United States SR-111
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA Research and
Development
ERLGB PUBLICATIONS AND ABSTRACTS
RELATED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY!
E. BIORATIONAL, MICROBIAL AND
BIOCHEMICAL CONTROL AGENTS
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze FL 32561
February, 1984
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COUCH, J.A., S.H. MARTIN, G, TOMPKINS, AND J. KINNEY. IN PRESS. SIMPLE
SYSTEM FOR THE PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF INACTIVITY AND PATHQGENESIS OF
INSECT VIRUS IN A NONTARGET ESTUARINE SHRIMP. J. INVSRTEBR. PATHOL. <£RL,GB
460).
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS (BIORATIONALS) ARE INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN
PEST CONTROL CONCEPTS. CERTAIN INSECT VIRUSES, PARTICULARLY THE
BACULOVIRUSES {NUCLEAR PCLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES), ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE
POTENTIAL AS BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES, AND COULD BE USED WIDELY IN THE
ENVIRONMENT- THEREFORE, TEST ANIMALS MUST BE SELECTED AND METHODS
DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY OF BIORATIONALS TO NON-TARGET
SPECIES. A SIMPLE LABORATORY SYSTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND TESTED TO
DETERMINE RISKS OF INFECTIVITY AND PATHOGENICITY OF AN INSECT
BACULOVIRUS, ORIGINALLY ISOLATED FROM THE ALFALFA LODPE8 AUTOGRAPHA
CAILFORNICA, TO A NON-TARGET ARTHROPOD, THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES
VULGARIS, BY DIETARY EXPOSURE. THIS LABORATORY METHOD ALSO PERMITS
TESTING OF OTHER MICROBIAL BIORATIONALS AGAINST NON-TARGET AQUATIC
SPECIES, AND PROVIDES AND INEXPENSIVE, PROCEDURE OF SAFETY TESTING.
RESULTS PROM THIS STUDY INDICATED THAT HISTOPATHOLOGICAL,
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AMD SEROLOGICAL METHODS US50 PROVIDED NO EVIDENCE THAT
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE TO THE VIRUS CAUSED VIRAL INFECTION OR RELATED
PATHOGENICITY IN THE GRASS SHRIMP.
COUCH, JOHN. 1975. DISCUSSION FROM SELECTED PAPERS PRESENTED AT EPA-USOA
WORKING SYMPOSIUM. IN: BACULOVIRUSES FOR INSECT PEST CONTROL: SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS. MAX D. SUMMERS, RILO ENGLER, LOUIS A. FALCON, AND P. VAIL,
EDITORS, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP.
58-62,111-114.
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COUCH, JOHN A. 1974. ENZOOTIC NUCLEAR PQLYHEDROSIS VIRUS OF PINK SHRIMP:
INFRASTRUCTURE, PREVALENCE, AND ENHANCEMENT. J, INVERTEBR. PftTHOL,
24C3>:311-331. CERL,GB 215),
A NUCLEAR POLYHEDRCSIS VIRUS EXISTS IN PINK SHRIMP, PBH&EUS QUGRARUM,
FROM WATERS OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO. THIS VIRUS IS ROD-SHAPED,
269 NM LONG, AMD POSSESSES AN OUTER ENVELOPE SURROUNDING ITS
NUCLEOCAPSIO. THE NUCLEOCAPSID IS 50 NM IN DIAMETER. THE VIRUS OCCURS
IN NUCLEI OF HOST HEPATOPANCREATIC AND MIOGUT CELLS, AND IS 8QTH FREE
IN THE NUCLEUS AND OCCLUDED WITHIN PYRAMIDAL-SHAPED POLYHEDRAL
INCLUSION BODIES (PIB'S). HISTOCHEMICALLY AND ULTSASTRUCTRUALLY, THE
SHRIMP PIB'S APPEAR TO BE RIBONUCLEOPROT2IN AND IN FINE STRUCTURE BEAR
CLOSg RESEMBLANCE TO POLYHEDRAL INCLUSION BODIES OF BACULOVIRUS
SPECIES FROM INSECTS. HOWEVER, THE LATTICE LINE-TO-LINE SPftCINS IS
GREATER THAN THAT USUALLY REPORTED FOR INSECT PIE'S. CR08DIN6 AMD
CHEMICAL STRESS OF SHRIMP IN AQUARIA MAY ENHANCE AND INCREASE THE
VIRUS INFECTION AND PREVALENCE. IN LIMITED EXPERIMENTS, SHRIMP FED
HEAVILY INFECTED HEPATOPANCREATIC TISSUES HAD MUCH HIGHER MORTALITY
THAN CONTROLS FED ONLY FISH. THE VIRUS APPEARS TO BE ENZOOTIC IN PINK
SHRIMP IN NATURE. CVTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN INFECTED CELLS OF SHSIMP
APPEAR SIMILAR TO THOSE IN INSECTS INFECTED WITH CERTAIN SPECIES OF
6ACULOVIRUS. TH£ NAME BACULOVIRUS PENAEI N.SP. IS PROPOSED FOR THE
SHRIMP VIRUS.
COJJtH, JOHN A. 1974, FREE AMD OCCLUDED VIRUS, SIMILAR TO BACULOVIRUS, IN
HEPATOPANCREAS OF PINK SHRIMP. NATURE. 247C5438):229-231. CERL,GB 213).
A ROD-SHAPED, FREE AND OCCLUDED VIRUS EXISTS IN A MARINE SHRIMP,
INDICATING THAT MARINE CRUSTACEA ARE POTENTIAL HOSTS FOR VIRUSES
SIMILAR TO CERTAIN VIRUSES INFECTING INSECTS AND MITES* SO FAR, THE
VIRUS HAS BEEN FOUND ONLY IN SHRIMP TAKEN FROM NEAR CEDAR KEY AND
EXPERIMENTALLY EXPOSED TO TH£ TOXIC CHEMICAL, AROCLOR 1254 CPC8). THE
VIRUS PROBABLY IS A NATURAL PARASITE, HOWEVER, PREVIOUSLY UNDETECTED,
OF cSTUARINc AND MARINE SHRIMP. STUDIES OF POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS OF
THE PCS AND VIRUS IN PINK SHRIMP MAY PROVIDE VALUABLE INFORMATION
NEEDED TO CLARIFY THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATURAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
AND POLLUTANT CHEMICALS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
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COUCH, JOHN A. 1974, PATHOLOGICAL 6FFECTS OF URCSPQ"RIOIUM LOSS OF MOBILITY
AND RESISTANCE TO MECHANICAL PRESSURES. THOUGH SEVERE PATHOLQSICftL
CHANGES OCCUR IN HEAVILY INFECTED METACERCARIAE, HOST INFECTS®
HETACERCARIAE REMAIN VIABLE WITHIN THE BLUE CRAB AND THERBY SERVE AS A
VECTOR FOR URQSPQRIDIUM UNTIL THE DEATH OF THE BLUS CRAB. AT THE TIME
OF TH£ CRAB'S DEATH AND DISORGANIZATION, INFECTED METACERCftRIAE
RUPTURE AND RELEASE SPORES OF THE HYPERPARASITE.
COUCH, JOHN A. 1975. VIRUS FROM PINK SHRIMP (ABSTRACT). PRESENTED AT THE
FIRST WORKSHOP ON THE PATHOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY OF PENAEID SHRIMP, APRIL 8-10,
1975, GALVESTON, TX. (ERL,GB X291).
SINCE THE REPORT OF A BACULQVIRUS FOUND IN PINK SHRIMP APPEARED OVER
OHc YEAR AGO, CONSIDERABLE INFORMATION HAS ACCUMULATED ON THE
VIRUS-SHRIMP RELATIONSHIP. THE FOLLOWING TENETS APPEAR TO HOLDS <1) A
BACULOVIRUS (NUCLEAR POLYHSDROSIS VIRUS) INFECTS PINK SHRIMP NATURALLY
YEAR ROUMD IN CERTAIN AREAS OF THE GULF OF HEXICOJ (2) THE VIRUS
CAUSES CONSIDERABLE CYTOPATHOLOGY IN HEAVY INFECTIONS OF THE
HEPATOPANCREAS; (3) THE VIRUS IS ENZOOTIC AND MAY BECOME EPIZOOTIC
UNDER CERTAIN STRESS CONDITION TO WHICH THE HOST IS EXPOSED: AND (4)
SHRIMP ARE SIMILAR TO OTHER ARTHROPODS IN BEING HOSTS FOR AT LEAST ONE
VIRUS.
COUCH, JOHN A. 1976. ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE BACULOVIRUS PREVALENCE IN SHRIMP
BY CHEMICAL EXPOSURE. IN: TUMORS IN AQUATIC ANIMALS. CLYDE J. OAWE, DANTE
G. SCARPELLI, AND SEFTON R. SELLINGS, EDITORS, S. KARGER, BASEL. 20S304-314.
<6RL,G8 240).
LITTLE INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE CONCERNING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
POLLUTANT CHEMICALS AND VIRUSES IN AQUATIC ANIMALS. S&MPLES OF PINK
SHRIMP (PENAEUS DUORARUM) WITH VARIOUS ENZOOTIC LEVELS OF A NATURAL
BACULOVIRUS INFECTION WERE EXPERIMENTALLY EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS OF
AROCLOR 1254, A POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL CPCB) , MIR6X, CADMIUM, AND
METHQXYCHLOR IN THE LABORATORY. NO CONSISTENT PATTERN OF INCREASE IN
PREVALENCE OF VIRUS WAS FOUND, AND NO INDICATION OF TUMOR INDUCTION
WAS DETECTED.
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COUCH, JOHN A, 1977. INTERACTION OF THREE PATHOGENS IN MASS MORTALITY OF
PENAEIO SHRIKP
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COUCH, JOHN A. 1978. DISEASES, PARASITES, AND TOXIC RESPONSES OF COMMERCIAL
PENAEID SHRIMPS OF THE GULF OF MEXICO AND SOUTH ATLANTIC COASTS OF NORTH
AMERICA.
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COUCH, JOHN A. 1979. SHRIMPS (ARTHRQPQDA: CRUSTACEA: PENAEIQAE). IN:
POLLUTION ECOLOGY 0*= ESTUARINE INVERTEBRATES. C.W. HiRT, JR.. AND L.H.
SAMUEL, EDITORS, ACADEMIC PRESS, NEW YORK, NY. PP. 235-258.
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COUCH, JOHN A., AND LEE COURTNEY. 1977. INTERACTION OF CHSMICAL POLLUTANTS
AND VIRUS IN A CRUSTACEAN: a NGVEL 3IOASSAY SYSTEM. ANN. N.Y. ACAD. SCI.
298J497-5S4. AT
0.7 PP8 FOR 35 DAYS IN FLOklMG SEAtfATER. THE OTHER GROUP WAS
MAINTAINED AS A CONTROL GROUP IN FLOWING SSAWATER, VIRAL PREVALENCE It*
EXPOSED SHRIMP SAMPLES INCREASED WITH TIME AT A SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER
RATE THAN DID VIRAL FREQUENCY IN CONTROL SHRIHP. VIRAL PREV&LiMCE IM
AROCLOR-EXPOSEO SHRIMP SURVIVORS WAS 751 AFTER 35 DAYS, WHEREAS XN
CONTROL SHRIMP, ONLY *5.?S HAD PATENT VIRAL INFECTIONS. THIS FILING
SUGGESTS AN INTERACTION AMONG CHEMICAL STRfiSSOR CAROCLQR 1254), HfiST,
AND VIRUS. THE NATURE OR MECHANISM OF THIS INTERACTION HAS NOT 6EEH
DEFINED, BUT THE SHRIMP-VIRUS SYSTEM SHOWS PROMISE FOR FUTURE
8IDASSAYS OF INFLUENCE OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF POLLUTANTS ON NATURAL
PATHOGEN-HOST INTERACTIONS.
COUCH, JOHN A., AND SUSAN MARTIN. 1982. PROTOZOAN SYMBIONTS AND RELATED
DISEASES OF THE BLUE CRAB, CALLINECTES SAPIDUS RATHBUN, FROM THE ATLANTIC AND
GULF COASTS OF THE UNITED STATES. INS PROCEEDINGS OF THE BLUE CRAB
COLLOQUIM, 3ILOXI, MISSISSIPPI, OCTOBER 16-19, 1979. HARRIET M. PERRY AND W.
A. VAN ENGEL, EDITORS, GULF STATES MARINE FISHERIES COMMISSION, OCEAN
SPRINGS* MS. PP. 71-80. CERL,GB 325).
THE- BLUE CRAB CCALLINECTES SAPIDUS RATHBUH, lB9fe) SUPPORTS VALUABLE
FISHERIES ALONG THE MIO-ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS OF THE UNITED STATES.
BECAUSE THE CRAB IS AN ESTUARINE SPECIES, CAPABLE OF RANGING WIDELY
WITHIN ITS HABITAT, IT IS SUBJECT TO THE RIGORS OF THE EURYHALINE
ENVIRONMENT, AS WELL AS TO THE STRESSES CAUSED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY ALONG
COASTLINES, IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT CAPTIVE-CRAB POPULATIONS ARE
PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO PARASITES AND COMMENSALS, AND TO THEIR
ASSOCIATED DISEASE AND DEBILITIES. WITHIN WILD POPULATIONS, EXTENSIVE
MORTALITIES DUE TO THESE FACTORS ARE DIFFICULT TO MONITOR, BUT DO
CAUSE FLUCTUATING LOSSES TO THE CRAB FISHERY. THIS PAPER REVIEWS
EXISTING KNOWLEDGE ON THE MORE COMMON PROTOZOAN SYMBIONTS AND DISEASES
OF THE BLUE CRAB FOUND ON THE EASTERN AND GULF COASTS. AVAILABLE
INFORMATION ON RECOGNITION AND DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASE, SITE OF
INFECTION, AND PATHOGENICITY IS INCLUDED. DATA ARE PRESENTED ON
TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AND LIFE CYCLES OF ASSOCIATED PROTOZOAN
PARASITES AND COMMENSALS OF CALLIN6CTES SAPIDUS.
COUCH, JOHN A., AND D.R. NIMMO, 1974, DETECTION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
NATURAL PATHOGENS AND POLLUTANTS IN AQUATIC ANIMALS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE
REGIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON DISEASES OF AQUATIC ANIMALS. LSU-SG-74-05, LOUISIANA
STATE UNIVERSITY, CENTER FOR WETLAND RESOURCES, BATON ROUGE, LA. PP.
261-268.
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COUCH, JOHN A., AND DELWAYNE R. NIMMO. 1973. CYTQPATHGLOGY, ULTfcASTRUCTURE,
AND VIRUS INFECTION IN PINK SHRIMP EXPOSED TO THi PC8, AROCLQR 1254
CABSTRAQT). IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE JOINT MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR
INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AND INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM 0« INSHCT PATHOLOGY ANO
MICR08IAL CONTROL. PP. 105. (5RL,GB 242).
LITTLE INFORHATION IS AVAILABLE CONCERNING THE EFFECTS OF POLLUTANT
CHEMICALS ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF TISSUES IM AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES.
EVEN LESS IS KNOWN CONCERNING POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS OF POLLUTANT
CHEMICALS AND NATURAL PATHOGENS IN VALUABLE INVERTEBRATE SPECIES. IN
EXPERIMENTS AT THE GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA EPA LABORATORY WE HAVE 6XPOSHO
PINK SHRIMP CPENAEUS DUQRARUM) TO 3 PPB ARQCLQR 1254 IM FLQUING
S6AWATER FROM 30 TO 52 DAYS. DURING THESE EXPOSURES OP TO 50f OR MORE
OF THE ANIMALS DIED. SAMPLES OF BOTH LIVING AftD DEAD SHRIMP MERE
ANALYZED FOR AROCLOR RESIDUES ANO, AFTER 30 DAYS EXPOSURE, WERE FOUSD
TO ACCUMULATE FROM 33 PPM TO 40 PPM IN THEIR HEPATOPANCREATIC TISSUES.
COUCH, JOHN A., AND K. RANGA RAO, EDITORS, 1983, BIORATION&L WORKSHOP, GULF
BREEZE, FLORIDA, SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1982. EPA-600/X-83-054, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 64P.
THi GENERAL PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP MAS TO EVALUATE THE
STATE-OF-THE-ART OF TESTING, AMD THE SAFETY OF BIORATIONALS TO BIROS,
MAHMALS, AQUATIC ORGANISMS, PLANTS, AND INSECTS ANO TO REVIEW THE PART
OF SU8PART 14 OF THE GUIDELINES CGUIOLINES DOCUMENT FOR REGISTERING
PESTICIDES IN THE U.S.: BIORATIONALS) DRAFTED BY THE ECOLOSICAL
EFFECTS BRANCH, OFFICE OF PSTICIOES PROGRAHS .
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COUCH, JOHN A., MAX D. SUMMERS, AND LEE COURTNEY. 1975. ENVIRONMENTAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF BACULOVIRUS INFECTIONS IN ESTUARINE &NO MARINE SHRIMP.
ANN.N.Y. ACAD, SCI. 266:528-536.
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COUCHt JOHN, GEORGE GARDNER, JOHN C, HARSHBARGER, M.R, TRIPP, AND PAUL P,
YEVICH. 1974, HISTOLQGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS IN SOME MARINE
FAUNA. IN: MARINE 8IOASSAYS. MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, OC.
PP. 156-173. C£RL,GB 250).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PATHOLOGY, AS APPLIED TO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY,
DEPENDS HEAVILY ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF NORMAL HISTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY IF
ANOMALIES, DUE TO POLLUTANTS OR DISEASE, ARE TO BE ACCURATELY DEFINED.
HOWEVER, AT PRESENT, KNOWLEDGE OF NORMAL MORPHOLOGY OR METABOLIC
ACTIVITIES IS EITHER INCOMPLETE OR LACKING FOR MOST MARINE OR COASTAL
ORGANISMS. OBVIOUSLY, WELL-COORDINATED EFFORTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO
CHARACTERIZE NORMAL RANGES AND INTERPRET THE MORPHOLOGICAL OR
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS TO VARIOUS FACTORS
INCLUDING POLLUTANTS. MOST LABORATORIES CANNOT JUSTIFY WELL-DEFINED
PATHOLOGICAL UNITS, ALTHOUGH THE NEED OFTEN ARISES THROUGH
GOVERNMENTAL ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATIONS AND OTHER ACTIVITIES. THE
TECHNIQUES AND EXAMPLES THUS PRESENTED ARE INTENDED TO OFFER SOME
MEANS OF OBTAINING EVALUATIONS OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS" WELL-BEING OR
DISORDERS.
SPRAGUE, VICTOR, AND JOHN COUCH. 1971. ANNOTATED LIST OF PROTOZOAN
PARASITES* HYPERPARASITES, AND COMMENSALS OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. J.
PROTOZOOL. !8(3):526-537.
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