of weekly samples for a minimum of four
consecutive months, or
• The average fecal coliform count of the raw water exceeds 5/100 ml but is less
than 20/100 ml for an average of weekly samples for a minimum of four
consecutive months.
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
No disinfectants are specifically prohibited, but any treatment technique must be accepted by
the Department.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
2
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AL AB AMA-(Continue d)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
A WW A Standard A 100-66-A1-5.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
Modified AWWA Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
N
of microbial contamination?
Y/N
Must be free from continuous flooding and not subject to contamination or sinkhole subsidence.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N
Y
Minimum 100 feet to uppermost water-bearing zone.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Required annually for all systems
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A - Not Applicable
3
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ALABAMA(Contimied)
Distribution System -
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N
N
Recommended twice annually.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N
Y
(Administrative Code p 9-1) A public water system shall be designed, installed, maintained, and
operated in such a manner as to prevent contamination from being introduced through any
connection to the system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N
Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N
Y
Total coliform and fecal coliform.
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
4
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ALASKA?
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Drinking Water Regulations: AAC 80
November 1994
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
David Khan
Department of Environmental Conservation
(907) 465-5317
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
James Weise Jim Munter
Drinking Water Program Manager Ground Water Program Coordinator
(907) 269-7647 (907) 696-0070
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S'
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
At the discretion of the department if
1 A sanitary defect is noted during a sanitary survey conducted by the department.
2 The system is in violation of the MCL for Total Coliform Rule.
3. The Department finds that there is a significant* potential for violation of the Total
Coliform Rule.
•Significant is not quantified in the regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A - Not Applicable
5
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AL AS KA (Gdntinued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? YflM N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C & NTNC TNC 4%
(253/1451) (58/1371)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
0 2 mg/1 for more than 4 hours. Residual disinfectant is to be measured according to the
Total Coliform Rule.
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N Y
For seasonal operations as per the State coliform bacteria sampling and analysis
requirements—some confusion and discrepancy exist between Tables C and D on page 23
and the sampling requirements on page 89 of die Total Coliform Rule.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
No disinfectants are specifically prohibited, but any disinfection technique must be acceptable
and approved by the Department prior to use.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Regulations, specifically 18 AAC 80.060.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
6
-------
ALASKA(Gontiniiedj
Well Siting and Constraction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards Y Other (list) Y
State standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Y/N Y
100-200 ft for Classes A & B plus 75-150 feet for Class C. (See Additional Comments for
definitions for Class A, B and C)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N Y
Under Section 18 AAC 80.030 the State will require additional setback distances based on
geologic, local soil, ground water, surface topography, or any other conditions that indicate
that the set separation distance will not provide adequate protection against contamination of
a water source. Based on the same conditions, the State may approve a setback distance less
than that specified above.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N Y
Section 18 AAC 80.605 notes that the term "sanitary survey" is used in connection with
reduced monitoring.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N Y
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided
7
N/A = Not Applicable
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ALASKA(Contiinied)
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? Y/N Y
Monitoring . -
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N N/A
Monitoring of the wellhead (raw water) is not required. Microbial (bacti) sampling and all
other sampling is performed after water treatment and is usually obtained from the
distribution system.
Additional Comments
Class A: Serves 25 people per year or 10 service connections or 13 residential bedrooms or 25
persons (same persons) per six months.
Class B: Serves 25 persons/day or 10 service connections per sixty days.
Class C: Not A, not B, not a private household well.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
8
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
ARIZONA
Generalflnformation
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Arizona Dnnhng Water Rules
April 1995
AZ Dept. of Environmental Quality
Guidelines for the Construction of Water
Systems, Engineering Bulletin No. 10
May 1978
AZ Dept. of Environmental Quality
Disinfection of Water Systems, Engineering
Bulletin No. 8
August 1978
AZ Dept. of Health Services
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Janet Kuefler, AZ DEQ
(602) 207-4639
Chuck Graf, AZ DEQ
(602) 207-4661
Peggy Guichard-Watters, AZ DEQ
(602) 207-4617
Dale Ohnmeiss, AZ DEQ
(602) 207-4648
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N ^
Voluntary.
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Mr Jeff Stuck, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, (602) 207-4425.
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
The Drinking Water Rules (R18-4-304. Ground Water Treatment Rule, page 90) state that the
Department may require a ground water system to provide disinfection if any of the following
occurs
1 There is a violation of a maximum contaminant level for total coliform at a sampling point.
2 The ground water system fails to comply with monitoring requirements for total coliform.
3 There is a reasonable probability of microbiological contamination of the ground water.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U - Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
9
-------
ARIZON^Gbntiiiued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N ^J/A^
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
i- 14% M-i-Mr- 18% Twr 10%
^ (110/786) NTNC (40/225) TNC (62/620)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
According to Arizona Drinking Water Rules, the residual disinfectant concentration in water
entering the distribution system (measured as free chlorine, combined chlonne, or chlorine
dioxide) shall be not less than 0.2 mg/1 for more than four consecutive hours.
Is there a specified C*T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but any disinfectant must conform to NSF Standard 60.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State Regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
10
-------
ARIZONA (Continued)
Well Siting andCons traction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Well construction is regulated by the Department of Water Resources.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N A WW A Standards Other (list) Y
State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N N
See guidelines in Disinfection of Water Systems, Part V—Water Main, Storage Tank and Well
Disinfection, page 18.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
The Drinking Water Rules Article 5—Minimum Design Criteria, R18-4-502.D states the
following
A public water system shall not construct or add to its system a well which is located:
1 Within 50 feet from existing sewers unless the main has been constructed in
accordance with subsection (C), paragraph (5), subparagraphs (a) or (b) [note:
which talk about pressures that must be maintained) of this Section;
2 Within 100 feet of any existing septic tank or subsurface disposed system;
3 Within 100 feet of a discharge or activity which is required to obtain an
Individual Aquifer Permit, pursuant to A.R.S. Section 49-241(A) through 49-251;
4. Within 100 feet of hazardous waste facilities operated by large quantity
generators and treatment, storage, and disposal facilities regulated under the
Arizona Hazardous Waste Management Act.
NOTE According to a note by Mr. Klemenski, Article 5 is currently under revision.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
In Guidelines for the Construction of Water Systems, source protection guidelines for ground water
are listed.
S" = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
11
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ARIZONA (Continued)
SanitarySarvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Same as requirements under 40 CFR 141.21(d).
Dnnkmg Water Rules (R18-4-118. Sanitary Surveys) states that each public water system shall
undergo a sanitary survey.
It further states that "In conducting a sanitary survey of a ground water system, information on
sources of contamination within a delineated wellhead protection area shall be considered
instead of collecting new information provided the information was collected since the last time
the system was subject to a sanitary survey."
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N N
Guidance is given, but no requirements are in place.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/jsj Y
Yes, although not specific to ground water systems. R18-4-115—Backflow Prevention
requirements are listed on page 32 of the Drinking Water Rules: "[A] water supplier shall
protect its public water system from contamination caused by backflow through unprotected
cross connections by requiring the installation and periodic testing of backflow prevention
assemblies"
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
As per Chapter 5, Article I, Title 18.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
12
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ARKANSAS.
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Rules and Regulations Pertainmg to Public
Water Systems
Effective
April 1995
Health Department, Division of
Engineering
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Harold Seifert, P.E., Director, Division of Engineering, AR
DOH
(501) 661-2623
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Bob Cordova
Department of Health
Division of Engineering
(501) 661-2623
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Under Section XII of the Rules and Regulations Pertaining to Public Water Systems [Adopted in
1978], "Disinfection of all [new] PWS by a method approved by the Arkansas Department of
Health must be provided " However, preexisting non-disinfectmg systems are required to
provide permanent disinfection when sample results indicate problems.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
The regulations state that "a program of variances and exemptions is not needed by the state."
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
13
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ARKANSAS (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Gontinued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r >95% MTMC "*100% TNC ~70%
C (>382/402) NTNC (-(8/iS) (-341/487)
Specific disinfection requirements:
The Rules and Regulations Pertaining to Public Water Systems state that disinfection "...must
include adequate contact holding time prior to pumping into the distribution and storage
system. An adequate residual of the disinfectant must be carried to all points throughout the
distribution system."
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
The final disinfectant must be capable of carrying a measurable residual throughout the
distribution system.
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Regulations adopted under authority of Act 96 of 1913 as amended (AR Codes
Annotated 20-7-109).
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
14
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ARKANSAS(Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Well construction code applies to all wells, including private and monitoring wells. ADH
imposes additional requirements on public water systems by regulation. ADH requirements
are based on AWWA Standard A100-90.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards Y Other flist) N
AWWA Standard A100-90.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Not spelled out clearly for disinfection "after repairs."
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
100-foot protection zone around each PWS well; otherwise, regulations require good surface
drainage and a location away from sources of contamination. The engineering report for new
ground water supply sources should identify all sources of potential contamination within 1320
feet of proposed wells, galleries, or gravity conduits. There is also a required minimum 300-
foot restricted buffer zone around spring sources.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Every well must have an outside water-tight casing extending below the ground surface to such
a depth as may be necessary, depending upon the character of the underground formations, to
exclude the entrance or undesirable water and sub-surface contamination or as determined by
the Arkansas Department of Health. The outer casing should be seated securely into an
impervious formation whenever possible, otherwise the casing should extend as far as practical
below the water table The casing, when it extends into a pump room, shall project above the
pump room floor, and safely above maximum flood elevation.
The annular space between the excavation line and the outside of the casing shall be filled with
impervious cement grout in such a manner as to prevent surface water or shallow ground
water from running directly down the outside of the casing. The required depth of the grout
seal will be determined by the Arkansas Department of Health after a review of the geological
formation
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Good surface drainage. Owners shall own and control a wellhead protection zone 100 feet in
radius around well.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U - Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
15
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ARKANSAS (Continued)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? Y/N
Nonetheless, there are no statements in the Rules and Regulations Pertaining to Public Water
Systems that define frequency or conditions. In practice, community and nontransient
noncommunity systems (ground water and purchased ground water systems) are surveyed
every 3 years. There is a goal of surveying transient noncommunity systems every 3 years,
also.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N N
Not required periodically, but strongly recommended as routine practice. Currently required
to flush pnor to placing a new pipe in service.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
As per A WW A C651-92.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
The DOH requires that the owner of PWS institute a cross-connection program with frequency
approved by AR DOH. The requirement, which is very general, also includes routine
inspections of commercial and industrial establishments and mandatory testing of backflow
prevention devices.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N S
Monitoring may be required if distribution data indicate a problem may exist.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
16
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CALIFORNIA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Water Well Standards
Bulletins 74-81 and 74-90 (Amendments)
1981
State of California Department of
Water Resources
Review of State Microbial Setback Practices
from PWS
Unknown
Unknown
Ground Water Disinfection and Monitoring
Policy
1994
Department of Health Services
California Drinking Water Code of Federal
Regulations (on disk)
Unknown
State of California
Wastewater Reclamation Criteria
1978
Department of Health Services
Proposed California Regulations for Ground
Water Recharge with Reclaimed Municipal
Wastewater
1991
Department of Health Services
Memorandum from Cindy Forbes with
Response to Homework Questions
1995
Department of Health Services
Contact Who Supplied Infonnation or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Cindy Forbes, State of California Department of Health
Services
(209) 297-3771
Bob Hultquist, State of California Department of Health
Services
(510) 540-2149
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N N
The State of California has not implemented a wellhead protection program. There are state
agencies responsible for protecting ground water quality and for ensuring that new wells are
constructed in conformance with the State's Well Construction Standards. Most of the wells that
have exhibited coliform contamination problems were constructed prior to the development of
these standards or have some other type of defect responsible for the water quality problems.
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
The State of California has decided not to undertake the Wellhead Protection Program. The
agency responsible for ground water protection is the State Water Resources Control Board.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
17
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CALIFORNm(eontiinied)
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
The Department of Health Services does not typically require chlorination of ground water
supplies. However, there is an internal policy which requires that chlorination be initiated in
problem areas of a system after the third TCR failure. However, it first recommends that
efforts be made to identify and correct the source of the problem rather than recommend the
routine use of chlorination to achieve compliance. This generally includes sampling of the raw
well water to identify any bacteria problems and a review of the well's construction features
and pumping equipment The system is also requested to conduct an evaluation of the storage
facilities in use and conduct a review of the distribution system for cross-connection hazards. It
has been found that wells which exhibit problems do not comply with the State's construction
standards or are located in close proximity to potential sources of contamination (GWUDI
candidates).
According to the Ground Water Disinfection and Monitoring Policy continuous chlorination of
ground water supplies has become a more common practice as a result of the tough standards
set by the TCR.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Presumably, any PWS that fails the TCR.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 11% NTNC 8% TNC 7%
(382/3464) (83/998) (294/4062)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
After the third TCR failure, a ground water system is required to disinfect the well in
accordance with the most current AWWA Standard for Disinfection of Wells.
Generally, when a ground water system is required to disinfect the PWS must sample the raw
well water monthly to assure that the chlorination is not masking a water quality problem In
addition, distribution chlonne residual monitoring is conducted at least at the time of
bacteriological sample collection.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
18
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CALIFORNIA^(Contintied)
Ground WaterDisinfection(Continued)
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N
Is there a specified C*T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Chlorine dioxide.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting andConstruction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Standards are intended to apply to the construction of water wells throughout the State of
California.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
California Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
The Water Well Standards state that all wells producing water for domestic use shall be
disinfected following construction, repair, or when work is done on the pump. Disinfection
procedures are found in Appendix C of the Water Well Standards
Furthermore, if coliforms are found the water supplier (per the Ground Water Disinfection and
Monitoring Policy) should pump the well to waste until a zero residual is obtained and then let
the well sit for another 24 hours, then conduct a cycle test. For the cycle test, samples should
be collected for coliform bacteria and heterotrophic plate count after the following time
intervals 30 seconds, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 15 to 30 minutes. The total coliform sample results
must be negative and all heterotrophic plate counts must be less than 500 colonies/ml or the
disinfection process must be repeated.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
19
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CALIFORNIA '(Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Per the Water Well Standards the following general horizontal distances are considered safe
where dry upper unconsolidated formations, less permeable than sand, tire encountered:
Sewer, watertight septic tank, or pit pnvy 50 feet
Subsurface sewage leaching field 100 feet
Cesspool or sewage pit 150 feet
Arumal or fowl enclosure 100 feet
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? Y/N N
No, but assessments of subsurface hydrogeology may be made and a requirement for larger
setbacks may be made in site-specific cases.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Although the frequency of inspections has varied over the last several years, the largest systems
(>1,000 services) are reviewed annually Some of the smaller systems have been inspected in
response to TCR failures or once every 2 to 3 years.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/n Y
Although not specific to ground water, Section 4049.50 of the California Code of Regulations
local health officers maintain programs for the control of cross-connections.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
As per Title 17, Code of Regulations, Group 2.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
20
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CALIFORNIA (Contiimed)
-Monitoring-
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N
If the well is routinely chlorinated, then raw water monitoring is required.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Generally, these data consist only of total coliform monitoring.
Additional-Comments
S" = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
21
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COLORADO
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
A WW A Standard for Water Wells (cover
only)
February 1991
AWWA
Ground Water Regulations (some sections)
January 1995
Colorado Primary Drinking Water
Regulation
Water Well Construction Rules 2 CCR 402-2
April 1995
State of Colorado Office of the State
Engineer, State Board of Examiners of
Water Well Construction and Pump
Installation Contractors
Drinking Water Treatment Requirements
Policies and Procedures
June 1987
Water Quality Control Division
Application to be Exempt from Regulation
Requirtng Disinfection
July 1990
Colorado Department of Health
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Greg Akins, CO DPHE
(303) 692-3545
Jerry Biberstine, CO DPHE
(303) 692-3546
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Kathleen Reilly, Wellhead Protection Program, Colorado Department of Health
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* ^
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Per 9.1.3 of the Regulations:
A public water system that uses only ground water sources which have been determined to
not be under the direct influence of surface water shall be disinfected by means or methods
which are approved by the Department and are effective in the killing or removal of pathogenic
organisms Disinfection may include physical as well as chemical treatment. When chlonnation
methods are employed, a sufficient amount of chlorine shall be added to the water to destroy
any pathogenic organisms potentially present and to maintain a detectable residue in at least
95% of the samples taken at the extremities of the distribution system from which water may be
withdrawn.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
22
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COLORADO (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection-(Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
Per Drinking Water Treatment Requirements: In order to be considered for a disinfection
waiver, a public water supply must meet the following criteria:
• The water must be from a ground water source.
• Well construction and location must meet the minimum criteria outlined in the Rules and
Regulations and Colorado Statutes Governing Construction of Water Wells and the Installation of
Pumping Equipment as enforced by the State Board of Examiners of Water Well and Pump
Installation Contractors.
• The well cannot be located within one mile of a sewage treatment plant which is discharging
2,000 or more gpd into the same aquifer.
• Drainage shall be directed away from the well by means of a concrete pad and grading.
The pad shall be at least four feet square.
• No well in a pit will be considered for a waiver.
• The wellhead shall be above the 100-year flood plain and extend at least 12 inches above the
ground surface.
• Any storage facilities shall be totally enclosed and have sanitary accesses.
• Any source with a depth less than 100 feet will require additional sampling and monitoring
on a case-by-case basis. A particulate analysis will be required in all such cases.
In addition, this state has developed a checklist/application which lists the specific
requirements that must be met to obtain a waiver from the disinfection requirement for ground
water
A condition of a waiver is the routine submittal of samples for bacteriological analyses. If the
supplier fails to submit these samples and/or if at any time the results of a bacteriological
analysis for a waivered system exceed the maximum contaminant level, the waiver will be
subject to review. Unless the supplier can provide supportive evidence that the situation which
caused the unsafe sample cannot occur again, the waiver will be withdrawn and disinfection
will be required.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 92% NTNC & TNC 95%
(604/660) mi'**- «*. Iliv. (t812/l912)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
23
-------
COLGRADO(Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
There is a minimum contact time of 30 minutes.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
The following requirement pertain to residual disinfectant concentrations of finished
water within the distribution system:
• The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system, measured as total
chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine dioxide, cannot be undetectable in more than
5 percent of the samples each month, for any two consecutive months that the system
serves water to the public;
• The residual disinfectant concentration must be measured at least at the same points in
the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N n
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically named, but all methods must be approved by the Department.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code-based on:
10-State Stds _N_ AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
Colorado State Standards.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
24
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GOLORADO(Gontinued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/ ^
installation/repairs? Y/N _______
The Water Well Construction Rules provide as follows:
All materials installed in wells shall be thoroughly and carefully cleaned and disinfected to
ensure that all harmful or disease carrying or causing organisms are eliminated. Care should
be exercised to make certain that all areas of the well including the filter pack come in contact
with the disinfecting solution as provided for m this rule. Gravel pit wells, dewatenng wells
and recovery wells are exempt from this disinfection requirement. Monitoring and observation
wells where the use of a disinfectant may interfere with the purpose of the well are exempt
from this rule.
• Disinfection Solution—Disinfection of wells shall be accomplished with chlorine or chlorine
compounds Other disinfecting agents may only be used upon written approval by the
Board. Sufficient disinfectant shall be used to produce a minimum concentration of one
hundred (100) mg/1 (milligrams per liter or parts per million) chlorine in the well (see
Table 1). Dry disinfectants used in the preparation of solutions shall not be outdated and
shall be full strength.
• Contact Time—The disinfection solution shall be in contact with the well, pump and
distribution system for sufficient time to kill any harmful bacteria.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
The Water Well Construction Rules provide as follows:
• When selecting a well location, consideration is to be given to topography, drainage, sources
of contaminants and other on-site conditions in order to promote sanitary conditions and
prevent contamination of the well and aquifer. When locating wells, all well construction
contractors and private drillers are to comply with the regulations of state, county,
municipal or local governments, including distances from sources of contaminants, provided
those regulations are more stringent than the minimum standards of these Rules and
Regulations.
• Wells are not to be located closer than one hundred (100) feet horizontally to the nearest
existing source of contaminants or fifty (50) feet from a septic tank, sewer line or other
vessel containing contaminants. Prior to the construction of a well which cannot meet this
location condition, a variance request must be approved by the Board. Such variance
request, based on hydro-geologic information, is to be prepared by a water well construction
contractor, a professional engineer or a professional geologist. In no case is the horizontal
distance of the well to the nearest existing source of contaminants to be less than 25 feet.
• In the event a well is constructed as a replacement for an existing well which is located less
than one hundred (100) feet horizontally from a source of existing contaminants, the
replacement well is not to be located closer to the source of contaminants and the distance
between the perimeter of that source and the base of the grout seal is not to be less than 100
feet unless a variance request has been approved.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
25
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COLORADO (Continued)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring'
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
26
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CONNECTICUT
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Connecticut Public Health Code—
Section 19-13-B51 Regarding Water Supply
Wells
Unknown
State of Connecticut
The General Statutes of Connecticut
1993
State of Connecticut
Public Drinking Water Quality Regulations
19-13-B102
Unknown
Department of Public Health
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Raymond Jarema
Water Supplies Section
Department of Public Health
State of Connecticut
(860) 509-7333
Deborah Ducoff-Barone
(860) 509-7333
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Connne Fitting, CT Department of Environmental Protection
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* N
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Connecticut has no mandatory disinfection requirements for ground water systems and only
addresses the disinfection of GWUDI.
When there is a TCR violation, the State sends a letter "strongly recommending" (but not
requiring) chlonnation and other steps to address the violation.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
27
-------
CONNECTICUT (Continued)
Ground WaterDisinfection-(Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C N NTNC N TNC N
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N N/A
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N ^J/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C S) N™0 U TNC U
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
None
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N/A
Is there a specified CxT value?
Y/N
N/A
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N/A
Other
Y/N
N/A
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Information provided is from the Connecticut Public Health Code and the General Statutes.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
28
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CONNECTICUT (Gontimied)
Well Siting andCons traction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N Other flist) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Sec 19-13-B51k(c) of the Public Health Code provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
The pump installer shall disinfect each new well system before use. Disinfection
shall be accomplished by treating the water in die well, storage tank and
connected piping with a chlorine solution of fifty milligrams per liter (parts per
million) strength so as to obtain a residual of ten milligrams per liter (parts per
million) of chlorine after three hours detention. The side walls and pipmg shall
be rinsed with the chlorine solution. The chlorinated water shall not be removed
from the water system until after a detention period of at least three hours.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
The Public Health Code sets forth the following specifications:
All separating distances are to be measured horizontally.
(a) Wells with required withdrawal rate of under ten gallons per minute.
(1) Each such well shall be located at a relatively high point on the premises
consistent with the general layout and surroundings; be protected against
surface wash; be as far removed from any known or probably source of
pollution as the general layout of the premises and the surroundings will
permit; and, so far as possible, be in a direction away from ground water
flow from any existing or probably source of pollution.
(2) No such well shall be located within seventy-five feet of a system for
disposal of sewage or other source of pollution. Greater separating
distances shall be required for certain industrial wastes or certain rock
formations. If a sewer is constructed of extra heavy cast iron pipe with
leaded joints or equal approved type of tight joint, a minimum separating
distance of twenty-five feet shall be maintained.
(3) No such well shall be located within twenty-five feet of the high water
mark of any surface water body, nor within twenty-five feet of a dram
carrying surface water or of a foundation dram
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A - Not Applicable
29
-------
CONNECTICUT (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
(b) Wells with a required withdrawal rate of from ten to fifty gallons per minute.
(1) Each such well shall be located at a relatively high point on the premises
consistent with the general layout and surroundings; be protected against
surface wash; be as far removed from any known or probable source of
pollution as the general layout of the premises and the surroundings will
permit; and, so far as possible, be in a direction away from ground water
flow from any existing or probable source of pollution.
(2) No such well shall be located within one hundred fifty feet of a system for
disposal of sewage or other source of pollution. Greater separating
distance shall be required for certain industrial wastes or certain rock
formations. If a sewer is constructed of extra heavy cast iron pipe with
leaded joints or equal approved type of tight joint, a minimum separating
distance of seventy-five feet shall be maintained.
(3) No such well shall be located within fifty feet of high water mark of any
surface water body, nor within fifty feet of a dram carrying surface water
or of a foundation dram.
(c) Wells with a required withdrawal rate of more than fifty gallons per minute.
(1) Location of such well shall be approved by the state department of health
m accordance with the provisions of sections 25033 of the 1969 supplement
to the general statutes and section 19-13-B39 of the public health code.
(2) Each such well shall be located at a relatively high point on the premises
consistent with the general layout and surroundings; be protected against
surface wash; be as far removed from any known or probable source of
pollution as the general layout of the premises and the surroundings will
permit; and, so far as possible, be in a direction away from ground water
flow from any existing or probable source of pollution.
(3) No such well shall be located within two hundred feet of a system for
disposal of sewage or other source of pollution If conditions warrant,
greater distance shall be required. Sanitary conditions in the area within
the radial distance required shall be under control of the well owner by
ownership, easement, or other arrangement approved by the commissioner
of health. If a sewer is constructed of extra heavy cast iron pipe with
leaded joints or equal approved type of tight joint, a minimum separating
distance of one hundred feet shall be maintained.
(4) No such well shall be located within fifty feet of the high water mark of
any surface water body nor within fifty feet of a drain carrying surface
water or of a foundation dram.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
30
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CONNECTICUT5(€ontinued)
SanitarySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
At least once every three years (per comment by Ray Jarema).
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Periodic flushing is recommended but not required.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Section 10-13-B51c. Connections with other water sources. No physical connection between
piping carrying water from a public water supply and piping carrying water from any other
source shall be permitted unless such other water supply is of safe, sanitary quality and the
interconnection is approved by the commissioner of health.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
Not unless treatment is provided.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
31
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DELAWARE
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Ch. 23 Amendment, New Castle County
Code
No date
Introduced by Mr. Wood
Proposed revisions to Regulations
Governing the Construction of Water Wells.
Workshop Draft
June 1995
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
State of Delaware
Regulations Governing the Construction of
Water Wells
January 1987
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
State of Delaware
Wellhead Protection Program
March 1990
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
State of Delaware
Regulations Governing the Allocation of
Water
March 1987
Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control
State of Delaware
Regulations Governing Public Drinking
Water Systems
December 1993
Delaware Health and Social Services
State of Delaware
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Edward G Hallock
Program Manager
Office of Drinking Water
Delaware Health and Social Services
(302) 739-5410
Maryann Lustfield, DE Division of Public Health
(302) 653-2870
Chris Zimmerman, DE Division of Public Health
(302) 653-2870
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
PersonVOffice Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Rodney Wyatt
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
(302) 739-4793
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
32
-------
DELAWARE(Cdritimied)
Ground water disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Will mandate chlonnabon if there is a persistent bacteria problem,
when a coliform violation occurs.
Disinfection
is required
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these conditions?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
f- 26% MTMP 17% TWP *)°/o
C (84/327, NTNC (17/101) TNC (nnu)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
When a coliform violation occurs, 0.3 ppm is required.
Is there a specified C x T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but all must meet NSF standards.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
33
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
DELAWARE (Continued)
Ground .Water Disinfection(Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Section 6.01—General Requirements states the following:
A Disinfection of all wells in accordance with Section 6.02 is required, except as noted in
6.01(D) below. Bacteriological sampling and testing of the well is recommended as the final
act of well construction or repair
B After any repair or maintenance operation to the well, pumping equipment or piping, the
entire system shall be disinfected
C Calcium hypochlorite shall be used for disinfection of the well and appurtenances, such as
the pump, piping and distribution system, unless otherwise approved by the Department.
D No monitor well shall be disinfected without prior written approval of the Department.
E The Department may require special disinfection procedures
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
34
-------
DELAWARE(Continued)
Well Siting and Conatruction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
Section 4.01—Siting Criteria states the following:
A A proposed well—except for a monitor well—location shall satisfy the following minimum
horizontal separation distance requirements:
(1) 10 feet from a property line, to allow access to the well without encroaching on
adjoining properties.
(2) 15 feet from a road or dedicated right-of-way. Wells may be constructed closer than
15 feet of or in a highway right-of-way, but only with the written consent of the
Delaware Division of Highways.
(3) 15 feet from a building foundation for the purpose of protecting the well from a
foundation or soil treated to control pests, insects or vermin.
(4) 100 feet from identifiable sources of contamination such as, but not limited to, disposal
fields, seepage pits and manure piles except that public and industrial wells shall have
a minimum separation of 150 feet.
(5) 50 feet from approved septic tanks with the exception of public and industrial wells
where the minimum separation distance shall be 150 feet.
(6) 50 feet from any gravity sewer line, except that when the sewer line is constructed by
cast iron pipe with either water-tight lead caulked joints or joints filled with neoprene
gaskets, or solvent welded Schedule 40 or better polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, the
minimum separation distance shall be 10 feet.
(7) 50 feet from any sewage force mam, except that when constructed of welded steel pipe
or concrete encasement, the minimum separation distance shall be at least 10 feet.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
S" = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
35
-------
DELAWARE (Continued)
Distribution. System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N
See above.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N N
Some protection is provided by the state plumbing code (1993 BOCA plumbing code), but there
is no formal cross-connection program.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Section 3 03—License Required states the following:
Work on wells can only be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed water
well or pump installer contractor and their licensed employees with the exception of a person
who desires to do his own work on a domestic or agricultural well on land owned or leased by
him. Any person doing his own well work who is thus excused from the requirement of
licensing must comply with all other requirements specified in these regulations including
obtaining necessary permits and filing completion reports.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
36
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FLORIDA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Answers to Homework Questions of the
Ground Water Disinfection Rule Workgroup
Meeting
January 1995
John Sowerby
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Drinking Water Standards, Monitoring and
Reporting 62-550
January 1995
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Permitting and Construction of Public Water
Systems 62-555
1994
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Requirements for Public Water Systems that are
Out of Compliance 62-560
1994
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Application for a Public Drinking Water Facility
Construction Permit
Unknown
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Monthly Operation Report for Public Water
Systems Using Surface Water
Unknown
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Monthly Operation Report for Public Water
Systems that Use Ground Water and for
Consecutive Public Water Systems that Treat
Their Water
Unknown
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Monthly Operation Report for Public Water
Systems that Use Ground Water and for
Consecutive Public Water Systems that Do Not
Treat Their Water
Unknown
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
Letter to Mr Bruce Macler (USEPA)
1995
Van Hoofnagle, PE Administrator,
Drinking Water Section
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Van Hoofnagle, Florida Department of Environmental
Protection
(904) 487-1762
John Sowerby, Florida Department of Environmental Protection
(904) 487-1762
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N N
WHP submitted to EPA June 1995; State is working with EPA to gam approval.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
37
-------
FLORIDA (Continued)
State Programs (Contmoed)
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Jim McNeal, Florida Department of Environmental Protection.
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Florida requires disinfection of all water, including ground water, distributed by public water
systems.
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Florida always requires disinfection of ground water. However, a transient non-community
water system may request a waiver of the disinfection requirement. (See below)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N Y
A supplier of water may request a waiver of any chlonnation requirement for a transient non-
community water system by submitting a written request. (However, such waivers are rarely
requested and almost never granted.)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
P 100% NTNC 100°/° TNC 100%
(1100/-2100) * ^ (UOO/-HOO) (3700/-3700)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
Florida requires each public water system to maintain a minimum residual disinfectant
concentration equivalent to 0.2 mg/1 of free chlorine throughout the distribution system at
all times.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
38
-------
FLORIDA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N 5
Other Y/N
Florida requires a minimum disinfectant contact time or a minimum microbial kill
reduction value only for ground water systems that use a well with raw water of such
quality that more than 10 percent of raw water samples taken from the well have coliform
densities greater than 4/100ml. When free chlorine is used, the required minimum
disinfectant contact time is 15 minutes prior to distribution at peak flow rates When
other disinfectants are used, the contact time shall provide for 99.99% (4-log) removal or
inactivation of viruses.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Public Drinking Water System regulations in the Florida Administrative Code (FAC).
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N Y
Rules and Regulations Governing Water Wells m Florida (Chapter 62-532, FAC)
Permitting and construction of Public Water Systems (Chapter 62-555, FAC).
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards Other (list) Y
Flonda State Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
39
-------
FLORroA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N
Permitting and Construction of Public Water Systems, Chapter 62-555 provides the following:
Public drinking water supply wells that serve water systems having total sewage
flows greater than 2,000 GPD shall be placed no closer than 200 feet from on-site
sewage disposal systems (septic tanks). Wells serving systems with sewage flows
less than 2,000 GPD shall be placed no closer than 100 feet from on-site sewage
disposal systems.
Public drinking water supply wells shall not be constructed within setback
distances established by Chapter 62-610 (not provided in file).
Public drinking water wells shall not be constructed within 300 feet of storage and
treatment facilities of dairy farms.
Public drinking water supply wells shall be located no closer than 100 feet from
other sanitary hazards as defined in Rule 62-550.200 (not provided).
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
None
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Section 62-555.340 (Cleaning and Disinfection) provides the following:
No supplier of water shall put into service or resume the use of any plant,
pumping station, mam standpipe, reservoir, tank, or other pipe or structure unless
the structures have been effectively disinfected and approved for operation by the
DEP.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Secbon 62-555.360 prohibits cross-connection. If cross-connections are discovered, they must be
eliminated by installing a backflow device or service should be discontinued. Community
water systems and all public water systems that have service areas that are also served by
reclaimed water systems shall establish a written cross-connection control program that is
developed using accepted practices of the AWWA.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
40
-------
FLORIDA (Continued)
Operator -Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? Y/N Y
Water treatment operators are regulated by the Department of Business and Professional
Regulation under Chapter 61E12-41, FAC.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N Y
Community systems, NTNC systems, and TNC systems serving more than 1,000 people must
take a minimum of one representative raw water sample per month. TNC systems serving
1,000 or fewer persons must take one raw water sample per quarter.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N Y
See "additional comments" below.
Additional Comments
Florida is identifying ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water. Microbial
occurrence data for ground water systems showed that between November 1992 and November
1995, approximately 24.1 percent of the community ground water systems in Florida and
approximately 16.4 percent of the non-transient non-community ground water systems had detected
total coliform bacteria in their raw water on two or more occasions The state is still in the early
stages of GWUDISW determinations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
41
-------
GEORGIA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Georgia Safe Drinking Water Act of 1977
1977
Georgia Department of Natural
Resources, Environmental
Protection Division
Rules for Safe Drmktng Water
March 1994
Environmental Protection
Division
Water Well Standards Act
1991
Environmental Protection
Division
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(o)
Name
Phone
C. B. (Brad) Addison
Environmental Engineer
Drinking Water Program
Water Resources Management Branch
Environmental Protection Division
Department of Natural Resources
(404) 651-5155
Nolton Johnson, GA EPD
(404) 651-5157
Stale Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Sandra Robertson (404) 656-3214
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* Y
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
Chapter 391-3-5 of the Rules for Safe Drinking Water states that water from a spring must be
disinfected and retained in a detention tank for a minimum of 30 minutes unless otherwise
approved by the Division of Environmental Protection.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
42
-------
GEORGIA;'(Gontiniied)
Ground Water Disinfection(Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
After consideration of the microbiological quality of the source of water supply, the local
geology, the population served and the extent of the water distribution system, the disinfection
treatment may be waived by the Director.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N _____
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
f, 88% MTMP 66% -riyp 46 /o
^ (1268/1446) NTNC (204/309) TNC (W1/6J8)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
Chlorinataon equipment may be soluhon-feed-gas-type but must have sufficient feed capacity
for the treatment of the raw water and drinking water to maintain the required chlorine
residual (see below).
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
391-3-5-14 states that the supplier of water must continuously chlorinate the water to maintain
a detectable residual of free chlonne in all parts of the distribution system in the recommended
amount of a least 0.2 ppm, and such additional amounts as may be determined by the
Division, unless other means of disinfection have been approved by the Director.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
43
-------
GEORGIA-(Continued)
Well'Siting and Constraction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N ^
Drinking water regulations stipulate minimum setbacks and casings requirements. The Water
Wells Standards Act contains standards for well construction.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
Georgia State Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Per 391-3-5-.07, a new well must be disinfected prior to the pumping test by the introduction
of a chlorine solution into the well under sufficient pressure to overcome the natural low
pressures of all developed water-bearing zones, and in sufficient quantity to produce a
minimum chlorine residual of 50 ppm in six hours after such application.
Any new well or existing well that has been rehabilitated or reworked must be disinfected in
accordance with the latest edition of AWWA Standard C654.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
- not less than 50 feet from the septic tank;
- not less than 100 feet away from a septic tank absorption field;
- not less than 10 feet away from a sewer;
- not less than 1,000 feet away from a solid waste disposal site and not in a direction where
ground water flow from the site may be intercepted by the well.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Hydrogeological studies may be required if a waiver from disinfection is requested.
The outer, permanent, protective casing shall extend at least five (5) feet into the first solid,
unweathered or impervious subsurface rock strata encountered, and shall have a minimum
length of twenty-five (25) feet from the ground surface into a well excavated into water-
bearing formations in crystalline rocks and fifty (50) feet m a well excavated into sedimentary
water-bearing formations The outer, permanent, protective casing shall be cement grouted its
entire length with a cement slurry consisting of not more than six (6) gallons of water to one
cubic foot of cement, plus standard additives, when necessary, to facilitate placing or setting
and shall be placed under pressure from the bottom of the annular space to be grouted
upward until the grout is extruded at the earth's surface. The wall thickness of the cement
grout surrounding the outer, permanent, protective casing shall be not less than one and one-
half (1V4) inches at any point. Subsurface well construction shall cease for at least twenty-four
(24) hours after grouting. Other grouting materials for sealing the annular space may be used
upon the approval of the Division prior to well construction.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
44
-------
GEORGIA "(Continued)
Well Sitingand Cons traction (Constructed)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Dug, bored or jetted wells are prohibited for all new public water systems unless approved by
the Director.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? Y/N
Same requirements as 40 CFR 141.21(d).
DistributionSystem
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N Y
Per 391-3-5-.10 (Distribution System): "All newly installed distribution
mains and appurtenances shall be flushed, pressure tested, and disinfected."
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
The procedures for backflow and back-siphonage prevention and cross-connection control are
to conform to those recommended by the AWWA, Manual 14, and the U.S. EPA Cross-
Cormecbon Manual.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N Y
For approval of the water source the microbiological quantity of the well
water is tested
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N N
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
45
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HAWAII:
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Water System Standards
1985
State of Hawaii
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Larry Whang, Safe Drinking Water Branch, Department of
Health
(808)586-4258
Bill Wong, Department of Health
(808)586-4258
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Voluntary program
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Russ Kumabe
Environmental Planning Office
Ground Water .Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Disinfection is required when the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) is violated. The State Department
of Health's Chapter 20, Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems (more stringent than EPA's Safe
Drinking Water Act) includes EPA's TCR. When at least 40 microbiological samples are
collected per water system per month, no more than 5.0 percent of the collected samples may
be total coliform positive. If fewer than 40 microbiological samples are collected per water
system per month, only one sample may be total coliform positive. The water purveyors must
then decide on their own how to resolve their problem. To date, the water purveyors have
only used free chlorine as the disinfectant where and when needed for their water systems.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
If violations of the TCR occur
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
46
-------
HAWAII (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r. 98% kjtnjp 100% TNC 83%
C ,123/125) N™0 (.9/19) TNC (5/6)
(In Hawaii, "disinfect" means > 50% of each system's ground water sources are disinfected.)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
N
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N
Y
Per the Total Coliform Rule
Other Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None. However, to date, the water purveyors have only considered the use of free chlonne as
the disinfectant in their ground water systems.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Total Coliform Rule in the adopted Chapter 20, Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
N
In the process of being adopted.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C N/A NTNC N/A TNC N/A
Well construction code will apply to all new water wells when it is adopted
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
47
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HAWAII (Continued)
Well Siting and Cons traction (Continued)
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
Well and pump installation standard not yet adopted by the Department of Land and Natural
Resources.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N N
The State recommends the use of AWWA guidelines if the source is used for drinking water.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination?
Y/N N
All new wells require State approval of an engineering report addressing all potential sources
of microbial contamination. New wastewater facilities need to be 1,000 feet away and new
underground injection wells need to be V4 mile from any potable water source.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
None
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N N
The state recommends the use of AWWA guidelines.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N Y
Chapter 21, cross-connection and back flow control.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N N
Requirements are only for water treatment plant operators at facilities providing filtration and
inacbvahon by disinfection for surface water sources.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
48
-------
HAWAII (Gontinued)
Monitoring;
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so. are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wehead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
The water purveyors know that the water served from any new ground water system must meet
the requirements of Chapter 20, Rules Relating to Potable Water Systems, which incorporates the Total
Colifonn Rule, the Surface Water Treatment Rule, and the Lead and Copper Rule.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
49
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IDMi®
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Rules for Public Drinking Water
1977
Revised 1994
State of Idaho
Idaho Ground Water Quality Plan (Incomplete)
Unknown
Unknown
Well Construction Standards
Revised July
1993
State of Idaho, Department of
Water Resources
Memorandum from Leigh Woodruff with
Response to Homework Questions
1995
Idaho Department of Health and
Welfare
Contact Who Supplied Information or
Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Leigh Woodruff, EPA, Idaho Operations
(208) 334-0908
Tom John, Division of Environmental Quality
(208) 373-0191
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
The state plan was resubmitted for approval by EPA in January 1995. Although the plan has
not been formallv approved, implementation at the local level has been ongoing since 1991.
Currently, about 43 communities and/or systems are involved at some stage of implementation.
The five stages of implementation are:
• Initial organization
• Wellhead protection area delineation
• Source inventory
• Source management, and
• Planning for the future.
Of the 43 communities, 26 have progressed to at least the source management stage.
One of the major concerns of the wellhead protection program is microbial contamination. Two
of the zones of a wellhead protection area, Zone 1A and Zone IB, are the most pertinent toward
this concern. Zone LA is the sanitary setback distance (50 feet for wells, 100 feet for springs) and
Zone IB is a two year time of travel. These zones are to be managed stringently for sill potential
sources of contamination, which include feedlots, municipal wastewater/sludge, septic tanks,
sewage lines, etc.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
50
-------
IDAHO ;(Coritiiiiied)
State Programs (Contained) ¦
The two-year time of travel is an area that overlies the cone of depression (hydraulic gradient
toward the well is increased). The advisory committee decided that this vulnerable area needed
to be stringently managed to reduce the risk of contamination at the wellhead. Also, it was
discussed that the sanitary setback distance of 50 feet for wells is very minimal, however, a rule
change seemed unlikely. The inclusion of a two year time of travel boundary gives a
community the flexibility to stringently mange the area for targeted concerns, such as microbial
sources.
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Idaho Division of Environmental Quality
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Disinfection is required if a system has a history of coliform problems which cannot be solved
by short term disinfection measures, or correcting design flows. The decision to require
disinfection is determined on a case-by-case basis, and there are no specific guidelines or
procedures for doing so.
In a limited number of cases, DEQ may require disinfection of a ground water source even if
coliform sample results from the source are negative, if the source is obviously vulnerable. The
most common examples of this are very shallow sources or springs, or those which are very
close to surface water, e.g., < 50 feet. In a majority of cases disinfection of ground water is not
required unless there are hard data, e.g., positive coliform samples, which demonstrate the
source is contaminated.
Per Idaho Rules for Public Drinking Water
• Public water systems constructed after July 1, 1985, and supplied by ground water, shall
treat water within the system by disinfection if the ground water source is not protected
from contamination.
• The Department may, in its discretion, require disinfection for any existing public water
system supplied by ground water if the system consistently exceeds the MCL for
coliform, and if the system does not appear adequately protected from contamination.
Adequate protection will be determined based upon at least the following factors:
- Location of possible sources of contamination;
- Size of the well lot;
- Depth of the source of water;
- Bacteriological quality of the aquifer;
- Geological characteristics of the area; and
- Adequacy of development of the source.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
51
-------
IDAHO (Continued)
Ground water Disinfection (Continued)
Some systems have elected to disinfect their source water as a preventive measure even though
not required to do so by DEQ.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N N
Certain systems are required to disinfect when it is deemed necessary by the state.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N ^N/A^
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
-10% NTNC TNC ~^°
(S8/-600) {W.m) (22/-1067)
What are the specific disinfection requirements?
Where chlorine is used as the disinfectant the requirements are:
The chlonnator must be capable of feeding chlorine such that a 0.2 mg/1 residual may be
maintained after 30 minutes contact. Analysis of free chlorine residuals must be made daily.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
0.2 mg/1 at the entrance to the distribution system. A chlorine residual should be detectable
throughout the distribution system.
Is there a specified CxT value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
52
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IDAHO (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
No disinfectants other than chlorine are used on ground water supplies in Idaho. Idaho
has adopted the Ten States Standards general policy statement for ozone, but it contains no
specific CTs or residual requirements.
UV is not allowed as a disinfectant.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Regulations
Well Siting and Construction.
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
Other
10-State Stds N AWWA Stds N (list) Y
State standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Disinfection with a 500 ppm chlorine solution is required for any items placed in the well.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
53
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
IDAHO(Gontinued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N
Minimum Distances from a Public Water System Well:
Sewer line 50 feet
Individual home septic tank 100 feet
Individual home disposal field 100 feet
Individual home seepage pit 100 feet
Privies 100 feet
Livestock 50 feet
Canals, streams, ditches, lakes, ponds and
tanks used to store nonpotable substances 50 feet
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
• Springs. Any supplier of water for a public water system served by one (1) or more springs
shall ensure that the following requirements are met;
- Springs shall be housed in a permanent structure and protected from contamination
including the entry of surface water, animals, and dust;
- A sample tap shall be provided;
- A flow meter or other flow measuring device shall be provided; and
The entire area within one hundred (100) feet of the spring shall be owned by the
supplier of water or controlled by a long-term lease, fenced to prevent trespass of
livestock and void of buildings, dwellings and sources of contamination. Surface
water and drainage ditches shall be diverted from this area.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N ^
Sanitary surveys are performed on an infrequent basis. Historically Idaho surveyed systems
every three years, but due to the deluge of new requirements, every five years is attempted.
Currently, Idaho is evaluating all community ground water sources for GWUDI determinations.
Field visits are planned at each source to initiate this process. A limited sanitary survey will be
conducted on these systems. So far this has been successful as sanitary survey requirements are
met for the TCR.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
54
-------
IDAHO(Coiitiniied)
DistributionSystem
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N Y
Idaho is cautious when requiring disinfection for problems which only occur in the distribution
system as opposed to the source. The concern is that disinfection may mask but not solve a
larger underlying problem, such as a cross-connection. If it is reasonably certain that there are
no such underlying problems which could be solved in a more efficient manner, disinfection in
the distribubon system will be required.
So far, no biofilm problems have been identified. Most contamination problems can be traced to
line breaks, other fairly obvious distribution defects, and to contaminated sources.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N N
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
All suppliers of water for community water systems shall implement a cross-connection control
program to prevent the entrance of toxic or hazardous substances to the system. The program
will include:
• An inspection once a year of all facilities listed m Subsection 900.02 (Table 2) to locate
cross-connections and determine required suitable protection.
• Required installation and operation of adequate backflow prevention devices. A list of
minimum recommended devices for various facilities is provided in Subsection 900 02
(Table 2)
• Annual inspections by an Amencan Water Works Association-certified tester, or equal, of
all installed backflow prevention devices to insure operability.
• Discontinuance of service to any facility where suitable backflow protection has not been
provided for a cross-connection.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/jsj Y
Based on system size and treatment applied
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
55
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IDAHO (Continued)
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Public water systems can sample at the wellhead as part of their coliform rule compliance
sampling, and most choose to do so periodically. However, there is no universal monitoring
requirement for sources.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N N/A
Additional -Comments
Y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
56
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ILLINOIS
G eneral Information .
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Enxnronmental Protection Act
January 1995
Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency
Water Well Construction Code
1994
Illinois Department of Public
Health
Potential for Aquifer Recharge in Illinois
(Map/Recharge Areas)
1990
Illinois Department of Energy and
Natural Resources
Rules and Regulations
1985
State of Illinois
Memorandum Regarding Proposed Criterion to
Relate Ground Water Vulnerability to Viral
Contamination
April 1995
Roger Selburg, Illinois EPA
Contact Who Supplied Information
or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Roger Selburg, Division of Public Water Supplies,
Illinois EPA
(217) 785-8653
William Buscher, Division of Public Water Supplies,
Illinois EPA
(217) 785-4787
Dave McMillan, Illinois EPA
(217) 785-4787
Richard Petrella, Illinois Department of Public Health
(217) 785-2062
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved wellhead
protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Wellhead Protection Program
Richard P Cobb, Manager
Ground Water Section
Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois EPA
(217) 785-4787
Well Construction and Noncommunity Systems
David Antonacci, P.E.
Illinois Department of Public Health
Division of Environmental Health
(217) 782-5830
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
57
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ILLINOIS {Continued),
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* ^
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All CWSs using ground water must chlorinate the water before it enters the distribution system
unless specifically exempted under provisions of Section 17 (b) of the Illinois Environmental
Protection Act. Board regulations at Section 604.401 and Agency Technical Policy Statements
(i.e.. Agency regulations) at Section 653.606 further define and describe conditions under which a
ground water supply may be exempt from requirements to chlorinate. Non-community systems
are not required to chlorinate.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC N" TNC N
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N Y
Section 653.606n of the Rules and Regulations describes conditions under which a community
ground water supply may be exempt from requirements to chlorinate as summarized below:
• The population of the community served is not more than 5,000;
• Has as its only source of raw water one or more properly constructed wells into
confined geologic formations not subject to contamination;
• Has no history of persistent or recurring contamination, as indicated by sampling
results which show violations of finished water quality requirements, for the most
recent five-year penod;
• Does not provide any raw water treatment other than fluoridation;
• Has an active program approved by the Agency to educate water supply consumers on
preventing the entry of contaminants into the water system;
• Has a certified operator of the proper class, or if it is an exempt community public
water supply, has a registered person responsible in charge of operation of the public
water supply;
• Submits samples for microbiological analysis at twice the frequency specified in the
Board regulations.
About 130 community water systems have chlonnation exemptions. These were obtained
primarily because of discoloration throughout the distribution system due to iron oxidation and
the lack of an iron removal plant or effective sequestration program.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
58
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ILLINOIS i(Continued)
Ground Water "Disinfection (Continued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 670/o NTNC & TNC
(1,030/1,180) (638/5300)
Specific disinfection requirements:
• A minimum chlorine contact time of 60 minutes must be provided for all surface water
supplies and for ground water supplies using surface water-type treatment, springs or
infiltration lines, or water obtained from creviced rock aquifers with less than 50 feet of cover.
• Contact time is measured as the time following filtration of surface or ground water, or
chlonnahon of well water when there is no other treatment, and the time when the water
reaches the first user.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
Section 653.601 of the Rules and Regulations provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
Chlonnator equipment shall be:
(1) capable of maintaining a minimum free chlorine residual of 0.2 mg/1 or a
minimum combined residual of 0.5 mg/1 in all active parts of the distribution
system at all times;
(2) large enough to satisfy the immediate chlorine demand and give a measurable
residual of at least 2.0 mg/1 under all operating conditions after contact; and
(3) capable of feeding chlorine to the water being treated at a dosage rate of at least
5.0 mg/1 except when the water has a high chlorine demand. Factors in
determining chlorine demand are pH; water temperature; contact time; presence m
the water of substances having chlorine demand such as hydrogen sulfide, iron,
manganese and nitrogenous compounds including ammonia; and supplemental
treatment such as aerabon which reduces chlorine demand.
Furthermore, the Rules and Regulations require that chlorine compounds must meet
requirements of Section 653.202 and AWWA Standards for Disinfection B300.
Is there a specified CxT value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
59
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ILLINOIS (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Only chlonnation requirements are specified. However, the Rules and Regulations and other
information supplied did not specifically prohibit other disinfectants.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and specific regulations.
Well Siting,and Construction -
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N ) Y
Illinois uses two well construction codes: one for NTNC and TNC and another for community
water supplies.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y* NTNC Y" TNC Y"
* Illinois EPA Regulations only. "Illinois Department of Public Health regulations only.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y A WW A Standards Y Other (list) Y
State Standards (IEPA for CWS and of the IDPH for NCWS)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/installation/
repairs? Y/N Y
For NTNCWS and TNCWS per Section 920.100 of the Water Well Construction Code, after the well
has been effectively cleaned of all remaining drilling mud and drill cuttings the well should be
disinfected. The well contractor is responsible for properly disinfecting the well upon
completion, after the pump installation is completed. Sufficient chlorine is to be introduced to
give a dosage of 100 ppm to the water in the well.
Specific chlonnahon requirements, based on well diameter, etc. are included in this section.
Furthermore, for CWS wells, Section 653.302 of Rules and Regulations states the following:
Any part of a community water system which has direct contact with finished water and has
been out of service for repair, alteration or replacement shall be disinfected as required by
Section 652.203 before being returned to service. Equipment which does not come into
contact with finished water such as raw surface water pumps, raw surface water transmission
lines, chemical mixing tanks and clarifiers need only be flushed before being returned to
service Filters shall be disinfected. Wells, water storage tanks and water mains shall be
disinfected in accordance with AWWA Standards A100, D105 and C601, respectively.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
60
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
ILLINOIS (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? ^/N
NTNCWS and TNCWS are subject to the requirements of Section 920.50 of the Water Well
Construction Code which lists the following minimum lateral distances for the common
sources of contaminants:
SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION MINIMUM LATERAL DISTANCES
FOR CLAY AND LOAM SOILS
Cesspools
150 Feet
Closed-Loop Wells
200 Feet
Closed-Loop Wells
(Private Well Only; where the same person owns both
the private water well and the closed-loop heat pump
well)
75 Feet
Leaching Pit
100 Feet
Pit Privy
75 Feet
Subsurface Seepage Pipe/Tile from Private Sewage
Systems
75 Feet
Manure Piles
75 Feet
Septic Tank
50 Feet
Barnyard or Animal Confinement Lot
50 Feet
Sewers. A well may be located to within 10 feet of a
sewer, provided the sewer consists of cast iron pipe
with water-tight mechanical joints or rubber gasket
sealed joints which meet ASTM Standard C564-88, or
schedule 40 PVC pipe or heavier with solvent welded
water-tight joints or elastomenc seals (gaskets) used
for push-on joints which meet ASTM
Standard F477-76
50 Feet
Footing Drains (No connection to a sewer or a sump
handling sewage)
10 Feet
Pump House Floor Drain
2 Feet
Pits, Crawl Spaces or Basements
5 Feet
Lakes, Ponds, Streams or Cisterns
25 Feet
Potential Primary Source, Potential Secondary Source,
or Potential Route
200 Feet
Potential Primary Source, Potential Secondary Source, or
Potential Route where the owner of the source or route is
the same as the private well
75 Feet
Abandoned Wells
200 Feet
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
61
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ILLINOIS (Continued)
Well Siting and Constniction,(Continned)
Community supplies are subject to the following requirements:
MINIMUM DISTANCES FROM SOURCES OF POLLUTION
FOR CLAY OR LOAM SOILS
Cesspools, leaching sewage disposal pits 150 Feet
Privies 150 Feet
Septic tanks and subsurface sepbc tanks effluent
disposal tile 75 Feet
Livestock, grazing areas or feedlots 50 Feet
Sewers (non-watertight) 50 Feet
Sewers (cast iron pipe, with leaded or mechanical
joints) 25 Feet
Sewers (extra-heavy cast iron pipe, asbestos-cement
pressure pipe pre-stressed concrete pipe, or PVC pipe
meeting water mam standards, with pressure-tested,
leaded, mechanical or slip-on joints 10 Feet
Washwater sumps of reinforced concrete construction 10 Feet
Flood waters—A horizontal distance shall be
maintained by natural earth or fill. In addition, wells
shall have a six-inch concrete envelope completely
surrounding the regular casing and extending at least
10 feet below original ground surface 15 Feet*
"The Agency shall consider special structural arrangements equivalent to
earthen construction for protection of the well when horizontal earth
protection is impractical
Flood Waters—A vertical distance shall be
maintained to which structure and earth protection
must be earned above maximum high water 2 Feet
elevation
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Distances apply to wells constructed through clay or loam soils. When sandy conditions are
encountered, the distances are to be doubled.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
62
-------
ILLINOIS (Continued)
SanitarySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? Y/N Y
Sanitary surveys are conducted about every three years for CWSs. Site visits are made more
frequently, especially if a water supply is experiencing problems. NCWSs are inspected
annually.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
(CWS + NCWS) Y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
(CWS + NCWS) Y/N Y
See above under requirements to disinfect the well.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? (CWS + NCWS) y/N Y
The Rules and Regulations provide the following:
An acbve cross-connection control program shall be adopted and shall include the
following:
• A cross-connection control survey of the distribution system shall be conducted at
least every two years by the official custodian or an authorized delegate.
• An ordinance, tariff, or required condition for service, whichever is applicable,
which includes a plumbing code at least as stringent as the Illinois Plumbing Code,
77 III. Adm. Code 890, shall be adopted and enforced.
• Cross-connection control programs shall include a record system which will
maintain data on inspections, re-inspections, repairs, alterations and tests.
• Only cross-connection control devices which are approved by the Research
Foundation for Cross-Connection Control of the University of Southern California,
American Water Works Association, American Society of Sanitary Engineering, or
Amencan Nahonal Standards Institute or certified by the National Sanitation
Foundation to be in compliance with applicable industry specifications shall be used.
However, these cross-connection requirements are not specific to ground water systems.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? Y/N/S* S
Only CWS must have a certified operator. NCWS on ground water do not have to have an
operator approved by IDPH. Water wells are to be constructed only by persons having a valid
license under Illinois Water Well and Pump Installation Contractor's License Act unless exempt
under provisions of that Act.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
63
-------
ILLINOIS (Continued)
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Analyses are made for total colifonns. All wells are not sampled monthly, but are sampled on
a rotating basis such that each well is sampled 3 to 4 times annually, with some wells sampled
even more frequently at supplies having few wells. If contamination is detected, follow-up
sampling is performed as needed (and even on a daily basis, if deemed necessary).
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? Y/N Y
Y/N Y
Additional^Comments
The Illinois State Water Survey is conducting a small project in McHenry County that involves
the study of viral survived in ground water. Dr. Chittaranjan Ray may be the contacted at
(217) 333-8497.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
64
-------
INDIANA
General-Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Indiana Wellhead Protection Program
1995
Ground Water Section, Drinking
Water Branch, Indiana Department of
Environmental Management
Public Water Supply Supervision Program
1994
Office of Water Management,
Drinking Water Branch, Indiana
Department of Environmental Mgmt.
Recommended Standards for Water Works
1992
Committee of the Great Lakes—Upper
Mississippi River Board of State Public
Health and Environmental Managers
On-Site Water Supply and Wastewater
Disposal for Public and Commercial
Establishments
1988
Indiana State Board of Health
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Cynthia Crowder, Environmental Scientist
Office of Water Management
Public Water Supply Compliance Section
Drinking Water Branch
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
(317) 308-3286
A1 Lao, IN DEM
(317) 308-3283
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
WHP approved by EPA 11/95 contingent on rule adoption Rule preliminarily adopted
12/13/95; final adoption expected 7/96 and effective 2/97.
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Lynne McCaffry
Environmental Scientist
Department of Environmental Management
(317) 308-3328
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
65
-------
INDIANA (Coitiinued)
Ground Water Disinfection ^(Continued)1
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
As part of the ground water assistance program, ground water systems with acute or chronic
fecal coliform and/or total coliform violations are required to disinfect. When well is
disinfected, the problem is considered resolved and no further disinfection is required.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
All types of ground water systems are required to disinfect if they violate chronic fecal coliform
and /or total coliform regulations.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C -60% NTNC <^% TNC <5%
(-438/730) «32/636) (<144/2878)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
N
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N
N
Other Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Regulations.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
66
-------
INDIANA ((Jontuiuedf
Well Siting andCons traction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards Y Other (list) Y
State construction codes.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
According to Recommended Standards for Water Works, all wells, pipes, tanks, and equipment
which can convey or store potable water shall be disinfected in accordance with current
AWWA procedures.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Per On-Site Water Supply.. ..
Sewers, Force Mains, and Drains 100 feet*
Septic Tank 100 feet*
Absorption Field 100 feet*
• Increase to 200 feet for soils classified by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service as "Severe due to
poor filter" for septic system absoibtion fields, such as loamy coarse sand and medium sand.
For new wells-
• There will be no sources of contaminants within a 200' radius of the proposed well site if
the aquifer is unconfined or if the PWSS does not apply for the confined aquifer radius.
• There will be no sources of contaminants within a 100' radius of the proposed well site if
the aquifer is confined
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N S
Criteria are only used when looking at systems which are upgrading or are not less than
200 feet from septic systems
Also under the wellhead protection program, hydrogeologic mapping is used in conduit-flow
karst situations to identify the wellhead protection area.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
67
-------
INDIANA (Continued)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Every 5 years regardless of disinfection.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
Every 6 months.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
As per AWWA method C651.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
As per 10 State recommended standards for water works.
(1992) §§5.1.6 and 8.6.1 Cross-connection control.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Operator certification requirement applies only to CWS.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
68
-------
IOWA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Iowa Water Supply Factlihes Design
Standards, Chapter 3, Source Development.
1979
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
LAC Chapters 40 and 41
1995
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
LAC Chapter 43
1995
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Dennis Alt
State of Iowa Department of Natural Resources
(515) 281-8998
Roy G Ney, P.E
State of Iowa Department of Natural Resources
(515) 281-8945
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Darrell McAllister, Chief
Surface and Ground Water Protection Bureau
Department of Natural Resources
(515) 281-8869
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
If the system is not meeting microbiological MCLs under the TCR, and therefore must provide
treatment, the system must disinfect unless the treatment is pH adjustment. Generally, a
system must disinfect if it applies treatment (e.g., iron and manganese control).
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
69
-------
IOWA (Continued]
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC
Y
When the systems are violating the TCR or treating the water.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C ^0/,° NTNC "15% tnc
(-575/1150) (-23/150) 11 ^
-5%
(-19/580)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
Free chlorine of 0.3 mg/1 or total of 1.5 mg/1
Is there a specified C*T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
See 1979 Iowa Water Supply Facilities Design Standards, §3.15
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC
Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
70
-------
IOWA ^(Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds A WW A Standards Other (list) ^
State of Iowa Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
All new, modified, or reconditioned wells shall be disinfected in accordance with AWWA
standard A100 before being placed into service. The chlorine shall remain m the well for at
least 24 hours before being pumped to waste. The waste shall be discharged to the
surrounding property or structures....The disinfection procedure shall be completed at least
twice if the well is to remain out of production for more than thirty days. In this case, the well
shall be disinfected just prior to cessation of the work and capping of the well and again
following installation of the permanent pump and just prior to placing the well into service.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N ^
In Chapter 43 p. 24, separation distances from wells are as follows:
SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
5
10
25
50
75
100
200
400
1000
WASTEWATER STRUCTURES
Point Discharge to
Ground Surface
Well house floor drains
A
Water treatment plant wastes
A
Sanitary & industrial discharges
A
Sewers and Drains
Well house floor drains to surface
A
A
A
A
A
Well house floor drains to sewers
A
A
A
Water plant wastes
A
A
A
Saiutary & storm sewers, drains
A
A
A
Sewer force mains
A
Land Disposal
of Wastes
Land application of solid wastes
D
S
Irrigation of wastewater
D
S
Concrete vaults & septic tanks
D
S
Mechanical wastewater treatment plants
D
S
Cesspools & earth pit privies
D
S
Soil absorption fields
D
S
Lagoons
D
s
CHEMICAL
Chemical application to ground surface
D
S
DISTANCES (FT.)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
71
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
IOWA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
DISTANCES (FT.)
5
10
25
50
75
100
200
400
1000
Chemical and
Mineral Storage
Above ground
D
s
On or under ground
D
S
ANIMALS
Animal pasturage
A
Animal enclosure
D
S
Arumal Wastes
Land application of solids
D
s
Land application of liquid or slurry
D
s
Storage tank
D
s
Solids stockpile
D
s
Storage basin or lagoon
D
s
Earthen silage storage trench or pit
D
s
MISCELLANEOUS
Basements, pits, sumps
A
Flowing streams or other surface water bodies
A
Cisterns
D
S
Cemeteries
A
Private wells
D
s
Solid waste disposal sites
A
Key D - Deep well WM - Pipe of water pipe specifications
S - Shallow SP - Pipe of sewer pipe specifications
A - All wells ENC.WM - Encased in 4" of concrete
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N V
Deep wells have different siting criteria than shallow wells. Deep wells are defined as wells
having a five feet thick confining layer at least 25 feet below the ground surface.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Distribution. System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? \fN N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
72
-------
IOWA (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N
(1995 Ch. 43) To prevent backflow or back-siphonage of contaminants into a public water
supply, connection shall not be permitted to a public water supply, and any other system
which does not meet the monitoring or drinking water standards required by this chapter
except as provided below in "a" or "b."
a. Piping systems or plumbing equipment carrying nonpotable water, contaminated water,
stagnant water, liquids, mixtures or waste mixtures shall not be connected to a public
water supply unless properly equipped with an antisiphon device or backflow preventer
approved by the department.
b. Posibve separation shall be provided through the use of an air gap separation or an
approved backflow preventer at all loading stations for bulk transport tanks.
(1) The minimum required air gap shall be twice the diameter of the discharge pipe.
(2) An approved backflow preventer for this application shall be a reduced pressure
backflow preventer or an antisiphon device which complies with the standards of the
American Water Works Association and has been approved by the Foundation for
Cross-Connection control and Hydraulic Research, University of Southern California.
Operator Certification.
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N/S* S
For community systems only.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
Public water systems can sample at the wellhead as part of their coliform rule compliance
sampling, and most choose to do so periodically. However, there is no universal monitoring
requirement for sources.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
73
-------
KANSAS'
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Kansas Statutes Pertaining to Public Water
Supplies
1988
Kansas Department of Health and
Environment
Bureau of Water Protection
Application for Permits; Domestic Water
Supply
Unknown
Kansas Department of Health and
Environment
Policies, General Considerations and Design
Requirements for Public Water Supply Systems
in Kansas
1995
Kansas Department of Health and
Environment
Division of Environment
Bureau of Water
Public Water Supply Section
Fax to Bruce Macler (USEPA)
1995
Ralph Gelvin
Contact Who Supplied Information
or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Ralph Gelvin, Chief of Engineering and Plan Review, KS DHE
913-296-5516
Dave Waldo, Chief of Public Water Supply Section, KS DHE
913-296-5503
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Bob Hippie
Bureau of Water Protection
Department of Health and Environment
(913) 296-5535
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
74
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
KANSAS ^Continued).
Ground Water'Disinfection (Continued)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems m Kansas,
All water obtained from wells shall be disinfected and filtration may be
needed. The extent of water treatment required will be determined on the
basis of geological data, well construction features, nearby sources of
contamination, laboratory analyses, and MCLs.
All ground water systems in Kansas have been required to disinfect since 1956.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
According to Application for Permits; Domestic Water Supply, any supplier of water may be
granted a variance or exemption from the requirements of KAR 28-15-11 to 28-15-19. However,
waivers have never been granted.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
100% WTNP 100% TNC 100%
(635/635) (83/83) (124/124)
Noncompliance with the requirement to disinfect ground water is less than 0.1%.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
According to Application for Permits; Domestic Water Supply,
When chlonnation is employed, a sufficient amount of chlorine shall be
added to the water to maintain a measurable chlorine residual of 0.2 mg/1 of
free chlorine or 1.0 mg/1 for combined chlorine at the ends of the distribution
system The operator shall make a daily determination of the chlorine
residual and record it in such a manner that the department can determine
that the requirements of this rule and regulation have been met.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
75
-------
KAN SAS (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems tn Kansas,
All suppbes shall be disinfected before delivery to the distribution system....
Water from several wells may be combined to facilitate die disinfection
process....A sample collecting tap of the disinfected water shall be located
before it enters die distribution system and at least 10 pipe diameters
downstream from the pomt of disinfection or following the complete mixing
of the disinfectant with the treated water."
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas, the use of heat, extremes in pH, metals, surfactants, potassium permanganate,
hydrogen peroxide, iodine, bromine, or ultraviolet light as disinfectants is not permitted.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Kansas Statutes and regulations promulgated thereunder.
Well Siting andConstruction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N ^
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas,
Ground water sources should be located, constructed, and maintained in a manner
which will assure the minimum possibility of contamination and be so situated
and developed as to prevent surface water from entering the well. During the
installation of the well, the contractor shall provide protection to prevent
tampering or accidental entrance of foreign materials."
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
76
-------
KANSAS (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction(Contmned)
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N other Gist) Y
Kansas Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas, KDHE procedures for disinfecting gravel packed wells and completed wells,
whether new, modified, or reconditioned, are as follows:
1. All drilling waters used during the construction or reconstruction of any water well shall
be initially disinfected by mixing with the water enough sodium hypochlorite to produce
at least 200 mg/1 of available chlorine.
2. Gravel for gravel packed wells shall be disinfected prior to placement by immersing the
gravel in a chlorine solution containing not less than 200 mg/1 of available chlorine.
3. Completed wells, after development, shall be disinfected by adding sufficient
hypochlorite solution to produce a concentration of not less than 100 mg/1 of available
chlorine when mixed with the water in the well. This corresponds to the use of about
1.5 lb of high-test calcium hypochlorite per 1,000 gal of water in the well.
4. Just prior to setting, the pump and the pump column shall be washed down with a
200 mg/1 available chlorine solution.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas, there must be an absence of pollution sources within 100 ft of the well.
Livestock must be kept at least 100 ft away from the well
50 ft to sanitary sewer lines.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Water used for drilling fluids must be from a fresh, nonpolluted source.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
A sanitary survey is to be conducted for each new water works facility. By means of a sanitary
survey, the PWSS is to evaluate threats to a proposed well presented by nearby sources of
contamination. This allows the PWSS to estimate costs to reduce or contain threats to the
proposed well by contaminant sources identified in the survey.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
77
-------
KANSAS (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N Y
According to Poliaes, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas,
All new or repaired potable water lines in the public water supply system must be
disinfected before they are put into service. See Appendix IV, Water Mam
Disinfection Procedures, for more information.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
According to Policies, General Considerations and Design Requirements for Public Water Supply
Systems in Kansas,
There shall be no physical connection between the PWSS and any pipes, pumps,
hydrants, tanks, or non-potable water supplies whereby unsafe water or other
contaminating materials may be discharged or drawn into the system. KDHE
approval shall be obtained for interconnections between potable water
supplies....Each PWSS is required to have a formal cross-connection prevention
program.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? \/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
78
-------
KENTUCKY
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
401 KAR 6:310. Water well construction
practices and standards.
August 1985
Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection Cabinet, Department of
Environmental Protection, Division of
Water
401 KAR 6:320. Certification of water well
drillers.
August 1985
Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection Cabinet, Department of
Environmental Protection, Division of
Water
401 KAR 8:150. Disinfection and filtration.
August 1994
Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection Cabinet, Department of
Environmental Protection, Division of
Water
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Vicki L. Ray
Manager, Drinking Water Branch
Kentucky Department for Environmental Protection
Division of Water
(502) 564-3410
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Peter Goodman
Ground Water Branch
(502) 564-3410
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* ^
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All public water systems are required to disinfect.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
79
-------
KENTUCKY (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r> 100% XTXvr 100% to,- 100%
C (U4/U4, NTNC (95/95) TNC (95/93)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
Minimum free chlorine residual of two-tenths (0.2) milligrams per liter (or ppm) is
required throughout the distribution system.
Is there a specified C * T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other
Y/N
Free chlonne residuals are to be checked daily at representative points throughout the
system and shall be reported monthly pursuant to 401 KAR 8:020, section 2(7)(a). Contact
time of at least thirty minutes is to be provided to allow adequate time for disinfection.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but all disinfectants other than chlorine must be approved on
a case-by-case basis.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
80
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KENTOGKY-(Coitfiiiitied)
Well Siting and Gonstructioii
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
401 KAR 6:310, Water well construction practices and standards.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds _N_ AWWA Standards _N_ Other Hist) Y
State standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination?
Y/N
Y
According to 401 KAR 6:310:
Cesspools
150 feet
Leaching Pit
100 feet
Pit Privy
75 feet
Subsurface Seepage Tile
75 feet
Lateral Fields
70 feet
Manure Piles
75 feet
Septic Tank
50 feet
Barnyard
50 feet
Sewers (noncast iron) (non-perforated)
50 feet
Sewers (cast iron with watertight leaded or mechanical joints)
15 feet
Sewers (Schedule 40 or heavier plastic pipe with solvent cemented
or elastomenc seal joints)—Pipe is solid pipe, not perforated.
15 feet
Footing Drains (no connection to a sewer or sump handling
sewage)
10 feet
Pump House Floor Dram
2 feet
Cemeteries
75 feet
Property Lines
20 feet
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
81
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KENTUCKY (Coitliniiecl)
- Well Siting and Gonstrnction^Continned)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? Y/N Y
According to 401 KAR 6:310,
Relation to sources of pollutants—In establishing minimum lateral distances to locate
a well from potential source of pollutants, the driller shall consider the character and
location of the sources of pollutants, types of geological formations present, depth to
the aquifer, direction of ground water flow, effect on the ground water movement by
well pumping and possibilities of flooding of the site by surface waters. Source of
pollutants such as streams, refuse disposal sites, excavations, waste treatment
facilities, buried oil and gasoline storage tanks, improperly constructed wells and
cisterns shall be evaluated and a distance determined based on the pertinent facts.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
According to 401 KAR 6:310, the driller shall design each well to include the following:
Natural Protection
Geological Formations
Exclusion of Undesirable Geological Formations
Capacity
Durability
Pitless well adapters (for subsurface discharges)
In establishing the location of a well, the driller shall consider sources of pollutants which exist
on or adjacent to the premises where the well is to be located. As far as possible, the well shall
be located on ground which is higher than source of pollutants and shall have ready access for
repairs, maintenance, treatment, and inspection (Section 1, page 5)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
All public water systems receive a sanitary survey every three years regardless of source.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
However, flushing is recommended under 401 KAR 8:020, Section 2(14)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
82
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KENTUCKY (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N Y
401 KAR 8:150 provides as follows:
A water distribution system, including storage distribution tanks, repaired
portions of existing systems or all extensions to existing systems, shall be
thoroughly disinfected before being placed in service. A water distribution
system shall disinfect with chlorine or chlorine compounds, in amounts to
produce a concentration of at least fifty (50) ppm and a residual of at least twenty
five (25) ppm, at the end of twenty-four (24) hours, and the disinfection shall be
followed by a thorough flushing. New water distribution lines shall not be placed
into service until bacteriological samples taken at the points specified in
subsection (2) of this section are examined and are shown to be negabve
following disinfection. Other methods of disinfection may be used with the
written permission of the cabinet
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
Cross-connections are prohibited under 401 KAR 8:020, Section 2(2).
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
401 KAR 8:030 stipulates requirements for public water system operators.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
83
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LOUISIANA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water
Supplies
1994
State of Louisiana
Department of Health and Hospitals
Water Well Rules, Regulations, and Standards
1985
State of Louisiana
Department of Transportation and
Development
Office of Public Works
Water Resources Section
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Mason J. Seals
Manager, Safe Drinking Water Program
(504) 568-5996
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Howard Fielding
LA Department of Environmental Quality
(504) 765-0585
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* Y
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Under Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies, routine, continuous disinfection is
required of all public water systems, other than those under Section 12:021-4 of these
regulations (systems with variances).
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
84
-------
LOTOSIANA^CCbnfiiraed)
Ground WaterDisinfection.(Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies (12:021-4) provides as follows:
A variance may be granted to a public water system by the State Health Officer,
provided the system meets one of the following criteria:
a. If the public water system has not had a bacteriological Maximum Contaminant Level
(MCL) violation for the past three years;
b. If the public water system, both existing and future installations, can prove that
disinfection would create trihalomethane (THM) levels of 0.10 milligrams per liter or
greater. The public water supply should explore alternative means of disinfection pnor
to requesting a vanance. A variance can be granted for such systems, provided the
system has die required equipment to verify that a detectable amount of chlorine
residual is maintained at all times. For systems under 10,000 population served, said
systems shall have 90 days after a THM (Total Trihalomethane) exceed an ce of 0.100
milligrams per liter is determined to request said variance;
c. A vanance shall be granted to a public water supply owned by and/or operated by,
and/or created as a political subdivision in accordance with Article 6 Section 14 of the
Constitution of the State of Louisiana;
d. In reference to (a), (b), and (c) above, on a case-by-case basis, when a bacteriological
MCL occurs and an administrative order shall be or has been issued to that particular
system, the said water system shall be subject to the orders of the State Health Officer to
take whatever remedial actions deemed necessary to comply with all applicable rules,
regulations, standards, and the Louisiana Sanitary Code, including, but not limited to,
the Louisiana Total Cohform Rule.
Variances must be requested m writing and must be approved pnor to the effective date of the
mandatory disinfection requirement as prescribed in Section 12021-1, except under the new
conditions that arise in 12:021-4(b). (12:021-4.1) Variances are common in certain categones of
PWSs
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 56% NTNC 230/0 TNC 9%
(675/1.207) (53/235) 1 (44/508)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
85
-------
LOUISIANA (Cbntintied)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies provides the following specifications:
pH Value Free Chlorine Residual
(leaving the plant)
up to 7.0 0.4 mg/1
7.0 to 8.0 0.6 mg/1
8.0 to 9.0 0.8 mg/1
over 9.0 1.0 mg/1
THIS DOES NOT APPLY TO SYSTEMS USING CHLORAMINES.
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies also sets forth the following
requirements:
All new ground water systems installed after the effective date of these
regulations shall provide at least 30 minutes contact time prior to the first
customer. It is recommended that all existing systems provide the 30
minutes contact time prior to the first customer. Additions to or
extensions of existing systems are exempt from the 30 minutes contact
time.
A minimum disinfectant residual of a detectable amount of total chlorine
shall be maintained at all points throughout the distribution system at all
times for chlorinabon methods other than chloramines. For very small
water systems a residual of 0.2 mg/1 free chorine is generally required.
(12:021-2)
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and regulations.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from hies provided N/A = Not Applicable
86
-------
LOUISIANA (Continued)
* \
Well Siting and ^Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N Y
Described in detail in Water Well Rules, Regulations, and Standards. (November 1985)
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y
TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y A WW A Standards N Other (list) Y
Well construction codes are also based on Louisiana standards as well as 10-State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies specifies the following requirements:
"All new wells or existing wells on which repair work has been done shall be disinfected before
being put into use as prescribed in Section 12:020-2 of this chapter." (12:008-17)
"Pipes, pumps, and other parts of water supply systems shall be disinfected when deemed
necessary by the State Health Officer." (12:020-1)
"Pumps, pipes, wells, tanks, and other parts of new systems shall be thoroughly disinfected by
the use of chlorine or chlorine compounds before being placed in use. The rate of application
of chlorine shall be in such proportion to the rate of water entering the pipe or other
appurtenances that the chlorine dose applied to the water shall be at least 50 mg/1.
Chlorinated water shall be retained long enough to destroy non-spore-forming bacteria. The
period shall be at least three hours and preferably longer, as may be directed. After the
chlorine treated water has been retained for the required time, the chlorine residual at pipe
extremities and at other representative points shall be a least 5 mg/1. If the residual is less than
5 mg/1, the disinfection procedure shall be repeated until a 5 mg/1 residual is obtained, as
required above." (12:020-2)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII- Water Supplies sets forth the following requirements:
Every potable water well, and the immediate appurtenances thereto that comprise the well,
shall be located at a safe distance from all possible sources of contamination, including but not
limited to privies, cesspools, sepbc tanks, subsurface tile systems, sewers, drains, barnyards and
pits below the ground surface. The horizontal distance from any such possible source of
pollution shall be as great as possible, but in no case less than the following minimum
distances, except as otherwise approved by the State Health Officer
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
87
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
LOUISIANA (Cortihiied)
Well SitingandConstniction (Continued)
Septic Tanks
Storm or Sanitary Sewer
Cesspools, outdoor privies, oxidation pools, subsurface
absorption fields, etc.
Sanitary landfills, feed lots, manure piles, solid-waste
dumps and similar installations
Another water well
Drainage canal, ditch or stream
50 feet
50 feet'
100 feet2
100 feet
25 feet1
50 feet4
' This distance may be reduced to thirty feet (30') if die sewer is of cast iron with leaded joints
or Schedule 40 plastic pipe with water-tight joints.
' For a private water well, this distance may be reduced to fifty feet (50').
1 This minimum distance requirement does not take into consideration the effects of
interference from pumping over a ten-year period.
4 Horizontally measured from the water's edge to the well at the highest water level which
may have occurred over a ten-year period. (11008-3)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies (12:008-6 and 12:008-7) states:
"12:008-6 SATISFACTORY EARTH FORMATION ABOVE THE WATER BEARING STRATUM:
The earth formations above the water-bearing stratum shall be of such character and depth as
to exclude contamination of the source of supply by seepage from the surface of the ground.
12:008-7 MINIMUM DEPTH OF CASINGS AND CURBINGS: All well and spring basin casmgs
or curbings shall extend a safe distance below the ground surface. The minimum depth of
casings or curbings shall not be less than fifty (50) feet in the case of public water supplies and
not less than ten (10) feet in the case of private water supplies."
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies provides as follows:
The ground surface within a safe horizontal distance of the source in all directions shall not be
subject to flooding (as defined m footnote 4 of 12:008-3) and shall be so graded and drained as
to facilitate the rapid removal of surface water This horizontal distance shall be in no case less
than fifty feet (50') for potable water supplies. (12:008-2)
No toilet, sewer, soil pipe or drain shall be located above or where leakage therefrom can reach
any water storage basm, reservoir, or source of water supply. (12:008-4)
From the Federal Total Coliform Rule, which is adopted in the Louisiana Total Colifonn Rule.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N Y
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
88
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LOUISIANA (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? Y/N ^
Periodic flushing is not required, but under the Louisiana Total Coliform Rule, the system may
be directed to do so after a persistent violation.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N Y
Louisiana Sanitary Code paragraph 12:020-2 provides as follows:
Pumps, pipes, wells, tanks, and other parts of new systems shall be thoroughly disinfected by
the use of chlorine or chlorine compounds before being placed in use. The rate of application
of chlorine shall be in such proportion that the chlorine dose applied to the water shall be at
least 50 mg/1. Chlorinated water shall be retained long enough to destroy non-spore-forming
bacteria. The period shall be at least three hours and preferably longer, as may be directed.
After the chlorine-treated water has been retained for the required time, the chlorine residual
at pipe extremities and at other representative points shall be at least 5 mg/1. If the residual
is less than 5 mg/1, the disinfection procedure shall be repeated until a 5 mg/1 residual is
obtained, as required above.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies 12:016-1 provides as follows:
There shall be no physical connection between a public water supply and any other
supply which is not of equal sanitary quality and under an equal degree of supervision;
and there shall be no connection or arrangement by which unsafe water may enter a
public water supply system.
In addition, Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII Water Supplies 12:017 states:
There shall be no cross-connection, auxiliary intake, bypass, inter-connection or other
arrangement, including overhead leakage, whereby water from a source that does not comply
with these regulations may be discharged or drawn into any potable water supply which
does comply with these requirements. The use of valves, including check or back pressure
valves, is not considered protection against return flow, or back-siphonage, or for the
prevention of flow of water from an unapproved source into an approved system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators?
Y/N
Y
The requirements are found in Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies (12:003-2).
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
89
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LOUISIANA (Continued)
Additional Comments
Louisiana Sanitary Code Chapter XII: Water Supplies provides as follows:
Where chlorination is not used as the primary disinfectant, chorine or chloramines shall be used as
the secondary disinfectant to provide the residuals in 12:021-2. Other methods shall be evaluated
on a case-by-case basis by the State Health Officer. (12:021-3)
State Health Officer may allow batch disinfection for emergency purposes. Batch disinfection shall
not be considered a method of continuous disinfection. (12:021-6)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
90
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MAINE
Generallniormation
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
144A CMR 232. Well Drillers and Pump
Installers Rules
January 1994
State of Maine
Appropriation #013-10A-2420-032.
Rules Relating to Drinking Water
February 1995
Department of Human Services,
Division of Health Engineering
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Paul Thomas Hunt, M.C.G. #286
Geologist, Drinking Water Program
Department of Human Services
Bureau of Health
Division of Health Engineering
(207) 287-6196
Paul Kempf
(207) 287-5674
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Dave Braley
Geologist
Drinking Water Program
(207) 287-2070
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
The regulation states, "When any water system fails to meet the proper coliform level, the
Department may designate the disinfectant residual or application rate to be maintained by the
system Ground water supplies may be required by the department to be disinfected."
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
91
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MAINE T(Contm1ied)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 43% NTNC 4% TNC
(179/414) (16/378) 11 V (81/1428)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
N
Is there a specified C x T value? y/jsj
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N
N
Other Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None indicated.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
92
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MAINE^Continued).
Well Siting and Cons traction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards Y Other Gist) Y
State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Section 144A CMR 232 of the Well Drillers and Pump Installers Rules (1994) states the following-
All new wells shall be chlorinated to a minimum concentration of 50 ppm for a
minimum of 24 hours upon completion of the well....For any new installation of a
submersible pump or servicing of wire, pipe and/or pump repair within the well,
the well shall be chlorinated to a minimum concentration of 50 parts per million
for a minimum of 24 hours upon completion of installation or repair....For any
new installation of a pump or servicing of pipe within the well, the well shall be
chlorinated to a minimum concentration of 50 parts per million for a minimum of
twenty-four (24) hours upon completion of installation or repair.
Appropriation #013-10A-2420-032 of the Rules Relating to Drinking Water (1995) provides as
follows
All new community ground water supplies serving municipalities and/or districts
shall be continuously chlorinated for a period of not less than two (2) months
following initial utilization.
Newly constructed water distribution mains and finished water storage facilities
shall be flushed and disinfected before use in accordance with the appropriate
AWWA standard.
No spring basin, collecting basin, well, infiltration galley, water main, pump,
standpipe, or reservoir shall be placed in service following cleaning or repairs
until it has been properly disinfected.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
New wells shall be located at least 300 feet away from potential contamination sources.
A waiver may be granted on a case-by-case basis. Appropriation #013-10A-2420-032 of the
Rules Relating to Drinking Water (1995).
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
93
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MAINfi-lContmued)
Well Siting and Constrnction (Continued)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
If a septic system is less than 300' away, additional coliform testing is usually required.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
But Section 5 of Appropriation #013-10A-2420-032 does not specify periods or whether these
sanitary surveys are beyond what is required under 40 CFR 141.21(d).
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Flushing is recommended twice per year.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
The requirement can be found in AWWA 651.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Appropriation #013-10A-2420-032 of the Rules Relating to Drmhug Water (1995) sets forth the
following:
No cross-connection shall be installed by any person, firm, or corporation taking
water from a community water system until after an application for a cross-
connection permit and a permit to install such cross-connection has been
approved for issuance by the Department Cross-connection permits shall be
issued in accordance with 10-144A CMR 226, Cross-Connection Rules.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
94
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MARYLAND
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Chapter 4, Well Construction Code
Subtitle 4, Regulation of Water Supply,
Sewage Disposal, and Solid Waste
Unknown
Department of the Environment
State of Maryland
Memorandum
February 1995
From Bill Pamsh to Bruce Macler
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Mary Ellen Ley
Maryland Department of the Environment
Public Drinking Water Program
(410) 631-3476
Mohammad Sarai
Maryland Department of the Environment
Public Drinking Water Program
(410) 631-3588
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
John Grace
Source Protection Division
(410) 631-3714
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S"
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All new community water systems since 1992 have been required to disinfect, while
disinfection is required on a case-by-case basis for existing CWS, NTNCWS, and TNCWS.
For TCR violations where any structural/construction related problems are resolved first and
TCR violations persist, disinfection would be required. Furthermore, vulnerable systems may
be required to disinfect.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
95
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MARYLAND (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection.(Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N N
On a case-by-case basis for existing CWS with a history of no bacterial contamination.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 90% NTNC 10-15% TNC
(414/460) (-44 to-66/443) (-0/2673)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Disinfection is the main requirement. Chlorination is almost exclusively used—a minimum
residual is required. Some UV disinfection units are used on very small systems.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N Y
0.2 ppm.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N Y
A CT value of 6 is required (specified in design guidelines).
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N Y
4 logs of virus removal (specified in design guidelines).
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Iodine is prohibited except for use at campgrounds.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations. See COMAR 26.04.01.(23B)
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
96
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MARYLAND (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards Other (list) Y
The well construction code is unique to Maryland.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Y/N
Y
According to Chapter 4, Well Construction Code:
Property Line
Road
Building foundation
Identifiable sources of contamination and designated subsurface disposal sites
Gravity sewer line
10 feet
15 feet
30 feet
100 feet
50 feet
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N
Y
COMAR 26.04.04.05(h) gives the Department broad authority to prohibit well sites where they
could be impacted by any source of contamination. A review of geology and potential for
direct influence of surface water on the well source are taken into account m new site
approvals.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
According to Chapter 4, Well Construction Code, "Only water from a source approved by the
Approving Authority may be used to construct a well for a potable water supply."
.Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Periodic flushing is encouraged.
S" = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
97
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MARYLAND '(Contiiraed)
Distribution System-(Continued)
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
"Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
S
For new wells and following any TCR violation.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
Y
Additional Comments
Disinfection requirements for ground water were created to prevent the development and use of
any new well with contamination problems.
S» = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
98
-------
-General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Guidelines and Policies for Public Water
Systems
1991
Department of Environmental
Protection
Issues in Water Quality
September 1989
Gisela Walker, Extension Specialist
University of Massachusetts
Application Package for Sources that were
Granted 1993-1995 Waivers, 1993-1995
Grandfathered Sources, and Sources Without
Waivers
May 1995
Department of Environmental
Protection
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Frank Niles
(617) 574-6871
David Terry, MA DEP (ASDWA)
(617) 292-5529
Julie Smith, MADEP
(617) 292-5875
State-Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Tara Gallagher
Wellhead Protection program
(617) 292-5930
Ground WaterDis infection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Ground water systems require disinfection only when coliform problems exist.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
99
-------
MASSACHUSJETI!S:j(6diitiiiued
Ground WaterDisinfection(Contiimed)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 21% NTNC 3% TNC
(107/515) 1" (5/200) (8/900)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
0.25 mg/1 residual at all points of the distribution system.
Is there a specified CxT value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Use NSF international standards and EPA approvals.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific Regulations
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
100
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MASSACHUSEITS {Continued)
1 r - I
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
Massachusetts uses a well construction code in addition to guidelines.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
In accordance with Massachusetts General laws 116:160
Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Y/N
Y
400 feet for gravel packed wells, discharge >100,00 gpd. 250 for tubular wellfields,
discharge >100,000 gpd. 100-400 feet for discharge <100,000 gpd. Radius is
determined on a semilog graph for wells pumping from 100 gpd to 99,000 gpd.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N
Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Distribution. System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
s* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
101
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MAS SACHUSETTS (Continued)
.Operator-Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? Y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? Y/N Y
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
102
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MICHIGAN
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Safe Drinking Water Act
1995
State of Michigan
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
William Elgar Brown
Drinking Water and Radiological Protection Division
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
(517) 335-8312
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
William Elgar Brown and Steve Miller
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
(517) 335-8312 (Brown); (517) 373-8804 (Miller)
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
While disinfection of wells and distribution systems is required after construction or repair,
routine disinfection of ground water supplies is not required. If the ground water system is not
meeting the MCLs, it may be required to treat and disinfect
Disinfection of ground water supplies may be required under Part 10 of Act 399, Treatment
Systems and Pumping Facilities. Rule 1004, Section 6 (Part 10, Page 2) requires disinfection on
all public water supplies, regardless of source, where phosphate treatment or certain iron
removal systems are employed. As a result of this requirement, many small ground water
supplies in the state provide disinfection in conjunction with phosphate addition to "sequester"
and control iron problems
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
103
-------
MICHIGAN (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
If the state deems disinfection to be necessary.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
R 325.10303 of the Michigan SDWA provides as follows:
A variance or exemption from a state drinking water standard shall not be granted
with respect to any of the following:
(a) Total coliform MCL violations.
(b) Filtration requirements.
(c) Disinfection requirements.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C ^C/'0 NTNC TNC
(354/1.169) (-100/1700) (-300/11X00)
Specific disinfection requirements:
If disinfection is required, then it is assumed that the systems must disinfect as required under
R 325.11004 of the Michigan SDWA, which basically sets forth the disinfection requirements
under the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Furthermore, R 325.11008(5) provides the following:
Application points for disinfection shall be provided, or be available, at all of the
following locations:
(a) Before coagulation.
(b) Immediately preceding filtration.
(c) Immediately following filtration.
(d) Immediately before entry of finished water into the distribution system.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
Not less than 0.2 milligrams per liter for more than 4 hours
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other
Y/N N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
104
-------
MICHIGAN {Continued)
Ground Water Disinfectioir (Contiimed)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
The State of Michigan has specific regulations as described in the Michigan SDWA.
Well Sitingand Construction -
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N A WW A Standards N Other (list) Y
Michigan developed its own well construction code.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Rule 161 (Page 28) of the Ground Water Quality Control Act requires the disinfection of wells
and pumping equipment prior to their being placed into service. This rule further requires
demonstration that organisms of the colifonn group are not present pnor to putting a new,
repaired, or reconditioned well back into service. This requirement applies to all wells unless
superseded by the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act. More stringent requirements
are applied to public water supply wells under guidelines established in Act 399.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
R 325.1622 of the Michigan SDWA provides the following:
"The following minimum horizontal distances shall be maintained when locating a well:
(a) Eight hundred feet from either of the following:
(l) The active work area of a landfill, as defined in R 299.4101.
(u) Land surface application of septage waste, as defined by section 2 of Act
No. 181 of the Public Acts of 1986, being §325.312 of the Michigan
Compiled Laws.
(b) Three hundred feet from any of the following:
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
105
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MICHIGAN'(Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
(i) Land application or subsurface injection of effluent or digested sludge
from a municipal wastewater treatment facility.
(ii) Oil and gas wells.
(iii) Petroleum product processing or storage facilities.
(IV) Underground or abovegrade storage tank systems of not less than 1,100 gallons,
which are regulated under Act No. 423 of the Public Acts of 1984, as amended, being
§299.701 et seq. of the Michigan Compiled Laws, when secondary containment as
defined by Act No. 423 of the Public Acts of 1984, as amended, is not provided.
(c) One hundred and fifty feet from a preparation or storage area for fertilizers, agricultural
chemicals, or other chemicals that might contaminate the soil or groundwater.
(d) Fifty feet from any of the following:
(i) A buried sewer, other than a sewer that is specified m subdivision (g) of this subrule.
(ii) A septic tank.
(iii) A subsurface disposal field.
(iv) A dry well.
(v) A sewage pump chamber.
(vi) A pressurized sewer.
(vii) A grease trap
(viii) A seepage pit.
(ix) A cesspool
(x) An animal or poultry yard.
(xi) An outhouse.
(e) Fifty feet from underground or abovegrade storage tank systems which have a capacity of
not less than 1,100 gallons, which are regulated pursuant to the provisions of Act No. 423
of the Public Acts of 1984, as amended, being §299.701 et seq. of the Michigan Compiled
Laws, and which have secondary containment as defined in Act No. 423 of the Public Acts
of 1984, as amended.
(f) Fifty feet from underground or abovegrade storage tank systems which have a capacity of
less than 1,100 gallons and which store motor or heating fuels for noncommercial purposes
or consumptive use on the premises where the fuel is stored.
(g) Ten feet from any of the following:
(l) A buried gravity-flow sewer that is constructed of service weight or heavier ductile-
iron pipe with watertight joints, schedule 40 PVC plastic with watertight joints, or
other matenal and joints that are approved, m writing, by the director.
(ii) A sump, pit, or unfilled space that is below the ground surface, except for a
crawlspace.
(111) A surface water body, such as a lake, pond, river, or stream.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
106
-------
MICHIGAN (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
(xii) Any other wastewater handling or disposal unit or site of liquid wastes draining into
the soil."
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? Y/N Y
R 325.10813 of the Michigan SDWA states that hydrogeological studies may be required of
certain public water suppliers. The study of hydrogeological conditions may include the
following:
(a) The type of public water supply.
(b) The proposed well capacity.
(c) The proposed well depth and well construction features.
(d) Identification of geological formations including the thickness and characteristics of
the aquifer, the number and thicknesses of protective layers, and if deemed necessary
by the department, the areal extent of the protective formations.
(e) Location of the well relative to sources of contamination.
(f) Susceptibility of the area to flooding.
(g) Depth to the water table from the established ground surface.
(h) Proximity of the well to surface water.
(1) A yield test of the well in accordance with R 325.10830.
(|) Water quality analyses.
The scope of the hydrogeological study may vary depending upon the capacity of the
proposed well in relation to the aquifer capacity, the need for a modification of a standard
isolation area, or other factors; and may include additional determinations required by the
department, such as the general aquifer characteristics and interference relative to other
wells in proximity to the well site.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Public water systems must undergo a sanitary survey once every 5 years, except for
noncommunity water supplies that use only disinfected ground water. These systems must
conduct a sanitary survey once every 10 years (MI SDWA §R 325.10702)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
107
-------
MICHIGAN (Continued)
Distribution System; (Continued)
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
New water mains are required to be flushed and disinfected.
R 325.11110 of the Michigan SDWA further provides as follows:
The owner of a public water supply in which all or part of a distribution system is not
in year-round service shall disinfect the distribution system before resuming use.
Bacteriological sampling and analysis shall be performed and shall show results that meet
the state drinking water standards before resuming use.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
R 325.1675a of the Michigan SDWA provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
A physical connection between a water supply that is in compliance with the
requirements of these rules and another water supply that is not in compliance with
the requirements of these rules is prohibited...and...
A water supply system shall be designed, operated, and maintained in a manner that
will prevent contamination from nonpotable liquids, solids, or gases from being
introduced into the water supply or aquifer through cross-connections or any other
piping connections to the water supply system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/ A
Additional Comments
R 325.11117 of the Michigan SDWA provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
A finished water storage tank shall be disinfected before initial use and after
any internal maintenance or repair activity.
After construction, repair, or maintenance of a storage tank, not less than
2 consecutive water samples for bacteriological analysis shall be collected and
each analysis shall not indicate the presence of coliform. Analyses for other
contaminants may be required if the department has reason to believe that
these contaminants are present.
S" = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
108
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MINNESOTA
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Chapter 4720: Public Water Supplies
March 1994
Minnesota Department of Health
Chapter 4725: Wells and Borings
November 1993 Minnesota Department of Health
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Richard Clark
Minnesota Department of Health
(612) 215-0747
Gary Englund
Minnesota Department of Health
(612) 215-0746
Gerald Smith
Minnesota Department of Health
(612) 215-0765
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Bruce Olsen, Supervisor
Special Services Unit
Environmental Health Division
Minnesota Department of Health
(612) 215-0796
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All ground water meeting quality standards may be used. However, temporary disinfection is
required when coliform violations occur.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown
109
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MINNESOTA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
n "50% Krrwr ~3% xwr ~1%
(-tso/960) NTNC (_21/TO) TNC {_nn3ST)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
N
Is there a specified CxT value? Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N
N
Other y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but MDH must approve specific installations.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Y
See Chapter 4725: Wells and Borings
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown
110
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MINNESOTA: .tCoiftinued)
Well Sitingand Construction (Continaed)
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
According to Chapter 4725.5500, a water supply well must be disinfected according to this part.
A disinfection procedure is presumed adequate when one or more water samples collected as
specified in part 4725.5650 indicate the absence of total coliform bacteria.
A. A person installing a new well or pump must ensure that the well is pumped until three
volumes of the water contained in the well are pumped or until the water is as clear as
ground water conditions allow, whichever is greater. After pumping, the person
installing a new well or pumping equipment must disinfect the well and pumping
equipment with chlorine at a concentration sufficient to produce 50 ppm of chlorine m
all parts of the well. The chlorine solution must remain in the well at least two hours
before pumping all of the chlorinated water from the well and flushing the solution from
the distribution system.
B. A person repairing a well or pump must disinfect the well as specified in item A or
disinfect at the start of the repair or reconditioning by applying chlorine at a
concentration sufficient to produce 200 ppm free chlorine in all parts of the well for the
period of the well repair or reconditioning operation. Before taking water samples or
returning the well to use, all chlorinated water must be pumped from the well.
C. Chlorine compounds with additives must not be used for disinfection.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
According to Chapter 4725.4450, a water supply well must be located where there is optimum
surface drainage and at the highest practical elevation A water supply well must be as far as
practical from a contamination source, but no less than 150 feet upgrade from a sanitary
landfill, dump, or waste stabilization pond.
A water supply well must be no less than:
A 150 feet from an area used to prepare or store more than 25 gallons or 100 pounds dry
weight of:
(1) an agricultural chemical as defined in Minnesota Statutes
(2) a hazardous substance as defined in Minnesota Statutes
(3) petroleum as defined in Minnesota Statutes
B 150 feet from a sanitary landfill, dump, or waste stabilization pond.
C. 100 feet from:
(1) a manure storage area
(2) an agricultural chemical storage or preparation area protected
(3) an underground storage tank for hazardous substances or petroleum
(4) an above ground storage tank for hazardous substances or petroleum
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown
111
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MINNESOT^IfGontinued)
Well Siting and Constrnction (Contiiiped)
D. 75 feet from a cesspool, seepage pit, leaching pit, or dry well
E. 50 feet from:
(1) an agricultural chemical storage or preparation area covered with a permanent
watertight roof
(2) an animal feedlot
(3) a feeding or watering area within a pasture
(4) an animal or poultry building
(5) an interceptor
(6) a grave
(7) a subsurface disposal field or privy
(8) a septic tank, sewage lift station, non-watertight sewage pump, or holding tank
(9) an underground petroleum storage tank of 1,100 gallons or less
(10) an unused, unsealed well or boring
(11) a source of a pollutant, contaminant, or hazardous substance that may drain into
the soil except as provided in this part
(12) a buried sewer that;
(a) serves as a collector or municipal sewer
0?) is pressurized, except a sewer serving a one-family residence
(c) is open-jointed
(d) is constructed of materials that do not meet the specifications, methods, and
testing protocol in parts 4715.0539 and 4715.2820
F. 20 feet from:
(1) a water tight sewage sump
(2) a pit or unfilled space below the established ground surface except a basement or
building crawl space
(3) an in-ground swimming pool
(4) an above ground petroleum storage tank of 1,100 gallons or less
(5) a buned sewer or a pressurized sewer serving one single-family residence
constructed of cast iron or plastic pipe
(6) a storm sewer drain pipe 12 inches or greater in diameter
G. Ten feet from a frost-proof yard hydrant
H A water supply well constructed without a watertight casing penetrating at least ten feet
in a confining layer, or without 50 feet of watertight casing, must be located at least:
(1) 200 feet from a manure storage area
(2) 150 feet from a cesspool, seepage pit, or leaching pit
(3) 100 feet from a subsurface disposal field, animal feedlot, animal or poultry feeding
or watering area, animal or poultry building, privy, or similar contamination
source.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Water used for drilling, development, or rehabilitation, other than water from the well or
boring itself, must (a) come from a potable water system or from a well or boring of similar use
and construction; (b) contain a free chlorine residual at all times; and (c) be conveyed in clean,
sanitary tanks and water lines. (4725.2950)
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown
112
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MINNESOTA ^Continued)
SanitaiySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Current frequency:
CWS: Every 18 months
NTNC: Every 36 months
TNC: Every 36 months
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
A WW A Standard C651.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
There shall be no physical connection between any public water supply system intended for
potable or domestic use and any system, equipment, or device that may serve as a source of
contamination, unless protected by a properly maintained backflow preventer approved by the
commissioner. (4720.0025)
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Certification applies to CWS and NTNC.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown
113
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
MISSISSIPPI
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for
Community Public Water Supplies
September 1995
Mississippi State Dept. of Health
Division of Water Supply
Summary of Total Coliform Rule Compliance
1994
Mississippi State Dept. of Health
Division of Water Supply
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
David Mitchell
Director, Division of Water Supply
Bureau of Environmental Health
Mississippi State Department of Health
(601) 960-7518
Bill Wall
(601) 960-7518
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Bill Barnett
Office of Pollution Control
(601) 961-5119
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
Chionnabon is required on all new community public water supplies.
Chlonnahon is required on all previously unchlonnated community public water
supplies at such time that major improvements or extensions are made.
Chionnabon shall be required on those existing systems that have been unable to
meet the microbiological standards of the TCR. Disinfection is only required on
non-community systems when there is a TCR violation.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
114
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MISSISSIPPK(Cbntinued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continiied)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
Use of best available technologies, as stipulated in Title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations, Part 142, Subparts F and G, may be required in order to grant
variances and exemptions under this regulation. Variances and exemptions shall
not be issued if not allowed by the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 86% NTNC 46°/° TNC ^ ^
^ (1092/1.274) (60/u0) (46/17<)
Note. There are only four surface water systems in Mississippi.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N N
Although no chlorine residual is specified, Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for
Community Water Supplies provides that chlonnation equipment shall have the capacity to
feed approximately a 4 mg/1 dosage of chlorine and provide a free chlorine residual after
the initial chlorine demand has been satisfied
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but disinfectants other than chlorine may be used only as
approved on a case-by-case basis There are no ultraviolet public water systems in Mississippi.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Unknown—only Department of Health recommendations were supplied.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
115
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MISSISSIPPJ (Continued)
Well Siting and Gdnstmction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N Y
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
The well driller must be licensed, a permit must be obtained, locational factors must be
considered, test holes and test wells must be drilled, and well design should meet the
requirements of the latest revision of AWWA A100, etc.
1. An electrical resistivity and spontaneous potential log should be completed on each
drilled hole and be evaluated in relation to other data prior to installation of the
casing.
2. The well should be developed to its maximum practical efficiency and be free of ¦
visible sand and drilling mud. Turbidity due to the drilling process should not
exceed 5 units.
3. A pumping test of sufficient duration should be completed with the temporary
pumping equipment on the final well to determine anticipated capacity and
drawdown.
4. The permanent pump bowls should be set to maintain a 30-foot minimum
submergence after pumping for 24 hours at open discharge.
5. After drawdown has stabilized on the well, the permanent pump should have step
tests performed to determine capacity. The steps should be in increments no
greater than 10 psi and should be from open discharge to shut-off head.
Drawdown shall be measured after stabilization for each increment of pressure.
6. Well efficiency should be a minimum of 70% for wells utilizing at least 60% of
formation.
7 Water samples should be collected and submitted to the Mississippi State
Department of Health or a state-approved laboratory for chemical analysis.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC S TNC S
Non-community systems are not required to seek a permit, however, when approval is sought
then the minimum design standards for CWSs must be met.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards Y Other (list) Y
State Standards
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
116
-------
MISSISSIPPI (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction: (Continued)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
Upon completion of the well, the well and adjacent aquifer shall be disinfected as
necessary using a solubon of 50 mg/1 free chlorine applied for 24 hours. After
disinfection, the well shall be pumped until two consecutive chlorine-free samples
are collected from the well which show no coliform bacteria and no confluent
growth. The samples shall be collected, submitted, and analyzed according to the
Mississippi State Department of Health requirements. The second sample shall be
collected following at least two hours pumping after the first sample. A
disinfectant must not be applied between samples. The person collecting the
official microbiological sample must be a representative of the Mississippi State
Department of Health or the Registered Professional Engineer for the project, or
the Certified Operator for the public water supply.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N N
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N S
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
All water used in the drilling and construction process shall be obtained from
sources of proven satisfactory quality and shall meet the primary standards of the
SDWA Regulations.
Gravel to be placed in a well should be disinfected with a solution of at least
50 mg/1 free chlorine. A residual of no less than 5 ppm of chlorine shall be
maintained in any water used for development.
Contracts for the repair of public water supply wells must include a provision
requiring the well contractor to properly disinfect the well after the repairs are
completed.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Section 301.19 of Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies states
the following-
The Mississippi State Department of Health will make periodic on-site surveys of each
public water system for the purpose of determining the adequacy of water sources,
facilities equipment, and operations and maintenance procedures. These surveys include
the right to inspect all records, take water quality samples, or verify procedures, to
determine compliance with the regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
117
-------
MISSISSIPPI (Continued)
DistributionSystem
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N
Y
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
After completion of the construction and pressure testing of water distribution
lines, they shall be flushed and disinfected using at least 50 mg/1 free chlorine for
24 hours or as described in the latest version of A WW A C651.
It is also necessary to take a representative sample of the water in the disinfected system.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N
Y
Recommended Minimum Design Criteria for Community Public Water Supplies provides as follows:
There shall be no physical connection between the distribution system and any
pipes, pumps, hydrants, or tanks of a potable system whereby non-potable water
or any contaminants may be caused to enter.
Operator. Certification^ .
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N
S
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N
Y
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
118
-------
MISSOUM
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Use of Particulate Analysis for Source and
Water Treatment Evaluation
Unknown
Hoffbuhr, et al.
Memorandum from ]erry lane to Bruce
Macler
June 1995
Missouri Department of Natural
Resources
Variances from Mandatory Disinfection
Evaluation and Maintenance of
Microbiological Qualify of Source Waters
Unknown
Brazos, et aL
Design Guide for Community Public Water
Supplies
January 1988
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources
Public Drinking Water Program.
Missouri Wellhead Protection Program
December 1994
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Quality.
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Jerry L. Lane, P.E., State of Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, Director of the Division of
Environmental Quality.
(314) 751-5331
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
G Lawson Penny
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
119
-------
MISSOURTJContiniied)
Ground Water Disinfection (Coiitiniied)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
According to Section 4.3 of the Design Guide for Community Public Water Supplies, disinfection is
required at any ground water supply of questionable sanitary quality or where other treatment
is provided. Continuous disinfection is recommended for all water supplies.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C NTNC TNC ^0//°
(3M/1«6) ^ (37/224) (2S2/I.017)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Current standards specify 30 minutes contact time when using chlorine, and 60 minutes contact
time when using combined chlorines.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
Minimum free chlorine residual at distant points in a water distribution system should be
0 2 to 0.5 mg/1. Combmed chlorine residuals, if appropriate (i.e. when required by State),
should be 1.0 to Z0 mg/1 at distant points in the distribution system. Higher residuals
may be required depending on pH, temperature and other characteristics of the water.
Is there a specified C x T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other Y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
No disinfectants are specifically prohibited, but those other than chlorine will be considered
only if reliable application equipment is available and testing procedures for a residual are
recognized in the latest edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
120
-------
MISSOURI (Cdritinued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds A WW A Standards Other (list)
The State requires use of AWWA standards for disinfection and for construction materials of
community water systems. Other design and construction standards for wells are also
addressed m the code, but AWWA standards are not specifically required for those.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Use of AWWA standard A-100 (see Design Guide Section 3.22.1) for disinfection of every new,
reconditioned or modified ground water source is required before a well is used for public
water supplies (10 CSR 60-10.010) and general design considerations addressed in Section 214
of the Design Guide.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Unless the geology and aquifer hydraulics dictate greater or lesser distances, acceptance of the
well site is based on compliance with radii specified in Section 3.2.3.2 of the Design Guide.
These minimum distances range from 50 feet for a sanitary sewer line to 100 feet for sewage
treatment plants and septic tanks to 150 feet from chemical storage or fuel tank Distances of
100-300 feet are recommended as the minimum distances for these and other sources of
pollutants.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Section 3.2.6 lists general conditions regarding construction methods and aquifer type and
requires the following:
a If clay or hard pan is encountered above the water bearing formation, the permanent
casing and grout shall extend through such materials,
b If a sand or gravel aquifer is overlaid only by permeable soils, the permanent casing and
grout shall extend to at least 20 below the original or final ground elevation, whichever
is lower
c. If a surface casing is used, it should be completely withdrawn as grout is applied.
In consolidated formation, depth is determined by Division of Geology and Land Survey.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
121
-------
MISSOURI (Continued)
Well Siting and ;Constraction (Contmaed)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Regulations under 10 CSR 60-10.020, Siting Requirements, provide for siting of new or
expanded water systems. All new or expanded water systems must not be located in a site
which is subject to significant risks from, among other things, pollution.
SanitarySmvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N ^
As per Total Coliform Rule.
Distribution-System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N
Use A WW A C601 standard.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N
Section 4.1.5.8 of the Design Guide specifies proper location of blow-off outlets and drains, and
cross-connection control for potable lines. Section 8.8 discusses prevention of backflow in the
distribution system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Operator instruction prior to start-up of a plant or pumping station is required under
Section 2.16 of the Design Guide.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
122
-------
MONTANA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Standards for Water Works
1992
Montana Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
John Hawthorne, DHES
(406) 444-2642
Eric Regensburger, DHES
(406) 444-3639
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Joe Meek
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
According to Section 4.3, Disinfection is required...at any ground water supply of questionable
sanitary quality or where other treatment is provided Section 4.3 also mdicates that
continuous disinfection is recommended for all types of water supplies. The potential for
formation of unacceptable disinfection byproducts must be addressed for each facility.
Coliform violations are not addressed.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
123
-------
MONTANA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection(Contintied)
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
Section 1.7 provides for "deviations from the mandatory requirements" that may be granted by
the MDHES Water Quality Bureau on a case-by-case basis.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
jn 17% KFTKIf* 8% jfcrp 4%
C <282/1.701) NTNC (35/453) <77/1.909)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N N
Minimum free chlorine residuals at distant points in a water distribution system should be
0.2 to 0.5 milligrams per liter. Combined chlorine residuals, if appropriate, should be 1.0
to 2.0 milligrams per liter at distant points in the distribution system. Higher residuals
may be required in the distribution system depending on the pH, temperature, and other
characteristics of the water.
Is there a specified C x T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/n N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
UV is rarely approved
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations and state standards for water works.
"Well'Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences has authority over design
standards and construction considerations through its State code and certification system. Code
is based on AWWA standards.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
124
-------
MONTANAf(Goritiniied)
Well .Siting and Constrnction (Continued)
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards Y Other (list) N
Construction of wells is subject to regulations under Title 37, Chapter 43, MCA and Title 36,
Chapter 21, ARM, June 1991 (neither chapter is available at this point).
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Section 3.2.2.1, applicable to ground water, states that disinfection of every new, modified, or
reconditioned ground water source must be provided prior to placement of permanent
pumping equipment. Sampling must confirm that the well is disinfected. Section 7.0.17
requires finished water storage structures to be disinfected in accordance with current AWWA
Standard C652 (dose of strong chionnation). Two or more successive sets of samples, taken at
24-hour intervals, must indicate microbiologically satisfactory water before continuous
operation.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
According to Section 3.2.3 (well location), a distance of at least 50 feet is required between wells
and sewers. Section 3.Z3.2 indicates that a radius of at least 100 feet around the well must be
controlled through ownership, easement, etc. surrounding a well. In accordance with Great
Lakes-Upper Mississippi River Board of State Sanitary Engineers Recommended Standards for Water
Works, the State requires that the reviewing authority be consulted prior to design and
construction regarding a proposed well location as it relates to required separation between
existing and potential sources of contamination and ground water development (Section 3.2.3.1).
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Section 3.1.4.3 states that geological data shall be determined in accordance with ARM 36.21.667
(not provided in file).
Section 3.2.5 states that minimum protected depths of drilled wells shall provide watertight
construction to such depth as may be required by the reviewing authority, to:
1 exclude contamination, and
2. seal off formations that are, or may be, contaminated or yield undesirable water.
Wells shall have imperforated casing to a minimum depth of 25 feet or continuous disinfection
must be provided.
Water drawn from water table aquifers within 25 feet of ground surface shall receive
continuous disinfection.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
125
-------
MONTANA '{Continued)
Well Siting and Constrnction (Coi\tinned)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Yield and drawdown tests, plumbness and alignment, and geological data are required to be
collected and well construction standards followed. Construction standards include drilling
depths, use of drilling fluids, materials, grouting, screen design. Code also specifies aquifer
types and special construction considerations in those aquifers. The standards address well
pumps, discharge piping and appurtenances. Various types of treatment systems (including
disinfection in Section 43) and standards for treatment system construction are also covered.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Section 8.5.6 requires all new, cleaned or repaired water mains to be flushed, disinfected and
tested in accordance with the latest edition of AWWA Standard C651.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Section 8.6 requires separation of lines from sewer and storm water lines. Section 2.8 states
there shall be no cross-connections between supply service lines and piping or other treatment
units containing sources of potential contamination. Section 4.35 protects against cross-
connections between water supply pipes and chlorinator piping. Section 8.8.1 states that there
shall be no connection between the distribution system and any pipes, pumps, hydrants, or
tanks where unsafe water or other contaminating materials may be discharged or drawn into
the system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? y/N Y
" Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
AdditionahComments - -
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
126
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NEBRASKA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Regulations Governing Public Water Supply
Systems. 179 NAC 2.
1994
Nebraska Department of Health.
Recommended Standards for Water Works:
Policies for the Review and Approval of Plans
and Specifications for Public Water Supplies.
1987
Committee of the Great Lakes—Upper
Mississippi River Board of State Public
Health and Environmental Managers.
Manual of Water Well Construction
Practices
1977
USEPA
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Jack Daniel, NEDOH
(402) 471-0510
Subhash Jha, NEDOH
(402) 471-0524
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Bruce Hanson
Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
Disinfection is required at any ground water supply of questionable sanitary quality or where
other treatment is provided such as iron and manganese control, etc. Temporary chlonnation is
required where persistent coliform violations occur. Vulnerable sources (infiltration gallery,
spring source, shallow wells) must disinfect.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
127
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
NEBRASKA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C ^ NTNC ®0//° TNC *0/°
^ (44/611) ' ^ (13/187) lv" (3/578)
There are only 10 other systems in Nebraska besides these. Six are surface water or GWUDI
systems and four purchase water from a SW system. All ten are CWSs.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N N
Is there a specified C x T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N N
Other y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State regulations.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
128
-------
NEBRASKA (Continued)
Well Sifag and Constraction^
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
It is based on Title 179 NAC2,10-States Standards and the manual of Water Well Construction
Practices. Authority rests with the State of Nebraska Department of Health, Environmental
Health Protection Section (See Title 179, Chapter 2, Section 007). Attachment 1 to Chapter 2,
Title 179, Guidelines for Water System Design is used by the Department in its review of designs
submitted by drinking water source owners. Major features include requirements to obtain
written approval of plans and specifications (and pay plan review fees) to construct a well.
Design, construction, and siting are addressed. Distinctions are applied to non-community
water systems (007.04), when owners of non-community water systems opt to locate and
construct water wells as per Title 178 NAC 12 requirements.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards Y Other (list)
See above.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
The Department requires disinfection in accordance with the Recommended Standards for Water
Works (1987).
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Title 179, Chapter 2, Attachment 1 provides the following:
Every well, infiltration line or spring serving or intended to provide water for a public water
supply system, insofar as possible, should be located, constructed, or modified in such a manner
that neither underground or surface contamination by any biological, chemical or radioactive
substance or by the physical property of any substance from any cesspool, privy, septic tank,
sub-surface hie system, sewer, drain, pit below ground surface, abandoned well, animal or avian
wastes, or any other possible source of pollution can adversely affect such water supply. The
minimum recommended horizontal distance in feet separating the well or spring from potential
sources of contamination should be as described below. The Department will consider location
of wells and springs at closer proximity than the minimum distances below. Approval for such
location will be given when circumstances require such location and when, in the opinion of the
Director, the engineer demonstrates that such location will not constitute a pollution hazard to
the supply.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
129
-------
NEBRASKA(Contiinied)
Well Siting- and Constroction (Continued)
Tide 179
Chapter 2
(1. Continued)
Distance
Category
Feet
Meters
Non-Potable Water Well
1,000
300
Sewage Lagoon
1,000
300
Absorption or Disposal Field for Waste
500
150
Cesspool
500
150
Dump
500
150
Feedlot or Feedlot Runoff
500
150
Corral
500
150
Pit Toilet
500
150
Sanitary Landfill
500
150
Chemical or Petroleum Product Storage
500
150
Septic Tank
500
150
Sewage Treatment Plant
500
150
Sewage Wet Well
500
150
Sanitary Sewer Connection
100
30
Sanitary Sewer Manhole
100
30
Sanitary Sewer Line
50
15
Sanitary Sewer Line (Permanently Water Tight)
10
3
When surface runoff or underground movement from potential sources of contamination may
adversely affect the quality of water from such supplies, the distance separating these potential
sources of contamination and the well or spring should be greater than that listed in the above
schedule.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Under Section 3.2.6 of the recommended standards for water works of the ten states:
a. If clay or hard pan is encountered above the water bearing formation, the permanent casing
and grout shall extend through such materials.
b. If a sand or gravel aquifer is overlaid only by permeable soils the permanent casing and
gTout shall extend to at least 20 feet below original or final ground elevation, whichever is
lower.
c. If a temporary outer casing is used, it shall be completely withdrawn as grout is applied.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
130
-------
NEBRASKA (Continued)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Only as required under 40 CFR 141.21(d). Title 179 NAC 2-003.011
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Title 179, Chapter 2, Section 008.01D.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Title 179, Chapter 2, Section 008 describes an on-going program to prevent cross-contamination
including consideration of physical connections, and potential backflow and interconnection
problems. The Section also references the Manual of Cross-Connection Control in
Section 008.01E9a.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
See Title 179, Chapter 2, Section 010.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
131
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
NEVADA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
State of NV Admin. Code. Chapter 445.
Public Water Systems—Quality
November 1994
State of Nevada, Division of Health,
Bureau of Health Protection Services .
State of NV Admin. Code. Chapter 445.
Public Water Systems—Construction
November 1994
State of Nevada, Division of Health,
Bureau of Health Protection Services
Contact Who Supplied Infonnation or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contactis)
Name
Phone
Alan Tinney
(702) 687-6615
Health Protection Services
Dana Pennington
(702) 687-6615
Health Protection Services
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Wendell McCurry, Nevada Division of Environmental Protection
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Under Section 445A.671, ground water supplies which do not comply with the bacteriological
requirements of the TCR must be treated.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
132
-------
NEVADA {Continued)
Ground Water-Disinfection (Continued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r "3°% wrwr 14% TNr "V'/o
^ (-78/260) NTNC (15/1io) (-0/272)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
N
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N
N
Other Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State regulations
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Y
Authority for well construction permits for all wells, public or otherwise, is the Division of
Health, Bureau of Health Protection Services, Carson Gty, NV 89710. Nevada's construction
code (Chapter 445, NV Admin. Code) requires all public water supply owners to apply for a
permit to construct, remodel or expand a public water system. A fee applies. The code
addresses location with respect to potential contamination sources. It specifies pump methods,
materials, manholes, vents, and air-lift systems. Sections 445A.671 and 673 address treatment or
abandonment of contaminated ground water supplies, as well as disinfection of new water
supplies. Layout and materials for construction of distribution lines are discussed in the code.
Bacteriological examination and fluoridation are also addressed. Adoption of new construction
regulations is expected in late 1996.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
133
-------
NEVADA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds A WW A Standards N Other (list) Y
State standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
See above.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Section 445A.658 requires all wells to be located at least 100 feet from any possible source of
pollution. If any bacteriological examinations or other evidence indicate actual or potential
contamination, the distance must be increased or the location of water supply changed, as may
be required by the health officer. Section 445A.659 includes a provision that a distance of at
least 20 feet must be main tamed between storm water or sewage-carrying pipes and a well or
spring. All pipes within 50 feet of a well or spring must be made of specified materials.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
At least once every 3 years.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/j^ N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
The only requirement for ground water systems to disinfect is in Section 445A.673 which
addresses disinfection of new water supplies and water supplies which may have become
contaminated accidentally or otherwise, as identified by the health officer. These must be
thoroughly disinfected with chlorine before being placed in use. In such case, the rate of
chlonnation is specified at 50 ppm for water entering the pipes for at least 3 hours (or long
enough to destroy all nonsporefomung bacteria). The chlorine residual in the distribution
system must reach 5 ppm, and then be flushed from the system, and analyzed, prior to use.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
134
-------
NEVADA (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N
Under Nevada construction code (Section 445A.674), no connections with unsafe water sources
are allowed. Definitions of backflow connections, auxiliary intakes and cross-connections are
given.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
135
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
NEW HAMPSHIRE
General Information
Documents Used
Titie
Year
Agency/Author
Definitions and other Rules.
Section 1 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Water Qualify Standards
Section 2 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Monitoring, Reporting, Compliance, Lab
Methods
Section 3 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Variance, Exemption BAT
Section 4 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Public Notification
Section 5 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Cross Connection Prevention
Section 6 of 14
1992
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Operator Certification
Section 7 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Operation Design Criteria
Section 8 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Design Standards for Small Public Drinking
Water Systems
Section 9 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Well Siting Criteria
Section 10 of 14
1992
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Water Supply Engineering Bureau Statutes
Sections 11 of 14: Watershed Rules
1992
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Filtration and Disinfection
Section 12B of 14: Water Filtration Grants
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
136
-------
NEW HAMPSHIRE (Continued)
Documents Enclosed" (Continued)
Water Filtration Grants
Section 12B of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Lead and Copper Corrosion Control
Section 13 of 14
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Ground Water Protection Bureau
Siting Small Overburden and All Bedrock
Community Wells
Administrative Rule Env-Ws 378
February 1995
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Ground Water Protection Bureau
A Guide for New Large Overburden Wells
August 1993
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Ground Water Protection Bureau
New Hampshire Comprehensive State
Ground Water Protection Program
(CSGWPP)
July 1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Ground Water Protection Bureau
New Hampshire's Core CSGWPP
Demonstration
July 1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Ground Water Protection Bureau
New Hampshire's Core CSGWPP
Demonstration Appendices
July 1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Water Well Board
Chapters Env-Ws 100-900
November
1994
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Water Resources Division
Recommended Standards for Water Works
(10-State Standards)
1992
The State of New Hampshire
Department of Environmental Services
Bureau of Water Supply Engineering
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Rene Pelleber, NHDES
(603) 271-2951
. StatePro grams
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Sarah Pillsbury
Ground Water Protection Bureau, NHDES
(603) 271-1168
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
137
-------
NEW HAMPSmRE;(Cdntinued)
Ground WaterDisinfecti on
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
Only if the source has been tainted. Maintenance of a disinfectant residual is a Best Available
Technology for compliance with the MCL for total coliforms.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Only in the event of MCL violations.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
Y/N
N
Y/N N/A
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
16%
(107/684)
NTNC
4%
(16/414)
TNC
2%
(16/1,031)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Is there a specified C x T value?
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Other
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Iodine is not allowed. The disinfectant must have a residual.
Y/N
Y/N N
Y/N N
Y/N N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
138
-------
NEW HAMPSHBEETCoiitiiiued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations/ or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Rules under NH SDWA RSA 485.
Well Siting.and'Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N A WW A Standards ^ Other (list)
New Hampshire Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination?
Y/N V
Design Standards for Small Public Drmlang Water Systems, part 372.12, provides that all public
water supply wells shall be located at least 50 feet from surface waters and natural drainage
ways, and at least 50 feet form the edge of roads. Also, ENV-WS 373 adopts by cross reference
the 10-state standards and ENV-WS 378, which is the wellhead protection program.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
SanitarySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
139
-------
NEW HAMPSHIRE (Continued)
Distribntion System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N Y
(Section 8 of 14; Part 362.40) All systems shall be flushed on a periodic basis. The flushing
frequency shall be at least annually and shall be sufficient to ensure the system's water quality
and maintain the cleanliness of the distribution system
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
ENV-WS 360.11 is for repair of very small (i.e., <1,000) and ENV-WS
372.22 for new very small systems.
ENV-WS 37 addresses municipal requirements.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
(Section 6 of 14; Part Env-Ws 364.02 Applicability) (a) All public water systems shall have a
division approved, cross connection backflow prevention program where the system's
population is above 1,000 or more persons or an equivalent flow, (b) Systems serving less than
1,000 people shall take appropriate action to prevent backflow and cross-connections; however
an approved plan shall not be necessary.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
S
Only when bacteria violations occur.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
140
-------
NEW JERSEY
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Letter Homework for Ground Water
Disinfection Rule Workgroup
1995
NJ Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
NJ Safe Drinking Water Act. 7.10-12.1 et seq.
Standards for the Construction of Public
Noncommunity Water Systems and Nonpublic
Water Systems
1985 and draft
1994
NJ Dept of Environmental
Protection Division of Water
Resources.
NJ Safe Drinking Water Act. 7.10-11.1 et seq.
Standards for the Construction of Public
Community Water Systems
1985 and draft
1994
NJ Dept of Environmental
Protection Division of Water
Resources
Contact Who Supplied Information
or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Vincent Monaco
Section Chief
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
(609) 292-5550
Tom Atherholt, NJDEP
(609) 984-2212
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Darnel VanAbs
NJ Dept.of Environmental Protection and Energy
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
141
-------
NEWJERSEY'lContinued)
Ground Water Diflunfection(Gontimied)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
New Jersey requires chlorination of all community water systems. Small CWSs (100 or fewer
service connections) utilizing only ground water may elect not to chlorinate the water supply
provided they increase the number of microbiological samples taken from the distribution
system to a minimum of two samples per month taken at biweekly intervals. However, should
die system at any time have a recurring problem with positive total colifonn results, continuous
chlorination is required.
For transient and non-transient non-community water systems, disinfection is not required
unless the ground water source has questionable water quality (i.e., confirmed positive total
colifonn).
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y. TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N Y
Section 7:10-12.3 provides as follows:
The Commissioner or the Administrator of the Water Supply Element may, upon notice to
all affected parties, in the public interest, relax the application of these rules.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 71% MTMr 6% rwr 3%
<««/«« NTNC ((0/M#t). TNC (80/3JJ70)»
'Number of systems disinfecting may be underreported.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Community and non-community water systems utilizing ground water that are required to
disinfect must provide a minimum of 5 minutes free chlorine contact time pnor to the first
customer.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
Depending on the pH of the water, systems must be able to maintain a minimum free
chlorine residual entering the distribution system of 0.2-0.4 me/1 or a combined residual of
1.0 to 2.0 mg/1.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/n N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
142
-------
NEW JERSEY: (Continued)
Ground WaterDisinfection(Contiiiiied)
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N N
Fnr npw construction. the Department recommends that the applicant provide a minimum
of 4-log inactivabon of viruses in lieu of the 5-minute contact time.
Other
Y/N N •
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Iodine is prohibited on public water systems.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations as required in the NJ SDWA.
Well Siting :andiGonstruction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds _ AWWA Standards Other (list)
New Jersey State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
Section 7:10-11.4(s) requires disinfection of public community water systems after repairs or
installation, including flushing the lines until the water is free of chlorine residual. All systems
including community, noncommuruty and nonpublic systems have to be disinfected when they
are first constructed or when they are repaired [see Section 7:10 - 11.1(e), (f), and 7:10 - 1Z12].
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
143
-------
NEW JERSEY (Continued)
Well Siting and Constrnction (Continned)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Minimum Distances (in feet)
Y/N
Well
Suction Line
Water Ser
Cesspool
150
150
25
Seepage pit
150
100
10
Disposal field
100
100
10
Distribution box
50
50
10
Septic tank
50
50
10
Building sewer
25
25
5
Dry well
50
50
-
Fuel storage tank
25
-
-
Gas line
15
-
-
Power line
15
-
-
Property line
5
-
-
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N
As per Subchapter 12, a minimum depth of wells is set at 50 feet, even when drilled in rock,
and should be sealed for a minimum of 20 feet m unweathered rock.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Sanitary surveys are required to be performed for community systems once every other year by
Department staff. The draft code, 7:10 - 11.4(c) requires an inventory of all potential pollutant
sources and impacts within 500 feet of the well.
For noncommunity systems, inspections are performed by local county health department staff
once every 2 years for n on transients and once every 4 years for transients. The department
however, has little control over the quality of the local sanitary surveys.
s* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
144
-------
NEW JERSEY (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N
New proposed regulations under 7:10-117(e)(4) requires all public community water mains to be
disinfected prior to being placed in service per AWWA standards.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N N/A
Additional Comments
For the most part, NJ believes that the requirements do work for ground water systems. The data
should show that with the exception of some large distribution systems with re growth problems,
the predominant number of the TCR MCI violations are from those ground water systems that do
not disinfect.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
145
-------
NEW MEXICO
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Drinking Water Regulations, NMSA Title
20. Chapter 7, part 1
January 1,1995
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Bill Bart els
NM Drinking Water and Community Services Bureau
(505) 827-7536
Gil Salas
NM Drinking Water and Community Services Bureau
(505) 827-7536
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Darren Padila (WHP)
New Mexico Drinking Water and Community Services Bureau
(505) 827-7536
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
If a TCR MCL violation occurs. Part 208 General Operating Requirements Section H Emergency
Operations Subsection 2 requires the Water supplier "to take appropriate action to protect the
supply." Appropriate action includes short-term or permanent disinfection and other actions by
the supplier—see below.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C N NTNC N TNC N
When TCR violation occurs—see above.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
146
-------
NEW MEXICO (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
n 38% MTNir 37% iwr 20%
(214/566) NTNC (54/114) (98/489)
Note. In the last sanitary survey, "treatment deficiencies" among those systems disinfecting
were: 27% (C), 21% (NTNC), and 8% (TNC). Treatment deficiencies" are believed to be mostly
disinfection deficiencies.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
N
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N
N
Other Y/N
N
While not specified by law, a minimum residual, CxT value, or a kill value may
the appropriate action in the plan provided or negotiated with the system.
be part of
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Iodine.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Drinking Water Regulations NMSA Title 20, Chapter 7, Part 1.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
147
-------
NEW MEXICO (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N N
Instead of a well construction code, New Mexico requires approval of plans in writing by the
department and suggests three documents as guidelines to be used in submission. These
documents are Recommended Standards for Water Works, Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River
Board of State Sanitary Engineers (Latest Edition); American Water Works Association Standards,
American Water Works Association (Latest Revision); and Guidelines for Water Supply System and
Treatment Works in New Mexico, Environment Improvement Division (Latest Revisions). These
are specified in Subpart XII, 1200, Design Guidelines.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
See above for guidelines in lieu of a well construction code.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y A WW A Standards Y Other (list) Y
New Mexico uses guidelines developed from AWWA standards to describe well construction.
See above.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Although there is no well construction code, well disinfection is required in New Mexico's
drinking water regulations.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Covered by drinking water regulations.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? Y/N
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N Y
5 there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/j^ y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
148
-------
NEW MEXICO (Continued)
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? Y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
149
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
NEW YORK
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
New York State Code
Sectum 5-1.30
Pages 15-20
1993
New York State Department of
Health
Table summarizing current data on New
York State Ground Water Systems
1995
Section on disinfection from Recommended
Standards for Water Works (referred to as the
"10-State Standard")
1992
Great Lakes Upper Mississippi
River Board of State Public Health
& Environmental Managers
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Ron Entnnger
State of New York, Department of Health
Center for Environmental Health
(518) 458-6743
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Kevin Roberts
Wellhead Protection Manager
(518) 457-7463
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* Y
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
According to the NY State Code: 5-1.30, "Minimum treatment for a ground water source shall be
disinfection by chlorinahon or other disinfection methods acceptable to the department in
accordance with the provisions of section 5-1.22 of this Subpart."
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
150
-------
NEW YORK (Gontinued)
-Ground Water Disinfection (Continued) -
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
According to NY State Code 5-1.30(e), the State may grant a waiver, on the submission of a
written application, renewable for a period of up to three years, to the disinfection rule if:
(1) the record of the microbiological and physical characteristics for the ground water source
or sources not directly influenced by surface water demonstrates that they conformed to
the MCLs outlined, for the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application for
waiver; such record shall be established under procedures provided by the department;
(2) an approved laboratory is analyzing the data;
(3) an active cross-connection control program is in place;
(4) watershed rules and regulations to protect such ground water source are adopted;
(5) all water storage facilities are adequately protected;
(6) all sources of water are properly located, constructed and effectively protected and
maintained.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r -50% NTNC <50% TNC <50%
(-1500/-3000) (<350/-700) (<3500/-7000)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
If disinfection is used it must be detectable throughout distribution system.
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but all disinfection methods must be acceptable to the
department; ultraviolet is generally not allowed on systems with distribution systems.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
151
-------
NEW YORK (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection-(Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
New York State Code.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y A WW A Standards N Other Gist) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
According to the NY State Code, no spring basin, collecting basin, well, infiltration gallery,
water main, pumping station, standpipe or reservoir shall be placed in service following
cleaning or repairs until it has been disinfected in an manner approved by the state.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
There is a 200' minimum setback from any direct source of contamination; this distance may be
increased based on site-specific information.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N S
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Disinfection capability is required for all new wells. Must disinfect until waiver is approved, if
requested sound professional judgment used in approving well siting.
•Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
Conducted by the Health Department Staff.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
152
-------
NEW YORK (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
NY State Code 5-1.31.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators?
Y/N
Y
For some systems, however, details not provided.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
S
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
153
-------
NORTH CAROLINA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of
Surface Water, Source Water Evaluation
Process, Quick Reference Tool
March 1995
NC Dept of Environment, Health and
Natural Resources
Memorandum: All Public Water Supply
Section Technical Personnel regarding:
Standard Procedure No. 20 for Coliform
Bacteria in Well
May 1990
W.E. Venrick, NC Department of
Environment, Health and Natural
Resources
North Carolina Admin. Code Title 15A,
Subchapter 18C, Water Supplies, Sections
.0100 through .2100. Rules Governing
Public Water Systems. (15A NCAC 18C)
July 1994
Public Water Supply Section, Division
of Environmental Health, NC
Department of Environment, Health
and Natural Resources.
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
A1 Slagle, DEHNR
(704) 251-6786
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Carl Bailey
Division of Environmental Management, Ground Water Section
Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
State of North Carolina
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* V
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
154
-------
NORTH CAROLINA i(eontiniied)
Ground WaterDisinfeclion(Ccmtinued)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Public water supplies must apply a continuous disinfectant such as chlorine for all well water
supplies introduced on or after January 1,1972.
Where sampling has determined that coliforms exist (i.e. repeat samples) in wells, boil water
notices are sent and/or the well is not used. If the well has to be used (no alternate sources are
available), other steps must be taken as outlined in the Venrick memo and summarized here.
The water must have turbidity less than 5 NTU, and raw water quality such that chlonnation is
effective as disinfection. A registered professional engineer must design the proposed
installation of a dual chlorination system requiring a minimum of 20 minutes contact time with
automatic cutoff of the well pump if chlorine solution is not being fed. The well casing,
grouting, slab and wellhead must be properly constructed in accordance with "Rules Governing
Public Water Supplies." A North Carolina certified well treatment facility operator must
operate the system.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C NTNC ^0/f° TNC ^0/°
(1431/2452) (141/614) (102/5463)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
The State requires a residual disinfectant concentration entering die distribution system
not less than 0.2 mg/1 free chlorine. When ammonia and chlorine are applied as
disinfectants, the residual must be at least 2.0 mg/1 as combined chlorine. When chlorine
is the singular applied disinfectant, the residual in the distribution system shall not be
less than 0.2 mg/1 as free chlorine in more than five percent of the samples per month.
When ammonia is applied with chlorine as a disinfectant, the residual must be at least 2.0
mg/1 in more than five percent of the samples.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
155
-------
NORTHCAROLINA:(C6ntinued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a specified CxT value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Those that are not NSF-approved. Ultraviolet may not be common m North Carolina because
of the need to have a chlorine residual when disinfection is required.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code.
Well Siting andT Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N Y
Authority: Division of Environmental Management, North Carolina Department of
Environment Health and Natural Resources (15A NCAC 2C). Section .0402, Water Supply
Wells, contains water well construction standards. Well construction materials, distances and
design of waterwells are addressed. Code also exists requiring casing grouted into rock or
impervious layer, grout around casing from ground level to an adequate depth, concrete slab
around the well casing, etc. (Vennck memo).
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards Other Gist) Y
State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
See section .0402(h), also requirements in Section .1000 apply to new systems, wells, storage and
distribution systems and filters, including a residual in the distribution system (see chlorine
residual, above). Also, after correcting structural deficiencies, a well must be shock chlorinated
and a bacteriological analysis of water conducted after all traces of chlorine are removed
through extensive pumping of the well. To put a well back into service, analyses must yield
two chlorine-free samples taken at least 24 hours apart.
For cleaning, wells must be cleared of debris and oil/grease. A chlorine residual of 100 ppm in
the entire water column must be achieved for 24 hours. Then the well must be pumped until it
is chlorine-free. Samples must be used to verify compliance. (See also: 15A NCAC 18C
Section .1002).
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
156
-------
NORTH CAROLINA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Contiimed)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
1. The well shall be located on a lot so that the area within 100 feet of the well shall be owned
or controlled by the person supplying the water. The supplier of water shall be able to
protect the well lot from potential sources of pollution and to construct landscape features
for drainage and diversion of pollution.
2. The minimum horizontal separation between the well and known potential sources of
pollution shall be as follows:
a. 100 feet from any sanitary sewage disposal system, sewer, or a sewer pipe unless the
sewer is constructed of water main materials and joints, in which case the sewer pipe
shall be at lest 50 feet from the well;
b 200 feet from a subsurface sanitary sewage treatment and disposal system designed for
3,000 or more gallons of wastewater a day flows, unless it is determined that the well
water source utilizes a confined aquifer;
c. 500 feet from a septage disposal site;
d. 100 feet from buildings, mobile homes, permanent structures, animal houses or lots, or
cultivated areas to which chemicals are applied;
e. 100 feet from surface water;
f 100 feet from a chemical or petroleum fuel underground storage tank with secondary
containment;
g. 500 feet from a chemical or petroleum fuel underground storage tank without secondary
containment;
h. 500 feet from the boundary of a ground water contamination area;
i. 500 feet from a sanitary landfill or non-permitted non-hazardous solid waste disposal
site;
j. 1,000 feet from a hazardous waste disposal site or in any location which conflicts with
the North Carolina Hazardous Waste Management Rules cited as 15A NCAC 13A;
k. 300 feet from a cemetery or burial ground; and
1. 100 feet from any other potential source of pollution.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
As required by 40 CFR 141.21(d).
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
157
-------
NORTH CAROLINA (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Sections .1001, .1002 and .1003 require a 100 ppm chlorine concentration for 24 hours
throughout new distribution systems and during cleaning. Sampling must be conducted to
verify that water is cleared and lines flushed.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Section .0406(b) provides requirements to prevent cross-connection.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N S
At least one sample is required during inspections.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N S
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
158
-------
NORTH-DAKOTA
Generallnfonnation
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Water Well Construction and Water Well
Pump Installation. Article 33-18.
1986
North Dakota Department of Health
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
D. Wayne Kern, P.E.
Drinking Water Program Manager
North Dakota Department of Health
(701) 328-5225
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Jim Homer
Water Quality Division
North Dakota Department of Health
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc?)
All ground water systems that have persistent microbiological contamination problems.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
NTNC
TNC
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
Y/N
Y/N
N
N/A
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
159
-------
NORTO DAKOTA (Continued)
Gnmnd WaterDigmfection(Oontinned)
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
f> 64% KirKif tmc 10%
C (166/262) NTNC (0/26) TNC (g/23.)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Requirements are established on a case-by-case basis.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N
Is there a specified C x T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Unknown.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N
North Dakota State Department of Health. Water Well Construction and Water Well Pump
Installation. Article 33-18. Major features in the Code include certification of water well
contractors who construct or operate wells. Standards established for well drilling pump
installation, piping layouts, construction materials, grouting requirements, and distribution
system design are addressed in the code. Requirements for capping/dosing abandoned wells
are also addressed.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds _N_ AWWA Standards Other (list) Y
North Dakota State Department of Health. Water Well Construction and Water Well Pump
Installation, Article 33-18.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
160
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (Continued)
Well Siting andConBtmction(Contwned)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
The Appendix to State Code 33-18 indicates that a dose of 50-100 ppm chlorine solution should
be used to disinfect (after construction, repair, etc.). After 24 hours, the storage and
distribution system must be flushed.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
The minimum setback is 100 feet from a septic tank, dram field, or high water mark of the
water body when the well is constructed in unconsolidated soils with filtering properties. The
code Section 33-18-01-04, requires a distance of 30 feet from sewer lines, ten feet from
basements or pits, 20 feet from overhead power lines and other hazardous devices. Greater
distances are always preferred (Section 35-18-01-04 and CA memo).
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? Y/N Y
Section 33-18-01-04 of the water well construction code indicates that specifying lateral distances
from a well to potential sources of contamination should include a hydrogeological evaluation
including factors specified in the regulation.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
'Distribution .System * "
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N Y
According to fax received from Wayne Kern, flushing is required at least twice per year.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Code in 33-18-01-10 requires cross connection control and backflow prevention.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
161
-------
NORTH DAKOTA (Continued)
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N ^
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
162
-------
OHIO
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
State of Ohio Administrative Code
Section 3745
1993
Ohio EPA
Guidelines for Design of Small Public Water
Systems
1991
Ohio EPA
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Berme Clark, Ohio EPA
(614) 644-2752
Kirk Leifheit, Ohio EPA
(614) 644-2752
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Michael Baker
Program Division of Drinking and Ground Waters Program Development Unit
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All community water systems and all major non-community water systems (which serve 1,000
people or more) are required to disinfect their drinking water.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
It must be noted that all community and major non-community systems (which serve 1,000
people or more) must disinfect. However, NTNC and TNC systems serving less than 1,000
people are not required to disinfect.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
163
-------
OHIO (Continued)
Ground Water-Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N V
OAC 3745-83-02 allows waivers from the disinfection requirement but such waivers are rarely
granted. Systems with waivers that have experienced TCR acute violations have not had their
waivers renewed.
Excerpt from 3745-83-02:
(B) Unless exempted under other provisions of this rule, each community water system
and each major non-community water system shall maintain a minimum chlorine residual
of at least two-tenths milligram per liter free chlorine, or one milligram per liter combined
chlorine measured at representative points throughout the distribution system.
(C) A system is exempt from paragraph (B) of this rule if it meets all the following
conditions:
(1) The system obtains all its water from a ground water source which has, in the
judgment of the director, been properly developed, constructed, and adequately protected;
or from a system to which paragraph (B) of this rule applies;
(2) The distribution system serving the said water system, in the judgment of die
director, has been properly constructed and maintained and is protected by an effective
cross-connection program;
(3) The system, in the judgment of the director, has a satisfactory history of
bacteriological monitoring indicating no contamination;
(4) The director has certified in writing that conditions of paragraphs (C)(1), (C)(2), and
(C)(3) of this rule have been met.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
99% NTNC 31°/'0 TNC 12%
(117B/1186) mi-**- (354/1131) lP
-------
OHIO (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Regulations under OAC 3745-83-02(B)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
State Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N
Y
OAC rule 3745-9-04 states that new wells should be located where surface water and sub-
surface conditions will not allow contaminants to be conducted into the well.
Under Guidelines for Design of Small Public Water Systems, the setback distance is tied to
estimated water usage.
minimum setback distance maximum estimated water usaee
50 feet 2,500 gpd
100 feet 10,000 gpd
200 feet 25,000 gpd
300 feet 50,000 gpd and over
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N
N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
All ground water systems that use lime softening are inspected annually by the Division of
Drinking and Ground Waters. Coliform monitoring is regularly required.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
165
-------
OHIO (Continued)
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Sanitary surveys are performed annually at ground water systems that use lime softening and
every three years for other community and NTNC systems and every five years for TNC
systems.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N Y
Flushing hydrants must be added for dead ends that could not be flushed by normal flushing
at fire hydrants.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/n Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N S
As part of the ground water designation program, wells that do not meet Ohio's well standards
are required to analyze untreated source water for total colifonn bacteria for four consecutive
quarters
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N S
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
166
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OKLAHOMA
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Research Papers from the Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory
March 1988
Office of Research and Development.
U.S. EPA, Ada, OK
Title 252. Oklahoma Administrative Code.
Chapter 630. Public Water Supply Operation
May 1994
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
Individual Water Well Guidelines
December 1993
OK Dept of Environmental Quality
Title 252. Oklahoma Admin. Code. Chapter
610 General Water Quality
May 1994
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
Title 252. Oklahoma Administrative Code.
Chapter 625. Public Water Supply
Construction Standards
May 1994
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
Title 252. Oklahoma Administrative Code.
Chapter 650. Underground Injection Control
May 1994
OK Department of Environmental
Quality
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Debbie L. Gallamore, Water Quality Division,
OK Department of Environmental Quality
(405) 271-5205, Ext. 152
Jon Craig, OK Department of Environmental Quality
(405) 271-5205
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Michael Houts, Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
S = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
167
-------
OKLAHOMA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc?)
Disinfection is required under 252: 630-1-9 for all ground water systems that violate TCR MCL.
Disinfection is required at any ground water supply which is of questionable sanitary quality or
where any other treatment is provided. Continuous disinfection is recommended (Section
252:625-9-4). Oklahoma Construction Code (Section 252-625-7-4(f)(3) provides:
Chlonnation facilities shall be provided for all ground water systems. Should the
bacteriological tests required show that the water is safe, die facilities may be
used as standby; otherwise, full time chlorination will be required.
Full time chlonnation is also required when monthly bacteriological samples indicate that the
water is unsafe to drink.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Disinfection is required of all systems that do not have a history of safe samples.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 21% NTNC 2% TNC 70/0
(99/475) (3/140) (20/300)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
Minimum chlorine residual at distant points in the distribution system should be at least
0.2 mg/1. Chlorine residuals should be at least 1.0 mg/1 when leaving the well. Higher
residuals may be required depending on the pH, temperature, or other characteristics of
the water.
Is there a specified C * T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other Y/n N
S - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
168
-------
OKLAHOMA (Continued)
Ground Water rDisinfectitm (Continued)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but all those other than chlorine must be approved by the
Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific Regulations
Well Siting:and: Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N Y
A WW A standards are followed for disinfection requirements. American Insurance Institute is
cited as the source of other construction standards for piping, etc. General well construction is
detailed in Section 252:625-7-4(d) and 9-4 (construction and testing of chlorination equipment).
It addresses required construction materials, location, depth, screening, and casing.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y A WW A Standards Y Other (list) Y
Modified 10-State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
Disinfection of every new, modified or reconditioned ground water source must be provided
after completion of work. Then testing must be conducted to confirm disinfection, and solution
must be flushed from the system (Section 252-625-7-4). Section 252:625-5-16 requires all wells,
pipes, tanks and equipment which can convey or store potable water to be disinfected in
accordance with Department standards set for those types of facilities. Alternatively, AWWA
procedures can be used. Specific standards are provided for disinfection of new wells in
Section 252-625-7-4(f).
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
New water wells must be located at least 300 feet from septic systems or other sources of
pollution. Continued protection by way of easement, etc. for the area must be maintained.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
S = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
169
-------
OKLAHOMA:(Continued)
Well Siting andConstrnction (Continued)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
SanitarySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
Sanitary surveys are conducted two times per year on all community ground water systems
and annually on NTNC and TNC systems.
Distribution, System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N
Requirements for flushing "dead ends" are found in Sections 252: 625-17-2 and 252: 630:1-12 for
water mains and distribution system—every 90 days or more often where conditions require.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
As per Section 252: 625-5-16, which cites AWWA procedures.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Cross-contamination is addressed in Section 252:625-18 which provides design and location
specifications to avoid cross-contamination.
Operator - Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Section 252:630-1-16 requires all community public water supplies to have certified operators in
accordance with the current OAC "Rules and Regulations Governing Water and Sewage Works
Operators" of the Department
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
170
-------
OREGON
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Memo from Dave Leland:
Microbiological Treatment Requirements
for Ground Water Systems—Homework
Assignment
February 1995
Dave Leland, Oregon Department of
Human Resources, Manager, Drinking
Water Program, Health Division.
Oregon Administrative Code. Chapter 333,
Public Water Systems.
Unknown
State of Oregon
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
David Leland, Oregon Department of Human Resources,
Manager, Drinking Water Program, Health Division.
(503) 731-4821 Ext. 757.
FAX (503) 731-4077
Gary Burnett, OR OHD
(503) 276-8006
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Dennis Nelson
Department of Environmental Quality
(503) 731-4899
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
Ground water sources must disinfect if Total Colifonn Rule MCL is routinely violated.
However, the State promotes achievement of proper well construction features first
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
171
-------
OREGON (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
If there are TCR violations. The TCR MCL violation rate (repetitive violations) is low. Many of
the ground water sources that disinfect are historically poorly located or are vulnerable sources
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
If the TCR conditions are met, disinfection is not required. Variances from MCLs are discussed
in Section 333-61-045(10).
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C ^O/>0 NTNC ^0/,° TNC
(200/660) 1 ^ (62/320) (247/1425)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
For those systems required to comply (if TCR is violated), the residuals must be
maintained in the distribution system (Leland memo). The CT for the chlorine residual is
0.2 for 30 minutes.
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other
Y/N
If one source in a system must be disinfected, then all sources must at least apply
disinfectant to maintain a uniform residual in the distribution system.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are. specifically prohibited, but the use of UV light must be supplemented with a
disinfectant that can be measured in the distribution system.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
egislative powers?
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
172
-------
OREGON (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this State have a well construction code? Y/N
Hie State of Oregon, Health Division, has authority for the construction code. Construction
standards, addressed in Section 333-61-050 for either confined or unconfined wells. The
regulations require the use of NSF Standard 61 material for well construction.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
State Standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
Section 333-61-050(2)(a) indicates that the area within 100 feet of a confined well must be
owned by the water supplier, or a perpetual restrictive easement must be obtained by the water
supplier for all land within 100 feet of the well.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Unknown
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
However, the schedule is slipping due to additional implementation workload of other rules.
Section 448.150 requires the agency to conduct periodic surveys. Section 333-61-075 indicates
that these are conducted as necessary to meet OAR 333-61-032(2)(c)(B) for systems which do not
conduct filtration. The frequency is not specified. The regulations, in §448.150, use the word
"periodic."
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
173
-------
OREGON^ (Continued)
.Distribution" System:
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Recommended.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Section 333-61-070 requires public water suppliers to implement cross-connection control
requirements for ground water and other water supply systems.
Operator Certification-
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
174
-------
PENNSYLVANIA
General Information
Documents Used
Titie
Year
Agency/Author
Partners m Safe Dnnhng Water
1995
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Pennsylvania Code. Title 25. Chapter 109.
Safe Dnnhng Water, Environmental
Resources
1995.
Department of Environmental
Protection, Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania
Public Water Supply Manual for Community
Water Systems. Part II, Chapter 4.1.
Disinfection
Unknown
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Public Water Supply Manual. Part III.
Bottled Water, Bulk Water Hauling, Water
Vending Machines & Retail Water Facilities.
1994
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Public Water Supply Manual. Part IV.
Noncommumty System Design Standards
1994
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Public Water Supply Manual. Part VII.
Cross-Connection Control/Backflow
Prevention
1994
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Safe Drinking Water Program,
Summary of Key Requirements for Surface-
Water Identification Protocol
1995
PADEP, Bureau of Water Supply and
Community Health, Division of
Drinking Water Management
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Joseph J. Lee
Division of Drinking Water Management
Bureau of Water Supply and Community Health
PA Department of Environmental Protection
(717) 772-4018
Tim Lehman
PA Department of Environmental Protection
(717) 772-4018
Jeff Gordon
PA Department of Environmental Protection
(717) 772-4018
StatePrograms
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
175
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (Gontinued)
StatePrograms (Continaed)
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Joseph J. Lee
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Supply and Community Health
Division of Drinking Water Management
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc?)
All community public water systems must provide continuous disinfection for ground water
sources per 109.202(c)(2). For ground water for non-community systems (see Part IV
Noncommunity System Design Standards), disinfection by chlorination (or other disinfectants) is
recommended, and may be required for some systems to assure bacteriological quality.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
All community systems are required to treat for microbials/pathogens but non-commuruty
systems must treat only if there is a problem.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 89% NTNC 50% TNC 26%
^ (1595/1800) (651/1299) lr*^- (1817/7059)
Specific disinfection requirements:
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
176
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Gontinued)
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
A disinfectant residual acceptable to the Department shall be maintained throughout the
distribution system of the community water system sufficient to assure compliance with
the microbiological MCLs and the treatment technique requirements specified in § 109.202
(relating to State MCLs and treatment technique requirements). The Department will
determine the acceptable residual of the disinfectant considering factors such as type and
form of disinfectant, temperature and pH of the water, and other characteristics of the
water system. (109.710(a))
Pennsylvania does not require a disinfectant residual when ultraviolet is used. A
disinfectant residual would be required if the treated water flows through a pipe in the
ground after ultraviolet treatment or if there are special concerns about source water
contamination or turbidity.
Is there a specified C x T value?
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Other
Y/N
N
Y/N
N
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Disinfecting agents other than chlorine can be used, provided reliable application equipment is
available and testing procedures for a residual are recognized in Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, latest edition. Ultraviolet systems are not generally
required to have residuals. See above.
Ultraviolet disinfection of ground water is relatively common in Pennsylvania. The number of
ground water systems in Pennsylvania using ultraviolet compared to the number of ground
water systems in each category is as follows:
„ _35_ vt^T„ _144_ _t_ 607
C 1800 NTNC 1299 TNC 7059
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
The requirement to disinfect is included in Pennsylvania's legislative code, while specifics are
handled by specific regulations.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
177
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Chapter 4.1 indicated that die Code follows the 10-State Standards and AWWA-A100 for all
community public water systems. The State refers to tire A WW A Research Foundation's
publication, Disinfectant Residual Measurement Methods, Publication No. 90528, or EPA's Guidance
Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems
Using Surface Water Sources (State applied these for ground water also). PADEP is the authority
for construction standards which are found in a series of Public Water Supply Manuals including
Part II—Community System Design Standards, Part III—Bottled Water Bulk Water Hauling, Water
Vendmg Machines and Retail Water Facilities and Part IV—Noncommunity System Design Standards.
Section 109.503 of the Code refers to the Public Water Supply Manuals, which are available from
the Bureau of Water Supply and Community Health, Harrisburg, PA. The manuals cover
design and construction standards for materials, layout, locations, and construction of wells and
other water supplies, including disinfection and other treatment equipment.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Chapter 109.711 requires that all facilities must be disinfected after construction or modification
and before the facility is placed in service. The requirement specifies use of AWWA methods
to disinfect.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
For clay and loam soils, the minimum distance to cesspools and sewers is 100 feet; the distance
to septic tanks and cast iron pipes is 50 feet; the distance to leaded pipe or leaded joint cast
iron pipes is 10 feet. (Part IV—Noncommunity System Design Standards)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
The agency requests that the Department be contacted pnor to siting any well. Minimum
distances from well to contamination sources must be great enough to provide assurances that
subsurface flow of contaminated water will not reach the well. Each site should be evaluated
using a hydrogeological survey.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
178
-------
PENNSYLVANIA (Continued)
Well Siting and Constrnction (Continqed)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
All community systems, including ground water systems, must conduct performance
monitoring requirements based on size and type of well specified in the regulations, including
monitoring for microbiological MCLs for ground water under Section 109.301, ranging in
frequency from one per month to 480 per month. Public water systems must determine the
presence or absence of total coliforms for each routine check sample, as well as the presence or
absence of fecal coliforms or E.coli for a total colifonn positive sample in accordance with
analytical techniques approved by the Department under Chapter 109.304 (analytical
requirements). A system may forego fecal colifonn or E.coli for a total colifonn-positive sample
if the system assumes that any total colifonn-positive sample is also fecal coliform-posibve. If
only total coliforms are monitored (i.e. fecal colifonn or E.coli testing is not done), the system
must notify the Department within 1 hour of when the system is first notified of the total
coliform-positive result. Monitoring frequency is per the system distribution sample siting plan
under Chapter 109.303(1)(2) (relating to sampling requirements). Systems which use ground
water and serve 4,900 persons or fewer, may collect all required samples on a single day if they
are from different sampling sites in the distribution system. Repeat monitoring is required to
check for coliforms within 24 hours of being notified of a total colifonn positive routine or
check sample.
Under 109.603, a community water system is required to take reasonable efforts to obtain the
highest quality source available and take measures to protect the source from existing or
foreseeable sources of contamination. In addition, a new ground water source is to own or
control the wellhead protection area zone I (100 - 400 feet). No activities which could have a
potentially adverse impact on the water source are allowed in this area unless they are directly
related to the production of a potable water supply. In addition, the Public Water Supply
Manual provides guidance to locate ground water sources. Furthermore, a public water
supplier must meet general requirements under 109.4 including protection of the sources under
the suppliers control and taking whatever corrective action is necessary to assure that safe and
potable water is continuously supplied to the users.
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
To obtain a permit to construct or operate a public water supply, a comprehensive sanitary
survey must be performed. The survey is to include a description of proximity to
contamination sources, and a hydrogeological report prepared and signed by a State-registered
professional geologist describing the geology sufficient to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics
of the aquifer and demonstrate suitability of the source.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Chapter 109.711 requires that all facilities must be disinfected after
construction or modification and before the facility is placed in service.
The requirement specifies use of A WW A disinfection methods.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
179
-------
PENNS^tVANIA2(ebiitinued)
Distribution System (Continned)
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N ^
Chapter 109.709 does not allow any person to introduce contaminants into a public water
supply system through a service connection of a public water supply system. The Department
uses a cross-connection control/backflow prevention manual and requires a cross-connection
control program to be developed by the PWS.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Under §109.501(c), a permit is required to operate a PWS.
Monitonng
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
PADEP has Title 25, Chapter 109.713. The purpose is to encourage the planning needed to insure
the development of water systems in an efficient, cost-effective manner and to protect water supply
sources from contamination through wellhead and watershed protection. The State program is
designed to encourage the development of local WHP programs by municipalities and water
suppliers.
A grant program is available to counties. Each grantee must develop a county-wide supply plan,
and a wellhead protection program using a rigorous delineation method for at least one community
water system source in each major hydrogeologic setting in the county.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
180
-------
RHODE ISLAND
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Rules and Regulations Pertammg to Public
January 1995
R.I. Department of Health
Dnnkmg Water
Rules and Regulations for Ground Water
May 1995
R.I. Dept of Environmental
Quality
Management, Division of Ground
Water and Individual Sewage
Disposal Systems
Rules and Regulations Governing the
December 1989
R.I. Dept. of Environmental
Enforcement of Chapter 46-13.2 Relating to
Management, Division of Ground
the Drilling of Drinking Water Wells
Water and Freshwater Wetlands
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Edgar Girard, RI Department of Health
(401) 277-6867
June Swallow, RI Department of Health
(401) 277-6867
Donna Pytel, RI Department of Health
(401) 277-6867
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N *
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Susan Kieman
Department of Environmental Management
(401) 277-2234
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S' S
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
181
-------
RHODE ISLAND (Gontinued)
Ground water Disinfection (Contlxmed)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifoim violations occur, etc?)
Continuous ground water disinfection is rarely required because only those sources that meet
the coliform MCLs without treatment and other contaminant requirements are authorized to be
used for drinking water.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Disinfection is rarely required under circumstances described above.
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 70/0 NTNC 1% TNC 1%
(6/91) (3/315) (3/315)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Ground water systems are rarely required to disinfect, only those deemed suitable for use as
potable water may be used.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N N
Is there a specified C x T value? y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N Y
Continuous disinfection is generally not used to treat a contaminated source. If contamination
of an approved well occurs, systems, cue sometimes required to disinfect and sample for
contamination. If feasible, a new source is required if contamination persists.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
182
-------
RHODE ISLAND (Gontmued)
Well Siting and-Gonstmction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Public water supply well construction requires Department of Health approval for RIGL 46-13.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N A WW A Standards Y Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N Y
For public wells, the requirements are as follows:
All potential sources of contamination within 1,750 feet are reviewed pnor to approval of
a new PWS.
Recommended distances from other potential contamination may be obtained by the
Department of Health.
The well should be located m a location where it will not be subject to damage from
vehicles and similar hazards.
PWSs must own and protect a 200-foot radius around drilled wells and a 400-foot radius
around gravel packed wells.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Although there is no formal requirement, flushing the system is strongly advised.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
183
-------
RHODE ISLAND (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
The RI Department of Health recommends that systems follow A WW A standards for
disinfecting new and repaired water mains.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
According to die Department of Health Rules and Regulations pertaining to Public Drinking Water,
"No person shall maintain a physical connection joining a public water system with any other
water system, unless such connection is approved by the director."
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N Y
Coliform data is available.
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
184
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south dmoimA
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
State Primary Drmkmg Water Regulations
July 1995
SC Department of Health and
Environmental Control,
Bureau of Drinking Water
Protection
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Robert E. Malpass, Drinking Water Protection
(803) 734-5310
Joe Rucker, Drinking Water Protection
(803) 734-5310
State ^Programs:
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Jim Hess
Ground Water Assessment and Development Section
Dept. of Health and Environmental Control
(803) 734-5329
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Continuous disinfection is required for ground water supplies which are of questionable
sanitary quality or where any other treatment is provided [R.61.58.2(D)]. Many systems in
South Carolina have begun disinfection because of corrosion control treatment.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
185
-------
SOUTH CAROUNA;(C!oiitinned)
Ground WaterDisinfection ^(Continued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water model ing/analys is of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 970/0 wrwr 16% iwr 6%
(583/605) NTNC (46/281) (34/588)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
Trace required throughout distribution system when disinfection is used.
Is there a specified C x T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N A WW A Standards Y other Hist) Y
EPA Guidance
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
Y
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
186
-------
SOUTH CAROLINA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
At least 50 feet from all surface water bodies including drainage ditches.
Y/N
Y
At least 100 feet from all potential pollution sources.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Setback distances may be reduced based in part on hydrogeological conditions.
Y/N
Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
According to R.61-58.7(F).13, "All public water systems shall develop and maintain a flushing
program in order to prevent customer complaints caused by stagnant, discolored, and sediment-
laden water and maintain adequate disinfectant residuals throughout the distribution system."
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
See State Primary Drinking Water Regulations R.61-58.4(D).
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
See R61-58.7(F).
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead?
Y/N
N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
187
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA
General. Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Chapter 74.-02.~04 Well Construction
Standards
July 1992
State of South Dakota
Chapter 74:03:15 Ground Water Quality
Standards
February 1992
State of South Dakota
Chapter 74:03:16 Ground Water Discharge
Permits
February 1992
State of South Dakota
Chapter 74:04:05 Drinking Water Standards
September 1994
State of South Dakota
Sealing Shallow Abandoned Wells
January 1993
East Dakota Water Development
District
Pluggmg Abandoned Water Wells
October 1993
Cooperative Extension Service
South Dakota State University
U.S. Department of Agriculture
South Dakota Environmental Permitting and
Regulation Guide
1995
SD Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Criteria for Design of Public Water Supply
Facilities in South Dakota
July 1979
Drinking Water Program,
SD Dept of Env. and Nat. Res.
1991-1992 South Dakota Ground Water
Protection Strategy
July 1991
Ground Water Quality Program,
Division of Environmental
Regulation, SD Dept. of Env. and
Nat. Res.
Recommended Standards for Water Works
1992
Great Lakes Upper Mississippi
River Board of State Public Health
and Environmental Managers
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Michael Smith, SDSHL
(605) 773-3368
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Jeanne Goodman
Wellhead Protection Program
(605) 773-3296
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
188
-------
SOUTH DAKOiTA (Continued)
Ground :Water jDisirifection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
According to Criteria for Design of Public Water Supply Facilities in South Dakota, "If water from
the well fails to meet MCLs outlined for surface water, appropriate treatment shall be
provided, or the well shall be abandoned."
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
/-• 58% NTNC 35% TNC 19%
(208/360) 11 111V. (J2/34) ill*. (54/278)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N
Is there a specified C*T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
No disinfectant is prohibited by law.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and regulations.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
189
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SOIJTH-1]>AKO!F^:(Gbntih1ied)
WellSiting andCons traction
Does this state have a well construction code?
See Well Construction Standards Chapter 74:02:04.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
According to Recommended Standards for Water Works, disinfection of every new, modified, or
reconditioned ground water source:
1. Shall be provided after completion of work, if a substantial period elapses prior to test
pumping or placement of permanent pumping equipment, and
2. Shall be provided after placement of permanent pumping equipment.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Well Construction Standards at 74:02:04:24 states:
(1) Wells supplied by aquifers whose top is less than 100 feet deep may be located no closer
than 150 feet horizontally from a pollution source, 75 feet horizontally from wastewater system
components, or 30 feet horizontally from sewer lines as defined by subdivision 74:02:04:20(46),
(2) Wells supplied by aquifers whose top is more than 100 feet deep may be located no closer
than 100 feet horizontally from a pollution source, 50 feet horizontally from wastewater system
components, or 30 feet horizontally from sewer lines as defined by subdivision 74:02:04:20(46);
(3) No well constructed to supply water to water distribution systems as defined by SDCL 46-
1-6(17) may be located any closer than:
(a) Five hundred feet horizontally from a wastewater treatment plant, wastewater pumping
station, hazardous chemical warehouse, bulk petroleum storage facility, bulk fertilizer
storage facility, or bulk pesticide storage facility; and
(b) One thousand feet horizontally from a sanitary landfill or dump, wastewater drainage
ditch, or wastewater stabilization pond; and
(4) All wells shall be located a minimum of 10 feet horizontally from permanent structures
and overhead projections of the structure and 10 feet horizontally from overhead power lines.
Y/N *
Y
S* ~ S01116 Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
190
-------
SOUTH DAKOTA (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
See Well Construction Standards Appendix A.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
N
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
According to Recommended Standards for Water Works, Section 8.8.1,
There shall be no connection between the distribution system and any pipes,
pumps, hydrants, or tanks whereby unsafe water or other contaminating
materials may be discharged or drawn in to the system. Each water utility shall
have a program conforming to state requirements to detect and eliminate cross
connections
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
191
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TENNESSEE
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Regulations for Public Water Systems and
Drinking Water Quality, Chapter 1200 5-1
January 1994
Tennessee Department of
Environment and Conservation of
Water Supply
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
David Draughon, TN DEC
(615) 532-0191
Robert Foster, TN DEC
(615) 532-0155
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Tom Moss
Division of Water Supply
Bureau of Environment
Department of Environment and Conservation
401 Church St.
Nashville TN 37243-1549
(615) 532-0191
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All CWS > 50 connections per 150 persons must disinfect. There is no disinfection requirement
for NCWS; however, if there is a TCR MCL violation, permanent disinfection will be required
by the DEC.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
192
-------
TENNESSEE (Continued)
GroundWaterDisinfection(Ccmtitiued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 100%* Krrwr 70% TMr 52%
C (175/175) NTNC (54/77) TNC (285/5.7)
* Among those ground water systems 50 connections or 150 persons.
Specific disinfection requirements:
A CWS 2 50 connections or 150 persons must meet a minimum contact time of 15 minutes.
There are not specific requirements for NCWS. -
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N
Y
0.2 mg/1 free chlorine residual in all parts of distribution systems for CWS > 50
connections per 150 persons and for all NCWS with TCR violations.
Is there a specified C*T value? Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N
N
Other Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Disinfectants other than chlorine are approved on a case-by-case basis.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
State regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
193
-------
TENNESSEE (Continued)
Well Sitins^and Construction'(Continued)-
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards Y Other (list) Y
Tennessee Standards
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Implied as the drinking water regulations include compliance with AWWA standard C651-86.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Under the wellhead protection program the setback is as follows:
250 ft. For systems with less than 100 connections and less than 20,000 gpd average daily
production.
500 ft. For systems with 100 to 999 connections and average daily production of 20,000 gpd
to 314,999 gpd.
750 ft. For systems with more than 999 connections and more than 314,999 gpd average
daily production.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary; Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
Same requirements under 40 CFR 141.21(d).
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N
Public water systems with 50 or more connections are required to establish and maintain an
"adequate flushing" program to maintain the specified chlorine residual throughout the network
and to ensure that sediments and air trapped are removed.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
As per AWWA 651-86, C652-86, C653-86 and C654-86.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
194
-------
TENNESSEE (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
The Regulations refer to a document titled Mintmum Design Standards for Publtc Water Systems
which might contain such guidance or requirements.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
PW5 are required to have and make available to the State at any time maintenance files on the
plant and the network (pipes, storage tanks) and files on public complaints.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
195
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
TEXAS
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Rules and Regulations for Public Water
Systems (RG-195)
1995
Texas Natural Resource Conservation
Commission (TNRCC)
Drinking Water Standards Governing
Drinking Water Quality and Reporting
Requirements
1977
TNRCC
Water Well Drillers Rules Index,
Chapter 338
1993
TNRCC
Pump Installers Rules Index, Chapter 339
1993
TNRCC
General Rules Index, Chapter 340
1993
TNRCC
Edwards Aquifer Index, Chapter 313
1992
TNRCC
Guidance for a Survey of Existing/Potential
Sources of Ground Water Pollution
1995
TNRCC
Exceptions to Well/Spring Location,
Construction, or Sanitary Easement
Requirements
1995
TNRCC
Public Well Completion Data Checklist for
Interim Approval
1995
TNRCC
Checklist for Proposed Public Water Supply
Well/Spring
1995
TNRCC
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Steve Walden (Manager, Public Dnnking Water Section,
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission)
(512) 239-6020
Robert Blodgett, Ph.D. (Public Dnnking Water Section,
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission)
(512) 239-6020
Larry Mitchell (Public Drinking Water Section, Texas
Natural Resource Conservation Commission)
(512) 239-6020
•
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Brad Cross, Source Water Protection Team, TNRCC, Public Dnnking Water Section
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
196
-------
TEXAS (Continued)
Ground Water-Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S"
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc?)
Section 290.42 of the Rules and Regulations for Public Water Systems provides as follows: "All
ground water must be disinfected prior to distribution. The point of application must be ahead
of the water storage tank(s) if storage is provided prior to distribution."
Disinfection equipment must provide continuous disinfection.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 100% NTNr 100% TNr 100%
(3638/3638) 1 IN*_ (731/731) 11>H_ (1424/1424)
Mandatory ground water disinfection began in 1970 for all systems. Noncompliance with the
requirement to use this equipment is believed to be significantly less than 1%.
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
0.2 mg/1 free chlorine at the far reaches of the network or a chloramine residual of 05
mg/1 measured as total chlorine.
Is there a specified CxT value? Y/N/S* N
There are C x T values only for systems determined to be under the direct influence of
surface water.
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N N
Other y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
197
-------
TIDCAS (Continued)
Ground water Disinfection (Continaed)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Chlorine and chloranunes are acceptable disinfectants. The use of disinfectants other than
chlorine is considered on an individual basis.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
The legislative code delegates to the TNRCC the authority to adopt regulations governing
drinking water systems. Requirements for disinfection are in specific regulations.
Well Siting and'Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
30 TAC Chapters 338 and 290.41.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC
Is the well construction code based on:
State Standards N AWWA Standards Y Other Gist) Y
State of Texas requirements.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N Y
According to Section 290.41(c)(3)(F) of the Rules and Regulations for Public Water Systems, after an
existing well has been installed or reworked, the well must be disinfected in accordance with
current AWWA standards for well disinfection except that the disinfectant must remain in the
well for at least 6 hours
Y/N Y
Y
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
198
-------
TEXAS (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction(Continued)
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
Setbacks are as follows:
• 500 feet from sewage treatment plants, lands on which sewage plant or septic tank
sludge is applied, lands irrigated by sewage plant effluent; animal feed lots, livestock
and animal pens, solid waste disposal sites;
• 300 feet from sewage wet wells, sewage pump stations, ditches containing sewage
treatment or industrial waste;
• 150 feet from septic tanks, perforated drain fields, absorption beds, evapotranspiration
beds, privies, cemeteries, areas irrigated by low dosage, low angle spray, on-site sewage
facilities, underground petroleum and chemical storage tanks or liquid transmission
pipelines, water wells that do not meet construction standards for public water supply
wells.
• 50 feet from tile or concrete sanitary sewers, septic tanks, livestock in pastures, or storm
sewers.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N Y
Well casing must be pressure cemented down to the top of the shallowest aquifer to be
developed. Pressure cementing must utilize AWWA Standard A100-90, Appendix B, methods
B.3, B.4, B.5, or B.6.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Intruder-resistant fences and source water protection.
SanitarySorvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
No specific information, but note the following sections:
30 TAC 290.102 defines a sanitary survey as "an onsite review of the water source facilities,
equipment, operation and maintenance of a public water system, for the purpose of evaluating
its adequacy for producing and distributing safe drinking water."
In addition, the Texas Health and Safety Code 341.035(d) provides the following:
The department shall assemble and tabulate all necessary data relating to public
drinking water supplies at least once each year and as often during the year as
conditions demand or justify. The data forms the basis of an official comparative
rating of public drinking water supply systems.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
199
-------
TEXAS (Continued)
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
Refer to Section 290.46(1) of the Rules and Regulations for Public Water Systems.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
The AWWA Standard is used for distribution systems.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Sections 290.44 and 290.46 of the Rules and Regulations for Public Water Systems.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
S
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
S
Additional Comments
Six months of coliform analyses of raw water for those wells/springs which
the influence of surface water is required.
are potentially under
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
200
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UTAH
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
R309 Drinking Water Regulations—1st 39 pages
out of about 232 pages provided on a floppy
disk
1995
Utah Department of
Environmental Quality, Division
of Drinking Water
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contactfs)
Name
Phone
Kevin Brown, UT Department of Environmental Quality,
Division of Drinking Water
(801) 536-4188
David Hansen, UT Department of Environmental Quality
(801) 536-4203
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved wellhead
protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Sumner Newman
Division of Drinking Water
Department of Environmental Quality
Phone. (801) 538-6159
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
It is required of all ground water sources which do not consistently meet standards of
bacteriological quality.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N N
There is no mechanism to grant any variance from disinfection to ground water sources
required to disinfect. R309-101-7 provides the general statement, "No variance from the
maximum contaminant level for total coliforms is permitted."
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
201
-------
UTAH (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
n 39% xrnkjr- 33% TOr 17%
C (164/424) NTNC (18/55) ™C (81/473)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Same disinfection requirements of surface water sources, although not specifically spelled out in
the details of the regulations.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? Y/N V
0.2 mg/1 at a point which will provide the maximum contact time and mixing.
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N V
Chlorine should be applied to at least a reservoir inlet or transmission pipeline which
will provide maximum contact time. See below.
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N Y
Same as surface water requirements, although not specifically spelled out in the details
of the regulations. "99.9 percent inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts and 99.99 percent
inactivation of enteric viruses. Both filtration and disinfection are considered treatment
techniques to protect against the potential adverse health effects of exposure to Giardia
lamblia, viruses, Legionella, and heterotrophic bacteria in water. Minimum disinfection
levels are set by "CT" values as defined in R309-103-5." R309-103-5 refers to CT values
published under the SVVTR.
Other Y/N n
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting and Constbruction -
Does this state have a well construction code? y^ y
R309-106-5. The Utah Division of Water Rights (State Engineer's Office) regulates the drilling
of water wells. Their administrative rules for water well drillers should also be consulted.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
202
-------
UTAH (Continued)
Well Sitingcand Constmction (Continiied)
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds U AVVWA Standards Other (list)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/installation/
repairs? Y/N
Every new, modified, or reconditioned well, including pumping equipment, shall be disinfected
before being placed into service for culinary water use. These shall be disinfected according to
AVVWA Standard C654 published by the American Water Works Association as modified to
incorporate the following as a minimum standard:
(i) The well shall be disinfected with a chlorine solution of sufficient volume and strength
and so applied that a concentration of at least 50 parts per million is obtained in all parts
of the well and comes in contact with equipment installed in the well. This solution shall
remain in the well for a period of at least eight hours.
(ii) A satisfactory bacteriologic water sample analysis must be obtained prior to the use of the
well as a culinary water source.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination? Y/N Y
Sewer Lines may be permitted as follows:
(i) Zone One of Confined Aquifers—Specially constructed sewer lines [see R309-106-5(4)(c)]
may be permitted to be located no less than ten feet from the wellhead.
(ii) Zones One and Two of Unconfined Aquifers—Specially constructed sewers [see
R309-106-5(4)(c)] may be located no less than 300 feet from the wellhead on all lands
equal to or above the operating water level in the well. These same facilities may be
permitted to be no less than 30 feet downhill from the intersection of the operating
water level elevation with the ground surface or 300 feet from the wellhead, whichever
is less.
(c) Required Special Sewer Construction Within Zone One of Confined Aquifers and Zones
One and Two of Unconfined Aquifers
Zone one is the area within a 100-foot radius from the wellhead or margin of the collection
area
Zone two is the area within a 250-day ground-water time of travel to the wellhead or
margin of the collection area, the boundary of the aquifer(s) which supplies water to the
ground-water source, or the ground-water divide, whichever is closer.
Zone three is the area within a 15-year ground-water time of travel to the wellhead or
margin of the collection area, the boundary of the aquifer(s) which supplies water to the
ground-water source, or the ground-water divide, whichever is closer.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
203
-------
UTAH (Continued)
Well Siting and Constrnction^Continned)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N S
Under well construction requirements, when a "well in a confined aquifer" classification is
desired, the grout seal must extend from the surface down to, and into, an effective geologic
sealing strata from a distance of at least five feet.
For a confined aquifer a PWS may request a reduction in the area of management and setback
distances. To reduce the setback distances the PWS must submit a hydrogeologic report for
each potential contamination source within the zone one region and management area.
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
See R309-113 for the Drinking Water Source Protection Rule.
For sewers within spring protection zones, if certain precautions are taken, sewer lines may be
permitted at the disacbon of the Executive Secretary.
Specially constructed sewer [see R309-106-5(4)(c)] may be permitted no less than 300 feet from a
spring on all lands equal to, or above, the spring elevation. On lands below the spring
elevation, these facilities may be permitted to no less than thirty feet from the spring.
Sanitary Survey r
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
At least every five years on all public water systems except non-community water systems that
use only protected and disinfected ground water. The Executive Secretary shall ensure a
sanitary survey is conducted at least every ten years on all non-community water systems that
use only disinfected ground water from protected ground water zones, as designated under
R309-106.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N S
Water systems operated seasonally must be disinfected and flushed according to the techniques
given in AWWA Standard C601 and D105 prior to each season's use. A satisfactory
bactenologic sample must be achieved prior to use. During the non-use period, care must be
taken to close all openings into the system.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? Y/N V
All new, cleaned or repaired water mains or appurtenances shall be disinfected in accordance
with AWWA Standard C651. On all new and extensive distribution system construction,
evidence of satisfactory disinfection must be provided to the Bureau of Public Water Supplies.
Samples for bactenologic analyses must be collected after disinfection is complete and the
system is refilled with potable water The use of water for culinary purposes must not
commence until the bactenologic tests indicate the water to be free from contamination.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
204
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
UTAH (Continued)
Distribution System (Continued)
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? Y/N Y
The regulations states: "There shall be no physical cross connections between the distribution
system and pipe, pumps, hydrants, or tanks which are supplied from, or which may be
supplied or contaminated from, any source except as approved by the Executive Secretary."
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N Y
Additional Comments
S' = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
205
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VERMONT
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Chapter 12 Ground Water Protection Rule
and Strategy
September 1988
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Environmental Protection Rules, Chapter 21,
Water Supply Rule
September 1992
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Rodney Pingree
Agency of Natural Resources
Department of Environmental Conservation
(802) 241-3418
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Rodney Pingree
Agency of Natural Resources
(802) 241-3418
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* $
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Systems are required to disinfect if TCR MCL is violated.
In addition, a stand-by disinfection unit is required for all community ground water systems.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
206
-------
VERMONT (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Y/N
N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
Y/N
N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C 39% NTNC TNC
(150/385) (-12/225) (-0/625)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
Trace in distribution system when chlorination is required (CWS only).
Is there a specified CxT value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
Y
100 percent disinfection is based on presence/absence of total coliforms.
Other
Y/N
Y
20 minutes contact time before first customer.
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Ultraviolet light is not allowed in community water systems because some ground water
sources are turbid and ultraviolet produces no residual to monitor for.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific state regulations.
Well Siting:and'Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N
Y
The standards for water systems design, construction, and protection are provided from
Recommended Standards for Water Works of 1987 by Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of
State Public Health and Environmental Managers.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
207
-------
VERMONT (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction -(Continued)
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds Y AWWA Standards N Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Y/N Y
For private wells, 10-200 feet.
Separation
Potential Source of Contamination and other Sitine Limitations
Distances
Roadway, Parking Lot (outer edge of shoulder)
25'
Driveway (<3 residences)
15'
Sewage System Disposal Fields
a
Subsurface Wastewater Piping and Related Tanks
50'
Property Line
10*
Limit of Herbicide Application on utility ROW
100'c
Surface Water
lO*
Flood ways
e
Buildings
10'
Concentrated Livestock Holding Area and Manure Storage Systems
200'
Hazardous or Solid Waste Disposal Site
f
Non-sewage Wastewater Disposal Fields
f
a See table below
b. Increased to 50' when adjacent to agricultural cropland.
c Applies to rights-of-way (ROW) where herbicides have been applied in
the past 12 months
or may be applied in the future. This distance may be increased to 200' depending on the
active ingredient on the herbicide according to Vermont Regulations for Control of
Pesticides.
d. For Public water sources, see Appendix A, Part 3, Subpart 3.3.8.
e. Water sources shall not be located in a flood way.
f. If a water source is potentially down gradient of a source of contamination, then the Agency
shall apply the criteria in 11.4.4.2.
Required Minimum Separation Distances to Sewaee System Disposal Fields (ft)u
Potential Source of Contamination Maximum Daily DpmanH (ppm}
Domestic Sewaee Svstem Disposal
Fields (design flows): 0-1.9 2.0-4.9 5.0-7.9
>8.0
<2,000 gpd 100 150 200
>200*
2,000 gpd - 6,499 gpd 150 150 200
>200*
>6,500 gpd >200b >200b >200b
>200*
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
208
-------
VERMONT (Continued)
Well Siting and Constrnction CConfinaed)
1 The minimum separation distance, (X), is used to determine the minimum separation zone (see
Subpart 11.4.1 and Figure 1).
2 For shallow water sources the minimum separation distance, X, per Subpart 11.4.1, shall not be
Ipcc than 150 feet, and the minimum upslope separations distance shall be 500 feet instead of 2X
regardless of the minimum separation distance, X, listed. In addition a disposal held may not
be closer than 50 feet to a water source unless the bottom of the well or spring is higher than
the ground surface at the disposal field.
" Hydrogeologic evaluation required to define potential recharge area of die source and two-
year time of travel
b For all water sources with less dun 5 gpm maximum daily demand, the minimum
presumptive upslope separation distance to greater than 6,500 gpd leachfields, per Subpart
11.4.1, shall be 1,000 feet instead of 2X.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
Same requirements as 40 CFR 141.21(d).
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N Y
For community systems, the requirement is twice a year.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N V
As per AWWA C652.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
Operator Certification ^ , "
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? y/N Y
Environmental Protection Rules, Chapter 21. Water Supply Rule.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
209
-------
VERMONT (Continued)
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N N
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? Y/N N/A
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
210
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
VIRGINIA
Generallriformation
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Cover letter to Bruce Macler, USEPA
Region DC
July 1995
Rick Rogers
Drinking Water Section,
USEPA Region m
VA Department of Health, Waterworks
Regulations
June 1993
State Board of Health
Phone: (804) 786-6278
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Rick Rogers/Drinking Water Section, USEPA Region m
(215) 597-9111
Allen Hammer, Division Director, VA Department of
Health
(804) 786-1766
Dan Home, Field Director, VA Department of Health
(804) 363-3876
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Terry Wagner
Department of Environmental Quality - Water
Ground Water Program
P.O.Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230
Phone: (804)527-5203
Groundwater.Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S*
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
211
-------
VIRGINIA. ^Continued)
Ground WaterrDisinfectioiiv(Continaed) <
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc?)
All ground water sources with problems are subject to disinfection requirements when:
1. Ground water sources shall be disinfected when die geometric mean of 20 or more
samples (using MPN method) is greater than three and less than 100;
2. A measurement of total coliforms of 100 or more organisms per 100 ml (using MPN
method and based on the geometric mean of 20 or more samples) in ground water
sources constitutes unacceptable contamination for disinfection only; and
3. Ground water with widely fluctuating or increasing bacteriological results may be
determined by the division to be unsuitable for disinfection treatment alone. (The
system may even be required by the State to install filtration or source water protection)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N N
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N/A
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
220/0 NTNC 14% TNC 9%
(247/1146) (92/651) ^ (181/1983)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Nine samples (MPN) taken during well development—If any sample shows the presence of
coliforms, 11 more samples are taken. Any coliform presence requires disinfection; higher or
varying concentrations may result m a filtration requirement.
Only chlorine contact time is specified as a minimum of 30-minute hydraulic detention time.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N
Is there a specified C x T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
212
-------
VIRGINIA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Specific regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds ^ AWWA Standards Other (list) N
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
§3.21B11 states: "Every new, modified or reconditioned ground water source shall be
disinfected after placement of the final pumping equipment."
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
Minimum of 50 feet to any pollution source.
In the case of a petroleum or chemical storage tank or pipe, the minimum becomes 100 feet if
and only if the well casing is of plastic type.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
None.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
213
-------
VIRGINIA (Continued)
SanitaiySurveyB^
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N
Part II, Article 1, section 22. of the regulations states: "Frequent sanitary surveys shall be made
by the owner of the water supply source and waterworks to locate and identify health hazards
to the waterworks. The manner and frequency of making these surveys, and the rate at which
discovered health hazards are to be removed, shall be in accordance with a program approved
by the Division. These surveys shall be submitted to the Division for review. Every effort shall
be made by the owner, to the extent of his jurisdiction, to prevent the degradation of the
quality of water supply sources. The Division may also perform sanitary surveys."
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N
Only if "a sanitary survey reveals a potential source of contamination and/or if the water fails
to meet the bacteriological quality standards." See standards above.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N V
Yes, including pipes, tanks, and equipment which can convey or store
potable water. §3.17
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N
Section §2.25 of the regulations.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? y/N
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? Y/N/S*
Raw water monitoring may be required where disinfection or other treatment is required.
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead? y/N N
Additional Comments
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
214
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WASHINGTON
General Information
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Memorandum GWDR—Study Site Selection
Cnterta
April 1995
Department of Health Division of
Drinking Water
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Ginny Stern, Hydrogeologist, Division of Drinking Water, WA
Department of Health
(360) 586-7805
Jim Hudson, Technical Services Supervisor, Division of
Drinking Water, WA Department of Health
(360) 753-9674
State-Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Each source is given a hydrologic susceptibility rating reflecting well characteristics, aquifer
conditions, and hydrologic continuity of the source. They use a simple conceptual model that
ranks pollution potential of a given source as the product of hydrologic susceptibility and
contaminant loading potential of the source, with Vulnerability = Susceptibility x Contaminant
Loading (Exposure). The memorandum did not specify how the State of Washington goes about
quantifying loading potential and for what type of contamination.
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Mr. David Jennings
Wellhead Protection Program Manager
Washington State Department of Health
P.O.Box 47822
Olympia, WA 98504
Phone: (206)586-9041
Ground Water. Disinfection .
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens7 Y/N/S* Y
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
The state has a baseline requirement for all ground water, surface water and spring sources to
disinfect /treat. The regulations do allow the state to reduce the disinfection requirements for
ground waters and springs when they can be shown to have a satisfactory bacteriological
history at both the source and within the distribution system. The source must also come from
a protected aquifer. See waiver criteria below.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
215
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
WASHINGTON (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?.
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? Y/N Y
Considerations involved in granting a disinfection waiver include the following:
All systems are required to disinfect unless the department finds reasons to reduce or remove
treatment requirement Standard treatment is chlorination. Prior to source approval the system
must submit water quality test results including bacteriological tests (standard for approval
includes full inorganic chemical, VOC, and bacteriological SOCs are optional at Department's
discretion). The results of these tests determine basic treatment requirements.
Any positive bach in the source approval process places the system in line for disinfection. If
the initial tests are clean and the sanitary setback doesn't show obvious problems, the source can
come on line without disinfection. This preliminary evaluation looks at both raw source water
quality and distribution system constraints. Many sources with clean raw water bacteriological
tests have distribution systems that are laid out in such a way as to require disinfection. The
decision to waive disinfection requires a Department of Health engineer's (PE) approval and is
incorporated in the system plan and source approval process.
The State is currently revising its source approval process and conditions for establishing
minimum sanitary control zones around water sources. The reason for this is three-fold: (1) to
incorporate current wellhead protection requirements into source approval process, (2) establish
statewide standards that reflect the Department's hydrologic susceptibility criteria, and (3) to set
guidelines that can be used by local health departments (county based) when approving smaller
water systems (those not falling under the SDWA). This revision is being finalized now. The
State is developing this with the help of a contractor and expects a guideline out the summer of
1996.
The key elements of this new process include a sanitary control zone made up of two distinct
parts: (1) a physical protection zone (wellhead security, physical integrity, and facilities), and (2)
a biological and contaminant control zone. The first part of the sanitary control zone is fixed in
size and is based on the type of source (spring, well, wellfield, surface water, etc.), the size of
the wellhead/facilities, and the physical layout of the site. The purpose of this area is to
provide for security, access, and immediate facility storage and protection needs. The second
part of the sanitary control area will be sized to reflect the hydrologic susceptibility and degree
of contaminant exposure around the water source. This will vary in size and reflect the
hydrology, local land-use, and degree of contaminant control and source treatment the purveyor
can (is willing to) guarantee.
A source constructed into a confined aquifer, meeting current well and facility construction
standards would likely have a smaller biological contaminant control zone than would a well
located in a shallow unconfmed aquifer. The size of the second zone will reflect both the level
of contaminant exposure, hydrologic susceptibility, and level of treatment the system is willing
or able to maintain.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
216
-------
WASHINGTON(Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued);
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r 360/0 wTKir 41% TNC 24%
(1573/4370) (154/375) (439/1828)
Specific disinfection requirements:
See WAC-246-290-440(5)-(B)
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N Y
If disinfection is required, there is a minimum contact time at a point at or before the first
customer of:
(i) 30 minutes if 0.2 mg/1 free chlorine residual is maintained, or
(ii) 10 minutes if 0.6 mg/1 free chlonne residual is maintained.
In addition, there must be a detectable residual in all parts of die distribution system measured
as total, free, or combined chlorine or chlorine dioxide.
Is there a specified C x T value? Y/N N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? Y/N Y
<500/mI heterotrophic plate count (HPC), if disinfection is required.
Other y/N N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
Disinfectants other than chlorine, such as ultraviolet light, need Department approval. There are
no approved ultraviolet treatment systems currently operating at community and n on transient
noncommunity systems. Ultraviolet could be approved at a transient noncommunity system
where there is no significant distribution system.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
In regulation, Washington Administrative Code, supported by policy-Washington Public Water
System Design Standards.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
217
-------
WASHINGTON (Continued)
Well Siting and Constrncticm
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N Y
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds A WW A Standards Other flirt)
State standards.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources of
microbial contamination?
Currently, the minimum setback for sanitary control zones are:
GW sources: 100 ft radius.
Springs: 200 ft radius.
Smaller areas may be approved but require additional hydrologic and engineering
justification.
These minimum areas are currently under review and revision as a part of the updating of
the state's source approval process. It is likely that new sources will have to consider a
biological control zone that is based on the estimated 6-month time of travel for ground
waters and springs. This would allow the state to size the area in question based on both
the potential risks in an area and also on the dynamics and hydraulics of the well. The
level of natural protection or risk in this area can be mitigated with increased monitoring
and/or treatment options. The criteria and the new source approval processes are expected
to be finalized late in 1996.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
-Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N N
Washington does not require sanitary surveys for all systems. Sanitary surveys for systems
<4,101 population can be waived if the systems collect 5 or more TC samples per month.
Y/N _Y
Y/N Y
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
218
-------
WASHINGTON (Continued)
Distribution:
System-
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
No portion of a public water system containing potable water shall be put into service, nor
shall be service be resumed, until the facility has been effectively disinfected. The procedure
used for disinfection shall conform to the A WW A standards or other standards acceptable to the
department. In cases of new construction, drinking water shall not be furnished to the
consumer until satisfactory bacteriological samples have been analyzed by a laboratory certified
by the states. (WAC-246-290-240)
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N ^
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of operators? y/N
Certified operators required for systems > 100 persons; state discretion for systems < 100
persons.
Monitoring.
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead? y/N S
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the wellhead? y/N S
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes
U = Unknown from files provided
219
N/A = Not Applicable
-------
WIST VIRGINIA
General Infonnaiion
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Cross-Connections and Backflow Prevention
Regulations
April 1976
Environmental Health Services
Division of Sanitary Engineering
WV State Department of Health
Design Standards for Public Water Supply
Systems
January 1970
Environmental Health Services
Division of Sanitary Engineering
WV State Department of Health
Public Water Supply Operator Regulations
1989
Division of Health
Water Well Regulations
1989
Division of Health
Water Well Design Standards
1984
WV State Board of Health
West Virginia Wellhead Protection Program
1984
Environmental Health Services
Environmental Engineering Division
Contingency Planning for Wellhead
Protection in West Virginia
1995
Environmental Health Services
Environmental Engineering Division
Swimming Pool and Bathing Beach Series 16
1992
WV Administrative Rules Dept/
Health and Human Resources
Design Standards for Swtmming Pools
May 1980
WV State Board of Health
Mobile Home Park Regulations
October 1971
WV State Board of Health
Sewage Treatment and Collection Systems
Design Standards (excerpts)
1983
WV State Board of Health
Design Standards for Individual and Onsite
Sewage Systems
December 1983
WV State Board of Health
Design, Information, and Procedural Manual
for Mobile Home Parks
December 1971
Environmental Health Services
Division of Sanitary Engineering
WV State Department of Health
Waste Water Treatment Works Operator
Regulations
1995
Environmental Health Services
Division of Sanitary Engineering
WV State Department of Health
Sewage System Rules
May 1983
WV State Board of Health
Manual of Instruction for Package Plant
Operators
1984
Office of Environmental Health
Services
Sewage Treatment and Collection System
Design Standards
1983
WV State Board of Health
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
220
-------
I
WEST VIRGINIA j(Continued)
General Information (Continued)
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDP Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Donald A. Kuntz, Director
Environmental Engineering Division
West Virginia Department of Health and Human
Resources
(304) 558-2981
FAX (304) 558-0691
Victor Wilford, Assistant Director
(304) 558-2981
State Programs -
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Paul Daniels
(304) 558-2981
Ground Water'Disinfection.
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S*
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
All Public Water Systems are required to disinfect as per Section 8.01 of Department of Health
A dm Reg 16-1 Series HI, unless otherwise approved in writing by the Director. The
requirement to disinfect has been in place since at least the late 1960s.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N Y
Waivers are rarely granted and then only to TNC water systems (usually recreation areas) that
are distant from power sources and sources of contamination, have no history of TCR violations,
are properly constructed, and have wellhead protection.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes? Y/N N
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
221
-------
WEST VIRGINIA (Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
r- 98% vxmp 95% -50%
L NTNL TNC .
(279/285) (192/202) (-365/729)
Specific disinfection requirements:
A minimum 30 minutes contact time is required for ground water systems.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual? y/N
Y
0.4 ppm at pH greater than or equal to 7
0.6 ppm at pH 7.1 to 8.0
1.0 ppm at pH 8.1 to 9.0
Is there a specified C*T value? y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified? y/N
N
Other y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None specifically prohibited. However, disinfectants other than chlorine must receive
Department approval.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Well Siting :and;Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? y/N
Y
Water Well Design Standards (1984)
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
West Virginia State Standards.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
222
-------
WEST VIRGINIA ^Continued)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination?
Y/N
Y
25-100 feet as per Water Well Design Standards of 1984.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N
Y
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
SanitarySurvey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N
Y
"Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
Period not specified.
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Design Standards for Public Water Supply Systems 9.9.1.
Cross-Connections and Backflow Prevention Regulations (1976).
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
S
For some systems depending on ability of county health departments.
Additional Comments
s* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
223
-------
WISCONSIN
Generallnformation
Documents Used
Title
Year
Agency/Author
Ground Water Qualify Chapter NR 140
March 1994
Department of Natural Resources
Requirements for the Operation and Design
of Community Water Systems Chapter NR
811
April 1992
Department of Natural Resources
Well Construction and Pump Installation
Chapter NR 812
September
1994
Department of Natural Resources
Safe Drinking Water Chapter NR 809
August 1994
Department of Natural Resources
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contacts)
Name
Phone
Jim Zellmer, Coordinator, Community Water Program
(608) 267-7581
Don Swailes, WI DNR
(608) 266-7093
StatePrograms
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place? Y/N Y
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Michael Lemeke
Ground Water Management Section, Bureau of Water Resources
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
101 S. Webster Street
P.O.Box 7921
Madison WI 53707-7921
(608) 266-2104
Ground Water 'Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens?
Y/N/S* S
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
224
-------
WISCONSIN;Continued)
Ground'Water Disinfection^(Gontinued)
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
colifonn violations occur, etc.?)
Ground water systems are required to disinfect in the following cases: in case of potential
health hazard, springs, shallow wells, systems with open basins, filters, air stripping towers or
gravity aerators. Also prior to ion exchange softeners or iron/manganese filters, or if water
exceeds primary standards set in Chapter NR 809 (not available at this point).
The department may require continuous disinfection if water quality data or well or system
construction indicates a potential health hazard.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect? y/N
Based on sampling history and ability to meet requirements of the TCR.
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
Y/N
N
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
23%
(27B/1199)
NTNC
2%
(22/10%)
TNC
<1%
(50/10,001)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Contact time of at least 30 minutes.
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
Y
0.2 mg/1 at the entry point to the distribution system
Is there a specified C * T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are prohibited.
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from hies provided N/A = Not Applicable
225
-------
WISCONSIN Continued)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met informally through broad
legislative powers?
Legislative code and specific regulations.
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code?
Y/N Y
Chapter MR 811, NR 812
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds A WW A Standards Other (list)
State Standards: NR 812 for NC, NR 811 for community systems.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs?
Y/N Y
As per AWWA standard C651.
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination?
Y/N Y
There is an extensive table (A) in NR812.
2 ft (building overhang), to 8 ft (cistern or connected sewer) to 1200 ft from coal storage.
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers?
Y/N N
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems?
Y/N Y
Only the requirements of 40 CFR 141.21(d).
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided
226
N/A = Not Applicable
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WISCONSINContinued)
Distribution-System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system?
Y/N
Y
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains?
Y/N
Y
As per A WW A standard C651.
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention?
Y/N
Y
Very general.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators?
Y/N
Y
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
Y/N
Y
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Y/N
Y
Additional Comments
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
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WYOMING
General Information
Documents Used
Tide
Year
Agency/Author
Water Quality Rules and Regulations:
Chapter XII and Chapter V
1984,1985
Wyoming Department of
Environmental Quality
Minimum Requirements for Water Facilities:
Commentary on Design Standards
April 1985
State of Wyoming
Fax from Mary S. Wu
November 13,
1995
U.S. EPA Region Vm
Contact Who Supplied Information or Documents/GWDR Workgroup Contact(s)
Name
Phone
Ken McMillan, WY DOA
(307) 742-2984
Larry Robinson, WY DEQ
(307) 777-7075
Mary Wu, EPA, Region 8, Denver CO
(303) 312-6789
Maureen Doughbe, EPA, Region 8, Denver CO
(303) 312-6262
State Programs
Does this state have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved
wellhead protection program in place?
Y/N
N
Person/Office Responsible for Wellhead Protection (WHP) Program or ground water protection
Kevin Frederick, C.P.G.
Supervisor, Ground Water Program
(307) 777-5985
Ground Water Disinfection
Does this state require ground water systems to disinfect, chlorinate, or
otherwise treat for pathogens? Y/N/S* S
Under what circumstances? (For example, always, or if this state does not require general
disinfection by ground water systems is there a requirement for temporary disinfection when
coliform violations occur, etc.?)
Wyoming is a non-primacy state, so Drinking Water Regulations are implemented by the EPA.
However, WYDEQ reviews/approves construction designs and plans for public water systems.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
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WYOMING(Cdntiniied)
Ground Water Disinfection (Continued)
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (WYDEQ): WYDEQ requires a ground water
PWS to install chlorinabon equipment when they issue a PWS's construction permit. However,
WYDEQ does not require the PWS to use the chlorination equipment.
EPA: Ground water PWS are only required to disinfect when it has at least 3 monthly MCL
violations of the Total Coliform Rule (TCR) within a 12 month period (an Administrative Order
requiring disinfection will be issued). An Emergency AO requiring disinfection may be issued
if a ground water PWS has an acute TCR violation 2 months in a row.
What kinds of ground water systems are required to disinfect under these circumstances?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Is there a waiver provision from the requirement to disinfect?
Does the waiver provision require ground water modeling/analysis of the
aquifer's potential to transport microbes?
If so, which microbes?
What models/types of analyses are required?
Y/N
Y/N
N
N
What percent of ground water systems disinfect?
C l3°{l NTNC
17%
(17/100)
TNC
13%
(56/448)
Specific disinfection requirements:
Is there a specified minimum chlorine residual?
Y/N
N
Is there a specified C x T value?
Y/N
N
Is a microbial kill/reduction value specified?
Y/N
N
Other
Y/N
N
What disinfectants, if any, are prohibited?
None are specifically prohibited, but all must be approved by the Administrator.
Are these regulations in legislative code, specific regulations, or met
informally through broad legislative powers?
Enforcement strategy in EPA Region 8.
S* - Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
229
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WYOMING (Continued)
Well Siting and Construction
Does this state have a well construction code? Y/N
Y
Refer to Chapter XII Water Quality Rules and Regulations, WYDEQ, 1985.
What types of systems does the well construction code apply to?
C Y NTNC Y TNC Y
Wyoming's construction codes applies to systems with more than 20 connections.
Is the well construction code based on:
10-State Stds N AWWA Standards N Other (list) Y
State Standards, Chapter XII.
Is there a requirement for well/pump disinfection after construction/
installation/repairs? Y/N
Y
Are there minimum distances specified from the well to various sources
of microbial contamination? Y/N
Y
A well must be located out of a flood plain, 3 feet away from a building, 10 feet from a
powerline, and:
(I) If the domestic sewage flow is less than 2,000 gpd (7,560 1/day), the following
isolation distance shall be maintained:
minimum
Source of Domestic Wastewater Minimum Distance to Well
Sewer 50 feet (15.2 m)
Septic tank 50 feet (15.2 m)
Disposal Field 100 feet (30.5 m)
Seepage Pit 100 feet (30.5 m)
Cesspool 100 feet (305 m)
(II) If the domestic sewage flow is greater than 2,000 gpd (7,560 1/day) but less than 10,000 gpd
(37,800 1/day), the following minimum isolation distance shall be maintained:
Source of Domestic Wastewater Minimum Distance to Well
Sewer 50 feet (15.2 m)
Septic tank 50 feet (15.2 m)
Disposal Field 200 feet (61 m)
Seepage Pit 200 feet (61 m)
Cesspool 200 feet (61 m)
Are hydrogeological criteria used such as depth to well, confining layers? y/N
S
In accordance with Rules and Regulations, hydrogeological study is used to determine required
isolation distance from wastewaters other than domestic wastewater. A hydrogeological study
is required to determine setback distances if domestic sewage flow is greater than 10,000 gpd.
s* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
230
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WYOMING(Contixnied)
Well Siting and Construction (Continued)
Additional criteria/guidance/approaches to ensure well protection from microbial contamination
Sanitary Survey
Are sanitary surveys required to be performed on ground water systems? y/N Y
All sanitary surveys are performed by EPA.
Distribution System
Are systems required to periodically flush the distribution system? y/N N
Is there a requirement for disinfection of new and repaired water mains? y/N Y
Is there a requirement for cross-connection prevention? y/N Y
(Chapter XII, Water Quality Rules and Regulations, p.71) There shall be no connection between a
water distribution system and any user whereby unsafe water or contamination may backflow
into the system.
Operator Certification
Are there requirements for training, certification, and licensing of
operators? Y/N Y
Chapter V, Water Qualify Rules and Regulations.
Monitoring
Is monitoring required for microbials at the wellhead?
If so, are microbial monitoring data available for raw water at the
wellhead?
Additional Comments
Wyoming does not have primacy. All of its drinking water program is run by USEPA Region 8,
except for construction permits and operator certification activities administered by the State of
Wyoming DEQ.
Y/N N
Y/N N
S* = Some Systems or Sometimes U = Unknown from files provided N/A = Not Applicable
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