United States __ . _
Environmental Protection iK-iIU
Agency
Research and
Development
ERLGB PUBLICATIONS AND ABSTRACTS
RELATED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY!
I. MICR06IAL ECOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY
AND GENETICS
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze FL 32561
February, 1984
-------
ASDcLAL, AHMcO T.H., tMlLY H. K.5NNIOY, iND DONALD G. AHEARN. 1977,
PURIFICATION ANO CH ARA.C T EK 11 a T I3N C^ a NEUTRAL ^ROTfASE FROM SACCHARQMYCOPSIS
LIPOLYTICA. J. 8ACTESI3L. 130<3) : 1125-1129. <6RL,G3 X003).
SACCriAROMYCGPSIS LIPOLYTIC-i 37-1 PROOUCFO TWO INDUCIBL5 EXTRACELLULAR
PROTEASES* ONE UNDER NEUTRAL OR ALKALINE GROWTH CONDITIONS ANO THE
SECOND UNDER ACID CONDITIONS. ScC*tTI3N Q* THE NEUTRAL PROTEASE MAS
REPRESSED IN THE PRESENCE QF GLYCiRDL OR GLUCOSE, BOTH OF WHICH
SUPPORTED RAPID GROWTH OF THE ORGANISM. AMMONIUM IONS ALSO RFPRESSED
The SECRETION OF TSE ENZYME, TM£ NcUTRiL PROTEASE ACTIVITY COPURIFIEO
WITH EST5RAS2 ACTIVITY DURING AMMONIUM SULFATE FRACTIONATI ON,
CHROMATOGRAPHY ON 01ETHYLAMINQETHYL-C:LLULOSE, AND GEL FILTRATION ON
SEPHAOEX G-150. THE MOLECULA^ WEIGHT O^ THE ENZYME WAS ESTIMATED TO BE
42,000 3Y SUCROSE DENSITY GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION AND 38,500 BY
PGLYACRYLAMIQE GEL EL £CT ROPHOXESI5 IN THE PRESENCE OF SODIUM OOOF.CYL
SULFATE. ThE PURIFIED ZNZYME H4D A PH OPTIMUM OF 6.8
PHcNYLMETHYLSULFONYLFLUORIOE INHI3ITPO BOTH PROTEASE ANO ESTERASE
ACTIVITIES, INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF A S=RIN3 RESIDUE IN THE ACTIVE
CENTER. PROTZASE, dUT NOT =ST£RASE, ACTIVITY WAS SENSITIVE TO
ETHYLENEOIA^lNETETRAACcTATr ANO WAS SIGNIFICANTLY ACTIVATED 6Y
DIVALENT ICNS. DITrilOTHR=ITOL INHIBITED SCTH PPOTEAS? AND ESTERASE
ACTIVITIES, INDICATING THE PRcS^NCc OF A CRITICAL DISULFIO= BRIDGE.
THE ENZYME HYD^OLYZEO CASEIN (KM = 25,6 MM) AND HEMOGLOBIN AS WELL AS
THc NITROPHENYL EST5RS Cr TYROSINE
-------
AHEARN, O.G., AMD 5.A. CROW. 1980. YEASTS FROM THE NORTH SEA AND AMOCO
CADIZ OIL. BOT, MAR. 23C1 ):125-127. CFRL,Gd X07O.
THE SPECIES AND DENSITITcS 3* YEASTS ISOLATED FROM NORTH SEA WATERS
BEFORE AND AFTER THE PRODUCTION OF OIL WER: COMPARED. OEBARYOMYCES
HANSENII WAS THE PREDOMINANT SPECIES, BUT AFTER OIL PRODUCTION,
CANDIDA GUILLIERMONDII, A HYD ROC 4RdCNOCLAST IC YEAST, WAS MORE COMMONLY
ISOLATED AND THE ^RECUENCY 3F AURECBaSIDIUM PULLULANS DECREASED.
RELATIVELY FEW FUNGI WERE ISJLATEC FROM 4M3CO CADIZ OIL COLLECTED
TWELVE DAYS AFTER THE START OF THE SPILL. THE HIGHEST DENSITIES WERE
OBTAINED FROM THE OIL SAMPLES WHEN THEY WERE FIRST EMULISIFIED IN A
TWEcN 80-SEAWATER SOLUTION. IT IS SUGGUSTEQ THAT THE HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF AROMATICS IN THE UNWEATHEREO IRANIAN CRUDE, WHICH
CONSTITUTED A3CUT HALF OF THE SPILLED OIL, WERE INHIBITORY TO THE
YEAST FLORA.
AHEARN, D.G., S.A. CROW, N.H. BERNER, AND S.P. MEYERS. 1976.
MICROBIOLOGICAL CYCLING OF OIL IN ESTUARIN: MARSHLANDS. IN: ESTUARINE
PROCESSES, VCL. 1: USES, STRESSES, AND ADAPTATION TO THE ESTUARY, MARTIN L.
WILEY, EDITOR, ACADEMIC PRESS, INC., NY. t>P. 483-492.
-------
AHEARN, D.6., S..A. CROW, AND W.L. COOK. 1977, MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH
PESTICIDES IN ESTUACINE SURFACE SLICKS,. EP A-500/3-77-05 0 , U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL ^ESEAKCh LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 22P.
ESTUARINt SURFACE FILMS FRCM dSCAMBIA SAY, FLORIDA, AND ADJACENT
WATERS WERE SAMPLED iY USING Tn5 MEM6PAN= ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE TO
ENUMERATE MICROSI^L POPULATIONS. SAMPLES OF TH£ UPPER 10 MM OF
ESTUARINE SURFACE FILMS YIELDED MICROBIAc POPULATIONS UP TO 10 TO THE
EIGHTH POWER ML-1 OR 10 TO THE FIFTH POWrR CM-2. THESE POPULATIONS
WERE 10 TO 100 TIKES GREATER THAN THOS.
COMPARISON DF cSTUARIN? OETRITAL MICR03IJTA GROWN WITH ANO WITHOUT
LIGHT IN THE ABSENCE OF MACROSCOPIC GRAZING SHOWED SHIFTS IN THE
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE THAT ENA3L£D CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIOUS
BIOCHEMICAL MEASURES. ANALYSIS OF THESE BIOCHEMICAL MEASURES SHOWED
THAT GROWTH IN LIGHT INCUCtS THE SMALLEST INCREASES IN PROCARYOTIC
ATTRIBUTES SUCH AS MUnAMIC ACID: WALL GLUCCSAMINE; LIPID PHOSPHATE:
TOTAL EXTR4CTA3LE iDEN-JSlNE NUCL«iCTIOES ; SHORT-BRANCHED, CYCLOPROPANE,
AND CISVACCE.MIC FATTY 4CICS: LIPIG GLUCQSf ANO MANNOSE; THE
INCORPORATION OF ACETATE INT3 LIPIO; AND THE FORMATION OF
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIO FROK THYMIOINE, MEASURES OF THE MICROFAUNA SUCH
AS LIPIC INCSITOL AND THE Y-LINCLENIC SERIES OF POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS
ALSO INCREASED MINIMALLY IN THE LIGHT-GROWN MlCROeiOTA. MEASURES OF
SULFOLIPIO SYNTHESIS, LIPID GLYC=R3L, TOTAL EXTRACTA8LE PALMITATE,
18-CAR3CN PDLYENCIC rATTY ACIDS, ANO TOTAL PQLYENGIC FATTY ACIDS
LONtcR THAN 20 CAR63NS INCRZASEC 10- TO 15-FQLD IN 1LGA= ANO FUNGI.
CHLOROPHYLL A, LIPID GALACTJS=, ANO THE 16- AND 20- CARBON POLYENOIC
FATTY ACIDS CHARACTERISTIC OF DIATOMS INCREASED MAXIMALLY IN THE
LIGHT. THIS INCREASE OF DIATOM MEASURE CORRELATED WITH THC SHEETS OF
DIATOMS 3ETECT=0 BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
PAGE
-------
BOBBIE, R.J., 3.C. WHITE, UNO ?.M. BENSON. 1980. BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
THE RESPONSE OF Th= MARINE M 1C-.QCOUL ING COMMUNITY STRUCTURE TO CLEANING
PROCEDURES DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN .HEiT TRANSFER EFFICIENCY. IN: PROCEEDINGS
OF THt FIFTM INTERNATIONAL CCNbSESS CF MARINE CORROSION AND FOULING. L,
ARITO, EDITOR, GSArICA} DREE S.L., BARCELONA, SPAIN. PP, 391-400. CERL,G8
X18O.
THt MICROFCULING COMMUNITY THAT OcVELCPS IN ALUMINUM PIPES SUBJECT TO
FLOWINo SEA WATEX IS MARKEDLY AFFECTED BY A MECHANICAL CLEANING
PROCEDURE EMPLCYFO TO MAINTAIN THE EFFICIENT HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES
NECESSARY IN THt CONDENSES SYSTEM OP THE OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEM. SENSITIVE MEASURES OF THE MICROBIAL 8IOMASS, SUCH
AS THE EXTRACTABLF LIPID PHOSPHATE, THE EXTRACTABLE PALMITIC ACID AND
THc TOTAL ORGANIC CA350N SHOW GOOD CORRELATING WITH THE HEAT TRANSFER
EFFICIENCY C«F) IN THE EARLY STAGES OF FREE FOULING. AFTER MECHANICAL
CLEANING WITH EITHER MANUALLY OPERATED BRUSHES OR THE M.A.N. SYSTEM,
MtASURES OF TH-f TOTAL 6IQMASS SUCH AS TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON SHOW
REASONABLE CORRELATION TO THE (RF). AFTER CLEANING, MEASURES OF
CcLLULAR 8IOMASS SUCH AS LIPID PHOSPHATE OF LIPIO PALMITIC ACID DO NOT
CORRELATE WITH THE RF ANO THE RATIOS OF TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON.
MECHANICAL CLEANING CHANGES THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE MICROBES.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE POPULATION BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY CSEM)
REVEALS SELECTIVE REMOVAL 0= THE LARGER ANO MOR°HOLQG1CftLLY MORE
COMPLEX WICROEUKARYOTES WITH RETENTION OF A COMMUNITY ENRICHED IN
BACTERIA. EXAMINATION OF THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF THE COMMUNITY
SHOWS CLEANING-INDUCED SELECTIVITY NOT ONLY COR THE BACTERIAL
PROKARYOTES 3UT FOS A SPECIFIC PROPORTION OF THE BACTERIA, A
POPULATION* DIFFERENCE dETWEEN THE 84CTE*IA RETAINED AFTER MANUAL
BRUSHING AND CONTINOUS BRUSHING WITH THE M.A.N. SYSTEM CAN ALSO 3E
DEMONSTRATED. SEM MORPHOLC3Y, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RF ANO MEASURES
OF TOTAL ANO CELLULAR 8IOMASS, THE INCREASE IN THE RATIO OF TOTAL
ORGANIC CAR3G^ TO CELLULAR t5l3MASS ANO THE STEADY INCREASE IN A
MICROBIAL POPULATION ENRICHED IN LINOLtIC ACID ALL POINT TO AN
ACCUMULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR SIOPOLYMER WITH THE CLEANING PROCEDURES.
WITH INTERMITTENT CLEANING THE EXJPOLYMcR ACCUMULATION ENHANCES THE
COLONIZATION BY THE MIC*CTUKARYOT5S BETWEEN THE CLEANING CYCLES.
PAGE
-------
BOBBIE, RONALD J., AND D4VIC C. rtHIT.t. 1980. CHARACTERIZATION OF 8ENTHIC
MICROSIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE BY HI^H FfSOLUTIOM GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FATTY
ACID METHYL ESTfRS. -PPL. c^VIPQN. MlCQQdlOL. 39(6):1212-1222.
-------
BQURQUIN, A.W. 1977.
ARTIFICIAL SALT-MAP.SH
312).
EFFECTS OF MALATHI3N 0 4 MICROORGANISMS 0«= AN
T. J. -LNVIRCM. QUAL. 6O) : 373-378.
(ERL,GB
LABORATORY SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENTS WERE TREATED WITH MALATHION, AN
ORGANOPHOSPHATc INSECTICIDE, AND 4ER03IC HE TF.RQT PQPHIC BACTERIA WERE
MONITORED TJ DETERMINE CritNGcS IN THEI* MICRGBIAL ECOLOGY. SEVERAL
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES WERE ASSAYED IN *OTH TREATED AND UNTREATED
CONTROLS; HOWEVER, NO PLIABLE TRENDS IN NUMBERS OF THESE
MICROORGANISMS WERE DETECTED. CM THE OTHER HAND, POPULATIONS OF
MALATHION SDLE-CARSON-OS:GRwOING BACT'ERIA INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY WITH
INCREASING TREATMENT LEVELS AND IN TH= SEDIMENTS WITH REPEATED
TREATMENT. MALATHION CO META30LIZING BACTERIA INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY
OVER THE CONTROL SYSTEMS IN THf WATER COLUMN WITH INCREASING TREATMENT
LEVELS. ALTHOUGH NUMBERS C? MALATHIDN-DEGPAD ING BACTERIA INCREASED
WITH HIGHER TREATMENT LEVELS CS FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT, THESE CHANGES
HAD NO cFPECT ON THS LUMBERS OF BACTERIA FR3M THE WATER OR SEDIMENT.
WHEN AN ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDE, MIRcX, WAS USED TO TREAT THE
ECOSYSTEMS, ESSENTIALLY NO CHANGES IN THE BACTERIAL POPULATIONS WERE
DETECTED.
60URCUIN, A.U.
ECOLOGY, R.R.
PARK, MJ. PP.
1979. REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY. IN: AQUATIC MICR08IAL
COLWELL AND JOAN FOSTER, EDITORS, UNIV. OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE
401-4-05. (ERL,G3 X301).
BOURQUIN, A.i«. 1980. DISCUSSION - AJUATIC MICR03IAL ECOLOGY. IN:
MICROBIOLOGY—1980. OAVIO SCHLESSING5R, EDITOR, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON OC. PP. 390-391. CERl_,GB X157),
50URQUIN, A.M., AND O.G. AHEA^N. 1976. MICROBIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF
LSTUAKINE SURFACE MICROLAYERS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM ON MARINE POLLUTION RESEARCH. EPA-bOO/9-76-032, S.P. MEYERS,
EDITOR, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, GULF 3R5E2E, -=L. P<>, 89-96.
-------
BOURQUIN, A.rt., M.A. HCDO, AND R.L. G4RNA5. 1977. ARTIFICIAL MICROSIAL
ECOSYSTEM FOR DETERMINING EFFECTS ANO FATE OF TOXICANTS IN A SALT-MARSH
ENVIRONMENT. 1*4: OEVELQHM .£ NTS IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 18. SOCIETY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 185-191,
-------
BOURGUIN, A.W., S.P. MEYdkS, AND O.G. AHEARN. 1975. IMPACT OF THE USE OF
MICROORGANISMS ON THf AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. EPA-660/3-7S-QOI, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER,
CORVALLIS, OR. 259P. C6RL,Ga 235).
THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM-WORKSHOP SPONSORED
BY THE EPA GUL= 3REEZE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY TO DETERMINE
THE POSSIBLE IMPACT CF ARTIFICIALLY INTRODUCING MICR03IAL INSECT
CONTROL AGENTS OR OIL-DEG*AOING AGENTS INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY TESTING, ESPECIALLY AGAINST NON-TARGET AQUATIC
ORGANISMS, rOR USE OF BACTERIA, VIURSES, FUNGI, AND PROTOZOA TO
CONTROL AQUATIC INSECT PESTS IS DISCUSS2D WITH REMARKS OF PANEL
MEMBERS REPRESENTING GOVERNMENT, AC&DEMIA, AND INDUSTRY. SPECIAL
ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO PERSISTENCE OF PATHOGENS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
AS WELL AS CONTROL OF AQUATIC WEEDS AND OTHER NON-INSECT PESTS. THE
USE OF MICROORGANISMS TO CLEAN UP OIL SPILLS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS
IS DISCUSSEO BY INDUSTRIAL, ACADEMIC, AND GOVERNMENTAL SCIENTISTS.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS ARE GIVEN TO SELECTION 0^ HYDROCARBQNOCLAST 1C
MICROORGANISMS AND USE OF THESE MICROORGANISMS IN -SPECIAL
ENVIRONMENTS—ARCTIC REGIONS AND LOUISIANA SALT MARSHES. SUMMARY
PAPERS ARE PRESENTED Fjo EACH PANEL CONCERNED WITH MICR08IAL
PESTICIDES AND ONE SUMMARY FOR THE SESSION ON MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
OIL. EXCELLENT BIBLIOGRAPHIES ARE PRESENTED WITH EACH PAPER AND
DISCUSSION.
BOURQUIN, A.W., AND P.H. PRITCHA30, EDITORS. 1979. WORKSHOP: MICR03IAL
DEGRADATION GF POLLUTANTS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. EPA-600/9-79-012, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
ZE, FL. 552P.
THIS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, HELO APSIL 10-14, 1978, AT PENSACOLA
BEACH, FLORIDA* FOCUSES ON PERTINENT ISSUES RELATEJ TO THE SCIENTIFIC
INVESTIGATION OF MICR03IAL DEGRADATION CF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS. PARTICIPANTS DISCUSS METHODOLQGIC&L CRITERIA FOR THESE
INVESTIGATIONS ANi) THE NEED FOR 31OOEGRADiTION STUDIES. SPEAKERS AND
CONTRIBUTED PAPERS FOR OPEN SESSIONS EXPLORE THESE TOPICS: <1)
BIOCHEMISTRY 3F MICR03IAL DEGRADATION; (2) TRANSFORMATION IN AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS; C3) COMPARTMENTALIZATION IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS; (4)
BIODrGRAOATIQN IN MICROCOSMS: <5) DEGRADATION METHODOLOGY; AND (6)
PERSISTENCE AND EXTRAPOLATION. DISCUSSIONS WITHIN EACH SESSION ARE
PRESENTED. THrSE PROCEEDINGS CONCLUDE WITH A SUMMARY REPORT AND
WORKSHOP CONSENSUS RcPORTS DRAFTED BY SPECIAL TASK GROUPS WITH
RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE RESEARCH, PRODUCTION, AND REGULATION OF
PCTtNTIAL AQUATIC POLLUTANTS.
PAGE
-------
BOURQUIN, A.W., P.H. P?ITCnd3D, ANO H. |_. =R EORI CKSON. 1978- FATE AND
EFFECTS OF KEPONE IN ARTIFICIAL EJTUfINE "C3SYSTEMS CABSTRACT). CERL,GB
X01O,
FATE AND EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDE KEPGN- WERE STUDIED IN ARTIFICIAL
ECOSYSTEMS, CONTAINING W^TcR AND SEDIMENT ^ROM EITHER RANGE POINT SALT
MASH, FL OR THE J1MES RIVER, VA. IP PR3XIMITELY 75-80% OF 14C KEPONE
AOOEO CO.5 PPM) TO THE SYSTEMS ACCUMULATED IN Tri€ DETRITAL FRACTION.
USING HIGH PRESSURE LUUIC CHK3MAT1GRAPHY ANO GC-MASS SPECTRAL
ANALYSIS* WE DETECTED NO TRANSFORMATION °RQDUCTS WITH A VARIETY OF
EXPERIMENTAL REGIMJS INCLUDING ANAEROBIC OR AER03IC CONDITIONS.
NEITHER THr ADDITION OF GLUC3SE (0.1?) NOR NAPHTHALENE CO.12)
STIMULATED THE TRANSF3RMAT ION OF THE PESTICIDE IN ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS-
NC l^COZ WAS PRODUCED IN ANY EXPERIMENT. JAMES RIVER SEDIMENT WITH A
HISTORY OF KEPONE EXPOSURE WAS LIKEWISE INEFFECTIVE. EFFECTS OF KEPONE
ON MIC*03IAL COMMUNITIES IN THESE ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMS WERE MONITORED
BY DETERMINING THE RATE CF C02 EVOLUTION AND METABOLITE ACCUMULATION
FROM 1<*C-M?THYL PARATHION CMPS). JAM=S RIVR SEDIMENT SYSTEMS WERE MORE
ACTIVE THAN RANGE POINT SfDlMcNT SYSTEH IN TH^ METABOLISM OF MPS TO
C02, THE PRESENCE OF KtPONE *T CONCENTRATIONS CF 0.6 MG/KG OF SEDIMENT
IN EITHER SEDIMENT SYSTEM REDUCED TH6 DEGRADATION RATE OF MPS BY 59?
ANO 54*, RESPECTIVELY. THES^ STUDIES INDICATE THAT KEPONE, ALTHOUGH
RESISTANT T3 MICRO&IAL ATTACK, CAN BE INHIBITORY TO THE MICROBIAL
COMMUNITY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEGRADATION 0^ OTHER POLLUTANTS IN AN
ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM.
BOURCUIN, A.W., P.H. PRITCHARO, AND W.R. MAHAFFEY. 1978. EFFECTS OF KEPONE
ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS. IN: DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY,
VOL. 19. SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROS IOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 489-497,
CERL.GB 3*5).
LOW C3NCN OF THE INSECTICIDE KEPONE, APPROACHING THOSE FOUND IN
CONTAMINATED JAMES RIVER SEDIMENT, WERF SHOWN TO BE INHIBITORY TO THE
GROWTH AND OXYGEN UPTAKE Oc MICR30RGQNISMS RANDOMLY SELECTED FROM
ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS. NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS WERE NOTED BETWEEN
GROWTH INHIBITION ^Y KEPGNE AND CELL MORPHOL3GY, ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON
UTILIZATION, PESTICIDE TOLERANCE, SELECTED ENZYME ACTIVITIES, NITRATE
REDUCTION, ANO UREA HYDROLYSIS. OXYGEN UPTAKE BY PURE CULTURES GROWN
ON GLUCOSE OR HYDROCARBONS AT CELL DENSITIES EQUIVALENT TO 10 TO THE
THIRD POWER THRU 10 TO THE FOURTH POWER CELLS/ML WAS DECREASED BY
60-100? AT KEPONE CQNCN OF 0.02-2.0 MG/LITSR. TOTAL VIABLE COUNTS FROM
ESTUARINE WATER OR SEDIMENTS GROWN A£R38IC*LLY ON AG&R MEDIA
CONTAINING 0.02 MG/LITER KEPONE WERE REDUCED BY 8-78%. THE INHIBITORY
EFFECT WAS ELIMINATED PARTIALLY WHEN SEDIMENT POPULATIONS WERE GROWN
ANAER08ICALLV.
-------
BOURGUIN, A.W., AND V.A, PRIYrtY5 IfWS K> I . 1977. DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA WITH
NITRILOTRIACETATE-OEG^AOING POTENTIAL IN AN ESTUARIN= ENVIRONMENT. APPL.
ENVIRON. MICR06IOL- 34 (t* ) : 41!-<*! d, Cr9L,&3 323).
ATTEMPTS TO ISOLATE ESTUAKIN-E aACT:RlA CAP4SLE OF METABOLIZING
NITRILOTRIACETATE CMTA) AS A SQL- CARBON SOU?C= FROM AQE&S WITHIN
ESCAMBIA SAY, f=LA., WERE UNSUCCESSFUL: HOWEVER, 3ACT5RIA FROM
FRESHWATER STREAMS AND FROM ESTUARIN^ SURFACE MICRGLAYERS MERE EASILY
ADAPTED TO DEGRADATION DP NITA IN FRESHWATER MEDIUM, A PS5UOOMONAS SP.
STRAIN CATCC 29600), CAPAELE CF GROWTH IN NTA AS A SOLE CARBON SOURCE,
METABOLIZED NTA AT A REDUCED R4TE IN A SALINE MEDIUM <15PPT), COMPARED
WITH A FRESHWATER MEDIUM <0 TO 15PPT). MICROORGANISMS CAPABLE OF
DEGRADING NTA £XIST IN ESTUARINe SURFACE MICROLAYERS AND IN FRESH
SUBSURFACE WATERS JUST SEFC-?E -1NTERING THE ESTUARY; THESE DATA
INDICATE AN INTERFERENCE WITH NTA CftTABOLISM 3Y SOME UNKNOWN FACTORS
OF THE ESTUARINE cNVIRCNMtNT RATHrR THAN AN ABSENCE OF POTENTIAL
NTA-OEGRADING 3ACTERIA.
BOURQUIN, A,W.» J. SPAIN, AND H,P. PRITCHARO. 1980. EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTS
ON FATt OF SU3STITUTED-PH?NOLS CASSTKACT). IN: ABSTRACTS 0? THE ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MiCR08iDLOGY--i98o. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 167.
-------
BOURQUIN, AL W. IN P3E?. 3IOIHGSAJATION IN THE SSTUaRINE-MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS AND THE GENETICALLY ALTERED MICRC3E. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE
GENETIC CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL °CLLUTANTS, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON,
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, JULY 31 - AUGUST <», 1S83. (ERL,GB 497).
MANY CHEMICALS ENTER THE MARINE AND ESTUA2INE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH A
VARIETY OF ROUTES. THESE ROUTES INCLU3E DUMPING, DIRECT APPLICATION,
OUTFALLS, ACCIDENTAL SPILLS, AND LAND RUNOFF OR RAINFALL. SOME OF
THESE COMPOUNDS ARE TJXIC T3 THE 3I3TA OR MAY BE CONVERTED TO TOXIC
PRODUCTS IN NATURE. THE FATt AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THESE CHEMICALS
IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS IS PiRT OF THE CONCERN OF THE EPA LABORATORY
AT GULF 3REEZE, FLCRIDA. TOXICITY RESULTS WHEN AN ORGANISM IS EXPOSED
TO A SUFFICIENT CONCENTRATION OF A COMPOUND. THEREFORE, FATE GREATLY
INFLUENCES THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT CF 4 CHEMICAL IN THE BIOTA. TOXICITY
EFFECTS CAN 3E ATTENUATED dY DILUTION OF THE POLLUTANT BELOW ITS TOXIC
THRESHOLD OR BY PHYSICALLY REMOVING IT INTO A PHASE (SEDIMENTS) WHERE
THt CHEMICAL MAY NOT BE &VAILA3LE TO INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS. NEITHER
PROCESS ALTERS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE Or THE TOXICANT. CHEMICAL,
PHOTOCHEMICAL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 'RING ABOUT CHANGES IN
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE WHICH MflY OR MAY MOT ALTER THE TOXICITY OF THE
CHEMICAL OR PRODUCT. WHEREAS, MICROBIAL DEGRADATION CAN PRODUCE MAJOR
CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTRODUCED CHEMICAL,
MINERALIZATION IS OFTEN THE EN3 RESULT OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL
ACTIVITIES. THE PURPOSES GF THIS PAPER ARE TO: 1) PROVIDE SELECTED
EXAMPLES IN THE MARINE AND tSTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS OF KNOWN
INTRODUCTIONS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, 2) OESCSISE HOW HABITAT DIFFERENCE
AFFcCT BICOEoRaOATION POTENTIALS IN FRESHWATER, 5STUARINE, AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS; 3) ANO EXPRESS SOME APPLICATIONS AND CONCERNS FOR THE
RELEASE OF GENETICALLY-ALTERED ORGANISMS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
BGURQUIN, AL W. 1973. DEGRADATION GF MALATHION BY ESTUARINE MICROBES
(ABSTRACT), IN: ABSTRACTS CF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 256.
(£RL,GB 201),
PATHWAYS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF MALATHION WERE
CHARACTERIZED USING ESTUARINE BACTERIA. SO^E CORRELATION WITH
MICR3BIAL MARSHLAND ECOSYSTEMS WAS ATTEMPTED. BACTERIA WERE ISOLATED
FROM ESTUARINc MUDS PREVIOUSLY UNTREATED WITH MALATHION. THREE STRAINS
WERE SELECTED WHICH METABOLIZED MALAThlCN IN ZO^ELL'S 2216 MARINE
MEDIUM. NONE OF THr ORGANISMS USED M4LATHION AS A SOLE CQR30N SOURCE.
EARLY ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS °R30UCTS WtRE IDENTIFIED AS THE MONO- AND
DI-CAR80XYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES Oc KALATHION. FURTHER MICR03IAL
DEGRADATION PRODUCTS WERE CHARACTERIZED (INCLUDING 14C02 LIBERATED
FROM THE MSTHGXY SIDE CHAIN) USING 14-C-LABELLEO MALATHION.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO TrtE POSSIBLE EFFECTS IF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, PH,
AND SALINITY ON DEGRADATION CF MALATHIOM WERE ANALYZED AS A CHECK ON
THE BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. OEGRAJATION PRODUCTS WERE CHARACTERIZED IN THE
SAME MANNER AS THE BIOLD3ICAL SAMPLES. CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF
MALATHION INCREASED RAPIDLY WITH SALINITY rflTH AN ACCUMULATION OF THF
MCNO-CAR80XYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE. C3RRELATIDN OF THE MICROSIAL,
CHEMICAL, AND PHYSICAL DEGRADATIONS OF MALATHION &S IT OCCURS IN THE
ENVIRONMENT WAS ATTEMPTED USING 4RTIcr<;iAL MICROCOSMS.
PAGE 11
-------
BOURSUIN, AL W. 1973. IMPACT OF MICR03I&L SEED CULTURES IN THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT, INJ PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST MICROBIOLOGY SEMINAR ON
STANDARDIZATION OF METHODS. tP i-(?4-73-022 , U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY, WASHINGTON, OC. PP. 140-142. .
MALATHION IS RAPIDLY DEGRADED IN VITRO 3Y SALT-MARSH BACTERIA TO
MALATHIO$4-MGNOCAReOXYLZC ACID, MALATHIQH-DIC ARSOXYLIC ACID AND VARIOUS
PHOSPHOTHIONftTSS AS A RESULT OF CAR80XYE STER ftSE CLEAVAGE. IN ADDITION,
SOME EXPSCT60 »HOSPHATASE ACTIVITY PRODUCES DESMSTHYL-HALATHION,
PHOSPHOTIO^ATES, 4-CAR3CN DZCAR80XYLIC ACIDS« AND CORRESPONDING ETHYL
cSTERS. IN A SIMULATED SALT-MARSH ENVIRONMENT, MALATHION IS DEGRADED
5Y THE INDIGENOUS SACTcPIAL CCHMUNITY. NUMBERS OF BACTERIAL CAPABLE OF
OE&R&BINS MALSTHION IN THt PRESENCE OF ADDITIONAL NUTRIENTS INCREASE
IN THE SEDIMENTS WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF APPLICATION AND IN THE
yATER COLUMN WITH THE INCREASING LEVEL OF TREATMENT. NUM3ERS OF
B&CTSRIA WHICH DEGRADE MAL8THION AS A SOLE CftRBON SOURCE ARE LINKED TO
THc LEVeL OF TSfiAT.HENT IN SEDIHENTS AND THr FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT IN
THE MAT6R COLUMN? HOMcVER, THES5 BACTEf?I4 DO NOT APPEAR TO PLAY A
SIGNIFICANT HOLE IN THE DISSIPATION OF MALATHION. I BELIEVE THAT
FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT, INCREASES NUMBERS OF MALATHION CO-METABOLIZING
SACTcRIA WHICH CATALYZE A MORE RAPID DISSIPATION OF THE COMPOUND,
WHICH RESULTS IN FEK£R SOLE CARBON DEGRADERS. THH DISAPPEARANCE OF
HALATHIOH IN THE SALT-MARSH ^NViaOHMSNT IS INFLUENCED BY BOTH CHEMICAL
AND BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION; HOWcVER, AT TEMPERATURES 3ELOH 26 C AND
SALINITIES BELOri 20 0/00, CH?MIC*L MECHANISMS APPEAR TO BE OF LESS
IMPORTANCE THAN SIOLaGICAL DEGRADATION.
80URQUIN, AL feJ- 1981* LABORATORY SYSTEMS DESIGNED TO ASSESS BIODEGRADATION
eSTUA«JINE gNVlRDNMEMTS CSPESCH),. CSRL»G8 X24-J).
BSU8QUIN, &L W.» AND S. CASSIDY. 1975. EFFECT OF P3LYCHLORINATSD 8IPHENYL
FORHULAYIONS ON THc GROWTH OF 5STUARIN6 BACTERIA. APPL. MICRD8EOL.
127« CSRL»GB 217).
PSLYCHL03INAT6J SIPHE^YL FORMULATIONS INHIBITED THE GROWTH OF CERTAIN
ESTUARINE BACTERIA. THE SENSITIVE STRAINS, ALTHOUGH EXHIBITING SOME
SIMILAA PHYSE2LOGZC4L CHARACTERISTICS, CONTAINED BOTH GRAM-POSITIVE
AND GRAM-NEGATIV5 SACT3RIA.
PAGE 12
-------
BOURQUIN, AL rt.s AND 04VID T. GISSON. 1978. MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF
HALOGENATcD HYD^OCARBDNi. IN: WATER CHLORINATION: ENVIRONM5NTAL IMPACT AND
HEALTH EFFECTS, VOL. 2. 303ERT L. JOLLEY, riEND GQRCHEV, AND HAMILTON 0.
HcYWARD, JR,t EDITORS, ANN AR303 SCIENCE PUBLISHERS* INC., ANN ARBOR, MI.
PP. 253-264. C£RL,G8 361).
80URQUIN, AL W., P.H, PRITCriARO, AND H.L. FREDRICKSON. IN PREP.
SEDIMENT-CORE LABORATORY TEST SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING THE FATE OF CHEMICALS IN
THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. APPL. ENVIRON. MICR08IQL. C6RL,GB 470).
AH AQUATIC BIOOEGRADATION TEST SYSTEM, ECO-CORE, USING AN INTACT
SEDIMENT-WATER CORE AND ITS ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN A STATIC
LABORATORY SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED. THE EFFECTS OF THE SYSTEMS DESIGN ON
THE FATE OF METHYL PARATHION CMP) WAS STUDIED, SEDIMENT-WATER CORES
TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT WERE GENERALLY SLOWER TO DSCRADE
MP THAN CORES "STRUCTURED" WITH SEDIMENT AND WATER IN THE LABORATORY.
DEGRADATION R&TES WERE SLOWER WHEN SEDIMENT TO WATER RATIOS WERE
INCREASED (WATER DECREASED) IN EITHER TYPE CORE. LABORATORY - AGED
SYSTEMS WERE LESS MICRQSIALLY REACTIVE THAN "FRESH* CORES WHEN
I4-CQCSUBSCRIPT 2) AND DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF 14-C-MP WERE MEASURED.
THE TEST SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO MONITOR EFFECTS BY TOXIC POLLUTANTS ON
MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES. THE INHIBITION OF MP MINERALIZATION BY
KEPQNE IN NATURALLY AND ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS IS
DESCRIBED. THIS STUDY DESCRIBES A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING
FATE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN A SYSTEM WHICH INTEGRATED ALL FATE
PROCESSES AND CAN BE USED TO ASSESS THS IMPACT OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS ON
THE METABOLIC INTEGRITY OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY.
BOURQUIN, AL W. , P.H. PRITCHARO, AND JIM C. SPAIN, 1981. SEDIMENT-WATER
SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING BIOOEGRADATION IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT CABSTRACT).
IN: ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS: 182NO ACS NATIONAL MEETING AMERICAN CHEMICAL
SOCIETY, PP. 51. CERL»G8 241).
BOURQUIN, AL W., AND V.A. PRZY8YSZEWSKI. 1976. FATE OF NITRILOTSUACETIC
ACID IN ESTUARINE WATERS (ABSTRACT), IN: ABSTRACTS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY,
WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 179. CERL,GB 257).
THE FATE OF NITRILGTRIACETXC ACID CNTA) IN ESTUARINE WATERS FROM
ESCAMBIA BAY, FLORIDA, WAS DETERMINED DIRECTLY, USING 14C-LA8ELLEO
COMPOUNDS, AND INDIRECTLY BY GROWTH ON SELECTIVE MEDIUM. CONCENTRATED
ENVIRONMENTAL WATER SAMPLES C15X) WERE TREATED WITH 14C-LABELLEO NTA
AND EXAMINED FOR 14C-UPTAKE AND EVOLVED 14C02 BY THE INDIGENOUS
MICROORGANISMS. LESS THAN 1% DEGRADATION ON NTA WAS DETECTED USING
THESE TECHNIQUES AT ANY SALINITY RANGING FROM 5 PPT TO 30 PPT. MIXED
CONCENTRATED CULTURES FROM WATERS WITH SALINITY RANGING FROM 5 PPT TO
22 PPT WERE INCUBATED FOR A PERIOD OF 3 MONTHS WITH 1%CW/V)NTA WITH NO
EVIDENCE OF NTA DEGRADATION AS DETERMINED BY POLAROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES.
WATER SAMPLES FROM ESTUARINE AREAS <5 PPT TO 22 PPT SALINITIES) ^HEN
INCUBATED WITH VARYING NTA CONCENTRATIONS FROM 20-1000 MG/L EXHIBITED
NO DEGRADATION AFTER 6 WEEKS INCUBATION; WHEREAS, CULTURES FROM FRESH
WATER AREAS SHOWED 100% DEGRADATION IN 2 WEEKS. BACTERIAL ISOLATES
WERE OBTAINED FROM FRESH WATER SYSTEMS WHICH DEGRADED NTA BOTH AS A
SOLE CARBON SOURCE OR AS A SOLE NITROGEN SOURCE. THE RATE OF NTA
DEGRADATION BY A PSEUOOMONAS SP. (TIEDJE) IN FRESH WATER MEDIUM WAS
DEPRESSED AT 10 PPT AND 15 PPT SALINITY MEDIA.
PAGE 13
-------
BOURQUIN, AL W., JIM C. SPAIN, AND P. Hflo P3ITCHARD. 1982. 3IODEGRAOATION
ACTIVITY CORRELATIONS WITH 8IOLGGIC&L AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ([ABSTRACT).
IN: ABSTRACTS 3F THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY
1982. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 193. CERL,GB
«).
INVESTIGATIONS OF TH: 81ODEGRADATIQN R1TSS (MINERALIZATION) OF
P-NITROPHENOL (PNt>) AND P-CHLOROPHENOL T WITHIN SEVERAL 04YS TC D5G1AOE P-MITOPHENOL RAPIDLY,
IN CKgMICAi STRUCTURE AFFECT DEGRADATI3N OF TOXIC
IN NATURAL H?DIA WITH SIXEO MICROSIAL POPULATIONS. SUCH
R4NG6 FJ?OM COHPOUMDS LIKE HtTHYL PARATHION, WHICH
COMPLETELY DEGRADES, TO OIMILIN, WHICH PARTIALLY DEGRADES AND YIELDS
PRODUCTS, T3 KEPQNE, WHICH DOSS NOT DEGRADE.
PAGE
-------
80URQUIN, *U L. KIEFE«?S AND 3. 'liSSIOY. 1974. MIC30SIAL RESPONSE TO
HALATK10M TREATMENTS IN SALT MA^SH MICROCOSMS (ABSTRACT). IN: ABSTRACTS OF
THE ANNUAL MEETING AMERICAN SOCIETY FG* MICROBIOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. G264. (ERL,GB 210).
BATTERY JARS (6.5L) WERE FILLED WITH SALT MARSH MUD AND WATER AND
PLACED AT S CONSTANT TEMPERATURE C28O AND A 12 H DIURNAL LIGHT CYCLE.
THE SLOWLY AERATED MICROCOSMS WERE STABILIZED FOR 1 WEEK BEFORE
TREATING WITH MALATHION AT IX AND IOX FIELD APPLICATION RATE.
APPLICATION OF THE TOXICANT HxS REPEATED EVERY 10 DAYS FOR 30 DAYS.
SEDIMENT AND WATER SAMPLES WERE ANALYSED AT APPROPRIATE INTERVALS FOR
TOTAL AEROBIC HETEROTROPttS AND MALATHION DEGRADING ORGANISMS (SOLE
CARBON SOURCE, SCS, AND ADDED GR3WTH SUBSTRATE, MN). VARIENCE ANALYSIS
OF THE MN DATA SHOW63 SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTROL AND
TREATMENT LEVELS FOR 30TH SEDIMENT AND WATER SAMPLES. NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES WERE NOT=D JiETWtEN TREATMENT PERIODS. NUMBERS OF MN
ORGANISMS INCREASED RAPIDLY (7 DAYS) ACT£R THE FIRST TREATMENT,
REMAINING AT OR OVER 70* (SEDIMENT) OR 80? (WATER) OF THE TOTAL
HETERGTROPHIC COMMUNITY. ALTHOUGH MUMBERS 3F SCS OEGRAOERS APPEARED TO
INCREASE WITH MALATHIDN TREATMENTS AND INCREASE OVER THE CONTROL IN
BOTH ScDIMENT ANO WATER* NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE
NOTED, OU5 TO FLUCTUATIONS AFTER TREATMENTS. NO CHANGES IN TOTAL
NUMBERS OF HET6ROTROPHS OVER TH? CONTROLS WERE NOTED. NO DIFFERENCES
IN POPULATIONS OF 4MYLASE, CHITINASE, LIPASE AND CASEASE PRODUCERS
WERE OdScRVSD BETWEEN CONTROLS AND TREATED MICROCOSMS.
BROWN, LSWIS R.» EARL G. ALLEY, ANO 3AVIO W. COOK. 1975. EFFECT OF MIRGX
AND CAR8CFURAN ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS. HP A-660/3-7 5-024 , U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, NATIONAL ^ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER,
CORVALLIS, OR. 6*P.
THE PURPOSg OF THIS INVESTIGaTION WAS TO HELP ESTABLISH THE CHEMICAL,
PHYSICAL 4ND HICRO-8IOLOSICAL FATE OF MIREX AND CAR30FURAN IN THE
eSTUARIHE £NViaCMMENT ANO DETERMINE THE EFFECT-8ACTERIA SYSTS*!. H.5. THESIS. OREGON STATE
UNIVERSITY, C3RVALLIS, OR. 121P. -aACTERI6 SYSTEM. INDIVIDUAL OYSTERS EXIST IN NATURE AS
""SYSTEMS* WITH COHH5NSAL MICROOGRftNISHS A(^D SHOULD SE RECOGNIZED AS
SUCH WHEN THc METABOLISM OF A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANT IS
BEING STUDIED. SINCE BIVALVES AR£ EXPOSED TC ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
THAT EHTEU COASTAL ^TEAS, IT IS IMPORTfiMT TO OETcRMINE IF THE
"NATURAL" OYSTER SYSTEM CAN DETOXIFY THOSE CONT&MINftNTS LIKELY TO
CAUSE alOLQGICAL OSMAGfc.
PAGE 15
-------
CftBELLI, VICTOR J., ANGELQ F. C4RLUCCI, CAROL D, LITCHFIELO, THEODORE G,
MeTCALF, RCB5RT A. MUSCHELANG, P.H. P3ITCHAQD, 4ND STANLEY W. WATSON. 1979.
MICROORGANISMS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP ON SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS
RELATING TO OCEAN POLLUTION, = ST£S PA3K, CO., JULY 10-14, 1978. U.S.
NATIONAL OCEANIC 6N3 ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORIES, BOULDER, CO. PP. 104-129. <£RL,GB X115}.
CERNIGLIA, CARL :., RICHARD L. HE8=RT, ROBERT H. DODGE, PAUL J. SZANISZLO,
AND OAVIO T. GI3SQN. 197^. SOME APPROACHES TO STUDIES ON THE DEGRADATION OF
AROMATIC HYORCCAR3DNS 8Y FUNGI. IN: HICR03I4L DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS IN
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. SPA-600/9-79-012» AL 80URQUIN AND P.H. PRlTCHARD,
EDITORS, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, GULF ^R;EZE, f-'L. PP. 360-369. C?RL,GB X214).
A ^IDE TAXQNCMIC AMD PHYLOGENETIC SPECTRUM OF FUNGI WERE SHOWN TO
TRANSFORM NAPHTHALENE. THE A3ILITY TO OXIDIZE NAPHTHALENE PREDOMINATED
IN TH£ MUCORALsS, 3UT SIGNIFICANT HYOROXYL6TICN ALSO OCCURRED IN
SP£CIES OF NeUSOSPORfi, CLAVIC5PS AND PSILOCYBE. THE PREDOMINANT
METABOLITE FORMED WAS 1-NAPHTHOL. OTHER PRODUCTS IDENTIFIED WERE
<»-HYUROXY-l-T£TRALONE, TR ANS-1, 2-DIHY030XY-1, 2-OIHYORONAPHTHALENE,
2-NAPHTHOL, 1,2- AND 1,4-NAPHTH03UINON,:. CUNNINGHAMELLA cLEGANS
OXIUIZ5D NAPHTHALENE, BIPHENYL AND OI3ENZ2FURAN BY REACTIONS SIMILAR
TO THOSE OBSERVED WITH MAMMALIAN ENZYMr SYSTEMS.
CERNIGLIA* CARL E.» JOSEPH C. MORGAN, AMD 04VIO T. GIBSON. 1979. BACTERIAL
AMD FUNGAL OXIDATION OF DrBENZO^URAN, 3IOCHEM. J. 180(1):175-185. CcRL,GB
X037>.
CUMNIKSKAHSLLA £L=G4NS AMD A MUTANT STRAIN C38/36) 3F BEIJ?RINCKIA
BOTH OXIDIZeO DIB«NZOfU«AN TC 2,3-OIHYDROXY-2,3-DIHYORODIBENZOFURAN.
THE BACTERIAL FST^SOLITE MAS EXTRcMcLY UNSTABLE AND, IN THE PRESENCE
OF ACID, WAS RftPlOLY CONVERTED INTO A MIXTURE OF 2- AND
3-HYDROX¥D!&£NZQ
-------
CLEVELAND, HARY ELIZA6EFH. 1983. -JIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING
SORPTION Or TOXIC COMPOUNDS TO NATURAL SEDIMENTS. M.S, THESIS. UNIVERSITY
OF WEST FLORI'JA, PENSACDH, FL. 35P. ADSORPTION IS REVERSIBLE.
ADSORPTION WAS TWO-STEPPED. 4N INITIAL RAPID PHASE ACCOUNTED FOR HOST
OF TH= TOTAL ADSORPTION, SUGGESTING THAT KINETICS ARE UNIMPORTANT TO
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS. AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PARTITION COEFFICIENT AND SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION WAS OBSERVED,
INDICATING THAT A SINGLE PARTITION COEFFICIENT IS NOT ADEQUATE TO FATE
CONSIDERATIONS. THE IRREVERSIBLE ADSORPTION Oc MPS HAS ATTRIBUTED TO
THE BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED FORMATION OF BOUND RESIDUES. THE EXTENT OF
THE BINDING PROCESS WAS AFFECTED BY SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION,
TEMPERATURE* AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS BUT UNAFFECTED BY SALINITY. THIS
STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS FOR RAPIDLY
DtbRAOED COMPOUNDS SHOULD INCLUDE TH? BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING
THEIR FATE.
COLW6LL, RITA R., AND GARY S. SAYLER. 1977. EFFECTS AND INTERACTIONS OF
POLYCHLORINATED 3IPHSNYL CPCS> WITH SSTUARINE MICROORGANISMS AND SHELLFISH.
tPA-600/3-77-Q7Q» U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LA303ATGS?Y» GULF BREEZE, FL. 45P.
THE ROLE 0? £STUARIN£ 3ACT5RIA IN TH£ MOBILIZATION, TRANSPORT, ANO
REMOVAL OF POLVCHLORINATEC BIPHENYLS (PCS) WAS INVESTIGATED IN
cSTUARINE SNVISGimeNTS,. A H6IN OBJECTIVE Oe THIS INVESTIGATION WAS TO
DETeRMIHe A SECONDARY IMPACT Of PCS CONTAMINATION OF ESTUARINE
SYSTEMS. TH€ SPECIFIC SECONDARY 5FP£CT WAS THE PC3-STRESS-INDUCED
ACCUHULATIDN ANO DEPUTATION OF =NTERIC BACTERIA BY SHELLFISH, I.E.,
TH£ CHESAPEAKE SAY OYSTcR, CRASSOSTRSA VIRGINICA. FOR THIS REPORT,
SACTeRIA U^INHIBITSD BY PCS, 8UT CAPABLE OP GROWTH IN THE PRESENCE OF
PCS, ARE D=FINsD ftS PCB-RSSISTANT. IN THIS REGARD, PCB-RESISTANT
8ACTef?ZA W£Rc FOUND TO B? DISTRIBUTED UBIQUITOUSLY THROUGHOUT
ESTUARIriS ^MO MARINE iKVIRON^ieNTS SAMPLED IN THIS STUDY. THE RESIDENCE
TIME OF PCS IM ESTUARINe AMD MARINE S-MVIRONM?NTS IS CONCLUDED TO BE
SUFFICIENTLY LON5 TO I&DUCi STRESS UPON 5STU4RINE AHIMfiLS.
CONNOLLY* JOHN P. 19S2. fe&STGX: PR~LIM!N*RY ESTUARY AND STRSAH VERSION
BOCUHSWTATIOH CUKPU5LISH&0)* 96P. C£8L»G3 X392).
WASTOX IS A BATCH 03IENTED CO»lf>UT«R P50GRAH THAT SOLVES THE MASS
BMLMHCE eaUATIOIJS THAT D6FIME THE FAT£ 3F TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC
SYSTEMS. THIS M«I4UAL DOCUMENTS a PRELIMINARY VERSION OF THE PROGRAM
WHICH ANftLYZES TH5 TIM — VARIABLE, PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL SEHAVIOR OF
CHEMICALS. L»T=R VERSIONS HILL INCLUDE A ST-E&DY-STATE SOLUTION SCHEME
AND AN ANALYSIS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ^000 CHAINS. THE
KINETICS OF VOLATILIZATION SP£CI-I=D IN THIS VERSION AR= ORIENTED TO
FL3WIM6 SYSTrMS CSTRJA^S AND ESTUARIES) ALTHOUGH THE MOD?L IS
GENERALLY APPLICABLE TO feLL TYPES OF W4T?R BODIES.
PA6F 17
-------
CONNOLLY, JOHN P, , MARY £. CL=VrL4NO, AND PftRMELY H. PRITCHARD. IN PREP,
VALIDITY OF PETITION COEFFICIENT AS THE ADS3KPTICN DESCRIPTOR IN EXPOSURE
CONCCNTRATIONS PREDICTIONS: STUDIrS WITH KEPONE AMD M:THYL PARATHION. WATER
R£S, <£RL,liB 415).
THIS WORK INVESTIGATES THRrE M3JCP ASSUMPTIONS IMPLICIT IN THE USE OF
PARTITION COEFFICIENT AS SCLE ABSORPTION 3ESCPIPTOR: CD ADSORPTION
KINETICS ARE UNIMPORTANT TO FATE AND TRANSPORT OF THE TOXIC CHEMICAL
BECAUSE TH5Y ARE RAPID? (2) ADS3RPTION IS A REVERSIBLE PROCESS? AND
(3) cQUILlbRIUM CONDITIONS ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL
CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL AND ADSORBING SOLID, DEPENDING ONLY
ON THEIR RATIO. ADSORPTION OF KEPONE AND METHYL PARATHION WAS FOUND TO
6g RAPID AND TWO-STEP, A FAST ADSORPTION FOR APPROXIMATELY 5 MIN.
FOLLOWED BY ft SLOWER ADSORPTION TO EQUILIBRIUM AT 1 TO 2 HR. KINETICS
OF ADSORPTION INDICATED ADSORPTION RATE WAS CONTROLLED SY HASS
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS. KINETICS OF HETHYL PAR&THION ADSORPTION WERE
IDENTICAL FDR ST5RIL? AND 8I3L3GICSLLY ACTIVE SYSTEMS TO THE POINT OF
STERILE SYSTEM EQUILIBRIUM. CONTINUED DECREASE OF DISSOLVED 14C AND
TOTAL MASS RECOVERY IN THt ACTIVE SYSTEM SUGGESTED DEGRADATION TO AN
IRREVERSIBLY ADSOR3EO COMPOUND. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT KINETICS CAN
3E IGNORED FOR SHALL PARTICLE SIZE SEDIMENTS BUT THAT REVERSIBILITY OF
ADSORPTION CANNOT SE ASSUMED. EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION OF BOTH COMPOUNDS
AT CONSTANT SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION WAS DESCRIBED BY A LINEAR ISOTHERM.
PARTITION COEFFICIENT WAS, HOWEVE*, &N INVERSE FUNCTION OF SEDIMENT
CONCENTRATION, DECREASING 3Y AS MUCH AS AN ORDcR QP MAGNITUDE BETWEEN
SeOIMfcNT CONCENTRATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND
SEOIMiNT CONCENTRATIONS REPRESEMT4IVE CF 3EO SEDIMENT. THEREFORE, A
SINGLE PARTITION COEFFICIENT IS INADEQUATE F3R EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
PREDICTIONS.
COOK, W*L»» S«A. C^OW» AND A.M. 80URQUIN. 1977. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF
PESTICIDES AMD POLYCHLO«IHATEO COMPOUNDS ON REPRESENTATIVE SURFACE SLICK
BACTERIA .
COOK, W«L.» OSNISE FI=OLgX* AND A.M. dOURQUIN. 1980. SUCCESSION OF
HICRGFUNGI IW =STU&RINc HICROCOS^S PERTURBED BY CA8B4RYL, METHYL PARATHION
AND PSHTACHLO^OPH=N3Lta SOT. MAft. 23C2) : 129-131,
-------
CSOW, S.A-t 0.6. AHEARN, W.L. CODK, *NO A.W. 63URQUIN. 1975. DENSITIES OF
BACTeSI* AND FUNGI IN COASTAL SURFACE FILMS AS DETERHIN-D BY &
MSMBRANS-ADSOSPTIJN PROCEOURe. LIMNOL. OCSSNOGS. 20C A) : 644-646. <£RL»GB
232>.
A MEMBRANE-ABSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOP COUNTING SURFftCE SLICK MICROBIAL
POPULATIONS WAS EVALUATED. THE SIMPLE PROCEDURE GAVE BACTERIAL AND
FUNGAL POPULATIONS SEVERAL ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE GREATER THAN THOSE
PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FOS SURFACE SLICKS.
CROW, S.A.* S.L. BELL, AND D.G. AHEARN. 1930. UPTAKE OF AROMATIC AND
BRANCHED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS BY YEAST. BQT. MAR. 23< 3) : 117-120 .
-------
CROW* S.A., W,L. C03K, O.'o, AHEARN, ANO A.W. BOU^QUIN, 1976. MICROBIAL
POPULATIONS IN COASTAL SURFAC: SLICKS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD
INTERNATIONAL SIODeGRAOATION SYMPOSIUM. J.M. SHARPLEY AND ft.M. KAPLAN,
EDITORS, APPLIED SCIENCE PUSLlbHE'S LTD., L3NDON. PP. 93-98. CFRL,G3 254).
SAMPLES GF THE UP^cR 10 MM OF INSHORE SURFACE FILMS OBTAINED BY
ADSORPTION TO MEMBRANES YIELDED MICKOBIAL POPULATIONS UP TO 10 TO THE
ElbHT POWER HL-1 0* 10 TO THE FI^TH POWER CM -2. THESE POPULATIONS
WERE TYPICALLY 10-100 TIMFS CREATE* THAN THOSE IN UNDERLYING WATERS AT
A DEPTH OF 10 CM, PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN SURFACE FILMS WERE MOTILE,
NONPIGMENT5D, G3AM-NEGATIVE RODS. COLONY-FORMING UNITS OF YEASTS AND
MOULDS WERE FOUND IN CONCENTRATIONS TO 10 TO THE FOURTH POWER ML-1 OP
28 CM-2. THE PREDOMINANT SPECIES IN SURFACE FILMS WERE PROTEOLYTIC AND
AMYLGLYTIC 3UT EXHIBITED ONLY WEAK TO NEGLIGIBLE HYDROCARBQNOCLASTIC
ttND LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITIES. A GREATER PROPORTION OF TK* SURFACE FILM
BACTERIA, AS COMPARED TO THOSE AT 10 CM DEPTH, WERE CAPABLE OF GROWTH
ON FRESH-WATER McOIA.
DAVIS* W.M,, ANO 0,C. WHITE. 1980. FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF AOENOSINE
NUCLEOTIOE DERIVATIVES AS MEASURES OF THE MICRGFCULING, DETRITAL AND
SEDIMENTARY MICR08IAL BIOMASS AND PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS- APPL. ENVIRON.
MICRG8IQL. 40C3):539-5«*8. CSRL,G8 X186).
ADENGSINE, AOENINE, CYCLIC AOENOSIME MONOPHOSPrfATE (AMP), AMP,
NICOTINAMIO ADENINE OINUCLEOTIDE, &DENOSINE OIPH3SPHATE, AND AOENOSINE
TRIPHOSPHATE (ATPD WERE RECOVEftEO QUANTITATIVELY FROM AQUEOUS PORTIONS
OF LIPID EXTRACTS OF HZCROFQULING, DSTRITAL, AND SEDIMENTARY MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES. THESE COULD. &E DETiCTEO QUANTITATIVELY IN THE PICOMOLAR
RANGE BY FORMING THEIR 1-N6-ETHENO DERIVATIVES AND ANALYZING BY
riI6H-PReSSURE LIPID CHROM4TOGRAPHY WITH FLOURESCENT DETECTION. LIPID
EXTRACTION AUD SUBSEQUENT ANALYSIS ALLOWED THE SIMULTANEOUS
MEASUREMENT OF THE MICRC3IAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, TOTAL MICROBIAL
6IOMASS WITH THE aUSNTITATIVE PECOVERY OF THE AD=NINE-COMTAINING
CELLULAR CCSPONrTS, WHICH WERE PROTECTED PROM ENZYMATIC DESTRUCTION,
THIS EXTRACTION AND FLDUaESCSNT OEftlVATIZATION METHOD SHOWED
EQUIV&LSKCY HITH THE LUC2F:RIN-LUCIF?RASE METHOD FOR 3ACTERIAL ATP
MEASURcM£NtS. QUICK-eR = E^jj4G SAMPLrS IN THE FIELD WITH DRY ICE-ftCETONE
PRSSeRVEU TH£ ^TP AMD EMHRGY CXARGt CA RATIO OF ADENOSINE NUCLEOTIDES)
FOS ftNALYSIS AT Rg^QTE L4BSRATORIES» THE HtTfeBDLIC LABILITY OF ftTP IN
eSTUA^INS OfTRITftL A^U MIC^QFOULIHG COMMUNITIES, AS WELL AS BACTERIAL
MONOCULTURES OF CONSTANT 6I3HASS, SHOHEO ATP TO BE ft PRECARIOUS
«g4SUR£ OP SIQH&SS UMOER SOHE CONDITIONS. COM3INATIONS OF AOENOSINE
AWD A06NiNg KUCLSO-TID2S GAVE 6=TTER CORRELATIONS WITH MICROBIAL
6IOHASS USASU^EO 5S 6XTRACTABLE LIPID PHOSPHATE IN THE DETRITAL AND
K1CRDFOULIN6 MIC80BIAL COHMUNITI6S THAN DID ATP ALONE. STRESSES SUCH
AS AKOXI& OF "ILTcRATICH AR5 REFLfcCTSD IN Trip RAPID ACCUMULATION OF
INTR&CSLLOLA3 &OEMCSINE AMD THE EXCRETION OF SBSNOSINE AND AHP INTO
the SURROUNDING MILIEU. INCREASES IN AMP AMD ADENOSINE MAY PROVE TO 8E
MORE SENSITIVE INDICATOR^ OF METABOLIC STATUS THAN THE ENERGY CHARGE.
PAGE 20
-------
EVANS* JOHN £. 197d. F=*SI3ILITY GF USING BACTERIAL STRAINS
-------
THOMAS W.» OOBERT J. LIVINGSTON, DUANt ft. MEETEP, AND DAVID C.
WHITE. 1983. MODIFICATIONS OF FSTU4RIN6 SEDIMENTARY MICR03IOTA BY EXCLUSION
OF EPI8ENTHIC PREDATORS. J. rXP. MiR. 6IOL. ECOL. 73
-------
FINDLAY* RGScST H., AMD 04VIC C. 4HITT. 1933. POLYMERIC
BETA-HYDRQXYALKftNOATES FROM ; NV1 RONM^NTCL SAMPLES ANO BACILLUS MEGATERIUM.
APPL. ENVIRON. HICR38IOL. *5Cl):71-73. CERL.G6 X380).
THE PROCARYOTIC ZNDOGE.'JQUS STORAGE POLYMEP KNOWN AS
PQLY-BETA-HYQROXY&UTYRATr IS ACTUALLY A MIXED POLYMER OF SHORT-CHAIN
BETA-HYOROXY FATTY 4CIDS. A METHOD FOR THH QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF
THIS MIXED P3LYMCR, CALLED POLY-6 =T ft-HYORQX YALK&NOATE , WITH
ANALYSIS BY CAPILLARY GAS-LI3UID CHROMATQG3APHY SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF
AT LEAiT 11 SHORT-CHAIN 6£TA-HYD*GXY ACIOS IN POLYMERS EXTRACTED FROM
MARINE SEDIMENTS- POLYMERS EXTRACTED FROM 3ACILLUS MEGATERIUM
MONOCULTURES WERE ALSO A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF BETA-HYOROXY ACIOS WITH
CHAIN LENGTHS BETWEEN FOUR IND EIGHT CARBONS. LYOPHILIZED SEDIMENTS
WE8E EXTRACTED IN A MODIFIED SOXHLET ESTRACTOR, AND THE POLYMER WAS
PURIFIED WITH ETHftNOL AND DIETHYL ETHER WftSHES. THE PURIFIED POLYMER
WAS TREATED WITH. ETHANOL-CHLOROF3RM-HYOROBCHLCRIC ACID C8.5:2.5Sl) FOR
4 H AT 100 DEGREES CELSIUS, A TREATMENT WHICH RESULTED IN THE
FORMATION Oc TH* ETHYL ESTERS OF THE THE CONSTITUENT BETA-HYDROXY
ACIDS. SUBSEQUENT ASSAY OF THE PRODUCTS BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
INDICATED EXCELLENT 3EPRQOUCI8ILIT Y AND SENSITIVITY
-------
GARNAS* R»L.» A.W. 60UR»«U:M, AND P.h. =»RITCHARC. 1979. FATE OF 14C-KEPQNE
IN ESTUARINE MICROCOSMS CABST^uCT). CeSL»G3 X323).
FOLLOWING THE CONTAMINATION OF Trt^ J4MES RIVER WITH KE°ONF, LABORATORY
DATA CONCERNING ITS FATE IN TH£ ESTUARY WE^E NECESSARY FOR CORRECTIVE
ACTIONS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING EFFORTS. THE MOVEMENT AND
TRANSFORMATION POTENTIALS OF 14C-KcPONE WERE STUDIED IN STATIC AND
CONTINUOUS FLOW ESTUARIN5 MICROCOSMS. BIOTIC AND AalQTIC
TRANSFORMATION AND VOLATILIZATION OF THE CHEMICAL WERE NOT APPARENT IN
THESE STUDIES. FOLLOWING ITS ADSORPTION FROM WATER IN THESE MODEL
SYSTEMS, KEPONE OESCR650 FROM SALT MARSH SEDIMENTS AND JAMES RIVHR
SEDIMENTS, WHILE THIS OESORPTION WAS INDEPENDENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
WATER TEMPERATURES AND SALINITIES IN SEDIMENT-WATER SYSTEMS, THE
KEPONE CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER COLUMN WAS PROPORTIONAL TO ITS
CONCENTRATION IN SEDIMENT. SOME JAM'S RIVER SEDIMENTS RETAINED HIGH
LEVELS OF RADIDLA8ELED CHEMICAL FOLLOWING CONVENTIONAL SOLVENT
EXTRACTION. BURROWING POLYCH&STES (ARENICOLA CRISTATA) WERE ADDED TO
SALT MARSH SEDIMENT IH LARGER CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEMS TO DEFINE THE
EFFECT 0* MACROBENTHIC BIOTA ON THE FATE OF KEPONE. THESE POLYCHAETES
ACCUMULATED HIGH RcSIDUES OF KEPONE ANO DIED; ALTHOUGH THE TISSUES
WERE ALLOWED TO DECOMPOSE IN THE SYSTEM, THE ACCUMULATED KEPONE WAS
NOT AS AVAILABLE FOR CESORPTION AND WASHOUT FROM THE SYSTEM AS
COMPARED TO K6PONE ADSORBED TO SEDIMSNT.
OtHRON, MICHAEL J., ANO DAVID C. WHITE, 1982. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF
THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF OETRITAL KICR06IOTA AND THE GRAZING FUANA BY
TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCEROL ANALYSIS. J. £XP. MA*. 3IOL. ECOL. 64(2 ): 145- 158.
ENDOGENOUS LIPID STORAGE COMPONENTS ARE ACCUMULATED OR UTILIZED 8Y
BOTH MICROORGANISMS AND MARINE INVERTEBRATE , DEPENDING UPON THEIR
NUTRITIONAL STATUS* TRIGLYCERIDrS AftE COMMONLY THE LIPIO ENDOGENOUS
STORAGE HSTSRIALS UTILIZED 8Y FUN3I, MARINE VERTEBRATES AND HANY
INVERT£BRATESf CAH BE QUANTITATIVELY ESTIMATED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC
ASSAY OF TRZACYL 6LVC5R3L FROM LIPIO SXTR4CTION. DEPRIVATION FROM A
FOOD SOURCE CASI BE DETECTED BY LOSS OF TSIGLYCERIDE GLYCEROL ANO
ESTIMATED AS TK£ R&TIO OF TRIGLYCERIOe SLYCSROL TO PHOSPHOLIPID
MSaSUReB AS SXTRACTA3Li LIPIO PHOSPHATE, m SEVERAL ESTUARINE ANIMALS,
DEPRIVATION FROM FOOD SOURCES RESULTED IN OcCLINE OF BOTH NEUTRAL
LIPIO SLYCCaOL AND TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCER3L. AMPHIPOOS, FEEDING ON
sSTUARINS DSTftlTUS IN THS LABORATORY* SHOWED THS SAME ^SUTRITIQNAL
STATE AS THOSE TAKE5* FROM OETRITAL 3ASKETS IN THE FIELD AND y£RE
COMSIOSRASLY 8STTER NOURISHEO TH&N CONTROL AMPHIPOOS DEPRIVED OF FOOD
FOR A WEEK.
PAGE
-------
H6LZ, GEORGE ft.t RICH&R3 SU6AM, AMD RDNy Y. HSU. 1973. CHLORIDE DEGRADATION
AND HftLCCARBQN PRODUCTION IN ESTUARINE WATERS. IN: WATER CHLQR INATION:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND HEALTH EFFECTS* VOL. 2. ROBERT L. J3LLEY, HEND
&DRCHEV, AND 0. HEYWAPD HAMILTON, JR, £3ITORS, ANN AR30R SCIENCE PUBLISHERS,
INC, ANM ARBOR, MI. PP. 209-222. <£RL,G3 XC36).
THIS CHAPTER DEALS WITH THE QUESTION, WHAT CHEMICAL PROCESSES CREATE
CHLORINE DEMAND ANJ CONTROL CHLORINE DECAY IN ESTUARINE WATERS?
PREVIOUSLY* THERE HAVE 85EN A NUMBER OP STUDIES WHICH RESULTED IN
EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF CHLORINE DECAY AT PARTICULAR SITES. THERE
HAVE ALSO &EeN SEVcRAL EXCELLENT LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS OF SPECIFIC
DECAY MECHANISMS. HOWEVER, TO DATE VERY LITTLE EFFORT HAS BEEN
DIRECTED TOWARD ESTABLISHING THE ACTUAL DECAY MECHANISMS WHICH
PREDOMINATE IN NATURAL WATERS UNOER FIELD CONDITIONS.
hOLZSCHU, D.L., F.W. CHANDLER, L. AJELLO, AND D.G. AHEARN. 1979. EVALUATION
OF INDUSTRIAL YEASTS FOR PATHCGENICITY. SABOURAUDIA. l?U):71-78. LcVSLSt KAY SIGNIrlCAHTLY R5CUCE AMMONIUM OXIOATION.
PAGE 25
-------
JONES, RONALD 0.« AND M&RY A. HOOD- 1980. INTERACTION BETWEEN AN
AMMONIUM-3XIDXZ£R, NIYROSOMON&S $P.» *NO TWO HETeROTRQPHIC dACTERIA, NOCAROIA
ATLANTICA AND PSEUDDMDNAS SP.: A NOT?. MICROB. "ECOL, 6C3):271-275.
-------
KLECKA, G.M., AND D.T. blaSON. 1981. BACTERIAL DEGRADATION OF
DIBENZQ-P-QIOXIN AND CHLORINATED BIB -NZO-P-DIOX INS, EPA-600/4-81-016 , U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RES-ARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE* FL.
PSEUDQMONAS SP. N.C.I. 3. 9816, STRAIN 11, WHEN GROWN ON SALICYLATE IN
THE PRESENCE OF OISENZ3-P-DI3XIN, ACCUMULATED
CIS-1S2-OIHYDROXY-1*2-OIHYDR3DIB?NZO-P-DIOXIM AND
2-HYOROXYDIBsNZO-P-OICXIN IN THE CULTURE MEDIUM. CRUDE CELL EXTRACTS
PRSPARiD FROM THc PARENTAL STRAIN GROWN WITH NAPHTHALENE OXIDIZED
ClS-i»2-QIXHYDl*OXY-l»2-DIHYDRODI3ENZO-P-OiaXlN TO
1,2-OIHYORQXYDIBENZO-P-OIOXIN. FURTHER DEGRADATION 0«= THE METABOLITE
WAS NOT DETECTED. WHOLE CELLS OF THE PARENT STRAIN OF BEIJERINCKIA,
GROWN WITH SUCCINATE AND 4IPHENYL, OXIDIZED DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AND
SEVERAL CHLOR1NATSD DIOXINS. 4 MUTANT STRAIN CB8/36) OF 3EIJERINCKIA
OXIDIZED DIB2NZO-P-DIOXIN TO CIS-1, 2-DIHY030X Y-l, 2-DIHYDRODIBENZO-P-DID
XIH. THE MUTANT ORGANISM ALSO OXIDIZED TWO MONOCHLORINATED
OIBEMZO-P-DIOXINS TO CIS-DIHYDRODIOLS. NO METABOLITES WERE DETECTED
FROH TWO DICHLQRSN&TED DIB5NZO-P-OICX IMS. GR3WTH OF THE PARENT STRAIN
OF BSIJCRINCKIA ON SUCCINATE WAS INHIBITED AFTER F3UR HOURS WHEN 0.05%
oiegNZo-p-oiaxiN WAS PRESENT IN THE CULTURE MEDIUM. RESTING CELL
SUSPENSIONS OP THE PARENT ORGANISM OXIDIZED DIBFNZO-P-DIOXIN TO A
COMPOUND IDENTIFIED AS 1 » 2-DIH YDRGXYDI5ENZQ-P-DIOX IN. FURTHER
DEGRADATION OF THIS METABOLITE WAS NOT DETECTED, AS THE COMPOUND WAS
FOUND TO B= A POTENT MIXED-TYPE INHIBITOR OF TWO RING-FISSION
OXYG5N4SES PRESENT IN THIS ORG&NISM.
KLECKA, GARY M., AND DAVID T. GIBSON. 1980. METABOLISM OF OIBENZO-P-DIOXIN
AND CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS 8Y A BEIJERINCKIA SPECIES. APPL, ENVIRON.
KICROSIOL. 39C2:>,*288-296. C£RL»GB X200).
WHOLE CELLS OF THE PARcNT STRAIN OF 3EIJERINCKI A, GROWN WITH SUCCINATE
ANO 3IPHENYL, OXIDIZED DISEN20-P-DIOXIN AND SEVERAL CHLORINATED
DIOXINS. THE SATE 0* OXIDATION OF THE CHLORINATED OIBENZO-P-DIOXINS
DECREASED WITH AN INCREASING DEGRE5 OF CHLORINE SUBSTITUTION. A MUTANT
STRAIN C68/36) OF 3EIJSRINCKIA OXIDIZED DI3ENZO-P-DIOXIN TO
CIS-i,2-aiHYDR'3XY-l,2-OIHYORaDIBrNZO-P-DIOXIN, THE MUTANT ORGANISE
ALSO OXIDIZcD TWO HONOCHLORIMATEO tiI3EKZa-P-OIDXINS. GROWTH OF NO
METABOLITES WERE DETECTED FROH TWO DICHLORINATED DI3ENZO-P-DIOXINS.
GROWTH OF THE PARENT STRAIN OF B£IJE^INCKI4 ON SUCCINATE WAS INHIBITED
4 H WHEN 0.05? DI3ENZO-P-DIOXIN WAS PRESENT IN THE CULTURE
RSSriNG C£LL SUSPENSIONS OF THE PARENT ORGANISM, PREVIOUSLY
G80WM KITH SUCCINITE AND eiPHENYL, OXIDIZED OIB5NZO-P-DIOXIN TO A
COMPOUND IDE?«TIF1£0 AS i,2-DIHY0f*CXYO!3ENZa-P-OIOX IN. FURTHER
DeSRaDSTIO^ Or THIS R=T^80LIT5 W^S NOT DETECTED, *S THE COMPOUND WAS
FBUH0 TO 62 ?OTSMT MIX5D-TYPS: INHIblTO* OF TWO RINS-FISSION OXYGENASES
PftcSiENT IN THIS ORGANISM.
27
-------
LUCYSZYN, E.» AND P.H. PRITCHARO. 1979. CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA ADAPTED
TO LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS IN LAKE ONTARIO. IN: DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 20. SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC.
PP. 579-589. CERL.GB 375).
THE FATE OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS DEPENDS, IN PART*
ON METABOLIC ACTIVITIES OF THE INDIGENOUS MICROFLORA. KNOWLEDGE IS
THEREFORE NEEDED OF THE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUATIC BACTERIA IN
LOW NUTRIENT CONDITIONS TYPICAL OF MANY AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. WE HAVE
STUDIED CHANGES IN BACTERIAL POPULATIONS FROM LAKE ONTARIO USING
CONTINUOUS CULTURE ENRICHMENTS, WITH LACTOSE AS THE SOLE CARBON AND
ENERGY SOURCE. ENRICHMENT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT THE CONCH OF
LACTOSE, THE TYPE OF WATER UTILIZED FOR INFLOWING MEDIA, AMD THE
INOCULUM SOURCE AFFECTED THE OUTCOME OF CONTINUOUS CULTURE ENRICHMENTS
FROM FRESH-WATER SAMPLES. TWO ISOLATES FROM ENRICHMENT EXPERlHtMTS* AN
AEROHONAS SP. AND A PSEUDOMQNAS SP., WERE OBTAINED USING CONCN OF 50
AND 5 MG/LITER LACTOSE, RESPECTIVELY. THESE ISOLATES MERE SHOWN TO BE
COMPETITIVE WITH EACH OTHER AT DIFFERENT LACTOSE CONCN. THE
PSEUDOMONAS SP. WAS MORE SENSITIVE TO STARVATION AND HEAT TREATMENT
THAN THE AEROMONAS SP. AND DID NOT TAKE UP OXYGEN IN THE PRESENCE OF
GLUCOSE WHEN CELL SUSPENSIONS WERE PREPARED FROM CULTURES GROWN IN
PEPTONE BROTH.
MAHAFFEY* W.R., A,W. BOURQUIN, AND P.H. PRITCHARD, 1978. TOXIC EFFECTS OF
KEPONE ON ESTUARINE MICROORGANISMS , INS ABSTRACTS OF THE ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 203. CERL.GB X229).
MAHAFFEY, W.R., P.H. PRITCHARD, AND A.W. 80URQUIN. 1979. PHENYLACETIC ACID
METABOLISM BY THREE AQUATIC BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM CONTINUOUS CULTURE
ENRICHMENTS. IN: DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 20. SOCIETY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 489-495.
-------
HAHAFPEY, W.R., P.H. PRITCHARD, AND A.W. 30URQUIN. 1982. EFFECTS OF KEPQNE
DM GROWTH AND RESPIRATION CP SEVERAL ESTUARINE 3ACTERIA. APPL, ENVIRON.
MICROBIOL. 4K6)£i4l^-l«24. C=RL»G8 367),
TGXICITY OF K£P3N5 TO MIX?0 POPULATIONS 0^ ESTUA3INE MICROORGANISMS
HAS DETERMINED BY STANDARD PLATS ASSAYS 3N ZOBELL'S MARINE MEDIUM WITH
0-02, 0.20, AND 2.0 #6 KEPCNf PE.
SELECTED YEASTS CL6SSIFt£i) AS CANDIDA SAK: VAM UDEN ET BUCKLEY^ WSRE
SXAHINE9 FOR THEIR PHYSIOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES AND THEIR ONA RSL4T2DNESS. CANDIDA MALTOS« KOMAGATA, NAKASE
cT KATSUYa IS H£R=IM RcCCSNIZcO AS * SPECIES SEPARATE FROM C, SAK6.
CANDIDA MALT3SA MAS -JISTINGUISriED -ROM C. SAKE AND FROM C. TROPICALIS
BY INSIGNIFICANT ONfe Rc-ASSOCIATIO^. IN ADDITION, C. MALT3SA WAS
DISTINGUISHED F*OM C. SAKS 3Y ITS HIGrfeR ^AXI^AL GROWTH TEMPERATURE
AND LOWSR oU2N£N= PLUb CYTOSIN: CONTENT OF ITS DNA AND FROM C,
TROPICALIS SY ITS FAILUF - TO UTILIZE SOLUBLE STARCH FOR GROWTH AND ITS
RESISTANCE TO CYCLOHcX IM IDS. THt S^tCIcS C. CL3ACA? AND C.
SUdTROPICALIS *Rt PLuCiO IN SYNONYMY WITH C. MALT05A.
PAGE 29
-------
«EY£6S» 5.P., P.P. GdMiRBLL, AND J.fer. DAY. 1982. DETERMINATION OF THE
fNViaOWMEVTAL IMPACT OP SEVERAL SUESTITUTr CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURALLY
AFFECTED WETLANDS, IPft-50Q/*-32-052» U.S, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BRE=ZI, FL. 136P.
THIS SESEftRCH »POGRAH rfA S DSVELQPE3 WITH THt GVSR&LL 03JECTIVE OF
EXAMINING TOXIC SU3STA.MC5S, ISPECI4LLY C«?G *NOPHOSPHO
-------
HIX> KlCHftSL C.t SANDY L. SChaFcE*, AND SUS&N J. HEMINGWAY. 1981.
P0LYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN 3IVALV= MOLLUSKS IN 3AY MUSSELS CKYTILUS
eouns) FROM ORe&DH.. IN: PHYL=TIC APPROACHES TO CANCEL: PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ilTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM 3F THE PRINCESS TAKAMATSU CANCER RESEARCH FUND,
TOKYO, 1380. CLYDE J. OAW£, eANTHRACENE, BENZOCA)PYRENE
CBP>» OI8eNACA»H)ANTHRAC=N£, SENZCK G,H,I>PrRYLENE,
INOENO(1»2*3-C,D)PYR£N2, AND CQRONrNe, WERE MEASURED MONTHLY IN
MYTILUS EDULIS POPULATIONS FROM 2 SITES OM YAQUIN4 3AY, OREGON. PNAH
CONCENTRATIONS FROM SITE Y1H RANGED FROM 141-401 US/KG WHILE THOSE
FROM $!T£ Y2M WERE HIGHER, 673-1,324 UG/KG. SEASONAL VARIATIONS MERE
EVIDcWT IN MUSSELS FROM Y2M BUT N3T YiM; HIGHEST s»NAH CONCENTRATIONS
WERE PRESENT DURING JANUARY-MARCH.
HONTI, C.t c. O'NEILL, D. AHcARN, P. PRITCHARD, AND A. BOURQUIN. 1983.
MODELING THE HOVEHENT QP KEPONE ACROSS AN UMDISTURBEO SEDIMENT-WATER
INTERFACE IN LA^OSATORY SYSTEMS CABSTSACT). PRESENTED AT THE SETAC MEETING,
NOV. 6» 1983, WASHINGTON, DC. (ERL,GS 482).
TH= PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS HAS AN IMPORTANT
EFFECT ON THE FATZ OF MANY POLLUTING CHEMICALS. SIMPLE LABORATORY TEST
SYSTcHS, SUCH AS SHAKE FLASKS, FREQUENTLY USSO TO EXAMINE THE
INTERACTION B;TWE5N POLLUTANTS &NO SEDIMENT. 3ECAUSE SHAKE FLASKS 00
NOT INCORPORATE TH= INHERENT COMPLEXITIES QF THE INTACT SEDIMENT-WATER
INTERFACE, tfE ALSO US2D MICROCOSM SYSTEMS HAVING WATER OVERLYING
SEOIM£NT TO STUDY THE TRANSPORT QF TOXIC CHEMICALS. RADIOLABSLeO
KEPONE WAS CHQSSN AS THE TEST COMPOUND 3ECAUS6 OF ITS RESISTANCE TO
DEGRADATIONS LOVi VOLATILITY AND EAS2 Oc ANALYSIS. SHAKEN FLASKS
COHTAIMIMG F3RMALIN STERILIZED SEDIMENT 4N3 WATER WERE USED TO OBTAIN
PARTITION VALJES FOR KEPONE. IN ADDITION, KEPONE WAS ADDED IN
CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING SEAWATER TO FOUR IDENTICAL MICROCOSMS, EACH
CONTAINING FORMALIN STERILIZED SrDIMSMT AND WATER. EACH MICROCOSM
RECEIVED K£P9H= FOR DIFFERENT PERI3DS 0? TIMs, RANGING FOR 100 TO 1200
HOURS. 4T THE E*i0 OF EACH EXPOSURE PERIOD, THE MICROCOSM WAS
D£$aS$cM3LEO AND THE SEDIMSNT WAS FJUCTION&TcD IMTO LAYERS. THE SOBBED
K£PONE CaNCeiTRATION, ORGANIC CONTENT AN9 POROSITY WERE DETERMINED IN
LAYc8* & MaTHE^&TICAL MODEL, UTILIZING A PARTITION COEFFICIENT
FROM THE FLASK STUDY, WAS US?D TO SIMULATE K5PONE DISTRIBUTION
OBSERVED IN TH« MICROCOSMS. TH? HOOELS K4S CALIBRATED TO THE TOTAL
SOR820 KEPO^SE OF EACH MICROCOSMS TO QUANTIFY THE TRANSPORT RATE OF
ACROSS TH? SEOIMENT-WATsR IMTSRFACE. SIMULATION OF THE
RESULTS COULD NOT BE OBTAINED USING A CONSTANT TRANSPORT
RATE. SIMULATION fc&S 03TAINED USING a CALCULATED TRANSPORT RATE WHICH
DECEASED WITH £XP3SUR^ TIM2. USING THIS DZCRe*SINo TRANSPORT RATE THE
MOOEL P^EOICT£0 Tht SOR330 TOXICAMT DISTRIBUTION WITH DEPTH. THE
DECREASE IN TRANSPORT R3T= COULD HAVF, B6SM CAUSED BY .SEOIMENT
COMPACTIONS HQW5VHR,
-------
MONTI, CAROL A,, ELLEN J. O'fcfILL, PASMELY H. PRITCHARD, ftL W. 8QURQUIN, AND
DONALD G. AHSARN, IN PREP. MODELING THE MOVEMENT OF KEPONE (CHLORDECONE)
ACROSS AN UNDISTURBED SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE IN LABORATORY SYSTEMS.
ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL. CERL.GB 487),
LABORATORY TEST SYSTEMS, SUCH AS FLASKS 6NO MICROCOSMS, ARE FREQUENTLY
USED TO EXAMINE THE INTERACTIONS 3ETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND SEDIMENT, WE
STUDIED THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAOIOLABELED KEPONE DISSOLVED IN
CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING ScAWATER AND ADDED TO A SEDIMtNT-WATER MICROCOSM.
THE SEDIMENT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO LAYERS AND THE SORBED KEPONE
CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED TO DETERMINE TOXICANT PENETRATION INTO
THE SEDIMENT. THE DATA WERE USED TO TEST WHETHER A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
BASED ON INDEPENDENT FLASK STUDIES OF THE PROCESSES AFFECTING THE FATE
OF KEPONE COULO ACCURATELY PREDICT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOXICANT IN
THE MICROCOSM SEDIMENT AND WATER. THE MODEL ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE
OBSERVED KEPONc DISTRIBUTION. MICROCOSMS, BY SIMULATING THE COMPLEXITY
OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS, PROVIDED A USEFUL TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE
ACCURACY OF MATHEMATICAL PREDICTIONS CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF A
TOXICANT IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS.
MORRISON, S.J., AND D.C. WHITE. 1980. 6FFECTS OF GRAZING BY ESTUARINE
GAMMARIOEAN AMPHIPODS ON THE MICROBIOTA OF ALLOCHTHONOUS DETRITUS. APPL.
ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. 40C3>:659-671. CERL,G8 X187).
ESTUARINE GAMMARIDEAN AMPHIPOOS GRAZING AT NATURAL POPULATION DENSITY
ON OETRITAL MICROBIOTA AFFECTED THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY COMPOSITION,
BIOMASS, AND METABOLIC ACTIVITY WITHOUT AFFECTING THE PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE OF THE LEAVES. TOTAL MICROBIAL BIOMASS ESTIMATED BY
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATt AND LIPID PHOSPHATE OR OBSERVED BY SCANNING
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY WAS GREATER ON GRAZED THAN ON UNGRAZED DETRITUS.
THE RATES OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, POLY-B-HYDROXYBUTYRATE SYNTHESIS,
TOTAL LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS, AND RELEASE OF C02-14 FROM RADIQACTIVELY
PRELABtLeD MICROBIOTA WERE HIGHER ON GRAZED THAN ON UNGRAZED LEAVES,
INDICATING STIMULATION OF THE METABOLIC ACTIVITY OF GRAZED DETRITAL
MICROBES, THIS WAS TRUE WITH RATES BASED EITHER ON THE DRY LEAF
WEIGHT OR MICROBIAL BIOMASS, THERE WAS ft FASTER INCREASE IN THE
C-14-GYCLOLIPIO THAN IN THE C-14-NEUTRAL LIPIO OR C-14-PHQSPHOLIPIO
FRACTIONS, ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPIDS SHOWED LOSSES OF THE
METABOLIC&LLY STABLE EC-I43GLYCEROLPKOSPHORYLGLYCEROL WITH AMPHIPOD
GRAZING, THE BIOCHEMICAL DATA SUPPORTED SCANNING ELECTRON MICR-OSCOPY
OBSERVATIONS OF A SHIFT AS THE GRAZING PROCEEDED FROM ft
BACTERIAL/FUNGAL COMMUNITY T3 ONE DOMINATED BY BACTERIA.
MURRAY, 6- DONALD, AND AL W. BOURQUIN, EDITORS. 1974. DEVELOPMENTS IN
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 15. SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY,
WASHIKGTO&I, DC. 426P,
-------
HICKEIS, 4.S., «UJ. BOB2IE, R.F. *&: 1262-1 268. (ERL,G-J X190).
HICROBIOTA COLONIZING SILICA GRAINS OP THE SAME SIZE AND WATER PORE
SPACS, BUT WITH A DIFFERENT MICR3T3POGR A^HY , SHOWED DIFFERENCES IN
8IQMASS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AFTER 8 WEEKS OF EXPOSURE TO RUNNING
SEAWATER. TH5 ABSENCE OF SURFACE CRACKS ftNO CREVICES RESULTED IN A
HARKED ^DIMINUTION OF THE TOT-»L MICR03IAL 8IOMASS MEASURED AS LIPID
PHOSPHATE &NO TOTAL EXTRACTA8LE PALMITIC ACID. WITH INCREASING
SMOOTHNESS OF THE SAND GRAIN SURFACE, EXAMINATION OF THE COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE SHOWED A MARKED DECREASE IN PROCARYOTES AND ALGAL
HXCROeUCARYOTES, WITH A RELATIVE INCREASE IN MICROSUCARYOTIC GRAZERS.
A COMPARISON OF THE COLONIZING SEDIMENT INCUBATED IN RUNNING SEAWATER
OR AT 32 M ON THE SEA FLQ3R WITH A SEDIMENT CORE SHOWED A DECREASED
BACTERIAL BIQMftSS WITH A DIFFERENT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND A DECREASED
TOTAL MICROeUCftsRYQTIC POPULATION OF BOTH GRAZERS AND ALGAE, THE
QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN MICR08I4L QIOMASS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
BETWEEN THE MICROCOSMS AND THE ACTUAL BENTHIC POPULATION IN THE CORE
WERE DETERMINED.
O'CONNOR, DONftLO J», AND JOHN P. CONNOLLY. 1980. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF
ADSORBING SOLIDS ON THE PARTITION COEFFICIENT. WATER RES. 14(10): 1517-1523.
DISTRIBUTION IM COMPLEX LA3GRATORY SYSTEMS. ENVIRON, SCI.
TeCHMOL. CERL,G3 488>.
LABORATORY SYSTEMS NEED TO INCORPORATE COMPLEX PROCESSES, SUCH AS
3IOTUR3ATION AND PLANT SORPTIQN, T3 PREDICT THH FATE OF A TOXICANT IN
AN AQUATIC ENVIR3&MENT. TWO EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO STUDY THE
INFLUENCE C- LUGW03MS CA5ENICOLA CRIST&T1) A*JD SEAGRASS CTHALASSIA
T£STUDINUH> ON KEPQNc DISTRIBUTION IN S50IM5NT-MATES MICROCOSMS.
RADIOLAB6LLEO KEPONE WAS INTRODUCED INTO THESE CONTINUOUS-FLOW
SYSTEMS, AMD THE DISSOLVED AiVO SORSFD CONCENTRATIONS WERE QUANTIFIED.
LU6WORM ACTIVITY OECREAStO TH£ KEPONE CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER AND
INCREASED THE C3NCENTS6TI JN SDR3ED TC SSDIMtNT. SEAGRASS5S SLIGHTLY
AFFECTED TOXIC4NT JISTRI3UTI3N BY DELAYING THE DISSOLVED CONCENTRATION
EQUILIBRIUM. THE FATE CF KEPGNt WAS INFLUENCED 3Y MORE 'COMPLEX
PBOCtSSES THAN C6N BE CO^SIDERcC IN SIMPLE LABORATORY TESTS. SUCH
PROCESSES MUST BE STUDIED ZN MICPOCGSMS TO ADEQUATELY PREDICT TOXICANT
DISTRIBUTION IN NATU*Ac ECOSYSTEMS.
P6GE 33
-------
E-, C. MONTI, P, P-UTCHA*C, AND A. BOUSQUIN. 1983. EFFECTS OF
LUGWORMS AND S£AoR4SS ON KtPON: DISTRIBUTION IN COMPLEX LABORATORY SYSTEMS
(ABSTRACT). PRESENTED AT TH = SETAC MEETING, NOV. 6, 1983, WASHINGTON, DC,
(ERL»GB
THE FAT£ OF MANY TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS IS AFFECTED
6Y THEIR INTERACTION WITH SEDIMENT. TWO BIQTIC FACTORS WHICH COULD
AFFECT THE DEGREr OF SEDIMENT INTERACTION ARE BICTURBATING BSNTHIC
INVERTEBRATES AND THE PRESENCE 0= VASCULAR AwUATIC PLANTS. THE EFFECTS
OP THESE FACTORS ON FATE PROCESSES CAN BEST BE OBSERVED IN LABORATORY
SYSTEMS WHICH SIMULATE THE COMPLEXITY OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS.
EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF STUDYING THE INFLUENCE
OF LUGWORMS CARENICCLA CRISTATA) AND SEAGRASSES CTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM)
ON POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARINE S EDIMENT- WATER SYSTEMS. KEPONE
WAS CHOSEN AS THc TEST CHEMICAL 3ECAUSE ITS RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION
AND OF ITS TR&NSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION. RAOIQLaBELSD CC14) KEPONE WAS
INTRODUCSD CONTINUOUSLY INTO DUPLICATE GLASS VESSELS CONSISTING OF
WATER OVERLYING A SEDIMENT B?D CONTAINING LUGWORMS OR PUNTS. CHANGES
IN THE DISSOLVED KtPONS CONC-rNTP AT ICNS W=R= MONITORED DAILY FOR 16
DAYS. AT THE TERMINATION OF THE ^EXPERIMENTS, TH= SEDIMENT WAS
FRACTIONATED INTO LAYERS, AND RADIOACTIVITY ASSOCIATED WITH
INTERSTITIAL WATER, SEDIMENT, LUGWORMS, AMD SEAGRASSES CLEAVES,
RHIZOMcS, AND ROOTS) WAS MEASURED TO DETERMINE KEPONE OISTIBUTION.
LUGWORH ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE K6PONE CONCENTRATION IN
THc fcATER AND INCREASED THE CONCENTRAION AND DEPTH OF KEPONE IN
SEDIMENT. KcPONE BI3A CCUMUL AT ION IN THE WORMS WAS A MINOR FACTOR IN
TH6 FINAL D I STRI3UT ION . PLANT LEAF SURFACES SOR8EO KEPONE, BUT ONLY
SLIGHTLY AFFtCTHD OVERALL TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION IN THS SYSTEMS. OUR
RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BIOTURBATION MAY HE AN IMPORTANT PROCESS
AFFECTING THE FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN SiDIMENT-WATE 3 SYSTEMS. FURTHER
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF BIOTURBATION MUST BE UNDERTAKEN
TO ADEQUATELY PREDICT TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION IN NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS.
34
-------
PARKER, JEFFREY H. , JANET S. MICKC_LS, ROb=RT F, M4RTZ, MICHAEL J. GEHRON,
NORMAN L. RICHARDS, AND DAVID C. dHITE. IN PRESS, EFFECT OF OIL AND GAS
WELL-DRILLING FLUIDS DM THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS AND MIC908I4L INFECTION OF
THE REEF BUILDING CORAL MJNASTR1A ANNUL^RUS. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL.
CeRL,bB X382).
THE RE5F BUILDING CORAL MCNTASTREA ANNUL4RUS WAS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY
TO SUSPENSIONS OF OIL AND GAS-WELL DRILLING FLUIDS AT CONCENTRATIONS
OF O.I ML LITERC-1), 0.01 ML LITEfcC-1), AND 0.0001 ML LITERC-1) IN
FLOWING S<:AWflTER AT THE U.S. NAVAL STAG? I PLATFORM (30 DEGREES 7.5*
N, 85 DEGREES 46.3" W). AFTER 6 WEEKS EXPOSURE, CORAL FRAGMENTS OF 12
TO 65 CM(2) SURFACE AREA WERE 3ROKEN OFF, RINSED IN SEAWATER, AND
EXTRACTED IN A ONE-PHASE CHLOROFGRM-METHANOL-BUFFER AND RETURNED TO
THE LABORATORY. IN THt LABORATORY, THE EXTRACTION WAS COMPLETED AND
THE PHASES SEPARATED. THE LI^IDS WERE FRACTIONATED USING SILICIC ACID
AND THIN LAYER CHR3MATOGRAPHY. TOTAL PHOSPHCLIPID, TRIGLYCERIDE
GLYCEROL, TOTAL EXT8ACTABLE FATTY ACIDS, TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS AS
WELL AS THE ESTE2 FATTY ALCOHOLS SHOWED MO CONSISTENT CHANGES WITH
tXPOSURc TO THE DRILLING FLUIDS. CHANGES IN FREE AMINO AGIO
CONCENTRATIONS WERE EXTRACTED AS WELL AS SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN THE
RECOVERABLE DI&CYL PHOSPHQLIPID. SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN PLASMALOGEN
PHGSPHOLIPIDS APPFaft^O WITH EXPOSURE. INCREASES IN PLASMALOGEN
PHQSPHOLIPIDS ARE CONSISTENT WITH INFECTION BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTING
BACTERIA WHICH CAN INDICATE OIS5ASE. THIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT
BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF INFECTION WITH ANAEROBIC BACTERIA MAY 8E
USEFUL AS SENSITIVE MARKERS FOR POLLUTION-INDUCED CHANGES IN RESF
BUILDING CORALS AND THUS FDR MONITORING THE HEALTH OF CORAL REEFS.
PftRKER, JEFFREY H.» GLfN A. SMITH, HERBERT L. FR50RICKSON, J. ROSIE VESTAL,
AND OAVIO C. WHIT5. 1982. SENSITIVE ASSAY, BASED ON HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS
FRON LIPOPDLYSACCHftRIOE LIPIO A, FOR GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN SEDIMENTS.
APPL. ENVIRON. MICR38IOL. *U5):1170-1177. CERL.GB X338).
dlQCHEMICAL MEASURES HAVE PROVIDED INSIGHT INTO THE 3IOMASS AND .
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY MICR08IOTA WITHOUT TH^ REQUIREMENT
OF SELECTION BY GROWTH OR QUANTITATIVE REMOVAL FPQM THE SEDIMENT
GRAINS, THIS STUDY USED THE ASSAY OF THE HYDROXY FATTY ACIOS RELEASED
FROM T-HE LIPIO A OF TH£ LIPOPOLYSACCHARIOE IN SEDIMENTS TO PROVIDE AN
ESTIMATE OF THE GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA. THE METHOD WAS SENSITIVE TO
PICGMOLAR AMOUNTS OF HYDRCXY FATTY ACIDS. THE RECOVERY Oc
LIPOPOLYSACCHARIOc HYDROXY FATTY ACIOS FROM ORGANISMS ADOFO TO
SEDIMENTS W4S QUANTITATIVE. THE LIPIDS WERE tXTRACTEO FROM THE
SEDIMENTS WITH A SINGLE-PH4S3 CHLOPOF3RM-HETHANOL EXTRACTION. THE
LIPIO-EXTRACTEO RESIDUE WAS HYDROLYZEO IM 1 N HCL, AND THE HYOROXY
FATTY ACIOS OF TH: LIPOPOL YSACCHuR IDE WERE f?=COVER = 0 IN aeOUT ^IVEFOLD
MORE SiNSITIVc THA1^ THt CLASSICAL PHENOL-WATER OF TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
METHODS WHEN APPLIfD TG MARINE SEDIMENTS, 3Y EXAMINATION OF THE
PATTERNS OF HYDROXY FATTY ACIOS, IT WAS ALSO POSSIBLE TO HELP DEFINE
THE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE SEDIMENTARY GRAM-NEGATIVS BACTERIA.
35
-------
PORTISR, R.J»» AND S.P. MEYrPS. IN P.^ESS. US? IF MICROCOSMS FOR ANALYSES OF
STRESS-RELATED FACTORS IN ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS. PRESENTED AT THE
INTERNATIONAL WETLANDS CONFERENCE, SZ>>TEM3ER, 1980, NEW DELHI, INDIA.
(£RL»GB X247).
FATE AND TRANSPORT Or PfcSTICIOrS AND THEIR RrSIDUFS, AS WELL AS A
VARItTY OF OTHER TOXIC SUBSTANCES, IS OF CRITICAL IMPORTANCE IN SOILS
AND SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS. 4 MAJOR PROBLEM IN DEALING WITH
SEDIMENTARY MATERIALS IS THE DIFFICULTY 0* OBTAINING REPRODUCIBLE
INFORMATION FOR MONITORING C<= K.EY STRESS INDICES IM 5STUARINE
ECOSYSTEMS. MICROCOSMS PROVIDE A CORRELATED INTERPRETATIVE APPROACH TO
FIELD STUOIiS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS, CONTRIBUTING DATA ON FATE AND
TRANSPORT OF SHORT-LIVED COMPOUNDS OF BIOLOGICAL S I.MGIFICftNCE. THE
MICROCOSM APPROACH IS DESIGNfD TO STIMULATE A SPECIFIC TARGET
ENVIRONMENT IN THE LABORATORY, WHEREIN CRITICAL PARAMETERS CAN 8E
CONTROLLED OR MONITORED IN CONJUNCTION WITH INTRODUCTION OF A VARIETY
OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL STRESS-DELATED FACTORS. & REGULATED
CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH MICROCOSM SYSTEM H4S BEEN DEVELOPED TO DISCERN
SUBSTRATE RATES EFFECTS AND STRESS INDICES BASED ON MICROBIAL RESPONSE
AND COMPOUND TURNOVER. FEATURES OF THE MICROCOSM ALLOW FOR VARIABILITY
IN FLOW RATE, TEMPERATURE, AND PH, MAINTENANCE OF SOIL/WATER INTERFACE
ANALOGOUS TO CONDITIONS IN A NATURAL ENVIRONMENT, AND INPUT AND
OUTFLOW OF A VARItTY OF LIQUIO SUBSTRATES. EVALUATIONS OF THESE
SYSTEMS HAVE INCLUDED TIME/ACTIVITY ANALYSES AND DATA VALIDITY
DETERMINATIONS.
PORTIER, R.J., AND S.P. MEYERS. 1981. CHITIN TRANSFORMATION AND PESTICIDE
INTERACTIONS IN A SIMULATED AQUATIC MICRCEN VI RONMENTAL SYSTEM. IN:
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, VOL. 22. SOCIETY FOR INDUSTRIAL
KICROdlOLQGY, ARLINGTON, VA. PP« 543-555. CERL.GB X224).
INTERACTIONS 8cTW£EN THE STRUCTURAL AMINO-POL YSACCHAR I DE , CHITIN,
THE ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE, AZINPHOSMETH YL CGUTHION), HAVE BEEN
STUDIED IN A CONTROLLEJ CONTINUOUS FLOW-THROUGH MICROCOSM.
PESTICIDE-INDUCED MICROBIAL ^QPllLATIQN CHAMGES AND INCREASES IN
SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION OF CHITIN ARE NOTED. SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN
TOTAL HETER3TROPHS AND CH IT INOCL ASTS OCCURRED R?L4TIVE TO CONTINUOUS
APPLICATION OF AZI NPHOSMf THYL. RAPID UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION OF CHITIN
AND ITS DERIVATIVES, ENHANCEO 3Y CONTROLLED AZINPHQS^E THYL ADDITIONS,
WERE EXAMINED USING A TAGGED CHITIN BREAKDOWN PRODUCT,
N-CGLUCOSAMINe-l-14C)-AC=TYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE. RATES OF UTILIZATION
COINCIDED WITH RAPID 14CG2 RELEASE, ASSIMILATION OF 14C BY MICROBIAL
AND ENZYMATIC CRITERIA, INOCULATE THE APPLICATION Oc THE 9ENCHTOP
MICROCOSM IN ANSLYSEb Oc COMPOUND IMPACT AND SUBSTRATE TURNOVER.
PAG6 36
-------
PORTIER, R.J., iND S.P. MEY£.?S. 1982. MONITORING 3IOTRANSFORMATION AND
BIOOEGRADATION 3F XENOBIOTICS IN SIMULATfO AQUATIC MICROENVIRQNMENTAL
SYSTEMS. IN: DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL MIC^O^J3LOGY, VOL. 23. SOCIETY FOR
INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, OC. P». 459-475. (=RL,GB X432).
MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES CGUPL20 WITH PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF
ENVIRONMENTALLY SIGNIFICANT X£N09ICTICS WiRE CONDUCTED IN CONTINOUS
FLOW-THROUGH AND CARbOM METABOLISM MICROCOSMS TO DETERMINE THE
fiEHAVIOR Qf= THESE TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT-WATER SYSTEMS
TYPICAL OF COASTAL WETLANDS. THE ORG4NOPHOSPHATE, C-14-METHYL
PARATHION, AND THE CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE, C-14-KEPONE, WERE EXAMINED
FOR STRESS INDEXES BASED CN MICROBIAL RESPONSE AND COMPOUND TURNOVER.
SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN MICRC3IAL POPULATIONS, ATP, AND SPECIFIC
ENZYME SYSTEMS CI.H., PHQSPHATASE AND DEHYDR3GENASr), COINCIDING WITH
RAPID COC2) EXPIRATION AND C-l*-aSSIMILATION *Y THE CELLULAR
COMPONENT, POINTED TO 30TH RAPID 8IOTRANSFORMATION AND 3IQDEGRAOATION
OF METHYL PARATHION. MINIMAL RATcS OF CC<2) RELEASE WE3E NOTEO FOR
KEPONE* WITH NO SIGNIFICANT VARIATION SEEN IN TOTAL MICROBIAL REPSONSE
OR ATP LEVELS. HOWEVER* C-14-ASSIMILATICM OF KEPONE WAS DETECTED.
DEGRADATION RATES FOR METHYL PARATHION WERE COMPARA3LE TO IN SITU
RATES AT EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS. FUNGAL bICTRANSFORMATION IS SUGGESTED AS
IMPORTANT IM METHYL PARATHIQN DEGRADATION, WITH A NEGATIVE RESPONSE
FOR KEPON6. SIMILAR ACTIVITY WAS DISCERNED FOR BOTH COMPOUNDS IN
AXENIC FLASK STUDIES. STATISTICALLY VALIO CORRELATIONS AR= EVIDENT
BETWEEN MICROCOSM AND FIELD 3ATA.
PRAKER, 0., »<. 8ARTHA, AND A.M. ^OURQUIN. 1979. DISCUSSION: CONCEPTS AND
TRENDS (AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLGGY). IN: AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, R.R.
COLWELL AND JOAN FOSTER, EDITORS* UNIV. OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK, MO, PP,
406-433. (£RL,G8 X302).
PRITCHARD, P., J. CONNOLLY, -.. CLEVELAND, ANQ 4. BOURQUIN. 1980. MODELING
OF FATE OF PcSTICIDc'S IN -STUARIN? SEJIMENT-WAT£R MICROCOSMS (ABSTRACT). IN:
ABSTRACTS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
MICROBIOLOGY--1980. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, OC. PP,
202, (ERL,GB X173).
PRITCHARD, P., J. CONMOLLY, T. lAZISRZ, E. CL:V?LANO, R. CRIPE, ANO A,W.
BOURGUIN. IN PREP. APPLICATION' OF MICROCOSM STUDIES TO VERIFY CHEMICAL FATE
ASSESSMENTS; COMPARISONS OF TH:£ FATE OP METHYL PARATHION IN SEDIMENT-WATER
SYSTEMS, WATER RES. Cb'RL«GB 453).
THIS PAPER REPORTS ON Trȣ FATE 0<= AW CRGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE, METHYL
PARATHION, IN A S^LT "4AKSH MICROCOSM AS ft R5PRESEMT4TICN OF THE
*STATE-OF-TH£-WHCLJ~ AND ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFICACY OF OATA
FROM SIMPLE LABTRATCRY TtSTS, USING A MATHEMATICAL MOOEL TO DESCRIBE
THIS FATE. TESriVG THE AJEJUACY 3F THIS DESCRIPTION WILL REPRESENT AN
INITIAL EXERCISf IN DETrRMING IF A SYSTEM-CENTERED APPROACH TO
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IS REALLY NECESSARY.
37
-------
PRITCHARD, P.H. 1981. MCDFL = C:3 SY STEMS . IN: £NVIRONM'NTAL RISK ANALYSIS
OF CHEMICALS. RICHARD A. C3NWAY, EDITOR, VQN NCSTRiNO REINHOLD CO., NEW
YORK, NY. PP. 257-353. ISACOLA dEACri, FL. U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION. CERL,Gd 468>.
THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO ILLUSTRATE HCW MICROCOSM STUDIES INTERFACE WITH
6CTH *JA$TE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY C=TrRUINATIONS (REGARDLESS QF THE
APPROACH TAKEM OR =NQPQIMTS SELECT-ED) 3ND OTHER LESS QUANTITATIVE
TYPES OF ASSESSMENTS.
PAGE 33
-------
PRITCtfARD, P.M., AND A.W. &OURGUIM. 19dl. ESTIMATING -EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATIONS USING SeDIM^NT-hUTER MICROCOSMS (ABSTRACT).
-------
PRITCHARD* P.H., A.W. bOURgUIM, h.L. pc! EDE RICKSON, AND T. MAZIARZ. 1979.
SYSTEM DESIGN FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL FATS STUDIES IN MICROCOSMS.
IN: WORKSHOP: MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS.
EPA-600/9-79-012, A.W. 60URQUIN AND P.h. »RITCHARD, EDITORS, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. PP. 251-272. CE3L.G4 XllO.
TWO HICROCQSMS USED IN ENVIRONMENTAL FATE STUDIES ARE DESCRIBED, ONE
IS A STATIC SYSTEM WHICH UTILIZES a SEDIMENT/MATER CORE AND THE OTHER
IS A CONTINUOUS-FLOW SYSTEM USING A STRUCTURED SEDIMENT/WATER GROWTH
VESSEL WITH CONTINUOUS ADDITION OF SEAWATER. THE EFFECTS OF DESIGN
CHARACTERISTICS OF 80TH SYSTEMS ON THE FATE OF METHYL PASATHION CMPS)
WAS STUDIED. SEDIMENT/WATER CORES TAKEN OIPFCTLY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
WERE GENERALLY SLOWER TO DEGRADE MPS THAN CORES "STRUCTURED" WITH
SEDIMENT ANJ WATER IN THE LA80RAT3RY. DEGRADATION RATES WERE SLOWER
WHEN SEDIMENT TO WATER PATIOS WERE INCREASED CWATER DECREASED) IN
EITHER TYPE CORE. LABORATORY-AGED CORES WERE LESS REACTIVE THAN
"FRESH" CORES WHEN 14CC2 AND DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF C14-HPS WAS
MEASURED. CONTINUOUS-FLOW MICROCOSMS WHICH WERE ACCLIMATED TO METHYL
PARATHION OVER A 50-DAY PERIOD WERE MORE ACTIVE IN REMOVAL FROM THE
MATER COLUMN AND HETA30LISM OF MPS THAN AGED SYSTEMS NOT EXPOSED TO
MPS FOR THE PRECEDING 25 CAYS. TOTAL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE
WATER OF CONTINUOUS-FLOW SYSTEMS SHOWED A GREATER REMOVAL FROM ACTIVE
SYSTEMS THAW STERILE ONES. THIS IS ATTRIBUTED PRIMARILY TO SORPTION TO
SEDIMENTS. PRODUCT ANALYSIS SHOWED REMOVAL OF MPS WITH PRODUCTION OF
AMINOMETHYL PARATHION AND I4C02, WHEREAS THE ONLY PRODUCT IN THE
CONTROL SYSTEM WAS P-NITRO PHENOL. THIS PAPER SUPPORTS THE CONTENTION
THAT DESIGN FEATURES WILL PARTLY DETERMINE THE OUTCOME OF ft FATE
EXPERIMENT. INTACT SEDIMENTS* AGED SYSTEMS. ACCLIMATED SYSTEMS AND
SIZE OF THE MICROCOSM WERt SHOWN H£RF TO AFFECT THE DATA FROM TWO
DIFFERENT MICROCOSMS.
PRITCHARD, P.H., &,ri. BOURWUIN, AND T. HAZIARZ. 1978. DEGRADATION OF METHYL
PARATHION IN \ FLOW-THROUGH AQUATIC M3D5L ECOSYSTEM (ABSTRACT). IN:
ABSTRACTS OF THE: ANNUAL MEETING Oc THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY^
1978. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICR03IOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 195. (6RL,GB
X228).
WTCHARD, P.H., AND AL W. BCURQUIN. 1977. DEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION
IN S5AWATER USING CONTINUOUS CULTURE CA3STRACT). IN: ABSTRACTS OF THE
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 0= MICROBIOLOGY 1977. AMSRIC&N
SOCIETY OF MICRG6IOLOGY, WASHINGTON, 9C. PP. 273. CERL,GB 317).
-------
PRITCKARDs P.H., J.P. CONNOLLY, M.E, CLEVELAND, T. MAZIARZ, AND A.W.
0GURQUIN, 1980. MOOeLING Thr FATE Oc °ESTICID?S IN ?STU&
-------
PRITCKAftO, P.H.t ftNO C.^. CRIPS. in PREP. MICROCOSM SYSTEM TO MODEL THE
FATE ANO EFFECTS OF P-CRESOL ANO OTHER POLLUTANTS IN LOTIC STREAM ECOSYSTEMS,
LIHNOL. DCEANOGR. CERL,G3 46^).
A TANK-TYPE MICROCOSM WAS DESIGNED TO SIMULATE THE RIFFLE AND POOL
AREAS OF A LOTIC ECOSYSTEM. CONDITIONS OF NATURAL TUR5ULENCE AND
PHYSICAL INTEGRITY WERE PRESERVED. WATER C3LUMN MIXING WAS OPTIMIZED.
INTACT SECTIONS OF THE STKcAM INCLUDING ASSOCIATED P5RIPHYTON,
MACROPHYTES AND INVERTEBRATES WERE TRANSPORTED TO MICROCOSMS USING
TRAYS. CALIBRATION Or THE MICROCOSM'S BEHAVIOR WITH THE FIELD IS
DEMONSTRATED WITH STUDIES INVOLVING THE FATE AND EFFECT OF A TOXICANT,
P-CRESOL.
PR1TCHARD* P.H., R.J. LARSON, ANO L.S. CLESCE3I. 1980. SYNOPSIS Op
DISCUSSION SESSION: EXTRAPOLATION. INS BIOTRANSFORMATION AND FATE OF
CHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. ALAN w. MAKI, KENNETH L. /OICKSON AND
JOHN CAIRNSs JR, EDITORS, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC.
PP. 99-104. CERL,G& X266).
PRITCHARD, P.H., P*A. VAN VELD, ANO W.P. COOPER. 1981, 3IODEGRADATION OF
P-CRESOL IN ARTIFICIAL STREAM CHANNELS (A3STRACT). IN: ABSTRACTS OF THE
ANNUAL MtETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 1981. AMERICAN
SOCIETY FOR MIC303IOLQGY» WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 210.
-------
RUBINSTEIN, NQ3MAN I., CH4RLES N. D'ASARO, CHSRNELL SQMMERS, AND FRANK G.
W1LKES. i960. EFFECTS 0- CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS ON REPRESENTATIVE ESTOARINE
SPECIES AND DEVELOPING 3ENTHIC COMMUNITIES. IN: CONTAMINANTS AND SEDIMENTS,
VOL, i: TRANSPORT, FATE AND C6SE STUDIES. ROBERT A. BAKER, EDITOR, ANN
ARBOR SCIHNCS PUBLISHERS, ANN ARBOR, MI. PP. 445-461, CERL,GB 406).
6IOASSAY TECHNIQUES DEVELOPED TO EXAMINE ACUTE AND SUBL5THAL EFFECTS
OF DREDGED SEDIMENTS ON MARINE LIFE ASS DESCRIBED, RESULTS ARE
REPORTED fOR LABORATORY TESTS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE SU3LETHAL AND
ACUTE EFFECTS OF KEP3NE-S03BED SEDIMENT AND DREDGED SPOIL MATERIAL
FROM THE JAMES RIVER AND THE HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL ON THE MYSID SHRIMP,
MYSIDOPSIS 3AHIAI OYSTcR, CRASS3STR-A VI3GINIC&; AND POLYCHAETE,
ARcNICOLA CRISTATA, CRITERIA ESTABLISHED FOR THE STUDY INCLUDE CD
SURVIVAL OF MYSI3S; C2) SHELL DEPOSITION AND 810 ACCUMULATION OF
CONTAMINANTS? C3> SU8STR6TE-RE^OxKING AND 3I3ACCUMULATION BY LUGWORMS;
<4) RESILIENCY OF MACRO^AUNAL ORGANISMS THAT SETTLED ONTO TEST
SEDIMENTS FROM PLANKTONIC LARVAE.
SCOTT, GEOFFREY I., TOMMY I. SAMMONS, C3UGLAS P. MID06UGH, AND MICHAEL J.
HEMMER. 1982. IMPACTS 3F WATER CHL3PINATION AND CCLIFORM BACTERIA ON THE
AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTRE& VIRGINICA CGW£LIN>. INS PHYSIOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS OF MARINE POLLUTANT TOXICITY. W,3. VERNSERG, A. CALA8RESE, AND
F.P. TriURBERG, EDITORS, ACADEMIC PRESS, NEW YORK. PP. 505-529. . THER£ IS A T*AOE-CCF AS THE MORE IMMEDIATE RISK OF
BACTERIAL POLLUTION IS REDUCED TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL, 8UT I*J ITS
PLACc CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCTS SUCH AS BROMOFOSM, A PCTENT CARCINOGEN,
ARE INTRODUCED INTO ESTUARINE WATERS WHERE THEY MAY 3E 81OCONCENTRATED
SY OYSTERS ANO MAY ULTIMATELY AFFECT HUMAN CONSUMERS CSCOTT ET AL.,
19BOS SCCTT, 1982). THROUGHOUT THIS ATTEMPT TO CONTROL BACTERIAL
POLLUTION* THE PRIMARY CONCERN HAS 3EEN FOCUSED ON PROTECTING HUMAN
HEALTH WITHOUT GIVING CONSIOERATION TO TrJE POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS OF THE DISINFECTION PROCESS ON OYSTERS. THE PURPOSE OF THIS
PAPER WAS TO REVIEW AND CONTRAST THE POTENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
OF COLIFORM BACTERIA AND CHLORIN: ON THE AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA
VIRGINICA CGMELIN) AND TO (EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL RISKS AND BENEFITS OF
EACH POLLUTANT TYPE IN AN EFFORT TO GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE PROPER
MANAGEMENT OF SHELLFISH RESOURCES.
-------
SHERIDAN, PtTcR F. 1978. FOOD HABITS OF THE BAY ANCHOVY, ANCHOA MITCHILLl,
IN APALACHIC9LA BAY, FLORIDA. NORTHEAST GULF SCI. 2 (2 ) : 126-1 32 . <£RL,GB
XI23).
0NTOGEMETIC, SPATIAL ANG TEMPORAL ASP=CTS Oc THE FOOD HABITS OF THE
BAY ANCHOVY, ANCH3A MITChlLLl, Wc^F EXAMINED IN FISH COLLECTED FROM
APALACHICQLA BAY, FLORIDA. CftLANOIO COPEPQOS WERE TH5 M&JOR
CONSTITUENT OF THt ANCHOVY DIET, 3UT ThEI? IMPORTANCE DECLINED WITH
FISH GROWTH AS LARGER 200PLANKTEPS SUCH AS MYSIOS WERE CONSUMED.
SPECIALIZATION UPON COPcPOOS L50 TO MODERATE DIET SIMILARITY AMONG
SITES IN THE ESTUARY, EXCEPT IM AREAS NEAR THE MOUTH OF THE
APALACfflCOLA 8IVER WH£R£ MYSIDS, INSECT LARVAE, AND CLADOCERANS WERE
MAJOR FOOD ITEMS. COPEPODS WERE THE DOMINANT PREY IN ALL MONTHS BUT
MERE MARKEDLY LESS ABUNDANT P«EY IN OCTOBER, DECEMBER, AND FEBRUARY
WHEN OTHER CSUSTftCcANS AND INSECT LARVAE BECAME RELATIVELY MORE
ABUNDANT.
SMITH, GLEN 4., JANET S. NICKELS, RONALD J. 90SBIE, NORMAN L. RICHARDS, AND
DAVID C. WHITE. 1382. .EFFECTS OF CIL AND GAS WELL-DRILLING FLUIDS ON THE
BIOMASS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF MICRQBIOTA THAT COLONIZE SANDS IN RUNNING
S5AWATER. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. 11(1)217-23. (ERL,GB X303),
FLUID AND A NUMBHR Oc TH? KNOWN COMPDNSTS C8ARIT% CLAY,
ALDACIOE, SURFLO, AND OOWICIOE, WERE TESTED FOR EFFECTS ON THE BIOMASS
AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 0- THE MICR06IOTA THAT COLONIZE MARINE SANDS
EXPOSED FOR EIGHT W£EKS TO RUNNING AM3IENT SEAWATER. SHADING THE
MICROBIOTA FRGM LIGHT DEPRESSED THE MIC30FLQRA WITHOUT A SIGNIFICANT
EFFECT ON THc BIOMASS. WHILE WELL-DRILLING FLUIDS LAYERED ON THE
SURFACE OR MIXED WITH THE SAND SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED A COMPONENT OF
THE BACTERIA AND TH= MICROFAUNA AS REFLECTED IN CHANGES IN THE FATTY
ACID COMPOSITION. THER- WE*E S3ME SHfiOING EFFECTS FROM THE SURFACE
LAYERING OF WELL-DRILLING FLUIDS AS rfE^LECTEO IN THE FATTY ACIDS FROM
THE HICROFL3RA WHEM COMPARED TO TH? SANDS MIXED WITH fccLL-DRILLING
FLUIDS, BARITe HAD ESSENTIALLY NC E-=F5CT ON THE BIOMASS OR COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE WHILE CLAYS INCREASED NrAPLY ALL OF THE BIOMASS INDICATORS
FGrt THE BACTERIA AS W£LL AS THE MICROFAUNA; Trig CLAY OVERLAY MIRRORS
THE EFFcCT OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS. ALD&CIOE SHIFT60 THE BACTERIAL
COMPOSITION, DEPRESSING THc PROPORTIONS OF MICROBES CONTAINING THE
CYCLOPROPANE FATTY ACIDS aNO THE afUERQ3IC PATHWAYS OF DESATURAT JON,
CONCENTRATIONS OF 1 AND 15 UG/L INCREASED THE BACTERIAL BIOMASS AS
ReFLcCTEO IN THt TOTAL LlflO (16:0) AND EXTRACTftBLE LI«>ID PHOSPHATE
COUPLSD WITH A DECREASE IN Trit TOTAL MICROEUKARYCTPS. SURFLO INCREASED
IN THt 8IOMASS AND SHIFTED THE BaCTERiaL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT
CONCENTRATIONS 35T^E:N 4 AND 800 US/L. THE LOWEST LEVEL ALSO
STIMULATED THE MIC^O«=AUN4. OOWICID^ AT 100 U3/L INCREASED THE BACTERIA
FORMING CrSVACCENIC ACID AND THE MICROFAUNA SIMILAR TO LOW
CONCrNTRATIONS Oc
P A vj c 4«»
-------
SHITH, GlEM A., JANET S. NICKELS, WILLIAM M. DAVIS, ROBERT F. MARTZ, ROBERT
H. FINOLAY, AND DAVIO C. WHITE. 1982. PERTURBATIONS IN THE BIOMASS,
METABOLIC ACTIVITY, AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE ESTUARINE DETRITAL
HIC808IDTA: RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN AMPHIP3C GRAZING. J. EXP. MAR, 8IOL,
£COL. 64<2):i25-I43.
-------
SOMSRVILLS, C.C., L.C. SUTLER, T.J. LfE, A. W. 30UR3UIN, AND J.C. SPAIN.
1983. DEGRADATION OF JET FUEL HYDROCARBONS BY AQUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
(ABSTRACTS. INJ ABSTRACTS OF TK^ ANNUAL\ M£=TING OF THE AMERICAN
SOCEITYIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 1983. AMERICAN SOCIETY *=03
HICRBIOLPQ8IQL03Y, WASHINGTON, OC. P°. 234. (fPL,G6 458).
A MIXTURH 3F FIFTEEN HYDROCARBONS REPPESENTATIVE G- THOSE IN
DISTILLATE JET FUELS WAS UScO TO DETERMINE WHETHER DEGRADATION SY
NATURAL MICRC3IAL COMMUNITIES COULD AFFECT THE PERSISTENCE OF SUCH
FUeLS RELEASED INT3 AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. THE MIXTURE INCLUDED HEXftNE,
CYCLOHEXANS, N-HfPTANE, METHYLCYCLQHEXANE, TOLUENE, N-QCTANE,
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE, P-XYLENE, CUMENE, 1,3,5-TRIMeTHYLBENZENE, INOAN,
NAPHTHALENE, 2~f*ETHYLNAPHTHALENE, N-TETRADECANE, AMD
2,3-OIMETHYLNAPTHTHALENE. THE MIXTURE WAS INCU8ATEO WITH WATER OR
MATER AND SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS COLLECTED AT 5STUARINE AND FRESHWATER
SITES. DISAPPEARANCE Of HYQRSOCARBONS WAS MEASURED BY CAPILLARY COLUMN
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. CONTROL FLASKS WERE STERILIZED WITH HGCLC2> TO
ESTIMATE LOSSES DUE TO VOLATILIZ&TIOM. CC6)-CC9) COMPOUNOS VOLATILIZED
QUICKLY. INOAN, N4PTHfHALcNt, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE WERE MUCH LESS
VOLATILE AND W£R£ BIODEGRADcO RAPIDLY A=T£R UNO INITIAL 24H LAG
PERIOD. THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED MICROFLORA
STIMULATED BIODEGRADATION. ASSAYS OF T3T*L HETEROTROPHS AND
HYOROCARSONOCLASriC BACTERIA INDICATED AND INITIAL TQXICITY OF THE
FUEL MIXTURE FOLLOWED BY A STIMULATION OF HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING
BACTERIA.
SPAIN, J., P.H. PRITCHARD, 6NO AL W. BCURGUIN. 1981. ADAPTION OF NATURAL
MICR06IAL POPULATIONS TO ORGANIC SUBSTRATES SFTFR EXPOSURE) TO PNP AT
CONCENTRATIONS AS LOU AS 60 PPB AND TO MPS AT HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS,
SALTMARSH POPULATIONS SHOWED MO EVIDENCE OF ADAPTATION TO EITHER
COMPOUND AT ANY TEST COP4C£NTRATIONS. SALTMARSH POPULATIONS SHOWED NO
EVIDENCE OF ADADJiTlON TO EITHER COMPOUND AT ANY TEST CONCENTRATION.
PNP AND KPS UTILIZING dACT=RIA W5RE OBTAINED IN PURE CULTURE FROM
RIVER SAMPLES USING SSLcCTIVE ENRICHMENT teCHNIQUE. SIMILAR BACTERIA
WERE NOT ISOLATED -RJM SALTMARSH SITES. RESULTS INDICATE THAT
ADAPTATION 3CCU3S IN CERTAIN ENVIRONMENTS AND MAY BE DEPENDENT ON
SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS. BIOOEGRADATICN RATES 33SERV-D IN ACTUAL MEDIA
LABORATORY SYSTEMS CAN 3E 4FF6CTEO BY CONCENTRATION AND PRIOR
EXPOSURE; THEREFORE ADAPTATION MUST 3E CDNSIOESEO WHEN PREOITIMG FATE
OF TOXIC CHEMICALS*
PAGE
-------
SPAIN, J.C., C.C., SOMESVILLt, T.J. L:E, L.C. bUTLE», ANO A.W. BOURQUIN.
1*83. OEGRADaTION OF J5T FUEL HY3R3C4R8GNS 8V 4QUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES:
AN INTERIM REPORT 23 OCTO&ER 1981 TO 30 S=PTEMB?R 1932. EPA-600/X-83-059 ,
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGEMCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
3RE6ZE, FL. 205P.
A MOOcL FUEL MIXTURE OF FIFTEEN HYDROCARBONS REPRESENTATIVE OF THOSE
DISTILLATE JET FUELS WAS USED TO Dr.TEMIN£ WHETHER OFGRANDATION BY
NATURAL HICR03I&L COMMUNITIES CCULO AFFECT THE PERSISTENCE OF SUCH
FUELS RELEASED IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. THE MIXTU*? INCLUDED HEXANE,
CYCLGKcXANE, N-HSPTftNE, METHYLC YCLQHEXANE, T3LU6NE, N-OCTANE,
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE, P-XYLENE, CUMcNE, TRIMETH YLB5NZENE, INOAW
NAPHTHALENE, N-TETHAOECANe, 2, 3-9IMETHYLNAPHTHALENE . THE WATER SOLUBLE
FRACTION OF THE MODEL FUEL WAS INCUBATED IN SHAKE PLASKS WITH WATER OR
WATER AND SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS COLLECTED AT ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER
SITES, SURFACES FILMS OF THE MOD?L MIXTURE WERt STUDIED UNDER QUIESENT
INCUBATION. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HYDROCARBONS WAS MEASURED BY
CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHftCIATOGRAPHY. CONTROL FLASKS WERE STERILIZED
WITH MGCLC2) TO ESTIMATE LOSSrS DUE TO ABIOTIC PROCESSES, C(6)-C(9)
COMPOUNDS VOLATILIZED 2UICKLY. INSDAN, NAPHTHALENE, AND
2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE WERF MUCH LESS VOLATILE AND MESS BIODEGRADED FROM
SOLUTION AFTER ANO INTIAL 2*rt LAG PERIOD. TH= PRESENCE 3F SEDIMENT
ASSQCIATcD MICROFLORA STMULATED DEGRADATION. BIODFGRAOftTION WAS NOT AN
IMPORTANT F*TE PRCCSSS OF THE MOD=L FUEL COMPONENTS IN THE QUIESCENT
TEST. ASSAYS OF TOTAL h£T=RTROPKS AD 4YDROCARON3CL ASTIC BACTERIA
INOIC4TEO AN INITIAL TOXICITY OF THE FU5L MIXTUR5 FOLLOWED BY A
STIMULATION OF HYDROCARBQN-OtGRADING BACTERIA. FATr TESTS WERE
REPEATED WITH PcTHOL£UM-D£RlV rD JP-4. THE SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF JP-4
VOLATILIZED TOO 3APIOLY FOR SIOD EGRAOATI3N TO OCCUR. SEDIMENTATION
DRAMATICALLY SFfECTEO THE F4T= 3F FUEL COMPONENTS WHfN MIXIMG 0*= THE
HYDROCARBON AND SEDIMcNT L&YHRS STUDIED. SEDIM5NT ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS
WEftE MORS RESISTANT TO VOLATILIZATION ANO HICROBIAL ATTACK.
SUBSTITUTED 6ENZENES AND N-ftLKANtS HERE R&OILY BIQOeGRADEO WHEN NOT
LIMITED 8Y EVAPORATION ANO StDlMENTATION. JP-4 DID NOT PROVE TOXIC TO
TH£ MICR09IAL COMMUNITIES OF TH£ TEST SYSTEMSt BUT DID STIMULATE THE
REPLICATOH OF HYDRCARBONOCLAST 1C
SPAIN, JIM C., TOM MILHGUS, A^JO AL W. BOURQUIN. 1931. EFFECTS OF ADAPTATION
ON DEGRADATION 3F ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY NATURAL MICRDBIAL POPULATIONS
(ABSTRACT). IMS. ABSTRACTS CF TH= &NMUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY 1981. AMERICAN SOCIETY CCR HICROBIOLOGY » WASHINGTON, DC.
-------
SPAIN, JIM C., P.H. PRITCHARD, AND A.W. BQURQUIN. 1930. EFFECTS OF
ADAPTATION ON BIOQEGRADATION RATES IN SEGIM=NT/WATER CORES FROM ESTUARINE AND
FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS. APPL. EMVIRON. MICR03IOL. 40C4):726-734,
-------
VAN VELD, P.A., AND J.C. SPAIN. H83. 3IOOE&RA3ATIQN OF METHYLPARATHION,
P-NITROPH£NQL» AND P-CRES9L IN TH3EE TYPES Oc LABORATORY TEST SYSTEMS
CABSTRACT>. INS ABSTRACTS CF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MASKICAMERICAN
SOCEITYIETY FOR MICPONBIOLOGY, 1983. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY,
WASHIGNGTON, OC. PP. 266. CERL,G8 45S).
THREE TYPES OF LABORATORY T?ST SYSTEM WERE USED TQ MEASURE THE
BIODeGRAOATION OF METHYL PAR4THI3N (MP), P-NITR3PHENOL (PNP5, AND
P-CRESOL TO ASSESS THE EFFECT 3F SYSTEM DESIGN ON THE DEGRADATION AND
FATE OF SUCH C3MPOUNOS. SHAKE FLASKS CONTAINING WATER OR
WATER/SEDIMENT SLURRIES ANO INTACT CORES WITH WATER AND SEDIMENT WERE
PREPARED WITH ESTUARINt WATER AND SEDIMENT. RAOICLABELED TEST
COMPOUNDS (200 UG/L) WERE 4DOEO TO EACH TEST SYSTEM ANO DISAPPEARANCE
OF THE PARENT COMPOUNDS MAS MEASURED BY HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID
CHROMATOGR6PHY OR GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRA^HY. DEGRADATION 0*= MP AND PNP
MAS FASTEST It« ECOCCRES fiNO SLOWEST IN WATER FLASKS. IN HOST CASES,
DEGRADATION OF PNP IN FLASKS WAS NEGLIGIBLE. P-CRESOL DISAPPEARED
RAPIDLY IN ALL SYSTEMS AFTER A VARIABLE LAG PERIOD. THE RESULTS
SUGGEST THAT FOR SOME COMPOUNDS THAT CAN 3E TRANSFORMED BY REDUCTIVE
AS WELL AS OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS, DEGRADATION MAY BE 4STER IN SYSTEMS
WITH UNDISTUR3EO SEDIMENTS. FDR P-CRESDL THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT IN
THE TEST SYSTEM SEEMS TO BE LESS IMPORTtNT.
VAN VELD, P.A., AND J.C. SPAIN. 1983. DEGRADATION OF SELECTED XENOBIOTIC
COMPOUNDS IN THRE5 TYPES 3F AQUATIC T€ST SYSTEMS. CHEMOSPHERr.
12(9/10)21291-1305.
-------
MALfCER, WILLIAM W. 1978. INSECTICIDE PERSISTENCE IN NATURAL SEAWATER AS
AFFECTED BY SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, AND STERILITY. EPA-600/3-7S-044, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZf, PL, 25P.
THt EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND STERILITY ON THE DEGRADATION
OF MALftTHICN, PARATHION, MtTHYL PARATrilON, DIAZINCN, AND METHOXYCHLOR
IN FRESH AND ESTUASINE WATER HAS BEEN DETERMINED UNDER CONTROLLED
LABORATORY CONDITIONS. SURFACE MftTEP SAMPLES OF 1, 10, 20, AMD 29 PPT
SALINITY WER= AMENDED WITH THE ASCVE INSECTICIDES AND INCUBATED IN THE
DARK AT 30» 20, ANO 10 D2GREES C UNDER STERlLr AND NONSTERILE
CONDITIONS. INSECTICIDE ABATEMENT WAS FOLLOWED 8Y ELECTRON-CAPTURE
GAS-LIQUID CH30MATDSR4PHIC TECHNIQUES. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN STERILE AND NONSTERILS TREATMENTS WERE 03S3RVED FOR ANY OF THE
INSECTICIDES STUDIES* WHILE THE EFFECT OF INCREASING TEMPERATURE WAS
HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT WITH REGARD TO INCREASED DEGRADATION OF MALATHION,
PARATHION, METHYL PARATHIQN, AND OIAZINON. METHOXYCHLOR REFLECTED THE
RECALCITRANCE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON
INSECTICIDES THROUGHOUT 84 DAYS ON INCUBATION AND WAS NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFHCTED BY SALINITY, TEMPERATURE, Oft STERILITY.
SALINITY EFFECTS W£3£ VARIED AMONG TH2 FOUR 3RGANOPHOSPHATES, BEING
HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT FOR MALftTHIQN AND DISZINON, SIGNIFICANT F3R METHYL
PARATHION, AND NOT SIGNIFICANT FOR PARATHION.
WHITE, D.C., R.J. 303BIE* J.S. NICKELS* S.G. FAZIO, AND W.M. DAVIS. 1980.
NONSELECTIVE BIOCHEMICAL METHODS ?OR THE DETERMINATION OF FUNGAL MASS AND
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN ESTUARINS DETRITAL MICROCL3RA. 80T. MAR.
23C4):239-250.
-------
WHITE, DAVID C. 1^82. 5IOCH?MICAL 05TERMINiTION OF 3IOMASS ANO COMMUNITY
STRUCTURE OF cSTUARINE 0-:TR1T&L ANO SEOIVcNTiPY MICROBIOTA, IN: IMPACT OF
XcNQBIQTIC CHgMICALS ON MICRCBIAL ECOSYSTEMS, U.S. FISH WILDL. SERV. TECH.
PAP. NO, 107. U.S. FISH AMD WILDLIFE: SE^VIC-., Vi ASHIMGTQN , 00, PP. 22-2%.
CERUGB X375).
SEDIMENTARY MICRQBIAL 3IOM&SS, M6TAB3LIC ACTIVITY, NUTRITIONAL STATUS,
AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE WERE OST = R*iINEO ^Y THE ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTABIE
LIPIOS AND HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS OF THE LIPIO EXTRACTED RESIDUE. JHESE
METHODS HAVS SEEN VALIDATED BY ANALYSIS cc MIXTURES OF MICROSIAL
MONOCULTURES; 3Y COMPARISONS WITH MONOCULTURES ISOLATED FROM MICROSIAL
ASSEMBLIES! BY SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF OETRITAL
MICROBIAL ASSEMBLIES MANIPULATED WITH ANTIBIOTICS, NUTRIENTS, AND
LIGHT; ANO BY MEASUREMENTS OF THE EFCECTS OF GRAZING BY SELECTIVE
DEPOSIT FEEDING INVERTEBRATES, THESE METHODS HAVE SHOWN THAT MG/L
CONCENTRATIONS OF XENOBIOTICS IV FLUIDS USED IN OIL ANO GAS WELL
DRILLING SIGNIFICANTLY MODIFY THE SIOMASS AMD COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF
MICROBIAL ASSEMBLIES COLONIZING MARINE SAND. SUCH METHODS ENABLE
ESTIMATION OF VALIDITY OF THE US* OF MICROCOSM TEST SYSTEMS IN
PREDICTING THE IMPACTS OF XEN03I-3TICS IN THE FI=LD. THESE METHODS
COULD GREATLY STRENGTHEN THE L^GAL APPLICA3LILITY OF THE DATA FOR USE
BY REGULATORY AGENClcS IN PROTECTION 6STUARINE ECOSYSTEMS.
WHITE, DAVID C., ROBERT H. FINDLAY, STEVEN 0. FAZIC, RONALD J. BOBBIE, JAN5T
S. NICKELS, WILLIAM M. JAVIS, GLEN A. SMITH, AND ROB6RT F. MARTZ, 1980.
EFFeCTS OF 3IOTUR3ATION AND PReDATICN BY MSLLITA QUINQUIESPERFQRATA ON
SEDIHfeNTARY MICRCBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. IN: ESTUARINE PERSPECTIVES.
VICTOR S. KENNEDY, EDITOR, ACADEMIC PRESS, NEW YORK, NY. PP. 163-171,
E 51
-------
WHITE, DAVID C,» JANET S. NICKELS, MICHAEL J. GsHRON, JEFFREY H. PARKER,
ROBERT F. MARTZ, AND N2RMAN L. RICHARDS. IN PREP. BIOCHEMICAL MEASURES OF
CORAL META3QLIC ACTIVITY, NUTRITIONAL STflTUS AND MICfcOSIAL INFECTION WITH
EXPOSURE TO OIL AND GAS WfLL DRILLING FLUIDS. .
THE REEF BUILDING CORAL MCNTASTRSA ANNULARUS WAS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY
TO SUSPENSIONS OF OIL AMD CIS-WELL DRILLIMG FLUIDS AT CONCENTRATIONS
OF 0.1 ML LITER C~l), 0.01 ML LIT=R <-l), AND 0.001 ML LITER C~l) IN
FLOWING SE&WATER AT TH? U.S. NAVAL STAGE I PLATFORM <3Q DEGREES 7.5 '
N, 85 DEGREES 46.3* W). AFTER 6 WEsKS EXPOSURE, CO«?AL FRAGMENTS OF 30
TO 60 CM SQUARED SURFACE AREA WERE BROKEN OFP, RINSED IN S=AWATER, AND
EXTRACTED IN A ONE-PHASE CHL3ROFQRM-METHANOL SEAWATER EXTRACT AND
RETURNED TO THE LA30RATORY. IN THE LABORATORY, THE EXTRACTION WAS
COMPLETED $NO THE LIPUS WER3 ANALYZED FOR THEIR PHOSPHOLIPID CONTENT,
ALKYL FATTY ACID COMPOSITION, AND NEUTRAL LIPIO TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCEROL,
THE AQUEOUS PHASE WAS ANALYZED FOR FREE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION.
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF STR£SS MAS REFLECTED IN THE CESSATION OF
GROWTH AS MEASURED IN DEPRESSED OIACYL PHDSPHOLIPIO. DETAILED ANALYSIS
OF THE ACYL FATTY ACID COMPOSITION BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROHATOGRAPHY
SHOWED CHANGES IN POLYENOIC FftTTY ACIDS SUGGESTING POSSIBLE CHANGES IN
THE METABOLISM OF THE FATTY ACIDS INDUCED BY THE EXPOSURE TO THE
DRILLING FLUIDS. THERE WAS MO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE LEVEL OF
TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCcROL. THE CORAL ALSO SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF THE
FREE ASPARTIC ACID AND A OOSE-RSSPONSS RELATED DECREASE IN THE FREE
GLUTAMIC ACID WITH EXPOSURE. THIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT BIOCHEMICAL
ANALYSES OF METABOLIC ACTIVITY AND NUTRITI3NAL STATUS MAY BE USEFUL AS
MARKERS FOR POLLUTION INDUCED CHANGES IN REEF BUILDING CORALS AND THUS
FOR MONITORING CORAL RcEFS.
PAoE 52
-------
WILKES, FRANK 6. 1973. LA3GSATGSY MICROCOSMS FOR USS IN DETERMINING
POLLUTANT STRESS. IN: AQUATIC POLLUT&WTS: TRANSFORMATION AND BIOLOGICAL
EFFECTS. 0. HUTZINGER, I.H. VAN LgLYVELO, AND B.C.J. ZOETEMAH, SOITQRS,
PERG&HON PRESS, NEW YORK, MY. PP. 303-320. Ce^L»GB 35?}.
TK£ GOAL OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO BEV5LOP A NUMSER OF T?STS THAT WILL
ricLD INFORMATION ABOUT DIFF£R5K«T PROCESSES AMD M«CHANISNS WITHIN
ESTUARINE ECOSYSTEMS: TESTS THAT WILL EXAMINE THE NON-BIOLOGICAL AND
THE BIOLOGICAL, THE FATE &NO THE 2FFECTS, THESE TSSTS MAY BE TERMED
"MICROCOSMS HAVE 3ZEN DEFINED AS MINIATURE SCOSYSTEHS CONTAINING
COMPONENTS AND PROCESSES NECESSARY TO INVESTIGATE SPECIFIC ORIGINS,
FLOWS, FATESt AMO/OR EFFECTS 0? MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT (20).
MICROCOSMS ARE USSD TO REPRESENT SEGMENTS OF THE SMVIROKM5NT AND TO
INTEGRATE THOSE INTERACTIONS AMONG ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES AND COMPONENTS
NOT OBTAINABLE IN SINGLE SPECIES EXPERIMeNTS. TESTS DESCRIBED IN THIS
DISCUSSION F3CUS ON PARTICULAR PROCESSES AMD PARTICULAR COMPONENTS OF
THE ESTUARIHE ENVIRONMENT, I.E., PARTICULAR SUB-UNITS OF THE ESTUARINE
ECOSYSTEM. ALL TESTS ARE NOT APPLICABLE TC ALL COMPOUNDS. SY
SELECTIVELY CHOOSING TESTS ON THE BASIS Op THE COMPOUND IN QUESTION
AND THE INFORMATION DESIRED, IT WILL e^ POSSIBLE TO DEVELOP
INFORMATION APPLICABLE TO 4 PARTICULAR COMPOUND *NO TH5 PROBLEM AT
HAND. FIG.6 DEPICTS AN ARR*Y OF SUCH TESTS. THE TESTS VARY IN
COMPLEXITY. THcY ALSO VARY AS TO THE DIFFERENT POINTS, COMPONENTS, AND
PROCESSES IN THE ECOSYSTEM IN WHICH THEY FOCUS. THEREFORE, DEPENDING
ON THE INFORMATION WEEDED, ANY NUMBER 0* COMBINATION OF THESE T^STS
MAY BE SELECTED TO FORM A PROTOCOL DeSI6N=D T3 PROVIDE THE REQUIRED
INFORMATION. FURTHER RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THESE TESTS HAVE B6£N
PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED CZi). THc OBJECTIVE IN DEVELOPING THESE
TECHNIQUES IS TO PROVIJE Trig AGENCY WITH METHODS T3 OBTAIN IMPORHATION
NECISS&RY FOB ITS REGULATORY ACTIVITIES* THH TESTS THEMSELVES MAY BE
USED AS PART OF & SC3ES&IING PROCESS OR PROTOCOL ^03 THg IDENTIFICATION
OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS COMPOUNDS. DATA F1QM THcS: TESTS WILL BE USED
IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER QUALITY CRITERIA, TOXIC SU8STAHCE
PROTOCOLS, PESTICIDE REGISTRATION GUID=L!M£S» EFFLUENT GUIDELINES, AND
OCSAN-OUMPING GUIDELINES.
PAGE 53
------- |