EPA-660/2-74-042
JUNE 1974
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Land Application of Sewage Effluents
and Sludges: Selected Abstracts
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Kesearch and
Monitoring, Environmental Protection Agency, have
been grouped into five series. These five bread
categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping
was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related
fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Besearch
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Kesearch
4. Environmental Monitoring
5- Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series
describes research performed to develop and
demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental
degradation from point and -non-point sources of
pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology reguired for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality
standards.
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l-660/2-74-042
June 1974
LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
AND SLUDGES: SELECTED ABSTRACTS
by
Water Quality Control Branch
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Ada, Oklahoma
Program Element TBB045
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97330
For sa'.e by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402 - Price $2.80
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ABSTRACT
The literature on applying sewage effluents and sludges to the land has
been annotated quite thoroughly through the year 1965 in previous publi-
cations. The purpose of this report is to combine selected abstracts from
these previous publications and to update the sources covered into the
year 1973. The period from 1968 into 1973 represents a very active
period during which the literature reflects the current attractiveness
of land application approaches as an advanced waste treatment approach,
This report includes 568 selected abstracts which have been compiled as
part of several EPA contracts on land application of sewage effluents and
sludges. These abstracts have been arrayed in chronological groupings
and identified as to emphasis on effluent or sludge. The report also
includes an author index and a subject matter (descriptor term) index
to facilitate reference to spec/fie abstracts or to abstracts addressing
narrower subject matter areas . Countries, states, and, in some cases,
actual project locations are included in the subject matter index as
geographic locators.
n
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract ii
Preface iv
Acknowledgments v
User Guide w
Author Index vii
Descriptor Term Index xiv
Section
I ABSTRACTS PRIOR TO 1941 1
// ABSTRACTS 7947 THRU 1950 18
III ABSTRACTS 1951 THRU 1955 35
IV ABSTRACTS 1956 THRU 1960 71
V ABSTRACTS 1961 THRU 1965 105
VI ABSTRACTS 1966 THRU 1970 112
VII ABSTRACTS 1971 AND LATER 201
in
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PREFACE
Application of wastewater to the land as an alternative or as an adjunct
to more conventional methods of wastewater management is receiving
increased attention as a result of recent environmental concerns and
legislation. Byplay generated through the brash claims of strong pro-
ponents and the counter statements of adament opponents regarding the
viability of land application approaches confuses one seeking reliable
information to support objective decisions for selection of a wastewater
management alternative. EPA has recently supported several contract
studies to put land application processes into proper perspective with
the more conventional concepts of partially removing specified impurities
and then discharging effluents directly into watercourses. The results
of these contract studies reiterated the fact that land application of sewage
predates all of the more conventional approaches to treatment and direct
discharge to watercourses. It is of interest to note that some of the land
application systems in operation at the present time were constructed
and placed in operation prior to the development of such waste treat-
ment concepts as the rotary sprinkler for trick I ing filters, the Imhoff
tank, or the activated sludge process.
Over one thousand articles were perused during the conduct of three EPA
contract studies which were initiated to (1) survey existing facilities
using land application of wastewater, (2) assess the state-of-the-art for
applying municipal effluents to the land, and (3) assess the state-of-the-
art for applying municipal sludges to the land in the eastern United
States. The 568 abstracts included in this report were compiled from
the literature citations which the contractors for these three studies
deemed most relevant to a thorough understanding of the current state-
of-the-art. The recent surge of attention directed to land application of
wastewater is highlighted by noting that 237 of the 568 abstracts included
are for reports prepared since the publication of our previous annotated
bibliography covering the period through 1965.
IV
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Compilation of abstracts for this report has been achieved through the
cooperative efforts of the Office of Research and Development and the
Office of Water Programs Operations of EPA and several of their respec-
tive contractors. The diligent efforts of all of the individuals involved
are gratefully acknowledged.
The following contributors conducted literature searches and furnished
abstracts which have been included in this report;
American Public Works Association Research Foundation,
Richard H. Sullivan, Project Director, and Bel ford L .
Seabrook, EPA'Project Officer.
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Charles E. Pound, Project
Director, and Richard E. Thomas, EPA Project Officer.
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Joseph M. Cenco,
Project Director, and C. Kenneth Dotson, EPA Project
Officer.
East Central Oklahoma State University at Ada, Oklahoma,
Dr. Ralph H. Ramsey, Project Director, and Richard E.
Thomas, EPA Project Officer.
Water Quality Control Branch, Roberts. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA, Dr. James P. Law, Jr., Project
Director.
Compilation and indexing of the report was conducted under the super-
vision and direction of Richard E. Thomas, with the unwavering and
gratefully appreciated assistance of Joan Elliott, J. Lorene Fuller, and
Ann Runyan. This task could not have been accomplished without the
excellent guidance provided by Dr. Curtis C. Harlin, Jr., Chief of the
Water Quality Control Branch.
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USER GUIDE
The 568 abstracts included in this report have been arrayed and indexed
in a manner intended to facilitate use by interested persons with diver-
sified interests. The basic array of a chronological grouping is supple-
mented with wastewater source identifiers, a subject matter index
including geographic descriptors, and an author index. The chrono-
logical array was chosen to serve the reader with a desire to make a
historical synopsis or to peruse information generated over a specific
but limited time span. Since the compilation of abstracts covers articles
addressing municipal effluents, sludges, and industrial wastewaters,
the access/on number for each entry contains an alphabetic descriptor
which identifies the primary waste source covered in the subject abstract.
The alphabetic descriptors are: "M" for municipal effluents, "S" for
sludges, and "I" for industrial wastewaters. These alphabetic descrip-
tors provide the means for a user to select abstracts addressing a
specific category of waste source when using the subject matter index
of descriptor terms. The subject matter index is composed of some 755
descriptors selected from the current issue of the Water Resources
Thesaurus. In addition to these subject matter descriptors, the names
of countries, states within the United States, and, in some cases, project
locations are included in the subject matter index as geographic
locators. The author index includes the senior author and the first
two coauthors for those articles listing more than three authors.
This compilation of abstracts has been drawn from multiple sources
with differing techniques for citing sources, choosing descriptor terms.
and preparing abstracts. An earnest and concerted effort has been
made to achieve the integration of these abstracts into a single report
which maintains clarity of meaning and provides an accurate literature
citation for referral to the original articles. Users who find errors in
literature citations would be doing their fellow users a service by
calling such errors to our attention for correction in subsequent
revisions of this compilation of abstracts.
VI
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AUTHOR INDEX
Abbot, A. L., 042 M
Adel'son, L. /., 245M
Agricultural Research
Service, 467 S
Allen, M. L., 468M
AI lender, C. C. 469 M
Allison, C., 043 I, 070 I
Allison, L. E., 044 M
Amirov, R. 0., 341 M
Amramy, A., 247 M, 340 M
Anderson, A., 470 S
Anderson, D. R., 342 I
Anderson, M. S., 084 S, 159 S
Anonymous, 001 S, 002 M, 003 M,
045 M, 046 M, 082 M, 083 M,
085 S, 160 I, 161 M, 162 S,
163 S, 242 S, 243 S, 244 S,
2451, 3321, 333 M, 334 S,
335 M, 336 S, 3275, 3381,
339 M, 464 M, 465 S, 466 S
Askey, J. B., 248 M
Aulenbach, D. B., 343M
Baars, J. K., 164 M, 249 M
Babov, D. M., 250M
Bachmann, G., 086 M
Backmeyer, D. P., 251 S
Baffa, J., 345M
Baffa, J. J'., 344 M
Ba/er, D. C,, 458 M
Baily, C. W., 346 M
Baker, M. M., 004 M
Banister, 471 M
Banse, H. J., 231 M
Barnette, R. M., 036 M
Bartilucci, N., 345 M
Barton, J. R., 472 M
Bauer, J. H., 252 M
Bauer, W. J., 473M
Beckett, F. E., 347M, 357M
Behnke, J. J., 350M
Bell, J. W., 087 I
Bendixen, T. W., 283 M, 348 M,
349 I, 437 M, 447 M, 449 M
Berg, E. J. M., 144 M, 173 M
Berger, B, B., 165 M
Bieri, F. K., 093 I
Billings, R, M., 166 I
Black, R. J., 253S
Blaney, H. F., 254 M
Bloodgood, D. E., 196 I
Blosser, R. O., 183 I, 255 I
Blumel, F., 256 M
Bocko, J., 167 M, 257 M, 258 M,
351 M
Boen, D. F.', 474 M
Bollag, J. M., 475 M
Bo/ton, P., 047 I
Bonderson, P. R., 259M
Borne, B. J., 238M
Bott, R. F., 248 M, 412 M
Bouwer, H., 352 M, 353 M, 354 M,
476 M, 477 M
Bowerman, F. R., 223 M
Boyce, E., 064 M
Braids, 0. C., 495 S, 512 S
Breska, C., 168 I
Brown, H. D., 088 I
Bruvold, W. H., 478 M
Bunch, R. L., 260M
Bunts, J. H., 474 M
Bur.Sanit. Eng., 355 M
Bush, A. F., 089 I
Butter, R. C., 090 M, 124 M, 219 M
Buxton, J. L., 356 M
Calise, V. J., 111 M
Canham,R.A., 0911, 1691, 1701
Cannon, D. W., 261 I
Cantrell, R., 280M
Cantrell, R. P., 357M
Carlson, D., 387 I
Cecil, L. K., 263 M
Champlin, H. H., 529 S
Chapman, C. J,, 262 M
Chase, W.J., 171 M
deary, E, J., 034 S
Coast Laboratories, 0481
Coerver, J. F., 358 M
Cohen, J. M., 306 M
VII
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Coker, E. C., 264S
Cole, H., 359 M
Conn, R. L., 360 S
Connell, C, H., 172 M. 173 M, 265 M
Conrad, E. T., 445 /
Con very, J. J,, 444 M
Corker, C. E., 479M
Cormack, R. M. M., 266M
Cornell, 480 M
Crawford, A. B., 005M
Crawford, S. C., 774 /
Cn'pps, T., 416 M
Crites, /?. IV., 525M, 526M
Crosby, J. M/., 367 M, 479 A*
Gulp, R., 362 M
Carrie, R. J., 474 M
Dal ton, F. E., 363 S
Da moose, N., 049 S
Dan ford, J., 529 S
Davis, C. E., 364M
Davis, C. W., 481 M
Dawson, R. N., 482 M
Day, A. D., 775 M, 776 M, 267 M,
483 M
Dean, B. H., 186M
Dean, R. B., 365 S
Deaner, D. C., 366 M, 484 M
Dee, N., 485 M
Delano, E. H., 777S
Dennis, J. M., 092 I
Dept. of Dairy Technology,
486 I
Derby, R, L., 178 I
DeTurk, E. E., 006 S
DeVries, J. , 487 M
Dicker son, J. A., 443 S
Diehl, P. A., 007 M
Dietz', M. R., 179 I
Dinges, W. R. , 367 M
Dodolina, V. T., 488 M
Drake, C. H., 361 M
Drake, J. A., 093 I
Drewry, W. A., 368 M
Driver, C. H,, 369 M
Drynan, W. R. , 185M
Dubyne, F. T. , 349 1
Dundas, W. A., 0505
Dunham, A., 481 M
Dunlop, S, C., 094 M, 095 M, 096 M,
152M, 268 M, 370 M
Dunstan, C., 097 I
Dye, E. O., 180 M, 269 M, 371 M
Dziezyc, J., 270 M
Eastman, P. W., 372 M
Ebbert, S. A., 181 I
Eberhardt, H., 271 S
Ebly, J., 489 M
Eckenfelder, W. W., 3731
Eddy, H., 008 M
Eddy, H. P., 021 M
Enters, V. M., 009 M
Eichen, M., 499M
Eier, D. D., 459 M
Ekern, P. C., 567M
Eldridge, E. F., 051 I
E/iassen, R., 272 M, 368 M, 374 M
Elliott, 471 M
Ellis, B. C., 490 M
Engelbert, L. E., 105 I
Ermer, H., 271 S
Escarcega, E. D., 477M
Ettinger, M. B., 260 M
Etzel, J. E., 562 M
Evans, J. 0., 375 S
Fair, C., 017 M
Folk, L. L., 052 M, 130M, 131 M,
132 M, 133 M, 134 M, 135 M
Falkenhain, H. S., 098 S
Feinmesser, A., 281 M, 376 M, 390 M
Fish, H. H., 377 M
Fisk, W. W., 273 I
Fleming, J. R., 182 S
Fleming, R. R., 274 M
Flower, W. A., 275 I
Forbes, M. C., 265 M
Forstner, M. J,, 378 S
Foster, H. B., 276 M, 379 M
Frank, A. H., 005 M
Frankel, R. J., 380 M
Frodey, R. C., 179 I
Fuhriman, O.K., 472 M
Caffney, M. P., 491 S
Ca I latin, M. H., 236 M
Gel I man, /., 183 I
vni
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Cilde, L., 382 I
Cildet /..C., 381 I, 492 I
Gillespie, C. G., 01OM
Glantz, P. , 383 M
Clothe, H., 277 S
Glavin, T. P., 343 M
Gloyna, E. F., 185 M
Goldshmid, J., 493 M
Goldstein, J., 384 S
Goncharuk, E. I., 386 M
Goodwin, E. H., Oil M
Gorodetskii, T. G., 279 M
Gotaas, H. B., 101 M, 198 M
Gray, H. F., 053 M, 061 M
Cray, J. F.. 278 M, 385 M
Greenberg,A. E., 099 M, 1001, 186
Grewal, A/. S., 506 M
Grigor'Eva, L. V., 279 M, 386 M
Grubinger, H. f 102 S
Guerri, E. A,, 494 I
Cuter, K. J., 541 M
Guttormsen, K., 387 I
Guymon, B. E. , 184M
Haas, F. C., 388 I
Hajek, B. F., 389 M
Halamek, F., 054 M
Hale, H. H,, 088 I
Hand loser, M., 224 M
Harding, H. G., 103 I
Harlin, C. C., 550M
Harmon, J. A., 218M
Harmsen, H., 187M
Harper, H. J., 012 S
Harretl, R. B., 013 M
Harvey, C., 280M
Haskell, E. E., 350 M
Hayes, 480 M
Hayob, H. , 104 S
Hedger, H. E., 055 M
Henry, C. D., 105 I
Hermann, E. R., 185 M
Hershkovitz, S. Z., 281 M, 376 M,
390 M
Herzik, C. R., 188 M
Heukelekian, H., 189 M, 190 M
Hickerson, R. C., 191 I
Highsmith, R. M., 282 M
Hill, R. D., 283 M, 348 M, 3491
Hinesty, T, D., 391 S, 495 S, 512 S
Hirsch, L., 284 I, 392 M
Hodgkinson, C., 199M
Holler, K., 106 S
Hopkins, C., 192 I
Hopkins, C. J., 126 I
Hopkins, R. M., 542 M
Horner, R. W., 496 S
How I and, 480 M
Hunt, C, F., 4435
Hunt, H. J., 107 M
Husemann, C., 285 S, 286 M
Hutch ins, W. A., 014 M
Hyde, C., 016 M
Hyde, C. C., 015 M, 056 M
M
Imhoff, K., 017 M
Ippolito, G., 108 M
Isaac, P. C. C., 287 M
Jacks, T., 383M
Jackson, F. A., 193 I
Jackson, L.
Jenkins, D..
Jepson, C.,
Johnson, C.
Johnson, W.
W., 0575
, 289 M
109 M
E., 194 M
E., 195 M
John stone, D. L., 361 M
Jones, J. H., 288 M
Jopling, W. F., 379 M, 412 M
Julen, G., 110M
Kabler, W., 123 M
Kardos, L. T., 393 M, 394 M, 497 M,
498 M, 537 M, 538 M, 539 M
Karnovsky, F., 3955, 3965
Kasperson, R. E., 499M
Katko, A., 299 M
Keating, R. J., 111 M
King, P. H., 408 I
Kirby, C. F., 500 M
Klein, A. S., 289 M
Koch, H. C., 196 I
Kolb, J., 501 S
Korbitz, W., 5025
Kowalski, J., 197 M
Koziorowski, B., 112 M
Krese, R. B., 409 M
Kreuz, C. , 290 I
IX
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Kreuz, C. A., OHM
Krone, R. B., 198 M, 199 M, 397 M,
410M
Kruez, C. A., 1135
Kudryavtseva, B. M., 398 M
Kuo, T., 291 M
Kutepov, L. E., 399 M
Kutera, J. , 292M
Laak, R., WO M
Lance, J. C. , 503 M, 504 M
Lane, L. C., 1141
Larson, W. C., 200M
Lau, L. S. , 567M
Laverty, F. B., 293 M
Law, J., 4041
Law, J. P. , 401 S, 402 M, 403 I,
448 M
Lawton, C. W., 201 I, 202 I
Leach, R. E., 248M
Leaver, R. E., 2035
Leeper, C. W., 505 M
Lehman, C. S., 405 M, 460 M
Lehmann, A. F., 294 M
Leukel, W. A., 036 M
Lewin, V. H., 406 S
Lowe, R. P., 115M
Ludwig, R. C., 058M
Lueck, B. F. , 157 I
Luley, H. C., 295 I
Lunsford, J., 097 I
Lunsford, J. V., 204 I
Luthin, J. N. , 205 M
Makawi, A. A. M., 277 S
Malo, B. A., 407 I
Maloch, M. , 059 M
Malay, T. P. , 019 S
Mannering, J. V. , 329M
Marks, R. H., 296M
Martin, B., 116 M
Mather, J. R., 117 I
Mathur, R. P. , 506 M
Mays, D. A., 547 S
McCarty, P. L., 408 I
McDowall, F. H., 206 I
McGauhey, P. H., 090 Mf 099 M,
198 M, 207 M, 289 M, 297 M,
409 M, 410 M
McKee, F., 118 I, 208 M
McKee, J. E., 411 M
McKeown, J. J. , 298 I
McLaughlin, C. P., 050 S
McMahon, £. K.f 191 I
McMichael, F. C., 411 M
McQueen, F., 020 M
Mehrotra, C. L., 314 M
Meighen, A. D., 209 I
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board
of Works, 507 M
Mel nick, J. L., 509 M
Merrell, C., 229 M
Merrell, J. C., 299 M, 412 M
Merz, R. C,, 119M, 2105, 211 M,
212 M, 213M, 214 S, 215M
Metcalf & Eddy, 508 M
Metcalf, L., 008 M, 021 M
Metcalf, T. C., 509 M
Middleton, F. M., 300 M
Miller, D. W., 51OM
Miller, P. E., 120 I
Miller, R. H., 511 S
Mitchell, C. A., 022 M, 023 M,
0245, 025 M
Moldenhauer, R. E., 1051
Molina, J. A. E., 512 S
Molina, J. E., 495 S
Morgan, M. , 749 S
Morlock, J., 513 I
Morton, J., 413 S
Moyer, H. , 362 M
Mueller, W., 121 M
Mulford, S. F., 089 I
Muller, G., 217 S
Muller, J. F., 026 S
Muller, W., 060 M, 216 M
Murphy, K. L., 482 M
Myers, E. A., 414 M, 514 M
Myers, L. , 404 I
Myers, L. H., 403 I
Napolitano, P. J., 415 M
Nat'l. Ass. of State Univ. and
Land-Grant Colleges, 5155
Nat'l. CannersAss., 5161
Nat'l. Water Comm., 517 M
Neel, J., 192 I
Nelson, F., 192 I
Nelson, L. E., 122 I
Nesbitt, J, B., 518 M
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Niles, A. H., 063 S
Nilsson, K. 0., WO 5
Norman, N., 723 /W
Mvpen, E. /W. , 579 M
O'Connell, W. , 053 M
O'Connell, W. J.. 061 M
Oakley, H. R., 416 M
Okun, D. A., 520M
Olds, J., 417 S
Omel'Yanets, T. C., 279 M
Ongerth, H. J. , 218 M
Or en stein, A. J., 062 M
Org. Economic Cooperation and
Development, 4181
Orlob, C. T., 090 M, 124M, 199
219 M
Overman, A, R., 521 M, 522 M
Owens, E. L., 255 I
Page, H. C. , 419 M
Pannier, D., 285 S
Parizek, R. R., 420 M
Parker, R. P. , 421 I
Parker, R. R., 301 I
Parkhurst, J. D., 302 M, 303 M,
422 M
Parness, W. H., 423 M
Parsons, W., 424 I
Paulsmeier, F.f 125 M
Pearse, L. , 063 S
Penn. Dept. of Environmental
Resources, 523 M
Penny'packer, S., 425 M
Peterson, H. B., 426 M
Peurifoy, R. L. , 027M
Phelps, E. B.. 040 M
Phillip, A. H. , 524 I
Pintler, H. E., 299 M
Poon, C. P. C., 427 M
Popp, L., 428M
Porges, R., 126 I, 220 M
Pound, C. E., 525 M, 526 M
Pouquet, F., 028 M
Powell, S. T., 221 I
Prat, S. , 304 M
Pratt, P. F., 284 I
Prochal, P., 222 M
Prucha, A. A., 276M
Rafter, C. W., 029 M
Ragotzkie, R. A,, 130M, 131 M,
132M, 133M, 134 M, 135 M
Rawn, A. M., 030 M, 064 M,
065 M, 223M
Reed, S. C., 527 M
Reinhold, F., 066 M
Reinke, E. A., 009 M, 031 I, 127 M
Reploh, H., 128 M, 224 M
Reutlinger, S., 305M
Rice, R. C., 477 M
Richards, S. J., 284 I
Riney, W. A., 032 M
Robeck, C. C., 283 M, 306 M,
307 M, 429 M
Roberts, F. C., 009 M
Rockwell, F. L., 129 M
Rohde, C., 308 M
Ro/as, J. A. R., 343 M
Romanenko, N. A., 430 M
Rose, J. L., 431 M
Rose, W. W., 528 1
Routson, R. C., 432 M, 433 M
Rowe, D. R., 415 M
Rudolfs, W., 033 S, 034 S, 130 M,
131 M, 132 M, 133 M, 134 M,
135 M
Sabey, B. R., 529 S
Sa/imov, D. A., 341 M
Sanborn, N. H., 136 I, 137 I
Sayers, W. T., 306 M
Scan/on, A. J., 225 S
S chaffer, G., 434 S
Schaub, S. A., 541 M
Schliff, L. I. , 435 M
Schraufnagel, F. H., 309 I
Schriner, P. J., 067 S
Schulze, K. L., 436 M
Schwartz, W. A., 348 M, 437 M,
449 M
Schwarz, K., 138 M, 139 M
Scott, R. H., 310 I
Scott, T. M. , 226 M
Seabrook, B. L., 530 S
Seagraves, J. A ., 305 M
Sebastian, F. P., 531 I
XI
-------
Secretary, Hydraulic Resources,
Hydrological Comm., Mexico,
438 M
Segel, A,, 068 M
Sepp, E., 311 M, 439 M, 532 M,
533 M
Sheaffer, J., 473 M
Sheets, W. D., 0881
Short, 471 M
Shreier, F., 069 M
Shuval, H. D,, 440M
Shuval, H. l.t 372 M
Siebert, C. L., 070 I
Simmers, R. M., 228 I
Sine, R. L. , 313 S
Sisson, D. R. , 141 M
Skinner, J. F,, 035S
Skogerboe, C. V., 534 M
Skulte, B. P., 227 M
Skulte, P.. 140 M
Sladecek, V., 304 M
Smith, R. L., 142 M
Smith, T. P., 522 M
Snyder, VI., 143M
Sopper, W., 535M
Sapper, W. E., 441 M, 442 M, 4435,
498 M, 536 M, 537 M, 538 M,
539 M
Sorberf C. A., 540 S, 541 M
Sosewitz, B., 391 S
Spencer, B. R., 071 M
Sprivastava, P. B. L., 314M
Sprawl, T. M., 542M
Stafford, J. F., 364 M
Stanbridge, H. H.. 315 M
Stander, C. J., 519M
Stanley, W. E., 064 M
Steel, W., 144 M
Steffen, A. J., 316M
Stenburg, R, L., 444 M
Stevens. R. M., 544 M
Stickelberger, D,, 543 S
Stokes, W. E., 036M
Stone, A. R,, 230 S
Stone,R., 1451, 146 M, 229 M,
317 M, 445!
Stowell, E. R., 147M
Subby, W., 142 M
Subert, C., 0431
Sullivan, D., 446 M
Sullivan, R. H., 545 M
Summer field, F., 413 S
Swanick, K. H., 546 S
Swanson, C. L., 444M
Szerszen, L,, 257 M
Tanner, F. W., 037S
Tat lock, M. W., 038 S
Taylor, C. S., 288M
Terman, C. L.. 547 S
Thackwell, H. L., 148 M
Thomas, J. F., WO I
Thomas, R., 404 I
Thomas, R. E., 4031, 447 M, 448 M,
449 M, 548 M, 549 M, 550 M
Thomson, F., 149 S
Thorn waste, C. W., 4501
Tietjen, C., 231 M
Tilstra, J., 557 M
Todd, O.K., 232 M, 318 M
Tonkin, C. D., 272M
Travaini, D., 072 M
Travis, P. W., 233 M
Trebler, H. A., 103 I
Triebel, W., 451 S
Trybala, M., 270 M, 319 M
Tucker, T. C., 775 M, 176 M
Twedt, R. M., 094 M, 095 M
U.S. Army Corps Eng., 554 M,
555 M, 556 M, 557 M, 558 M,
559 M
U.S. Dept. Agr., 553 S
Universities, Nat'l. Ass., 515 S
Urie, D. H., 552 M
USDI, Washington, D.C., FWPCA,
452 I
Vaisman, Y. I., 320M
Van Eyck, M., 560 M
VanKteeck, W., 150S, 235S
Vander Coot, H. A., 234 M
Veatch, M. T., 073 I
Veatch, N. T,, 039 M
Vermes, L,, 453 I, 563 I
Viessman, W., 321 M
Viitasalo, I., 454 S
Vlamis, J., 322 S, 561 S
Voights, D., 151 I
XII
-------
Wadleigh, C. H., 236 M, 455 M Yackey, H, H,, 331 M
Wallace, A. T., 459 M Yehuda, P., 241 M
Wallis, C., 509 M Young, R. H. F., 567 M
Wang, VI. L., 094 M, 095 M, 752 M, Younger, V. B., 568 M
268 M
Ward, P. C., 276 M, 478 M Zimmerman, J. D., 463 M
Warrington, S. L., 153 M Zunker, F., 758 M
Watson, J. L. A., 323M
Watson, K. S., 324 M
Wayman, C. H., 419 M
Weber, W. J., 456M
Webster, R. A., 154 I
Wetland, K., 155M
Weiss, R. H., 325 S
Wells, D. M., 457M
Wells, W. N., 326 M
Wentink, C. R.., 562 M
Wer/y, E. F., 237 I
Wesche, J., 286M
Wesner, C. M., 458 M
Westenhouse, R., 327 I
Wheat/and, A. B., 238 M
Whetstone, C. A., 328 M
Whlsfer, F. D., 504 M
Wierzbicki, J., 074 M, 075 M, 076 M,
077 M, 078 M, 079 M, 156M,
239 M, 240 M
Wilcox, L. V., 080 I, 236M
Wildung, R. E., 432 M, 433 M
Wiley, A. J., 157 I
Wiley, J. S., 461 S
Williams and Works, 564 M
Williams, D. E., 3225, 561 S
Williams, R. E., 459 M
Williams, T. C., 414 M, 564 M,
565 M
Wilson, C. W., 347M, 357M
Wilson, L. C,, 460 M
Wlnneberger, J. H., 297M, 409M
Winslow, C. E. A., 040 M
Wischmeier, W. H., 329 M
Wisniewski, T., 3301
Wisniewskl, T. F., 1571
Woodley, R. A., 462 i
Wright, C. T., 041 M, 081 M
Wyckoff, B. M., 272M
Wyndham, R., 566 I
XIII
-------
DESCRIPTOR TERM INDEX
Abilene: 032 M
Activated sludge effluents: 028 M, 189 M, 198 M, 220 M, 221 I, 293 M,
302 M, 345 M, 371 M, 411 M, 422 M, 474 M, 482 M, 530 S
Aerated lagoon effluents: 148 M, 1601, 400 M, 414 M, 489 M, 493 M,
519M
Aerobic conditions: 124 M, 288 M, 297 M, 306 M, 315 M, 397 M, 405 M,
449 M
Aerobic digestion: 033 S, 434 S, 461 S, 4955, 546 S
Aerosols: 212 M, 224 M, 415 M, 427 M, 455 M, 5405, 541 M
Alabama: 389 M, 547 S
Anaerobic conditions: 0431, 142 M, 258 M, 422 M, 449 M, 475 M, 5125,
548 M
Anaerobic digestion: 0065, 012 S, 0195, 0335, 038 S, 0481, 0845,
104 S, 1595, 1635, 2281, 2355, 3605, 3785, 4955, 5125, 5535
Animal diseases: 005 M, 143 M
Arizona: 046 M, 176M, 180M, 186 M, 223 M, 267 M, 269 M, 352 M, 353 M,
354 M, 356 M, 364 M, 371 M, 405 M, 460 M, 476 M, 477 M, 483 M,
503 M, 504 M
Arkansas: 0871
Australia: 056 M, 121 M, 216 M, 500 M, 507 M
Bakers fie Id: 045 M, 226 M
Berlin: 125 M, 155M, 308 M
Bibliographies: 063 S, 064 M, 0845, 119 M, 210 S, 232 M, 328 M, 401 S,
440M, 499M, 534 M, 541 M
Biodegradation: 289 M, 306 M, 475 M, 482 M, 5115
Border irrigation: 286 M, 2901, 463 M
Buffer zones: 224 M
California: 003 M, 010 M, 016 M, 020 M, 031 I, 041 M, 045 M, 053 M,
055 M, 057 S, 058 M, 068 M, 0891, 090 M, 099 M, 1001, 101 M, 116 M,
119M, 124M, 127M, 1451, 146M, 147 M, 184M, 198M, 207 M,
2105, 212 M, 213 M, 2145, 215 M, 219 M, 221 I, 226 M, 233 M,
234 M, 248 M, 259 M, 272 M, 276 M, 2841, 289 M, 293 M, 296 M,
XIV
-------
California—continued:
299 M, 302 M, 303 M, 317 M, 321 M, 3225, 342 I, 350 M, 355 M,
362 M, 366M, 374 M, 379 M, 409 M, 410M, 477 M, 412 M, 422 M,
423 M, 435 M, 439 M, 4451, 446 M, 468 M, 474 M, 478 M, 484 M '
5131, 520 M, 533 M, 559 M, 5661, 568 M
Canada: 001 S, 208 M, 301 I, 333 M, 3345, 335 M, 421 I
Chicago: 0505, 3605, 3635, 3845, 3915, 4655, 4955, 5125, 555 M
China: 291 M, 5311
Climatic data: 002 M, 016 M, 056 M, 061 M, 0801, 107 M, 1595, 211 M,
341 M, 437 M, 514 M
Clogging (soil): 021 M, 044 M, 072 M, 1171, 134 M, 1691, 288 M,
297M, 351 M, 354M, 400M, 4WM, 419M, 449M, 4861, 487M,
548 M
Coiiforms: 005 M, 052 M, 095 M, 1051, 123 M, 130M, 132 M, 133M,
135M, 199 M, 248 M, 276 M, 2775, 281 M, 299 M, 306 M, 320 M,
343 M, 383 M, 386 M, 398 M, 405 M, 415 M, 427 M, 429 M, 440 M,
476 M, 493 M, 4955, 519 M
Colorado: 152 M, 252 M, 419 M, 5025, 5295
Conferences: 316 M, 347 M
Connecticut: 1505, 2355
Costs: 001 S, 009 M, 010 M, 018 M, 020 M, 025 M, 031 I, 0355, 0385,
039 M, 051 I, 0635, 0675, 074 M, 075 M, 078 M, 079 M, 083 M,
0881, 0911, 0921, 116 M, 1221, 1361, 1371, 146 M, 158 M, 1681,
1701, 1775, 1781, 184 M, 185 M, 1931, 200 M, 203 S, 213 M,
2145, 219 M, 223 M, 234 M, 2435, 2445, 265 M, 269 M, 280 M,
287 M, 294 M, 300 M, 305 M, 3091, 339 M, 352 M, 355 M, 356 M,
371 M, 377 M, 380 M, 3881, 3915, 4135, 421 I, 423 M, 4241,
429 M, 431 M, 444 M, 4501, 4521, 456 M, 463 M, 4655, 469 M,
477 M, 507 M, 5131, 518 M, 525 M, 526 M, 531 /, 544 M, 547 S,
556M, 565 M
Crop response: 0701, 072 M, 0731, 262 M, 2645, 267 M, 285 S, 289 M,
305 M, 308 M, 312 M, 319 M
Czechoslovakia: 197 M
Dairy wastes: 1031, 1141, 1181, 1681, 201 f, 202 f, 2061, 208 M, 3101,
373 I, 418 I, 486 I
Deep percolation: 044 M, 055 M, 068 M, 090 M, 099 M, 101 M, 199 M,
233 M, 238 M, 249 M, 258 M, 293 M, 343 M, 435 M, 460 M, 468 M,
520 M, 568 M
Denitrification: 1051, 272 M, 276 M, 343 M, 354 M, 425 M, 429 M, 437 M,
475 M, 476 M, 482 M, 503 M, 504 M, 551 M
-------
Design data: Q50S, 053 M, 057 S, 061 M, 076M, 0931, HIM, 1181,
148 M, 223 M, 2255, 2371, 252 M, 2901, 2981, 307 M, 3091,
325 S, 3321, 333 M, 381 I, 393 M, 420 M, 444 M, 4451, 456 M, 471 M,
514 M, 523 M, 525 M, 526 M, 5281, 546 S, 564 M, 565 M, 567 M
Detergents: 132M, 134 M, 263 M, 376 M
De water ing: 546 S
Disinfection: 007 M, 215 M
Dissolved solids: 229 M, 2841, 419 M, 426 M, 446 M, 459 M, 493 M, 567 M
Economic feasibility: 001 S, 004 M, 006 S, 009 M, 017 M, 034 S, 038 S,
039 M, 042 M, 060 M, 065 M, 066 M, 072 M, 074 M, 076 M, 081 M,
125 M, 156M, 162 S, 1691, 188 M, 189 M, 197 M, 2035, 207 M,
210 S, 211 M, 218 M, 2371, 253 S, 254 M, 266 M, 271 S, 272 M,
305 M, 318 M, 321 M, 353 M, 357 M, 3605, 380 M, 384 S, 390 M,
520 M, 5281, 5295, 536 M, 555 M, 556 M, 557 M, 558 M
England: 109 M, 1135, 230 S, 2645, 315 M, 377 M, 4065, 413 S,
416 M, 491 S, 5305, 546 S
Europe: 015 M, 021 M, 023 M, 040 M, 054 M, 075 M, 140 M, 158M,
190M, 222 M, 227 M, 378 S, 434 S, 532 M
Evapotranspiration: 002 M, 4515
Fertilizer value: 0065, 0125, 0195, 0265, 0335, 0345, 0355, 039 M,
0505, 057 S, 0635, 1825, 2901, 292 M
Fiber crops: 013 M
Fish farming: 222 M, 291 M, 323 M
Flood irrigation: 002 M, 003 M, 004 M, OHM, 013 M, 014 M, 018 M, 021 M,
023 M, 025 M, 0265, 027 M, 028 M, 030 M, 036 M, 042 M, 045 M,
0481, 052 M, 053 M, 062 M, 066 M, 0731, 074 M, 0881, 1261,
129 M, 131 M, 207 M, 2175, 240 M, 241 M, 250 M, 254 M, 262 M,
266 M, 267 M, 270 M, 274 M, 280 M, 281 M, 282 M, 286 M, 297 M,
312 M, 3255, 3271, 341 M, 488 M, 489 M, 507 M, 560 M, 565 M
Florida: 251 S, 464 M, 521 M, 522 M, 542 M
Food processing wastes: 047 I, 051 /, 070 I, 087 I, 091 I, 092 I, 093 I,
0971, 1141, 1171, 1201, 1221, 1261, 1361, 1371, 1541, 1691,
179 I, 181 I, 228 I, 332 I, 338 I, 342 I, 349 I, 373 I, 381 I, 382 I,
3871, 4031, 4041, 4181, 4501, 4521, 4921, 5131, 5161, 5631,
566 I
Forage crops: 018 M, 036 M, 042 M, 045 M, 059 M, 064 M, 068 M, 076 M,
078 M, 082 M, 086 M, 0971, 1025, 110 M, 121 M, 167 M, 1701,
175 M, 186 M, 191 I, 1931, 195 M, 1961, 2041, 212 M, 216 M,
xvi
-------
Forage crops—continued:
224 M, 226 M, 2281, 240 M, 241 M, 2551, 262 M, 2751, 327 I,
3345, 3381, 394 M, 406 S, 443 S, 488 Mt 522 M, 536 M, 538 M,
547 S, 563 I, 568 M
France: 028 M, 083 M
Fresno: 068 M, 350 M
Fruit crops: 081 M, 096 M, 121 M, 127 M, 216 M, 268 M, 5661
Furrow irrigation: 007 M, 015 M, 022 M, 0311, 032 M, 047 J, 0881,
0931, 094 M, 130 M, 1361, 142 M, 268 M, 286 M, 305 M, 3091,
323 M, 3301, 341 M, 3421, 348 M, 357 M, 448 M, 4861, 5161
Ceohydrology: 479 M, 484 M, 51OM
Georgia: 298 I
Germany: 060 M, 086 M, 098 S, 7 755, 725 M, 138M, 139M, 155M,
187 M, 2175, 224 M, 231 M, 286 M, 2901, 308 M, 395 S, 396 S,
418 I, 428 M, 451 S
Golf courses: 146 M, 161 M, 184 M, 211 M, 215 M, 423 M, 446 M, 464 M,
508 M
Grain crops: OHM, 046 M, 106S, 129M, 176M, 195M, 240 M, 267 M,
291 M, 385 M, 394 M, 4545, 5125
Greenbelts: 016 M, 020 M, 049 S, 162 S, 274 M, 2841, 317 M, 568 M
Groundwater contamination: 0891, 090 M, 1001, 101 M, 164 M, 247 M,
2751, 302 M, 3101, 320 M, 361 M, 368 M, 391 S, 398 M, 439 M,
457 M, 467 S, 472 M, 506 M, 510 M, 540 S, 541 M
Groundwater movement: 090 M, 198 M, 361 M, 368 M, 374 M, 398 M,
473 M, 506M
Groundwater recharge: 040 M, 055 M, 058 M, 068 M, 089 J, 100 I, 1171,
119M, 124M, 128M, 140M, 1451, 161 M, 1811, 190M, 198 M,
207 M, 213 M, 229 M, 232 M, 234 M, 239 M, 241 M, 247 M, 249 M,
259 M, 269 M, 296 M, 302 M, 312 M, 317 M, 318 M, 321 M, 323 M,
328 M, 340 M, 344 M, 345 M, 350 M, 352 M, 353 M, 355 M, 356 M,
380 M, 385 M, 393 M, 422 M, 431 M, 436 M, 440 M, 441 M, 442 M,
457 M, 458 M, 459 M, 474 M, 476 M, 477 M, 479 M, 506 M, 508 M,
535M, 550M
Hawaii: 567 M
Heavy metals: 229 M, 238 M, 2645, 308 M, 376 M, 3915, 392 M, 473 M,
490 M, 4915, 505 M, 5115, 530 S, 5535, 562 M
Hertfordshire: 2645, 491 S, 5305
xvn
-------
Human diseases: 029 M, 034 S, 037 S, 042 M, 052 M, 062 M, 063 5, 066 I
081 M, 095 M, 098 S, 112 M, 128 M, 130 M, 737 M, 133M, 134 M,
735 M, 143 M, 1451, 753 M, 755 M, 161 M, 165 M, 186 M, 187 M,
26BM, 291 M, 326 M, 367 M, 370 M, 378 S, 397 M, 406 S, 428 M,
455 M
Hungary: 453 I
Hydroponics: 402 M
Idaho: 459 M
Illinois: 050 S, 067 S, 360 S, 363 S, 384 S, 391 S, 4655, 473 M, 495 S,
5125, 5535, 555 M
India: 314 M
Indiana: 120 I, 209 I, 462 I, 494 I
Injection wells: 234 M, 431 M, 458 M
Ion exchange: 171 M, 238 M, 272 M, 3225, 439 M, 4531, 490 M
Iowa: 0471, 1141, 1361
Israel: 189 M, 241 M, 247 M, 254 M, 281 M, 312 M, 340 M, 390 M, 493 M
Kansas: 165 M
Land reclamation: 2145, 363 S, 443 S, 465 S, 538 M, 553 S
Legal aspects: 054 M, 187 M, 218 M, 416 M, 438 M, 466 S, 479 M, 517 M
Los Angeles: 055 M, 058 M, 293 M, 296 M, 302 M, 411 M, 422 M, 520 M
Louisiana: 357 M, 426 M
Lubbock: 278 M, 385 M, 457 M
Maryland: 4675, 480 M
Massachusetts: 499 M
Melbourne: 056 M, 121 M, 500 M, 507 M
Memmingen: 086 M
Mexico: 438 M
Michigan: 0495, 1511, 177 S, 1791, 273 If 339 M, 414 M, 481 M, 5241
557 M, 560 M, 564 M, 565 M
MicrobiaS degradation: 012 S, 1831, 194 M, 256 M, 277 S, 350 M, 4081,
492 I
XVIII
-------
Milwaukee: 012 S
Minnesota; 0931, 1221, 1691, 200 M, 471 M, 55J M
Missouri: 104 S
Monitoring; 151 I, 3421, 348M, 3491, VIM, 420M, 468 M, 474 M
Munich: 3955, 396 S
Muskegon: 339 M, 481 M
Nebraska: 126 I, 192 I
Netherlands: 164 M, 249 M, 304 M
New Hampshire: 554 M
New Jersey: 022 M, 024 S, 025 M, 1171, 1541
New Mexico: 115M
New York: 0355, 1031, 117 M, 225 S, 343 M, 345 M, 431 M
New Zealand: 206 I, 228 I, 245 I
Nitrate contamination: 0701, 109 M, 340 M, 350 M, 439 M, 472 M, 553 S
Nitrification: 0265, 036 M, 0845, 109 M, 194 M, 238 M, 405 M, 498 M,
504 M, 511 S, 551 M
North Carolina: 305 M
Nutrient removal: 0125, 110 M, 1921, 200 M, 263 M, 394 M, 402 M,
4031, 410 M, 503 M, 521 M, 551 M
Odor: 018 M, 020 M, 0245, 0311, 0495, 0505, 058 M, 061 M, 069 M,
0891, 0931, 1201, 1221, 128 M, 1371, 1505, 1701, 181 I, 189 M,
2021, 208 M, 215 M, 2255, 278 M, 311 M, 376 M, 3915, 4065,
421 I, 436 M, 522 M, 5305
Ohio: 0385, 1961, 2751, 306 M, 307 M, 3491, 437 M, 444 M, 485 M,
558 M
Oklahoma: 263 M
Operation and maintenance: 0015, 009 M, 025 M, 027 M, 029 M, 0355,
0385, 0511, 054 M, 061 M, 0675, 069 M, 075 M, 076 M, 077 M,
158M, 172 M, 1775, 2515, 278 M, 296 M, 2981, 356 M, 3881,
423 M, 489 M, 500 M, 518 M, 5281, 554 M, 555 M
Organic loading: 017 M, 0311, 040 M, 053 M, 091 I, 0971, 1031, 1181,
144 M, 1571, 1661, 191 I, 201 1/260 M, 288 M, 307 M
Overland flow: 077 M, 1931, 2951, 3381, 3491, 369 M, 381 I, 3821,
4031, 4041, 448 M, 4501, 4921, 507 M, 5131, 527 M, 544 M,
549 M, 550M, 554M
xix
-------
Oxidation lagoons: 043/, 1051, 108 M, 129 M, 2105, 2451, 247 M, 248
281 M, 323 M, 335 M, 362 M, 377 M, 381 I, 390 M, 416 M, 4521,
564 M
Paris: 338 I, 381 I, 382 I, 403 I, 404 I, 450 /, 492 I
Pathogenic bacteria: 005 M, 0375, 060 M, 094 M, 095 M, 096 M, 098 S,
123 M, 130 M, 135 M, 143 M, 217 S, 250 M, 279 M, 294 M, 367 M,
370 M, 397 M, 427 M, 428 M, 458 M, 467 S, 532 M, 540 S
Penn State: 393 M, 394 M, 420 M, 425 M, 441 M, 442 M, 4435, 497 M,
498 M, 514 M, 518 M, 536 M, 538 M, 539 M
Pennsylvania: 0431, 0701, 181 I, 295 I, 3135, 3375, 3755, 393 M,
394 M, 420 M, 425 M, 441 M, 442 M, 4435, 4665, 497 M, 498 M,
514 M, 518 M, 523 M, 536 M, 537 M, 538 M, 539 M, 544 M
Pesticides: 408 I
Phoenix: 352 M, 353 M, 354 M, 356 M, 476 M, 477 M, 503 M, 504 M
Phosphorus removal: 272 M, 276 M, 343 M, 346 M, 402 M, 4031, 425 M,
437 M, 4501, 476 M., 477 M, 487 M, 490 M, 498 M, 551 M, 552 M
Planning: 115 M, 140M, 227 M, 233 M, 252 M, 335 M, 358 M, 363 S,
412 M, 4175, 438 M, 463 M, 464 M, 481 M, 485 M, 499 M, 5025,
519 M, 555 M, 556 M, 557 M, 558 M, 559 M, 567 M
Plant diseases: 359 M, 443 S, 538 M
Plant growth: 059 M, 110 M, 222 M, 270 M, 280 M, 5125
Poland: 074 M, 076 M, 077 M, 078 M, 079 M, 156 M, 239 M, 257 M,
258 M, 270 M, 292 M, 319 M, 351 M
Potato processing wastes: 387 1, 388 I
Primary effluent: 007 M, 010 M, 011 M, 013 M, 015 M, 022 M, 032 M,
046 M, 094 M, 112 M, 140M, 152M, 186 M, 188 M, 226 M, 233 M,
278 M, 289 M, 333 M, 436 M, 447 M, 468 M, 487 M
Public acceptance: 016 M, 0495, 065 M, 3375, 364 M, 4065, 412 M,
478 M, 499 M, 5305, 557 M, 558 M
Public health regulations: 009 M, 023 M, 029 M, 030 M, 037 S, 041 M,
060 M, 064 M, 072 M, 085 S, 1135, 127 M, 139M, 141 M, 152 M,
1541, 155M, 161M, 1635, 173 M, 180 M, 188 M, 215 M, 218 M,
2355, 2425, 250 M, 312 M, 358 M, 366 M, 367 M, 372 M, 379 M
4015, 415 M, 430 M, 4515, 532 M, 533 M, 544 M
Pulp and paper wastes: 151 I, 1661, 1741, 1831, 1961, 2091, 2551
298 I, 310 I, 327 I. 373 I, 407 I, 494 I, 524 I
xx
-------
Rates of application: 008 M, 010 M, 017 M, 028 M, 039 M, 046 M, 047!,
0481, 052 M, 053 M, 061 M, 077 M, 0871, 103 I, 1171, 1201, 121 M,
1261, 1361, 1451, 147 M, 1495, 151 f, 1661, 167 M, 1681, 1741,
190 M, 194M, 1961, 2041, 2091, 226 M, 251 S, 2551, 256 M, 257 M,
2645, 270 M, 2715, 2751, 283 M, 2855, 293 M, 2951, 301 I, 307 M,
3091, 311 M, 319 M, 3271, 3301, 3321, 3421, 344 M, 345 M, 348 M,
352 M, 3605, 3821, 383 M, 385 M, 386 M, 3871, 3881, 393 M, 394 M,
4071, 414 M, 4181, 422 M, 4241, 425 M, 441 M, 442 M, 447 M, 4521,
4545, 460 M, 4621, 469 M, 471 M, 474 M, 482 M, 487 M, 489 M,
4941, 4955, 498 M, 500 M, 504 M, 508 M, 509 M, SUM, 518 M,
521 M, 522 M, 523 M, 535 M, 539 M, 550 M, 552 M, 562 M, 5661,
568 M
Raw sewage: 002 M, 004 M, 005 M, 023 M, 028 M, 030 M, 062 M, 064 M,
1065, 127 M, 198 M, 246 M, 248 M, 2535, 256 M, 257 M, 262 M,
270 M, 2775
Recreational facilities: 116 M, 119 M, 211 M, 274 M, 299 M, 317 M, 321 M,
328 M, 379 M, 4015, 412 M, 4451, 542 M
Recycling nutrients: 0575, 0635, 064 M, 0675, 078 M, 079 M, 102 S,
108M, 112 M, 125M, 140 M, 142 M, 1495, 1505, 153 M, 1595,
1635, 176 M, 180 M, 1825, 2035, 2145, 222M, 2255, 2305,
269 M, 3345, 3365, 3605, 3755, 3965, 4345, 461 S, 4665,
4705, 475 M, 5155, 5435, 5615
Reviews: 006 S, 008 M, 015 M, 018 M, 021 M, 029 M, 0345, 071 M, 107 M,
138 M, 1831, 190 M, 239 M, 243 S, 261 I, 265 M, 282 M, 283 M, 316 M,
3225, 326 M, 359 M, 366 M, 367 M, 369 M, 370 M, 371 M, 399 M,
4015, 4071, 409 M, 430 M, 433 M, 435 M, 438 M, 448 M, 456 M,
460 M, 479 M, 4861, 4965, 502 S, 5155, 517 M, 525 M, 526 M,
532 M, 534 M, 537 M, 545 M, 549 M, 554 M, 560 M, 564 M
Rhode Is land: 427 M
Salinity: 055 M, 059 M, 153 M, 184 M, 233 M, 2551, 2841, 292 M, 3225,
357 M, 376 M, 392 M, 426 M, 427 M, 4531, 472 M, 483 M, 493 M,
563 I
San Antonio: Oil M, 082 M, 326 M
San Francisco: 016 M, 020 M, 116 M
Santee: 248 M, 299 M, 321 M, 412 M
Seabrook Farms: 1171, 1541,
Septic tanks: 036M, 147M, 220M, 288M, 297 M, 311 M, 361 M, 400M,
447 M
Silviculture: 2731, 455 M, 535 M, 536 M, 537 M, 538 M
XXI
-------
Sludge disposal: 024 S, 034 S, 037 5, 047 Af, 0495, 05(95, 0675, 0545,
0855, 086 AJ, 098 5, 7045, 729 A0, 7495, 7505, 7625, 7635,
7525, 2745, 2305, 237 M, 2355, 2425, 2435, 2445, 2575, 253 <
2645, 2775, 2775, 370/, 3735, 3225, 3255, 3365, 3375, 3635.
3655, 3755, 3755, 3545, 3955, 3965, 4735, 4345, 4655, 4665
4675, 4965, 5075, 5025, 5755, 5435, 5465
Soil chemical properties; 0065, 005 Af, 036/M, 742 M, 744 M, 236 M, 243.
249 M, 257 M, 258 M, 2901, 292 M, 306 M, 374 M, 329 Af, 346 M,
357 M, 368 M, 389 M, 432 M, 433 Af, 4435, 445 Af, 449 Af, 4537,
467 5, 470 5, 453 Af, 485 Af, 490 M, 497 5, 497 M, 503 M, 505 M
So/7 contamination: 042 Af, 052 Af, 305 Af, 383 Af, 4057, 433 Af, 455 Af,
507 5
Soil microbiology: 044 Af, 359 M, 409 M, 420 Af, 432 Af, 433 M, 439 Af,
447 Af, 457 5, 497 Af, 577 5
Soif physical properties: 004 Af, 005 Af, 070 Af, 074 Af, 0795, 025 Af,
0265, 027 Af, 044 Af, 075 M, 737/M, 744 M, 774/, 7837, 257 Af,
255 Af, 2555, 292 Af, 305 Af, 320 Af, 329 Af, 346 Af, 354 Af, 367 Af,
374 M, 389 M, 392/M, 479 M, 420 A), 433 M, 435 Af, 464 Af, 494/,
497 Af, 504 Af, 506/M, 533 Af, 536 M, 545 Af, 550 Af, 560 Af
Soil types: 077 M, 074 Af, 077 Af, 023 Af, 0245, 0265, 0477, 0457, 053 Af,
0557, 0597, 707 M, 7045, 707 M, 724 Af, 735 Af, 739 Af, 7595,
764 Af, 767 Af, 770/, 777 Af, 794 Af, 799 Af, 2027, 2097, 2425,
2435, 245/, 246 Af, 2775, 2775, 253 Af, 289 Af, 307 M, 320 M,
329 M, 339 M, 347 M, 374 Af, 393 M, 400 AJ, 4047, 4077, 4087,
479 Af, 435 Af, 437 Af, 483 Af, 488 Af, 507 Af, 527 AJ, 5247, 552 Af,
462 Af
South Africa: 077 Af, 266 Af, 579 Af
Southeast U.S.: 182 S
Southwest U.S.: 009 M, OHM, 775 M, 274 Af, 372 Af, 472 M
Soviet Union: 7735, 246 M. 250 M, 279 M. 320 M, 347 Af, 356 Af, 395 Af,
399 Af, 458 Af
Spray disposal: 039 M, 077 M, 0921, 7747, 7207, 7577, 777 Af, 792 /,
202/, 279 AJ, 276 Af, 2987, 3277, 333 M, 335 Al, 4655, 5737,
524 7, 527 Af, 542 Af, 554 Af
Spreading basins: 058 M, 099 M, 7001, 707 Af, 724 Af, 234 M, 247 Af,
247 Af, 293 Af, 377 Af, 354 Af, 356 Af, 395 AJ, 470 Af, 477/W, 4545,
472 M, 477 M, 533 M
Sprinkler irrigation: 076 Af, 020 Af, 069 Af, 0707, 0507, 053 Af, 0555,
086 Af, 0877, 0887, 0977, 097/, 7025, 7037, 7065, 707 M, 772Af,
7757, 7227, 723 Af, 725 Af, 728 Af, 733 Af, 7377, 735 M. HIM,
142 M, 147 M, 748 Af, 7505, 755 Af, 7667, 767 Af, 7687, 7697,
770/, 7747, 776 Af, 7797, 780 M, 7877, 7637, 754 Af, 7S7 Af,
XXII
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Sprinkler irrigation—continued:
189M, 190 M, 1971, 195 M, 1961, 197 M, 200 M, 2011, 2041,
2061, 208 M, 2091, 212 M, 213 M, 215 M, 217 S, 22ft M, 226 M,
227 M, 229 M, 2371, 2451, 2731, 2751, 279 M, 282 M, 286 M,
2951, 296 M, 301 I, 304 M, 311 M, 3301, 3321, 339 M, 357 M,
358 M, 362 M, 369 M, 378 S, 383 M, 3871, 414 M, 4241, 4451,
446 M, 4621, 463 M, 464 M, 469 M, 471 M, 481 M, 4861, 497 M,
SUM, 5161, 518 M, 522 M, 523 M, 539 M, 552 M, 560 M
Subsurface drainage: 205 M, 351 M, 386 M
Subsurface irrigation: 138 M, 139 M, 410 M, 428 M, 529 S
Surveys: 014 M, 030 M, 0731, 082 M, 109 M, 119 M, 158 M, 162 S, 177 S,
182 S, 187 M, 1921, 220 M, 210S, 213 M, 219 M, 279 M, 280 M,
282 M, 283 M, 294 M, 303 M, 304 M, 344 M, 355 M, 366 M, 414 M,
478 M, 484 M, 510 M, 5161, 544 M, 545 M
Suspended sofids: 045 M, 116 M, 1571, 2731, 3491, 377 M, 423 M,
494 I, 528 I, 542 M
Sweden: 470 S
Tannery wastes: 301 I, 373 I, 418 I, 421 I
Tennessee: 461 S
Tertiary treatment: 045 M, 074 M, 116 M, 299 M, 300 M, 345 M, 352 M,
362 M, 377 M, 416 M, 431 M, 436 M, 441 M, 444 M, 459 M, 460 M,
492 I, 508 M, 542 M
Texas: 002 M, 007 M, OHM, 013 M, 027 M, 032 M, 082 M, 129 M, 144 M,
172 M, 185 M, 188 M, 278 M, 280 M, 325 S, 326 M, 328 M, 338 J,
367 M, 381 I, 3821, 385 M, 4031, 4041, 4501, 457 M, 489 M, 4921
Tile drainage: 205 M, 473 M
Trickling filter effluent: 057 S, 348 M, 402 M, 458 M
Tucson: 046 M, 176M, 180M, 269 M, 364 M, 371 M, 405 M, 460 M, 483 M
United States: 001 S, 017 M, 021 M, 029 M, 030 M, 039 M, 040 M, 054 M,
0731, 0801, 084 S, 113 S, 1181, 141 M, 149 S, 159 S, 163 S, 220 M,
232 M, 253 S, 282 M, 300 M, 400 M, 407 I, 479 M, 496 S, 515 S,
5161, 517 M, 525 M, 526 M, 5281, 532 M, 545 M, 556 M
Utah: 148M
Vegetable crops: 007 M, 022 M, 035 S, 037 S, 062 M, 066 M, 072 M, 081 M,
095 M, 096 M, 123 M, 131 M, 132 M, 133 M, 134 M, 135 M, 156 M,
188 M, 217 S, 246 M, 250 M, 279 M, 285 S, 304 M, 358 M, 451 S,
547 S, 5631
xxni
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Vegetation damage: 094 M, 171 M, 200 M, 426 M, 510 S
Vine/and: 022 M, 024(5, 025 M
Virginia: 1741
Viruses: 248 M, 299 M, 364 M, 368 M, 370 M. 374 M, 386 M, 397 M, 412 M
428M, 429Mf 440M, 473M, 509 M, 519M, 541 M, 567 M
Washington: 0971, 1931, 195 M, 203 S, 2041, 3321, 361 M, 3881
Wastewater disposal: 027 M, 040 M, 041 M, 051 I, 054 M, 068 M, 069 M,
071 M, 078 M, 079 M, 082 M, 083 M, 0871, 106 S, 107 M, 108 M,
110M, 111 M, 119M, 121 M, 125M, 132M, 139M, 141 M, 144M,
146 M, 1541, 155 M, 156 M, 172 M, 173 M, 176 M, 180 M, 185 M,
191 I, 1931, 203 S, 205 M, 2061, 216 M, 222 M, 227 M, 231 M,
232 M, 237 I, 260 M, 283 M, 287 M, 291 M, 374 M, 326 M, 389 M,
432 M, 466 S, 468 M, 469 M, 475 M, 480 M, 515 S, 533 M, 535 M,
545 M, 549 M, 555 M
Wastewater treatment: 0431, 058 M, 0911, 096 M, 098 S, 099 M, 1051,
108M, HIM, 115M, 143M, 146M, 147M, 148M, 152 M, 153M,
155M, 197 M, 199 M, 220 M, 249 M, 263 M, 2951, 303 M, 326 M,
331 M, 333 M, 364 M, 365 S, 369 M, 371 M, 379 M, 380 M, 390 M,
399 M, 405 M, 409 M, 417 S, 425 M, 430 M, 441 M, 442 M, 444 M,
445 I, 448 M, 480 M, 481 M, 484 M, 485 M, 496 S, 498 M, 499 M,
500 M, 510. M, 527 M, 531 I, 537 M, 549 M, 557 M, 558 M, 559 M
Water management (applied): 339 M, 344 M, 385 M, 485 M, 523 M,
556 M, 559 M
Water quality data: 055 M, 099 M, 109 M, 1141, 124 M, 126 J, 149 S,
1571, 165 M, 1781, 1921, 2041, 212 M, 236 M, 2451, 260 M,
265 M, 3381, 347 M, 366 M, 382 J, 4041, 411 M, 446 M, 458 M,
500 M, 534 M
Water quality standards: 0801, 081 M, 085 S, 090 M, 1001, 127 M,
1451, 1781, 185 M, 259~M, 303 M, 315 M, 316 M, 324 M, 340 M,
355 M, 379 M, 392 M, 416 M, 4531, 459 M, 527 M
Water reuse: 003 M, 005 M, 056 M, 059 M, 065 M, 0731, 108 M, HIM,
115 M, 158 M, 1601, 161 M, 165 M, 172 M, 173 M, 175 M, 1781,
185 M, 208 M, 210 S, 21J M, 213 M, 216 M, 218 M, 221 I, 223 M,
229 M, 231 M, 232 M, 236 M, 240 M, 252 M, 254 M. 260 M, 261 I,
263 M, 265 M, 274 M, 2841, 294 M, 296 M, 300 M, 302 M, 303 M,
316 M, 321 M, 323 M, 324 M, 328 M, 331 M, 340 M, 347 M, 364 M,
372 M, 438 M, 456 M, 478 M, 520 M, 535 M
Winter storage: 301 I, 4211, 436 M, 471 M, 524 I, 565 M
Wisconsin: 012 S, 1051, 1571, 1661, 1681, 201 I, 2021, 262 M, 3091,
3301, 348 M
XXIV
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SECTION I
ABSTRACTS PRIOR TO 7947
007 S THE UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER: A
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL APHA
Anonymous
Sewage Works J., 9:567-972, 7937.
Descriptors: Canada, United States, Economic feasibility, Operation
and maintenance. Costs.
A comprehensive report resulting from a survey of sludge disposal
practices in the United States and Canada. Data were furnished by
State sanitary engineers, sewage works operators, and municipal
officials. Discussed in connection with use of sludge as fertilizer are
soil fertilization, fertilizer value, use in mixed fertilizers, tonnage of
sludge available, types of sludge, and comparisons of sludge from
different treatment processes. Results of sludge utilization on many
different crops are presented and general conclusions based on the
results of the survey are given.
002 M IRRICA TION WITH SEWAGE
Anonymous
Eng. News-Rec., 12T_: 821, 1938.
Descriptors: Texas, Raw sewage, Evapotranspiration, Flood
irrigation, Climatic data.
A storage lake and land irrigation solved the sewage disposal problem
at Kingsville, Texas. In this region of low rainfall and high evaporation,
suitable streams for the disposal of sewage are practically nonexistent.
The distribution and disposal system is described. The storage lake
makes the system quite flexible. Disposal operations continue even
when irrigation is not in progress.
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003 M BIOFIL TRA TION EFFLUENT USED FOR IRRfCA TION A T
SANTA PAULA
Anonymous
Eng. News-Rec., 725:834. 1940.
Descriptors: California, Flood irrigation, Water reuse.
Effluent from a biofiltration sewage treatment plant serving 12,000
residents in Santa Paula, California, is used to irrigate orchard
lands adjacent to that city. The city is proud of its attractive and
useful plant which is capable of converting sewage into irrigation
water.
004 M SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE PURIFICATION, 2nd ed.
Baker, M. M.
New York, D. Van Nostrand Company, 1905. 153 p.
Descriptors: Raw sewage, Economic feasibility, Soil physical
properties, Flood irrigation.
The author devotes five pages to the subject of "Broad Irrigation or
Sewage Farming. " He states that the biggest problem is the need for
land, about an acre per 100 people. Both price and availability of Ian*
are obstacles, as well as soil type. Soil should be fairly light and
porous—ivef, cloying soil can be used sometimes, and cultivation with
sewage can improve its characteristics. The use of sewage for irriga
tion also has political and economic problems and the method of sewagt
irrigation is best suited for arid regions.
005 M EFFEC T ON A NIMA L HE A L TH OF FEEDING SEWAGE
Crawford, A. B., and A. H. Frank
Civil Eng., 10:495-496, 1940.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Animal diseases. Conforms,
Water reuse, Raw sewage.
A study was conducted at the U. S. Department of Agriculture's
Beltsville Research Center in which swine and cattle remained
in good condition after a severe six-month feeding period including
raw sewage, treatment plant effluent, and sludge. This study
concluded that virulent bacteria were not present in sufficient
concentration in the incoming sewage, effluent, or sludge of
this sewage treatment plant to cause disease in susceptible
animals. These test animals were subjected to a more severe
exposure to effluent than would normally be expected to occur.
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006 S ADAPTABILITY OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A FERTILIZER
DeTurk, E. E,
Sewage Works J., 7/597-5/0, July 1935.
Descriptors: Fertilizer value, Anaerobic digestion, Economic
feasibility. Soil chemical properties, Reviews.
A significant historical review of sewage utilization is made. Comparisons
of chemical composition and fertilizer value are made between sludge
produced by the activated sludge process and digested or Imhoff sludge.
Digested sludge is also compared to farm manure. Methods of sludge
utilization are discussed. Future development of sludge-processing
methods may well result in the production of sludge with increased
fertilizer value. Even though sludge may be low in fertilizer value, its
organic content should not be overlooked as a soil-conditioning agent.
007 M TREA TMENT REQUIRED FOR SEWAGE REUSED FOR IRRICA TION
PURPOSES
Dieht, Paul A.
Sewage Works J., 8:502-503, August 1936.
Descriptors: Texas, Primary effluent, Furrow irrigation. Vegetable
crops, Dis in fee tion.
About WO cities, most of which are in California and Texas, use sewage
for irrigation purposes. Oil and grease should be removed, as well as alt
solids that might settle out in the irrigation ditches. For use on garden
crops, the sewage should be sterilized and filtered.
008 M SEW A GE DISPOSA L BY IRRIGA TION
Eddy, Harrison, and Leonard Metcalf
In: American Sewerage Practice Vol. Ill, 3rd ed., New York, McGraw-
Hill, 1935. Chap. 9, p. 233-252.
Descriptors: Reviews, Soil physical properties. Soil chemical
properties. Rates of application.
The physical, chemical and biological processes of the soil in treating
sewage effluent have been widely used. Initial settling is preferred to
prevent clogging of the soil and rates of 18 feet per year have been
recorded. Examples of sewage farms in Europe and America are given.
In 19JO, Berlin had over 43,000 acres in use for sewage disposal.
Pasadena had its farm in use since 1887.
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009 M EXPERIENCES WITH SEWAGE FARMING IN SOUTHWEST UNITED
STATES
Ehlers, V. M., F, C. Roberts, Jr., and E. A, Reinke
Amer. J. Pub. Health, 25:119-127, 1935, Abstr., Sewage Works J.,
7: 320-322.
Descriptors: Southwest U. S., Economic feasibility, Operation and
maintenance. Costs, Public health regulations.
This article discusses the sewage disposal (using land systems) problems
and advantages in three states: Texas, Arizona, and California. The
article discusses the cost of the systems, the length of operation, the
type of crops which were grown, and the revenue from them. Suggestions
were given by Texas engineers. AH data necessary was given for the
State of Arizona including rainfall, temperature, population, average
sewage flow, average type of sewage, etc. Ways of dispel/ing odors
were discussed. Health aspects, danger of polluting groundwater,
previous treatment and crop yields were discussed to a great extent.
A great deal was said about California's health laws fas to what crops
could be legally irrigated with sewage water and the type of sewage
that could be used) and their effect on the number of land systems used.
010 M SIMPLE APPLICA TIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Gillespie, C. G.
Sewage Works J., 1j 68-69, 1928.
Descriptors: California, Primary effluent. Rates of application,
Soil physical properties. Costs,
The author describes two cases where expensive disposal alternates
were avoided by conversion to land application. At Carmel, California
a flow of 0. 05 mgd from a septic tank was diverted to 3, 000 sq ft of
sand beds. The coarse sand (0. 3 mm effective size) is raked after
inundation for a week and no ponding develops. At Vacaville, Cali-
fornia 0. 125 mgd of septic tank effluent was passed over a field of heavy
clay prior to ponding. The 8 acre field was graded to a 1 percent slope
and a thick stand of grass grew immediately. Only about 10 percent of
the effluent applied over 8 months appeared as runoff.
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011 M SEWAGE IRR/CA TION IN TEXAS
Goodwin, Earl H.
Pub. Works, 66_: 23-24, March 1935.
Descriptors: San Antonio, Texas, Primary effluent. Soil types. Flood
irrigation. Grain crops.
Since 1900, San Antonio has utilized a part of its sewage effluent to
irrigate up to 3500 acres. At present, about 47 plants in Texas use
irrigation as a means of treatment and disposal. Spray, border, and
furrow methods are used to irrigate grains, grasses, cotton, alfalfa,
nuts, and citrus. Porous sandy soils seem to be most suitable. Care-
ful supervision is required so that soil type and crops form a compatible
combination for the efficient utilization of the effluent.
012 S SEWAGE SLUDGE AS A FERTILIZER
Harper, Horace J.
Sewage Works J., 3_: 683-687, 1931.
Descriptors: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Anaerobic digestion. Fertilizer
value, Nutrient removal, Microbial degradation.
Fertilizing value of sewage sludge depends upon its source and the
sewage treatment process. The nitrogen content may be quite different
for sludges obtained from Imhoff tank and activated sludge processes.
Activated sludge may contain 5 to 6 percent total nitrogen, with total
phosphoric acid content of approximately 3 percent. Sludge from
Imhoff tanks seldom contains more than 2. 5 percent nitrogen and 2
percent phosphoric acid.
Cites the city of Milwaukee's experience with "Milorganite" produced
from activated sludge and several experiments concerned with fertilizer
value of sludge. Liquid sludge has considerably more fertilizer value
than dried sludge since much of the nutrient content drains away in the
drying process.
013 M SEWAGE IRRIGA TION AS A METHOD OF DISPOSAL
Harrell, Riley B.
In: Proc. 21st Tex. Water Works Sewerage Short Sch., December 1939.
p. 121-123. Abstr., Sewage Works J. , 1_2_: 1019, 1940.
Descriptors: Texas, Primary effluent. Flood irrigation. Fiber crops.
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The author describes sewage irrigation as practiced by the city of
Munday, Texas. Use of row crops is recommended for better weed
control. Cotton is most satisfactory crop. In 1934, 24 acres of irri-
gated land produced 23 bales of cotton. Dry land produced less than
one-third bale per acre of poorer quality cotton. Serious problem of
effluent disposal has been solved by irrigation.
OH M SEWAGE IRRIGATION AS PRACTICED IN THE WESTERN STATES
Hutch ins, W. A.
U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 675, Washington, D.C., March 1939. 60 p.
Descriptors: Southwest U.S., Flood irrigation, Surveys, Soil
physical properties. Soil types.
A survey was conducted in 1934 and 1935 and rechecked in 1937 on 125
sites in 15 western states where irrigation with sewage was being prac-
ticed. For the 113 sites in which sewage irrigation was continuing in
1937, factors discussed included crops irrigated, ownership and opera-
tion, public health regulations, salts in the effluent, sewage water rights,
and economic feasibility of sewage irrigation. Other factors included
soil types (predominantly higher soils), proximity of dwellings, effects
on the soil, and long term environmental effects. For the 12 sites where
irrigation was discontinued, reasons were given for discontinuance,
including unsuitable soil, limited lands, availability of substitute water
supplies, change in location of treatment plants, and unsatisfactory
management.
015 M SEWAGE DISPOSAL PRACTICE IN EUROPE
Hyde, C. G.
West. Constr. News, 4: 345-352, July 1929.
Descriptors: Europe, Primary effluent, Furrow irrigation, Reviews.
The author reports on inspection tour of 28 sewage treatment plants in
Great Britain and Germany. The treatment processes observed are
described. A number of plants employed "broad irrigation" as a means
of treatment. The sewage of Berlin, Paris, and Milan is used to irrigate
crops.
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016 M THE BEAUT1FICA TION AND IRRICA TION OF GOLDEN CA TE
PARK WITH ACTIVATED SLUDGE EFFLUENT
Hyde, Charles
Sewage Works J., 9:929-947, November 1937.
Descriptors: San Francisco, California, Public acceptance.
Climatic data, Creenbelts, Sprinkler irrigation.
Lack of available fresh water caused San Francisco to turn to other
sources for park irrigation. At first raw sewage was used, but with
development of the area came complaints and a search for new sources
of water. The water is from the sewage of about 10-15, 000 people and
amounts to about 500,000 gpd, and undergoes activated sludge treatment
and chlor-i nation. Average rainfall in the area is 22 inches, 85 percent
of which falls from November to March. The average temperature is 56°,
ranging from 68° in September to 45° in January.
017 M TREA TMENT ON NA TURA L SOIL
Imhoff, Karl, and Gordon Fair
In: Sewage Treatment, New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1940.
Chap. 7, p. 108-118.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility. Rates of application. Soil types.
Organic loading, United States.
When land is available cheaply, land treatment of sewage can be
economical. Rates of application vary from 750 gpd per acre to
24, 000 gpd per acre, depending on the soil type, cover crop, and
land use. Use of sand beds with secondary effluent can take
loadings of 800,000 gpd per acre.
018 M UTILIZA TION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
BY BROAD IRRIGA TION
Kreuz, C. A .
Sewage Works J., 8_: 348-349, March 1936.
Descriptors: Forage crops. Flood irrigation. Costs, Odor, Reviews.
The author discussed the use of sewage for agricultural purposes. He
suggested that, in order to produce maximum yield of agricultural prod-
ucts the sewage from as many as 80 inhabitants can be distributed on an
acre, if the grass is cut three or four times, and the sewage evenly
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distributed over the year. The fertilizing constituents can be used to
greatest advantage when the sewage is artificially sprinkled but this
method has the highest operating cost and requires the largest amount
of land.
Two methods of irrigation are discussed. In ordinary broad irrigation,
land is divided into areas about 7. 25 acres in size. The disadvantages
are: the use of agricultural machinery is difficult; smoothing of the
surface is expensive; too much of the land is used for roads, dikes and
ditches; cultivation of cereals has not proved satisfactory; and odors
during the summer cannot be entirely avoided.
In another method of irrigation, the water is held on plots of land 6 to
30 acres in size by dikes about 20 inches high. These plots are covered
with sewage to a depth of 8 to 12 inches and allowed to stand from 3 to
6 days in summer and about a week in winter. The water remaining
after that time is drained off through ditches. The distribution of land
with at least a two percent slope has also proved very satisfactory.
019 S USE OF SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER
Maloy, Thomas P.
Sewage Works J., 3:485-487, July 1931.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion. Soil physical properties.
Fertilizer value.
Sludge does not have the high fertilizing value of commercial fertilizers.
Experiments indicated that it is very effective in improving the physical
condition of the soil: "Where the ground was hard and compact before,
it is now soft and resilient. It has a certain amount of spring to it. "
"The whole texture of the soil was improved and made more pliable. "
020 M SEWAGE TREATMENT FOR OBTAINING PARK IRRIGATING WA TEP
McQueen, Frank
Pub. Works, 64:76-77, 1934. Abstr., Sewage Works J., 6:145-146,
Descriptors: San Francisco, California, Greenbelts, Sprinkler
irrigation, Odor, Costs.
Golden Gate Park (1,013 acres), San Francisco, vjas originally irrigated
with sewage from an outfall sewer traversing the park. This was soon
discontinued because of objectionable odors. The purchase of potable
-------
water proved too costly. A new sewage treatment plant, completed in
1932 and employing the activated-sludge process, supplies 1 mgd for
irrigation of the Park. The water is clear, odorless, and completely
satisfactory for the purpose. Odors and suspended matter are so
completely removed that the excess plant effluent is used for lakes and
waterfalls.
021 M SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Metcaff, Leonard, and Harrison P. Eddy
New York, McGraw-Hill, 1922. 598p.
Descriptors: Europe, Clogging (soil), Reviews, Flood irrigation,
United States.
Part of this textbook describes sewage irrigation in Britain, France,
Germany and the U.S. A/though sewage does have valuable fertilizer
value, it is most valuable for its water content, as sewage is 99. 9 per-
cent water. Unfortunately, sewage also contains fat and soap which are
harmful to land, causing clogging of the soil. This condition can be
overcome with the use of screening and sedimentation before application
to the land. Sewage irrigation in the U.S. has not been used on a large
scale, but numerous small-scale operations have been used for many
years around the country, especially in Southern California. Although
satisfactory, none of the operations has been an unqualified success.
One city, San Antonio, Texas, is described as having a system which
pumps the sewage 12 miles from the cicy to a 6, 700-acre privately owned
tract.
022 M SEWAGE FARM DISPLACES FILTER BEDS AT VINELAND, N.J.
Mitchell, George A.
Eng. News-Rec., 104:65, January 1930.
Descriptors: Vine/and, New Jersey, Primary effluent. Vegetable crops.
Furrow irrigation.
Vineland was one of the first cities to adopt sewage irrigation of crops
as a means of disposal. The raw sewage was piped a distance of 2. 5
miles to a sandy area where a settling tank and sludge-drying beds
were built. The effluent was used to irrigate 50 acres of recently
cleared river sand. The second year produced good yields of sweet
potatoes, sweet corn, eggplant, and rhubarb on this previously sterile
soil with the use of no fertilizer except sewage.
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023 M OBSERVATIONS ON SEWAGE FARMING IN EUROPE
Mitchell, George A.
Eng, News-Rec., 106:66-69, January 1931.
Descriptors: Europe, Raw sewage. Soil types. Flood irrigation,
Public health regulations.
Sewage farms were visited in Berlin and other German cities, Paris,
Moscow, Edinburgh, and four towns in England. • Some of the cities of
Germany have used this form of sewage disposal for over 60 years, and
very successfully. Cases are cited where very poor sandy land has
been converted to good, productive farmland by sewage irrigation.
Details of sewage farm operations at Berlin, Paris, and Moscow are
given. In England, sewage irrigation of crops is decreasing due to
growth of cities, and because suitable areas for expansion of the farms
are difficult to find. Tighter, less sandy soils than on the continent
require larger areas for suitable sewage farming practices. Experi-
ence has shown that sewage farming poses no serious threat to the
public health.
024 5 SLUDGE DISPOSAL ATA SEWAGE IRRIGATION FARM
Mitchell, George A.
Eng. News-Rec., W7_:57, July 1931.
Descriptors: Vine/and, New Jersey, Soil types, Sludge disposal. Odor.
The author describes a method of disposing of sludge-bearing sewage a<
practiced at Vineland, New Jersey. The sludge is pumped onto a field
prepared with deep furrows. Immediately upon drying, the sludge is
plowed under, and the field prepared to receive another sludge treat-
ment. Once the sludge is plowed under, odor and insect nuisances are
eliminated. The surface soil proved to be an excellent purifier.
025 M MUNICIPAL SEWAGE IRRIGA TION
Mitchell, George A.
Eng. News-Rec., 1J_9_: 63-66, July 1937.
Descriptors: Vineland, New Jersey, Flood irrigation. Soil physical
properties. Costs, Operation and maintenance.
A sewage irrigation farm in use since 1928 at Vineland, New Jersey,
provides disposal facilities for a population of 8, 000 and aids crop pro-
duction in poor soil. A detailed description of the operating methods is
given. Distribution system details include land slope and flow, land
preparation, and crops grown. Revenue and cost data are included.
10
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026 S THE VALUE OF RAW SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER
Muller, J. F.
SoilSci., 28: 423-432, 7929.
Descriptors: Fertilizer value. Soil physical properties, Soil types,
Flood irrigation, Nitrification.
Several samples of dried fresh sewage sludge were analyzed, and pot
experiments carried out to determine the fertilizer value of such material.
The analyses showed considerable potential plant food is present. The
carbon-nitrogen ratio was narrowed to below eight by the addition of
available nitrogen, markedly increasing the fertilizer value of the sludge.
A phosphate supplement appears to be necessary for good plant growth;
and a potash supplement, in small quantities, seems desirable. The
dried sludge alone, with no mineral supplements, when applied to turf
grown on sand gave a good stand of grass and prevented its dying off.
Dried fresh sludge applied to a sandy soil materially increased its water-
holding capacity, c most desirable result on soils of this type. Although
the experiments reported did not indicate a need for using lime with the
sludge, lime almost certainly would be required after several years'
continuous sludge application.
027 M SEWAGE IRRIGA TION AS A METHOD OF DISPOSAL
Peurifoy, R. L.
In: Proc. 21st Tex. Water Works Sewerage Short Sch., December 7939.
p. 115-121. Abstr,, Sewage Works J., 72: 1018-1019.
Descriptors: Texas, Flood irrigation, Operation and maintenance,
Wastewater disposal, Soil physical properties.
Constituents in sewage that are beneficial to so/I are listed, as well as
certain others that are objectionable. Results of irrigation with sewage
at Kingsville, Texas are described. Methods of application are varied.
Condition of subsoil, as well as texture of surface layer, are important
considerations. Reservoir for storage of at least three months' supply
is recommended.
Sewage disposal by irrigation is safe, effective, and economical. Cities
should seriously consider irrigation as a possible method of disposal.
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028 M SEWAGE PURIFICA TION IN THE PARISIAN AREA . CONSTRUCT/
OF A BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT WORKS AT ACHERES
Pouquet, F.
Trouvaux (Paris), 79:87-95, March 1938. Abstr., Sewage Works J.,
TJ_: 779-720, July 7939.
Descriptors: France, Raw sewage. Rates of application. Activated
sludge effluents. Flood irrigation.
A network of sewers is under construction which will terminate in the
agricultural area ofAcheres. Sewage of Paris is presently spread on
farms in four different regions, at an average rate of 132 mgd. Future
growth estimates predict increased volume to as much as 634 mgd. Due
to limited areas for expanding farm operations, biological treatment is
being planned to take care of excess flow. Sewage irrigation has proved
satisfactory. Liquid sludge from the new activated sludge treatment plan
will be disposed of on farmlands.
029 M SEWAGE IRRIGATION
Rafter, George W.
U.S. Ceo/. Surv. Water-Supply Pap. 3, Washington, D.C., 1897.
100 p.
Descriptors: United States, Reviews, Human diseases, Public health
regulations. Operation and maintenance.
The author presents the method of sewage irrigation as a method which is
not new. His purpose is to point out to American farmers and to municipc
authorities the benefits of this use of sewage. It is especially useful in
the arid West and has been used in Cheyenne, Wyoming since 1883, and
is in use at about 60 installations in the U.S. Problems of disease are
described as minimal with proper care, and crops fit for human consump-
tion can be grown. Descriptions are given of various methods of sewage
irrigation along with descriptions of foreign operations in Germany,
France and England.
030 M SAL VACE OF SEWAGE STUDIES
Rawn, A.M.
Civil Eng., 4:477-472, 7334.
Descriptors: United States, Surveys, Public health regulations,
Raw sewage. Flood irrigation.
12
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A report of the ASCE Joint Committee of the Sanitary Engineering and
Irrigation Division, based on questionnaires mailed to Public Health
Directors of the 48 states and the District of Columbia, to learn the
extent of sewage use for irrigation in each of the states, the influence
of such use on public health, and the standards that should be pre-
scribed and enforced if water and fertilizer reclaimed from sewage are
to be used in the production of foodstuffs to be eaten raw, to be cooked,
to be used as fodder crops, or to be used in the irrigation or fertiliza-
tion of public grounds.
Nine of the forty states responding acknowledged experience with sewage
irrigation. Four claimed illnesses could be traced directly to such use;
one claimed cattle pastured on raw sewage-irrigated fields developed
poorly and were infected with a disease that rendered the meat unfit for
human consumption.
Others indicated no difficulty, probably because of the manner of irriga-
tion and the nature of the crops grown. Many of the states without experi-
ence indicated that such practice would be prohibited in any form on
vegetables or fruits to be eaten raw. The majority expressed a willing-
ness to allow its use on fodder crops or on lawns and parks.
Other results of the survey are also discussed.
031 I THE PREVENTION OF ODOR NUISANCE IN THE DISPOSAL OF
CREAMERY WASTES BY TREATMENT WITH CHLORINE
PRELIM/NARY TO BROAD IRRIGATION
Reinke, E. A.
Sewage Works J., 1j 128-132, January 1928.
Descriptors: California, Furrow irrigation. Odor, Costs, Organic
loading.
A creamery in Wasco, California, was disposing of 125, 000 gpd by ridge
and furrow irrigation. Despite a moderate loading of 8, 000 gpd odors
were being produced. Chlorination of the wastewater with a dosage of
20 mg/l prior to irrigation relieved the odor problems without detrimental
effects on the corn crop. Chlorination raised the cost of disposal by
$1. 50 per day to $7. 75 per day.
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032 M IRRIGATION WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
Riney, W. A.
Sewage Works J., lj 108, 1928,
Descriptors: Abilene, Texas, Primary effluent, Furrow irrigation.
Abilene, Texas, disposes of effluent from septic tanks by contracting
with farmers to use the effluent for irrigation of row crops.
033 S SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER
Rudolfs, Willem
Soil Sci., 26; 455-458, 1928.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Aerobic digestion, Fertilizer
value.
The nitrogen content of sewage sludge varies with the type of treatment.
Aerobically and anaerobically treated sewage sludges contain about 5
and 2, 25 percent nitrogen, respectively. Only one sewage treatment
plant markets its sludge on a large scale; at a number of places the
sewage sludge is given away or sold for a small nominal sum. An
estimated, 750,000 to 200,000 tons of nitrogen are lost annually. Analy-
sis of sludges from a number of sewage plants indicates that 8,000 to
10,000 tons nitrogen per year could be saved.
034 S SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND FUTURE TRENDS
Rudolfs, Willem, and E. J. Cleary
Sewage Works J., 5_: 409-428, May 1933.
Descriptors: Reviews, Economic feasibility. Human diseases.
Sludge disposal, Fertilizer value.
Present methods of sludge handling and disposal are discussed. The need
for further development is stressed. Sludge as a fertilizer is discussed
from the standpoint of fertilizing value, preparation of fertilizer, and
economic and hygienic cons/derations. Fertilizer production may be
profitable only for the large plants. Small plants usually must dispose
of sludge material locally as a market develops. Dewatering and
incineration offer promise as a means of ultimate disposal.
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035 S SEWAGE SLUDGE AS FERTILIZER
Skinner, John F.
Sewage Works J., 4; 279-282, March 1932.
Descriptors: New York, Operation and maintenance. Costs,
Vegetable crops, Fertilizer value.
Sludge from four Imhoff tanks at Rochester, New York is utilized as ferti-
lizer for gardens, shrubs, lawns, and local farm crops. Details of the
operation are described, and safes data are shown. Liquid sludge has
much greater nutrient value than dried sludge. Consideration is given
to dispensing liquid sludge, thus eliminating cost of constructing and
operating drying beds.
036 At EFFECT OF IRRICA TION WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON THE
YIELDS AND ESTABLISHMENT OF NAPIER GRASS AND
JAPANESE CANE
Stokes, W. £., W. A. Leukel, and R. M. Barnette
Agron. J., 22.-540-548, 1930.
Descriptors: Septic tanks, Nitrification, Flood irrigation, Soil
chemical properties. Forage crops.
Septic tank effluent was used to irrigate forage crop plants for four years.
Yields were higher from the sewage-irrigated plots than from nonirrigated
and the city water-irrigated plots. Analyses of typical sewage effluent
showed the presence of considerable quantities of nitrogen compounds,
Analyses of soil following irrigation showed only slight increases in
nitrogen content.
037 S PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE WHEN
USED AS A FERTILIZER
Tanner, Fred W.
Sewage Works J., 7:677-677, July 1935.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Pathogenic bacteria. Vegetable
crops, Human diseases, Public health regulations.
The application of sewage sludge to soil on which vegetables, which may
be eaten raw, are grown should be practiced with caution. While longev-
ity of pathogenic bacteria in sludge would probably be greatly influenced
by the nature of the sludge and the conditions under which it is stored
15
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and handled, sufficient data have been recorded to indicate the presenc
of viable Bacterium typhosum cells in sludge. At best, the sludge shou
be added to the soil in the late fall, winter, or early spring, Wolman's
advice, probably sound, is that sludge not be added to growing crops.
Sanitary districts and others concerned with the sale of sewage sludge
to farmers might well consider the health hazards involved.
038 S THE ECONOMIC PREPARA TION AND SALE OF DIGESTED SLUDC
AS COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER
Tatlock, M. W.
Sewage Works J., 4:519-524, 1932.
Descriptors: Ohio, Economic feasibility, Costs, Anaerobic digest/on,
Operation and maintenance.
The author describes in detail the operation of the Dayton, Ohio sewage
treatment plant. Cost of operation and income from sales are given.
Results show promise. Sludge can be successfully marketed.
039 M THE USE OF SEWA CE EFFLUENTS IN A CRICUL TURE
Veatch, N. T., Jr.
In: Modern Sewage Disposal, Pearse, L. (ed.), New York, Fed.
Sewage Works Ass., 7938. Chap. 16, p. 180-190.
Descriptors: United States, Spray disposal. Economic feasibility,
Costs, Fertilizer value, Rates of application.
Sewage effluent by irrigation was found to be used by at least 115 cities
for reasons of economy and for crop benefits. Three examples of sewag<
effluent are given at costs of about $10.00 per mg (1935 costs). The
fertilizer value of the effluent is emphasized, along with the importance
of using scientific methods of choosing sites and loading rates.
040 M INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PURIFICATION OF BOSTON SEWAGE
Winslow, C. E. A., and E. B. Phelps
U.S. Ceo/, Surv. Water-Supply Pap. 185, Washington, D.C., 1906. 16-
Descriptors: United States, Groundwater recharge, Wastewater
disposal. Organic loading, Europe.
16
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One method of sewage disposal consists of distributing the sewage over
broad areas and allowing the liquid to recharge the groundwater. The
method has been widely used in Europe since the sixteenth century. Con-
ditions for "sewage farming" are specially favorable in the arid portions
of the western United States, Plants in Utah, California, Wyoming are
mentioned. In areas selected for sewage application, the soil should be
light and the subsoil sandy or gravelly to obtain suitable recharge rates.
Recharge rates in England range between 0. 006 and 0. 046 feet per day,
and in Germany between 0. 006 and 0. 021 feet per day,
041 M CALIFORNIA RECULATES USE OF SEWAGE ON CROP LAND
Wright, C. T.
Sewage Works J., 5; 762, January 1934.
Descriptors: California, Public health regulations, Sludge disposal.
Waste water disposal.
Under California's public health act, the disposal of sewage, sewage
effluent or sludge for irrigation or fertilizing purposes is permitted only
to those who hold a permit issued by the State Board of Public Health, and
subject to regulations adopted by that board on May 27, 1933. These
regulations are discussed.
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SECTION II
ABSTRACTS 1941 THRU 1950
042 M CRAZING OF CATTLE ON SEWAGE FARMS AND DISPOSAL WORKS
Abbot, A. L.
Pub. Health (S. Africa), p. 76-88, March 1948. Abstr., Sewage Works J.
2J_: 185-186, January 1949.
Descriptors: Flood irrigation. Human diseases, Economic feasibility,
Forage crops. Soil contamination.
Quoting from the abstract: "It is the consensus that consumption of
sewage effluents by cattle has no harmful effect on milk production or
disease incidence, and introduces no possibility of milk comtamination
except indirectly from unhygienic dairy procedures. The positive
advantages of irrigating grazing land with sewage include utilization
of valuable fertilizing material and irrigating water as well as providing
a satisfactory sewage disposal method that produces revenue to partially
offset sewage works costs. "
Procedures followed at the Cape Town sewage works are given.
043 I SOME RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT
Allison, Claire, and Christian Subert
Water Sewage Works, 95: 227-230, June 1948.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Wastewater treatment. Anaerobic conditions.
Spray disposal. Oxidation lagoons.
After screening and settling, wastes from a Hanover, Pennsylvania,
cannery are piped to lagoons. Soda ash and sodium nitrate are added
to prevent anaerobic decomposition in the lagoons. The water is then
piped to fields where it is successfully used as spray irrigation water
throughout the entire year.
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044 M EFFECT OF MICROORGANISMS ON PERMEABILITY OF SOIL
UNDER PROLONGED SUBMERGENCE
Allison, L. E.
SoilSci.. 53:439-450, 7947.
Descriptors: Clogging (soil). Soil microbiology, Soil physical properties,
Deep percolation.
The permeability of continuously submerged soils usually decreases
slightly at first and then increases appreciably as the entrapped air
is removed by solution in the percolate. Subsequently, a large reduc-
tion in permeability occurs until the soil virtually seals up.
Sterile permeability tests conducted to determine the cause of decreased
permeability under prolonged submergence gave no evidence of soil
aggregate breakdown due to purely physical causes. The reduced
permeability appears to be due entirely to microbial sealing. The soil
pores probably become clogged with the products of growth, cells,
slimes or pofysaccharides. If any of the observed reduction in
permeability was due in part to disintegration of soil aggregates, the
dispersion is believed to be due to biological causes, that is, the
attack of microorganisms on the organic materials which bind soil
into aggregates.
045 M COMBINING OLD AND NEW IN SEWAGE DISPOSAL
Anonymous
Eng. News~Rec., 726:811-812, 7947.
Descriptors: Bakersfie/d, California, Suspended solids, Flood
irrigation. Forage crops. Tertiary treatment.
Using a recently developed flocculation-clarifier unit, which gives
high efficiency in the removal of suspended solids, the City of
Bakersfietd, California supplements this pretreatment of its sewage
with irrigation of 600 acres of pasture land.
046 M SEWAGE FARMING A T TUCSON
Anonymous
Sewage Works J., T8_: 1211, November 7946.
Descriptors: Primary effluent. Rates of application. Tucson, Arizona,
Grain crops.
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Average of flow of 4 mgd is used to irrigate about 300 acres of city-
owned land with primary treatment effluent. Crops of oats, barley,
ensilage are rotated on the land.
047 I DISPOSAL OF CANNING PLANT WASTES BY IRRICA TION
Bo I ton, P.
In: Proc. 3rd Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 7947.
p. 272-281.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Furrow irrigation., Iowa, So/7
types, Rates of application.
Two systems disposing of cannery wastewater by ridge and furrow
irrigation are described. At Hampton, Iowa, a soil system consisting
of 6 feet of silt loam has been in operation since 1934. Loadings are
134, 000 gad of wastewater and 660 Ib BOD /acre/'day.
At Waverly, Iowa, the soil system consists of a medium black friable
loam, underlain with limestone that arises at some points to within a
few feet of the surface. The liquid loading is 96,300 gad and the solids
loading is 1, 040 Ib/acre/day.
048 I CRAPE STILLACE DISPOSAL BY INTERMITTENT IRRIGATION
Coast Laboratories
San Francisco, Calif. , Prepared for the Wine Institute, June 7947.
Descriptors: Flood irrigation. Rates of application. Anaerobic digestion,
Soil types.
Stillage from conventional stills should be spread on land at a rate of
TOO, 000 gad followed by a 6 day drying period. This results in a
recommended loading rate of 3. 7 in./wk. About twice as much drying
time is required for stillage from pomace st/lls, therefore a loading
rate of 1. 8 in. /wk is recommended. Soil on which untreated stillage
is applied may be temporarily toxic to plants due to ferrous ion salts,
acetates, and other products of anaerobic digestion. During exper-
iments conducted to establish the foregoing criteria, loadings of
78, 400 gad were used for 54 days on sandy loam soil. Thus a 5.5
safety factor is used in the recommended 14, 300 gad loading.
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049 S LIQUID SLUDGE - THE VITAMIN B PER TILIZER
Damoose, N.
Sewage Works Eng., 1_2_: 308-312, 7947.
Descriptors: Michigan, Creenbelts, Odor, Public acceptance.
Sludge disposal.
The sale of liquid sludge has been promoted at Battle Creek, Michigan.
After successful trials on the plant grounds, a truck was fitted with
a 600-gallon tank for delivery of liquid digested sludge to the public.
Use of this material on lawns produced "astounding" results. Odor
and appearance nuisances were overcome by wetting down with
sprinklers following application. In addition to the plant food value,
the author believes Vitamin B plays an important role and discusses
this in some detail.
050 S EXPERIENCE OF CHICAGO, ILL., IN THE PREPARA TION OF
FERTILIZER
Dundas, William A., andC. P. Mclaughlin
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 69:50-702, 7943.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Chicago, Illinois, Fertilizer value. Odor,
Design data.
In the sludge disposal of The Sanitary District of Chicago (III. ) a method
has been worked out by a chain of experiments to dewater and heat dry
activated sludge for use as fertilizer material or for incineration. The
principles of design are indicated from the heat standpoint together with
the control of odors. A typical heat balance is presented, with a discus-
sion of the relative merits of various fuels. At the Southwest Works a
combination of power generation with heat drying has been successfully
used.
051 I INDUSTRIAL WASTES—CANNING INDUSTRY
Eldridge, Edward F.
Ind. Eng. Chem., 39:619-624, 7947.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Costs, Wastewater disposal.
Operation and maintenance,
27
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Canners operate on a seasonal basis. Their wastes consist largely of
washings from the preparation of products for canning. Waste volume
and characteristics vary widely with the type of products packed. The
material in the wastes consists largely of organic solids in suspension
which cause objectionable conditions when they decompose. Effective
screening should be a common practice with all cannery wastes. This
may be followed by chemical precipitation, sedimentation, biological
filtration, or lagooning, or a combination of these, depending upon the
degree of treatment necessary. The required treatment is established
by governmental agencies in each case.
Lagooning and irrigation are desirable, in that the method completely
eliminates stream pollution. Operating methods and cost figures are
presented.
052 M BACTERIAL CONTAMINA TION OF TOMA TOES CROWN IN
POLLUTED SOIL
Folk, L. L.
Amer. J. Pub. Health, 39: 1338-1342, October 7949.
Descriptors: Coliforms, Soil contamination. Human diseases, Flood
irrigation. Rates of application.
The concentration of coliform bacteria on the surfaces of tomatoes grown
in pofluted soil indicated no abnormal gross contamination. Even when
sprayed with fecal suspensions, surface coliform counts were no greater
after one month than on control tomatoes. The failure to find Salmonella
cerro seven days after its application to growing tomatoes upholds the
contention that organisms of fecal origin will not be present in sufficient
number to cause gross contamination. It is felt that tomatoes grown on
soils receiving night soil or sewage sludge fertilization would yield fruit
which, if eaten raw, would not be likely vectors for the transmission of
human bacterial enteric diseases.
053 M LAND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE
Cray, H. F., and W. O'Conne/l, Jr.
Sewage Works J., U_: 729-740, April 7944.
Descriptors: California, Design data, Organic loading, Flood irrigation,
Rates of application.
22
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Land application of sewage effluents can be done with different objectives.
If the objective is an agricultural operation, the loading rates should be
2, 000 to 3, 000 gpd per acre depending on the crop. The area for irri-
gation should be planted to one crop and a second area for excess effluent
should be set aside. Three installations using municipal effluent in
California are described.
054 M AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE IN
EUROPE AND U.S.A.
Halamek, Ferdinand
Bull. Czechoslovak Academy Agriculture (Prague), 22: 396-402, 1948.
Biol. Abstr., 2J_:3092, 1949.
Descriptors: Europe, United States, Wastewater disposal, Operation
and maintenance. Legal aspects.
The present status of sewage irrigation and the utilization of fertilizing
ingredients in sewage and sewage sludge in Europe and U.S.A. is
presented. Germany uses sewage irrigation and often overlooks the
hygienic problem. In Britain the use of sewage as a fertilizer is decreasing.
In the U.S.A. sewage irrigation is practiced only in the southwestern states
and, there, hygienic regulations are severe. Directions are given for
proper management of sewage irrigation.
055 M LOS ANGELES CONSIDERS RECLAIMING SEWAGE WATER TO
RECHARGE UNDERGROUND BASINS
Hedger, Harold E.
Civil Eng., 20:323-324, 1950.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge. Deep percolation, Salinity, Water
quality data, Los Angeles, California.
Reclamation of wastewater from sewage constitutes an important potential
source of water for spreading and recharge of underground basins. Exper-
imental tests have shown that the percolated effluent is bacteriologically
safe within a depth of 7 feet from the ground surface. Irrespective of
the groundwater recharge, it is proposed as a means of creating a fresh-
water barrier to seawater encroachment.
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055 M SEWAGE RECLAMA TION A T MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA
Hyde, C. G.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 22j 1013-1015, August 1950.
Descriptors: Forage crops, Water reuse, Me/bourne, Australia,
Climatic data.
Geological, climatic, and population statistics at Melbourne, Australia
are given. A description of the sewage farm facilities is included. These
fad//ties handle an average load of 58 mgd. Grass filtration is used and
cattle are raised or fattened on the plots.
057 S SEWAGE PLANT SELLS SLUDGE AND EFFLUENT
Jackson, Leon W.
Eng. News-Rec., 139:56-58, 1947.
Descriptors: California, Design data, Recycling nutrients, Trickling
filter effluent. Fertilizer value.
Trickling filters, 175 ft in diameter, feature the design of a new sewage
treatment plant for the city of Riverside, California. The plant is so
arranged that the entire flow through the plant is by gravity. Treated
effluent will be 'used for irrigation purposes and dried sludge will be
sold for fertilizer. Complete design and engineering data for the new
plant are gi ven.
058 M RECLAMA TION OF WA TER FROM SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Ludwig, Russell G.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 22: 289-295, March 1950.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Odor, Los Angeles, California,
Wastewater treatment, Spreading basins.
Discusses the use of reclaimed waters for augmenting underground water
resources, including beneficial use for industrial and agricultural purposes,
which indirectly aids in building up groundwater reserves by curtailing
existing draft on the underground basins. Excellent opportunities for
industrial use exist in Los Angeles County, and such projects are under
current study.
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The direct recharge of underground basins through the use of natural
sand filters seems especially significant for the following reasons:
I. The sand filters not only serve as the means of
recharge but also act as a final check on water
quality,
2. The vast undergound water storage basins are most
advantageously used in a storage capacity; thus,
they allow intermittent operation of reclamation
plants and at the same time maintain a firm water
supply.
3, Finally, water so returned to the underground can
be used for any beneficial purpose, including
domestic consumption.
059 M EFFECT OF SEWAGE WA TER ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY
OF GRASSLAND
Ma loch, M.
Sbornik Ceskoslovenske Akademie Aemedelskych (Prague), l_9j 57-107,
7946. Abstr., Soils Pert., 1_3: 364(2021), 1950.
Descriptors: Salinity, Forage crops. Water reuse. Plant growth.
Application of sewage water for 3 years to grassland raised the hay yield
by 132. 9 percent and the yield of crude protein by nearly 300 percent.
Additions of superphosphate, Ca and K salts to the sewage waters gave
even higher increases. There was evidence of residual action of N from
the sewage, and its effect in increasing the resistance of the grasses to
summer drought was very marked.
060 M THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE
Mailer, Wilhelm
Wasser Boden (Hamburg), p. 124, 1949. Abstr., Sewage Ind. Wastes,
22:559, April 1950.
Descriptors: Germany, Public health regulations, Water management
(applied), Pathogenic bacteria. Economic feasibility.
During recent years, the agricultural use of sewage has often been
discussed in Germany, with no final answer being reached on this
important question. Public health requires hygienic sewage disposal,
but local authorities alone cannot solve the problem. It is a task
for the state organization, especially in densely settled countries.
25
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Water conservation has become more important and water use must be
regulated. Within this water planning, sewage has its own part. In
particular, the agricultural use of sewage by different technical means
may appreciably increase a country's productivity. For this purpose,
sewage must be fully treated and freed of pathogenic organisms.
The humus matter and the manure value of sewage should be used in
agriculture to compensate for the organic matter exported from the
country as food". Sewage dispose/ into the ocean only "manures" the
sea. water. Treated sewage should be discharged into rivers only in
such volume as is necessary to manure the rivers for fishing industries,
061 M EMERGENCY LAND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE
O'Connell, William J., Jr., and Harold Farnsworth Gray
Sewage Works J., 1_6_: 729-746, July 7944.
Descriptors: Design data. Operation and maintenance. Rates of
application. Odor, Climatic data.
The shifting of population during the war years brought on overcrowding
in certain localities and overloading of waste treatment and disposal
facilities. Land disposal should be considered as an emergency measure
where these conditions exist. At the same time, the authors feel that
land treatment or fond disposal of sewage is legitimate, effective, practical,
and worthy of consideration, especially for small cities in arid or semi-
arid regions. They point out the basic principles, adaptability, and
limitations, and present the fundamental factors in successful design
and operation. Land disposal may have as its primary purpose an
agricultural operation or a disposal operation. Over-irrigation must
be avoided. Intermittent application followed by cultivation is recom-
mended for good soil condition and weed control. If properly operated,
no appreciable odors should result from using a well-clarified effluent.
062 M A NOTE ON CONSUMPTION OF VEGETABLES CROWN ON
SEWAGE IRRIGATED LAND
Orenstein, A . J.
Sewage Works J. , 20: 954-955, September 7945.
Descriptors: Raw sewage, Flood irrigation, Vegetable crops. Human
diseases.
This article relates the experience of two mine labor communities with
consumption of vegetables grown on sewage irrigated lands.
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063 S UTILIZA TION OF SEW A CE SL UDCE AS PER TIL HER
Pearse, Langdon, and A, H. Niles, etal.
Fed. Sewage Works Ass., Champaign, III., Manual of Practice No. 2,
1946. 120 p.
Descriptors: Recycling nutrients. Bibliographies, Costs, Fertilizer value,
Human diseases.
The major topics in the manual are: Fertilizer Requirements of Soils;
Fertilizer Characteristics of Sewage Sludge; Effects of Sewage Treatment
Practices on Fertilizing Elements in Sludge; Processing Sludge for Use
as Fertilizer; Application of Sludge as Fertilizer; Hygienic Aspects of
Sludge Utilization as Fertilizer; Prices, Marketing, and Economic Con-
siderations. A closing chapter includes conclusions and recommenda-
tions relative to sludge utilization. The bibliography contains 251
entries.
064 M SALVAGE OF SEWAGE
Rawn, A. M., William E. Stanley, Earnest Boyce, R. F. Goudey, and
E. A. Reinke
Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., W7_: 1652-1687, 1942.
Descriptors: Raw sewage. Forage crops. Recycling nutrients. Bibli-
ographies, Public health regulations.
This comprehensive report considers the salvage of products from
sewage: "Water, fertilizer, gas, grease, and such other materials
as may be separated from sewage in the treatment plant or elsewhere
and used. " Public Health considerations are listed as important
guidelines. Discussions cover the reclamation and use of water from
sewage, both for irrigation and industry, and the reclamation and
use of fertilizer from sewage. A bibliography with 65 entries is
included.
065 M BLENDING OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT WITH NATURAL WA TERS
P£RMITS REUSE
Rawn, A. M.
Civil Eng., 20:324-325, 373, 1950.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Public acceptance, Economic feasibility.
27
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Reclaiming water from sewage is not a new idea; the reuse of sewage
or effluent for agriculture, industry, and other purposes has been
well established.
Water reclamation from sewage depends on sound engineering principles.
Public acceptance of unrestricted reuse of sewage waters often depends
on the inclusion of a "natural" purification process, such as blending
with lake, river, or underground waters.
066 M NEW VIEWPOINTS ON THE AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF
SEWAGE
Re in hold, F.
Cesundh. Ing. (Munich), 69:296-302, 1948. Pub. Health Abstr., 3J_: 545.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility. Vegetable crops. Human diseases.
Flood irrigation, Spray irrigation.
Studies were made to determine the relative fertilizing value of settled
and biologically treated sewage. It was found that treatment improved
the availability of nutrient materials other than nitrogen, and it also
increased the formation of humus in the soil. Spray irrigation allows
bacteria to be carried by spray and air movement for distances of 800
meters. They are soon killed by sunlight. The eggs of worms in
digested sludge were not viable. Raw sewage should not be used for
irrigation of any kind, and only biologically treated sewage should
be used for irrigating vegetables.
067 S DISPOSAL OF LIQUID SLUDGE A T KANKAKEE, ILLINOIS
Schriner, Phillip J.
Sewage Works J., 74:876-878, April 1942.
Descriptors: Costs, Illinois, Sludge disposal, Operation and maintenance,
Recycling nutrients.
Cost figures show that liquid sludge disposal by tank truck delivery
constitutes a considerable saving over operation and maintenance of
sfudge drying beds. It also eliminates the severe operating difficulties
of sludge drying beds in the winter months. The use of liquid sludge
to fertilize lawns will be promoted, and the practice should show a
considerable profit to the city over past experience with sludge drying
beds.
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068 M SEWA CE RECLAMA TION A T FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Segel, A.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 22: 1011-1012, August 1950.
Descriptors: Fresno, California, Forage crops, Deep percolation,
Groundwater recharge, Wastewater disposal.
The city of Fresno owns and operates a municipal farm, 1, 292 acres in
area, where the treated sewage effluent is used for the irrigation of
crops. In addition to 600 acres of grassland, the water is used to
irrigate such forage crops as alfalfa, sudan grass, and kaffir corn.
A herd of over 600 fine Hereford cattle are maintained on the farm.
For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1949, the city realized an operating
profit of $9,346. In 1921, the city owned only 812 acres, and disposal
of sewage effluent created a serious problem with a high water table
only about 2 feet below the surface. Lawsuits were filed by adjacent
landowners for waterlogging and flooding adjacent lands. To correct
this situation, some of the land was lagooned, and 9 wells were
installed from 200 to 300 feet deep with no perforation of the casing
less than TOO feet. Water from the wells was diverted to the Fresno
Irrigation District for use in its system. Increased irrigation agriculture
and installation of many wells in the area have helped to improve the
ground water level and facilitate the percolation of plant effluent into
the underground basin.
069 M PROBLEMS IN SEWAGE FARMING
Shrefer, Franz
Ber. Abwassertech. Ver. (Munich), 2:775, 1950. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 25:247, February 1953.
Descriptors: Operation and maintenance, Wastewater disposal, Odor,
Sprinkler irrigation.
The problems considered are pretreatment, changes in farming methods,
zoning of urban areas, hygiene, biology, and economics. Pretreatment
is considered to be imperative. Changes in farming methods may involve
new capital investments. Sewage farming should not be permitted near
water treatment plants. Odors may interfere in urban areas. Spraying
onto grazing areas is hygienically, biologically, and economically the
best means of sewage utilization.
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070 / SOME RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF CANNERY WASTE TREA TMENT
Siebert, C. L., and C. Allison
Water Sewage Works, 95:227-230, June 1948.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Food processing wastes. Sprinkler
irrigation, Crop response, Nitrate contamination.
The Hanover Canning Company in York County, Pennsylvania, discharges
0. 79 to 0. 44 mgd of cannery waste to a spray irrigation site. The system
consists of portable pipe on 775 ocres of grass. Tests were conducted to
determine the effect of high nitrate concentrations on the crop. There was
no effect up to 60 mg/L, stunted growth but no burning at 80 mg/L, and
severe burning at WO mg/L.
071 M SEWAGE DISPOSAL BY IRRIGA TION
Spencer, B. R.
Pub. Health (S. Africa), 7:15-28, October 7943. Abstr., Sewage
Works J., l_6:655-657. May 7944.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Forage crops, Reviews, South
Africa,
Land disposal is necessary in South Africa since few places permit
effluent to be discharged to streams. Reviews history of land disposal.
First recorded sale of effluent for irrigation was at Bromford, England,
in 1869,
Water requirements of different crops are considered. Over-irrigation
has resulted in raised water tables and "brackish" soil conditions. Deep
plowing has been employed to help alleviate the situation.
Italian rye grass has been found to be satisfactory. Its several advantages
are enumerated.
072 M AGRICULTURAL USES OF RECLAIMED SEWAGE EFFLUENTS—
A DISCUSSION
Travaini, Dario
Sewage Works J., 20:33-35, January 7945.
Descriptors: Public health regulations. Vegetable crops, Crop response.
Economic feasibility, Clogging (soil).
30
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Chlorinated effluent is often purer bacteriologically than irrigation water
found in Arizona and should be viewed as a valuable resource. However,
its use for vegetables which are not heat processed, such as lettuce or
tomatoes, is frowned upon by state health boards. It has been shown that
sewage effluent produces superior crop yields and that soil blocking by
high sodium ratios can be neutralized by a lowering of pH.
073 I INDUSTRIAL USES OF RECLAIMED SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
Veatch, M. T.
Sewage Works J., 20: 3-11, January 1948.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Surveys, Flood irrigation. Crop response.
United States.
Although the article is about industrial uses of water, the author includes
a list of places where sewage effluent is used, and this includes 124
examples of agricultural usage and 11 truly industrial uses.
074 M THE NEED FOR PRETREA TMENT OF SEWAGE UTILIZED FOR
AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES
Wierzbicki, Jan
Gaz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 23: 162, May 1949. Abstr., Sewage
Works J., 2Jj 1110, January 1949.
Descriptors: Tertiary treatment, Flood irrigation, Costs, Economic
feasibility, Poland.
The agricultural use of sewage results in a high degree of treatment,
along with the advantages of fertilization and enrichment of soil with
humus. Reasons for preferring clarified sewage effluent for irrigation
are listed and discussed. Two disadvantages resulting from pretreatment
are removal of fertilizer materials and increase in cost of operation, if
the sludge is recovered and used as a fertilizer, more of the fertilizing
value will be utilized.
075 M DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL IN
CONNECTION WITH AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION
Wierzbicki, Jan
Gaz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 23: 795, 1949. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 22:578-579, April 1950.
Descriptors: Europe, Wastewater reuse. Operation and maintenance.
Soil physical properties. Costs.
31
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Agricultural use of sewage in Europe dates back to 7559. Rapid growth of
cities and restricted land areas later led to overloading and unsatisfactory
results, Where adequate areas were available, the results were satisfactory.
Disadvantages include large land area needed, suitable soil porosity required,
must be located downstream from water source, and pumping, cost if it must
be transported some distance.
A major benefit is to the economy of an area. Arid acres can be made
productive. Other advantages are the fertilizer value and increasing
humus content of the soil. Gravity flow to the field is best.
076 M SEWAGE FARMING AT OSTROW WIELKOPOLSKI
Wififzbicki, Jan
Caz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 23:357, 7949. Abstr., Sewage
Ind. Wastes, 22:971-972, August 7950.
Descriptors: Poland, Forage crops. Economic feasibility, Operation and
maintenance. Design data.
Disposal by sewage farming dates back to 7977 at fie ids 2. 5 miles from
the city. The farm operation is described in detail, giving acres used,
daily flow, treatment processes, and hay and silage yields. The farms
are well managed, show a definite profit to the city, and benefit the
local farmers by providing them with excellent hay.
077 M MODERN METHODS IN THE AGRICULTURAL UTILJZA TION
OF SEWAGE
Wierzbicki, Jan
Caz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw}, 23:298, 1949. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 22:969-970, November 1949.
Descriptors: Poland, Operation and maintenance. Rates of application,
Spray disposal, Overland flow.
Natural sloping terrain of at least two percent should be used. Loading
rates are 25 to 50 acres per I, 000 population. Large areas are required.
Any method normally used for applying irrigation water can be employed.
Spraying has many advantages, but a clarified effluent is required. Fish
ponds or forested areas may be utilized to take care of the excess flows.
32
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078 M ECONOMICS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL IN CONNECTION WITH
AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION
Wierzbicki'e Jan
Caz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 24: 193, May 1950. Abstr., Sewage
Ind. Wastes, 22: 1508, December 1950.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Poland, Costs, Recycling nutrients.
Forage crops.
European experience with sewer farms is summarized. Developments
leading to the distribution of sewage on irrigation fields and factors
affecting their cost of operation are considered. Hay yields were
increased 5-8 fold. Increases in other crops are also reported.
079 M EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS ON THE WIDESPREAD
AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE
Wierzbicki, Jan
Caz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 24:407, November 1950. Abstr.,
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23:947, July 1951.
Descriptors: Poland, Costs, Recyling nutrients, Wastewater disposal.
Surface Irrigation in England is not feasible because of high annual
rainfall, small irrigable areas, large concentrations of population,
and low nutrient value of effluents. Sewage irrigation has developed
rapidly in central Europe due to inadequate rainfall, more permeable
soils, and high nutrient content of sewage.
High temperatures and low rainfall in the western U.S. favor irrigation
with clean water or sewage. The potential for sewage irrigation in
Poland is excellent. Gravity flow to the farm is favored, although
moderate pumping costs may be permissible.
080 I A GRICUL TURA L USES OF RECLAI MED SEW A GE EFFL UENT
Wilcox, L. V.
Sewage Works J., 20:24-33, January 7945.
Descriptors: United States, Water quality standards, Sprinkler
irrigation, Climatic data.
33
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Especially in arid regions, the use of sewage efluent as irrigation water
is to be recommended. Three chemical groupings to be concerned
with are trace elements, cations and onions, and total salts. Boron is
the most important trace element to be concerned with as many plants
are injured by concentrations of around / ppm. Under cations and
onions, a good rule to remember is that hard waters make soft land,
thus soft water is not desired for irrigation. Generally sewage effluents
are quite suitable for irrigation purposes; toxic materials can usually
be diluted to safe limits.
081 M POLLUTION OF IRRIGATION WATERS
Wright, C. T.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 22:1403-1412, November 1950,
Descriptors: Vegetable crops. Fruit crops, Human diseases. Water
quality standards. Economic feasibility.
The report emphasizes the importance of irrigation for the economic
and agricultural development of the western states. In this connection,
pollution of irrigation waters is a problem that must be solved in some
areas to permit maximum utilization of water resources. Opinions differ
among health authorities as to the health hazards associated with the
use of polluted water for irrigating edible crops. This is reflected in
the lack of uniform requirements or standards covering such use. As
no widely accepted requirements or standards exist for the quality of
irrigation waters or the streams from which they are drawn, there is
a definite need for basic data on which reasonable requirements can
be based. No conclusions can be drawn from current studies relating
to the pollution of irrigation waters, and health authorities agree that
more research is needed to develop methods which will permit full
utilization of existing and potential irrigation waters. These studies
should include epidemiofogicaf investigations to determine the rela-
tionship between the use of truck crops exposed to polluted irrigation
waters and enteric infections. There appears to be some agreement
regarding the use of well-oxidized and adequately disinfected effluents
for irrigating fruits and vegetables. In the absence of widely accepted
requirements or standards, health authorities must require a high
degree of treatment.
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SECTION III
ABSTRACTS 7951 THRU 1955
082 M COMMENTS ON SEWAGE IRRICA TION
Anonymous
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25: 233-234, February 1953.
Descriptors: Surveys, Wastewater disposal, San Antonio, Texas,
Forage crops.
A survey of the opinions of users of sewage for irrigation. Four farm
owners from around the San Antonio, Texas area give statements on
the effect of sewage on their crops or pastures.
083 M SPRA V IRRICA TION
Anonymous
Tech. de I'Eau (Brussels), 8(92): 23-28, 7954. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
28:224(1490), 1955.
Descriptors: Soil types. Costs, France, Sprinkler irrigation. Waste-
water disposal.
Spray irrigation is useful, in that it involves less wastage of water than
methods previously used, requires no land preparation, leaves more
room for the crops, can be used on undulating ground, and can be used
in very permeable soils where other methods are useless. The higher
expense is largely compensated by considerably lower maintenance
costs. Its use in France is discussed.
084 S SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR SOIL IMPROVEMENT
Anderson, Myron S.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Wash., D.C., Circ. No. 972. 1955. 27 p.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Nitrification, Bibliographies, Anaerobic
digestion. United States.
35
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Chemical compositions of sludges variously prepared in different parts
of the United States are reported. Only 18 to 25 percent of the nitrogen
present in digested sludges is normally nitrified during a 16-week
period. Activated sludges show nitrification values of 50 to 60 percent
for a similar period. The bibliography has 47 entries.
085 S HYGIENE OF IRRICATION AND THE USE OF SEWAGE RESIDUES
Anonymous
Staedteh. (Hamburg), 6:259-260, 7955. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
29:244(1348), 1956.
Descriptors: Public health regulations. Sludge disposal. Sprinkler
irrigation, Water quality standards, Europe.
A draft is given of a proposed standard (DIN 19650) dealing with
requirements for water used for irrigation and with the use of sewage
and sludge in agriculture.
086 M THE SEWAGE UTILIZA TION PLANT A T MEMMINGEN
Bachmann, G.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. (Berlin), 4:797, 7954. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
29:28(166), 1956.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Sprinkler irrigation. Forage crops,
Memmingen, Germany.
The author describes the sewage works of Memmingen where sewage,
after sedimentation for 1, 5 hours, is used as artificial rain. The yield
of hay on watered land has been increased by 52 percent.
087 I SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR POULTRY AND CANNING WASTES
Bell, James W.
Pub. Works, 86:111-112, September 1955.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater disposal, Food processing
wastes, Arkansas, Rates of application.
Liquid waste disposal from two poultry-processing plants and a canning
plant in Arkansas is described. In each case, septic tank failure and/or
lagooning resulted in objectionable conditions. Plant wastes are screened
and applied to the soil directly or by spraying. Rates of application vary
from 10 to 60 inches per year,' and 0. 25 to 0. 1 inches per day for short
36
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periods. Spray irrigation is considered a water conservation method.
The three plants consider this method of disposal to be satisfactory and
suitable where municipal dispose/ facilities are not available. Some
monetary return is realized from the irrigated land.
088 I DISPOSAL OF CANNERY WASTES BY IRRIGATION
Brown, H. D., H. H. Hale, and W. D. Sheets
Food Packer, 36: (8)28-32 & (9)30,32 and 41, 7955.
Descriptors: Flood irrigation, Furrow irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation.
Costs, Soil types.
Four methods of irrigation now used are furrow, ditch, flood, and spray.
The soil type and land contour determine the appropriate method to use.
Stagnant water must be avoided. Vegetation assists in water disposal
by transpiration and soil conditioning. Details are given on spray
irrigation field tests. Costs are considered. Information is given on
the best type of spray nozzle.
089 I STUDIES OF WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND UTILIZATION
Bush, A. F., and S. F. Mulford
Calif. State Water Pollut. Contr. Board, Sacramento, Publ. No. B, 1954.
82 p.
Descriptors: California, Croundwater recharge, Croundwater contam-
ination. Soil types. Odor.
This report covers the determination of (a) relationship of underground
water pollution to methods and rates of spreading and percolation rates
of reclaimed waste waters; (b) the effects on underground water pollu-
tion of increasing the percolation rates of reclaimed waste waters by means
of cropping and vegetation, additives to top layers of soil, forced irri-
gation, or other means; (c) degree of contamination and/or pollution of
a variety of truck crops on maturity, where the reclaimed waste waters:
from various sources, including sewage and industrial wastes, have
been applied to the crops and spreading areas by flooding, spraying,
or other means; and (d) the extent of odor and other nuisances which
may result from this procedure.
It is recommended that waste water be considered a water resource and
that further studies be made of percolation rates and degree of treatment
required to handle the pollution load, also to remove salts (sodium and
boron) from sewage and industrial waste.
Useful references and a bibliography are included.
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090 M UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT OF BACTERIAL AND CHEMICAL
POLLUTANTS
Butler, R. C.f C. T. Orlob, and P. H. McCauhey
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 46:97-111, February 1954.
Descriptors: Groundwater movement, Groundwater contamination,
California, Water quality standards. Deep percolation.
The movement of bacterial and chemical pollutants via water-percolating
through the soil above the water table has been studied somewhat more
extensively ihan the travel of pollution via groundwater movement.
Emphasizes the need for investigations in both areas. From reports
In the literature and the results of field and pilot-scale studies conducted
by the University of California Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratories
(SERL), several significant conclusions were drawn. These are listed
and briefly discussed. A bibliography with 29 entries is included.
09 J I SOME PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN SPRA Y IRRICA TION OF
CANNING PLANT WASTES
Canham, Robert A.
In: Proc. 10th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1955.
p. 120-134.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater treatment. Costs, Organic
loading. Food processing wastes.
Seasonal operation requires that waste treatment systems have relatively
low capital investment and reasonable operating cost. The organic loading
may vary widely with different types of canning wastes. Other waste
characteristics are discussed.
Considers the problems encountered in spray irrigation, such as avail-
ability of land, soil type, grounds/ope, frequency of application, cover
crops, and spray distribution systems.
092 I SPRAY IRRIGATION OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES
Dennis, Joseph M.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25: 591-595, May 1953.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Spray disposal, Costs.
38
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Many food-processing plants are located in small towns where treatment
plant facilities are not adequate to accommodate both industrial waste
and domestic sewage. To discharge the wastes into small streams creates
serious nuisance and pollution problems, especially in periods of low
streamflow or dry periods. Disposal by spray irrigation has solved the
problem for many processing plants. Examples are cited, and costs are
discussed. The method must be adapted to the individual situation. The
need for more research is recognized.
093 I DISPOSAL OF LIQUID WASTES BY THE IRRIGATION METHOD
AT VEGETABLE CANNING PLANTS IN MINNESOTA 1948-1950
Drake, J. A., and F. K. Bieri
In: Proc. 6th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 7957.
p. 70-79.
Descriptors: Minnesota, Food processing wastes, Design data. Furrow
irrigation, Odor.
Minnesota had 31 vegetable canneries in 7950 that operated from June to
mid-September. Six plants that use spray irrigation or ridge and furrow
are described. In the four spray irrigation systems, application rates
ranged from 0. 25 to 0. 5 inches per day on predominantly clay soils.
For the two ridge and furrow systems, application rates ranged from
0. 55 inches per day on clay loam to 2.15 inches per day on sandy loam.
Odors were encountered when irrigating with lagooned wastes but no
odors were noticed when irrigating with fresh wastes.
094 M SALMONELLA IN IRRIGA TION WA TER
Dunlop, S. G., R. M. Twedt, and W. L. Wang
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23_: 1118-1122, September 1951.
Descriptors: Primary effluent. Pathogenic bacteria, Furrow irrigation.
Vegetation damage.
Salmonella were recovered from a significant proportion of samples of
irrigation water contaminated with a primary-treated sewage plant
effluent. These same organisms, however, were not recovered from
samples of vegetables irrigated with this water. Furrow irrigation was
the method of application. Any organisms in the water would have to be
splashed onto the leaves and stems above the ground or conveyed to the
plant by some other means. Root crops might be expected to be contam-
inated to a greater extent.
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09 5 M QUA N Tl TA Tl VE ES TIM A TION OF SALMONELLA IN IRRICA TION
WA TER
Dunlop, S. G., R. M. Twedt, and W. L, Wang
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 24:1015-1020, August 7952.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria, Co I i forms, Vegetable crops, Human
diseases.
A quantitative method was developed for estimating Salmonella numbers
in sewage-contaminated irrigation water. Of 11 such samples, 8 were
positive for Salmonella. The median value for the 77 samples was 0. 9
per WO ml. Only 7 to 74 samples of vegetables irrigated with this water
was positive for these organisms. Ratios of 225,000 col i forms and 4,800
enterococci to one Salmonella were computed from the median values
obtained from the water samples.
096 M THE IRRICA TION OF TRUCK CROPS WITH SEWAGE CONTAMINA TED
WATER
Dun lop, Stuart C.
Sanitarian, 1_5_: 107-110, 1952.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Fruit crops. Pathogenic bacteria,
Vegetable crops.
Evidence is presented that a significant proportion of irrigation water
samples, contaminated with treated and untreated sewage effluents,
contain pathogenic enteric microorganisms. Such organisms, however,
were only rarely isolated from the washings of vegetables irrigated
with this water. The author points out that it would therefore appear
that the health hazard associated with the use of sewage-contaminated
water for the irrigation of truck crops to be consumed raw is not as
great as has been assumed in the past; nevertheless, the fact that
the water has been demonstrated to be contaminated indicates that
a hazard still exists, and that every effort must be made to provide
adequate treatment of all domestic and industrial wastes before discharg-
ing into streams to be used later for irrigation purposes.
097 I CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL BY IRRIGATION
Dunstan, G., and J. Lunsford
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 27;827-834, July 7955.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Sprinkler irrigation, Washington,
Forage crops. Organic loading.
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This study was conducted to determine the feasibility of disposal of
cannery waste by irrigation. The wastes were from the Green Ciant
Company, Dayton, Washington, which cans asparagus and peas. Two
types of cover crop were tested. One was alfalfa and the other was
pasture grass. For the purpose of comparison, both blancher wastes
and plant effluent were used, and three types of watering procedures
were tried.
The study showed that the organic loading of blancher waste killed
the plants. The effect was similar to that of an over-application of
fertilizer. On the plots irrigated with effluent, the hydraulic loading
(*i in. /day) seemed to be the controlling factor. The application of
undiluted blancher waste to these types of plants is impractical', due
to the fact that the foliage would be burned unless only one or two
applications were made.
The data also point up the fact that the permanent pasture grasses were
apparently able to take a heavier organic loading than alfalfa under
identical conditions.
098 S RECULA TIONS FOR IRRICA TION AND THE USE OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE
Falkenhain, H. S.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. (Berlin), 3_: 293-294, 1953. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
28:273(1805), 1955.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Human diseases, Sludge disposal.
Pathogenic bacteria, Germany.
Proposed German regulations for irrigation and for the use of sewage
sludge are discussed. The author considers the divergent views in
the literature on the subject of preliminary treatment of sewage and
trade waste waters for use in agriculture. Special importance attaches
to the destruction of parasitic worms and pathogenic bacteria. During
sedimentation the numbers of these are reduced, but the danger of
infection is not removed.
099 M CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SEWAGE DURING RECLAMATION BY
SPREADING
Greenberg, A. E., and P. H. McGauhey
Soil Sci., 79:33-39, January 1954.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Spreading basins. Water quality
data, Deep percolation, California.
47
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In arid and semi-arid regions, treated sewage is spread on the ground
and the water percolates down to the groundwater. Results of chemical
analyses of percolating liquids in four spreading basins in California
are tabulated. Samples were collected and analyzed to a depth of 13 feet.
Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl ions remained the same. K
decreased by 50 percent. Ammonia and P were completely removed
within the first 4 feet. Sulphates and bicarbonates increased by 30
percent and nitrate by about 200 percent. Nitrification accounts for
the increase in nitrate. It is suggested that these changes are due
to biological activity in the soil.
100 I SEWAGE EFFLUENT RECLAMA TION FOR INDUSTRIAL AND
AGRICULTURAL USE
Greenberg, Arnold E., and Jerome F. Thomas
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26:761-770, June 1954.
Descriptors: California, Water quality standards, Groundwater contam-
ination, Groundwater recharge, Spreading basins.
Planned reclamation is designed to produce a usable water from sewage.
Such reclaimed waters may be used by industry or agriculture "directly"
or "indirectly. " The latter involves replenishing groundwater basins from
which industrial, agricultural, or domestic supplies are drawn.
Experiments performed by the University of California's Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory are discussed, and the conclusions are summarized:
1. A bacteriologically safe water can be produced from
settled or more highly treated sewage if the liquid
passes through at least four feet of soil.
2. A water of chemical quality satisfactory for most
uses can be produced from settled sewage or final
effluents, provided high concentrations of undesirable
wastes ore not included in the raw sewage.
3. To obtain relatively high rates of percolation, a
highly treated sewage plant effluent must be
used for spreading.
4. A percolation rate of 0.5 acre-ft. per acre per
day, can be expected when spreading final
effluent on Han ford fine sandy loam.
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5. The optimum method of operation is to spread
continuously for a month, preferably with
liquid containing large amounts of organic
matter, then to allow the basin to rest until
it is air dried. Thereafter, cultivation of
the dry soil is desirable. Following this
preliminary treatment, continuous application
of a final effluent may be carried on for as
long as six months. Resting and cultivation
may then be repeated.
6. Mosquitoes in spreading basins will create
a nuisance and health hazard unless control
measures are adopted. If algal odors are
pronounced, the control of algae also may
be necessary.
7. Further investigation is needed of sewage
percolation in different soils and of phenomena
associated with the movement of water into such
soils to generalize the conclusions reached as
a result of this study with Hanford fine sandy loam.
101 M FINAL REPORT ON FIELD INVESTICA TION AND RESEARCH ON
WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND UTILIZATION IN RELATION
TO UNDERGROUND WATER POLLUTION
Cotaas, Harold B., et al
Calif. State Water Pollut. Contr. Board, Sacramento, Publ. No. 6, 1953.
124 p. Abstr., Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26: 927-928, July 1954.
Descriptors: Spreading basins. Deep percolation, Croundwater
contamination, Soil types, California.
Circular spreading basins, 19 feet in diameter, were constructed and
equipped so that samples of the percolating liquid could be collected
at various depths for bacteriological and chemical analyses. Spreading
was studied with three liquids: fresh water; sewage treatment plant
final effluent having a BOD of about 10 ppm; and settled sewage with
a BOD of about 100 ppm, A number of operating variables were studies
to determine the conditions which gave maximum percolation rates and
minimum contamination or pollution of the groundwater. These included
(1) nature of liquid, (2) length of spreading period, (3) length of
resting period, and (4) effect of surface treatment such as spading,
sand cover, and application of soil stabilizer.
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Some of the conclusions were:
1. A bacterio/ogica/Iy safe water can be produced from
settled sewage or final effluent if it passes through
at least 4 feet of soil.
2. A water of satisfactory chemical quality can be
produced providing high concentrations of
undesirable industrial wastes are not included
in the raw sewage.
3. A highly treated sewage effluent must be used
to obtain high rates of percolation.
14. A percolation rate of 0. 5 acre-ft per acre per
day can be expected when spreading a final
effluent on Han ford fine sandy loam.
5. The optimum method of operation is to spread
continuously for about a month, allow the
basin to rest until moisture content approaches
permanent wilting point, then cultivate the
dry soil. Continuous application of effluent
may then be carried on for as long as 6 months.
Resting and cultivation may then be repeated.
6. Mosquito control will be necessary, and algae
control may be required.
7. Study was conducted on Hanford fine sandy
loam. Further investigations would be
necessary to generalize the findings to
include other soil types.
102 S THE PROBLEM OF AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE
Grubinger, H.
Bodenkultur (Vienna), 7_. 279-291, 7953. Abstr.. Soils Pert., 18:64(327),
1955.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Forage crops, Recycling nutrients.
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The author discusses the technical features of the purification of sewage
and sprinkler irrigation with sewage. Irrigation with 1500-3000 cu.m.
per hectare of purified sewage annually supplies 120-240 kg/ha N;
30-60 kg/ha PzO^ and 52-104 kg/ha K2O. Irrigation with such waters
and application of the sludge are particularly suited for nitrogen fer-
tilizing, especially of grassland.
103 I FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CONTROL AND TREA TMENT OF DAIRY
WASTE
Harding, H. C. , and H. A. Trebler
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 27: 1369-1382, December 1955.
Descriptors: Dairy wastes. Rates of application. Sprinkler irrigation.
Organic loading. New York.
Disposal rates as high as 134, 000 gallons per acre per day are reported
from studies done in Iowa by ridge and furrow irrigation. Freezing
is reported not to hinder this method. Volume and not BOD is the
controlling factor for land disposal. Spray irrigation is reported to
be of interest, especially in wooded areas where high organic loadings
may be handled.
104 S DISPOSAL OF WET DICES TED SLUDGE A T MARSHALL,
MISSOURI
Hayob, Henry
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26:93-95, January 1954.
Descriptors: Missouri, Sludge disposal. Soil types. Anaerobic digestion.
Sludge drying beds were eliminated, and liquid sludge is now hauled
by tank truck to be spread directly onto farming land. No mention is
made of crops grown, soil type, or crop yields. Several problems were
solved with this new type of disposal.
105 I SEWAGE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL THROUGH CROP IRRIGA TION
Henry, C. D.,R. E. Moldenhauer, L. E, Engelbert, and E. Truog
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26:123-133, February 1954.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Wisconsin, Oxidation lagoons,
Conforms, Denitrification.
45
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The use of sewage effluent for irrigation is well known in the arid parts
of the U.S. ft is practical in the other parts of the country, including
the northern parts, where the wastewater can be stored in lagoons
during the winter. This test in Mad/son, Wisconsin, applied more
than 50 inches of water per season, producing substantial increases
in crop yields. Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were almost
totally removed from the effluent, as were coliforms.
W6 S FIFTEEN YEARS OF THE UTHLEBEN SEWAGE COOPERA T1VE
Holler, K.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. {Berlin), 2:397, J952. Abstr., Sewage tnd.
Wastes, 26: 118, January 1954.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Grain crops. Raw sewage. Waste-
water disposal.
Progress and effect of 15 years of sewage farming and technical instal-
lations are described. Of about 613 hectares (1,515 acres) 440 hectares
received spray irrigation and 173 hectares received trench irrigation.
The present maximum sewage flow is about 4,800 cu. m. per day
(1. 27 mgd). The raw sewage flows through a grit removal unit and
thence into a 5, 000 cu. m. equalizing lagoon functioning at the same time
as a settling basin. This is drained once a year for sludge removal.
About 50 percent of the wet sludge is used directly with cattle manure on
the fields. The other 50 percent is dried on beds and composted with
•garbage. The sewage is pumped to the land through movable pipes.
The importance of proper timing of irrigation is emphasized and illus-
trated for grains (oats, wheat), beets, rape seed, and pastures.
Comparisons of crop yields with non-irrigated surrounding areas
are given.
107M SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION WITH TREATED SEWAGE
Hunt, Henry J.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26:250-260, March 1954.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Soil types. Climatic data, Wastewater
disposal. Reviews.
The history of sewage irrigation from the 19th Century to the present
is reviewed. The factors affecting supplemental irrigation are discussed.
These are water requirements, area required, best crops, methods of
application, increased yields, and time and amount of irrigation.
Factors influencing the amount of irrigation are soil type, kind of
crop, and local weather conditions. Lengthy periods of soil saturation
must be avoided, since it is required that soil air enter the root zone.
Climate data are shown for several U.S. stations.
46
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7 08 M A CR1CUL TURA L UT1LIZA TION OF SEW A CE
Ippolito, G.
Ing. Sanit. (Milan, Italy), Ij 15-20, 1955. Water Poll'ut. Abstr.,
29:202(1107), 1956.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Wastewater disposal. Water reuse.
Oxidation lagoons. Recycling nutrients.
The author advocates broad irrigation with emphasis on the utilization
of sewage for the growing of crops rather than as a method of sewage
disposal. Before installation, studies of crop selection and rotation
must be made in order to fully utilize the sewage. Sewage treatment
plants will be necessary at most locations to provide acceptable sewage
disposal for those periods when crop raising is not practicable. Plain
sedimentation is recommended for the sewage prior to its use for
irrigation to reduce the quantity of organic matter in the irrigation
water; the utilization of the resulting sludge as fertilizer elsewhere is
recommended.
109 M THE A VAILABILJTY OF NITRA TES IN SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
Jepson, C.
J. Inst. Sewage Purif. (London), p. 148, 1951. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 27:355, March 1955.
Descriptors: Nitrate contamination. Water quality data, Surveys,
Nitrification, Englan d.
Although oxidized nitrogen is a potential source of oxygen, the latter
does not become available for biological fife until all the free dissolved
oxygen has disappeared. Presence of nitrate in an effluent can delay
or prevent the onset of putrescence. Given an adequate retention
period during which any dissolved oxygen is exhausted, settled sewage
may be improved in quality by the reduction of oxidized nitrogen. To
obtain a correct estimate of oxidized nitrogen, analysis should be made
as soon as possible after sampling or special precautions taken to retard
biological activity.
110M SOME ASPECTS OF IRRIGA TING GRASSLAND IN HUMID REGIONS
AND THE USE OF SEWAGE
Ju/en, C.
In: Proc. 6th Int. Grassland Cong., Penn State Univ., State College, Pa.,
1952. Vol. I, p. 394-396. Abstr., Soils Fert., W450(2303), 1955.
Descriptors: Forage crops, Nutrient removal, Wastewater disposal.
Plant growth.
47
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Higher grass production can be obtained by irrigating during periods
of drought when insolation is greater than by high rainfall associated
with poor light conditions. Sewage waters are useful, though their
high N content may depress legumes in leys.
HIM TREA TMENT OF SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT FOR INDUSTRIAL
RE-USE
Keating, R. J., and V. J. Calise
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 27.-773-782, July 7955.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Water reuse, Design data, Waste-
water disposal. New York.
One practical and substantial source for additional industrial water
supplies is the effluent from municipal sewage treatment plants. The
author discusses current developments and factors involved in the
design of equipment for treatment of sewage plant effluents for reuse
in industrial processes and boiler feed applications.
7 72 M PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF SEWAGE FARMING
Koziorowski, Bohdan
Gaz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 27: WO. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 25: M80, December 1953.
Descriptors: Primary effluent. Human diseases. Recycling nutrients.
Sprinkler irrigation.
Secondary treatment of the sewage should precede its use in sewage
farming, but this is costly and fertilizer value is reduced by 20 percent
over that of primary treatment. The spraying of primary effluent on
fields and forests is recommended, but produce taken from these fields
should be processed properly before consumption.
773 S HYGIENIC EVALUA TION OF THE ACRICULTURAL UTILIZATION
OF SEWAGE
Kruez, C. A.
Gesundh. Ing. (Munich), 76:206-211, 7955.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, England, United States,
Germany, Soviet Union.
148
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The author discusses the hygienic problems arising from the agricultural
utilization of sewage and the amount of agricultural use in the United
States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and Germany. He considers the
dangers to health, precautions necessary in the use of sewage and sludge,
the fertilizer and humus-forming effects of sewage and sludge, and the
effect of treatment on the fertilizing constituents.
1U I DISPOSAL OF LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES BY MEANS OF SPRAY
IRRIGATION IN THE CANNING AND DAIRY INDUSTRIES
Lane, L. C.
In: Proc. 10th Ind. Waste Conf. , Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 7955.
p. 508-513.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Iowa, Water quality data. Dairy
wastes, Spray disposal.
The author reviews several operations that used spray irrigation for the
disposal of cannery and dairy wastewater and summarizes the components
of which a typical spray system might consist. He sums up the merits of
spray irrigation as the following: (J) stream pollution has been controlled
successfully with the spray application; (2) odor control has been accom-
plished at each installation; (3) BOD has not been a great concern to the
design of the system; (4) the system is simple to operate and can be fully
automatic; (5) land is not held in an unproductive state as in the case of
lagoons; (6) the equipment can be used for regular irrigation service by
canneries before the canning season begins; and (7) the costs are rel-
atively low.
7 75 M POLLUTION CONTROL OF THE RIO GRANDE IN NEW MEXICO
Lowe, Robert P.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 24: 7027-7024, August 7952.
Descriptors: New Mexico, Planning, Water reuse, Wastewater treatment,
Water management (applied).
Irrigation of agricultural crops is by far the major use of water on the
Pecos and Rio Grande rivers in New Mexico. Water shortages have
limited industrial development that must depend on adequate water
supply. The demand for use of all available water in New Mexico, Texas,
and the Republic of Mexico necessitates close control of pollution so that
the maximum usage of water may be obtained. This need has been reflec-
ted in New Mexico through constant demands for use of sewage effluents
for irrigation. Growth is expected to continue, increasing the need for
domestic sewage and industrial waste treatment facilities. Only continued
and alert control can prevent extensive problems from being created.
49
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716 M SEWAGE RECLAMA TION A T GOLDEN CA TE PARK
Martin, B.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23:319-320, March 1951.
Descriptors: Costs, San Francisco, California, Suspended solids.
Tertiary treatment. Recreational facilities.
The author describes the sewage treatment system at Golden Gate Park
and the irrigation of the park by the plant effluent. The characteristics
of the sewage incoming to the plant are 250 ppm suspended solids and
350 ppm BOD. After primary treatment the settled sewage has a suspended
solids content of 50 ppm and a BOD of 150 ppm. After secondary treatment,
both the BOD and the suspended solids are less than 5 ppm in samples
taken from the final settling tank. Chlorination is carefully controlled
and a residual of 2 ppm after the full contact period is maintained. The
plant effluent meets drinking water standards.
The cost per 1,000 gal. of effluent at the plant is $0. 07. Gravity flow is
sufficient to maintain those lakes which are at a lower elevation. For
irrigation purposes, and for maintaining the level of Stow Lake, where
a boating concession has been established, effluent must be pumped from
the plant reservoir. The cost of pumping is $0. 04 per 1, 000 gal. These
costs compare with a cost of $0. 22 per 1,000 gal. for irrigation water
taken from the distribution system of the domestic supply (cost data were
taken from a survey based upon the 7945-794(9 water production and
included in the annual operating cost was the total of certain capital
improvements made during that fiscal year).
777 / THE DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT BY WOODS IRRICA TION
Mather, J. R.
In: Proc. 8th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1953.
p. 439-454.
Descriptors.: Food processing wastes. Rates of application. Clogging (soil),
Groundwater recharge, Seabrook Farms, New Jersey.
Seabrook Farms Company disposes of cannery waste effluent by means of
woods irrigation. The spreading of 400 to 600 inches of wastewater onto
forest soil during an eight-month period, while causing a rise in the water
table did not seriously clog the soil, or result in swamps or a completely
saturated soil. In fact, as a result of the vegetational changes accompanying
the spraying operation, the disposal area appeared to be better covered
the second and third years than before operations began. Recovery of the
50
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groundwater table to predisposal operation level was nearly complete
during the four-month winter period. The vegetation and soil of the
disposal area act as a most efficient filter for, on the basis of well
analyses, it was found that no pollution of the groundwater had occurred
as a result of the spraying.
118 I SPRAY IRRIGATION OF DAIRY WASTES
McKee, F.
In: Proc. Wth Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1955.
p. 574-575.
Descriptors: Organic loading, Design data. Dairy wastes. Sprinkler
irrigation. United States.
Six spray irrigation installations for the Kraft Foods Company are
described. The wastes are milk and whey. Loading rates vary from
0.6 to 7.6 in./wk. Operating data on the six plants located at Berwick,
Ontario; Alexandria, Tennessee; Owenton, Kentucky; Shirley, Indiana;
Paoli, Indiana; and Milan, Wisconsin, are given. Two of the plants have
been replaced with conventional treatment systems.
779 M A SURVEY OF DIRECT UTILIZATION OF WASTE WATERS
Merz, Robert C.
Calif. State Water Pollut. Contr. Board, Sacramento, Pub/. No. 12, 7955.
80 p.
Descriptors: Croundwater recharge, Recreational facilities, Wastewater
disposal, California, Surveys, Bibliographies.
A comprehensive survey of current practices in the use of wastewater
by industry, by agriculture, for recreation, and for groundwater
recharge. The study permitted the following conclusions with regard
to the agricultural use of wastewater: (a) Sewage effluent has been
shown to be a satisfactory irrigation water, where chemical concentrations
permit and where health regulations pertaining to type of crop are met;
(b) Sewage effluent has been shown to be an adequate medium for
leaching alkali soils, or improvement of barren soils; (c) Reclamation
by land irrigation is a means of protecting the quality of surface waters;
(d) Irrigation provides secondary treatment and disposal of wastes in
an economical manner and may provide the municipality with a substan-
tial monetary return; and (e) An ideal use of oxidized sewage effluent
is for irrigation of parks and golf courses and as a supply for decorative
fakes. Conclusions pertaining to other uses are also given.
57
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Numerous examples of reuse are cited, and pertinent abstracts from the
literature are included. The bibliography contains 227 entries.
120 1 SPRAY IRRIGATION AT MORGAN PACKING COMPANY
Miller, P. E.
In: Proc. 8th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1953.
p. 284-287.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Spray disposal. Rates of appli-
cation. Odor, Indiana.
The Morgan Packing Company of Austin in southeastern Indiana pro-
cesses beans, soups, hominy, beets, and tomatoes. A flow of 1.3 mgd
is sprayed on 240 acres for a loading rate of 5,400 gad. The wastewater
passes through 3/8 inch screens, into a 2-hour equalizing reservoir
before being sprayed. The portable sprinkling system applies 0. 44
in./hr with equal resting and sprinkling times. There were no insect
or odor problems and the Kentucky fescue in the spray area grew
twice as high as in non-sprayed areas.
121 M ABWASSERRIESELUNG IN AUSTRAL I EN
(IRRIGATION WITH SEWAGE IN AUSTRALIA)
Mueller, W.
Wasser Boden (Hamburg), 7_:12-14, 1955.
Descriptors: Melbourne, Australia, Rates of application. Fruit crops,
Wastewater disposal. Forage crops.
The author gives an account of the conditions under which sewage is
used for irrigation in Australia. Only settled and biologically treated
sewage may be used. Surface irrigation is preferred. The amounts
vary from 350 to 7500 mm. per year. Land for arable and pasture use
and for fruit growing is irrigated.
122 I CANNERY WASTES DISPOSAL BY SPRA Y IRRIGATION
Nelson, Leonard E.
Wastes Eng., 23:398-400, 1952.
Descriptors: Odor, Minnesota, Sprinkler irrigation. Costs, Food
processing wastes.
52
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In 7957, an installation in Minnesota used 24 million gallons of cannery
wastewaters to irrigate 110 acres of crops. Crop yields were increased,
and no nuisance odors resulted. Portable aluminum pipe was used
for sprinkler lines. The pipe was moved as required to control dis-
tribution of water to the crops. Cost data are given for 'the installation.
123 M STREAM POLLUTION - BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF
IRRIGATED VEGETABLES
Norman, N., and W. Kabler
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:605-609, May 1953.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Conforms, Vegetable crops,
Sprinkler irrigation.
The coliform content of the irrigated soils studied reflects, in general,
the coliform density of the waters they receive. Vegetables irrigated
with waters of high coliform count exhibit a higher coliform flora than
vegetables irrigated with relatively pure water. The coliform density
of leafy vegetables irrigated with polluted water is higher than that of
smooth vegetables grown under similar conditions. Under the condi-
tions of this study, the enterococcus indices of soils and vegetables
showed no direct relationship to the indices of irrigation waters.
Salmonella were present in the irrigation waters in readily demon-
strable numbers, were present in soils in only low concentrations,
and were insufficiently numerous on the vegetables to be demonstrated
by the procedures used.
124 M AN INVESTIGA TION OF SEWAGE SPREADING ON FIVE
CALIFORNIA SOILS
Or lob, G. T., and R. G. Butler
University of California, Berkeley, SERL Tech. Bull. 12, June 1955.
53 p.
Descriptors: Spreading basins. Soil types, Groundwater recharge,
Aerobic conditions. Water quality data, California.
The infiltration rate for each soil was found to follow the same general
pattern: (1) an abrupt decrease in rate attributed to dispersion of
soil particles; (2) an increase in rate due to solution of entrapped
gases into the percolating liquid; and (3) a decrease due to accumu-
lation of biological slimes in the soil voids. Infiltration rates in the
third phase ranged from 30 feet per day for the most permeable soil
to 0. 6 feet per day for the fine soils.
53
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Infiltration of settled sewage applied to soil lysimeters decreased
sharply due to clogging of soil surface by particulate matter. Col i form
removals were generally highest in the fine soils. Increases in calcium
and magnesium concentrations and decreases in sodium and potassium
concentrations in the percolates were observed.
Aerobic conditions existed for the first few weeks of sewage spreading
after which anaerobic conditions persisted. Increases in BOD in the
effluents from the soils were obtained after the anaerobic stage predom-
inated. Organic matter penetrated the surface strata of the lysimeter
soils, causing decreases in permeability and infiltration rates. Abrupt
loss in hydraulic head through surface strata was experienced for all
soi'/s receiving the sewage application.
Particle-size characteristics of the five soils studied could not be
correlated with the observed infiltration rates. Therefore, field
performance of a soil cannot be predicted by comparing its particle-
size characteristics with those of other soils for which infiltration
rates have been established.
725 M J ERFAHRUNCEN AUF DEM CEBIET DER LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHEN
ABWASSERVERWERTUNC
(EXPERIENCES IN THE AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE)
Pau/smeier, F.
Desinfekt. Gesundheitsw. (Hannover, Ger.), 47:775-722, 7955.
Descriptors: Recycling nutrients, Sprinkler irrigation. Economic
feasibility, Wastewater disposal, Berlin, Germany.
From experience with the irrigation fields of Berlin, the author discusses
the agricultural and economic advantages of agricultural use of sewage.
He gives figures for the amounts of nutrient substances in the sewage
of Germany and deals with arguments raised against agricultural
utilization.
126 I BROAD FIELD DISPOSAL OF BEET SUGAR WASTES
Forges, Ralph, and GI en J. Hopkins
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 27:1160-1170, October 1955.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Nebraska, Water quality data.
Rates of application, Flood irrigation.
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The Great Western Sugar Company in Bayard, Nebraska used field
disposal for its industrial wastes. Results were very favorable; BOD
was reduced from 483 ppm to 158 ppm; bacteriological reduction was
about 75-89 percent, and SS removal was over 99 percent. The wastes
were allowed to run over a field of 160 acres, about 3,500 feet long.
Waste flow is given as 4. 3 cubic feet per minute.
127 M CALIFORNIA REGULA TES USE OF SEWAGE FOR CROP IRRICA T10N
Reinke, E. A.
Wastes Eng., 22:364, 376, 7957.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, California,' Raw sewage, Fruit
crops. Water quality standards.
The State Department of Public Health has adopted regulations governing
use of sewage for crop irrigation. They prohibit use of raw sewage on
growing crops; provide that partially disinfected effluents shall not be
used to water growing vegetables, garden truck, berries, or low-growing
fruits such that fruit is in contact with the ground; but may be used on
nursery stock, cotton, and such field crops as hay, grain, rice, alfalfa,
sugar beets, fodder corn, cow beets, and fodder carrots. Well-oxidized
nonputrescible and reliably disinfected or filtered effluents, which meet
the bacterial standards established for drinking waters, may be used
without restriction. The degree of sewage pollution of irrigation waters
varies with the source of supply.
128 M LAND TREA TMENT OF SEWAGE
Rep/oh, H.
Kommunalwirtschaft (Germany), 8:401, 1955. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
29:352(1932), 1956.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Odor, Human diseases. Groundwater
recharge.
The author discusses the advantages of agricultural utilization of sewage,
methods of preventing odor nuisance and spreading of bacteria, and the
importance of this method of disposal to the groundwater supply.
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/29 M EFFL UENT FOR IRRICA TION
Rockwell, F. L.
Amer. City, 69j 92, September 7954.
Descriptors: Texas, Sludge disposal. Oxidation lagoons, Flood irrigation.
Grain crops.
Brownsville, Texas has a new plant for sewage treatment consisting of
primary sedimentation tanks, percolating filters, and final sedimentation
tanks. Sludge is digested and dried on open beds. Owing to the shortage
of water for irrigation, farmers have been allowed to divert the effluent
being discharged to the Rio Grande to irrigate crops of cotton and corn.
130 M CONTAMINA TION OF VEGETABLES GROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL
Rudolfs, Willem, Lloyd L. Folk, Robert A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23:253-268, March 7957.
Descriptors: Conforms, Furrow irrigation, Pathogenic bacteria, Human
diseases.
Field experiments during two growing seasons were designed to evaluate
and compare the extent of coliform contamination of tomatoes to those
grown in a similar but uncontaminoted environment. The pollution
consisted of either furrow irrigation with settled sewages normally used
for the purpose, or direct application of feces suspensions to the fruit
and leaves, which may represent spray types of irrigation on direct
application of night soil as frequently practiced. In addition, the
survival of pathogenic types, such as Salmonella and Shigella genera,
was investigated to supplement with direct evidence the findings with
coliform organisms. The results show that if sewage irrigation or night
soil application is stopped one month before harvest, the fruit, if eaten
raw, would not likely be vectors for the transmission of human bacterial
enteric diseases.
131 M CONTAMINA TION OF VEGETABLES CROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL:
II. FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES ON ENDAMOEBA CYSTS
Rudolfs, Willem, Lloyd L. Folk, and Robert A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23:478-485, April 7957.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops, Human diseases. Soil physical properties.
Flood irrigation.
56
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Laboratory and field experiments on the survival of Endamoeba histo-
lytica cysts applied either in suspension or in conjunction with feces to
tomatoes and leaf lettuce direct, or to soil in which the plants were
growing, show that the cysts are extremely sensitive to desiccation.
Addition of organic matter in the form of fecal suspensions does not
enhance survival of the cysts. Crops growing in the field may become
contaminated directly during the course of irrigation with sewage
polluted water or night soil, or indirectly through contact with polluted
soil. Contaminated tomatoes and lettuce are free from viable cysts within
three days after contamination occurs, the time of decontamination de-
creasing with a decrease in the degree of wetness of the soil. Field-
grown crops consumed raw and subject to contamination with cysts of
E. histolytica are considered safe in the temperate zone one week
after contamination has stopped and after two weeks in wetter tropical
regions.
132 M CONTAMINA TION OF VEGETABLES CROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL:
HI. FIELD STUDIES ON ASCARIS ECCS
Rudolfs, Willem, Lloyd L. Folk, and Robert A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23^:656-660, May 7557.
Descriptors: Collforms. Detergents, Vegetable crops, Wastewater
disposal.
Field experiments on the survival ofAscaris suum eggs were conducted
by spraying suspensions ofAscaris eggs and feces on growing tomatoes
and lettuce. Plants and fruits were harvested at intervals. Results
show that a reduction of the number of eggs took place with time, but
some eggs remained on the plants and fruits for more than a month.
Development of eggs was greatly retarded and completely developed
eggs containing motile embryos required for infection were not
recovered. The exposure of undeveloped eggs to field conditions
reduced greatly the viability of the eggs. It appears that resistance
ofAscaris eggs on vegetable surfaces is less than might be expected
from considerations of their resistance in soil, feces, or night soil.
All eggs degenerated after 27 to 35 days and were incapable of
development for infection.
133 M CONTAMINA TION OF VEGETABLES CROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL:
IV, BACTERIAL DECONTAMINATION
Rudolfs, Willem, Lloyd L. Folk, and Robert A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 2_3_: 739-751, June 7957.
Descriptors: Coliforms, Sprinkler irrigation, Human diseases, Vegetable
crops.
57
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Studies on coliform decontamination of raw tomatoes grown on sewage
polluted soils, or sprayed with E. coll or feces, show that the natural
death rate of these bacteria under ordinary storage conditions is slow
and does not insure adequate decontamination. Vigorous washing for
15 min, with plain water removes most of the sprayed-on contaminants,
but does not remove coliform from tomatoes grown on polluted soil. In
general, vigorous washing with anionic, nonionic, and cationic deter-
gents is not materially better than washing with plain water. Chlorine
and its compounds in high concentration in solution do not remove
organisms protected by dirt, or in cracks, crevices, or bruises.
Chlorine gas is a good decontaminating agent, but causes bleaching in
the concentrations required. Nitrogen trichloride and t-butyl hypo-
chlorite are not effective in the concentrations normally used for fruit
spot/age control. The most effective method for consistently obtaining
a low coliform residual, without affecting the appearance and condition
of the vegetables, is soaking them in water at a temperature of 60° C for
5 minutes.
134 M CONTAMINA TION OF VEGETABLES CROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL:
V. HELMINTHIC DECONTAMINA TION
Rudolfs, Willem, Lloyd L. Folk, and Robert A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23_: 853-860, July 7957.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops, Human diseases, Detergents, Clogging
(soil).
Physical and chemical means of decontaminating vegetable surfaces
contaminated by A scar is suum eggs included vigorous washing and
soaking in plain water, detergent solutions, germicide I rinses, and
use of warm water. The results show that the eggs adhere tenaciously
to solid surfaces. Various detergents and germicidal rinses were not^
effective killing agents, but cationic detergents will cause more than
90 percent removal of eggs from smooth surfaces, such as tomatoes.
The removal is less effective when cracks, crevices, or bruises protect
the eggs. The only effective method to insure vegetable decontamination
with respect to helminth eggs is immersion of the vegetable in warm
water (55° to 60° C) for 10 minutes.
135 M CONTAMINATION OF VEGETABLES GROWN IN POLLUTED SOIL.
VI. A PPL ICA TION OF RESUL TS
Rudolfs, Willem, L. Folk, and A. Ragotzkie
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23_: 992-1000, August 1951.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops. Pathogenic bacteria. Human diseases,
Coliforms.
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The authors state the following general conclusions: No evidence has
been found that pollutional bacteria, amoeba, or helminth eggs penetrate
healthy, unbroken surfaces of vegetables or cause internal contamina-
tion. Vegetables to be eaten raw can be grown without health hazard
in soils subjected to sewage irrigation, night soil application, or
polluted stream water irrigation in years prior to the season in which
the vegetables are grown. Vegetables grown under conditions of
surface sewage irrigation show no higher coliform concentrations than
those grown on normally farmed soil, whether sewage was applied
before the plants were set or while the plants were growing. If sewage
sludges or night soil are applied on the soil surface, or sewage effluents
are applied by overhead irrigation during growth of vegetables, appli-
cations should be stopped at least one month before harvest. If this
precaution is taken, the crop will show no higher bacterial contamination
than when farmyard manure or artificial fertilizers are applied. Strains
of Salmonella and Shigella do not survive on vegetable surfaces for more
than one week. Hence, conclusions based upon coliform contamination
offer a considerable margin of safety. Bacteria applied to vegetable
surfaces are tenaciously held and protected from the external environ-
ment. This permits their survival under field conditions and explains
the difficulty of their removal by various types of washes or kill by
germicides. The resistance of cysts of Endamoeba histolytica to the
external environment depends almost entirely on the amount ofmositure
present. Death of the cysts occurs immediately upon desiccation.
During dry periods, cysts of E. histolytica survive less than 3 days on
vegetables growing above ground in the field. To reduce to a minimum
the danger of transmitting amoebic dysentery through crop contamination,
the last application of contaminating material to the soil before harvest
should be at least one week in the temperate zone and two weeks in the
wetter climates of tropical regions. Eggs of Ascaris suum were recov-
ered in reduced numbers from vegetables one month after application,
but all had degenerated, and no completely developed eggs were found
on plants in the field. The possible dangers of the transmission of
Ascaris are greatly reduced if fecal matter fertilization is stopped one
month before harvest. Storage, washing of vegetables in plain water,
or washing with various detergents, including anionic, nonionic, and
cationic compounds, are ineffective as means of bacteriological decontam-
ination. Cermicidal rinses of chlorine and its compounds are superior
to water and detergents for bacterial decontamination, but are unreliable.
Water, anionic, most nonionic detergents, and chlorinated compounds
are not effective decontaminants for helminth eggs; cationic detergents
aid in removal of eggs from vegetable surfaces. The eggs are resistant
to the killing effects of disinfectants which could be used in vegetable
decontamination.
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1361 CANNING, FREEZING, AND DEHYDRATION
Sanborn, N. H.
In: Industrial Wastes, Rudolfs, W. (ed. ), New York, Reinhold
Publishing Corp., 1953. p. 70.
Descriptors: Iowa, Rates of application. Furrow irrigation, Food
processing wastes. Costs.
The author describes a field receiving pea and corn wastes in Iowa since
1934. An average flow of 176 gpm is discharged to 1.88 acres by ridge
and furrow irrigation. The soil is a "dark" loam and the average loading
rate is 5.0 in. /day.
Recommended loadings for corn wastes are 1 acre per 100,000-150,000
gpd or 3. 7-5. 5 in. /day. Choose sort that will readily absorb wastes as
hydraulic loading is the control rather than solids content of the waste
applied. Recommended management is to provide constant attention to
direct the flow, allow the furrows to empty before reapplying waste,
and permit weeds to grow to utilize transpiration and to reduce wind
sweep for odor control.
Total annual operating cost for the Iowa operation (unscreened waste)
including the cost of leasing the land was $280 or 0. 12 cents per case.
137 I DISPOSAL OF FOOD PROCESSING WASTES BY SPRA Y IRRICA TION
Sanborn, N. H.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25: 1034-1043, September 1953.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Odor, Costs, Sprinkler irrigation.
Spray irrigation has provided a means for the disposal of food-processing
wastes which does not pollute streams or create odors. The method can
be extended to certain other industrial wastes. Several examples of
successful disposal operations are cited.
Disposal systems for typical food-processing plants are described and
cost figures given. Certain problems and limitations of spray irrigation
systems are discussed.
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138 M NEW EXPERIENCES IN ACRICUL TURAL UTILIZA TION OF SEWACE
Schwarz, K.
Wasserwirt. Tech. (Berlin), 45:55, 7355.
Descriptors: Soil types. Subsurface irrigation. Reviews, Germany,
Sprinkler irrigation.
The author reviews the papers presented at a meeting of the Deutsche
Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften at Berlin in February 7354.
Subject dealt with include: experiments in Neustrelitz on the use of
artificial rain on very light soils; the relations between watering, soil,
and plant growth in localities of poor soil and the necessity for adequate
additional organic manuring; the effect of aritifical rain on the mainly
heavy soils of Thuringia; economfc problems; subsoil irrigation and
its results in Delitzsch, and irrigation fatigue in fields overloaded with
sewage.
139 M SUBSOIL IRRICA TION IN THE ACRICUL TURAL UTILIZA TION OF
SEWAGE
Schwarz, K.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. (Berlin), 5_: 371-373, 7355. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
30:25(148), 1957.
Descriptors: Subsurface irrigation, Soil types, Public health regulations,
Germany, Wastewater disposal.
Investigations in the experimental irrigation fields at Greifswald, De-
litzsch, and Neustrelitz, on subsoil irrigation, are not sufficient for a
final judgment of this method of application of sewage. Further experi-
mental irrigation on fields of medium and heavy soils is recommended.
Further investigations on hygiene and the technique of construction
and operation of plants are required.
MOM AGRICULTURAL VALUES OF SEWAGE
Skulte, P.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:1297-1303, November 1953.
Descriptors: Planning, Groundwater recharge. Recycling nutrients.
Primary effluent, Europe.
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Actual experiences have demonstrated that sanitary sewages and many
industrial wastes can be successfully used for agricultural, industrial,
and other purposes. The sewage as used for irrigation is usually given
primary treatment. After that, the processes of natural soil filtration
and biochemical stabilization can produce an oxidized and well-treated
percolation water. Reclamation programs planned only for groundwater
replenishment are usually unsound economic ventures. Therefore, the
emphasis should be on the agricultural values in sewage, greatly
reducing the immense fertilizer bill and improving soil conditions.
747 M SOME PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURAL IRRICA TION
Sisson, Donald R.
In: Proc. 10th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 7355.
p. 579-526.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater disposal. Public health
regulations. United States.
Irrigation is one of the more important practices designed to minimize
the "gamble" in modern agriculture. The benefits of irrigation as
practiced in the Midwest are noted. The important factors to be con-
sidered in designing an agricultural irrigation system are discussed,
as well as some of the problems in the use and management of the
system. Some hazards and problems associated with waste disposal,
by agricultural irrigation are pointed out.
742 M CONTROL OF FERTILIZING MINERALS IN SEWAGE PLANT
EFFLUENTS
Smith, R. L., and W. Subby
Pub. Works, 86_: 91-92, February 1955.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Anaerobic conditions, Furrow
irrigation. Soil chemical properties. Recycling nutrients.
Minerals in sewage-works effluent can cause excessive algae blooms in
lakes due to the fertilizing value of the minerals. Methods suggested
for solving the problem include diverting the effluent from the lake,
with discharge to a flowing stream; disposal on land by furrow or spray
irrigation; or removal of algae and thereby removal of fertilizing min-
erals. The first method was found to be costly and ineffectual as the
minerals had already entered the lake. The second method was also
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expensive as plants had to be removed before death to prevent return
of excess minerals to the soil and, also, because the area of irrigation
had to be constantly changed. There was danger of producing high
nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in the area. The removal
of algae and minerals was found most satisfactory. The algae removed
can be used for fertilizer. The take water was filtered through paper
in a metal trough-shaped filter. A description of the filter is given.
743 M EFFECTS OF SEWAGE ON CA TTLE AND GARBAGE ON HOGS
Snyder, W.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 23:1235-1242, October 1951.
Descriptors: Human diseases. Pathogenic bacteria, Wastewater treat-
ment. Animal diseases.
In making use of sewage effluents, the degree of treatment required must
be governed by its subsequent reuse if the greatest social and economic
advantages are to be realized. Since there are many diseases common
to both man and animals, the possibility of disease transmission by
sewage must not be overlooked. Experiments are cited in which swine
were fed with incoming sewage mixed with bran; others were fed with
effluent mixed with bran. Careful postmortem examinations revealed
no evidence of disease. Cows were supplied with effluent for drinking.
Likewise, no evidence of disease was found. It was concluded that
virulent bacteria were not present in sufficient concentration in the
sludge and effluent of the treatment plant at Beltsville to cause disease
in susceptible animals. The feeding of raw garbage to hogs can lead
to trichinoisis in the animals and transfer to man if the meat is not
properly cooked. Garbage can be cooked to destroy the infection before
feeding to the animals.
744 M EFFECT OF SEWAGE IRRICA TION UPON SOILS
Steel, W., and E. J. M. Berg
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26: 1325-1339, November 7954.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, Organic loading. Soil physical
properties, Wastewater disposal, Texas.
The relatively smalt changes in the soils studied indicate that sewage
irrigation is neither especially beneficial nor injurious to soils. Sewage
irrigation encourages accumulation of chlorides. Leaching of the chlo-
rides was readily accomplished and there should be no infurious accu-
mulations under normal operation. A slight increase in organic matter
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(humus) can be expected. Pore space is increased by sewage irrigation,
and crumb structure shows some improvement. Sewage-irrigated soils
accumulate slightly more phosphorous than water-irrigated soi/s. Boron
also will be contributed to soils by sewage.
745 / LAND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Stone, Ralph
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:406-475, April 1953.
Descriptors: Water quality standards, Human diseases, Croundwater
recharge. Rates of application, California.
The author discusses the disposal of waste effluents by irrigation of
restricted crops, or within spreading areas. Soil organisms and fil-
tration provide a "high-quality, fully oxidized, pathogen-free, nonturbid
water." Intermittent dosage assures an aerobic environment which is
required for nuisance-free disposal. Several examples are cited along
with data describing operations. Variable factors important to the design
and operation of land disposal facilities are discussed.
Nuisance and health hazards may be controlled through proper design
and technical supervision of the operation. Certain highly mineralized
industrial wastes may present special problems. Land disposal methods
appear to be satisfactory for domestic sewage effluent.
146M IRRICATION WITH WASTE WATER
Stone, Ralph
Pub. Works, 86:97-99, November 1955.
Descriptors: California, Wastewater treatment. Golf courses, Wastewater
disposal. Costs.
The author states: "The reuse of sewage and industrial waste waters for
irrigation is a means of conserving our available water resources. " Not
all sewage and industrial wastes in all climates can be safely disposed of
by irrigation. In California, 69 localities use waste water for crop irri-
gation. Beef cattle appear to drink waste water in preference to potable
well water. Sewage and industrial waste must be treated regardless of
its disposition. Therefore, the cost of treatment should not be charged
against the use of water for irrigation. Parks, golf courses, orchards,
pastures, cultivated areas, etc., produce more luxuriant crops when
Irrigated with waste water. Water with a high mineral content is con-
sidered unsatisfactory for irrigation. Ponding of waste water from over-
irrigation creates nuisance and health hazards and should not be permitted
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747 M SEWAGE TREA TMENT IN CALIFORNIA STA TE INSTITUTIONS
Stowelt, E. R.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26:1347-1354, November 7954.
Descriptors: California, Rates of application, Sprinkler irrigation.
Septic tanks, Wastewater treatment.
This article discussed how some sewage treatment problems were solved
in the state institutions and other facilities of the State of California.
There are many treatment methods which were used for solving sewage
problems. One of the methods was the use of hillside sprays for disposal
of sewage effluent in recreational areas. Three state parks were selected
to install such systems. A standard trickling filter type nozzle is used.
This type nozzle has large clearances, thus giving non-clog character-
istics and low discharge head requirements. The application rate is not
to exceed 2 in. /week. The three state parks are Taylor State Park
(Marine City), Portofa State Park (West of Palo Alto), and Calaveras Big
Tree Park (Calaveras City). The pretreating in all cases is by septic
tanks.
148 M SEWAGE AND WASTE TREA TMENT FOR COAL MINING COMMUNITY,
SUNNYSIDE, UTAH
Thackwell, H. L.
Wastes Eng., 26:352-353, 1955.
Descriptors: Design data, Utah, Aerated lagoon effluents, Wastewater
treatment. Sprinkler irrigation.
A new sewage treatment plant has been constructed. It consists of bar
screens, aeration tank and grit removal, Imhofftank, dosing tank,
percolating filter, final sedimentation and chlori'nation tanks, and
sludge drying beds. The final effluent is used for irrigation. A flow
diagram of the plant is given.
149 S CONSERVATION POTENTIAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
Thomson, F., and M. Morgan, Jr.
Water Sewage Works, 1_02_: 532-535, December 1955.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Rates of application, Recycling nutrients.
Water quality data, United States.
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Seivage sludge has been used with varying degrees of success to replace
fertility of soils. Sludge contains differing amounts of lime, humus,
nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash. Recommended applications are 10
to 60 cu. yd. per acre for flowers, vegetables, and grass and JO tons of
wet sludge per acre for orchards. Average sludge production for the
United States is estimated at one million tons per year. Based on anal-
yses from several cities, this would yield 32 thousand tons of nitrogen,
23 thousand tons of phosphate, and 3 thousand tons of potash. There
is usually a wide margin between the plant nutrients removed from
soil and that which is put back. If all sludge produced in 1949 and
1950 had been used as fertilizer, it probably would have increased
production only about 0. 5 percent. In spite of this relatively small
yield, nothing should be overlooked to increase our agricultural
potential.
150 S FERTILIZER VALUE IN WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
Van Kleeck, W.
Amer. J. Pub. Health, 44:349-354, March 1954.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Recycling nutrients, Connecticut,
Sprinkler irrigation. Odor.
Dried or partially dewatered sewage sludge makes an excellent soil
conditioner and a good, though incomplete, fertilizer. Heat-dried
raw activated sludge is the best sludge product, both chemically and
hygienically, although some odor may be encountered in its use. The
reasons why more sludge is not used are discussed, as are the advan-
tages and disadvantages of broad irrigation and sewage farming. Gar-
bage composting, both alone and in connection with sewage sludge, is
receiving more attention although current practice leaves much to
be desired.
757 / LAGOONING AND SPRA Y DISPOSAL OF NEUTRAL SULPHITE
SEMI-CHEMICAL PULP MILL LIQUORS
Voights, D.
In: Proc. 10th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1955.
p. 497-507.
Descriptors: Michigan, Rates of application, Monitoring, Spray disposal.
Pulp and paper wastes.
The experience of the American Box Board Co. at its Filer City, Michigan.
plant in reducing its pollutional contribution to Manistee Lake is detailed.
The flow of spent liquor was 300, 000 gpd in 1951 with a BOD of 20, 000-
30,000 mg/L. Each 5 acre plot received an average of 10. 6 in./day
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continuously for 3 weeks. The sandy soil was then allowed to rest for
3 years before sprinkling again. The waste is lagooned prior to sprin-
kling which removes much of the semi-colloidal lignins that tend to
clog the soil. It was found that native vegetation, left in place, increased
the percolation rate over that of the bare sand. A monitoring well drilled
to a clay layer at 90 ft has produced samples showing no trace of contam-
ination .
152 M STREAM POLLUTION - ANIMAL PARASITES IN SEWAGE AND
IRRIGATION WATER
Wang, W. L. , andS. C. Dunlop
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26: 1020-1032, August 7954.
Descriptors: Primary effluent, Colorado, Wastewater treatment. Public
health regulations.
An investigation was made to determine the efficiency of primary sewage
treatment plus chlorination, as practiced in the Denver sewage disposal
plant in the removal of animal parasites. The results indicated that
about 20 percent of the Ascaris ova and 46 percent of the End, coli cysts
found in the raw sewage were still present in the final effluent. However,
the sewage treatment showed a removal of over 99 percent of the coliform
and enterococci. When the effluent joined the South Platte River and the
flow reached Gardeners' irrigation ditch, the number of Ascaris ova
and End^ coli cysts were found to be reduced considerably. The coliform
organisms and enterococci, on the other hand, showed a higher incidence
in this ditch than in the effluent. Definite conclusions concerning the
public health significance of these findings cannot be stated since little
is known of the minimum infecting doses of these organisms.
153 M EFFECTS OF USING LAGOONED SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON FARMLAND
Warrington, Sam L.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 24:1243-1247, October 1952.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Human diseases. Recycling
nutrients, Salinity.
From a public health standpoint, the degree of treatment and the types
of crops grown should be of utmost importance. Where complete
treatment is not practiced, the use of the effluent and crops grown
should be carefully controlled. Crops which do not come in contact
with the water may be grown with comparative safety. In areas where
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salt naturally tends to build up, the water should be used with caution.
Its salt content, particularly chlorides, should be checked often.
The fertilizing value of sewage effluent is great, and when it can be
used, the process can convert a liability into an asset.
754 / SEWAGE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL THROUGH CROP IRRIGA TION
Webster, R. A.
Discussion. Sewage Ind. Wastes, 26j 133-135, February 1954.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, Wastewater disposal, Seabrook
Farms, New Jersey, Food processing wastes.
The author reviews the history of waste water utilization at Seabrook
Farms, Bridgetown, New Jersey. Two distinct advantages are noted:
(a) a source of water for crops; and (b) recharge of the groundwater.
There has been no evidence of any harmful effects on any potable water
(wells) in the immediate vicinity of the spreading area. It has been a
happy solution to a waste disposal problem. Before others try the
method, the soil should be carefully examined with reference to its
absorptive characteristics. The groundwater level should be ascertained
to determine the capacity of such a reservoir. Actual tests give the best
answers and may save much difficulty later.
755 M DEVELOPMENT AND PRESENT CONDITION OF SEWAGE TREA TMEf
AND UTILIZATION IN BERLIN
Wetland, K.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. (Berlin), 5: 229, 1955. Water Pollut. Abstr.,
29:347(1897), 1956.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, Wastewater disposal, Wastewater
treatment. Sprinkler irrigation, Berlin, Germany.
A detailed description is given of the historical development and operation
of the Berlin irrigation fields and of the construction and design of the
Stahnsdorfand Wassmannsdorf sewage works. The author then discusses
the hygiene of agricultural utilization of sewage, the principles of oper-
ation, and the necessary precautions and conditions.
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755 M SEWAGE DISPOSAL BY LAND IRRICA TJON
Wierzbicki, Jan
Caz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 26:34, 7552. Abstr., Sewage
Ind. Wastes, 24: 7554, December 7952.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops, Wastewater disposal. Human diseases,
Economic feasibility, Poland.
A description is given of a land irrigation system in Lower Silesia,
which was built in 1906 and has continued in operation to the present
time. Data are presented on soil variation with depth in irrigated and
nonirrigated soils as well as the humus, PzOs and K2O contents, and
pH changes. Various vegetables are grown, but are not irrigated
during the growing season. Workers employed in the fields for over
30 years have had no illnesses or disease outbreaks that could be
attributed to the agricultural utilization of sewage wastes.
757 / PONDING AND SOIL FILTRA TION FOR DISPOSAL OF SPENT
SULPHITE LIQUOR IN WISCONSIN
Wisniewski, T. F., A. J. Wiley, and B. F. Lueck
In: Proc. 10th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 7955.
p. 450-496.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Organic loading. Water quality data, Suspended
solids. Pulp and paper wastes.
Laboratory, pilot and field scale trials of soil filtration of spent sulfite
liquor in Wisconsin suggest the following conclusions: (1) effectiveness
of microbial reaction is reduced if loadings exceed the rates of complete
reaction; (2) hydraulic loading must be such as to avoid sustained
flooding which results in anaerobic conditions; and (3) geological
conditions must be such as to avoid groundwater contamination.
If solids loadings are less than I Jb/sq yd/day (4,800 Ib SS/acre/day),
BOD removals in excess of 50 percent are possible. Pulp wastes at
concentrations of 4 to 8 percent suspended solids were filtered at
various rates through various media. BOD removals of 90 percent
were obtained in pilot filters using silty clay and loading at 4, 600 Ib
SS/acre/day. At a solids content of 6 percent this organic loading
would be equivalent to 9,200 gad in terms of hydraulic loading.
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758 M FUNDAMENTAL POINTS ON AGRICUL JURAL UTIL1ZA TION OF
SEWAGE
Zunker, F.
Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. (Berlin), 5:258, 7355. Water Pollut. Abstr.
29:352(1933), 1956.
Descriptors: Water reuse, Europe, Surveys, Costs, Operation and
maintenance.
A detailed survey is given of the requirements and advantages of
agricultural utilization of sewage and of the operation and economics
of different methods.
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SECTION IV
ABSTRACTS 1956 THRU 1960
7555 PER TI LI ZINC CHA RA C TERJS TICS OF SEW A CE SL UDCE
Anderson, Myron S.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 31_: 678-682, June 1959.
Descriptors: Climatic data, Recycling nutrients, Anaerobic digestion.
Soil types. United States.
The chemical composition and fertilizer value of sewage sludge depend
in part on the method of treatment from which the sludge is obtained.
Undigested sludge from secondary treatment has the greatest fertilizer
value. Digested sludge from primary treatment has a lower fertilizer
value but may be beneficial as a soil conditioner or mulch. The nitrogen
content of digested sludge is appreciably lower. Heat treatment is rec-
ommended for sanitary purposes before sludge is sold as a fertilizer.
It is important that prospective users be told what to expect from sludge
applied to soil. The plant responses will vary with type of soil, kind of
plants grown, and climatic conditions.
160 I INDUSTRY UTILIZES SEWAGE AND WASTES EFFLUENTS FOR
PROCESSING OPERA TIONS
Anonymous
Wastes Eng., 28:444-448, 1957.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Aerated lagoon effluents.
This article discusses industrial use of sewage and wastes effluents.
Several examples of reuse are cited.
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757 M DON'T WASTE EFFLUENT
Anonymous
Wastes Eng., 30:205, April 1959.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Coif courses, Public health
regulations, Human diseases. Water reuse.
Especially in water short areas, it is seen that sewage effluent can be put
to good use for crops, landscape, decorative lakes and groundwater
recharge. The statement is made that no disease transmission or nuisance
has been caused by the use of sewage effluent on golf courses.
162 S SEWAGE SLUDGE AS SOIL CONDITIONER
Anonymous
Water Sewage Works, £05:459, 7955. Pub. Health Eng. Abstr., 39jS:46.
Descriptors: Creenbelts, Economic feasibility, Sludge disposal.
Surveys.
The results of a national survey are presented. Reports the increased
sale and demand for sewage sludge to be applied to soil in recent years.
Many examples and case histories are cited. Sludge analyses, sales
trends, prices, etc., are tabulated for a large number of cities where
sludge is sold. Sludge is recommended for lawns, parks, and flower
gardens. It deepens the color of grass and stimulates a luxurious growth
that is noticeable for longer than one season. It should be applied late in
March and again in September, if desired. It provides needed humus as
well as a moderate amount of nitrogen to flower garden soils.
163 S SEWAGE SLUDGE AS SOIL CONDITIONER
Anonymous
Water Sewage Works, W6j424, 7959.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Recycling nutrients, Public health
regulations. Anaerobic digestion, United States.
This article discusses the use of sewage sludge by farmers and gardners
in the United States, methods of processing the sludge and its fertilizer
value, how to use the sludge and the safety of using sludge.
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764 M TRA VEL OF POLLUTION, AND PURIFICATION EN ROUTE IN
SANDY SOILS
Boors, J. K.
Bull. World Health Organ., 16:727-747, April 1957.
Descriptors: Netherlands, Ground water contamination, Soil types.
The travel of pollution in sandy soils, and the extent to which purifica-
tion takes place en route are discussed, with special reference to the
possible contamination of ground water—a problem of particular impor-
tance in the Netherlands. Two types of soil pollution are considered:
severe pollution of surface layers ~with matter concentrated in a small
volume of water and moderate pollution of the surface layers with
matter contained in large quantities of water. Self-purification is
sufficient to prevent contamination of the groundwater, provided the
soil is very fine, and in the case of the first type—dry and well aerated,
and provided that the groundwater level is not too high or the rate of
infiltration too great.
165 M PUBLIC HEAL TH ASPECTS OF WA TER REUSE FOR POTABLE
SUPPLY
Berger, B. B.
J. Amer. Water Works Ass.f 52: 599-6-06, May 7960.
Descriptors: Water reuse, Kansas, Water quality data. Human diseases.
The author discusses the feasibility of treating sewage so that the re-
claimed water may serve all municipal purposes, including water for
drinking. The recent reuse experiences of Chanute and Lyndon, Kansas,
are described. It was concluded that modern sewage treatment processes
are designed to produce an effluent that will be easily assimilated by
the receiving body of water, and that they are not intended to produce a
water suitable for a municipal water supply.
166 I STREAM IMPROVEMENT THROUGH SPRA Y DISPOSAL OF
SULPHITE LIQUOR AT THE KIMBERLY-CLARK CORPOR-
ATION, NIAGARA, WISCONSIN MILL
Billings, R. M.
In: Proc. 13th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, lnd,f 7955.
p. 71-80.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Organic loading. Rates of applica-
tion, Wisconsin, Pulp and paper wastes.
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Spent sulfile liquor is sprayed directly on land from tank trucks. The
liquid loading rate is 0. 3 in. /day. Costs exceeded $110,000 for installa-
tion not including the cost of the trucks but including pipeline trans-
mission and storage. It was concluded that organic loadings should not
exceed 1 lb of solids per square yard per day (4,840 Ib/acre/day). The
soil system consisted of 70 to 90 feet of sand above the groundwater table.
167 M THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLING IRRIGA T/ON WITH SEWAGE ON
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MEADOWS AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL
PHENOMENA IN THE SOIL
Bocko, J.
Chem. Abst., 52:15808, 1958. Abstr., Soils Pert., 75:2477, 7956.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Sprinkler irrigation. Soil types.
Forage crops.
On deep, light, alluvial soil, increases in hay yields obtained by irri-
gation with sewage at rates ranging from 90 to 510 mm/ha were directly
proportioned to the amount of sewage applied, and amounted to about
2 quintals/ha for each 100 cu.m. of sewage (WO mm/ha). The highest
hay yield of 137 quintals/ha was obtained where sewage was applied
at the rate of 510 mm/ha. Irrigation with sewage markedly increased
the number of bacteria in the surface soil layer.
168 I OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES FOR A STUDY OF SPRAY
IRRIGATION OF DAIRY WASTES
Breska, G., et al.
In: Proc. 12th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1957.
p. 636-652.
Descriptors: Costs, Dairy wastes. Sprinkler irrigation, Wisconsin,
Rates of application.
A study was conducted of 6 existing spray irrigation facilities in central
Wisconsin. Soils ranged from sandy loams to silt loams. Application
rates ranged from 0. 13 to 0. 29 in. /hr. Irrigated and unirrigated soils
were analyzed for different chemical and physical characteristics. Cap-
ital costs for dairy waste spray irrigation systems ranged from $1,100
to $2, 300 per mgd.
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1 55 / COMMINUTED SOLIDS INCL US ION WITH SPRA Y IRRIGA TED
CANNING WASTE
Canham, Robert A.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 30:1028-1049, August 1958.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Economic feasibility, Clogging
(soil), Minnesota, Food processing wastes.
Although spray irrigation of liquid wastes was known to be successful,
the separate disposal of solids was expensive and the possibility of using
spray irrigation was explored. The study concluded that spray irriga-
tion with solids is feasible and economical provided mechanical difficulties
of grinding and clogging are overcome. The soil of this field in Montgomery,
Minnesota, ranged from poor to well drained and absorbed seven inches of
waste in 45 days.
170 I INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL BY SPRA Y IRRIGA TION
Canham, Robert A.
Southwest Water Works J., 41: 14-16, 18, 20, 22, 1959.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Odor, Costs, Soil types. Forage
crops.
The author discusses the many advantages of waste disposal by spray
irrigation. Among these are: (1) affords complete and adequate treat-
ment; (2) minimizes offensive odors; (3) cost of operation compares
favorably with other disposal methods; and (4) does not require highly
trained personnel.
Soil characteristics and cover crops are important considerations for
successful operation. Recommends that wastewaters be screened before
spraying.
171 M SPRAY DISPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTES
Chase, William J.
Pub. Works, 91_: 137-141, May 1960.
Descriptors: Spray disposal. Vegetation damage, Soil types. Ion
exchange.
Emphasizes the need for proper disposal methods in relation to spray
irrigation of pasture and wooded areas with domestic wastes. Require-
ments are given in regard to pretreatment, allowable volumes according
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to conditions, spray-nozzle arrangement, prevention of harm to foliage,
and other details of application. Deep silty soil is preferable. Clay
subsoil may lead to bad effects from adsorption of sodium through ion-
exchange.
772 M UT/LIZA TION OF WASTE WA TERS
Connell, C. H.
Ind. Wastes, 2:148-151, 7957. Pub. Health Eng. Abstr., 38_:S:50.
Descriptors: Texas, Water reuse, Wastewater disposal. Operation
and maintenance.
In Texas, indirect reuse of water can seldom be practiced because few
streams have sufficient flow to dilute and purify a plant effluent and
carry it to a downstream water intake. Texas uses more sewage effluents
for cooling and boiler makeup water than any other state. The total use
of these waters in Texas is less than 4 mgd, or about one-half the total
amount of such waters used in the U. S. The big users of sewage ef-
fluents are the Cosden Petroleum Corporation of Big Spring, Texas, and
the Texas Company of Amarillo, Texas.
173 M INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
Connell, C. H., and E. J. M. Berg
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 31_: 212-220, February 1959.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal. Water reuse, Public health
regulations.
Industrial use of municipal wastewater constitutes approximately one
percent of the total available. The potential use may be as high as 25
percent.
Experience, to date, indicates that municipal wastewater can and should
be given more consideration as a source of industrial water supply. This
may lead to increased use, especially in areas where competition for water
is increasing. Nineteen industrial plants are listed that now use munici-
pal wastewater supply. No adverse health effects have been observed
in such usage.
774 / SPRAY IRRIGATION OF CERTAIN SULFATE PULP MILL WASTES
Crawford, S. C.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 30:7266-7272, October 1958.
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Descriptors: Virginia, Rates of application. Soil physical properties.
Pulp and paper wastes, Sprinkler irrigation.
Kraft pulp mill wastes from the Union Bag-Camp Corp. plant at Franklin,
Virginia, were disposed of by spray irrigation. Evaporator condensate,
digester condensate and dregs washings amounting to 1 mgd were
lagooned prior to spraying. Application rates to the highly permeable
Norfolk sand were 3. 6 in./wk. Wastes were sprayed at 0.45 in./hr for
8 hr once a week on each 10 acre plot. Crops grown included corn,
peanuts, soybeans, tomatoes, and melons. Some 50 acres of woodlands
were also sprayed. The wooded areas received more than 3. 6 in. /wk
and some ponding has occurred. The total land and installation costs
amounted to $75, 000.
175 M HAY PRODUCTION OF SMALL GRAINS UTILIZING CITY SEWAGE
EFFLUENT
Day, A. D., and T. C. Tucker
Agron. J., 52_: 238-239, 1960.
Descriptors: Southwest U.S., Forage crops, Water reuse.
City sewage effluent can be utilized efficiently to produce hay from small
grains in the irrigated areas of the Southwest and possibly elsewhere
in the United States and the world where small grains benefit from
supplemental irrigation water and fertilizer.
7 76 M PRODUCTION OF SMALL GRAINS PASTURE FORAGE USING
SEWAGE EFFLUENT AS A SOURCE OF IRRIGATION WATER
AND PLANT NUTRIENT
Day, A. D., and T. C. Tucker
Agron. J., 51_: 569-572, 1959.
Descriptors: Grain crops, Wastewater disposal, Sprinkler irriga-
tion, Recycling nutrients, Tucson, Arizona.
Barley, oats and wheat produced superior yields when irrigated with
sewage effluent as compared to well water. Yields of barley were 212
percent times the well water control, wheat was 363 percent higher than
its control and oats yields were 349 percent of its control. When compared
to well water with the fertilizing equivalents of sewage, both oats and
wheat yields were still superior, while barley yields were 22 percent
less.
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Ml S SALE OF "RAPIDCRO" GIVES GRAND RAPIDS $150, 000 REVENUE
FROM DRIED SLUDGE
Delano, E. H.
Wastes Eng., 28:30-31, 7957.
Descriptors: Michigan, Costs, Operation and maintenance. Surveys.
The city of Grand Rapids has produced an organic soil builder from
its sewage treatment plant since 1932. In the past 74 years, its dried
sludge sales have totaled $150, 975 against operating costs of $87, 777.
Analyses of the sludge are given. The cost and other manufacturing
aspects of "RAPIDGRO" production are discussed in detail.
178 I WA TER USE IN INDUS TR Y
Derby, Ray L.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Irrigation Drainage Div., 83(IR2): 1-9,
June 1957.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Water quality data, Costs, Water quality
standards.
This article briefly discusses the three major considerations of industrial
water use: quantity, quality, and reuse. A listing of the average water
use in some typical industries is presented. Methods of water treatment
are divided into seven classes, and water quality requirements for var-
ious industries are given. The savings in cost and in water quantity
requirements brought about by the reuse of water are considered.
179 I CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL AT GERBER PRODUCTS
Dietz, Max R., and Ray C. Frodey
Compost Sci., 1j 22-25, March I960,
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Sprinkler irrigation, Michigan.
Spray irrigation as a means of disposing of cannery wastes has given
satisfactory results at the Fremont, Michigan plant of Gerber Products
Company. The operation is described.
180 M CROP IRRICATION WITH SEWAGE PLANT EFFLUENT
Dye, £. O.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 30:825-828, 1958.
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Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Sprinkler irrigation. Recycling
nutrients. Public health regulations, Tucson, Arizona.
Irrigation with sewage effluent makes use of water which contains some
nutritional value and which is usually wasted. It aids the economy of an
area and reduces the pollution loads on a watercourse, especially a dry
stream. With few adaptions, it produces no hazards to operators and
others. Numerous facts are now available favoring the use of sewage
effluents for crop production. Sound sanitary principles are required
in application. The increased yield of farm products is a major induce-
ment.
181 I SPRA V IRRICA TION OF FOOD PLANT WASTE WA TERS
Ebbert, S. A.
Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting, Federation of Sewage and
Industrial Wastes Associations, University Park, Pennsylvania,
August 73-75, 7958.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Odor, Croundwater recharge,
Sprinkler irrigation, Pennsylvania.
Spray irrigation is attractive to canners for four reasons: (1) its
relative economy compared to other treatment methods, (2) complete
elimination of stream pollution, (3) absence of odors, and (4) potentials
that may benefit the canners such as groundwater recharge, nutrient
addition to soils, and irrigation of edible crops. The land area required
is dependent upon soil type, cover crops, temperature, humidity, can-
ning season, and rainfall. Slopes up to 8 percent have been observed
to be successful, but maximum slopes are dependent upon soil charac-
teristics, cover crop, and application rate.
Crops such as peas, corn, and grains have been used with limited
success but usually result in over-watering. Natural wooded areas
with application rates 10 times as high as open land have been reported.
Other design guidelines are given for screening, pumping, distribution,
and spray nozzles. Considerations for future study include (1) pH
limits for crops and soils, (2) tolerances for wooded area applications,
(3) effect of including comminuted solids, and (4) effects on crops.
182 S SLUDGE UTILIZA TION AND DISPOSAL
Fleming, J. R.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 3J_: 1342-1346, November 1959.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Recycling nutrients. Southeast U.5.,
Surveys, Fertilizer value.
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Presents a resume of general methods of sludge disposal and summarizes
methods used in 28 towns in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky,
South Carolina, and Tennessee. Soil conditioning and fertilizer value
of digested sludge are discussed, as are problems associated with the
agricultural use of sludge.
183 I DISPOSAL OF PULP AND PAPERMILL WASTE BY LAND
APPLICATION AND IRRIGATION USE
Cell man, I., and R. O. Blosser
In: Proc. Hthlnd. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1959.
p. 479-494.
Descriptors: Pulp and paper wastes. Soil physical properties, Microbial
degradation, Sprinkler irrigation, Reviews.
Some of the reasons for increased attention being given land disposal of
mill effluents are briefly reviewed. Factors considered important to such
disposal are: physical characteristics of the soil, microbial activity, and
organic decomposition in the soil. Current land and crop irrigation prac-
tices are discussed. Water quality as required for irrigation and the
problem of water salinity are considered. Results of 18 mill studies are
summarized and additional studies suggested.
7fi4 M SEWAGE SALINITY PREVENTS USE OF EFFLUENT FOR GOLF
COURSE IRRIGATION
Guymon, Boyd E.
Wastes Eng., 28:80-83, 1957.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Golf courses. Salinity, California,
Costs.
The salinity of the treated sewage of the city of Coronado, California,
was found to t>e too high to permit its use for irrigating a proposed
18-hole public golf course on land bordering San Diego Bay. The
annual cost of irrigating the tract with the municipal supply was
estimated to be $26,000. The author presents salinity data for both
the public water supply and the sewage, covering a typical 24-hour
day. A method of separating the merging flows of two main outfall
sewers, one high in salinity and the other acceptable, is illustrated
and briefly explained.
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7 85 M WA TER REUSE IN TEXAS
Gloyna, £. P., W. R. Drynan, and E..R. Hermann
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 57:765-750, June 1959.
Descriptors: Costs, Texas, Water reuse, Wastewater disposal. Water
quality standards.
The possible reuse of waste water throughout the eastern one-third of
Texas was investigated. The factors studied were: fa) wastewater
quantity; (b) criteria of quality; (c) needs and cost of reclamation;
(d) effects of public opinion on such reuse; and (e) administration of
the reuse program, Numerous data were collected, calculations made,
and the results presented in tabulations and graphs.
186 M THE BEEF TAPEWORM, MEASLY BEEF, AND SEWAGE—
A REVIEW
Creenberg, A. E., and B. H. Dean
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 30:262-269, March 1958.
Descriptors: Arizona, Forage crops. Human diseases. Primary
effluent.
In man, the tapeworm fives in the intestinal tract and discharges ripe
eggs with the feces of its host. Cattle become infected by ingesting con-
taminated water or grass. The eggs hatch in cattle, the larvae migrate
to muscle tissue, and the larvae become encased In cysts or measles.
The cycle is completed by man eating raw or rare measly beef.
Measles were observed in beef grazed on Melbourne's sewage farm in
1933. In Arizona, 23 of the 45 cattle grazing on the sewage farm irrigated
with primary effluent were infected with beef measles. Conventional
sewage treatment operations are inadequate in the removal of tapeworm
eggs, however, sand filtration or microstraining will remove eggs
completely.
187 M IRRICA TION AND UTILIZA TION OF SEWA CE RESIDUES
(HYGIENIC REGULATIONS)
Harms en, H.
Staedteh. (Hamburg), 8; 25-27, 1957. Water Poll'ut. Abstr., 30; 385(2182),
1957.
Descriptors: Human diseases, Surveys, Sprinkler irrigation, Legal
aspects, Germany.
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In view of the.objections raised, especially, from a hygienic point of view,
to the provisions of DIN 19650 issued in .1956 and dealing with, irrigation
and the use of sewage, the. author surveys work done and legal enact-
ments on the hygienic problems of use of sewage on land.
188 M TEXAS APPROVES IRRICA TION OF ANIMAL CROPS WITH SEWAGE
PLANT EFFLUENTS
Herzik, C. R., Jr.
Wastes Eng., 27:475-427, 7956.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops, Texas, Primary effluent. Public health
regulations. Economic feasibility.
The author reviews the findings of Willem Rudolfs, et al., of Rutgers,
concerning the growing of vegetables in polluted soil. Also refers to
other work relative to bacteria and virus infections of raw vegetables.
In June 1952, the Texas Board of Health approved a resolution defining
its stand on this matter, as follows:
"The use of raw or partially treated sewage or the
effluent from a sewage treatment plant is prohib-
ited for use as irrigation water on any food crop
which might be consumed in the raw state. Such
practice is the deliberate exposure of food to filth
as defined by Art. 707 of our Texas Penal Code. "
Outlines the point of view of the State Department of Health regarding the
public health aspects of sewage irrigation as follows:
1. Do not favor use of raw sewage for irrigation
regardless of type of crop. Sewage effluent
receiving at least primary treatment may be
used for irrigation, but not for crops for
human consumption. Encourages use of
primary-treated, and preferably completely
treated, sewage on feed and pasture crops
used for animal consumption, or as an adjunct
to soil conservation practices.
2. The practice should be followed in such a way
as to prevent the creation of a public health
hazard, nuisance, or stream pollution.
3. If handled properly, the sewage used at an
irrigation farm should not be hazardous to the
operators.
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4. Sewage sludge has certain soil conditioning and
fertilizing characteristics. It likewise is not
recommended for use on crops for human con-
sumption.
5. Sewage irrigation makes use of water that is
usually wasted, aids the area economy,
reduces pollutional loads on streams, and is
not hazardous to the operators. From these
considerations, its continued favorable con-
sideration is heartily endorsed.
189 M UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE FOR CROP IRRICA TION IN ISRAEL
Heukelekian, H.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:868-874, August 1957.
Descriptors: Odor, Economic feasibility, Activated sludge effluents.
Sprinkler irrigation, Israel.
Distinction is drawn between the disposal of sewage on land and the
utilization of sewage for crop production. Failures and difficulties
encountered with the former need not arise when utilization is the main
objective. With land disposal systems, the tendency is to apply more
sewage to a limited area than can percolate through the soil. Water-
logging of the soil and odors result. When application is geared to the
needs of the soil and crop, these problems do not arise. Under proper
climatic and soil conditions and with proper control, irrigation with
sewage effluents need not create nuisance conditions or health hazards.
In certain areas of the world, crop irrigation is an economic necessity
for the development of agriculture and, at the same time, it can solve
the sewage disposal problem.
Sewage effluents are proposed as a resource to augment present water
supplies and allow further expansion of irrigated agriculture. Factors
affecting the successful utilization of sewage for crop production are dis-
cussed. Two alternatives for the treatment of irrigation sewage are
suggested:
7. The sewage could be subjected to secondary treat-
ment and thorough disinfection and the effluent
used for unrestricted crop irrigation.
2. The sewage could be given minimum treatment and
the effluent utilized without disinfection for irri-
gation of crops not eaten raw by human beings.
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Experiments are described, which compared sewage irrigation with munic-
ipal water supply. Significantly greater yields on sewage-irrigated plots
were attributed to regular supply of nutrients throughout growing season
instead of just at beginning.
190 M SEWAGE REUSE (Literature Review)
Heukelekian, H. (Chairman)
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 3_1_: 534-536, May 1959.
Descriptors: Rates of application. Sprinkler irrigation, Europe, Ground-
water recharge. Reviews.
This review of the literature of 1958 tells of many examples of sewage
effluent reuse for irrigation and groundwater recharge. In Israel, it is
used in an area of sand dunes at the rate of 85, 000-100, 000 gpd per acre,
ten times the agricultural irrigation rate. Eastern European countries
have obtained yields 5-6 times the normal by using sewage for irrigation.
In recharging, bacteria have been found to move only 100 feet maximum
with the water, practically insuring that this pollution will not affect
groundwater sources.
191 I SPRA Y IRRIGA TION OF WOOD DISTILLA TION WASTES
Hickerson, R. C., and E. K. McMahon
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 32:55-64, January 1960.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater disposal. Organic loading.
Forage crops.
Spray irrigation seems particularly suited for nontoxic, high BOD, water-
soluble organic wastes. Greenhouse and field tests were run, using fescue,
blue grass, rye grass and lad/no clover.
Utilization of these wastes for irrigation greatly alleviated o stream pollu-
tion problem. It proved a useful and practical means for industrial waste
disposal at the Wrigley wood distillation plant.
Steps to be followed in evaluating a particular waste disposal problem are
suggested.
192 I EVALUA TION OF BROAD FIELD DISPOSAL OF SUGAR BEET
WASTES
Hopkins, Glen, Joe Neel, and Francis Nefson
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 28: 1466-1474, December 1956.
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Descriptors: Nebraska, Spray disposal. Water quality data, Nutrient
removal. Surveys.
In a continuation of a project begun in 1953, industrial wastes from the
Great Western Sugar Company in Bayard, Nebraska, were applied to a
field as a treatment process. Significant waste load reductions were
realized for SS, turbidity, BOD, and nitrogen. Phosphates were un-
changed while coliforms increased. The test was run in late October,
when temperatures range from highs of 56-78° F to lows of 21-37° F at
night.
193 I SPRA Y IRRICA TION USES CANNERY WASTES
Jackson, Frank A.
West. Conner Packer, 49; 74-75, November 1957.
Descriptors: Washington, Wastewater disposal. Forage crops, Overland
flow. Costs.
The Green Giant Company in Dayton, Washington, utilized a 20-acre plot
to dispose of canning wastes at a rate of 4 inches every 5 days. The
cover crop is grass and although some problems of ponding and runoff
were encountered, it is now a successful operation at a reasonable cost.
794 M UTILIZING THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC RESIDUES TO
INCREASE INFILTRATION RATES IN WATER SPREADING
Johnson, Curtis E.
Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union, 38:326-332, 1957.
Descriptors: Nitrification, Soil types, Microbial degradation. Rates of
application.
Decomposition rates were determined for several plant residues which
were incubated under controlled conditions in the absence of soil. Three,
ranging in rates from high to low, were mixed with soil and incubated.
Decomposition rates with soil were similar to those without soil. Micro-
bial counts made during decomposition of the plant residues in soil
showed the greatest number of microorganisms occurred in the soils
containing plant residues which decompose rapidly. Ammonium nitrate
mixed with the soil stimulated decomposition slightly.
Percolation rates of soil mixed with organic residues varied with the
amount of material applied, decomposition rate of the material, and length
of the incubation period. The studies indicate that initial decomposition
at a moisture content near field capacity, followed by decomposition at
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near saturation, produces the highest infiltration rate for a given amount
of organic residue. Data are given and the use of organic residues to
increase the infiltration rate of water-spreading areas is discussed.
195 M NOT A DROP WASTED
Johnson, William f.
Amer. City, 73:111-112, February 1958.
Descriptors: Washington, Forage crops. Grain crops. Sprinkler irrigation
The city of Ephrata, Washington, sells its effluent to be used for irriga-
tion. Hay and corn are the principal crops grown. Presently, 80 acres
are being irrigated.
196 I EXPERIMENTAL SPRAY IRRICATION OF PAPERBOARD
MILL WASTES
Koch, Harold C., and D. E. Blood good
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 31_: 827-835, July 1959.
Descriptors: Forage crops, Ohio, Pulp and paper wastes, Rates of
application. Sprinkler irrigation.
Paper mill effluent was successfully applied to land planted in alfalfa at
St. Mary's, Ohio, through both summer and winter months. The effluent
receives treatment of screening and is pumped to the field at a water
temperature of about 90° F. Average rate of application was 0. 28 inches
per day, of which 0. 08 inches is rainfall. Crop yields were'called very
good and no damage to soil or plants was noted, even after the winter
spraying.
197 M UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE FOR IRRIGA TION
Kowa/ski, J.
Nasa Veda (Czechoslovakia), 6:68-72, 1959. Water Pollut. Abstr., 25:93
(467), 1959.
Descriptors: Czechoslovakia, Economic feasibility, Sprinkler irrigation,
Wastewater treatment.
On the basis of calculations to determine the most economical method of
sewage treatment for Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, the author recommends
disposal by irrigation.
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795 M DIRECT DISCHARGE OF GROUND WATER WITH SEWAGE
EFFLUENTS
Krone, R. B., P. H. McGauhey, and H. B. Gotaas
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 83(SA4): 7-25, August
7957.
Descriptors: Raw sewage, Groundwater recharge, Groundwater move-
ment, Activated sludge effluents, California.
This paper presents the conclusions of a three year study of the technical
feasibility and public health safety of injecting sewage effluent directly
into underground aquifers conducted by the Sanitary Engineering
Research Laboratory, U. C. Berkeley under the sponsorship of the
California State Water Pollution Control Board.
Mixtures of settled raw sewage and water were used to recharge a 5-ft
thick confined aquifer located 95 ft underground. Observation of pres-
sure and of pollution travel were made in 23 sampling wells surrounding
the recharge well.
It was found that bacterial pollutants traveled a maximum of 100 ft in the
direction of normal groundwater movement even though steep gradients
were imposed. (Coliform concentration of 2.4 x 706 per TOO ml produced
counts up to 23 organisms per 700 ml at a distance of 100 feet from recharge
well). The maximum distance of travel was quickly reached, but. intensity
of pollution regressed as the aquifer faced in the recharge well became
increasingly clogged. Sewage approximating the final effluent from
secondary sewage treatment in terms of suspended solids, could be
successfully injected underground through the experimental recharge
well at a rate equal to about one-half the safe yield of the.wet I. It was
found that the well could be redeveloped to restore its original charac-
teristics, after clogging has progressed .to any maximum limit consistent
with safety. An injection rate of 8. 4 gpm/sq ft of aquifer, equal to the
best reported for fresh water recharge, was found to be practical.
799 M MOVEMENT OF COLIFORM BACTERIA THROUGH POROUS
MEDJA
Krone, R. B., G. T. Orlob, andC. Hodgkinson
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 30: 7-73, January 1958.
Descriptors: Conforms, Wastewater treatment, Soil types, Deep
percolation.
Research was conducted on bacterial movement through four sand columns.
The removal of bacteria was found to be by straining and by sedimentation.
When the voids near the soil surface become sufficiently filled to remove
bacteria by straining, the straining removal rate increases.
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The sedimentation removal mechanism has a relatively great saturation
capacity. Its removal rate is a function of the flow rate and the size and
density of the bacteria/ cluster. This mechanism becomes saturated first
at the soil surface and controls the subsequent passage of bacteria.
200 M SPRA Y IRRICA TION FOR THE REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS IN
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT AS PRACTICED AT
DETROIT LAKES, MINNESOTA
Larson, W. C.
In: Algae and Metropolitan Wastes—Transactions of the 1960 Seminar.
U.S. Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C., I960
p. 125-129.
Descriptors: Minnesota, Costs, Vegetation damage, Nutrient removal.
Sprinkler irrigation.
This report gives a case history of a problem at Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.
An abnormal algae bloom in a recreational fake caused a fish kill. The
solution decided upon was to spray irrigate a 4-acre tract of wooded land.
Heavy application of effluent (0.3 in. /hr for 20 hr) killed some trees.
Because of the gravel nature of soil, tittle removal was accomplished.
Samples from a test well indicate that all minerals in the analysis in-
creased in concentration. Installation costs are included.
201 I SPRA Y IRRICA TION OF DAIRY WASTES
Law ton, Gerald W., et al.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 3^:923-933, August 1959.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Dairy wastes. Sprinkler irrigation, Organic
loading.
About 30 milk plants in Wisconsin use spray irrigation for the disposal of
wastes. It has proven to be satisfactory and economical. Of prime con-
sideration are volume of wastes and the cations present; BOD loading is
much less significant. Winter spray irrigation is possible, but the result-
ing ice usually kills the cover crop. Alternates, such as ridge and furrow
irrigation, have been successful.
202 I EFFECTIVENESS OF SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF
DAIRY PLANT WASTES
Lawton, G. W., et al.
Wisconsin Univ. Eng. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 15, Madison, Wis., 1960.
59 p.
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Descriptors: Dairy wastes, Wisconsin, Spray disposal, Odor, Soil types.
The use of spray irrigation of dairy wastes was studied in detail at five
Wisconsin farms near Madison. The conclusion of this study was that this
method is practical, satisfactory and economical although disposal of wastes
in winter necessitated the use of another method. Realistic average appli-
cation rates of 0. 23 inch per hour were realized with cover crops of blue
grass, quack and brome. Odor problems were minimal except in operations
where ponding was allowed to occur. Soil ranged from sand to sand loam
and loams.
203 S SL UDCE DISPOSA L PRA C T1CES IN THE PA CIFIC NOR THWES T
Leaver, R. E.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25: 323-328, March 7956.
Descriptors: Washington, Recycling nutrients, Economic feasibility,
Wastewater disposal. Costs.
Summarizes the sludge disposal practices at several communities in the
Pacific Northwest, principally the State of Washington. Four communities
are cited as typifying current practice in the disposal of liquid sludge.
Some of it is sold, and some is free to private haulers. Other examples
are cited in which communities dispose of air-dried digested sludge and
filter-dried sludge. Income from sales is given. Fertilizing ingredients
are compared in tabular form for various types of sludge, manures, and
other organic materials. The Washington State Department of Health,
"General Guide for the Utilization and Disposal of Sewage Sludge, " is
presented as an appendix to the report.
204 I EFFECT OF CANNERY WASTE REMOVAL ON STREAM
CONDITIONS
Lunsford, J. V.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 29:428-431, April 7957.
Descriptors: Washington, Sprinkler irrigation. Water quality data.
Rates of application, Forage crops.
The Green Giant Cannery in Dayton, Washington, used spray irrigation
of wastes advantageously, greatly improving stream quality in terms of
BOD and DO. The wastes, having an average BOD of 5000 ppm were
pumped at a rate of J .92 mgd to TOO acres of land, 80 of asparagus and
20 of pasture grass. .Applying at a rate of 4 inches per day every 5 days,
ponding resulted, causing much of the grass to yellow. However, after
the cessation of the spraying after 6 weeks of operation, superior crop
yields were realized.
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205 M DRAINA CE OF A GRICUL TURAL LANDS, Madison
Luthin, J. N. fed.)
Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Monogram Series No. 7, 1957. 620 p.
Descriptors: Tile drainage, Wastewater disposal. Subsurface drainage.
Theoretical, engineering and investigative aspects of land drainage are
discussed. Drainage problems of irrigated lands are generally caused
by over-irrigation and seepage from canals delivering the irrigation
water. Drainage is important not only to remove excess water but also
to provide a medium for the removal of salts from the soil where evapo-
transpiration exceeds precipitation. Tile drains, open ditches, or
drainage wells are used for subsurface drainage. The effect of land
drainage on soils and crops is also discussed.
206 I DAIRY WASTES: DISPOSAL BY SPRAY IRRIGATION ON
PASTURE LAND
McDowall, F. H.
Dairy Eng., 75:257-254, 266, 7953.
Descriptors: New Zealand, Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater disposal.
Dairy wastes.
The author discusses the disposal of effluents from New Zealand dairies
by irrigation and describes a typical installation using high-pressure
rotating sprays and a suitable irrigation technique. He gives the
reasons why this method is particularly applicable in New Zealand.
207 M THE WHY AND HOW OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT RECLAMA TION
WA TER AND SEWAGE
McGauhey, P. H.
Water Sewage Works, 10^:265-270, 1957.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, California, Economic feasibility.
Flood irrigation.
The author discusses the need for sewage reclamation in California and
the amount of water available from sewage. The total volume of water
which could be reclaimed would be only eight percent of that required
for crop irrigation but would be of more value for industry and irriga-
tion purposes in towns. Sewage effluent can be used to recharge
groundwater supplies by spreading on the soil. The bacteria present
are removed during the first four feet of travel through the soil. Ground-
water may also be recharged by direct injection of effluent into water-
bearing strata. Bacteria do not travel more than 100 feet in moving
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groundwater. The author considers the present use of effluents and
suggests methods of increasing future use.
208 M DAIRY WASTE DISPOSAL BY SPRA Y IRRICA TION
McKee, Frank
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:757-764, February 1957.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Dairy wastes. Sprinkler irrigation, Canada,
Odor.
Dairy plants, often relatively small and rurally located, find that disposal
of processing wastes is an acute problem. Disposal of their wastes to
the city sewage treatment plant, if one exists, is undesirable because
the wastes are not adequately treated by conventional means. However,
spray irrigation has been successfully used as far north as Berwick,
Ontario, Canada, and elsewhere at rates up to 10,000 gpd per acre.
Winter operations have been successfully carried out in some locations
with buried pipes, while other facilities use other systems during freez-
ing weather. Runoff and odor problems have been minimal.
209 I EXPERIMENTAL SPRA Y IRRICA TION OF STRA WBOARD WASTES
Meigheh, A. D.
In: Proc. 13th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1958.
p. 456-464.
Descriptors: Indiana, Rates of application. Soil types. Pulp and paper
wastes, Sprinkler irrigation.
An experimental 4. 5 acre plot was sprayed with strawboard wastes at
rates of 0. 25 in./day, 0. 5 in. /day and 1.2 in. /day. Some ponding
occurred at the latter two rates, however, a tremendous crop of horse
weeds grew on the field to a height of 8-10 ft. It appears that the sandy
loam soil used can accept the 0. 25 in./day of spray at the Terre Haute
Mill of the Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co. in Indiana.
21 OS REPOR T ON CONTINUED S TUDY OF WAS TE WA TER RECLAMA TION
AND UTILIZATION
Merz, Robert C.
Calif. State Water Pollut. Contr. Board, Publ. No. 15, Sacramento,
June 1956. 90 p.
Descriptors: California, Oxidation lagoons. Surveys, Economic feasibility,
Water reuse. Bibliographies.
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A continuation of the study reported in Publication No, 12 (1955). Report.
on the progress of two principal studies. The first concerned reclamation
of liquid, digested sludge in San Diego County for a twofold purpose:
enrichment of waste lands; and lessening of the pollution of San Diego
Bay. The other concerned reclamation of a raw sewage lagoon effluent
at Mojave, California, also for a twofold purpose: providing a Marine
Air Base with suitable, economical, irrigation water; and demonstrating
that the raw sewage lagoon, when well designed and operated, can be an
adequate means of sewage treatment for the small, desert community.
Conclusions and recommendations are summarized. A short bibliography
and 22 pertinent abstracts are included.
211 M DIRECT UTILIZA TfON OF WASTE WA TERS
Merz, Robert C.
In: Proc. llth ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1956.
p. 541-551.
Descriptors: Coif courses. Recreational facilities, Climatic data.
Economic feasibility, Water reuse.
A survey shows that more than 150 industries in 38 states reclaim industr.
wastes, and about 15 in nine states employ sewage effluent. The primary
reason is that there are significant savings. Specific examples are cited.
Land and climate are the primary factors affecting agricultural utilization
of wastewater. Several successful operations are described. Restriction:
are the amount of water to be disposed of, quality of the effluent, and heat
regulations.
Other direct utilization is employed for recreational areas (golf courses,
decorative lakes, parks, etc. ) and groundwater recharge. The author
states, "The investigations made thus far indicate strongly that the
reclamation of sewage effluents is a sound practice for industry, agricul-
ture, and other uses. "
212 M THIRD REPORT ON THE STUDY OF WASTE WA TER
RECLAMATION AND UTILIZA TION
Merz, R. C.
Calif. State Water Pollut. Contr. Board, Publ. No. 18, Sacramento,
August 1957. 102 p.
Descriptors: Aerosols, Water quality data, California, Forage crops.
Sprinkler irrigation.
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The Talbert Valley Water District operation demonstrated a significant
utilization of wastewater for agricultural use. It concludes that it is
possible for a group of private farmers to organize, finance and con-
struct a reclamation system to utilize a sewage effluent for economical
irrigation of field crops, within the requirements of state and local
authorities. The separation of industrial wastes from the domestic
wastes is necessary to maintain irrigation water quality. An opportunity
exists to obtain further data on the effect on crops of irrigation with
primary effluent, and to evaluate operating problems directly related
to public health acceptance.
Also included is a study on spreading of bacteria through aerosols using
spray irrigation. With a 5 to 10 mph wind, the maximum limit of the mist
zone extended 105 ft downwind from a sprinkler which had a 30 ft normal
spray radius.
213 M WA TER RECLAMA TION AND REFUSE DISPOSA L
Merz, Robert C.
Water Sewage Works, 1_05_:306-307, July 1958.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Water reuse, California, Surveys,
Costs, Croundwater recharge.
This report summarizes the reports of five speakers at the forum. Settled
sewage from Santa Ana irrigates 2,250 acres growing alfalfa and sugar
beets, and on a pre-irrigation basis, lima beans and chili peppers. San
Bernardino sells effluent for irrigation, but plans to improve the treat-
ment process and use the effluent for recharging the groundwater.
Golden Gate Park uses 0. 75 mgd from the San Francisco treatment plant.
Contemplated plant improvements will make 5 mgd available for irriga-
tion. Oceanside will use oxidation ponds for final treatment to prepare
its sewage effluent for commercial and irrigation use. A Marine Corps
base in the Imperial Valley pays $55 per acre-ft for water piped in from
15 miles away. Reclaiming its sewage plant effluent by pond treatment
and using it for irrigation and flushing will effect an annual savings of
$2<4, 000.
274 S UTILIZATION OF LIQUID SLUDGE
Merz, Robert C.
Water Sewage Works, 106:489-493, 1959.
Descriptors: Land reclamation, California, Costs, Sludge disposal.
Recycling nutrients.
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A method for reducing the cost of treatment plant operation plus reclama-
tion of waste land is presented. The city of San Diego has found land
disposal a satisfactory and practical method of utilizing the liquid digested
sludge produced at its sewage treatment plant, Sludge-drying facilities
have been shut down, and all sludge is now utilized for soil improvement.
The value of organic matter in the soil for maintaining and storing mois-
ture is well known.
The San Diego liquid sludge disposal operation has shown that (a) waste
land can be reclaimed for agriculture with liquid sludge of reasonable
solids content at less cost than with dried sludge; (b) sludge loadings
as high as WO tons dry solids per acre can be applied without impairing
crop growth; (c) sludge loadings as low as 25 tons dry solids per acre
wilt produce crop growth comparable to that achieved by the use of
commercial fertilizer at conventional application rates; (d) an initial
sludging with 50 tons dry solids per acre will grow a second superior
crop due to residual fertilization not used up by the first; and (e) it is
possible to avoid serious sludge handling or nuisance problems.
215 M WASTE WA TER RECLAMA TION FOR GOLF COURSE
IRRICA TION
Merz, Robert C.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 85(SA6}: 79-85, December
1959.
Descriptors: California, Coif courses, Sprinkler irrigation. Disinfection,
Odor, Public health regulations.
Three years' experience at municipal and military golf courses shows that
reclaimed wastewater can be properly used for irrigation purposes. Value
is derived from the fertilizing constituents. Difficulties may arise in cer-
tain soils due to increased sodium content of the water. Chlorination will
prevent odor nuisance as well as the spread of B. coli through wind action.
216 M IRRIGATION WITH SEWAGE IN AUSTRALIA
Muller, W.
Wasser Boden (Hamburg), 7; 12, 1955; Zb, Bakt. I, Ref,, 7956, 159:503.
Water Poll'ut, Abstr,, 20j 202(1108) f 1956.
Descriptors; Water reuse, Wastewater disposal, Australia, Forage crops.
Fruit crops.
The author gives an account of the conditions under which sewage is used
for irrigation in Australia. Only settled and biologically treated sewage
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may be used. Surface irrigation is preferred. The amounts vary from
350 to 7', 500 mm. per year. Land for pasture use and fruit growing is
irrigated
277 S DIE INFEKTION VON GEMUSEPFLANZEN DURCH DIE
BEREGNUNG MIT HAEUSLICHEM ABWASSER
(INFECTION OF VEGETABLES BY APPLICATION OF
DOMESTIC SEWAGE AS ARTIFICIAL RAIN)
Muller, Gertrud
Staedteh. (Hamburg), 8:30-32, 7557.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Vegetable crops. Flood irrigation.
Pathogenic bacteria, Germany.
The author describes experiments in which plots of land, on which
carrots, cabbages, potatoes, and gooseberry bushes were growing,
were watered with settled sewage. The soil, vegetables, and fruits were
tested for the presence of Bact, coli and Salmonella at intervals up to 40
days after application of sewage. The amounts of sewage used were small,
but Salmonella were detected in the soil and on the potato tubers after 40
days, on carrots after 70 days, and on cabbage leaves and gooseberries
after 5 days.
278 M SANITARY ENGINEERING APPRAISAL OF WASTE WATER
REUSE
Ongerth, Henry J., and Judson A. Harmon
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 57/647-655, May 1959.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Legal aspects. Public health regulations.
Economic feasibility.
This article briefly summarizes the historical development of waste water
reclamation and describes ways in which waste water may be utilized.
The engineering, public health, economic, legal, and aesthetic problems
encountered in waste water reclamation are discussed.
219 M USE OF SOIL LYSIMETERS IN WASTE WATER RECLAMATION
STUDIES
Or lob, Gerald T., and Robert G. Butler
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 82(SA3): 1002, June 7956.
Descriptors: Spray disposal. Surveys, Costs, California.
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So/7 lysimeters were found to provide a convenient and inexpensive
means of studying the fundamental behavior of soils under various con-
ditions of water and sewage spreading. They were shown to be of value
in estimating the performance of soils under large-scale spreading
operations.
The lysimeters were constructed of corrugated iron pipe sections, three
feet in diameter and five feet deep. Twenty Lysimeters were used to study
the characteristics of five agricultural soils under various loading condi-
tions with fresh water and clarified effluent from primary-treated municipal
sewage.
Data are presented on infiltration rate versus time curves. The methods
and results are discussed.
220 M UNITED STATES SEWAGE TREATMENT PRACTICES
DURING THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Porges, R.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 29: 1321-1332, December 1957.
Descriptors: Surveys, Wastewater treatment, United States, Septic
tanks, Activated sludge effluents.
The author presents an analysis of an early unpublished sewage treat-
ment facility inventory. The data reported actually covers two inven-
tories, one reporting facilities installed prior to 1911 and the other with
an effective survey date of 1916. Several pertinent facts of interest were
noted by the author. These early observers noted that installations
limited to septic tanks were operating inefficiently. The growth of
sewage systems from 1860 to 1955 is depicted in a figure and shows the
rapid increase following development of the activated sludge process in
the early 1900's. It is interesting to note that land application approaches
amounted to about 8 percent of the total number of plants for both the
1910 and 1916 surveys and that intermittent sand filters were the most
common type of secondary treatment.
221 I ADAPTATION OF TREATED SEWAGE FOR INDUSTRIAL USE
Powell, Sheppard T.
Ind. Eng. Chem., 48:2168-2171, 1956.
Descriptors: California, Water reuse. Activated sludge effluents.
The treatment of liquid wastes for further use has passed the experimental
stage and offers a practical solution for many industrial water problems.
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Intelligent appraisal and engineering principles can solve the problems of
collection, treatment, and reuse of sewage. The value of this type of water
conservation should be publicized at both local and national levels, espe-
cially with regard to its adaptability and means for processing.
The California State Water Pollution Control Board has stated:
"There appears to be no physical reason for treating
waste water as being fundamentally different from
any other water source. The uses to which it can
be put are the same, and the precautions taken
before using it are the same. "
222 M AGRICULTURAL USAGE OF SEWAGE OF THE TOWN OF ZORY
Prochal, P.
Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln. (Pol.), 5:165-183, 1958. Chem. Abstr.,
, 1959.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal. Fish farming, Recycling nutrients,
Plant growth, Europe.
The nitrogen content of this sewage is 154 mg/l; phosphorous content is
18 mg/l; and potassium content is 52 mg/l. There is only a small amount
of toxic sul fides, but a large amount of toxic lipids. If used as a fertilizer
this sewage should increase meadow crop yields fivefold, field crops
should be doubled, and the yield of fish from ponds should be increased
fourfold.
223 M SEWA GE—A RA W WA TER SUPPL Y
Rawn, A.M., and F. R. Bowerman
Water Sewage Works, W3_: 463-467, 1956.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Costs, Arizona, Design data.
The authors recommend planned water reclamation from sewage by
establishing water treatment plants. Several historical examples are
cited: Grand Canyon, Arizona, Golden Gate Park, and Baltimore.
Design factors are discussed, and comparative costs are given.
224 M INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SPREAD OF BACTERIA CAUSED
BY IRRIGATION WITH WASTE WATER
Reploh, H., andM. Handloser
Arch. Hyg. (Berlin), HJj 632-644, 1957. Pub. Health Eng. Abstr.,
39_:S:54.
97
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Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Buffer zones. Forage crops. Aerosols,
Germany.
High values for the spread of bacteria as given in the literature cannot be
obtained when the present customary types of sprinkling equipment are
employed. But it has to be assumed that, at high wind velocity, very
small droplets containing bacteria are spread considerably beyond the
proper zone of action. When the use of sprinkling equipment is projected,
this must be taken into consideration and strips of land of sufficient size
provided for protection from spread by wind. Probably, the zone spread
can be safely lessened by planting hedges for protection from the wind.
225 S UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
TOPSOIL
Scanlon, A. J.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 29:944-950, August 7957.
Descriptors: Odor, New York, Recycling nutrients. Design data.
In New York City, the idea of recovering organic sewage so/ids and
returning them to the soil as fertilizer has been advocated since the early
screening plants were built in Brooklyn and Queens. No significant
progress was made in this direction until 1935, when the practice of
separate sludge digestion was established at the Coney Island sewage
treatment plant. Digestion not only produces an odorless sludge accept-
able as a fertilizer or soil conditioner, but also yields a valuable product
in the form of methane gas which is used for heat and power.
226 M EFFLUENT GROWS CROPS ON "SEWER FARM"
Scott, T. M.
Wastes Eng., 30:486-489, September 7959.
Descriptors: Bakersfield, California, Forage crops, Sprinkler irrigation.
Rates of application. Primary effluent.
In Bakersfield, California, a 2, 500-acre farm is used as the final disposal
area for about 8, 480-acre feet of effluent per year. Only primary treat-
ment is provided and as a result, only crops not for human consumption
such as cotton and cattle fodder are grown. It is felt that the present
farm could absorb 17, 000-acre feet a year and that secondary treatment
would allow food crops to be grown.
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227 M IRRIGA TION WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENTS
Skulte, Bernard P.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 25:36-43, January 1956.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal. Sprinkler irrigation. Planning, Europe.
The primary objective of early sewer farms was simply disposal with the
result that often too much sewage was used on too little land. New methods
of using sewage for planned irrigation increase its value in water-short
areas. The author urges more emphasis on pilot plant and research
installations to study irrigation with sewage effluents and industrial
wastes. Many of the outstanding problems could thus be solved.
228 I EFFLUENT DISPOSAL BY IRRIGA TION
Simmers, R. M.
New Zealand Eng. (Wellington), ±5:410-413, 1960.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion. Food processing wastes, Forage crops,
New Zealand.
The author describes a scheme whereby slaughterhouse wastes are dis-
posed of by irrigation over grazing land. Fodder growth has been extra-
ordinary, being capable of grazing over 20 sheep per acre. No nuisance
has been apparent, and no stock troubles have been encountered in
grazing cattle or adult sheep on the area.
In suitable localities, irrigation with clarified effluent from anaerobic
digesters should be considered. The readily available nitrogen would
be higher, and the risk of stale areas from ponding would be reduced.
229 M STREAM POLLUTION—SIGNIFICANCE OF MINERALS IN
WASTE-WATER
Stone, Ralph, and C. Merrell, Jr.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, W 928-936, July 1958.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Sprinkler irrigation. Heavy metals. Ground-
water recharge, Dissolved solids.
Mineral quality is the controlling factor in employing reclaimed waste-
water for many purposes. A normal sewage effluent will develop addi-
tional mineralization of 100 to 450 ppm. measured as total dissolved solids
in one municipal water-use cycle. Mineral pickup greater than 600 ppm.
is probably attributable to tidal water or oil field brines. Industrial
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wastes may contain toxic constituents such as boron or heavy metals.
Treated sewage effluent can provide water of reasonable mineral quality,
suitable for irrigation of grasses or other vegetation, industrial water
supply, and groundwater recharge. Analyses of waste water indicate
that toxic materials, heavy metals, and other minerals can be suitably
controlled within a sewage system.
230 S LAND IN SEWAGE PURIFICA TION
Stone, A. R.
J. Inst. Sewage Purif. (London), Pt. 4; 4/7-424, 7960.
Descriptors: England, Sludge disposal. Recycling nutrients.
The author cites British experience with land disposal and discusses
reasons behind several monumental failures. The agricultural disposal
of sludge is dealt with in some detail and is recommended as an integral
part of land disposal of sewage. Experience at Nottingham is described
in detail, where sludge disposal and irrigation with effluent have been
studied.
231 M SOIL IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY ORGANIZED TO PRODUCE
AND TO UTILIZE COMPOST OF REFUSE
Tietfen, Cord, and Hans Joachim Banse
Calif. Vector Views, 7: 1-7, January 1960.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal. Sludge disposal, Water reuse,
Germany.
The article demonstrates how cooperation between people who produce
wastes and those who can use the wastes leads to increased efficiency in
waste disposal.
232 M ANNOTA TED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF
GROUNDWATER THROUGH 7954
Todd, David K.
U.S. Ceo/, Surv. Water-Supply Pap. 7477, 7959. 775p.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Wastewater disposal, Water reuse.
Bibliographies, United States.
The author lists the various methods used in artificial recharge operation
and considers the factors that are important in the selection of the methoa
The bibliography lists the literature pertaining to artificial recharge of
100
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groundwater up to and including the year 7954. .Each reference is
abstracted, authors are listed alphabetically, and an index based on
subject and locality is included. The bibliography section covers pages
5 through 107 of the report.
233 M ORGANIZING A SEWAGE EFFLUENT UTILIZA TION PROJECT
Travis, Paul W.
Pub. Works, 91_: 119-120, September 1960.
Descriptors: Primary effluent. Deep percolation. Salinity, California,
Planning.
Southern California's Talbert Water District uses the effluent from the
Orange County Sanitary District's primary sedimentation plant for crop
irrigation under approval of health officials. Preceding the full-scale
installation, irrigation of a model farm of several acres was studied for
three years to observe effects on local soil and on subsoil percolation.
Strict regulations were adopted in regard to reservoir management,
pumping from the treatment plant outfall main, and salt accumulation in
the soil. Major points covered in agreements between supplier and user
are discussed. The farmer pays $6 per acre-foot for the effluent pumped
to his highest land. Some 2,800 acres are irrigated in the system. The
farm advisor believes that crops can be doubled with the incidental appli-
cation of the added nutrients.
234 M WA TER RECLAMA TION EXPERIMENTS A T HYPER ION
Vender Coot, H. A.
Sewage Ind. Wastes, 29:7739-7744, October 1957.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, California, Costs, Spreading basins.
Injection wells.
The use of ground water in Los Angeles has resulted in salt water intrusion.
Because of this and the demand for more water in the future, measures to
recharge the groundwater are necessary. One such measure is the use of
sewage effluent in spreading basins and recharge wells. It was found
that suitable recharging water was obtainable from spreading basins,
although cost comparisons with other sources of water have not been
made.
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235 S DO'S and DON'TS OF USING SLUDGE FOR SOIL CONDITIONING
AND FERTILIZING
Van Kleeck, W.
Wastes Eng., 25:256-257, 274, May 1958.
Descriptors: Public health regulations. Sludge disposal. Anaerobic
digestion, Plant response, Connecticut.
Various methods of sludge disposal are discussed with emphasis on use
as a soil conditioner. The characteristics of both raw and various forms
of digested sludge which affect the soil and crops are pointed out. As a
guide to the attitude of public health authorities on the use of sludge on
soils, the author quotes the policy of the Connecticut State Department
of Health.
236M QUALITY OF IRRICATION WATER
Wadleigh, C. H., L. V. Wilcox, and M. H. Gallatin
J. Soil Water Conserv., JJ_: 31-33, 1956.
Descriptors: Water quality data, Water reuse. Soil chemical properties.
The quality of irrigation water is determined by the kinds of dissolved
salts, the relative proportions of certain ions, and the total concentration.
This paper is concerned with evaluation of water quality, as affected by
naturally occurring solutes.
237 I THE USE OF SPRINKLER IRRICA TION SYSTEMS FOR WASTE
DISPOSAL
Werly, E. F.
Irrigation Eng. Maint., 8:1:21-27, 1958.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal. Economic feasibility, Sprinkler
irrigation. Design data.
Discussion covers the problems, requirements, and considerations given
for the development of an efficient and economic sprinkler system for waste
disposal.
238 M MODI PICA TIONS OF POLLUTED WA TERS RESUL TING FROM
PERCOLATION IN SOIL
Wheat/and, A. B., and B. J. Borne
Water Pollution Research Lab., Stevenage, England, CEBEDEAU (Belgium),
49:225-34, 1960.
102
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Descriptors: Deep percolation, Ion exchange. Nitrification, Heavy metals.
Tests conducted with a sewage effluent and water from the river Trent
indicate that the percolation of these liquids through the soil removes NH3
by cationic exchange. The removal of NH3 depends on the nitrification
of the NH3 already adsorbed. At norma! temperatures during most of the
year, most of the NH$ is removed if an intermittent system of distribution
(e.g., by 12-hr cycles) is employed. It is important not to distribute
water containing more NH 3 than the superficial bed can adsorb and to
allow sufficient time between distributions for the penetration of atmos-
pheric 0 and for the. adsorbed NH$ to be oxidized. In practice the rate
of percolation will be determined both by the surface and by the perimeter
of the area of dispersion, and the rate per unit of surface will vary
inversely with the perimeter. Concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, Mn, Zn,
and Pb in the percolate were much lower than in the water distributed.
The proportion of bacteria removed varied between 81 percent and 96. 5
percent within the test area considered.
239 M AUGMENTING WATER SUPPLY SOURCES THROUGH
AGRICULTURAL UTILIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
Wierzbicki, Jan
Gaz Woda Tech. Sanit. (Warsaw), 37/77, 7957. Abstr., Sewage Ind.
Wastes, 29: 7096, September 7957.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Poland, Reviews.
The author reviews the experience of the town of Bielefeld in augmenting
its groundwater resources through the utilization of municipal sewage for
surface irrigation. Following the sewage utilization program the ground-
water tables in the area rose, and 620 hectares of formerly nonutilizable
land have been converted into meadows, pasture, and plowed land.
240 M ACRICULTURAL UTILIZA TION OF SEWAGE WATERS
Wierzbicki, Jan
Soils Pert. , 1_9_:2096, 1956. Chem. Abstr., 52:15806, 1958.
Descriptors: Forage crops, Water reuse. Flood irrigation. Grain crops.
Sewage water contains 80 kg/1,000 cu.m. of N, 20ofPi05, and 60ofK2O.
Irrigation with sewage waters increased the yields of hay by 300 to 400
percent, cereals by 20 to 50 percent, and root crops by 100 percent; and
it increased the protein content in hay from 6 to 17 percent.
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M A REPORT OF PRESENT ACTIVITIES IN ISRAEL
Yehuda, Peter
Water Sewage Works, .705:493, 1958.
Descriptors: Israel, Spreading basins, Flood irrigation, Forage crops,
Croundwater recharge.
The primary effluent from a number of sewage treatment plants is pumped
to a 55-acre sand dune at the rate of 2,000 to 2,500 gpd/acre. Sandy loam
underlies the dune at depths of 13 to 23 feet. The annual rainfall averages
20 inches. Cattle fodder is grown, and a good humus layer formed during
the first year of cultivation, helping to stabilize the shifting sands.
A natural depression is used as an experimental percolation area. Sewage
effluent is applied at the rate of 85, 000 to TOO, 000 gpd/acre, ten times the
agricultural irrigation rate. This raises the fresh water table and prevents
salt water intrusion.
704
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SECTION V
ABSTRACTS 1961 THRU 1965
242 S WASTES DISTRIBUTED TO LAND
A nonymous
Compost Set., 3(1): 14, March 1962.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Soil types, Public health regulations.
A member of the Board of Health reports that digested liquid sludge,
excess whey, and spent sulfite liquor are the organic wastes that may
be deposited directly on the land.
243 S ADVANCES IN SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN THE PERIOD FROM
OCTOBER 1 7954( TO FEBRUARY 1, 1960
Anonymous
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 88(SA2): 13-51, March 1962.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Soil types. Soil chemical properties.
Costs, Reviews.
This report relates to matters of sludge disposal: digestion; gas
utilization; elutrition; vacuum filtration; drying; incineration; use as
fertilizer and soil conditioner; disposal at sea; by-products; and
special processes. Continued efforts are being made to reduce the
operational problems and costs of this phase of sewage treatment.
S SLUDGE TO SEA OR LAND (Management Memoranda)
Anonymous
Water Waste Treat. J. (London), 8(5): 240-242, 1961.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Costs.
This article compares costs of ocean disposals.
105
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245 / EFFLUENT TREA TMENT B Y SPRA Y IRRIGA TION
Anonymous
Water Waste Treat. J. (London}, W: 105, 1964.
Descriptors: Water quality data. Soil types. Oxidation lagoons, New
Zealand, Sprinkler irrigation.
Spray irrigation is employed in New Zealand as an effective and economi-
cal method of treatment and disposal of a variety of trade wastes. Initial
BOD values are in some cases very high. The BOD values of drainage
from the fields and of nearby rivers receiving the drainage are closely
checked and found to be satisfactory. Up to 65,000 gpd are being dis-
posed of in this way, using land areas of 3 to 60 acres. The technique
is successful on a variety of soil types and in locations near rivers. In '
most cases, the effluent is used on grassland, which is exploited by
grazing livestock. Lagooning may be employed as a means of reducing
pollution before spraying. Several specific examples are cited with
details of operation.
246 M EXPERIENCE OF COMPREHENSIVE SANITARY AND MICRO-
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SEWAGE IRRIGATION FIELDS
IN THE SUBURBS OF LENINGRAD
Adel'son, L. I. , et al.
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 30(10-12): 129-131, 1965.
Descriptors: Vegetable crops, Raw sewage, Soil types. Soviet Union.
A total of 17 samples of sewage and 27 samples of drainage water, 131
samples of soils and 21 series of samples of vegetables, principally
cabbage, was used in this experiment. A total of 1,774 analyses was
made. Besides cabbage, cauliflower and potatoes were also used. This
article dealt with the following three areas:
1. The degree of efficiency of sewage purification
in the SIF (sewage irrigation fields).
2. The degree of contamination of the soil in SIF
and whether it undergoes spontaneous decon-
tamination fast enough.
3. The possibility of using those vegetables grown
in SIF.
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247 M WASTE TREA TMENT FOR CROUNDWA TER RECHARGE
Amramy, A.
J. Water Poflut. Contr. Fed., 36:296-298, March 1964.
Descriptors: Croundwater recharge, Israel, Oxidation lagoons.
Spreading basins, Croundwater contamination.
A study was made in Israel to reclaim wastewater from the Tel-Aviv
Metropolitan area of 1 mi I lion population. Raw sewage is treated in a
lagoon prior to spreading in prepared basins (3-4 acre plots) situated
in sand dune areas. Some conclusions are: (1) 56 cm/day average of
effluent were infiltrated in one of the spreading basins in 700 days,
(2) initial infiltration rates as high as 522 cm/day were observed, (3)
the terminal infiltration rate in some operating cycles decreased as low
as 2 cm/day, (4) a relatively long resting period resulted in restoring
the original infiltration rates, (5) very long wetting periods followed by
short (5 to 77 days) resting periods give rise to residual clogging cycle
to cycle, and (6) 1:2 ratio of wetting to resting is required to establish
a long operation without clogging taking place and no progressive
buildup of organic matter. Organic matter tended to accumulate at
the top layer of 0 to 10 cm. Black sand layers appear at the subsoil
but are believed not to cause clogging. Intermittent application
restores the infiltrative capacity of the dune sand.
248 M MICROBIOLOGY OF RECLAIMED WATER FROM SEWAGE FOR
RECREATIONAL USE
Askey, J. B., R. F. Bott, R. E. Leach, and B. L. England
Amer. J. Pub. Health, 55:453-462, February 1965.
Descriptors: Col/'forms. Viruses, Oxidation lagoons. Raw sewage,
Santee, California.
As part of a continuing research program at the Santee Sewage Treatment
Plant, intensive bacteriologic and virologic tests have been performed on
specimens from seven sampling points. Bacteriologic determinations
indicate that it is possible to create a lake from reclaimed water that has
coliform counts within the limits allowed for conventional origin. Viro-
logical tests completed to date on samples of raw sewage, primary
settling effluent, and activated sludge effluent have been TOO percent
positive, yielding 13 distinctive viruses. The percent of samples posi-
tive after approximately 30 days detention in an oxidation pond dropped
to 25, and the recreational lake samples have been consistently negative
for virus.
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249 M TRANSFORMATIONS IN INFIL TRA TION PONDS AND IN THE
SOIL LAYERS IMMEDIATELY UNDERNEATH
Boars, J. K.
In: Principles and Applications in Aquatic Microbiology, Heukelekian,
H., and N. C. Dondero (ed. ), New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
7964. p. 344-365.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Netherlands, Deep percolation,
Wastewater treatment. Soil chemical properties.
In the Netherlands, water from the Rhine River is being used to recharge
the groundwater in the dune area. Three systems are described and the
chemical and biological transformations that take place during infiltration
are analyzed.
A comparison is made between two permanent or continuous infiltration
operations and an intermittent operation. The continuous operations
employ pretreatment by rapid sand filtration and chforination and use
infiltration rates of 10 and 40 centimeters per day. The intermittent system
has no pretreatment and uses a rate of 10 cm per day. Improved removal
of organic matter is noted for the intermittent system. The intermittent
system at Leyden has been operating since 1940 and each year, when
infiltration is begun, the same infiltration rate is achieved without
artificial cleaning of the ponds.
250 M BACTERIAL CONTAMINA TION OF SOIL AND VEGETABLES ON
FIELDS AFTER SEASONAL SEWAGE IRRIGA TION IN THE
SOUTHERN UKRAINE
Babov, D. M.
Gig. Sanit. (Moscow), 27_: 37-41, November 1962.
Descriptors: Soviet Union, Vegetable crops. Pathogenic bacteria, Flood
irrigation, Public health regulations.
The investigation showed that the use of sewage for irrigating agricultural
fields in the Southern Ukraine is accompanied by contamination of soil and
vegetables with intestinal bacteria. However, as the result of energetic
self-purification processes, the ripe vegetables harvested in these fields
do not differ in level of bacterial contamination from those in the market.
In case of serious infringements of the irrigation regimen and of the time
fixed for cessation of irrigation before harvest, live pathogenic bacteria
may be found on vegetables. An almost complete absence of intestinal
bacteria on corn silage points to the advantages of agricultural sewage
irrigation of fields for the growing of corn.
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257 S LIQUID SLUDGE DISPOSAL AT MIAMI, FLORIDA
Backmeyer, D. P.
Compost Sci., 6(2): 10-11, Summer 1965.
Descriptors: Florida, Operation and maintenance. Rates of application.
Sludge disposal.
All digested sludge at Miami plant is now successfully applied in liquid
form, eliminating expense ofdewatering operation.
252 M AIR FORCE ACADEMY SEWAGE TREA TMENT PLANT DESIGNED
FOR EFFLUENT REUSE
Bauer, J. H.
Pub. Works, 92:120-122, June 1961.
Descriptors: Design data. Planning, Water reuse, Colorado.
Because of limited rainfall and the planned landscaping of the site, the
need for a large amount of irrigation water was foreseen. It was planned
to utilize the sewage plant effluent to meet this need. Only the excess
effluent was to be released to the creek.
Engineering design data and operating results are given.
253 S COMBINED DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE AND REFUSE
Black, Ralph J.
Compost Sci., 3(4): 16-17, December 1962.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Raw sewage. Economic feasibility.
United States.
Combined treatment of refuse and sewage sludge is one approach to solid
waste disposal problem that should receive serious attention.
254 M UTILIZA TION OF WA TER AND IRRIGA TION IN ISRAEL
Blaney, H. F.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Irrigation Drainage Div., 88(IR2): 55-65,
June 1962.
Descriptors: Israel, Water reuse. Economic feasibility. Flood irrigation.
109
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The needs for, and potentials of, reuse of sewage as irrigation water in
Israel is discussed. It is stated that the state of Israel's future and the
economic welfare of its agriculture are more dependent on the supply and
quality of irrigation water than any other single resource. The total water
resources are estimated at 2,000 million cu.m., of which 1,500 million
cu.m. will be allocated to irrigation. Return flow from sewage and
irrigation is estimated at 165 million cu.m.
255 I IRRICA TION AND LAND DISPOSAL OF PULP MILL EFFLUENTS
Blosser, Russell 0., and Eben L. Owens.
Water Sewage Works, TIJj 424-432, 1964.
Descriptors: Forage crops. Rates of application. Salinity, Pulp and
paper wastes.
Interest in land disposal of many industrial wastes has increased in
recent years. For the many industrial wastes that are unsuitable for
agricultural irrigation purposes, the primary concern is disposal. Paper
mill effluents fall in this category, usually having a high sulfite content
and low pH.
Laboratory studies dealt with changes in effluent characteristics, in soil
characteristics, and in cover vegetation conditions when a wide variety
of effluents were applied to the soil in simulated irrigation practice.
Grasses were used for cover vegetation. Alta fescue was found to have
high moisture resistance and reasonably high salt tolerance with an
extensive root system. Results of the study are discussed.
256 M METHODS OF TREATING AGRICULTURAL LAND—A GOOD
METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT AND APPLICATION OF
SEWAGE
B fume I, F.
Wasser Abwasser (Leipzig), 35-45, 1965.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Raw sewage, Microbial degradation,
Agriculture.
Existing methods for use of sewage in agriculture and plans for its use
in modern farming and soil improvement are discussed, and the author
reviews the application of sewage on land without preliminary treat-
ment, after mechanical treatment, and after biological treatment, and
compares these methods with those used abroad. Special reference is
made to the use of sewage effluents and trade wastewaters for irrigation.
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257 M CHEMICAL CHANCES IN SOIL IRRICA TED WITH MUNICIPAL
SEWAGE
Bocko, J., and L. Szerszen
Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln. Wroclawiu Melior. (Wroclaw, Pol.),
7: 77-52, 7962.
Descriptors: Raw sewage. Soil chemical properties. Soil physical
properties. Rates of application, Poland.
No significant changes were observed in humus and nutrient content in
the soil\after sprinkling with sewage at low rates of application; but
alkalinity increased slightly, especially in the deeper soil layers. In
filtration fields, because of the high sewage load, organic substances
accumulated in the soil and the sorption capacity increased. A constant
supply of sewage resulted in a decrease in pH. No accumulation of
alkalis occurred in light-soil filtration fields.
258 M DISPLACEMENT OF IRON IN SOIL IRRICA TED WITH SEWAGE
Bocko, J.
Zesz. Nauk. IVyzsz. Szk. Roln. Wroclawiu Melior. (Wroclaw, Pol.),
10:209-217. Abstr., Soils Pert., 29:82(527), 1966.
Descriptors: Anaerobic conditions. Soil chemical properties, Deep
percolation, Soil physical properties, Poland.
Decomposition of sewage in soil causey oxygen deficit, resulting in a
reduction of Fe3 and leaching of Fez to the lower horizons. The dis-
placed Fe accumulates in the lower horizons, forming an impermeable
layer inhibiting water percolation into the drains.
259 M QUALITY ASPECTS OF WASTE WATER RECLAMATION
Bonderson, Paul R.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 90(SA5):1-8, 1964.
Descriptors: Water quality standards, Croundwater recharge, California.
The author examines the effects of reclamation projects on the water
resources of an area. The subjects considered are: (1) trends in waste-
water reclamation; (2) modes of augmenting water resources by such
reclamation; and (3) quality aspects associated with such augmentation.
in
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260 M WA TER QUALITY DEPRECIA TION BY MUNICIPAL USE
Bunch, Robert L., and M. B. Ettinger
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 36:7477-7474, November 7964.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Organic loading, Water quality
data, Water reuse.
Future reuse of sewage effluents will not be a question of economics, but
one of necessity. By 1980, 75 percent of the population will reside in
metropolitan areas, and six-time reuse can be anticipated. The study
provides information on the organic and inorganic load contributed by
one cycle for five cities. The analytical data are tabulated. Generaliza-
tions are unwise without considering the loading on the specific treat-
ment plant and the contributions of industrial wastes. Orders of
magnitude are indicated that would be helpful in making rough calcu-
lations for planning wastewater utilization.
267 / INDUSTRIAL REUSE OF WATER: AN OPPORTUNITY FOR
THE WEST
Cannon, Daniel W.
Water Sewage Works, 1JJ_: 250-254, 7964.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Reviews,
The author discusses the reuse of water within the petroleum and steel
industries. He briefly refers to industrial use of water which has been
previously used for municipal purposes; to agricultural use of water
previously used for industrial purposes; and to municipal use of water
previously used for industrial purposes.
262 M PAS TURE PER TI LIZA TION Wl TH SEWAGE EFFL UENT
IRRIGATION
Chapman, C. J.
Compost Sci., 3(3): 25, September 7962.
Descriptors: Wisconsin, Flood irrigation. Crop response. Forage crops.
Raw sewage.
Wisconsin tests show crop yields greatly increased by irrigation with
waters carrying effluent from city sewage disposal system.
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263 M SEWAGE TREA TMENT PLANT EFFLUENT FOR WA TER REUSE
Cecil, Lawrence K.
Water Sewage Works, 1J1_: 421-423, 1964.
Descriptors: Oklahoma, Nutrient removal. Detergents, Wastewater
treatment, Water reuse.
The cost of sewage treatment may be partially recovered by selling the
treated effluent to industry for reuse. The merit of this practice will
depend on how well the effluent quality meets the needs of the prospec-
tive user as well as how it compares with other sources of water.
Additional treatment processes may be necessary to reduce concentrations
of undesirable components such as ammonia, phosphates, calcium, and
foam-producing organic compounds. The extent of additional treatment
is limited by cost and is practical only where overall cost is less than that
for an alternate source.
Refineries at Duncan and Enid, Oklahoma, and a zinc smelter in a desert
area found that effluents from nearby sewage treatment plants provided
a better and less variable quality of water than was available from other
sources.
264 S EXPERIMENTS IN EAST HERTFORDSHIRE ON THE USE OF
LIQUID DIGESTED SLUDGE AS A MANURE FOR CERTAIN
FARM CROPS
Coker, E. G.
In: Proc. Inst. Sewage Purif. (London), 1965. p. 419-426.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Crop response, Hertfordshire, England,
Rates of application. Heavy metals.
The author summarizes the results of studies carried out by the Hertford-
shire Institute of Agriculture on the use of liquid digested sludge as a
fertilizer for various crops. In all the trials the sludge was applied
thinly to the soil. It was found that the liquid sludge gave an increase
in dry-matter content similar to that produced by an equivalent amount
of nitrogenous fertilizer and grass responded much more rapidly to
application of the liquid sludge than to air-dried sludge, suggesting
that the nutrients in liquid sludge are more rapidly available. In dis-
cussion, the possible risks of transmitting pathogens to grazing stock
and the effect of toxic metal ions in the sludge were considered.
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265 M ONCE-USED MUNICIPAL WA TER AS INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY:
IN RETROSPECT AND PROSPECT
Connell, C. H., andM, C. Forbes
Water Sewage Treat., 3:397-400, 7964.
Descriptors: Costs, Water quality data, Reviews, Water reuse.
The authors state that the total amount of used municipal water is
approaching 20 bgd and that over 40 percent of it may in time be used
for industrial water. In reviewing direct industrial utilization of
sewage effluents, the authors briefly discuss the availability and costs
relevant to water quality.
266 M IRRICA TION POTENTIAL OF SEWACE EFFLUENTS
Cormack. R. M. M.
J. Inst. Sewage Purif. (London), Pt. 3:256-257, 1964.
Descriptors: South Africa, Flood irrigation. Economic feasibility.
Scarcity of water in Southern Africa makes the use of sewage effluent
for irrigation attractive and worthy of consideration. Whether reclaimed
water is used for one purpose or another, matters little in the final
analysis. Every gallon of reclaimed water represents a saving from
other sources of supply.
The use'of reclaimed sewage effluent for agricultural and horticultural
purposes represents not only sound water economy but also good fertilizer
economy. It is estimated that the fertilizer value in sewage effluent from
the Aisleby Works at Bulawayo is about seven cents per 1,000 gallons.
267 M EFFECT OF CITY SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON THE YIELD AND
QUALITY OF GRAIN FROM BARLEY, OATS, AND WHEAT
Day, A. D., et a/,
Agron. J., 54(2): 133-135, March-April 1962.
Descriptors: Arizona, Crop response, Flood irrigation. Grain crops.
Barley, oats and wheat all showed superior growth when irrigated with
sewage effluent, even when compared to crops fertilized at rates equal
to the nutrient concentrations in the effluent. This test was run for two
years at Cortaro, Arizona,
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265 M STUDIES ON THE USE OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR
IRRIGATION OF TRUCK CROPS
Dunlop, S. C., and W. L. Wang
J. Milk Food Technot., 24:44-47, February 7967,
Descriptors: Human diseases, Furrow irrigation, Fruit crops.
The authors report on studies which were designed to assess the public
health hazards associated with the use of sewage effluent for irrigation
under field conditions. These studfes concluded that no significant
contamination results from the use of chlorinated effluent diluted in
streams and subsequently used in furrow irrigation.
269 M PLANT EFFLUENT SOLD FOR IRRIGA TION WA TER
Dye, E. 0.
Wastes Eng., 32:636, 7967.
Descriptors: Tucson, Arizona, Groundwater recharge, Recycling nutrients.
Costs.
Operational expenditures are defrayed by 40 percent through sale of the
effluent, digested sludge, and digester gas from the activated sludge
plant at Tucson, Arizona. Also, a portion of the water applied for
irrigation serves to recharge groundwater, thus, replenishing to some
extent the principal water resource in this arid area.
270 M THE EFFECT OF IRRIGA TION WITH TOWN SEWAGE ON
VARIOUSLY FERTILIZED MANGEL-WURZEL AND SUNFLOWER
GROWN FOR FODDER
Dziezyc, J., andM. Trybala
Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln. Wroclawiu Melior. (Wroclaw, Pol.),
S: 43-52, 1963.
Descriptors: Raw sewage, Flood irrigation, Rates of application, Poland,
Plant growth.
Application of 300-600 mm sewage water, especially when combined with
mineral NPK, increased size of foliage and root diameter in mangold.
Growth of sunflower was increased by NPK and depressed by PK.
775
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277 S UTILIZATION AND DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE
Eberhardt, H., and H. Ermer
Staedteh. (Hamburg), 73: 775-773, 7362.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Economic feasibility. Soil types, Rates
of application.
The authors discuss the various methods of sewage sludge utilization or
disposal and the conditions under which each can be applied. Methods
are described for the agricultural use of wet or dry sludge, for drying
and composting, and for disposal on land or at sea. Methods for incin-
erating sludge and for producing gas are also discussed.
272 M ION EXCHANGE FOR RECLAMA TION OF REUSABLE SUPPLIES
E lias sen, Rolf, BruceM. Wyckoff, and Charles D. Tonkin
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 57:7773-7722, September 7965.
Descriptors: California, Ion exchange, Economic feasibility. Phosphorus
remo val, Denitrification.
The authors describe experimental studies on the removal of phosphates
and nitrates from sewage plant effluents by an ion-exchange process.
The laboratory work was performed at Stanford University, and the pilot
plant work was done in cooperation with the city of Palo Alto, California.
The work included an economic study of the ion-exchange process. The
removal of phosphates and nitrates is desirable to prevent the growth of
algae and to permit maximum reuse of this large potential water resource.
273 I FOOD PROCESSING WASTE DISPOSAL
Fisk, William W.
Water Sewage Works, TJJj 477-420, 7364.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Suspended solids, Michigan,
Silv-iculture.
Two methods of waste disposal are employed at Gerber Company plants.
AtAsheville, North Carolina, the wastes are ground, solids removed,
and used for animal feed. The wastewater is discharged to the French
Broad. River.
At Fremont, Michigan, spray irrigation is employed. Large solids are
removed for animal feed. Wastewater is pumped to a HO-acre site having
50-ft depth, of Ottawa Sand. Sprinklers are spaced at 120 ft and deliver
776
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81 gpm over an area 210 ft in diameter. Several cover crops have been
grown. Solids accumulation and surface compaction require "subsoiling"
the spray area every 2 or 3 years. Test wells 500 ft from the spray area
reveal no measurable effect on groundwater level or quality.
27 HM WA TER REUSE BY DESIGN
Fleming, Rodney R.
Amer. City, 78:106-108, October 7963.
Descriptors: Greenbelts, Water reuse. Flood irrigation, Southwest U.S.,
Recreational facilities.
The author reviews the reuse of sewage effluents as practiced in the
United States. Large quantities are reclaimed for both industrial and
agricultural reuse. Other reuse includes groundwater recharge to
prevent salt water intrusion. Over 200 municipal plants in Texas
supply effluent for irrigation. Several Arizona and New Mexico cities
water golf courses and parks with sewage effluent. Other examples of
reuse are cited.
275 / SPRA Y IRRICA TION—A POSITIVE APPROACH TO A
PERPLEXING PROBLEM
Flower, W. A.
In: Proc. 20th I nd. Waste Con/., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind*., 1965.
p. 679-683.
Descriptors: Ohio, Forage crops. Sprinkler irrigation, Rates of
application, Groundwater contamination.
The Howard Paper Mills of Urbana, Ohio, was faced with the problem of
providing waste treatment for its industrial wastes, and after considera-
tion of several alternatives turned to spray irrigation after experimentation
on a small plot using a cover crop of alfalfa. Wastes were applied at a
rate of 4 inches per day every six days. Disposing or selling of the crop
proved to be a problem due to farmers' fears of toxic materials contained
in the plants. Groundwater supplies did not appear to be affected badly
by the irrigation.
276 M NUTRIENT REMOVAL BY EFFLUENT SPRAYING
Foster, H. B., Jr., P. C. Ward, and A. A. Prucha
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. San/t. Eng. Div., 91(SA6): 1-12, December
1965.
117
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Descriptors: California, Cotiforms, Denitrification, Phosphorus removal.
Spray disposal.
Sewage effluent was sprayed on an 80-acre hillside, sparsely forrested
with pine. During 1963, over 90 percent of the total phosphate, over 56
percent of the total nitrogen, and over 65 percent of the ABS were removed
from the hillside. The following spring, April 7964, removal efficiencies
were found to be lower. At this time, the hillside was thoroughly saturated
with the melt from ice and snow banks. The hillside was covered with
heavy snow during the early months of 1965. Masses of ice had built up
around the spray nozzles. Removal efficiencies were lower than at'any
previous times. Phosphate, total nitrogen, and ABS removals were 17
percent, 36 percent, and 32 percent, respectively. During all periods
of study the fecal coliform and enterococcus densities were greatly
reduced by the passage over the hillside spray area.
277 S UBER DIE WIRKUNG VON KLARSCHLAMM AUF BODEN UND
MIKROORCANISMEN
(THE EFFECT OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON SOILS AND
MICRO-ORGANISMS)
Clothe, H., and A. A. M. Makawi
I. Pflanzenernaehr. Dueng. Bodenk. (Berlin), Wlj 709-727, 1963.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Coliforms, Microbiat degradation. Soil
types, Raw sewage.
In pot experiments with sewage sludge applied to loam and sandy soil,
fresh sludge had a superior effect in increasing total counts of micro-
organisms and cellulose decomposers. Though there was little differ-
ence in the effect of autoclaved and ethylene-oxide-sterilized sludge in
increasing microbial populations, the former material had the greatest
effect in promoting azotobacter. Application of fresh, sterilized, and
autoclaved sewage sludge (in this decreasing order of efficiency) in-
creased CO 2 production in soil and promoted the production of N03 and
A/A/1,. Fresh sewage contained large numbers of coliform bacteria which
rapidly increased in soil for eight days after application and persisted
even after thirty days.
278 M IRRICA TION PROCESSES USING RECLAIMED WATER OR
EFFLUENT DESCRIBED
Gray, J. Frank
West Texas Today, 45: 18-19, and 23, January 1965.
Descriptors: Lubbock, Texas, Odor, Operation and maintenance,
Primary effluent.
118
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Irrigation with sewage effluent at Lubbock, Texas, dates back to the
early 1930's. Presently, approximately 2,000 acres are irrigated. The
successful operation requires a reservoir storage capacity for about 30
days' output of effluent. The primary difference between irrigation with
effluent and general irrigation practice is the requirement of taking all
effluent produced.
The chief advantages of irrigation with sewage effluent are regularity of
water supply, some fertility value gained, and decreased stream pollu-
tion. Some of the disadvantages are odor nuisance, problems created by
requirement to. take water at al! times, more difficulty in keeping farm
labor, and over-irrigation which may damage young plants. Data on
crops are given.
279 M SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES ON VEGETABLE
CROPS IRRIGATED WITH INFECTED WATER
Grigor'Eva, L. V., T. G. Gorodetskii, T. G. Omel'Yanets, and L. A.
Bogdanenko
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 30(10-12): 357-361, 1965.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Vegetable crops. Sprinkler irrigation,
Surveys, Soviet Union.
Investigates the survival of the pathogenic bacteria of the coli group,
Coxsackie viruses of Group A, Escherichia coli, and bacteriophages on
the /eaves and fruits of plants irrigated with infected water. The plants
were grown in a laboratory condition but with natural simulation. At
different stages of vegetation period the plants were sprinkled with
sewage 'water with a low coli titer (10-8—10-15) or with water which was
additionally contaminated with coli bacteriophage. Survival times of
enteroviruses and pathogenic bacteria of E. coli family is compared.
The survival time depends on several factors, such as the species of
plants, the conditions and length of the vegetation period, the past of
the plants investigated (whether leaves or fruit), the species and strain
of the microorganism and its initial concentration. Three vegetable
species were investigated and their conditions for the survival of bacteria
and viruses were discussed. The least favorable conditions for the sur-
vival of bacteria and viruses were offered by cabbage leaves and the
most favorable by tomato leaves.
280 M USE OF SEW A CE EFFL UENT FOR PRODUC TION OF
AGRICULTURAL CROPS
Harvey, C., and R. Cantrell
Texas Water Development Board, Austin, Report 9, December 1965. 8 p.
119
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Descriptors: Texas, Surveys, Costs, Flood irrigation. Plant growth.
The report summarizes the results of a 1965 Texas survey on agricultural
use of sewage effluent. Discussed are the suitability and cost of effluent
for crop production as well as crops and acreage irrigated. The authors
state that "crop irrigation with effluent can contribute to the economy of
the area and solve satisfactorily the sewage disposal problem. "
281 M SEWAGE RECLAIMED FOR IRRIGATION IN ISRAEL FARM
0X1 DA TION PONDS
Hershkovitz, S. I,, and A. Feinmesser
Wastes Eng., 33: 405 and 416, September 7962.
Descriptors: Israel, Flood irrigation. Conforms, Oxidation lagoons.
Studies of 36 oxidation ponds showed a'marked reduction of coliforms
and BOD in sewage previously treated by primary processes.
282 M IRRIGA TED LANDS OF THE WORLD
Highsmlth, Richard M., Jr.
Geogr. Review, 55:382-389, 1965.
Descriptors: Surveys, Reviews, United States, Sprinkler irrigation,
Flood irrigation.
A comprehensive review of the areas of the world where irrigation agricul-
ture is practiced. Data were collected from several sources, and total
irrigated acres for each country are presented in tabular form. A world
map is included, showing the geographical location of irrigated areas.
The impact of irrigation on agriculture is realized when the total irrigated
acres are reviewed. In 1961, approximately 37. 7 million acres were
irrigated in the United States. World totals were estimated to be some-
thing over 431 million acres.
283 M STA TUS OF LAND TREA TMENT FOR LIQUID WASTE-
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
Hill, R. D., T. W. Bendixen, and C. G. Robeck
Presented at Water Pol tut. Contr. Fed., Bal, Harbour, Florida, October 7,
1964. 28 p. (Unpublished.)
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Rates of application. Soil types,
Reviews, Surveys.
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The distribution of liquid waste-land disposal systems by type of waste,
application technique, and geographic location has been presented. The
over 2,000 reported installations, spread over many states with vastly
different climatic conditions, have been used for the disposal of different
wastes, and have had great diversity in the waste application techniques
used.
A review of the literature revealed that the median application rates at
seepage ponds, ridge and furrow, and spray systems were 1.5, 0.74, and
0. 22 inches per day, respectively. Sand soils were used almost exclu-
sively at seepage pond installations, while soils with poorer infiltration
and percolation rates were usually used at ridge and furrow, and spray
sites. Cover vegetation reported in the literature is described and its
use at soil systems reviewed.
284 I INVESTIGATIVE PROCESSES FOR THE USE OF RECLAIMED
WASTEWATER FOR IRRIGATION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Hirsch, L., P. F. Pratt, andS. J. Richards
In: Proc. 4th Ind. Water Waste Conf., University of Texas, Austin,
7964. p. C20-C48.
Descriptors: Dissolved solids, Greenbelts, Water reuse, California,
Salinity.
The Irrigation of Balboa Park and Mission Bay Park in San Diego with
reclaimed water was investigated. In addition scenic freeway greenbelts
have a daily water requirement of 45,000 gal. per mile. Procedures for
soil leaching and salinity appraisal are given. The results showed that
sodium hazard would not be adverse, none of the waters having an ex-
changeable sodium percentage more than 70 percent. The salinity hazard
was high (1, 500 mg/l TDS). However, use of high salinity tolerant plants
and a 10-20 percent excess for leaching would give satisfactory results.
285 S EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PUTREFYING WASTE-WA TER
SLUDGE APPLICATIONS ON THE WATER-STORAGE
CAPACITY AND YIELD OF A SANDY SOIL
Husemann, C., and D. Pannier
Z. Kulturtech. (Berlin), 3:193-204, 1962. Abstr., Soils Pert.,
27:327(2374), 1964.
Descriptors: Rates of application. Vegetable crops, Crop response. Soil
physical properties.
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Applications of sewage sludge markedly increased the water-holding
capacity of the soil and increased yields of lettuce. Effectiveness of the
sludge depended on its source, composition, consistency, and prelimi-
nary treatment,
286 M THE PURIFYING EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF
SEWAGE-WATER TREATMENT IN INVESTIGATIONS OF
BERLIN SAND SOIL
Husemann, C., and J. Wesche
Z. Kulturtech. (Berlin), 3:291-307, 7962. Abstr., Soils Pert.,
27:153(1097), 1964.
Descriptors: Germany, Flood irrigation, Border irrigation. Furrow
irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation.
Surface flooding (soil filters J, border irrigation, contour-furrow irriga-
tion, sub-irrigation, and sprinkling irrigation were compared. Soil
filters were unsatisfactory, leaving a high content of N and other plant
nutrients in the seepage water. The other irrigation methods were better;
but, by far, the best was sprinkling irrigation which resulted in almost
complete purification of the seepage water.
287 M TREATMENT OF SEWAGE AS AN AID TO ECONOMICAL
DISPOSAL
Isaac, P. C. G.
Compost Sci., 3_: 7-11, 1962.
Descriptors: Costs, Wastewater disposal.
Disposing of sewage by irrigation and land application can assist in
reducing disposal costs.
288 M SEPTIC TANK EFFLUENT PERCOLATION THROUGH SANDS
UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Jones, J. H,, and George S, Taylor
Soil Sci., 99:301-309, May 1965,
Descriptors: Septic tanks. Clogging (soil), Aerobic conditions.
Organic loading,
In the gravel-sand column in which septic tank effluent first percolates
over the grave/, the zone of most rapid clogging is the sand-gravel
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interface. Organic and inorganic deposits are also highest in the
interfacial region. The gravel accumulates up to 20 percent of the total
deposits, and because of its better aeration affords higher organic
decomposition. Soil clogging under effluent loading occurs 3 to 70
times faster under an anaerobic than under an aerobic environment,
and sands of initially high hydraulic conductivity are clogged at a
much slower rate than those of initially low conductivity. Under
aerobic conditions, there are three distinct phases of clogging in sand.
The first is a period in which the conductivity declines to near 25 per-
cent of its initial value. During the second phase, the conductivity
fluctuates near the latter value for many months and declines slowly
to near 10 percent of the original conductivity. In the third phase,
the conductivity drops rather sharply to 7 or 2 percent of its initial
value.
289 M THE FA TE OF ABS IN SOILS AND PLANTS
Klein, A. Stephen, David Jenkins, and P. H. McCauhey
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 35:636-654, May 7963.
Descriptors: Soil types, Biodegradation, Crop response, California,
Primary effluent.
Adsorption and biodegradation of alky I -benzene sulfonate (ABS) from
water percolating through each of five soil types under saturated and
unsaturated, sterile and biologically-active, and under continuous and
intermittent flow conditions, were studied. The results are discussed
and significant conclusions enumerated. Water solutions of ABS were
compared to primary sewage effluents containing added amounts of ABS
on both fertilized and unfertilized soils. Sunflower and barley were
grown in water culture at ABS concentrations of 0, 70, and 40 mg/1.
Sunflower, barley, and Lupinus albus were grown in soil at ABS concen-
trations of up to 50 mg/f. A/though ABS severely inhibited growth in
water culture, only sunflower was adversely affected in soil. Growth
of plants irrigated with sewage far surpassed those irrigated with water,
regardless of soil fertilization practices or the addition of up to 75 mg/l
ABS to the sewage. It was concluded that irrigation with sewage is
beneficial to plants despite the presence of ABS in any amount likely to
occur in sewage at the present time.
290 I UTILIZA TION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTES BY BROAD IRRIGATION
Kreuz, Councillor
Sewage Works J., 8(2):348, March 1963.
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Descriptors: Design data, Border irrigation. Soil chemical properties,
Fertilizer value, Germany.
After sewage solids are removed 80 percent of the potassium, 75 percent
of the nitrogen and 52 percent of the phosphoric acid remains, making
the effluent a valuable fertilizer. With proper care, such as harvesting,
the effluent from the sewage of 80 people can be put on an acre of land.
The study was carried out in -Germany.
29 7 M THE U TIL IZA TION OF Cl TY SEW A GE IN CHINA
Kuo, T.
Vattenhygien. (Sweden), 27j 84-87, 7965.
Descriptors: China, Wastewate'r disposal. Human diseases, -Grain crops,
Fish farming.
The author discusses the increasing utilization of municipal sewage for
irrigation and fish culture in China. The sewage undergoes preliminary
treatment to conform with the standards of public health and to ensure
that the contents are suitable for farming and fish culture. Over a number
of years, there has been a remarkable increase in the production of wheat,
rice, and kelp. The need is stressed for further research into the effects
of infiltration of the sewage into the groundwater, and the measures
needed to protect soil and crops from extraneous contamination and to
prevent the spread of contagious diseases.
292 M POSSIBILITIES OF INCREASING THE FERTILITY OF LIGHT
SOILS BY IRRIGATION WITH SEWAGE
Kutera, J.
Zeszyty Probl. Postepow Nauk Roln. (Warsaw), 40B_: 239-260, 7963.
Abstr., Soils Pert., 27:69(465), 1964.
Descriptors: Salinity, Soil chemical properties. Soil physical properties,
Poland, Fertilizer value,
Due to the high availability of N, P, and K in sewage, its application in
irrigation does not result in salt accumulation. It supplies considerable
amounts of organic matter to the soil. In irrigating grassland with sewage,
7 cu.m. /ha yielded up to 4.5 kg, of high protein content hay.
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293 M RECLAIMING HYPERION EFFLUENT
Laverty, F. B., et al.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 87(SA6): 7-40, November
7967.
Descriptors: Spreading basins, Activated sludge effluents, Rates of
application. Deep percolation, Los Angeles, California.
Land filtration was studied as one method of treating activated sludge
effluent in Los Angeles for injection in a recharge well. Several modes
of operation were attempted with well sorted dune sand as the treatment
matrix.
Continuous surface spreading was unsuccessful due to gradual sealing
off of the surface by anaerobic slimes. Neither chlorination of the effluent
prior to spreading nor increased water depth improved infiltration rates.
Continuous spreading with raking of the basin surface allowed an infiltra-
tion rate of 2 ft/day to be maintained. This mode required excessive
operator time and the effluent fouled the injection well.
Intermittent loading was successful for the entire 6 month test. Rates of
1 ft/day and 34, 000 Ib BOD per acre per year were maintained. BOD was
reduced by 90 percent.
294 M WHY SEWAGE EFFLUENTS MUST BE CHLORINATED
Lehmann, A. F.
Amer. City, 80: 79-81, July 7965.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Surveys, Costs, Water reuse.
Crowing water reuse and increased recreational requirements on streams
and reservoirs are making effluent chlorination not only desirable but
imperative in more and more areas.
Microbiologists agree that secondary treatment reduces the number of
pathogenic organisms in wastewater, but they also recognize the need
for chlorination to reduce them "below demonstrable levels. " Unchlori-
nated raw or settled wastewater constitutes a health hazard when dis-
charged to bodies of water with which people may come in contact.
Secondary treatment reduces but does not eliminate the risk.
Costs are not prohibitive. Estimates based on observed practices are
given.
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295 / SPRA Y IRRICA TION OF VEGETABLE AND FRUIT
PROCESSING WASTES
Luley, H. G.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 3_5j 1252-1261, October 1963.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Sprinkler irrigation, Wastewater treatment,
Rates of application. Overland flow.
The Heinz Company has successfully used spray irrigation at plants in
Salem, New Jersey, and Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, using ground
conditions of both high and low permeability and through winters with
icing. On the impermeable soil, BOD reductions of 97 percent were
obtained by applying the wastewater to the soil at a rate that would allow
slow runoff for 100 feet before running off into a river. Application rates
were about 1. 25 mgd, maximum, to a 52-acre site.
296 M WASTE WATER RECLAMATION: A PRACTICAL APPROACH
FOR MANY WATER-SHORT AREAS
Marks, R. H.
Power, 107: 47-50, November 1963.
Descriptors: Los Angeles, California, Operation and maintenance,
Croundwater recharge, Water reuse. Sprinkler irrigation.
The author describes the operation of a water reclamation plant at Whittier
Narrows in Los Angeles County. The system of treatment and the equip-
ment used are discussed and illustrated. At present, this water is used
to recharge groundwater supplies, but the plant could furnish water for
other uses if necessary. Such a treatment plant could be used in other
areas for recharge, irrigation, and industrial water supplies.
297 M A STUDY OF METHODS OF PREVENTING FAILURE OF
SEPTIC-TANK PERCOLATION SYSTEMS
McGauhey, P. H., and J. H. Winneberger
University of California, Berkeley, SERL Report No. 65-17, October 1965.
Descriptors: Clogging (soil). Septic tanks. Aerobic conditions, Flood
irrigation.
Any soil continuously inundated will lose most of its initial infiltrative
capacity. In leaching systems, this leads to failure if the system is
designed on the basis of initial infiltration rates. Seven criteria are
given to prevent failure of leaching systems:
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1. Continuous inundation of the infiltrative surface
must be avoided.
2. Aerobic conditions should be maintained in the
soil.
3. Initially, the infiltrative surface should be typical
of an internal plane in the undisturbed soil.
4. Load the entire infiltrative surface uniformly and
simultaneously.
5. Avoid abrupt changes in particle size between
trench fill material and soil at the infiltrative
surface.
6. Provide maximum sidewall surface and minimum
bottom surface per unit volume of effluent.
7. Minimize suspended solids in the effluent.
298 I THE CONTROL OF SPHAEROTILUS NATANS
McKeown, J. J.
In: Proc. 17th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1962.
p. 440-453.
Descriptors: Spray disposal. Design data. Pulp and paper wastes,
Operation and maintenance, Georgia.
The growth of the slime, Sphaerotilus natans, during winter months has
on occasion become a nuisance to net fishermen in the Altamaha River
in Georgia. The Jesup Div. ofRayonier, Inc., at Jesup, Georgia,
discharged 45 mgd of Kraft mill waste into the river. The discharge,
which provided the necessary nutrients, was correlated to slime growth
in the river.
A twenty acre system of sandy soil was designed to handle the strong
waste (1 mgd 1,000mg/l BOD) with the weak waste (44 mgd 100 mg/l
BOD) discharge to the river. The maximum spray application was
found to be 3-5 in. /day. Average loadings were 1.8 in./day and 420
Ib/acre/day of BOD. Alfalfa, sweet clover and tall fescue were grown
and shallow test wells surround the site. A slight soil plugging
tendency occurred after 60-100 in. were applied, however, discing
the top few inches allowed the area to receive additional waste.
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259 M THE SANTEE RECREA TION PROJECT, SANTEE, CALIFORNIA
SUMMARY REPORT, 1962-1964
Merrell, J. C., Jr., Albert Katko, and H. E. Pintler
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Publ. No. 999-WP-27,
December 1965. 69 p.
Descriptors: Viruses, Coliforms, Tertiary treatment, Santee, California,
Recreational facilities,
This paper presents the results of a study of the Santee, California
recreational lakes. These lakes were deliberately planned to utilize
the community's reclaimed sewage effluent. The seven-agency coopera-
tive study evaluated the fate of viruses along with total and fecal coliform
and fecal streptococci through the conventional secondary treatment
process, the tertiary processes, and the recreational lakes. The
correlating physical and chemical data are presented along with a bio-
logical study of the lakes and related land area. Discussions of eutro-
phication, vector control, epidemiology, and the social acceptance and
ecology of the entire recreational park are developed. The study con-
cludes that the treatment provided by intermittent sand filtration has met
the nutrient requirements of the emerging ecology and that no health
hazards have been demonstrated by the viral or other findings for the
present recreational uses of boating and fishing.
300 M ADVANCED TREA TMENT OF WASTE WA TERS FOR REUSE
Middle ton, F. M.
Water Sewage Works, 1J1_: 401-410, 1964.
Descriptors: Costs, Water reuse. United States, Tertiary treatment.
Some examples of wastewater reuse and the need for advanced waste
treatment processes are briefly discussed. The status of advanced
waste treatment processes is reviewed by presenting nine process
descriptions which represent progress reports of studies in this area,
No firm cost figures for these processes could be given; however,
estimated costs are made based on projections of data at hand.
301 I SPRAY IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE DISPOSAL
Parker, R. R.
Can. Muni.- Util., W3:28-32, July 1965.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Canada, Tannery wastes, Rates of
application, Winter storage.
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The author, an engineer with Beardmore and Company, Limited, Acton,
Ontario, has worked on a spray irrigation system for this Canadian
tannery. The systems disposed of 150 million gallons in a six-month
period from May to November for the past 12 years. Winter wastes are
lagooned. Details on application rates and type of soil and cover crop
are not given.
302 M RECLAI MING USED WA TER
Parkhurst, John D.
Amer. City, 78:83-85, October 7963.
Descriptors: Los Angeles, California, Croundwater recharge. Activated
sludge effluents, Croundwater contamination, Water reuse.
The Whittier Narrows plant in Los Angeles is designed to salvage the
treated wastewater for reuse rather than dump it into the ocean. A con-
stant 10mgd of raw sewage is diverted from the trunk sewer to the
activated sludge plant, which consists of two primary sedimentation
tanks (detention 2. 6 hr), three aeration tanks (25% return, detention
5. 8 hr), and five final settling tanks (detention 2.2 hr). This treat-
ment, followed by chlorination, produces an effluent averaging about
TO mg/liter BOD and soluble sol-ids. Percolation through the ground
after spreading recharges the aquifer for underground storage and
further reduces the impurities. All by-products (e.g., sludge) go
back into the trunk sewer for removal and disposal at existing down-
stream treatment facilities.
303 M PROGRESS IN WASTE WATER RE-USE IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Parkhurst, J. D.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. f J. Irrigation Drainage Div., 91(IR1): 79-9J,
March 1965.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Water quality standards, California, Waste-
water treatment, Surveys.
The author emphasizes the extensive planning behind Los Angeles
County's current water reuse operation. Waste water reclamation falls
into two categories: (1) that which is incidental to water pollution con-
trol in inland areas; and (2) planned reclamation for the production and
reuse of reclaimed water. The latter would be for the purpose of meet-
ing a particular water resource need as in Los Angeles County. Factors
and conditions which justify water reclamation facilities are discussed.
The plan developed in southern California should stimulate interest in
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planning for reuse in other communities that are concerned about their
future water resources. The author states, "The question is not whether
there will be water reuse, but when, where, and how well it will be
implemented. "
30ft M AN INEXPENSIVE BIOASSAY AIMED AT THE AGRICULTURAL
DISPOSAL OF WASTE WATERS
Prat, S., and V. Sladecek
Hydrobiologia (The Hague), 23:246-252, 7964.
Descriptors: Surveys, Vegetable crops, Sprinkler irrigation, Netherlands.
A method of bioassay is described for detecting the toxicity of waste-
waters to germinating plant seeds and evaluating the suitability of the
waters for irrigational use. Seeds of the mustard, Sinapis alba, are
placed in petri dishes on Si Ion or nylon textile fabric and irrigated with
the water under investigation. They are kept in the dark at 16°-20° C
and observed daily for three days. The numbers of germinating seeds,
the lengths of the rootlets, and the ratios of root length to hypocotyl
length are recorded as indices of water quality. Stimulation of growth
of rootlets, as well as toxicity of the water, can be detected by compari-
son with controls.
305 M A METHOD OF APPRAISING IRRIGA TION RETURNS
Reutlinger, S., and J. A. Seagraves
J. FarmEcon., M: 837-850, 1962.
Descriptors: North Carolina, Costs, Crop response, Economic
feasibility. Furrow irrigation.
A method of computing the increased crop yield from a series of irrigation
experiments is described. The method is explained with the aid of an
example in which an expected yield increase and synthetic cost data are
used to evaluate the profitability of investing in irrigation systems for
tobacco in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina.
306 M DEGRADA TION OF ABS AND OTHER ORGANICS IN
UNSA TURA TED SOILS
Robeck, Gordon G., Jesse M. Cohen, William T. Sayers, and Richard L.
Woodward
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 35:1225-1236, October 1963.
130
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Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, Biodegradation, Aerobic condi-
tions, Coliforms, Ohio.
Soil lysimeter studies showed the alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) in a
septic tank effluent can be degraded from 5 to 35 mg/l to less than 0. 5
mg/l if applied properly to certain unsaturated soils. Under intermittent
loading on a daily basis aerobic organisms survived. Most sandy soils
handled at least 0.5 to 1.0 foot per day of waste. Organisms usually
found in sewage and soil were able to degrade ABS, 2,4,5,-7 2,4-D,
and o-cresol if time were allowed to adjust and handle new organ ics'in
the waste. Coliform organisms, odor, turbidity, and COD were greatly
reduced and nitrification took place when the ABS was degraded below
0. 5 mg/l.
307 M FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DESIGN AND OPERA TION OF
SOIL SYSTEMS FOR WASTE TREATMENT
Robeck, C. G., et al.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 36:977-983, August 1964.
Descriptors: Soil types. Organic loading, Rates of application, Ohio,
Design data.
A series of 50 lysimeter tests were conducted at Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center to determine the factors influencing the design and
operation of soil system for waste treatment. The study indicated the
following features help effect a 90 to 95 percent reduction of ABS and
other COD components in a septic tank effluent.
1. Start with a soil that has 0.5 to 7 percent organic
matter, or at least an adsorptive additive to pro-
vide retention at an early stage.
2. Use a soil that has an effective size of about 0. 7 to
0.3 mm to have low enough permeability.
3. Make the depth to groundwater be at least 10 ft.
4. Start with a 1 gpd/sq ft loading, but increase a
month later to 3 gpd/sq ft.
5. Apply the waste three to six times per day.
6. Mix in a 1/2 in. seed from another biologically
active bed with the soil in lysimeter to insure
early treatment.
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308 M THE EFFECTS OF TRACE ELEMENTS ON THE EXHAUSTION
OF SEWAGE-IRRIGATED LAND
Rohde, G.
J. Inst. Sewage Purif. (London), Pt. 6: 581-585, 1962.
Descriptors: Berlin, Germany, Crop response. Soil physical properties,
Soil contamination. Heavy metals.
At the Berlin sewage farm, some of the soil has recently shown signs of
exhaustion, and crop yields have fallen. Samples of exhausted soil and
soil on which healthy plants were growing were examined, particularly
for trace elements. The results were compared with analysis of similar
samples from a sewage farm in Paris where signs of exhaustion had also
been observed. The soil at the Berlin farm is sandy and acid, while
that at the Paris farm is rich in lime. The results of the analyses are
tabulated and discussed. It appears that the main cause of exhaustion at
both Berlin and Paris is the presence of high concentrations of copper
and zinc.
309 I RIDGE-AND-FURROW IRRIGATION FOR INDUSTRIAL
WASTES DISPOSAL
Schraufnagel, F. H.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., M: 1117-1132, November 1962.
Descriptors: Costs, Design data. Furrow irrigation, Rates of application,
Wisconsin.
The author surveyed the ridge-and-furrow irrigation methods that were
used by many industries for the disposal of their wastes. The investigated
industrial wastes included cannery wastes, milk and dairy wastes, meat
and poultry wastes, municipal wastes and other wastes such as tannery
and chemical wastes. Factors related to the design of the system are
summarized as follows:
1. Application rate. The principal factor in loading
rate is the ability of the soil to transmit water. If
it is expected to get a stabilized water in the soil
from an organic waste, aerobic conditions must be
maintained in the soil. The expected rate of flow
must take adequate rest periods into consideration.
2. Design. There is such a large spread in volumetric
loadings to different soils, that basing a proposed
system on a single existing one could easily result
in over- or underdesigning by a factor of 10. A
rule of thumb figure (such as 10,000 gad) as a
design basis would limit the error, but one could
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still be in error by 4 to 5 times. Detailed soil maps,
percolation tests or soil borings are useful in
determining the proper rate.
3. Vegetation. For winter operation and for those
soils which can tolerate high application rates,
vegetation is apparently of little significance.
However, on those soils which on the average can
handle only a few thousand gallons per acre daily,
the assistance by vegetation can mean the differ-
ence between success and failure. Even when
dormant, the grass may assist in keeping the soil
loose and also provide some protection from deep
freezing in the winter months.
4. Drain tiling. Drain tiling may improve the effluent
quality. Tiling at a depth greater than 2. 5 ft below
furrows will usually be satisfactory providing the
BOD is less than J, 000 mg/l and wastes are applied
intermittently. The drain tiles are often laid per-
pendicular to the furrow bottoms. If the 2. 5 ft
minimum distance cannot be met and still obtain
gravity discharge, it may be possible to install
the tile under the ridge section where the wastes
would have to infiltrate laterally for several feet.
5. Irrigation water quality. The characteristics of
a water or waste that determine its quality for
irrigation use are (a) total concentration of
dissolved constituents, (b) sodium adsorption
ration (SAR), (c) concentration of bicarbonate,
and (d) concentration of boron and other toxic
substances.
310 I DISPOSAL OF HIGH ORGANIC CONTENT WASTES ON LAND
Scott, Ralph H.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 34: 932-950, September 1962.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Groundwater contamination, Pulp and
paper wastes, Dairy wastes.
The author describes the practical aspects of strong waste application to
land and cites experience gained from the practice. Disposal of liquid
digested sludge, cheese whey, and spent sulfite liquor is discussed.
Examples and cost figures are given. Careful planning is needed to
safeguard groundwater quality, especially where spent sulfite liquor is
involved.
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311 M SUR VEY OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL BY HILLSIDE SPRA YS
Sepp, E.
Bur. Sanit. Eng., Calif, State Dept. Pub. Health, March 7965. 35 p.
Descriptors: Septic tanks, Sprinkler irrigation, Sacramento, California,
Rates of application, Odor.
Sewage disposal by hillside spraying was studied at 30 treatment plants.
Fourteen of these plants have secondary treatment and the remaining
have only septic tanks or Imhoff tanks. Only 10 plants have chlorination.
Design and operation of the sprinkling systems were studied, giving
types of nozzles and pipe lines used and causes and effects of nozzle
clogging. Application rates, operation data and appearance of the
spray sites are described. Results of bacteriological and chemical tests,
travel of airborne bacteria, and odor and insect problems are discussed.
It is recommended that hillside spraying be used only for summer loads.
The use of hillside spraying is to be discouraged for year-round operation.
312 M PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF WASTE WATER UTILIZA TION
IN ISRAEL
Shuvat, Hi I lei I.
In: Proc. 17th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1962.
p. 650-665.
Descriptors: Croundwater recharge. Crop response. Public health
regulations. Flood irrigation, Israel.
It is estimated that total water reserves in Israel can be increased by at
least 10 percent through wastewater reclamation programs. Early efforts
were devoted to direct agricultural irrigation with treated sewage effluent.
Some 50 projects of this type are in operation. Results have been good,
and there has been no indication of any resulting menace to the public
health. However, due to restrictions by the Ministry of Health as to the
types of crops that can be irrigated and other engineering and health
considerations, more recent efforts are being directed toward ground-
water recharge with treated wastewater. A major groundwater recharge
project in the Dan Region is described.
313 S USING SLUDGE MEANS CLEAN STREAMS FOR PENNA. TOWN
Sine, Richard L.
Compost Sci., p. 40-41, Winter 1963.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Sludge disposal.
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Sewage sludge as a soil conditioner to improve municipal property is
used.
314 M THE EFFECT OF LEACHING SALINE ALKALI SOILS WITH
IRRIGATION WATERS OF DIFFERENT KINDS ON THE
PERMEABILITY AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOILS
AND THE COMPOSITION OF THE LEACHATES
Sprivastava, P. B. L., andC. L. Mehrotra
J. Indian Soc. Soil Set. (Delhi, India), 10:93-98, 1962.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, India, Wastewater disposal.
Results of laboratory tests are reported on the effect of leaching with
sewage, canal, and well waters, in the absence or presence of 1/2 to 1
ton CaSOn, on the conductivity, Co + Mg, monovalent cation and anion
contents, and percolation in different soils (pH 8.3-8.85) of originally
31-51 percent saturation.
Canal waters tended to increase soil alkalinity but improved percolation,
especially in combination with small doses ofCaSO^. Sewage waters
decreases salinity and alkalinity in soils affected by the application of
canal waters.
315 M FROM POLLUTION PREVENTION TO EFFLUENT REUSE
Stan bridge, H. H.
Water Sewage Works, 111_: 446-451 and 494-499, 1964.
Descriptors: Water management (applied). Water quality standards,
England, Aerobic conditions.
Recent methods and future proposals for the reuse of effluents that now
pollute England's rivers are presented. The need for greater conserva-
tion of water resources is discussed in relation to the rapidly growing
needs of industries and the public in various areas of England and Wales.
The author concludes: "As the demand for water increases, and sewage
effluents and river water are used more extensively, quality will be
determined by the use to which the water is to be put rather than by the
need to prevent nuisance or support fish. "
316 M CONTROL OF WA TER POLLUTION BY WASTEWATER
UTILIZATION: THE ROLE OF THE WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL FEDERATION
Steffen, A. J.
Water Sewage Works, UJj 384-385, 1964.
135
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Descriptors: Water reuse, Water quality standards, Reviews, Conferences.
The Water Pollution Control Federation has stressed the great importance
of wastewater reuse in its Statement of Policy, Point No. 9: "That waste-
water represents an increasing fraction of the nation's total water
resource and is of such value that it might well be reclaimed for bene-
ficial reuse through the restoration of an appropriate degree of quality. "
The concern of the WPCF is evidenced by the many papers and discus-
sions on this subject that are presented at Association and Federation
publications and by the various medals and awards presented for
research in this field.
317 M WASTE WA TER RECLA1MED FOR COLF COURSE USE
Stone, Ralph
Pub. Works, 94:88-90, March 1963.
Descriptors: California, Croundwater recharge, Creenbelts, Recrea-
tional facilities, Spreading basins.
Reclaimed water from the Ontario, California sewage treatment plant is
used at the rate of 0. 5 mgd for decorative lakes and golf course irriga-
tion. Another 5. 5 mgd is diverted to nearby spreading basins for
groundwater recharge and other irrigation.
Before use on the golf course, the water is retained 30 days in stabiliza-
tion ponds with 24-hour chlorine contact time and post-chlorinization as
it is pumped to the golf course.
318 M ECONOMICS OF CROUNDWATER RECHARGE
Todd, David K.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Hydraul. D/V., 91(HY4):249-270, 1965.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility, Croundwater recharge.
Many variables are involved in determining the cost and economic
advantage to be gained from artificial recharge of groundwater aquifers,
Information upon which to base such estimates is scarce. The size,
purpose, and method of recharge are significant factors, as are land
and water costs. Data from several recharge operations are presented
in an attempt to arrive at a log/cat basis for estimating these costs.
136
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379 M THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION 'WITH TOWN SEWAGE ON THE
PRODUCTION OF VARIOUSLY FERTILIZED WINTER RAPE
Trybala, M,
Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln, Wroc/aw/u Melior, (Wroclaw Pol )
8:29-42, 1963. Abstr., Soils Pert,, 27; 327(2376), 7964.
Descriptors: Poland, Rates of application. Crop response.
Application of 150-350 mm sewage water promoted the growth of rape on
unfertilized plots and on plots given minerals P and K.
320 M THE SPREAD OF BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION IN
UNDERGROUND WATER
Vaisman, Ya. I.
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 25:27-26, April 7964.
Descriptors: Soil types, Soil physical properties, Croundwater contami-
nation, Coliforms, Soviet Union.
From the data from the literature review at the first of the article, it is
concluded that the existing data are extremely controversial with respect
to the quantitative characteristics of the main limiting factor which should
be made the basis of calculations for determining the boundaries of the
second belt of the safety zone for underground water supply sources.
This precipitated a study of bacterial spread in underground water. It
was concluded that the colon bacillus can go a distance of over 850 meters
In the ground current in medium-grain sand with cross-layers of gravel
and pebble deposits, and that 400 days should be necessary for complete
self-purification of the ground flow from bacterial contamination.
321 M DEVELOPMENTS IN WASTE WATER REUSE
Viessman, Warren, Jr.
Pub. Works, 96; J38-J40, April 7965.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Economic feasibility, Santee,
California, Recreational facilities, Water reuse,
The author discusses several possible reuse applications for reclaimed
wastewater, Among these are irrigation, industrial use, and ground-
water recharge. Examples of reuse are cited. Consideration is given to
the quantities of wastewater available and to those operations which this
would satisfy economically, The Santee project in southern California is
cited as an excellent example of the use of sewage effluent for recreational
purposes.
137
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322 S TEST OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR PERTILITY AND
TOXICITY IN SOILS
Vtamis, J., and D. E. Williams
Compost Sci., 2(22:26-30, 1961.
Descriptors: Ion exchange. Salinity, Sludge disposal, California,
Reviews.
California researchers report on studies comparing the growth of plants
receiving applications of sludge and chemical fertilizers. Both fertility
and toxicity are considered.
323 M OX I DA TION PONDS AND USE OF EFFLUENT IN ISRAEL
Watson, John L. A.
Effluent Water Treat. J. (London), 3: 150-153, 1963.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons, Water reuse, Groundwater recharge,
Furrow irrigation. Fish farming.
Oxidation ponds are used as aids in reclaiming sewage effluents. They
provide economic and safe treatment of sewage for an effluent suitable for
reuse. Principal reuse to date has been for irrigation; but groundwater
recharge, makeup water for fish-breeding ponds, and industrial reuse
are contemplated.
321 M UPDATING WATER RESOURCES THINKING TO MEET
SPACE ACE REQUIREMENTS
Watson, K. S.
Water Sewage Works, 111: 160-164, 1964.
Descriptors: Water reuse. Water management (applied). Water quality
standards.
In examining progress in the water resources field, the author considers
water management, wastewater reuse, advanced waste treatment, desali-
nation, and pollution control, including enforcement.
325 S USING TREA TED SEWAGE EFFL UENT FOR CROP
IRRIGATION
Weiss, Rudolph H.
Compost Sci., 2[3±: 33-34, 1961.
Descriptors: Texas, Design data, Sludge disposal, Flood irrigation.
138
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The city ofKerrville, Texas solves a stream pollution problem and
provides water for growing crops at the same time. The treatment plant
design and operation are given. The wet digested sludge is diluted with
sewage effluent and discharged onto the land in conjunction with the
regular irrigation program, thereby eliminating the need for sludge
drying beds and the tedious labor involved. The operation won Kerr-
ville an award for the most efficient disposal of sewage sludge in the
State of Texas.
326 M IRRICA TION AS A SEWAGE REUSE APPLICA T1ON
Wells, W. N.
Pub. Works, 92; 116-118, August 1961.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, San Antonio, Texas, Human diseases,
Wastewater disposal, Reviews.
Advantages and limitations in the use of sewage for irrigation at San
Antonio, Texas, are reviewed. Disposal by irrigation has avoided the
need for a high degree of treatment and has given farmers a dependable
supply of irrigation water. Data are shown concerning the chemical con-
tent of the water and the types of crops grown. Currently, 16 mgd
(approximately one-fourth of the plant effluent) are used to irrigate
4,000 acres for growing cotton, castor beans, feed grains, and forage
crops.
The literature on health hazards in sewage irrigation was reviewed as
supporting evidence that the use of sewage effluents for growing such
crops is not hazardous.
327 I IRRICA TION DISPOSAL OF WASTES
Westenhouse, Ray
Tappi., 46J160A-161A, 1963.
Descriptors: Spray disposal. Rates of application, Flood irrigation.
Forage crops. Pulp and paper wastes.
Land disposal of Kraft mill condensates was accomplished by sprinkler
irrigation methods. Application rates of 0. 5 in. /day produced slight
surface flooding. Sixty .acres of land provided sufficient pasture for
80-100 head of livestock. Burning of vegetation by the 150° F condensates
was controlled by the use of higher system pressures and increased
trajectory from the nozzle outlet. More than 50 percent of the total mill
waste load was disposed of on land by this method.
139
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328 M REUSE OF EFFLUENT IN THE FUTURE WITH AN
ANNOTA TED BIBLIOCRAPHY
Whetstone, George A.
Texas Water Development Board, Austin, Report 8, December 1965.
787 p.
Descriptors: Texas, Bibliographies, Recreational facilities, Groundwater
recharge. Water reuse.
An excellent comprehensive review of the literature dealing with reuse of
effluent for purposes of irrigation, recreation, industry, groundwater
recharge, and potable water supply. There is a total of 663 abstracts,
dating from 1892 through 7965. The literature reviewed is broad in scope,
covering historical development, current status, and unresolved issues
in the reuse of effluents. The abstracts are indexed by authors and
subject, and are presented in chronological order.
329 M EFFECT OF ORGANIC MA TTER CONTENT OF THE SOIL
ON INFILTRATION
Wischmeier, W. H., and J. V. Mannering
J. Soil Water Conserv., 20: 150-752, 1965.
Descriptors: Soil physical properties. Soil types. Soil chemical
properties.
Measurements of soil physical properties were obtained from 44 different
soils and related to runoff. Soil texture classes included sandy loam,
loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, and silty clay. Organic
matter contents ranged from 1 to 4 percent, and slopes from 4 to 74
percent.
The organic matter content of the soil was the measured variable most
closely correlated with runoff. Results of linear regression analyses
are discussed.
The study indicated that the entry of rain into the soil was influenced
much more by the organic matter content and by management practice
than by texture and topography.
330 I IRRIGATION DISPOSAL OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Wisniewski, Theodore
Pub. Works, 92: 796, July 1961.
Descriptors: Furrow irrigation, Wisconsin, Rates of application.
Sprinkler irrigation.
140
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Sproy irrigation systems and ridge and furrow systems have both been
successfully used in Wisconsin at rate up to 10,000 gpd per acre. An
important consideration is to keep the solids loading below one pound
per square yard per day.
337 M FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN WA TER SUPPLY
Yackey, Harold H.
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 53:409-472, April 7567.
Descriptors: Water reuse, Wastewater treatment.
The author discusses future water needs and how existing facilities
should be expanded to meet these needs. Salvaging wastewater is one
big step that can be taken.
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SECTION VI
ABSTRACTS 1966 THRU 1970
332 I NEW YAKIMA WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM OVERCOMES
CROUNDWA TER INFIL TRA TION
Anonymous
West. City, 37:30-31, 1966.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Rates of application, Washington,
Sprinkler irrigation, Design data.
In 1957-58, Yakima, Washington, had constructed a separate industrial
sewer, located to serve four major fruit and vegetable processing plants,
and a high pressure irrigation system. The system did not operate well
and was expanded in 1964. Reasons given for poor performance included
lack of adequate cover crop, overloading, overgrazing by cattle with
compaction of soil, and necessity to irrigate in freezing weather. The
original loading was 1. 5 inches per day but actual loading averaged 2.1
to 2. 45 inches per day. The irrigation site was expanded from 52 to 125
acres providing for an application rate of 1.23 inches per day.
333 M IMPROVE EFFLUENT WITH SPRA Y IRRICA TION EQUIPMENT
Anonymous
Surv. Munlc. Cty. Eng. (London), 127(3862):41-12, 1966.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Spray disposal, Canada, Design
data. Primary effluent, Warwick, B.C.
An illustrated description is given of spray irrigation equipment installed
at Warwick sewage works in May, 1966, as the-initial stage of alleviating
overloaded conditions. After primary sedimentation, effluent is'pumped
through standard farm irrigation equipment over an area of 7. 2 acres of
grassland (which is divided into two plots, each of which is allowed a'
14-day rest period) before drainage to the River Avon.
142
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334 S WHERE DOES THE CRASS CROW GREENEST? WHERE
SEWAGE SLUDGE AND FERTILIZER ARE MIXED WITH
J C £ l~r
Anonymous
Water Pollut. Contr. (London), 65(4): 26-28, August 1966,
Descriptors: Canada, Forage crops. Recycling nutrients.
In order to find a use for sewage sludge as fertilizer at Kitchener
Ontario, dried, liquid or filtered sludge, together with superphos-
phate, was spread over or mixed with the topsoil of test areas on a
filled-in municipal waste tip, and grass seed was sown. The best
growth was produced when the dried sludge was used. The filtered
wet sludge used with the superphosphate produced too strong a
mixture.
335 M EXTENDS SPRA Y IRRICA TION SCHEME FOR EFFL UENT
IMPROVEMENT
Anonymous
Surv. Munic. Cty. Eng. (London), 129(3905):26-27, 1967.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons, Planning, Spray disposal, Warwick,
B.C., Canada, Design data.
A description, illustrated by plan and photograph, is given of extensions
and modifications to the original spray irrigation system for disposal of
effluent at Warwick sewage works; these include the construction of a
lagoon which receives humus-tank effluent, and from which the original
irrigation area is now sprayed, and the use of an additional 10-acre plot
(divided into 2 equal plots to allow a rest period for each) onto which
storm sewage from the storm tank is sprayed.
336 S INCREASED INCOME FROM SLUDGE SPRA YING
Anonymous
Water Waste Treat. J., 12:32, 1968.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Recycling nutrients.
East Kilbridge has completed its second year of land disposal of digested
sewage sludge, selling to farmers in a 15-mile area. Undigested sludge
is disposed of at sea.
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337 S HOW TO SAVE TAXES AT THE SEWAGE PLANT
Anonymous
Compost Sci., 1W):21, January-February 1970.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Public acceptance. Sludge disposal.
Allentown, Pennsylvania, is getting citizens to use its sewage sfudge as
a soil conditioner.
338 I WASTEWA TER DISPOSAL ENHANCES AN AREA'S ECOLOGY
Anonymous
Ind. Water Eng., 7:18-22, March 1970.
Descriptors: Paris, Texas, Overland flow, Forage crops, Food
processing wastes. Water quality data.
The Campbell Soup Company's plant in Paris, Texas, discharges 3-4 mgd
of plant effluent to a field where grasses are grown. Besides producing
a salable crop from once badly eroded land, about 2 mgd flows into a
stream bed, allowing the stream to flow year-round. This stream is
going to be used to feed an artificial lake of from 40-150 acres. Tests
on land disposal at a plant in Napoleon, Ohio, produced BOD reductions
of 90 percent in a few hundred feet of overland flow.
339 M ENGINEERING FEASIBILITY DEMONSTRATION STUDY
FOR MUSKECON COUNTY, MICHIGAN, WASTEWATER
TREA TMENT-IRRICA TION SYS TEM
Anonymous
Fed. Water Quality Admn., Washington, D.C., Water Pollut. Contr.
Research Series, 11010 FMY JO/70, October 1970. 183 p.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Muskegon, Michigan, Water manage-
ment (applied). Soil types, Costs.
Various aspects of the project were investigated including sampling and
analyses of wastewaters for a variety of parameters, a review of available
information concerning the effect of trace elements on soils and crops,
laboratory tests of the treatability of the combined wastewaters by lagoon
treatment, the development of a simulation model to assist in analyzing
the volume and water quality aspects of a treated wastewater storage
lagoon, soils and groundwater field and office studies regarding the
management of groundwater levels to insure an adequate aerobic treat-
ment zone in the soil as well as to prevent ponding in the site area, and
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investigations of certain agricultural aspects in using treated wastewaters
as spray irrigation water. The results of this work demonstrated the
feasibility of the proposed project based on information developed durina
the study. The highlights are that the wastewaters do not contain con-
stituents having concentrations that would interfere with use of these
wastewaters as agricultural irrigation waters; the treatability of the
wastes by the proposed lagoon treatment system was confirmed by the
laboratory work; and the feasibility of management of the groundwater
levels within the irrigation site area by drainage wells and tile was
established by the investigations.
340 M REUSE OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER
Amramy, A.
Civil Eng., 38:58-61, May 1968.
Descriptors: Israel, Water quality standards. Nitrate contamination,
Groundwater recharge, Water reuse.
This author feels that only one type of wastewater use is complete in
Itself—groundwater recharge. The work that he has done in Israel has
shown that this can be successfully accomplished, although final calcium
and nitrate concentrations in the groundwater were too high to be accept-
able as drinking water.
341 M SANITARY-HELM/NTHOLOGJCAL EVALUA TION OF SEWAGE
FARMS UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE APSHERON
PENINSULA
Amirov, R. O., and D. A. Salimov
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 32:437-439, April 1967.
Descriptors: Furrow irrigation, Climatic data. Flood irrigation, Soil
types,*'Soviet Union.
Biological characteristics of sewage from Baku are given. High percent
of viable 'helminth eggs is found in the municipal sewage (54. 4). Sewage
is treated by Imhoff process. The treated sewage is used for irrigation
because of poor sandy soil and lack of rainfall. It was found irrigation
by flooding contaminated vegetables. There were no viable eggs found
after two months in the soil.. Investigations show sewage can be success-
fully used to. irrigate eastern part of the Apsheron Peninsula. Recommends
irrigation on. thermal processed food only, and only by furrow irrigation.
Climatic information given.
145
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342 I PERCOLATION OF CITRUS WASTES THROUGH SOIL
Anderson, D. R., eta/.
In: Proc. 21st Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1966.
p. 892-901.
Descriptors: Furrow irrigation, Food processing wastes, Monitoring,
California, Rates of application.
Wastewater from the Lemon Products Division of Sunkist Growers in
Corona, California, is spread on the land in furrows. A flow of 0. 82
mgd with a mean COD of 5,200 mg/l, is applied to 66 acre plots for 4
months at a time. The application is 6 in. /day and the average liquid
loading is 2.7 in./wk for 17 weeks. During the 17 weeks of loading
the ground is disced and refurrowed several times. During the 8
months, while the waste water is being applied to the remainder of the
200 acres, the land lies fallow or is planted to crops. If cropping is
practiced, well water is used for irrigation.
As a result of soil water monitoring it was determined that the COD was
reduced about 75 percent in the first 3 feet. As a result of percolation
the pH, hardness, TDS, and alkalinity of the water increased.
343 M EFFECTIVENESS OF A DEEP NA TURAL SAND FILTER FOR
FINISHING OF A SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT
Aulenbach, D. B., T. P. G lav in, and J. A. R. Rojas
Presented at New York Water Pollut. Contr. Ass. Meet., January 29,
1970. lit p.
Descriptors: New York, Coliforms, Denitrification, Phosphorus
removal. Deep percolation.
A description is given of the Lake George Village, New York, sewage
treatment and disposal facilities. Trickling filter effluent has been dis-
charged opto natural sand percolation beds since 1939. The beds are
more (nan 56 feet deep and the effective size of the sand varies from
0. 135 mm to 0.25 mm.
Sampling at 10 foot depths in various beds was conducted to determine
the extent of wastewater renovation. Coliforms, BOD, and organic
nitrogen were almost completely removed. Nitrogen removal was about
50 percent. Phosphorus removal varied from 8 percent for one bed to
60 percent for a percolation bed that is used infrequently. Exhaustion
of phosphorus retention in some beds was concluded and subsequent
phosphorus leaching into nearby Lake George was postulated.
746
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344 M ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE- TASK
GROUP REPORT
Baffa, J. J., etal.
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 59:103-113, January 1967.
Descriptors: Ground water recharge, Rates of application Water
management (applied), Surveys.
This report presents the findings of a 7964 survey on the practice of
ground water recharge. It was conducted by sending questionnaires to
USCS district geologists In each state. Questions were included on the
rates of recharge used, and whether studies on the relative economics
of recharge versus developing surface supplies had been made Only
five of the 42 states replied yes to the latter question. Reasons given
for recharge (in the order of most responses) were: (1) to solve a
specific water management problem, (2) to maintain high ground water
levels, (3) to conserve water generally, (4) to prevent salt water
intrusion, and (5) to improve the quality of the groundwater.
345 M WASTEWA TER RECLAMATION B V GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE ON LONG ISLAND
Baffa, John, and Nicholas Bartilucci
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 35:437-445, March 1967.
Descriptors: Activated sludge effluents. Tertiary treatment. New York,
Rates of application, Groundwater recharge.
With the decrease in groundwater tables and other available supplies of
fresh water, many communities are faced with both a water shortage and
the danger of salt water intrusion into existing supplies. Research for
new supplies has indicated that the use of sewage effluent for ground-
water recharge is feasible and bacteriologically safe. Rates of in filtra-
tion-as high as 3 ft/day have been recorded using activated sludge
effluent which has been chemically coagulated and then filtered through
sand and carbon. Recharge basins have been found to give the equiva-
lent of tertiary treatment.
345 M ROLE OF SOILS AND SEDIMENT IN WA TER POLLUTION
CONTROL, PART I
Bally, G. W.
U.'S. Dept. Interior, Athens, Co., Fed. Water Poll'ut. Contr. Admn.,
March 1968.' 90 p.
Descriptors: Phosphorus removal. Soil chemical properties. Soil
physical properties.
747
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This report consists of four sections: (1) nature and properties of
soils, (2) chemical character of sewage, (3) behavior of nitrogen in
soils, (4) behavior of phosphorus in soils. The immobile nature of
phosphorus in soils, compared to nitrogen, and the generally high
phosphorus fixation power of soil are discussed; seven factors
affecting the fixation of phosphorus by soils are discussed.
347 M MUNIC1PA L SEW A GE EFFL UENT FOR IRRICA TION
Beckett, F. E., and C. W. Wilson (ed.)
Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst., July 30, 7955. 169 p.
Descriptors: Water reuse, Water quality data. Conferences.
The realization that sewage effluent is relatively pure water has led to
the investigation of its use for irrigation purposes. This report is from
a symposium held in Louisiana and the separate articles are abstracted
individually.
348 M RIDCE AND FURROW LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL IN A
NOR THERN LA TITUDE
Bendixen, T. W., R. D. Hill, W. A. Schwartz, and C. C. Robeck
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 94fSAD: 147-757,
February 1968.
Descriptors: Furrow irrigation. Monitoring, Rates of application,
Wisconsin, Trickling filter effluent.
The operation and performance of a municipal ridge and furrow liquid
waste disposal system in use since 1959 was monitored for a year and
a half. One hundred and fifty thousand gallons a day of trickling filter
effluent are disposed into the soil via four 1-acre basins. A heavy
stand of grass left unharvested over the winter apparently contributes
to successful operation. The changes in infiltration rates and quality
of the infiltrate with season and under various loading and operating
conditions are examined, as are companion field and indoor lysimeter
studies comparing various design and operational factors that may
influence infiltration protection of groundwater.
349 I CANNERY WASTE TREATMENT BY SPRAY IRRIGATION
RUNOFF
Bendixen, T. W., R. D. Hill, F. T. DuByne, and G. G. Robeck
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 41:385-391, March 1969.
148
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Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Monitoring, Ohio, Suspended
solids. Overland flow.
In 1965, the authors estimate that 2,400 land-waste disposal systems
exist in the U.S. with 900 of them serving the food processing industry
In northern Ohio a spray-runoff system for treatment of tomato wastes
is described. Operations began in 1954 and monitoring data are avail-
able from 1961. In 1961-1965 detailed studies were conducted of infiltra-
tion and runoff rates, quality of influent and effluent, effect of storm
runoff, and influence of spray waste runoff on stream pollution.
Wastes are sprayed at the top of grassed slopes (5 percent) that are
100 to 200 feet long. The runoff is collected in waterways which in turn
discharge to a natural watercourse. During the 1964 and 1965 seasons
only 30 to 40 percent of the wastewater appeared as runoff. Removals
of COD, total nitrogen, phosphates, and suspended solids, on a mass
basis, ranged from 81-95, 73-93, 65-84, and 89-97 percent, respectively.
350 M GROUND WA TER NITRA TE DISTRIBUTIONS BENEA TH
FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Behnke, J. J., and E. E. Haskell, Jr.
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 6_0_: 477-480, April 1968.
Descriptors: Microbial degradation, Fresno, California, Nitrate
contamination, Croundwater recharge.
The occurrence and distribution of nitrates in groundwater is a complex
problem dependent upon many variables. Nitrate concentration maps
are useful in groundwater studies to indicate areas receiving unusual
nitrate concentrations. Nitrate may not be an effective groundwater
tracer in all cases, because its concentration in the water table changes
markedly with horizontal distance. Areas receiving nitrate concentra-
tions from organic sources should also have high chloride concentrations.
Therefore, a comparison of the chloride and nitrate concentrations in the
groundwater may offer some insight into the effects of bacterial action on
nitrate concentrations. Nitrate concentrations in the uppermost 10 feet
of the groundwater body were approximately one-third higher than in
deeper waters—below 10 feet the nitrate concentration was essentially
uniform with depth.
351 M DISPLACEMENT OF IRON IN SOIL IRRICA TED WITH SEWAGE
Bocko, J.
Zesz. Nauk. Wyzsz. Szk. Roln. Wroclawiu Melior. (Wroclaw, Pol.),
10:209-217, 1966.
149
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Descriptors: Soil chemical properties. Clogging (soil). Subsurface
drainage, Poland.
Decomposition of+sewage in soil causey oxygen deficit, resulting in a
reduction of Fe3 and leaching of Fe2 to the lower horizons. The dis-
placed Fe accumulates in the lower horizons, forming an impermeable
layer, inhibiting water percolation into the drains.
352 M RETURNING WASTES TO THE LAND, A NEW ROLE
FOR AGRICULTURE
Bouwer, H.
J. Soil Water Conserv., 23(5): 164-168, October 1968.
Descriptors: Rates of application. Costs, Tertiary treatment, Ground-
water recharge. Phoenix, Arizona.
Land disposal of conventionally treated sewage may be accomplished with
(1) high rate systems with renovation as the main objective and appliqa-
tion rates of several feet per day (examples: Whittier Narrows, Santee,
Flushing Meadows, Dan Region Projects in Israel, and recharge through
dunes in Western Holland), (2) low-rate systems for irrigation with
application rates of 1 to 4 inches per week, or (3) combination systems
for irrigation and renovation such as Melbourne, Penn State project and
Bielefeldt, Germany.
The economics of percolations versus coagulation-sedimentation plus
carbon adsorption plus disinfection were given. For a 100 mgd plant,
advanced waste treatment would cost $37 per acre-ft as compared to $8
per acre-ft for recharge at 300 acre-ft per acre. Also, with ground-
water recharge, the water loses its identity as sewage and is collected
as "groundwater" whereas the "purified" sewage concept persists with
"in-plant" tertiary treatment systems.
353 M GROUND WA TER RECHARGE DESIGN FOR RENOVA TING
WASTE WATER
Bouwer, H.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 96(SA1): 59-74, February
1970.
Descriptors: Arizona, Groundwater recharge. Economic feasibility,
Phoenix, Arizona.
Ground water recharge through surface spreading can be an effective
and economical method for further treatment or renovation of convention-
ally treated sewage effluent, cannery wastes, or other low-quality water.
150
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The process could also be used in cases where keeping the waste water
out of surface waters is the main consideration. Infiltration of the waste
water can be accomplished with recharge basins, ridge~and-furrow
systems, or sprinklers. Most of the quality improvement takes place
as the fluid percolates through the first few feet of soil, but it is consid-
ered desirable to allow the water to travel laterally as ground water for
several hundred feet or more before it is collected as reclaimed water by
drains or wells. The design of a system of recharge areas with infiltra-
tion facilities and of wells or other facilities to collect the reclaimed water
must be based on: (1) Keeping the water table beneath the recharge area
at sufficient depth to maintain high infiltration rates, sufficient aerobic
percolation, and rapid drainage of the soil profile during dry up; (2)
allowing sufficient time and distance of underground travel of the
reclaimed water; and (3) minimizing spread of the reclaimed water into
the aquifer outside the recharge system ff contamination is to be avoided.
A procedure is presented to predict water-table positions for a system of
parallel, rectangular recharge areas, with wells located midway between
the areas. This enables the evaluation of the most favorable layout of '
recharge areas and wells with the desired water table response and travel
times. Procedures for obtaining the necessary information on the hydrau-
lic conductivity conditions of the aquifer for recharge systems are pre-
sented. Using an analog technique, the horizontal and vertical hydraulic
conductivity of an aquifer can be determined from the recharge rate and
the water level response in two observation wells of different depths.
From the hydraulic conductivity data thus obtained, an effective trans-
missibility coefficient of the aquifer for recharge can be computed for
use in the analysis of a multiple-basin, multiple-well recharge and
renovation system. The procedures are illustrated with an evaluation
of the hydraulic properties of the aquifer for an experimental recharge
system in the Salt River bed west of Phoenix, Arizona, and with a calcu-
lation of water table positions and travel times for a system consisting of
two parallel recharge strips with wells midway in between.
354 M WA TER QUA LITY A SPEC TS OF INTERMITTENT S YS TEMS
USING SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Bouwer, H.
Presented at Artificial Groundwater Recharge Conference, Pap. No. 8,
Univ. of Reading, England, September 27-24, 7970. 79 p.
Descriptors: Phoenix, Arizona, Denitrification, Clogging (soil),
Spreading basins, Soil physical properties.
Details of the operation of the Flushing Meadows Project near Phoenix,
Arizona, are given. Secondary effluent is treated by rapid infiltration
in 6 experimental spreading basins. In the spring of 7965 Basin 1 was
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left with its original sandy loam. Basin 2 was covered with 2 inches of
coarse sand and gravel, and the other 4 basins were seeded to giant
bermuda grass. Infiltration rates in the grass-covered basins were 25%
higher, and in the gravel-covered basin 50% lower, than in the bare soil
basin. Because clogging occurred at or near the so/7 surface, there was
an a/most linear relation between the water depth in the basins and the
infiltration rate observed.
With the exception of high nitrate concentrations in the groundwater at
the beginning of the inundation cycle (2 weeks' inundation followed by
10 days' drying) the average nitrogen removal after passage through 30
feet of soil was 50%. The nitrogen removal is probably due to denitrifica-
tion and adsorption of the ammonium to organic material in the soil. More
nitrogen was removed under vegetated infiltration basins than non-
vegetated basins.
355 M WASTE WA TER RECLAMA TION
Bur. Sanit. Eng.
Calif. State Dept. Pub. Health, Sacramento, November 1967.
Descriptors: California, Costs, Croundwater recharge, Water quality
standards, Surveys.
This compendium of data on reclamation in California includes material
on water uses, treatment technology, quality requirements, and costs.
Specific chapters deal with wastewater reclamation in the San Francisco
Bay Area including present activity and the potential market. Details
are presented on the existing 18 reclamation sites in the Bay Area as
well as studies on groundwater recharge throughout California.
356 M DETERMINA TION OF A COST FOR RECLAIMING SEWAGE
EFFLUENT BY GROUND WATER RECHARGE IN PHOENIX,
ARIZONA
Buxton, J. L.
Master's Thesis, Arizona State Univ., Phoenix, June 1969.
Descriptors: Phoenix, Arizona, Operation and maintenance. Spreading
basins, Costs, Groundwater recharge.
The thesis presents cost estimations for sewage reclamation facilities
based upon the model developed by Dr. Bouwer. The reclamation
facility consists of an intake system, a spreading system, and a
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recovery system. The costs estimated include those for capital invest-
ment and annual operating and maintenance. The capital costs is
amortized at a 6 percent interest rate for projected life spans of JO, 15,
and 20 years. The unit cost for the proposed facilities is at $5 to $6 per
acre foot of recharged and reclaiming water in the Phoenix area.
357 M A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDY OF
THE USE OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT FOR
IRRIGATION
Cantrell, R. P., Charles W. Wilson, F. E. Beckett, and F. A. Calvo
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 735-757.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility, Sprinkler irrigation, Louisiana,
Furrow irrigation. Salinity.
This is a study investigating the technical aspects of using sewage
effluents for irrigation. The study, conducted at the City of Ruston,
Louisiana, concluded that sewage effluent from the Ruston sewage treat-
ment plants could be used for irrigation without causing significant
technical problems. The problem of corrosion and sprinkler nozzle
plugging were not expected to be of any concern. The harmful effects
of salts and chemicals in the effluent were expected to be negligible.
Sewage effluent from Ruston sewage treatment plants could be used for
irrigation of field crops and pasture. However, sprinkler irrigation of
fruits and vegetables to be eaten raw was not advisable. The effluent
could be used to furrow irrigate fruit trees, as long as the fruit did not
come into contact with the effluent.
The cost of developing sewage effluent streams for irrigation water
compares favorably with other sources of water. For the Lincoln
Parrish farms studied, the average annual fixed and operating cost
for the sewage effluent systems was $54.82 per acre, as compared to
$105, 87 per acre when using deep wells as a source of water. The
cost shown for the sewage effluent systems did not include the fertilizer
value of the effluent,
358 M HEALTH REGULATIONS CONCERNING SEWAGE
EFFLUENT FOR IRRIGATION
Coerver, J. F.
In: Proc. Symp, Munic, Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 123-133.
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Descriptors: Planning, Sprinkler irrigation, Vegetable crops, Public
health regulations.
The author investigated and discussed health regulations regarding
sewage irrigation with particular emphasis on practical aspects. A
summary of questionnaires from State Health Departments on sewage
irrigation was presented. The author concluded that regulations on
the use of municipal sewage effluent for irrigation vary from state to
state. Any plans to use municipal sewage for irrigation should begin
with an informal proposal to the State Health Department for prelimi-
nary appraisal, preferably before any expensive plans are formulated.
The use of untreated sewage for irrigation is generally prohibited.
States approve the use of treated sewage for irrigation except in the
more hazardous situations involving vegetables eaten raw; public .
access lawns, and dairy pastures, etc., although some states recog-
nize that sewage can be reclaimed by extensive treatment to
satisfactorily reduce hazards.
359 M EFFECTS ON VEGETABLES OF IRRIGATION WITH WASTE
TREA TMENT EFFLUENTS AND POSSIBLE PLANT PA THOCEN
Cole, H., et or/.
Phytopathology, 55:7757-7797, September 1969.
Descriptors: Plant diseases. Soil microbiology, Reviews.
Using an extensive literature search, the authors make a thorough
investigation on the research done on plant pathogens as related to
effluent reuse. Although in many cases, the use of effluent is similar
in effect to pure water irrigation, research is still badly needed,
especially in humid regions where plant pathogens are already
present and active in the soil.
360 S LIQUID SLUDGE AS A FARM FERTILIZER
Conn, R. L.
Compost Sci., 11 (3): 24-25, May-June 1970.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Rates of application, Economic feasibility,
Anaerobic digestion. Recycling nutrients.
The University of Illinois' Depts. of Agronomy and Civil Engineering are
working on a three-year project to study the fertilizer value and applica-
tion of digested liquid sludge to farmland. The research plots used in the
study will try to determine the method and maximum rate of sludge appli-
cation possible before bad effects appear.
(Also appears in Crops and Soils Magazine, 22(4): 12-73, 1970. )
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361 M MICRA TION OF POLLUTANTS IN A GLACIAL
OUTWASH ENVIRONMENT
Crosby, J. W., 0. L. Johnstone, C. H. Drake, and R. L. Fenton
Water Resour. Res., 4(5): 1095-1114, October 1968.
Descriptors: Washington, Croundwater contamination, Soil physical
properties, Croundwater movement. Septic tanks.
Soil samples were taken from test holes to determine the movement of
polluting chemicals and bacteria in the alluvial soil of the Spokane River
valley, Washington, caused by soil disposal of septic tank effluent from a
nursing home. It was found that bacteria were normally removed after
passage through 20 ft of soil; that moisture fronts moved further, laterally
and vertically, in the winter; and that chlorides and nitrates moved at
rates comparable to those of the dispersing effluents. Detailed observa-
tions of moisture distribution were supplemented by observations using
sand models, and it was demonstrated that dry conditions at depth were
caused by lateral dispersion by capillarity.
362 M WASTEWA TER RECLAMA TION AND EXPORT A T
SOUTH TAHOE
Culp, Russell, and Harlan Moyer
Civil Eng., 39: 35-42, June 1969.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Tertiary treatment. Oxidation lagoons,
California.
The spraying of effluent on land was discontinued and now the effluent is
processed by tertiary treatment and then stored in a basin for use in
irrigation.
363 S RECLAIMING LAND WITH CHICAGO SEWAGE SLUDGE
Dalton, F. E.
Compost Sc/., 8(2): 5-8, December 1968.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Planning, Land reclamation. Sludge
disposal.
Thi's article describes present methods of sludge disposal and plans for
construction of a ten-acre small-scale farm irrigation system for crop
utilization of digested sludge.
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364 M TUCSON WASTEWATER RECLAMA TION PROJECT
Davis, C. E., and J. F. Stafford
Tucson Wastewater Reclamation Project, Water and Sewers Dept., Univ.
of Arizona, Tucson, First Annual Report, July 1966.
Descriptors: Tucson, Arizona, Public acceptance. Viruses, Water
reuse, Wastewater treatment.
A summary of the first year of the Tucson Wastewater Reclamation Project.
The primary purpose of the project is to demonstrate the chemical, micro-
biological, and virological safety and aesthetic acceptability of including
wastewater, which has been renovated by use of a soil system, as a
dependable and substantial portion of the future water supply for metro-
politan Tucson.
365 S UL TIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTE WA TER CONCENTRA TES
TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Dean, Robert B.
Environ. Sci. Techno!., 2_: 1079-1086, December 1968.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Sludge disposal.
Advanced treatment of wastewater is basically the separation of a valu-
able product—water—from its pollutants. The residue of substances
which remains normally has no positive economic value, and must be
degraded or disposed of. In this respect, waste treatment is similar
to other industrial processing: separating the wheat from the chaff,
copper from its gangue, or wood pulp from lignin. These low value
residues, like those from wastewater treatment, are usually an economic
liability and may become a pollutant. It is the assignment of the Ultimate
Disposal Research Activity of the Federal Water Pollution Control Admin-
istration to devise methods for treating these residues so that they will
not pollute the environment.
366 M PUBLIC HEALTH AND WA TER RECLAMA TION
Deaner, D. C.
Water Sewage Works, Reference Number, 117jR7-R13, 1970.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, California, Water quality
data. Reviews, Surveys.
A 1969 directory of reclamation systems listed 170 systems in California.
This article reports on 45 of the systems that were selected for an
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intensified surveillance program. The objectives of the program were
to establish the status of public health and safety provisions and to
develop information for establishing reliability criteria at reclamation
operations.
367 M REVIEW OF LIT ERA TURE ON IRRIGA TION OF HUMAN
FOOD CROPS WITH WATERS CONTAINING VARIOUS
AMOUNTS OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATERS
Dinges, W. R.
Texas State Dept. Health, Div. of Wastewater Technology and
Surveillance, San Antonio, 1969. 31 p. (Unpublished)
Descriptors: Reviews, Public health regulations, Texas, Pathogenic
bacteria. Human diseases.
Definitive epidemiological information about the transmission of diseases
by consumption of foods irrigated with contaminated water is, essentially,
nonexistent. A search of the literature did not reveal studies made on
irrigation of food crops with treated and disinfected sewage treatment
plant effluents. Most investigators were of the opinion that disease-
causing organisms, with the possible exception of A scar is lumbercoides
(eggs) and tubercule bacteria (spores), die rapidly (2-30 days) under
field conditions. The efforts at establishment of realistic sanitary
standards for irrigation waters by public health authorities have
suffered due to a paucity of reliable information.
368 M VIRUS MOVEMENT IN CROUNDWA TER
Drewry, W. A., and R. Eliassen
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 4Q:R257-R271, August 1968.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, Croundwater contamination.
Viruses, Croundwater movement.
Virus retention by soils is studied. The adsorption of virus by soils is
greatly affected by the pH of the water-soil system. At lower pH values
it was found that adsorption was faster. Virus adsorption by some soils
can be greatly enhanced by increasing the cation concentration of the
liquid phase of a soil-water system. It was concluded that virus move-
ment through soils under saturated conditions should present no great
health hazard with respect to underground water supplies.
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369 M ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFECTS OF
LAND DISPOSAL METHODOLOGIES OF WASTEWATER
MANAGEMENT
Driver, C. H., etal.
U.S. Army Corps Eng., Washington, D.C., Wastewater Management
Report 72-1, January 1972, 147 p.
Descriptors: Overland flow, Wastewater treatment. Reviews, Sprinkler
irrigation.
Land disposal is categorized as (1) spray irrigation, (2) rapid infiltra-
tion ponds, and (3) overland runoff. Criteria are given in terms of
loadings, soils, slopes, and management practices for each category.
Specific descriptions are given for hydrologic, water quality, and soil
characteristics in California, the Great Lakes States, and New England.
Literature reviews are also included for microorganism removal in soil,
BOD removal mechanisms, indigenous soil pathogens, chemical inter-
action of soil and wastewater, and impacts of treatment wastewater.
Impacts discussed include those on climate, soil, and groundwater.
No cost information is included,
370 M SURVIVAL OF PATHOGENS AND RELA TED DISEASE
HAZARDS
Dunlop, S. G.
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed. ), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic tnst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 107-122.
Descriptors: Reviews, Viruses, Human diseases, Pathogenic bacteria.
The author reviewed the literature related to the survival of micro-
organisms on irrigated crops and in the soil. The probability that
microorganisms will survive in treated effluent is high and varies with
the type of microorganism. Normally the microorganisms include a
large variety of bacteria, spirochetes, protozoa, helminths and viruses
which originate from municipal and industrial wastes. Diseases asso-
ciated with these organisms include Salmonella gastroenteritis, typhoid
and paratyphoid fevers, bad I lory and amoebic dysentery, choloera
vibriosis, leptospirosis and infectious hepatitis. Less commonly seen
are tuberculosis, brucellosis, listeriosis, coccidiosis, swine erysipelas,.
ascariasis, cysticerosis and tapeworm disease, fascioliasis, and
schistosomiasis.
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377 M WASTEWATER RECLAMATION PROJECT
Dye, E. O.
Water Sewage Works, 115: 739-744, April 1968.
Descriptors: Tucson, Arizona, Activated sludge effluents. Costs,
Wastewater treatment, Reviews.
The city of Tucson is interested in wastewater reclamation, with approval
by health authorities. The second year of the Tucson Wastewater Recla-
mation Project embodied a program of intensive samp/ing and analysis
of applied activated sludge effluent, intrafilter aliquots representing
progressive stages of renovation, and the end products. Two phases
of application were completed and critically reviewed, leading to the
beginning of a third. Costs were discussed.
372 M MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER REUSE FOR IRRIGATION
Eastman, P. W., Jr.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Irrigation Drainage Div., 93(IR3):25-31,
September 1967.
Descriptors: Public health regulations. Water reuse. Southwest U.S.
The demand for reuse of wastewater is discussed with a projection of
water needs to the year 2000. States using sewage applied to land, with
estimated population served, are described. California and Texas are
two states used as examples for sewage irrigation. Health aspects of
sewage irrigation are studied in detail, with references to other
countries.
373 I SPRA Y IRRIGATION
Eckenfelder, W. Wesley, Jr.
In: Industrial Water Pollution Control, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
1966. p. 257-261.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Pulp and paper wastes. Tannery
wastes, Dairy wastes.
Spray irrigation is one of three irrigation methods of disposing of liquid
wastes. Factors governing irrigation include initial soil moisture, char-
acter of the soil, depth to groundwater, stratification of the soil, and
ground cover and terrain. Wastes successfully irrigated by spray irriga-
tion include cannery, pulp and paper, dairy, tannery, sulfite and box-
board.
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374 M STUDIES ON THE MOVEMENT OF VIRUSES WITH
CROUNDWATER
Eliassen, R., et al.
Water Quality Control Research Laboratory, Stanford Univ., Palo Alto,
California, 7967.
Descriptors: Soil types. Soil physical properties, Groundwater move-
ment, California, Viruses.
Tracers and analytical techniques, were developed for bacterial viruses
and their movement through five soils and seven uniform sands under
saturated flow conditions was studied. These studies produced the
following important conclusions:
1. The removal of virus from percolating water is
largely due to sorption on the soil particles.
2. Soils having a higher clay content adsorb viruses
more rapidly than those with less clay. The re-
tention capacity for 3 soils, having clay contents
ran a ing from 37% to 5%, were all on the order of
10l° viruses per gram, and for sand with flow
rates of 6 to 7 ft per day, the retention capacity
was on the order of JO* viruses per gram. As
the pH increased above 7 the fraction of viruses
adsorbed decreased markedly. As the cation
concentration in the water increased, the fraction
of viruses adsorbed also increased.
There is no theory for describing the movement of viruses through soil,
but the knowledge that adsorption is the important removal mechanism
provides a qualitative description. It indicates that prolonged appljca-
tion of high concentration of viruses to even clay soils will eventually
result In a breakthrough of organisms.
375 S USING SEWAGE SLUDGE ON FARMLAND
Evans, James 0.
Compost Sci., 9(2): 16-17, June 1968.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Recycling nutrients, Sludge disposal.
Digested sewage sludge gets big demand after Pennsylvania farmers
take a look at results of applications to fields.
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376 M UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES
Feinmesser, A., and S. 2. Hershkovitz
Water Sewage Works, 114: 757-754, May 1967.
Descriptors: Detergents, Odor, Salinity, Heavy metals.
The use of sewage for irrigation is important for three reasons: (1)
re-utilization of a source of water; (2) utilization of the fertilizer present
in sewage; (3) inexpensive and efficient solution of the problems of sani-
tary disposal and prevention of possible sanitary nuisances by sewage.
Problems occur from the salts, toxic materials and boron present in
sewage, the latter often from detergents.
377 M SOME INVESTIGATIONS OF TERTIARY METHODS OF
TREATMENT
Fish, H. H.
J. Inst. Pub. Health Eng. (London), 6S_:33-47, 7966.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons. Suspended solids, England, Costs,
Tertiary treatment.
Tertiary treatment of sewage-works effluents in Essex by irrigation on
grass plots, slow sand filtration, m/crostraining, and lagooning has
been studied over a period of 12 months, covering removal of BOD and
suspended solids, and of nominal oxygen belance of the effluent; some
of the results obtained by lagooning were superior. All four processes
produced similar results when treating humus tank effluent, conforming
to the Royal Commission standard. The costs of the processes are
compared and their merits are considered in relation to requirements
of river authorities, sewerage authorities, and public health protection.
In reply to a question raised in discussion, the author stated that these
processes caused only slight reduction in the concentration ofanionic
detergents.
378 S THE EFFECT OF SEWAGE, OVERLYING LIQUOR AND
COMPOSTING ON THE VIABILITY OF PARASITE,
REPRODUCTIVE STATES
Forstner, M. J.
Wasser Abwasser Forschung (Munich), 3; 776-754, 7970.
Descriptors: Human diseases, Sludge disposal. Anaerobic digestion.
Sprinkler irrigation, Europe.
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Detailed parasitological tests have been carried out to study the distribu-
tion, viability and rate of secondary infection caused by worm ova in
cattle and agriculture originating from fields irrigated with silage or
sewage as artificial rain. Results showed that sewage sludge containing
parasites and ova*was'rendered harmless after composting for two or
three months or after pasturization.
379 M RA TIONA LE OF STA NDA RDS FOR USE OF RECLAI MED
WATER
Foster, H. B., Jr., and W. F. Jopling
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 95(SA3):503-514, 1969.
Descriptors: California, Recreational facilities, Wastewater treatment.
Public health regulations, Water quality standards.
Committees developed workable standards for safely utilizing reclaimed
wastewater in California. Applications such as irrigation of crops and
parks, and recreational impoundments were developed. In the develop-
ment of the standards, the major controversy centered around four basic
subjects:
1. Sampling and analysis requirements for
adequate disinfection;
2. Specification of proper practices in the
production and use of reclaimed waste-
water;
3. Use of descriptive terms versus specific
quality parameters in definitions;
4. Quality requirements for specific uses.
380 M ECONOMICS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FOR
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
Frankel, R. J.
Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D. C., Artificial Recharge
and Management of Aquifers, Symp. of Haifa (March 19-26, 1967),
Int. Ass. Sci. Hydrology Publ. No. 72, 1967. p. 289-301.
Descriptors: Croundwater recharge, Economic feasibility. Costs,
Wastewater treatment.
A research project was undertaken to determine whether or not waste
reclamation could be economically competitive with other water sources
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for municipal water supply. Numerous advanced waste treatment sys-
tems and recycle schemes were evaluated. Wastewater renovation
through groundwater recharge proved to be the most feasible solution
to reclamation of the effluent of any type treatment plant today. Further
study has evaluated the chemical and physical limitations of artificial
recharge, using municipal wastes; and the economic trade-offs between
additional treatment prior to recharge and greater land utilization and
the break-even point for land values as a function of economics of scale.
Finally the economics of a particular case study in the arid West of the
United States is discussed as well as proposed scheme for converting the
nation's capital, Washington, D.C., in the humid East from using solely
surface water supplies to using artifical recharge of undeveloped aquifers
for future expansion of water supplies.
381 I EXPERIENCES OF CANNERY AND POULTRY WASTE
TREA TMENT OPERA TIONS
Cilde, L. C.
In: Proc. 22nd Ind. Waste Conf.„ Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1967.
p. 675-686.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes. Overland flow. Oxidation lagoons.
Design data, Paris, Texas.
Five locations of land disposal of wastewater for cannery and poultry
operations by Campbell Soup Company are selected and described in
detail. Three spray irrigation and two lagoon systems are presented.
The design criteria and the removal efficiencies of each system are
presented. The three spray sites include two overland flow systems-
Paris, Texas and Napoleon, Ohio—and an underdrained spray irriga-
tion site at Sumpter, S. C.
Campbell Soup Company has adopted a policy of building plants in
rural areas. The selection of plant site depends mainly upon the
source of water supply and the capability of waste treatment. Due to
differences of environment from site to site, none of the plants are
utilizing the same system. As a result, the efficiency of each system
is different.
382 I FOOD PROCESSING WASTE TREA TMENT BY SURFA CE
INFILTRATION
Cilde, Louis
In: Proc. 1st Nat. Symp. Food Processing Wastes, Portland, Ore.,
Fed. Water Quality Admn., Report No. 12060—04/70, 1970. p. 311-326.
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Descriptors: Overland flow, Food processing wastes, Paris, Texas,
Rates of application. Water quality data.
A spray irrigation system using overland flow has been successfully
operated by the Campbell Soup Company at Paris, Texas, obtaining
removal rates of 98 percent for suspended solids, 99 percent for BOD,
92 percent for total nitrogen and 62 percent for total phosphorus. Rates
of application were from 0. 25-0. 50 inch per day to land with a slope of
1-12 percent and a length of 200-300 feet. Cross cover was reed canary
and 61 percent of all water applied (wastewater and rainfall) ran off the
land.
383 M SIGNIFICANCE OF ESCHERICHIA COLl SEROTYP/S IN
WASTEWATER EFFLUENT
Clantz, Paul, and Thomas Jacks
J. Water 'Pollut. Contr. Fed., 39_: 1918-1921, November 1967.
Descriptors: Conforms, Sprinkler irrigation, Rates of application,
Soil contamination.
Sewage effluents with average coliform densities of 2,000/100 ml of
chlorinated effluent were sprayed over a field at rates of one and two
inches per week. Coliform counts at 2 and 4 feet below the surface
gave average readings of 1/100 ml, indicating a satisfactory purifica-
tion by the soil. Birds native to the area were also tested and found to
have suffered no contamination from the spraying operation.
384 S TRANSPORTING WASTES TO BUILD SOILS
Goldstein, Jerome
Compost Sci., 11(5): 22-24, September-October 1970.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Economic feasibility. Sludge disposal.
Chicago proves it's cheaper to move sludge to farms than to burn it.
385 M PRACTICAL IRRICA TION WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Gray, J. F.
In: Proc. Symp. Manic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968, p. 49-56.
Descriptors: Lubbock, Texas, Rates of application, Groundwater
recharge. Water management (applied). Grain crops.
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The author described the application of sewage effluent for irriaation
from the sewage treatment plant at Lubbock, Texas The system
irrigated the area of 2, 900 acres at a rate of U. 5 to 15 mad Manv
crops were grown under such conditions. The comparison of economic
benefit was estimated as follows: Under Lubbock climatic and soil
conditions, the expected yields were 800 to 1,000 pounds of qrain sor-
ghums, 10 to 12 bushels of wheat, or 150 to 225 pounds of lint cotton
per acre without the use of irrigation water. Under good management
the expected yields of these crops under irrigation would be 4 000 to
5, 000 pounds of grain sorghums, 39 to 40 bushels of wheat, and 600
to 800 pounds of lint cotton. By using effluent, yields run'as high as
2. 5 bales per acre on cotton, approximately 6, 500 pounds of grain sor-
ghum and close to 80 bushels of wheat without commercial fertilizer.
The author found that effluent irrigation, both heavy and moderate, has
been highly successful from the standpoint of increasing crop yields,
preventing pollution, improving soil conditions, and recharging the'
underground aquifer.
386 M ELIMINA TION OF VIRUSES FROM SEW A CE IN
EXPERIMENTAL UNDERGROUND FILTRATION
Crigor'Eva, L. V., and E. I. Concharuk
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 31(10-12): 158-163, October 1966.
Descriptors: Coliforms, Rates of application. Subsurface drainage,
Soviet Union, Viruses.
Laboratory models of underground filtration beds and filtering wells
have been constructed to investigate the danger of bacterial contamina-
tion of sewage. Two Coxsackie strains, A5 and A 14, and E. coli No. 163
were used to test the sewage.
The sewage load was 301/24 hr per 1 running meter for underground
filtration beds and 1,801/24 hr per 1 m2 for the filtering wells. The
application of sewage continued for 42 days.
The results showed that the purification of viruses and bacteria was
more satisfactory in the case of the underground filtration beds than in
the case of filtering wells. After application in the period of maturation,
Coxsackie A viruses and E. coli were more frequently detected in the
concentrated filtrate but only until the 20th day. The underground
filtration let through 0. 002 to 0. 042 percent of the initial bacteriophage,
while the filtering well let through 0. 007 to 0. 109 percent.
165
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387 I CURRENT PRACTICE IN POTA TO PROCESSING
WASTE TREATMENT
Guttormsen, Kristian, and Dale Carlson
U.S. Dept. Interior, Corvallis, Ore., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn.
Report No. DAST-14, October 7969. 708 p.
Descriptors: Potato processing wastes, Sprinkler irrigation. Rates of
application. Food processing wastes.
Pages 69-72 of this report described current successful spray irrigation
systems for potato processing wastes and vegetable wastes. Rates of
one million gallons per year for 3. 5 acres are reported.
388 I SPRA Y 1RRICA TION TREA TMENT
Haas, F. C.
In: Proc. Symp. Potato Waste Treat., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho,
Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn., Report No. 12060—, July 7968.
p. 55-59.
Descriptors: Washington, Potato processing wastes. Rates of application.
Operation and maintenance, Costs.
The American Potato Company near Moses Lake, Washington, has been
using spray irrigation to dispose of its wastes since 7965. Total waste
flow of 7. 2 mgd is sprayed on 720 acres at an average application rate
of 0. 35 in. per day. Initial capital cost excluding land was $30,000
and total operating costs are $40,000 per year.
389 M CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OF WASTEWATER IN A SOIL
ENVIRONMENT
Hajek, B. F.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 4J_: 7775-7786, October 7969.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Soil chemical properties, Soil physical
properties, Alabama.
The effects of wastewater disposal to soil will be scrutinized increasingly
to predict the assimilative capacity of soil. One phase of wastewater
disposal to soil, that of chemically contaminated wastewater has been
discussed to acquaint environmental engineers and scientists with
experimental methods presently available for making such a prediction.
These methods are wastewater chemical characterization, and chemical
interactions of soil-waste systems.
766
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390 M UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE FOR AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES
Hershkovitz, S. I, and A. Feinmesser
Water Sewage Works, 114: 757-754, May 7367.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons, Economic feasibility, Wastewater
treatment, Israel.
The re-utilization of sewage is included as part of the water potential in
Israel and is estimated at about 40 bil gal. per annum, or about W per-
cent of the total potential of the country. The utilization of an additional
source of water, the utilization of sewage for agricultural purposes is
important for the re-utilization of an additional source of water, the
utilization of fertilizers present in the sewage, and as an inexpensive
and efficient solution of the problems of sanitary disposal. The use of
sewage for irrigation in an efficient manner can increase crop yields.
Oxidation ponds are the most suitable purification means in Israel.
391 S DIGESTED SLUDGE DISPOSAL ON CROP LAND
Hinesly, T. D., and Ben Sosewitz
J. Water Poll ut. Contr. Fed., 47_: 822-830, May 7969.
Descriptors: Odor, Chicago, Illinois, Groundwater contamination. Costs,
Heavy metals.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago concluded that
digestion followed by land disposal could cope with Chicago's 1,000
tons (907, 000kg)/day of sludge successfully at a cost of $20 to $23/ton
($0. 022 to $0. 025/kg). Research designed to determine groundwater
contamination, the effect of heavy metals, and crop irrigation param-
eters was conducted by the University of Illinois and the District.
Kenaf and corn were used as the experimental vegetables. An 8-acre
(3. 2-ha) and a 30-acre (12. 2-haj plot were used for the tests. Crops
responded favorably to digested sludge; odors and flies were not
problems; and nitrate rates in drainage waters increased.
392 M 1RRICA TION Wl TH RECLAI MED WA S TE WA TER
Hirsch, L.
Water Wastes Eng<, 6; 55-60, April 1969,
Descriptors: Salinity, Water quality standards, Soil physical proper-
ties, Heavy metals.
767
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Salinity, boron, lithium, and sodium are specific indicators of irrigation
water quality. The allowable concentrations ore determined by many
factors, the more significant of which include soil permeability, irriga-
tion practices, and plant selectivity.
393 M WASTE WATER RENOVATION BY THE LAND—A LIVING
FILTER
Kardos, L. T.
In: Agr. and the Quality of Our Environ., Amer. Ass. for Advance-
ment of Sci., Washington, D.C., Amer. Ass. for Advancement of Sci.
Publ. 85, 7967. p. 247-250.
Descriptors: Penn State, Pennsylvania, Rates of application. Soil types,
Croundwater recharge. Design data.
The 4-year Penn State Project was designed to reclaim wastewater by the
land, using a "living filter" system. The soil ranged in surface texture
from silt loam to silty clay loam, with slopes averaging four percent.
Each irrigation area was 240 ft wide and 800 ft long, and the crops were
grown in a strip arrangement in a rotation sequence. The rate of appli-
cation of effluent in 1963 was 0. 64 in. /hr; 1 in. /wk and 2 in. /wk were
applied. In 1964 and 1965, the rate was 0. 25 in./hr. The fertilizer
equivalent of the wastewater at the 2 in./wk level was equal to that of
2, 000 Ibs of 7-12-11 fertilizer/acre in 1963; and 2, 000 Ibs of 74-15- 74
fertilizer in 1964; and 2,000 Ibs of 5-10-5 fertilizer in 1965. The crops
were harvested and subsamp/es were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphor-
ous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, etc. Soil water samples were taken
by means of suction lysimeters. Since the beginning of the project the
area has been under severe drought conditions; however, hay yields
were increased 139 percent, corn silage 39 percent, corn grain 78 per-
cent, and oats grain 70 percent. The phosphorous and potassium con-
centrations in the alfalfa were 63 percent and 35 percent higher in the
effluent-treated plots than the control plots, while at the same time the
quantities removed were 300 percent and 224 percent higher. At the
1 in./wk level, corn silage removed 200 percent total N, 39 percent P,
and 62 percent K. The microbes also degrade the complex organic
molecules. After three years of operation, water samples showed that
the renovation capacity of the soil profile was still excellent. The
growing crop prevents the breakthrough of excessively large amounts
of nitrate nitrogen. The "living filter" a/so recharges the water table
by about 80 percent of the effluent applied to the land.
168
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394 M CROP RESPONSE TO SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Kardos, L. T.
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed. ), Ruslon, LouJs^na. Louisiana Polytechnic Inst
July 30, 1968. p. 27-29.
Descriptors: Nutrient removal, Penn State, Pennsylvania, Rates of
application. Forage crops. Grain crops.
This is a report of experimental work done at Penn State University
during 1964 and 1967. An objective of the experiment was to find the
effect of sewage effluent on the yield of agronomic crops, and the tests
included (1) crop yield at various levels of application of wastewater,
(2) nutrients removed in harvested crops as percentage of nutrients
applied in the wastewater. The specific crops studied were alfalfa hay
and corn silage in relation to the wastewater constituents, nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium.
395 S A SOLUTION TO THE SLUDGE PROBLEM AT THE SEWAGE
WORKS OF MUNICH
Karnovsky, F.
Muenchner Beitr. Abwasser-Fisch.-Flussbiol. (Munich), l_3j211-225,
1966.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Municn, Germany.
The author discusses the utilizu-non and disposal of domestic and
industrial sludges in relation to recent developments at the Munich
sewage works. Details are given of sludge drying/ in beds followed
by removal with sludge dredgers.
396 S THE UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN MUNICH
Karnovsky, F.
Gas- Wasserfach (Munich), 107(34): 962-964, August 1966.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal, Munich, Germany, Recycling nutrients.
Further reference is made to the disposal and utilization of sewage
sludge in connection with the successful operation of the sludge-
digestive plant at Munich-Craslappen and to the increasing use of
sewage sludge in agriculture.
169
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397 M THE MOVEMENT OF DISEASE PRODUCING ORGANISMS
THROUGH SOILS
Krone, R. B.
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 75-105.
Descriptors: Viruses, Pathogenic bacteria. Aerobic conditions. Human
diseases.
Data were given on the character of disease organisms, the processes of
filtration in soil, and the experiences of wastewater application for irriga-
tion. The conclusions drawn by the author include:
1. Pathogens have a wide variety of physical and
biological characteristics, including wide ranges
of size, shape, surface properties and die away
rates.
2. Straining the pathogens at the soil surface and
absorption of viruses near the soil surface is
desirable because it limits travel of pathogens
most. It is also subject to wide variations in
temperature and moisture and is most likely to
remain in an aerobic condition. A soil contain-
ing cloy should therefore be used for irrigation
with treated sewage.
3. Wide experience in irrigation with treated sewage
indicates that it is safe provided that at least
primary treatment is used, and provided that
the crops are not consumed directly by humans.
Secondary treatment and chlorination is recom-
mended for aesthetic reasons.
398 M INFLUENCE OF L YUBERTSY FIL TRA TION BEDS
UPON SUB-SURFACE WATERS
Kudryavtseva, B. M.
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 33(1-3): 271-274, January-March 1968.
Descriptors: Groundwater contamination, Coliforms, Groundwater
movement. Spreading basins. Soviet Union.
The Lyubertsy filtration beds are in an area where artesian waters are
extensively used for water supply. The beds are situated on a plain.
The geological structure of the area shows that the groundwaters occur
170
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in Quaternary sands at a depth of about 1 m. The artesian waters occur
in Upper, Middle, and Lower Carboniferous fissured limestones. The
principal confining layer is formed by Upper Jurasic clays.
The sewage received by the filtration beds has the usual composition of
household-fecal sewage. Twenty-six bore holes were drilled for studies
of ground waters around the filtration beds. Croundwaters from bore
holes near the beds had a high concentration of ammonia (4 mg/l),
chlorides (85 mg/l), sulfates (105 mg/l) and dry residue (500 mg/l),
as against 0. 5 mg/l ammonia, 15 mg/l chlorides, 40 mg/l sulfates, and
180 mg/l dry residue in the water of a control bore hole. The coli index
of the groundwaters decreases from 500 at a distance of 5 m from the
filter to 5 at a distance of 125 m, their progress over this distance taking
approximately 300 days. Over the same period, the concentration of
ammonia nitrogen decreased from 4 to 0. 5 mg/l, oxidizabi/ity from JO to
5 mg/l, etc. The concentration of chlorides in the flow of groundwater
increased with increasing distance, from 85 to 127 mg/l, their concen-
tration in the sewage being at the level of 50-60 mg/l during the last
two years.
399 M PURIFICATION OF EFFLUENT WATER BY SOILS
Kutepov, L. E.
Pochvovedenie (Moscow), p. 57-69, November 1968.
Descriptors: Reviews, Wastewater treatment, Soviet Union.
A review with 55 references. Fields irrigated with effluent can be used
as independent purification systems or can be combined with artificial
biological purification systems.
WO M INFLUENCE OF DOMESTIC WASTEWA TER PRETREA TMENT
ON SOIL CLOCCINC
Look, R.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 42:1495-1500, August 1970.
Descriptors: Soil types, Aerated lagoon effluents. Clogging (soil).
Septic tanks. United States.
Increased pretreatment of domestic wastewater prior to soil surface appli-
cation resulted in reducing the clogging rate of the soil surface. A labora-
tory study with 30 soil columns, three different soils, and septic tank and
extended aeration effluent was carried out. The soils were intermittently
loaded with the effluent up to clogging failure, which was reached within
180 days. The service time of the soil surfaces was increased when the
171
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concentrations of TSS and BOD in the hydraulic load were decreased.
The clogging material consisted of about 90 percent bacterial cells with
only traces of iron and sulfate.
407 S ACR/CULTURAL UTILIZAT1ON OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT
AND SLUDGE—AN ANNOTA TED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Law, J. P.
U.S. Dept. Interior, Washington, D.C., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn.
Report No. CWR-2, January 1968. 89 p.
Descriptors: Reviews, Bibliographies, Recreational facilities, Public
health regulations.
An excellent reference source, this book contains over 200 references
and reviews of articles pertaining to effluent utilization for agriculture,
industry, recreational purposes and other uses. Included are sections
on sanitary aspects of wastewater utilization, effects of effluents on soil
properties, and pollution abatement. Period covered is from before
1951 to 1965.
M NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM ENRICHED WASTE EFFLUENT
BY THE HYDROPONIC CULTURE OF COOL SEASON CRASSES
Law, J. P.
U.S. Dept. Interior, Ada, Ok., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn.,
Report No. 16080 10/69, October 1969. 33 p.
Descriptors: Nutrient removal, Hydroponics, Trickling filter effluent,
Phosphorus removal.
Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass were grown in hydroponic culture
tanks to evaluate their nutrient removal capabilities when supplied with
secondary sewage effluent. Six tanks were filled with a 15 in. bed of
pea gravel covered with a 2 in. layer of coarse sand. Trick/ing filter
effluent passed through the 20 ft long tanks with detention times of 1
and 2 days. No grass was planted in the 2 control tanks where total
nitrogen removal was 56% and phosphorus removal was 5%. With grass
growth nitrogen removal increased to 78% and phosphorus removal
increased to 13%. However, only 3-7% of the increased 22% nitrogen
removal was accounted for in the grass harvest.
Fescue yields were 10 tons per acre with a nitrogen uptake of 330
ib/acre/yr. Ryegrass, which went dormant in mid-summer, produced
6-7 tons per acre with nitrogen uptakes of 180-220 Ib/acre/yr. Phos-
phorus uptakes for ryegrass were 56-68 Ib/acre/yr and for fescue
were 100 Ig/acre/yr. BOD removal was about 85% in tall tanks.
172
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403 1 NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM CANNERY WASTES BY
SPRAY IRRIGATION OF GRASSLAND
Law, J. P. , Jr., R. E. Thomas, and L. H. Myers
U.S. Dept. Interior, Ada, Ok., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn. Report
No. 16080 77/69, November 1969. 73 p.
Descriptors: Nutrient removal, Paris, Texas, Food processing wastes,
Phosphorus removal, Overland flow.
A 12-month study was conducted of the overland flow land treatment
system for Campbell Soup Co. at Paris, Texas, from April 1968 to
April 1969. Under its present operating schedule, the system achieves
mass removals of 86 to 93 percent total nitrogen and 50 to 65 percent
phosphorus. During the study, the experimental areas received 133
inches of wastewater during 43 weeks of spraying and the annual rain-
fall was 57 inches.
Evaluation of surface and subsoil samples and soil water at the 3-ft
depth indicated an increase in salinity with age, but nitrogen and phos-
phorus remained low. Much of the phosphorus removed from the waste-
water was found on the surface soil layer.
404 / CANNERY WASTEWA TER TREA TMENT BY HIGH-RA TE
SPRAY ON GRASSLAND
Law, James, Jr., Richard Thomas, and Leon Myers
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 42j 7621-1623, September 1970.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Soil types, Overland flow, Paris,
Texas, Water .quality data.
At an operating cost of about five cents/1, 000 gallons, the Campbell Soup
Company in Paris, Texas disposes of 3. 6 mgd of cannery wastes by spray
irrigation to grassland crops. Pretreatment consists of screening on 10-
mesh screens. The soil varies in type from sandy loam to clay loam.
Results have been very good. Phosphorus removal is as high as 88 per-
cent; nitrogen removal as high as 90 percent; and volatile solids removal
as high as 99 percent. BOD removal is about 98 percent. Of a total of
133 inches of water applied, 60 percent returned as runoff to streams.
405 M SOIL AND GRASS FILTRATION OF DOMESTIC SEWAGE
EFFLUENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS
Lehman, G. S.
Thesis, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, 1968. 129 p. Diss. Abstr..
29(8): 3578. 1969.
173
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Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Tucson, Arizona, Aerobic condi-
tions. Nitrification, Co I i forms.
Studies were carried out on the removal of trace elements from sewage-
works effluents by filtration through soil and grass, using different
cycles of application. The best results were obtained with application
for one day, followed by three dry days; this provided necessary
aerobic environment for removal of trace metals, nitrification of re-
duced nitrogen compounds, and removal of col i form organisms, while
the short flooding period provided the anaerobic conditions necessary
for removal of nitrate by denitrification.
406 S SEWAGE SLUDGE DISPOSAL—BACK TO THE LAND?
Lewin, V. H.
Effluent Water Treat. J. (London), 8:21-23, January 1968.
Descriptors: Human diseases. Odor, Forage crops, Public acceptance,
England.
The author discusses the ways in which modern technical advances have
made the disposal of liquid sludge on farm land an inexpensive and use-
ful proposition and suggests that disposal of liquid sludge on agricultural
land by tanker no longer be a health hazard or nuisance it once was. At
Oxford, vacuum-dried sludge was acceptable to very few farmers and
only for brief periods prior to ploughing but it was found that tanker
distribution of digested activated sludge to grazing land was beneficial
and could be practiced for 9 months of the year. By 1967 demand exceed-
ed supply and more than 8 mil. gal. were disposed of in this way.
407 I SEMICHEMICAL HARDWOOD PULPING AND EFFLUENT
TREA TMENT
Malo, B. A.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 39_: 1875-1891, November 1967.
Descriptors: Reviews, Pulp and paper wastes, Soil types. Rates of
application. United States.
Disposal of pulp and paper mill wastewater by irrigation is reviewed.
Land requirements are 40 to 50 acres per mgd of wastewater. A BOD
loading of 200 Ib/acre/day is recommended as maximum. Soil treatment
through 15 to 21 inches of sandy loam, silt loam or clay loam will remove
95% of the BOD. Color in Kraft mill wastewater will be reduced 99% by
clay loam and 65% by sandy loam soils.
174
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I THE MOVEMENT OF PESTICIDES IN SOILS
McCarty, P. L., and P. H. King
In: Proc. 21st Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1966
p. 756-777.
Descriptors: Soil types. Microbial degradation. Soil contamination.
Pesticides.
The results of the experiment on the movement of organic pesticides in
soil were presented. Six organic phosphate pesticides, Thimet,
Disyston, Methyl Parathion, Parathion, Trithion, and Ethion were
tested in four types of soil of varying clay content. The conclusions
were:
7. The extent of adsorption may be correlated with
the clay content of the soil and described by
Freundlich type isotherms, higher clay content
has higher adsorption.
2. The rate of movement of pesticides in soils is
inversely related to the extent of adsorption.
The relative rates of movement may be deter-
mined from the pesticides properties such as
molecular size and water solubility or the
adsorption isotherm.
3. teachability
- Thi met, Disyston, Methyl Parathion and
Parathion move rapidly in soil-water system.
- Ethion and Trithion move more slowly.
- Methyl Parathion breakdown was very rapid.
- Thimet, Disyston and Trithion has intermediate
stability, while Ethion was relatively persistent.
- Parathion was fairly persistent initially but was
degraded readily after biological acclimation
took place.
4. Microbiological activity might reduce the effective-
ness of the pesticides as well as the potential of
harmful leachates from the soil.
409 M SOIL MANTLE AS A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
McCauhey, P. H., R. B. Krese, and J. H. Winneberger
University of California, Berkeley, SERL Report No. 66-7, 1966.
127p.
775
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Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Soil microbiology, Reviews,
California.
This project was to assemble pertinent literature from a variety of
specialty fields and to reinterpret the data thus found in terms of the
waste treatment ability of the earth's soil mantle. In the basis of this
interpretation, the nature and scope of any further research needed
before engineered soil systems can become a reality was defined. The
technical and economic role of soil systems in the overall sequence of
wastewater treatment necessary to protect the quality of ground waters
was evaluated. A series of progress reports expressing the findings
of various phases of the study, and a final report on the subject of use
of the biologically active soil mantle of the earth as an engineered
system of waste treatment were prepared.
470 M SOIL MANTLE AS A WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
McCauhey, P. H., and R. B. Krone
University of California, Berkeley, SERL Report No. 67-11, December
J967. 201 p.
Descriptors: Spreading basins. Nutrient removal, Subsurface irrigation,
California, Clogging (soil).
This report includes a procedure for evaluating the percolative capacity
of soil, comprehensive study of the permeability of the clogging mat or
zone which controls the infiltrative capacity of a soil under wastewater
loading, a study of the effect of the "hanging drop, " which develops in
some trench systems, study of the infiltration patterns, and comparative
studies of surface and subsurface ponds as treatment systems. The
report also contains comparative studies of surface spreading and spray
application on the capacity of a surface area to accept wastewater, the
feasibility of understanding natural soil beds to recover water for immed-
iate use above ground, in the manner of the slow sand filter, the effects
of various types of vegetation of spreading basins on the removal of
primary nutrients and on the interaction of minor elements such as boron
which may accumulate in the soil system and become toxic to vegetation,
the uptake of materials which may cause a harvested plant to be toxic to
men or animals or which may remove from a soil system significant amounts
of chemicals which normally move freely with percolating water, and
studies of the biological acceptance of a soil.
411 M WASTEWATER RECLAMATION AT WHITTIER NARROWS
McMichael, F. C., and J. E. McKee
Calif. State Water Quality Contr. Board, Sacramento, Publ. No. 33,
1966. WOp.
176
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Descriptors: Los Angeles, California, Spreading basins. Activated
sludge effluents, Monitoring, Water quality data.
The general objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of
intermittent percolation through soil of highly treated activated-sludge
effluent on the quality of groundwater in the Whittier Narrows area. The
project was designed to study the fate of significant mineral, organic, and
biological constituents of renovated wastewater and the phenomena asso-
ciated with their removal or transformation. The investigations were
divided into three major categories. (J) A total of 25 wells in the vicinity
of Whittier Narrows were monitored with respect to water quality at
various elevations by means of a selectfve-depth pumping unit. (2)
Test spreading basins were constructed and operated to study the
phenomena associated with intermittent vertical percolation through the
upper few feet of soil. (3) Laboratory soil columns were utilized to
compare the degradation of the new linear alkylate sulfonates (LAS)
with the conventional alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABSJ.
*tl2M THE SANTEE RECREATION PROJECT, SANTEE,
CALIFORNIA—FINAL REPORT
Merrell, J. C., Jr., W. F. Jopling, R. F. Bott, A. Katko, and H. E.
Pintler
U.S. Dept. Interior, Fed. Water Potlut. Contr. Admn., Research Service
Publ. No. WP-20-7, 1967.
Descriptors: Santee, California, Viruses, Public acceptance. Planning,
Recreational facilities.
This report presents the results of a study of the Santee Lakes, Calif-
ornia. The Santee Lakes were deliberately planned to receive the
community's reclaimed sewage effluent. The seven agency cooperative
study evaluated the fate of virus, total and fecal streptococci as waste-
water passed through conventional secondary treatment processes, sand
filtration, and the recreational lakes, ft was found that the additional
treatment provided by intermittent sand filtration met most of the require-
ments for recreational use of the terminal ponds. No health hazards have
been demonstrated by the viral or other findings and this fact had con-
siderable impact in the promotion of public acceptance of the use of the
recreational facilities.
413 S RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE WORKS OF
HAZEL CROVE AND BRAMHALL UDC
Morton, J., and F. Summerfietd
Water Pollut. Contr. (London), 68:85-92, 1969.
777
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Descriptors: England, Costs, Sludge disposal.
The cost of sludge disposal at the Offerton Sewage Works in England
which served about 20, 000 people is discussed and compared to the
use of drying beds.
474 M A DECADE OF STABILIZATION LAGOONS IN MICHIGAN
WITH IRRICA TION AS ULTIMA T£ DISPOSAL OF EFFLUENT
Myers, E. A., and T. C. Williams
In: Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. Waste Treat. Lagoons, Kansas City, Mo.,
June 23-25, 7970. p. 89-92.
Descriptors: Michigan, Aerated lagoon effluents. Rates of application.
Sprinkler irrigation. Surveys.
A general discussion of irrigation practice and lagoon treatment is given.
Generally, application rates for irrigation range from 1/8 to 1/3 inches
per hour with weekly amounts varying from 7 to 3 inches.
475 M MICROS I A L CONTENT OF AIR NEA R SEW A GE TREA TMENT
PLANTS
Napolitano, P. J. , and D. R. Rowe
Water Sewage Works, 77^:480-483, December 7966.
Descriptors: Public health regulations. Aerosols, Col/forms.
The coliform discharge to the air from aeration tanks and trickling
filters was measured under various weather conditions. At distances
of 700 to 750 ft from the treatment units coliform counts ranged from
approximately 30 percent of the count at the unit to nearly zero. The
data collected indicated that approximately 50 percent of the coliform
particles discharged were smaller than 5 microns and could be consid-
ered a health hazard. The coliform count at increased distances from
a source is a function of the wind velocity and decreases with distance.
476 M BRITISH PRACTICE IN THE TERTIARY TREA TMENT OF
WASTE WATER
Oakley, H. R., and T. Cripps
J. Water Pol/ut. Contr. Fed., 4_7_: 36-50, January 7969.
Descriptors: England, Legal aspects. Oxidation lagoons. Water quality
standards. Tertiary treatment.
778
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Studies effluent standards in Great Britain. Some legal aspects are dis-
cussed. Five methods of tertiary treatment given are: pebble bed
clarifiers, land irrigation, microstraining, slow and rapid sand filtra-
tion, and effluent lagoons. In the section on land irrigation the author
states that it is generally recognized that use of land for treatment of.
anything other than secondary tank effluent by irrigation is wasteful .in.
a country where land is at a premium. Even irrigation with secondary'
effluent is suitable only for smaller works where this method can serve
a particularly useful function in smoothing the inevitable variations in
effluent quality. Properly managed land irrigation areas can produce
effluents of consistently high quality. Land irrigation is not well suited
to large works or to sites in urban areas or areas of high agricultural
value.
14 7 7 S PI PEL INES TO TRA NSPOR T ORCA NIC WA S TES
Olds, Jerome
Compost Sci., 7(3): 3-5, December 1967.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Planning.
Developing pipeline systems to convey wastes to compost plants, sewQg&-
treatment plants, utilization sites.
475 / REUSE OF WASTEWATER IN GERMANY
Organ. Economic Cooperation and Development
Paris, France, 1969. 29 p.
Descriptors: Germany, Dairy wastes, Tannery wastes. Rates of
application. Food processing wastes.
In 1955, 131 wastewater irrigation systems were in use in Germany,
accounting for 3 percent of sewered sewage. Included are operations
which dispose of wastes from brewing, starch factories, dairies,
tanneries, sugar factories and textile mills. Wastewater applications
seem low, the maximum recorded is 600 mm per year (about 24 inches).
419 M REMOVAL OF ABS AND OTHER SEWAGE COMPONENTS
BY INFILTRATION THROUGH SOILS
Page, H. G., and C. H. Wayman
Ground Water, 4: 70-77, January 1966.
Descriptors: Clogging (soil), Dissolved solids. Soil types, Colorado
Soil physical properties.
179
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The nature and extent of movement of ABS and other sewage components
through natural soils were studied in the laboratory and in the field
north of Denver, Colorado. Small amounts of ABS and bacteria pass
through soils and reach the zone of saturation, where they move later-
ally down-gradient several thousand feet.
In laboratory studies Denver sewage plant effluent was filtered through
packed columns of eight types of soils. ABS was not significantly re-
moved by most of the soils; however, muck greensand marl, and
residual basalt soil initially removed up to 94 percent of the ABS.
Bacterial clogging occurred quickly in the fine soils but only in
modest amounts in the coarse sand, even after three months of flow.
Field studies included analysis of river and irrigation water contami-
nated from sewage plant effluent, and we 11 water from selected sites
down-^ gradient between unlined irrigation ditches and the river. Con-
centrations of ABS and bacteria were significantly reduced during
infiltration of irrigation ditch water to the water table. Dissolved
so/ids showed practically no change between the ditches and the wells.
420 M WASTEWA TER RENOVA TION AND CONSER VA TION
Parizek, R. R., et at.
Penn State Univ. , Univ. Park, Penn., No. 23, 1967. 77 p.
Descriptors: Soil microbiology, Design data. Monitoring, Penn State,
Pennsylvania, Soil physical properties.
The disposal of effluent on land in place of the customary disposal into
natural waters would provide a means of purifying the water and making
it available for reuse. The soil can be considered a living filter and
utilization of those processes occurring naturally in pools, i.e., biolog-
ical activities, the screening action of soil particles and the absorption
of chemical nutrients by plant roots can serve as a final purifying treat-
ment of the effluent. Described in detail are studies concerned with the
geology and soils of the areas used as determined by extensive drilling
operations, the exhaustive monitoring system that permitted a deter-
mination of the water quality of the effluent, the design of the irrigation
system and analyses which provide information of the changes that were
occurring in the effluent, soils and crops.
421 /. DISPOSAL OF TANNERY WASTES
Parker, R. P.
In: Proc. 22nd Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1967.
p. 36-43.
Descriptors: Tannery wastes, Canada, Odor, Winter storage, Costs.
180
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Beardmore & Co., Limited, located 50 miles west of Toronto, Ontario,
processes TOO, 000 Ib of cattle hide per day and their tannery waste-
water flow rate is 0. 72 mgd. During the spring, effluent which has
been screened, settled and had pH adjustment, is sprayed at the rate
of 2 in./day. This rate is excessive and because no runoff is tolerated,
the summer rate is reduced to 0. 3 in./day. Twitch grass is grown to
a height of 5 in. and then mowed to a height of 2 in.
Spraying is from late April to late November or until ice forms on the
turf. Lagoon capacity is 5 months of flow. Organic loading is 50 Ib
BOD per acre per day and the SAR is 30. This high SAR has not
hampered the operation as the effluent is saturated with calcium car-
bonate and calcium hydroxide. Odor problems exist and masking
agents are used in the spring. The installed cost of spray irrigation
is $2, 000 per acre. Maintenance expense is 10 cents per 1, 000 gal.
and the equivalent annual cost (amortizing over 5 years) is 20 cents
per 1,000 gal.
422 M WASTEWATER REUSE—A SUPPLEMENTAL SUPPLY
Parkhurst, J. D.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 96(SA3): 653-663, June
1970.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Activated sludge effluents, Los
Angeles, California, Anaerobic conditions, Croundwater recharge.
This article describes a wastewater reuse project undertaken in Los
Angeles County. The Whittier Narrows Water Reclamation Plant with 70
mgd capacity has operated about 6-1/3 years (December 31, 1968) and
supplied 95, 811 acre-ft of good quality water with revenue of $1. 45 million.
The Whittier Narrows plant uses the activated sludge process for pretreat-
ment of wastewater and then percolates the effluent from the pretreatment
into the ground. The reclaimed water is pumped from underground along
with other natural groundwater for unrestricted use. The waste products
which are removed by the treatment process are returned to the outfall
sewer directly below the reclamation plant for subsequent treatment by
anaerobic digestion at the downstream joint water pollution control plant.
Prior to the development of the soft detergents, it was necessary to air
strip to remove ABS in the wastewater, in order to comply with the water
quality requirements. However, with the change in formulation by the
manufacturers to biodegradable products, it has been possible to abandon
the air stripping process completely.
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423 M COLF COURSE AND AIRPORT IRRICA TE WITH
SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Par ness, W. H.
Amer. City, 93_: 90-92, May 7968.
Descriptors: Golf courses, California, Suspended solids. Operation
and maintenance. Costs.
Discusses the financial aspects of irrigation with sewage effluent. The
city of Livermore, California used this water to create four artificial
lakes in the golf course; to irrigate the area near the runways which
is leased for agriculture, adding to the airport's income; and to use
for fire protection at the airport and golf course. The golf course
became self-supporting in 1968. It operated on a budget of $755, 600,
but income was expected to be $163, 000. The airport brought in a net
profit that exceeded $7,000 in the first half of the fiscal year 7967-1968.
The high quality effluent from the sewage treatment plant is chlorinated
and piped to the golf course lakes and irrigation systems. With its high
nitrate content the effluent fosters turf and crop growth. About 35 per-
cent of golf course maintenance centers around water, so this plant
comprises a major asset.
In 7967 the city financed a $7. 7 mi11 ion plant expansion with the aid of a
$360, 000 grant plus their sewer connection fees. This converted the
old trickling-filter process into an activated sludge system and doubled
its capacity from 2. 5 mgd to 5 mgd. The plant removes 96 percent of
the BOD and 96 percent of the suspended solids. Financial aspects
were also discussed.
424 I SPRA V IRRIGA TION FROM THE MANUFACTURE OF
HARDBOARD
Parsons, Ward
In: Proc. 22nd Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind., 1967.
p. 602-607.
Descriptors: Costs, Sprinkler irrigation. Rates of application.
The use of spray irrigation systems has been successful in many instances,
as in this case, but this method is not a cure-all and problems are to be
expected, as in this case. Total costs are about $50. 00 per million gal-
lons, not including land or depreciation. The system is fairly simple to
operate but requires about 700 acres/3 mgd. The author feels that
operation of a spray irrigation system, while simple, has been over-
simplified in literature, with the preconceived notion of success, and
that this attitude should not prevail.
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425 M RENOVA TION OF WASTEWA TER EFFLUENT BY
IRRIGATION OF FOREST LAND
Penny packer, Stanley, eta/.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 39:285-296, February 1967.
Descriptors: Penn State, Pennsylvania, Phosphorus removal, Rates
of application, Denitrification, Wastewater treatment.
Penn State University at University Park, Pennsylvania,- successfully
demonstrated the use of forested land for wastewater disposal and
renovation at rates of up to 4 inches per week, or 1 mgd with. 129 acres.
The study area consisted of mixed hardwood, red pine and an old field.
BOD removal by the treatment plant was about 85-92 percent and hence
the ability of the soil to remove BOD was not checked. However, the
phosphorus removal was up to 99. 5 percent (down to 0. 04 mg/l) and
nitrate removal as high as 86 percent.
426 M SALT BUILD-UP FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT IRRIGATION
Peterson, H. B.
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed. ), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 37-44.
Descriptors: Salinity, Vegetation damage, Louisiana, Dissolved solids.
Four types of soluble salts in natural waters and in sewage effluents
were studied to determine the salinity status of effluent waters from
disposal systems and assess the potential salt build-up resulting from
the use of these waters.
1. Common Salt. In arid regions, the suggested
limit for salinity in irrigation water is less than
500 mg/l of total dissolved solids without any
detrimental effect on crops. Wastewater with a
TDS range from 500 to 5,000 mg/l may be used
depending upon types of crops. In the humid
region the above criteria can serve only as a
rough guide and the accepted amount of normal
salt could likely be increased.
2. Exchangeable sodium. Relatively low-concentration
of sodium and chloride salts applied on foliage can
cause harmful salt build-up on sensitive crops.
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427 M VIABILITY OF LONG STORACED AIRBORNE BACTERIAL
AEROSOLS
Poon, C. P. C.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng.. J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 94(SA6): 7737-7746,
December 1968.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Salinity, Aerosols, Conforms,
Rhode Island.
Many of the aerosols from sewage treatment plants carry respiratory
pathogenic bacteria. Those with nuclei from 6-JO microns can be
retained in the upper respiratory tract and 3-6 micron particles can
lodge in the bronchioles. Smaller particles from 3 microns to single
cells can even penetrate to the alveoli.
Factors governing the viability of airborne bacteria include temperature,
relative humidity, particle size, presence of toxic material, salts and
growth medium.
Radioactive tagged Escherichia colj cells were aerosolized from distilled
water suspension and stored for 4 hr in a storage chamber where temp-
erature and relative humidity were under control. It was found that
increase of air temperature and/or decrease of relative humidity
increased the death rate. The death rate was proportional to the rate
of water evaporation.
425 M BACTERIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOCICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ON THE UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE IN AGRICULTURE IN
AREAS OF LOWER SAXONY
Popp, L.
Schriftenreihe Kuratoriums Kulturbauwesen (Hamburg), No. 16,
p. 43-50, 7957.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria, Germany, Subsurface irrigation.
Human diseases, Viruses.
Detailed laboratory and field experiments have been carried out to assess
the effects of agricultural utilization of sewage in areas of Lower Saxony.
Different processes of irrigation, application as artificial rain on plants
and soil, and the effect of treatment by subsoil irrigation and of drainage
water from sludge storage tanks on receiving waters were investigated
in connection with hygienic aspects and with special reference to the
viability of pathogenic bacteria.
754
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429 M MICROBIAL PROBLEMS IN GROUNDWATER
Robeck, C. C.
Ground Water, 7(3): 33-35, May-June 1969.
Descriptors: Co//'forms. Costs, Viruses, Denitrification.
Research work has indicated that non-fecal coliform can develop or
increase at a considerable depth within a sewage recharge system
This seems to point to the need of a more specific indicator of fecal
organisms, and the need for the removal of waste that might be food
and nutrients for the organisms, before wastewater percolates down
more than one or two feet.
Using fecal coliform as a test for the safety of well water may well be
more meaningful than the old test, as well as being easier to run The
cost and hazards of making studies concerning enteric viruses limit
work to small scale tests where cracks, weathering, sunlight, etc. can
only be simulated. Using ground water rates of a few feet per day, no
significant difference in the movement of a 30-micro-milicron virus and
a 1-micron coliform was detected, and under the right conditions the
coliform multiplied and penetrated deeper than the smaller virus.
The amount of virus removed by 2 ft of sand varies with the flow rate,
but in almost every case the virus was removed amazingly well. It was
also found that organisms native to domestic sewage can act as a seed
for developing a population in the soil to degrade detergents and other
organic materials.
Oxidizing ammonia to nitrates is for some a cause of concern. There are
several possibilities to solve the denitrification problem: (1) organisms
can be developed in a waste treatment column of activated carbon or sand
that will create denitrification; (2) the nitrates could be removed when
the water is withdrawn from the ground by clinoptilo/ite, a natural zeo-
lite that will selectively remove ammonia-nitrogen from wastewater. The
problems still need further investigations and tests before they will be
practical to put into use.
430 M HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR IRRIGA TtON WITH
SEWAGE OUTSIDE THE USSR
Romanenko, N. A.
Hyg. Sanit. (USSR), 34(10-12):275-278, October 1969.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, Reviews, Wastewater treatment.
Reviews the practices, policies, regulations, and health standards (hot
have evolved out of the practice of using soil systems for disposal o.-c/
purification of sewage, sludge, and effluent.
185
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437 M ADVANCED WASTE TREA TMENT IN NASSAU COUNTY, N. Y.
Rose, J. L.
Water Wastes Eng., 7:38-39, February 1970.
Descriptors: New York, Groundwater recharge. Costs, Tertiary
treatment. Injection wells.
This is a report on a 400 gpm demonstration plant for tertiary treatment
at East Rockaway, New York. Engineering evaluations of the cost of
tertiary treatment prior to injection are given. The plant flowsheet
includes coagulation, filtration, carbon adsorption, and degasification.
Effluent is pumped 1/2 mile to a test injection site where recharging at
depths of 420 to 480 feet will take place. If successful, more injection
wells will be created to repel salt water intrusion in western Nassau
County.
432 M ULTIMATE DISPOSAL OF WASTES TO SOIL
Routson, R. C., and R. E. Wildung
Eng. Progress Symp. Series, 65(97): 79-25, 7969.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, Soil microbiology, Wastewater
disposal.
Soil is a dynamic system which is capable of reacting with a broad
spectrum of extraneous components. The nature of these reactions is
such that soil may function as a medium for either waste storage or for
ultimate waste disposal. This paper will elaborate upon those aspects
of the soil system which are relevant to the problems of ultimate waste
disposal. Since soil represents a relatively thin surface layer and is
generally an integral part of man's environment, soil disposal alone
should not be considered permanent. Furthermore, concentration
mechanisms in the soil often negate the usefulness of soil as a medium
for disposal by dispersion or dilution. However, both transformational
and recyclization and reuse mechanisms occur as normal functions of
most soil systems. Thus, the tatter two ultimate disposal methods will
be emphasized in the following discussion of nature of the soil, soil
properties amenable to waste disposal, and general soil waste inter-
actions .
433 M WHA T HA PPENS IN SOIL -DISPOSA L OF WAS TES
Routson, R. C., and R. E. Wildung
Ind. Water Eng., 7j 25-27, October 1970.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties, Soil contamination. Soil
physical properties, Soil microbiology. Reviews.
186
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The soil is a combination of chemical, physical and biological aspects
which work upon substances to change them into organic or inorganic
forms. This article discusses some of these actions upon carbon, sulfur
phosphorus, and nitrogen compounds, explaining some of the limiting
conditions for the soil to process these materials.
DIE ABWASSERSCHLAMMVERWERTUNG AUF
LANDWIRTSCAFTLICHEN NUTZFLACHEN
(THE UTILIZATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE ON
AGRICULTURAL LAND)
Schaffer, G.
Z. Acker-Pflanzenbau (Berlin), 126: 73-99, January 1967.
Descriptors: Aerobic digestion. Recycling nutrients, Sludge disposal,
Europe.
This paper is based on the experimental work of 19 authors on the value
of sewage sludge to agriculture and contains details of the problems and
difficulties which are experienced owing to the different properties
present in sewage sludge which effect sludge decomposition both in the
digestion tank and in the soil during composting. The value of sludge
as a commercial product in view of its low nutrient content and future
aspects regarding crop rotation are discussed.
435 M DISPOSAL (CONSERVATION) OF WATER BY
PERCOLATION IN SOIL
Schliff, L.I.
In: Agricultural Waste Waters, Doneen, L. D. (ed.), Univ. of Calif.
Water Resources Center Report No. 10, April 1966. p. 203-215.
Descriptors: Soil physical properties, California, So/7 types. Deep
percolation. Reviews.
The major factors affecting percolation rates are permeability and
gradient. Permeability is affected by soil texture and soil structure.
Soils have two types of pores, capillary (small as in clays) and
gravity (relatively large as in sand). The volume of water held in
small pores is called field capacity and the volume of water held in
all pores is called field saturation.
787
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436 M BIOLOGICAL RECOVERY OF WASTEWATER
Schulze, K. L.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 38:19^-1958, December 1966.
Descriptors: Croundwater recharge, Odor, Winter storage. Primary
effluent. Tertiary treatment.
The need for better quality in renovated wastewater. has prompted the
development of tertiary or advanced treatment methods. After biological
tertiary treatment it is considered a good approach to use the effluent for
irrigational purposes. The many tons of nitrogen and phosphorous con-
tained in the effluents would be a valuable asset in the production of
crops and timber as well as serving to replenish the groundwater table.
It is preferable to use tertiary effluents instead of primary or secondary
to cut down on problems of putrescible matter and odors. Even with
tertiary treated effluents there may be problems such as accumulation
of sodium and chloride in the soil. There would also be the difficulty
and expense of storage of the effluent during the winter months. How-
ever, in considering the problems and inadequacies of today's treat-
ments, it is imperative to reorient our thinking and to develop new
approaches to the problem.
437 M SOIL SYSTEMS FOR LIQUID WASTE TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL: ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Schwartz, W. A., and T. W. Bendixen
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 42: 624-630, April 1970.
Descriptors: Climatic data, Ohio, Denitrification, Soil types. Phosphorus
removal.
Studies were performed at the Robert A. Taft Water Research Center in
Cincinnati and at Lovefand, Ohio, on the effects of several environmental
factors on soil treatment efficiency. The effects of depth to groundwater,
climate, and vegetation on the removal of COD, N, P, and MBAS and the
maintenance of hydraulic acceptance were studied. A minimum depth to
groundwater of 2 ft for satisfactory COD removal and 4 ft for satisfactory
nitrification was found. In general 5 ft represents an adequate depth and
1 ft is completely inadequate. Biological activity is the main victim of cold
weather, however, this can be partially overcome by achieving biological
maturity in the system prior to the onset of cold weather.
Cultivation of vegetation served to extend hydraulic longevity by a factor
of about 2. Trickling filter effluent was dosed to 6 inch buried soil lysim-
eters at a rate of 1. 6 in. /day. Removals of total nitrogen and total
phosphorus were 85 and 99 percent, respectively.
188
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438 M THE AGRICULTURAL USE OF THE BLACK WATERS
Secretary of the Hydraulic Resources, Hydro logical Commission of
the Cuenca of the Valley of Mexico, 1970.
Descriptors: Mexico, Water reuse, Legal aspects, Reviews, Planning.
The system of drainage of the Valley of Mexico and the agricultural use
of Its waters is described. The black waters (wastewaters) are consid-
ered as a hydraulic source. Studies and investigations done about the
black waters of the river basin of the Valley and region of the Mezquital,
Hgo., are reviewed, as well as some studies about the development of
the agricultural use of the black waters. Legal aspects are not
considered.
439 M NITROGEN CYCLE IN GROUND WATER
Sepp, E.
Bur. Sanit. Eng., Calif. State Dept. Pub. Health, 1970,
Descriptors: Ion exchange, California, Nitrate contamination, Soi/
microbiology, Groundwater contamination.
The sources of nitrogen compounds in soil and ground water are numer-
ous and diverse. The compounds undergo complex transformations
caused by environmental factors. Atmospheric precipitation adds from
0. 7 to 74 pounds of nitrogen per acre to the soil annually. Nitrogen
fixing organisms in the soil may add from a few pounds to 200 pounds
per acre of nitrogen per year. Depending on circumstance, either
agricultural practice or land disposal of sewage may be the major con-
tributor of nitrogen to groundwater. Ammonia and ammonium ion are
held close to soil surface by adsorption and cation-exchange reactions.
Nitrate and nitrite ions, however, move freely with the percolating
water. Experiments showed how nitrogen may be removed from the
soil by cropping, leaching, erosion, or volatilization. At present, not
enough is known to establish design criteria for controlling nitrate
reduction in the aquifer.
MOM HEALTH FACTORS IN THE REUSE OF WASTE WATER
FOR AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND MUNICIPAL
PURPOSES
Shuval, H. D.
In: Problems in Community Wastes Management, Geneva, World Health
Organization, 1969. p. 76-89.
Descriptors: Co/j forms. Viruses, Groundwater recharge. Bibliographies.
189
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Recognizing that water shortages are resulting in an increased usage of
wastewater, public health considerations are becoming more and more
important. Co/iform organism reductions are well documented—one
'Report gives a reduction of 99. 99 percent with a 28-day detention—but
viruses still remain as a problem, although chlorination is quite useful.
tf&.wever, it has been found that with proper regulation, the use of
'effluents for crop irrigation will not present any problems. The use of
\yqstewater for industrial and municipal use, as well as for groundwater
r^cjibrge is discussed, and the study concludes that, within reason,
Wastewater reuse is feasible and practical. A bibliography of 35 items
i$ included.
M RENOVA TION OF MUNICIPA L SEW A CE EFFL UENT FOR
GROUND-WATER RECHARGE THROUGH FOREST
IRRIGATION
Sopper, W. E.
fa Proc. Int. Conf. Water Peace, Pap. No. 571, Washington, D.C.,
•May 23-31, 1967.
Descriptors: Penn State, Pennsylvania, Rates of application, Tertiary
treatment, Wastewater treatment, Groundwater recharge.
Centre County, Pennsylvania had a problem of water supply shortage and
pollution of existing supply from the dumping of treated sewage into the
stream. A study project was set up to attempt to solve these problems.
Effluent treated by primary settling, standard and high-rate trickling
filters, modified activated sludge process, final settling, and chlori-
nation was used to irrigate stands of white spruce, red pine, and a
6Q-year-old natural mixed oak stand. The effluent was applied at a
rate of 0. 25 in. fhr, at 1 to 2 in. /wk, except one plot which received
kin./wk. The effluent was renovated effectively and the groundwater
'level was increased.
442 M WASTE WATER RENOVATION FOR REUSE: KEY TO
OPTIMUM USE OF WATER RESOURCES
Sopper, W. E.
Water Research (London), 2:477-450, September 1968.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Wastewater treatment, Penn State,
Pennsylvania, Groundwater recharge.
In, order to meet the increasing demand for sewage purification, treated
municipal waste water was applied to forested areas at various rates of
application to determine the feasibility of land disposal of such effluents
190
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and to determine to what extent effluents could be renovated by the bio-
system and recharged to the groundwater reservoir. It was found that
satisfactory renovation of waste water was achieved when the effluent
was applied at rates of 1, 2, and 4 in. per week in forested areas during
the period April-November. Approximately 90 percent of the water,
applied at 2 in. per week during this period was recharged to the
groundwater reservoir. Results of this study appear to indicate that
municipal wastewater can be satisfactorily renovated for groundwater
recharge through irrigation of forested areas under controlled conditions.
443 S REVECETA TION OF STRIP MINE SPOIL BANKS THROUGH
IRRIGATION WITH MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND
SLUDGE
Sapper, William E. , John A. Dickerson, Clifford F. Hunt, and Louis T.
Kardos
Univ. Park, Penn., Penn State Univ., Institute for Research on Land &
Water Resources, Reprint Series No. 20, 1970. 6 p.
Descriptors: Penn State, Pennsylvania, Plant diseases, Forage crops,
Soil chemical properties, Land reclamation.
Two years' research at Penn State indicates that municipal waste waters
may be used to reclaim and revegetate many of the barren, strip-mined
spoil banks that exist throughout the Appalachian area. Tree seedling
survival and growth in spoil material treated with sewage effluent and
sludge was excellent. The controls in untreated material had 700% mor-
tality. Treatments were very effective in establishing a ground cover
of grasses and legumes, particularly in those that included sludge
applications. Percolate samples collected also indicated that consider-
able amounts of dissolved minerals were removed by the spoil material
and the spoil material and the quality of the percolating water was greatly
improved.
Biological treatment and hydraulic longevity and effects made on them by
the different seasons and by vegetation are discussed. Plant assimilation
of nitrogen and phosphate were also discussed.
M NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWA TER TREA TMENT
Stenburg, R. L., J. J. Convery, and C. L. Swanson
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., 94(SA6): 1121-1136,
December 1968.
Descriptors: Tertiary treatment. Design data. Costs, Wastewater
treatment, Ohio.
191
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Pilot plant and full-scale plant research and development studies of con-
ventional process modifications and tertiary processes will serve to
develop design data and provide more accurate and reliable cost-quality
relationships for many individual and combined treatment processes.
Basic research and laboratory-scale studies of other approaches to
wastewater treatment are also being conducted. As new processes are
developed, they will be evaluated in pilot plant and full-scale facilities.
Waste characteristics vary widely with locations and each waste stream
must be considered individually in selecting unit processes.
Costs of tertiary treatment will be high by present standards.
Greatly increased expenditures will be required to eliminate pollution
of our lakes and streams. Water reuse by industry and for nonpotable
purposes will be necessary to reduce the financial burden. Potable
water reuse by mixing with fresh water supplies is considered to be
a distinct possibility in the future.
445 I AUTOMATIC WATER AND WASTE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN OPERA TION
Stone, R., and E. T. Conrad
Civil Eng., Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., 4£:37-40, May 1970. Selected Water
Resource Abstracts, 3(24): 34.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment, Recreational facilities. Sprinkler
irrigation, California, Design data.
Description of an automatic waste treatment plant which reuses purified
wastewater for recreational purposes, with a portion of the effluent being
used for hillside irrigation. The effluent for irrigation is not recharged
into the recreational system.
446 M WASTEWA TER FOR GOLF COURSE IRRIGA TION
Sullivan, D.
Water Sewage Works, 117:153-159. May 1970.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, California, Golf courses, Dissolved
solids, Water quality data.
Treated effluent is used to spray irrigate a golf course in Ventura,
California.. A 4~acre test plot was preconditioned with 5 million gallons
192
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of digested sludge. Three test we I Is were constructed and old orchard
seaside bent, and Kentucky blue grass were used. The effluent TDS '
was 1, 702 mg/l. chlorides 380 mg/1, and total nitrogen 18. 4 mg/l. TDS
in the test wells ranged from 1,792 to 8, 128 mg/L
447 M DECRADA TION OF WASTEWA TER ORCANICS IN SOIL
Thomas, R. E., and T. W. Bendixen
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 4T_: 808-813, May 1969.
Descriptors: Soil microbiology. Primary effluent. Septic tanks, Rates
of application.
The results of lysimeter studies show that soil microorganisms can digest
much of the organic carbon contained in primary and secondary waste-
water effluents. About 80 percent of the organic carbon from septic tank
effluent was digested under a variety of conditions. Large variations in
temperature, the loading rate, and the duration of dosing had no effect
on the percentage of the organic carbon which was degraded. Organic
carbon was applied at rates up to 31 tons/yr/acre. A loading rate of 3. 7
tons/.yr/acre resulted in a net reduction in the organic carbon content
of a silt-loam soil. CO2, equivalent to about 60 percent of the degraded
organic carbon, was released at the soil surface in one experiment.
Sludge loadings equivalent to 30 tons /yr /acre of organic carbon can be
applied to sandy soils for extended periods without resulting in a detri-
mental accumulation of organic residues in the soil. Based on typical
values for the composition of sludge, this would be equal to 100 tons/
yr/acre of dried digested sludge solids. Proper management of liquid
and organic carbon loads can result in long-term continuous operation,
with only minor changes in the organic carbon content of the soil.
Future studies are planned to evaluate the interaction between loading
factors and the alteration of the physical and chemical properties of the
soil.
M8M SOIL RESPONSE TO SEWA CE EFFL UENT IRRICA TION
Thomas, R. E., andJ. P. Law, Jr.
In: Proc. Symp. Manic, Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett (ed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 5-72.
Descriptors: Reviews, Furrow irrigation. Overland flow, Wastewater
treatment. Soil chemical properties.
A review of soil systems that have been used for the treatment of waste-
water. The soil systems investigated by the authors were grouped into
193
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4 systems that included (1) infiltration basins, (2) ridge and furrow,
(3) spray irrigation, and (4) spray-runoff. These systems were being
used specially for wastewater treatment rather than irrigation of economic
crops. Each system has its design features that provide advantages for
particular operating conditions and needs. Many industrial and most
domestic wastewaters are suitable for irrigation use under good manage-
ment practices.
449 M SOIL CHEMICAL CHANCES AND INFILTRA TION RA TE
REDUCTION UNDER SEWAGE SPREADING
Thomas, R. E., W. A. Schwartz, and T. W. Bendixen
Soil Sci. Soc. Amer., Proc. 30(5): 641-646, September-October 7966.
Descriptors: Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions. Soil chemical
properties. Clogging (soil).
Laboratory and field lysimeters were used to investigate the location and
nature of soil-pore clogging under sewage spreading. The site of clog-
ging was located by determining, with a seepage meter, the impedance
profile at 0. 5 cm depth interval. Soil samples were analyzed for sulfide,
iron, phosphate total organic matter, polysaccharide, and polyuroride
to evaluate possible causative relationships. The infiltration rate loss
exhibited three phases: phase I, a slow reduction under aerobic condi-
tions; phase II, a rapid reduction under aerobic conditions; and phase
III, a further gradual decline under anaerobic conditions. The primary
site of clogging was in the 0 to 1 cm depth of soil. Although sulfide was
an indicator of anaerobic conditions, it was not a primary cause of
clogging. Accumulations of the other five measured constituents may
contribute to clogging in both phase I and phase II. Organic matter was
the only probable clogging agent to decline as the infiltration rate was
partially recovered in a rest cycle.
450 I AN EVALUATION OF CANNERY WASTE DJSPOSAL
BY OVERLAND FLOW SPRAY IRRIGATION
Thornwaite, C. W., Associates
Publications in Climatology, Elmer, New Jersey, 22(2), September 1969.
73 p.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Overland flow. Phosphorus
removal, Paris, Texas, Costs.
In 1968, a research project was initiated by the Campbell Soup Company
Plant in Paris, Texas, to study in depth its system of spray irrigation
with overland flow. The system, which has been operating since 1964,
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has been outstandingly successful. There are "BOD removals of 99 per-
cent to a level of 3-6 mgd/l, and nitrogen and phosphorus removals of
up to 90 percent, at a cost of about five cents/1, 000 gallons. " The
project ran for one year, during which 15 acres of the total 500-acre
site were studied extensively regarding climatological, agricultural,
biological, hydrological and chemical factors.
In conventional spray irrigation systems, water percolates into the soil
and flows away via an underground route. In the Paris system the water
is sprayed at the top of a slope, then percolates through the dense sod to
the soil surface, and trickles downs/ope in a thin sheet. It is collected
in a terrace at the foot of the slope and flows into a receiving stream via
prepared waterways. Thus, effluent could be collected at any stage
during the purification process without fear of mixed samples.
Of the many conclusions arrived at by the study, one of the most interest-
ing is that although there is a decrease of biological activity in winter, an
increase in microbial population in cold weather compensates for the
reduced metabolic activity, and no reduction in efficiency occurs. Pre-
viously, it had been believed that impurities were being adsorbed upon
the surface of the vegetation and held there until the weather warmed
again. It also appears that microorganisms may go through an evolu-
tionary phase, which adapts them specifically to the effluent. This may
be the reason for the greater efficiency of older portions of the system.
451 S EXPERIENCES WITH THE DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE
SLUDGE IN AGRICULTURE
Triebei, W.
Korresp. Abwass. (Germany), W: 11-76, 1966.
Descriptors: Public health regulations, Soil microbiology, Germany,
Vegetable crops, Evapotranspiration.
In a detailed report on the activities of the Niersverband, which is
responsible for the protection of German waters in the 1348-kmz catch-
ment area between the Rhine and the Maas, special reference is made
to the disposal and utilization of sewage sludge in agriculture. Details
are also given of the sewage-treatment facilities at the group sewage
works of the Niersverband. The increased use of sewage sfudge in
agriculture is illustrated in tables, which show that since 1960 the
group sewage works have supplied on average 820 farms, resulting in
increased yields of truck crops, especially beet, and pastures. Studies
showed also that wet sludge, 'deposited on grassland, had lasting effects
in reducing and thus regulating the soil evaporation. Special reference
is made to the advantageous sorption capacity of digested sludge which
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greatly improves dry soil, contrary to dried sludge which, owing to
irreversible hydrophobia (caused by the drying process) has adverse
effects on the sorptive soil structure. Compared with artificial fertilizers
the use of sludge in agriculture presents more work; this, however, is
compensated by the valuable properties in the humus, restoring the
exploited soil. Existing parasites and micro-organisms are destroyed
by pasteurization plants which have recently been installed, operating
at a temperature of 65° C and for a period of 75 min, to comply with
health regulations.
452 I THE COST OF CLEAN WATER, VOL. Ill, INDUSTRIAL
WASTE PROFILES NO. 6—CANNED AND FROZEN
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
U.S. Dept. Interior, Washington, D.C., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admn.
Publ. No. IWP-6, September 7967. 105 p.
Descriptors: Costs, Oxidation'lagoons. Food processing wastes, Rates
of application.
This report deals mainly with waste quantities, waste treatment proc-
esses and costs. An estimated 38 percent of the industry's wastes are
not discharged to municipal sewers and of these only 1/3 provide waste
treatment more extensive than screening. Oxidation ponds and spray
irrigation are the predominant secondary treatment methods.
Spray irrigation loading rates are included for various fruit and vege-
table processing wastes. Average application rates vary from 0. 3 to 3. 6
inches per day with BOD loadings of 20-860 Ib/day/acre.
453 I WA TER QUALITY RESEA R CH FOR USE OF INDUS TRI A L
WASTEWATER IN LAND TREATMENT
Vermes, L.
Proc. German Academy Agr. Sci. (Berlin), No. 106, 1970. 11 p.
Descriptors: Water quality standards, Hungary, Soil chemical properties,
Ion exchange. Salinity.
The most fundamental requirement of the possibility of using wastewater
in agriculture relates to water quality. A study of the quality of the
wastewater in various industries was undertaken. In Hungary, the
quality requirements for irrigation water are set by the composition of
the soil. Since most of the soils tend toward alkalinization—A/a ions can
replace exchangeable cations in the soil complex. This exchange pro-
cess must be prevented, and the dissolved salt level of the irrigation
water and the Na content, expressed as-a percentage of cations, must
be stringently circumscribed.
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The quality of wastewater containing a high concentration of salt cannot
be chemically influenced, but the concentration can be reduced by
dilution. A dilution ratio not harmful to plants or soil was therefore
established.
454 S PLANT EXPERIMENTS WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE
FROM HELSINGFORS
Viitasalo, llkka
Grundfoerbattring (Uppsala, Swed.), 22(1-2): 22-23, January 7969.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Grain crops, Spreading basins.
Root crops and oats were cultured in soil enriched with sewage sludge.
The sludge was treated in dry beds, by vacuum filtration or by precipita-
tion with FeSOi». Dosage for dry bed sludge were given as 80 tons/acre,
content of dry matter was not mentioned. Maximum crops were harvested
when additions of N and K were given.
455 M WASTES IN RELA TION TO AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
Wadleigh, Cecil H.
U.S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D.C., Misc. Publ. No. 7065, March 7965.
772p.
Descriptors: Soil contamination, Aerosols, Human diseases. Silviculture.
This report provides terse consideration to 10 major categories of entities
that contaminate the air, water, and soil of our environment in relation to
agricultural and forestry endeavor. A brief discussion is also presented
on economic evaluation. A few comments are offered on each category
about the importance of the problems, the extent to which agriculture
and forestry are involved, contributions that have been made to ameliorate
the problems by research in agriculture and forestry, and an indication
of the need for new or better information and technology towards meeting
pressing problems. More complete discussion is presented in the four
appendices.
456 M WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE
Weber, W. J., Jr.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 39:734-747, May 1967.
Descriptors: Reviews, Costs, Water reuse, Design data.
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Literature review of a symposium on Water Conservation by Reuse, by
the American Institute of Chemical Engineers at its 59th Annual Meeting.
Gives location and purpose of a large variety of systems and states
general information on the types of system efficiency, cost, and health
aspects.
457M CROUNDWATER RECHARGE WITH TREATED MUNICIPAL
EFFLUENT
Wells, D. M.
In: Proc. Symp. Munic. Sewage Effluent for Irrigation, Wilson, C. W.,
and F. E. Beckett fed.), Ruston, Louisiana, Louisiana Polytechnic Inst.,
July 30, 1968. p. 61-73.
Descriptors: Lubbock, Texas, Groundwater contamination, Groundwater
recharge.
The author indicated five paths through which municipal effluent recharge
can take place. They are accidental recharge, recharge through irriga-
tion, recharge from streams, recharge from cesspools or septic tanks,
and deliberate recharge. Practically all of the recharge in the past has
resulted from the natural hydrologic cycle, and it does not appear that
this pattern will be appreciably changed in the future. It does appear,
however, that the deliberate use of treated effluent for groundwater
recharge will increase in the future, particularly in arid and semi-arid
areas of the country that are rapidly depleting their groundwater
resources. Data on the groundwater quality below the irrigation
system at Lubbock, Texas, are given.
458 M INJECTION OF RECLAIMED WASTEWA TER INTO CONFINED
AQUIFERS
Wesner, G. M., and D. C. Baler
J. Amer. Water Works Ass., 62:203-210, March 1970.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge, Pathogenic bacteria. Water
quality data. Trickling filter effluent, Injection wells.
Three multi-casing injection wells and 13 multi-casing observation wells
were constructed to determine feasibility of injecting treated waste water
into the confined aquifer. The injected effluent was trickling filter
effluent that was treated in a 300 gpm capacity plant which consists of
clarification with alum as the coagulant, filtration through anthracite
and sand media, and chlorination. The result of the second phase shows
that the multiple-casing injection wells have performed very satisfactor-
ily and have several operational advantages over a single casing well
in a multiple aquifer system. The treated trickling filter effluent is
injectable and would not cause excessive well clogging.
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Coliform bacteria have appeared sporadically 100 ft from the injection
well; have not appeared at 245 ft, but have appeared at 545 ft away.
The coliforms observed at 545 ft are not believed to have been trans-
ported' in the injection water. Human intestinal viruses have never
been found in the injection water or in any of the observation wells.
Many chemical constituents do not move conservatively in the injected
water. Hardness and other oxygen-demanding materials are signifi-
cantly reduced by travel in the confined aquifer.
Some highly resistant soluble organic material causes odor and taste,
and this material is not sufficiently removed or altered by movement
through 545 ft of the confined aquifer.
459 M FEASIBILITY OF REUSE OF TREA TED WASTEWA TER
FOR IRRIGATION, FERTILIZATION AND CROUNDWATER
RECHARGE IN IDAHO
Williams, R. E., D. D. Eier, and A. T. Wallace
Idaho Bur. Mines Ceo/. Pam. 143, Moscow, Idaho, October 1969. 110 p.
Descriptors: ' Water quality standards. Dissolved solids. Tertiary treat-
ment, Idaho, Groundwater recharge.
It has been demonstrated that under appropriate hydrogeologic conditions
wastewater renovated by a porous medium can be expected to meet U.S.
Public Health Service drinking water standards. Appropriate hydro-
geologic conditions include the presence of an unconsolidated porous
medium (such as sand) through which the wastewater can move an
appreciable distance (which will vary with geologic conditions) before
entering a water supply; the absence of surficial, jointed rocks through
which the wastewater might move without appreciable adsorption of
dissolved solids by the porous medium; and a water table depth of at
least five feet. Hydrogeologic conditions less than optimal will result
in less than optimal renovation of the wastewater, in which case care
must be taken during application if water supply sources are located
near the disposal area. Only rarely will a given hydrogeologic environ-
ment not renovate wastewater to the equivalent of secondary (biological)
treatment. In many cases renovation of wastewater by vegetation and
the geologic column can be substituted for tertiary treatment. Terrestrial
disposal has also been used in lieu of secondary treatment.
460 M RECLAI MING SEW A GE EFFL UENT
Wilson, L. G., andG. S. Lehman
Prog. Agr. Ariz. College Agr., Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, 1^:22-24,
April 1967.
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especially suitable for deep, moderately permeable soils. The sprinkler
method is especially applicable to rapidly permeable and shallow soils
and where light applications are in order.
Sewage irrigation is discussed briefly. An increase in salinity levels
of domestic sewage of about 75 to 30 percent above that of the tap water
is to be expected. Industries using boron, or communities where boron-
based detergents are greatly used, may produce an unreclaimable effluent.
Irrigation with treated sewage effluent should preferably be done by sur-
face methods. A sample irrigation project, including a cost analysis, is
given.
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SECTION VII
ABSTRACTS 1971 AND LA TER
464 M IRRICA TE WlTH THE WASTEWA TER
Anonymous
Amer. City, 87_:24, March 1972.
Descriptors: Coif courses, Sprinkler irrigation, Florida, Planning,
Soil physical properties.
Plans for St. Petersburg, Florida, are to irrigate golf courses, city parks,
and public rights-of-way with treated effluent. The effluent from four
treatment plants is presently discharged into Tampa Bay and Boca Ciega
Bay at a rate of 30 mgd. The lawns surrounding two of the treatment
plants have been converted to effluent irrigation. A W-acre test site
will be used to study health effects, safety, and soil permeability. The
lawns at the Albert Whitted Wastewater Plant are irrigated using dial-
type sprinkler heads with push-button mechanical-clock controls. The
soil is sandy and the demand for lawn irrigation water is heavy. Water
demand dropped from 40 mgd to 24 mgd on the day following a heavy
rainfall.
465 S CHICAGO RECLAIMING STRIP MINES WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE
Anonymous
Civil Eng., 42_: 98-102, September 1972.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Costs, Sludge disposal. Land reclama-
tion. Spray disposal.
This article covers incineration, dewatering, drying. These were other
alternatives studied by Chicago engineers. Then several years ago, MSD
decided—following an intensive research program—the most attractive
alternative to improving existing sludge-disposal operations was land
reclamation. The plan was to digest sludge and transport it to rural land
beyond city limits. Spraying digested sludge on abandoned strip-mined
land, or on other areas with poor soils (e.g., lowgrade pastures) would
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have several unique advantages: it would eliminate land, air, and water
pollution stemming from sludge processing in the urban area; cost less
than other sludge disposal methods; solve the problem of hunting for
lagoon space in urban areas; and it would make beneficial use of the
organic materials, nutrients, and water making up sludge.
466 S USING ORGANIC WASTES TO BENEFIT FARMS AND RURAL
AREAS
Anonymous
Compost Sci., 14(1): 7-9, January-February 7973.
Descriptors: Pennsylvania, Sludge disposal. Recycling nutrients,
Wastewater disposal, Legal aspects.
For years, waste disposal methods in cities and farms have simply tried
to get rid of those wastes as cheaply and quickly as possible. In many
areas, dumps burn almost continually; water supplies are fouled; state
regulations make many old installations illegal. In the future, there will
be a much closer look at recycling wastes—specifically how to use wastes
so they benefit the land, the people in rural areas, so they aid crop growth.
and even produce methane gas for heating, lighting and powering trucks
and tractors. Some of the research and projects now under way which
give some information on how organic wastes can be used—or are already
being used—to benefit Pennsylvania farms and Pennsylvania farmers are
listed.
467 S INCORPORATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE IN SOIL TO
MAXIMIZE BENEFITS AND MINIMIZE HAZARDS TO
THE ENVIRONMENT
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Dept. Agr., Beltsville, Maryland, 1972. 118 p.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Pathogenic bacteria, Maryland,
Groundwater contamination, Soil chemical properties.
The principal objective of the project is to conduct a pilot study on land
of the ARS at Beltsville, Maryland, on incorporation of sewage sludge in
agricultural land by a trenching method. Work includes different depths
and spacing of trenches, different sludges and different-management of
the land after incorporation of sludge. Supplemental tests will be made
on other methods of sludge application. Evaluations will include physical
and logistical problems in the operation, effects on quality of groundwater,
plant growth and nutrient uptake, survival and movement of pathogens,
and effect on soil properties. Research is also being conducted in green-
houses and laboratories on the chemistry, microbiology and behavior in
soil of different kinds of sewage sludges.
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168 M NOR TH TA HOE A CENCIES TES T DISPOSA L IN VOL CA NIC
CINDER CONE
Allen, M. L.
Bull. Calif. Water Pollut. Contr. Ass., 9(3): 37-38, January 1973.
Descriptors: Deep percolation. Primary effluent. Monitoring,
Wastewater disposal, California.
Faced with exporting wastewater from the Tahoe Basin watershed in 1968,
Tahoe City PUD and the North Tahoe PUD joined forces and decided upon
land disposal of effluent by percolation as the most promising alternate.
The 2. 8 mgd of primary effluent was disposed of in some 43,000 feet of
trenches at the top of Cinder Cone some 3 miles away. There were 13
monitoring stations established to sample springs, outcroppings, and the
Truckee River. There was an increase in chloride concentration at one
station from a background level of 1-2 mg/l to 15 mg/l. This occurred 5
months after the beginning of operations and required the development of
an alternate source of water for one family. Although this disposal method
has been successful, it is only temporary and will be abandoned in 1976
when a regional sewerage project is completed.
459 M THE COST OF A SPRA Y IRR/CA TION SYSTEM FOR THE
RENOVATION OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
AI lender, C. C.
Master's Thesis, The Penn. State Univ., September 1972.
Descriptors: Costs, Penn State, Pennsylvania, Sprinkler irrigation,
Rates of application, Wastewater disposal.
The study reviewed and summarized the various parameters affecting
the design of a spray irrigation system. On the basis of data collected,
a method was developed to determine the capital and operation and main-
tenance cost of a spray irrigation system for the disposal of effluent from
a municipal wastewater treatment plant. The method consists of sizing
individual distribution and transmission units of the spray irrigation
system. The study concluded that (1) the use of spray irrigation is
primarily dependent upon the suitability of the soil and the availability
of land, (2) 2 inches per week of loading rate and 1/6 inch per hour of
application rate seem to be most desirable, (3) a maximum spacing of 105
feet between sprinklers in the field often is desirable to provide an even
distribution, (4) the cost of spray irrigation per equivalent dwelling unit
and per 1, 000 gallons will increase rapidly below total waste flows of
1 mgd.
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H10 S ENRICHMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS FROM SEWAGE SLUDGE
FERTILIZER IN SOILS AND PLANTS
Anderson, A., and K. 0. Nilsson
AMBIO (Oslo, Norway), 7(5): 176-179, September/October 1972,
Descriptors: Sweden, Recycling nutrients. Soil chemical properties.
This paper reports on trace element analyses of soil and vegetation from
a field trial where one of the treatments has received sewage sludge as a
source of plant nutrients, five received no form of organic substance,
but received varying amounts of chemical fertilizers, and nine received
organic substance other than sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers.
471 M ENGINEERING REPORT ON IMPROVEMENT AND EXPANSION
OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES FOR THE CfTY
OF MARSHALL, MINNESOTA
Banister, Short, Elliott, Hendrickson and Associates
St. Paul, Minnesota, November 1971.
Descriptors: Minnesota, Design data, Sprinkler irrigation, Winter
storage, Rates of application.
The use of irrigation for sewage effluent is contemplated, the biggest
advantage being the stopping of pollution in the local river. However,
due to the short irrigation period during warm weather, and the poor
drainage of land in this area, many problems are foreseen. Land esti-
mates for 2 mgd in 1976 are about 1, 000 acres, plus a stabilization pond
capable of holding six months' effluent.
472 M GROUND WA TER POLLUTION IN ARIZONA, CALIFORNIA,
NEVADA AND UTAH
Barton, James R.„ and Dean K. Fuhriman
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. 16060 ERU 12/71, December 1971. 255 p.
Descriptors: Southwest U.S. , Salinity, Nitrate contamination,
Groundwater contamination, Spreading basins.
The discussion of polluted ground waters includes a discussion of agri-
cultural derived pollution and pollution from spreading basins. The
authors state that irrigation causes pollution by salts while spreading
basins are generally nonpolluters but instances of nitrate'pollution have
been noted. It is also noted, however, that the dumping of sewage and
other wastes into streams, lakes and other bodies of water is also a major
source of groundwater pollution.
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473 M MANAGING THE MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH SOILS
AND AQUIFER
Bauer, W. J., and J. Sheaffer
Presented at 45th Annual Conf. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., Atlanta, Co.,
October 8-13, 1972.
Descriptors: Tile drainage. Heavy metals. Viruses, Illinois,
Groundwater movement.
The early settlers of Illinois passed much potential farmland by because
it was swampy. . With drainage pipes, ditches, and sometimes pumps,
later immigrants turned these neglected acres into some of the most
productive farms of the Midwest. These same drainage practices and
the principles underlying them can be used to manage the movement of
irrigated wastewater through the soil and the aquifers beneath.
This paper discusses methods of controlling the quality of groundwater
and the direction of its movement, of preventing salt buildup in the soil
and in the groundwater, of removing heavy metal and viral pathogens
from the water, of evaluating the economics of land treatment of waste-
water in comparison with other systems of wastewater treatment, of
enhancing the value of the land treatment system by siting nuclear
power plants at wastewater irrigation sites, and of acquiring the land
needed for land disposal systems and relocating families whose homes
are affected by the irrigation.
474 M STUDY OF REUTILIZATION OF WASTEWATER RECYCLED
THROUGH GROUNDWATER, VOLUME!
Boen, D. F., J. H. Bunts, Jr., and R. J. Currie
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. 16060 DDZ, July 7377. 190 p.
Descriptors: California, Monitoring, Activated sludge effluents. Rates
of application, Croundwater recharge.
The Hemet-San Jacinto Valley, California, is a closed basin which is
dependent in part upon imported water. A six and a half year study
concludes, among other things:
(1) By 7950 sufficient wastewater will be available to recharge a total
of W, 500 acre feet/year;
(2) Recharge of groundwater aquifers will result in reducing the basin's
water deficit and the importation of Colorado River water with its high
mineral content; and
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(3) There is no evidence, during this short-time period, of any degrada-
tion of the groundwater quality in the water-producing strata in the Upper
San Jacinto Groundwater Basin. A more general conclusion is that water
reclamation is an important source of water and should be included in any
water management planning within a closed basin.
The project added considerable knowledge and experience to the technology
of intermittent wastewater percolation and associated monitoring techniques.
A novel feature of the project was the use of highly sensitive temperature
probes to trace lateral migration of the recharged water. It appears that
much of the recharged water is escaping as shallow underflow to the
San Jacinto River and, therefore, is not reaching the deep groundwater
table.
475 M NITRA TE AND NITRITE VOLATILIZA TION BY
MICROORGANISMS IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
Bo I lag, Jean-Marc
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA-660/2-73-002, August 1973. 65 p.
Descriptors: Anaerobic conditions, Denitriflection, Wastewater disposal,
Biodegradation, Recycling nutrients.
Microbial nitrate and nitrite volatilization was considered as a means to
eliminate nitrogen from soil and water in order to inhibit the accumula-
tion of nitrogenous substances as pollutants or health hazardous com-
pounds. Therefore it was attempted to compare nitrate-reducing
microorganisms in their reactions to different environmental conditions
in laboratory experiments. Changing oxygen concentration, pH, tem-
perature, nitrate or nitrite concentration affected differently the
denitrification process of various isolated microorganisms. Unfavorable
growth conditions led to the accumulation of nitrite if nitrate served as
substrate. It was found that certain soil fungi are a/so capable of
volatilizing nitrogen as nitrous oxide. Biological and chemical factors
were evaluated during nitrite transformation in autoclaved and non-
autoclaved soil by determination of the evolvement of nitrogenous gases.
During chemical nitrite volatilization, which occurred essentially at a
low pH, the major gases evolved were nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide,
but if biological activity was predominant in a neutral and alkaline
environment, nitrous oxide and molecular nitrogen were formed. The
validity of laboratory observations in relation to field studies in the
domain of denitrification is discussed and evaluated.
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476 M RENOVA TING SECONDARY EFFLUENT BY CROUNDWA TER
RECHARGE WITH INFILTRATION BASINS
Bouwer, H.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 7973. p. 164-175.
Descriptors: Groundwater recharge. Conforms, Phosphorus removal,
Denitrification, Phoenix, Arizona.
Secondary effluent from the 91st Avenue treatment plant in Phoenix, Arizona,
has been renovated on a pilot scale by rapid infiltration into the ground-
water. Maximum rates of 350 to 400 ft per year were achieved by spread-
ing for 2 weeks and resting W days in summer and 20 days in winter.
The pilot plant was located in the Salt River bed where the soil is a sandy
loam and the groundwater is at a depth of W ft. Observation wells for
sampling renovated water were installed inside and outside the basin
area.
Suspended solids, fecal coliform and BOD were essentially completely
removed by percolation through 30 ft of soil. About 70% of the phosphorus
and fluorides were removed.
Overall nitrogen removal is difficult to predict but appears to be about
30% with the loading schedule described. Boron, lead, and cadmium
were not removed.
477 M RENOVA TING SECONDARY SEWA GE BY GROUND WA TER
RECHARGE WITH INFILTRATION BASINS
Bouwer, H., R. C. Rice, and E. D. Escarcega
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. 76060 DRV 03/72, March J972. 703 p.
Descriptors: Phoenix, Arizona, Phosphorus removal, Groundwater
recharge. Spreading basins. Costs.
The results of the Flushing Meadows, Arizona, field project demonstrated
the feasibility of renovating secondary sewage effluent by groundwater
recharge with infiltration basins. Maximum loading rates were obtained
with cycles of 20 days' flooding rotated with dry periods of 70 days in
the summer and 20 days in winter. With these schedules, the system
could infiltrate 300-400 ft/year using a water depth of 7 ft. Grassed
basins had higher infiltration rates, and a gravel covered basin had a
lower infiltration rate than a bare soil basin. Essentially complete
removal of BOD and fecal col/form, and significant removal of
phosphorus, nitrogen and fluoride were obtained. Hydraulic
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properties of the aquifer were evaluated by analog from the response of
piezometric heads in the groundwater system to infiltration. These prop-
erties were then used in the design of a prototype system, which would
yield renovated water at an estimated total cost of about $5 per acre-foot
at the pump.
478 M USING RECLAIMED WASTEWA TER—PUBLIC OPINION
Bruvo/d, W. H., and P. C. Ward
J. Water Pollut, Contr. Fed., 44:1690, September 1972.
Descriptors: California, Surveys, Public acceptance, Water reuse.
Recognizing that water reclamation will become increasingly important,
the authors noted that public opinion could be a targe factor influencing
its future use and that public opinion was not known. In a sampling of
10 California cities—six from northern California and four from southern
California—public opinion on wastewater reclamation and use was ob-
tained. Picking the southern and northern cities from the same socio-
economic c/asses,-it was found that public opinion in the two regions does
not differ appreciably. The greatest opposition was noticed for the reuse
of water as drinking water, the least opposition was found for reclamation
of water for road construction. As the possibility for personal contact
with reclaimed water increased, so did public opposition.
479 M CROUNDWA TER LAW, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRA TION
Corker, Charles E., and J. W. Crosby, III
National Water Commission Report (Legal Study No. 6), L-71-026,
October 1971.
Descriptors: Reviews, Geohydrology, Groundwater recharge. Legal
aspects, United States.
This report describes groundwater hydrology, emphasizing the importance
of recognizing the interrelation of ground and surface water supplies. It
then describes the legal doctrines applicable to the use of groundwater,
noting the differences among the states and the departure of law from
scientific fact. It identifies the major problems of groundwater law and
suggests solutions. In considering groundwater management, it sets
forth criteria for judging management proposals, concluding with a con-
sideration of constitutional limitations. The problem of groundwater
mining is dealt with.
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480 M WASTEWATER TREATMENT STUDY MONTGOMERY
COUNTY, MARYLAND, VOLUME I
Cornell, Howland. Hayes and Merry field
ClairA. Hill and Associates, November 1972. 317 p.
Descriptors: Maryland, Wastewater treatment, Wastewater disposa/.
Relates results of detailed study of five advanced wastes treatment (AWT)
sites, four in Montgomery County and one near Dickerson, Maryland, on
the Potomac Electric Power Company (PEPCO) property, and the various
treatment processes available, including land disposal. Alternatives at
the PEPCO site include AWT at that site; AWT at a lower basin site, with
clear water transmitted to PEPCO; and land disposal in conjunction with
PEPCO use of partially-treated Wastewater. Report recommends treatment
processes but not the site.
481 M WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT, MUSKEGON COUNTY
MICH/CAN
Davis, C. W,, and A. Dunham
Univ. of Chicago, Center for Urban Studies, II, 1971. 322 p. (Also
NWC-SBS-72-38)
Descriptors: Planning, Wastewater treatment, Muskegon, Michigan,
Sprinkler irrigation.
This report is a case study of one particular regional planning effort
which was innovative in concept and which has been politically and
administratively implemented. This is a study of the Muskegon County,
Michigan Wastewater Management System, popularly known as The
Muskegon Spray. Irrigation Project.
452 M FACTORS AFFECTING BIOLOGICAL DENITRIFICATION
OF WASTEWATER
Dawson, R. N., and K. L. Murphy
In: Advan. Water Pollut. Res., Proc. Int. Conf. 6th, Jerusalem,
June 18-23, 1972. New York, Pergamon Press, 1973. p. 671-680.
Descriptors: Denitrification, Activated sludge effluents, Biodegradation,
Rates of application.
A study was undertaken to determine the relative importance and
interactions between variables affecting the unit denitrification rate.
Findings indicate that the rate is independent of carbon and nitrate
concentration, providing sufficient organic carbon is added to satisfy
the nitrate reduction and organism growth. The optimum pH for
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denitrification with Pseudomonas denitrificans appears to be 7. 0, the
pH level usually attained in biological waste treatment processes.
Activated sludge from an extended aeration plant denitrified at 27° C
as if 20-25 percent by weight were composed of organisms with an
equivalent unit nitrate reduction rate as P_._ denitrificans. The unit
denitrification rate of P. denitrificans can be approximated by an
Arrhenius type of temperature dependency between 3° C and 27° C.
At 5° C, the unit rate was sufficiently high to allow use of this process
if stirred tank detention times of three to eight hours and higher
organism population (5,000 mg/l) are used.
483 M EFFECTS OF TREA TMENT PLANT EFFLUENT ON
SOIL PROPERTIES
Day, A. D., etal.
J. Water Po/lut. Contr. Fed., 44:372-375, March 1972.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties. Soil types. Salinity, Tucson,
Arizona.
Recognizing that water supplies are becoming harder and harder to
find, sewage effluent is becoming more and more popular as a source of
irrigation water. Long-term studies of the effects of effluent on soil
condition are lacking; this is the purpose of this study. Comparing
Crabe silt irrigated with effluent to soil which has been fertilized at
recommended rates, shows that the effluent-irrigated soil has higher
concentrations of soluble salts, nitrates, phosphates, calcium and
magnesium than the control. Organic material was greater in the
control. No declines in crop yield or adverse effects on the soil were
recorded.
484 M CALIFORNIA WATER RECLAMA TION SITES
Deaner, D. C.
Bur. Sanit. Eng., Calif. State Dept. Pub. Health, Berkeley, June 1971.
Descriptors: California, Ceohydrology, Wastewater treatment, Surveys.
This report contains information regarding California water reclamation
sites in existence in 1971. The reclamation operations are grouped by
the major hydrologic basins and subbasin of California. The information
given in the report consists of the amount of water reclaimed and used
for crop irrigation, and the type of pretreatment given at each facility.
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455 M FINAL REPORT ON IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION
OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES, CLEVELAND-
AKRON METROPOLITAN AND THREE RIVERS WATERSHED
AREAS (APPENDIX III)
Dee, Norbert, et al.
U.S. Army Corps Eng,, Buffalo District, Battelle Columbus Laboratories
7977. 132p.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Planning, Ohio, Water management
(applied).
Impacts were assessed for the wastewater treatment alternatives of water
and land, and a combination thereof. To stress the important water
resource objectives of environmental quality, social well-being, regional
development and national economic development and at the same time to
bring to the surface the major impacts, an Impact Matrix was used. The
water alternative is expected to produce both beneficial and adverse
impacts but was primarily beneficial in nature. However, the land and
the combination alternatives were significantly adverse in nature. This
evaluation is specific to the alternatives given the research team and is
not a general evaluation of all water, land or combination plans.
486 I DAIRY FOOD PLANT WASTES AND WASTE TREATMENT
PRACTICES
Department of Dairy Technology, Ohio State Univ.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. 12060 ECU 03/71. March 7977. 559 p.
Descriptors: Reviews, Sprinkler irrigation, Clogging (soil). Dairy
wastes. Furrow irrigation.
Using an extensive literature search, spray irrigation and ridge and
furrow irrigation of dairy wastes are discussed. Although many opera-
tions have been successful, some have failed due to odors, ponding,
runoff, loss of cover crop and soil clogging. Even successful operations
are still in experimental stages as long-term effects on crops, soil and
water supplies are not known. Tables of current practices of about 60
dairy operations using land disposal are presented.
457 M SOIL FIL TRA TION OF WASTEWA TER EFFLUENT AND THE
MECHANISM OF PORE CLOCCINC
DeVries, J.
J. Water Poflut. Contr. Fed., 44:565-573, April 7972.
Descriptors: Primary effluent, Phosphorus removal, Rates of applica-
tion, Clogging (soil).
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Primary wastewater treatment plant effluent was applied to sand filters
at room temperature for 2 hr daily for 240 days at a rate of 20 cm/day,
5 days/wk, with filters being drained between applications. No physi-
cal deterioration of the filters occurred. However, the same pattern of
application at 4° ± 3°C resulted in failure in JO days. Failure was caused
by sealing of surface pores. At room temperature, the failed filters
recovered in about 8 days, apparently because of disruption of the
sludge layer. The fine sand filter removed nearly all the biochemical
oxygen demand and phosphate, but the reductions in the medium sand
filter were about 70 and JO percent, respectively. Both filters removed
about 25 percent of effluent nitrate.
488 M EFFEC T OF SEW A CE IRRICA TION ON THE PER TIL ITY
OF SOD PODZOLIC LOAMY-SAND SOILS
Dodofina, V. T.
Pochvovedenie (Moscow), 76:65-73, 7977.
Descriptors: Flood irrigation, Soil types. Forage crops, Soil chemical
properties, So viet Union.
Results are given of 5 years of sewage irrigation of sod podzolic soils
under perennial grass. The humus content increased 0. 2% and the total
N increased 0.02%-0. 03%. A decrease in the'potential and hydrolytic
activities and an increase in the structure were also found. The yield
of grasses increased J. 5 to 2. 0-fold over those irrigated with water.
489 M RACETRACK SEWAGE PLANT SOLVES DIMMITT'S
SANITATION PROBLEMS
Ebly, Jean
Water Sewage Works, UOj 302-303, September, 7977.
Descriptors: Texas, Rates of application. Flood irrigation, Operation
and maintenance. Aerated lagoon effluents.
Dimmitt, Texas pumps 400,000 gpd of sewage effluent to farmlands for use
in irrigation. Maintenance is minimal, just routine cleaning and greasing
of pumps.
490 M THE SOIL AS A CHEMICAL FIL TER
Ellis, B.C.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos .(ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 7973. p. 46-70.
212
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Descriptors: Ion exchange. Phosphorus removal, Heavy metals.
Soil chemical properties.
Ion exchange reactions will occur, both cation and onion, which will alter
the composition of the water during the time it is in contact with the soil
profile. In general, it is expected that wastewater will be higher in
monovalent cations than natural soil systems. The exchange of divalent
by monovalent ions in the soil can lead to a more dispersed system and
in many instances reduced infiltration rates.
Soils are known to be able to adsorb from less than 1,000 to more than
3, 000 pounds of phosphorus per acre to a depth of three feet. This
mechanism offers an effective means of removing phosphorus from waste-
waters and fixing phosphorus applied in sludge. But it does have limits
and if overloaded the soil will cease to remove phosphorus. A/though
less studied, similar mechanisms of adsorption are expected to remove
some sulfate, boron, and heavy metals from wastewater and sludge. It
is difficult to distinguish physically between adsorption and precipita-
tion but, in general, it would be expected that precipitation reactions
would occur after adsorption reactions had reached completion. Many
elements will precipitate as insoluble hydroxides, carbonates or other
compounds in soils. Precipitation reactions will usually be very depend-
ent upon soil pH. Compounds which are precipitated may be brought
back into solution by either a change in pH or by the presence of
chelators, either natural or synthetic. The level of many heavy metals
in solution may be limited by the precipitation of their hydroxides.
491 S THE GIVE AWAY MARKETEERS
Caffney, M. P.
May 1972. 16 p.
Descriptors: Hertfordshire, England, Soil chemical properties, Heavy
metals.
A description of the land application of digested sludge by the West
Hertfordshire Main Drainage Authority, England. Sludge, called Hydig,
is distributed over a 300-square-mile radius by the district without
charge. Control of heavy metals is mentioned, as well as the develop-
ment of a "zinc-equivalent, " to express the relative buildup of metals.
492 I A SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR TREATMENT OF
CANNERY WASTES
Cilde, L. C., et al.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed.., 43:2011-2025, August 1971.
213
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Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Paris, Texas, Microbial
degradation. Tertiary treatment. Overland flow.
This study presents the results obtained from the J2-month research
program conducted by Campbell Soup Company at Paris, Texas. The
study was conducted for the purpose of learning more about the micro-
biology, microclimate, forage quality, yield, and treatment efficiency
of the spray runoff system. The results show that the microbial popula-
tion varies between 500 and 600 x JO6 organisms/gram of soil and that,
on the average, about 6 times as many organisms are present in treated
as in untreated soils. Of the organisms selected for the evaluation, the
aerobioheterotrophic bacteria and streptomyces account for over 90 per-
cent of the population. The results also show that the irrigation system
equals or betters tertiary treatment, with an average reduction of more
than 99 percent in BOD while also accomplishing major reductions in
nutrients. The system represents an excellent soil conservation prac-
tice of converting badly eroded, nonusable farmland into uniform slopes
and terraces for treatment purposes.
493 M EFFEC T OF DfSSOL VED SA L TS ON THE FIL TRA TION
OF COLIFORM BACTERIA IN SAND DUNES
Co/dshmid, J., etal.
In: Advan. Water Pollut..Res., Proc. Int. Conf. 6th, Jerusalem,
June 18-23, 1972. New York, Pergamon Press, 1973. p. 147-155.
Descriptors: Coliforms, Dissolved solids, Israel, Aerated lagoon
effluents. Salinity.
The plans for the Dan Sewage Reclamation Project call for infiltration
through sand dunes followed by a 400-800 day lag period, as the final
treatment step, before pumping the reclaimed sewage from the aquifer
into the drinking water supply. The work described here elucidates
the effect of concentration and composition of dissolved salts in the
treated effluent on the filtration efficiency of coliform bacteria in sand
dunes. It was concluded that an increase in cation concentration and
valence increases filtration efficiency of coliform bacteria through sand
dune. In the presence of oxidation pond effluents more cations are
required to achieve the same filtration efficiency. Bacterial balance
showed that bacteria stay alive even after being attached to sand particles.
No agglomeration of bacteria was observed in the concentration range
tested in these experiments. A decrease of pH from 9.3 to 3.9 increased
filtration efficiency. The effect of cation concentration on filtration
efficiency is reversible. A decrease in cation concentration of the
same valence will filter out bacteria which had already been removed.
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494 / SPRAY FIELD APPLICA T1ON HANDLES SPENT PULPING
LIQUORS EFFICIENTLY
Guerri, E. A.
Pulp Pap., 45(2): 93-95, 7977.
Descriptors: Indiana, Rates of application, Suspended solids. Soil
physical properties. Pulp and paper wastes.
The Terre Haute, Indiana mill of the Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co.
is disposing of spent sodium base cooking liquor on land. The high
sodium content (16. 4 percent of the dry solids) and high temperature
(185° to 795° F) at which the waste is sprayed preclude any cover crop.
The 200,000 gpd containing 11.3 percent solids is applied at an average
rate of 0. 44 in. /wk. This method has been successful in preventing
runoff from the 120 acres of wetted field. As the sodium content even-
tually destroys the structure of the soil, a plot must be rejuvenated by
loading with gypsum and growing a cover crop for several years.
495 S AGRICULTURAL BENEFITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES
RESULTING FROM THE USE OF DIGESTED SEWAGE ON FIELD
CROPS, AN INTERIM REPORT ON A SOLID WASTE
DEMONSTRA TION PROJECT
Hinesly, T. D., O. C. Braids, and J. E. Molina
Metropolitan Sanit. District of Greater Chicago, II. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 7977. 73 p.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Conforms, Anaerobic digestion, Rates
of application. Aerobic digestion.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago worked with the
University of Illinois to test the use of digested sewage sludge on farm
land. Crop response, chemical pollution of runoff and the possibility of
contamination by fecal coliform were studied. It was found that freshly
digested sludge had serious agricultural disadvantages, inhibiting seed
germination. In some cases, germination fell to zero, while other tests
showed germination of other seed types at only 30 percent of normal.
Aging or aeration of the sludge corrected this problem. Similarly, fecal
coliform counts were high in freshly digested sludge and fell rapidly
upon aging. Sludge was found to be infiltrated very slowly into the
ground, and application rates must be kept low to avoid runoff of sludge
from slopes. Crops raised on sewage sludge produced better yields
than the control crops and did not show any absorption of'toxic heavy
metals found in the sludge.
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496 S PROBLEMS OF SLUDGE TREA TMENT AND DISPOSAL
Homer, R. W.
In: Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. (London), 49:57-90, 7977.
Descriptors: Wastewater treatment. Sludge disposal. Reviews, United
States.
Mr. Horner described sewage treatment as predominantly a concentration
process in which each stage and type of treatment produced its own par-
ticular concentrated pollutant. The main problem, however, was the
treatment and disposal of the sludges produced by the primary, second-
ary, and tertiary treatment processes. A very wide range of processes
had been employed, with varying degrees of success, in their treatment
and disposal.
497 M THE USE OF THE SOIL AND ITS ASSOCIA TED BIOSYSTEMS
TO RECYCLE URBAN INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL
WASTES
Kardos, Louis T.
APWA Reporter, May 1973. 13 p.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Soil chemical properties, Penn State,
Pennsylvania, Soil physical properties, Soil microbiology.
Author's thesis is that use of the land and its associated biosystems,
rather than surface waters, as an extensive recycling system enables
one to utilize the strong physical, chemical and biological buffering
capacity of the soil in relieving various kinds of water pollution crises.
Pertinent aspects of the Penn State living-filter project are discussed.
Present research at Penn State, in which final digested sludge from
the treatment plant is injected into the wastewater pipe line and applied
through the sprinklers, indicates that the same acres being used for
the wastewater disposal can take care of the sludge disposal in a totally
integrated operation without unbalancing the living-filter system.
498 M RENOVA TION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWA TER THROUGH
LAND DISPOSAL BY SPRAY IRRIGATION
Kardos, L. T., and W. E. Sopper
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through
Forest and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos fed.), Univ.
Park, Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 148-163.
Descriptors: Phosphorus removal, Penn State, Pennsylvania, Waste-
water treatment. Nitrification, Rates of application.
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Both cropland and forest areas receiving two inches of effluent at weekly
intervals have continued to show an excellent capacity for removing
phosphorus, with better than 99% reduction of phosphorus concentration
in the recharging renovated wastewater. Total nitrogen concentrations
have decreased better than 75% with silage corn and better than 93%
with reed canarygrass. Forested areas receiving one inch of effluent
at weekly intervals have diminished nitrogen concentrations by 57% to
55% but where two inches of effluent was applied at weekly intervals
inadequate nitrogen removals occurred at about the fifth year on the
fine textured soil and at about the third year on the sandy soil. On an
old field site with a scattering of white spruce, which received two
inches at weekly intervals, nitrogen concentrations diminished by
75% to 55%.
In 1970, on the reed canarygrass area where 545 pounds of nitrogen was
added during the year, water samples at four foot depth had an average
annual concentration of only 2. 3 mg/l. Where two inches of effluent has
been applied weekly, average annual nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in
the silage corn area have climbed to 77.7 mg/l in 1970, in the red pine
forest to 77. 7 mg/l in 1969, in the hardwood forest on a sandy soil to
33. 3 mg/l in 1970 but in the old field area only to 3. 5 mg/l in 1970. In
the hardwood forest on a silt loam soil where four inches of effluent was
applied weekly for five years the nitrate level at 48 inches remained below
10 mg/l, the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit for potable
water.
499 M WA TER SUPPL Y FROM RENOVA TED WASTE WA TER
Kasperson, Roger E., and Marc Eichen (ed. )
1972. 207 p.
Descriptors: Bibliographies, Public acceptance, Massachusetts,
Wastewater treatment. Planning.
A resource manual for Massachusetts planners, public officials and
citizens groups. It deals with four major issues: (1) placing water
reuse in a larger context; (2) the major problem areas in wastewater
renovation for water supply, including public acceptance; (3) the
relevant experiments at Windhoek, South Africa, Santee and Lake Tahoe,
California; and (4) the outlook for Massachusetts. Each section con-
cludes with an annotated bibliography.
500 M SEWAGE TREA TMENT FA RMS
Kirby, C. F.
Dept. Civil Eng., Univ. of Melbourne, 1971.
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Descriptors: Me/bourne, Australia, Rates of application, Wastewater
treatment. Operation and maintenance, Water quality data.
This paper outlines three methods of treating the wastewater from the
city of Me/bourne, Australia: land filtration, grass filtration, and
lagooning. Crass filtration is notable because it is the only known
application of the overland flow technique to municipal wastewater on
a full scale.
Overland flow is used in place of irrigation for the six month winter
periods. The loading rate is 20,000 gad using Italian rye grass for
filtration. The wastewater /s applied by border check irrigation.
Estimated removals are as follows: BOD, 96 percent; SS, 95 percent;
nitrogen, 60 percent; phosphorus, 35 percent; E. coll, 99.5 percent;
detergent, 50 percent.
The design loading rate is approached gradually over a period of two to
three weeks. Some settlement of suspended matter occurs at the tops of
the bays, where the water is admitted, and creates an anaerobic condi-
tion, which extends for some distance down the bays before aerobiosis
begins.
501 S DO ORGANIC WASTES BELONG ON THE LAND?
Kolb, J.
Compost Sci., 13(7): H, January-February 1972.
Descriptors: Sludge disposal. Soil contamination.
Report on Solid and Water Conservation. Division of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture which states that the Nation's land resources will be in no
danger from using them for waste disposal.
502 S EXPERIENCES WITH THE SLUDGE PROGRAM IN THE
DENVER AREA
Korbitz, W.
Compost Sci., 12(5): 3-5, September-October 1971.
Descriptors: Reviews, Sludge disposal, Planning, Colorado.
The report shows the Metro Denver District staff is firmly convinced
that "future sewage sludge must be recycled to the land. "
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503 M NITROGEN REMOVAL BY SOIL MECHANISMS
Lance, J. C.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 44: 7352-1361, July 1972.
Descriptors: Denitrification, Nutrient removal. Soil chemical prop-
erties. Phoenix, Arizona.
Land disposal removes nitrogen from wastewater by denitrification,
volatilization of ammonia, and removal of plant tissue grown on the
dispose/ site. Denitrification is the most desirable removal process
because nitrogen is transferred to the atmosphere as gaseous nitrogen
without causing air pollution. Large quantities of nitrogen can be
stored in the soil in various forms but not indefinitely. The nitrogen
of wastewater can also be concentrated into smaller volume of reclaimed
water than can be further treated or used for fertilizer.
504 M NITROGEN BALANCE IN SOIL COLUMNS INTERMITTENTLY
FLOODED WITH SECONDARY SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Lance, J. C., andF. D. Whis/er
J. Environ. Quality, 1(2): 180-186, April-June 1972.
Descriptors: Nitrification, Denitrification, Phoenix, Arizona, Soil
physicaf properties. Rates of application.
The sampling wells at the Flushing Meadows project in Phoenix, Arizona
have produced-renovated water with occasionally high nitrate concentra-
tions. Because it is difficult to predict the volume represented by these
samples, a physical model of the filtration system was constructed in the
laboratory. Six PVC columns were filled with soil from the Salt River
bed and dosed with secondary sewage effluent containing 25 mg/l of
ammonia nitrogen.
Short, frequent floodings of the soil columns (2 days flooded and 5 days
dry) caused no net removal of nitrogen but produced nearly complete
nitrification. The net nitrogen removal during longer cycles (9-23 days
flooded and 5 days dry), was 30 percent. Half of the nitrogen that
remained in the renovated water was contained in the wave of high-
nitrate water, which represented W percent of the total volume of
renovated water and was collected immediately after the dry period.
After the wave of high nitrate passed, net nitrogen removal was 67
percent.
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505 M REACTIONS OF HEA VY METALS WITH SOILS WITH
SPECIAL REGARD TO THEIR APPLICATION IN
SEWAGE WASTES
Leeper, G. W.
U.S. Army Corps Eng., November 1972. 70 p.
Descriptors: Soil chemical properties. Heavy metals.
The heavy metals are listed, along with general statements about them.
The fate of heavy metals in soils, as well as the mechanisms of removal
of individual or grouped heavy metals is discussed. There are sections
on prehistoric pedology and uptake of heavy metals by plants.
506 M UNDERGROUND TRAVEL OF POLLUTANTS
Mathur, R. P., and N. S. Grewal
In: Advan. Water Pol lut. Res., Proc. Int. Conf. 6th, Jerusalem,
June 18-23, 1972. New York, Pergamon Press, 1973. p. 159-166.
Descriptors: Groundwater contamination, Groundwater movement,
Groundwater recharge. Soil physical properties.
Deals with limitations of returning wastewaters underground, taking
advantage of the filtering ability of the soil and the diluting effect of
groundwater. Study attempts to show how wastewater is likely to travel
after its introduction into groundwater. A model study of dispersion of
organic matter in the form of synthetic sewage has been made. The
parameters selected were organic matter (oxygen consumed by the
test) and the Enterococcus group of bacteria.
507 M WASTE INTO WEAL TH
Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works
Melbourne, Australia, 1971. 16 p.
Descriptors: Melbourne, Australia, Soil types. Costs, Flood irrigation,
Overland flow.
The Board of Works farm at Werribee, Australia has received the un-
treated sewage from Melbourne since 1892. Covering 26, 800 acres in an
area of high evaporation (45 inches per year) and low rainfall (19 inches
per year), it is one of the largest wastewater treatment farms in the
world. The farm is stocked with up to 19, 000 beef cattle and up to
50,000 sheep.
Three treatment methods are utilized depending on the time of the year
and the flow. During the summer, most of the 114 mgd average daily
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flow is used to ire/gate 10,376 acres of pasture. The water is applied
by flooding a confined area which has an underground drain system for
disposal of about 1/3 of the water. Depending on the soil, which is
mostly a clay loam, loading rates range from H, 000 to 5, 500 gpd per
acre (1-T.fi in./week).
During the cold weather, overland flow through Italian rye grass is the
method of treatment. The treated effluent is collected in surface drains
and discharged into Port Phillip Bay. The loading rate on these 3, 472
acres is 21,000 gpd per acre (0. 77 in./day). Excess flows and storm
flows (up to 250 mgd) are treated in 3,393 acres of lagoons, where the
detention time is over 6 weeks, prior to discharge. Net cost of treatment
and disposal is $1. 07 per capita served based on 1. 8 million people or
$56 (U.S. currency) per mil/ion gallons.
508 M WAS TEW A TER ENC IN BERING
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 7972. 752 p.
Descriptors: Golf courses, Groundwater recharge. Rates of application.
Tertiary treatment.
Reuse applications of effluent include crop irrigation, golf course and
park watering, and groundwater recharge. Examples of the latter two
uses are cited. A table of application rates for various methods, types
of wastewater, and soil types is given. The amount of water that can
be disposed of depends on the climatic conditions, the infiltration
capacity of the soil, the types of crops or grasses grown, and the
quality standards imposed where runoff is allowed.
509 M CONCENTRA TION OF VIRUSES FROM SEA WA TER
Metcalf, T. C. , C. Wallis, and J. L. Melnick
In: Advan. Water Pollut. Res., Proc. Int. Conf. 6th, Jerusalem,
June 18-23, 1972. New York, Pergamon Press, 1973. p. 109-115.
Descriptors: Viruses, Rates of application.
A flow-through system using textile filters was shown to be a feasible
apparatus for the detection of viruses in large volumes of sea water.
Field trials showed that the equipment could efficiently sample seawater
at rates approaching 300 gallons per hour. Collection of virus upon
these filters was shown to proceed without suffering significant loss of
virus because of interference of absorption by membrane-coating
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components. Laboratory trials conducted with artificial seawater
demonstrated the ability of the virus concentration methods used to
recover virtually all virus contained in the samples tested. The results
obtained in field trials confirmed the laboratory findings and provided
a new tool for detection of viruses in marine water.
51OM GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOCICAL ASPECTS OF LAND
TREA TMENT OF WASTEWA TER
Miller, D. W.
Presented at 45th Annual Conf., Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., Atlanta, Co.,
October 8-13, 1972.
Descriptors: Ceohydrology, Croundwater contamination, Wastewater
treatment, Surveys.
The geology and hydrology of a particular site chosen for land treat-
ment of wastewater can govern the success or failure of this process.
Extensive studies of ground water conditions should be undertaken to
determine the impact of this method of wastewater treatment on the area
involved in order to avoid such problems as contamination of underlying
aquifers and troublesome rising groundwater levels. Of key importance
is an understanding of the occurrence of groundwater in various geologic
environments in addition to how the movement of waste fluids is affected
by the configuration of the water table and the thickness and composition
of the unsaturated zone.
After the treatment process has begun, the extent, thickness, direction
and rate of movement of the wastewater body must be monitored. Geo-
physical surveys may be helpful in this connection by pinpointing highly
mineralized groundwater.
511 S THE SOIL AS A BIOLOGICAL FILTER
Miller, R. H.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sapper, W. E. , and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 71-94.
Descriptors: Soil microbiology, Biodegradation, Heavy metals.
Nitrification.
The primary functions of the soil microbial component of the biological
filter are as follows: (1) as a "decomposer" population metabolizing
biodegradable organic materials to CO2 and H2O. The rate of this
process often determines the loading rates and capacity of the soil for
waste renovation. As part of this microbial reaction soil humic mater-
ials accumulate which are significant in modifying soil physical and
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chemical properties, (2) to degrade or detoxify potentially toxic or
unwanted organic compounds, e.g., ABS, pesticides, NTA, phenols,
etc., (3) to modify the adsorption and mobility of cations and onions
including phosphorus and heavy metals within the soil profile, (4) to
modify the adsorption of nutrient elements and heavy metals by plants
associated with the soil filter. The mechanisms involved are oxidation-
reduction, mineralization-immobilization, chelation and solubilization,
(5) as the responsible agents for the nitrogen transformations necessary
for the proper functioning of soil in waste renovation, e.g., immobiliza-
tion-mineralization, nitrification and denitrification, and (6) in the
elimination of pathogenic microorganisms.
512 S DIVISION S-3—SOIL MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY—
AERATION-INDUCED CHANCES IN LIQUID DIGESTED SEWAGE
SLUDGE
Molina, J. A. E. , O. C. Braids, T. D. Hinesly, and J. B. Cropper
SoilSci. Soc. Amer. Proc., 35:60-63, 7977.
Descriptors: Grain crops, Anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic digestion,
Plant growth, Chicago, Illinois.
Explored the question of germination of corn and soybean seeds in the
presence of liquid anaerobica/ly digested sludge. Exposure of the sludge
to the air resulted in ammonia losses, and inhibition of germination was
not detected after a few days.
513 I REDUCES WASTEWA TER TREATMENT COSTS 20-30%;
SAVES ESTIMATED $2 MILLION CAPITAL EXPENSE
Morlock, J., et al.
Food Process., 34(1):52-53, 1973.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, California, Spray disposal.
Costs, Overland flow.
This description of the Hunt-Wesson Foods' overland flow facility at
Davis, California, contains some error of fact. For instance, each
bench is 175 ft wide and 800 ft long and by this description there are
81 benches. A design flow of 4.0 mgd is sprayed on 258 wetted acres.
The initial capital cost was $1.25 million and annual costs range from
$20, 000 to $40, 000 depending on the hay crop. A mixture of Reed
canary, fescue, trefoil, and Italian rye grasses were sown. The
screened tomato canning wastewater is delivered to the field through
a pipeline 4 miles long.
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514 M SPRINKLER IRRICA TION SYSTEMS
Myers, Earl A.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 324-333.
Descriptors: Penn State, Pennsylvania, Sprinkler irrigation. Rates of
application. Design data, Climatic data.
Wastewater must be returned uniformly over the land surface at the
proper rate in inches/hour and the appropriate amount in inches/week,
if adequate renovation is to be expected. Penn State's 60-acre solid-set
system which applies effluent at the rate of 1/16 inch /hour and two
inches/week is discussed. Factors affecting the design of this system
are considered, as well as variations in design for other soil, climatic,
crop and effluent characteristics.
575 S RECYCLING MUNICIPAL SLUDGES AND EFFLUENTS
ON LAND
National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges
Washington, D.C., July 1973. 244 p.
Descriptors: Reviews, Sludge disposal, Wastewater disposal, United
States, Recycling nutrients.
This report contains 26 topical papers and the information gathered at a
Research Needs Workshop co-sponsored by the National Association of
State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, and the United States Department of Agriculture.
516 I LIQUID WASTES FROM CANNING AND FREEZING
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
National Canners Association
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. 12060 EDK, August 1971.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Food processing wastes. Furrow
irrigation. United States, Surveys.
Spray irrigation systems and ridge and furrow systems are briefly dis-
cussed, along with some requirements for operation. Ridge and furrow
systems are being displaced by spray irrigation and it was estimated that,
in 1965, there were 2,400 spray irrigation systems, 900 of these used by
food processors. Percentages of canners using spray irrigation systems
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are listed by the product processed. Corn processors used spray irriga-
tion in 44 percent of the plants checked, pear canners were at the low end
at 8 percent.
517 M REVIEW DRAFT: PROPOSED REPORT OF THE NA TIONAL
WATER COMMISSION
National Water Commission
Washington, D.C. 1972.
Descriptors: Legal aspects, Water management (applied), Reviews,
United States.
This comprehensive report discusses the following issues: (1) Water
Supply and Water Use; (2) Water and the Natural Environment; (3)
Water and the Economy; (4) Water Pollution Control; (5) Improving
Water Related Programs; (6) Procedures for Resolving Differences over
Environmental and Developmental Values; (7) Making Better Use of
Existing Supplies; (8) Interbasin Transfers; (9) Means of Increasing
Water Supply; (70) Better Decisionmaking in Water Management; (11)
Improving Organizational Arrangements; (12) Water Problems of Metro-
politan Areas; and (13) Federal-State Jurisdiction in the Law of Waters.
518 M COST OF SPRA Y IRR/CA T/ON FOR WASTEWA TER
REN OVA TION
Nesbitt, J. B.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sapper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos (ed. ), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 334-338.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation. Operation and maintenance, Rates
of application, Costs, Penn State, Pennsylvania.
The cost of spray irrigation for wastewater renovation includes both
capital and operation ccsts. Capital costs include the distribution
system (irrigation pipe, risers, sprinkler heads, and fittings),
equalization storage lagoon, pumping station, delivery system, land,
site preparation, engineering and contingencies. Operating costs
would include labor, power, and maintenance.
Assuming the above unit processes and some unit prices, the capital
cost for systems of one, five and ten million gallons per day are,
respectively, $439,000, $1, 369,000, and $2,431,000. Annual costs
for these systems (amortization plus operating costs) are $46, 570,
$146,340, and $263,060, respectively. These annual costs are equiva-
lent to costs of 12. 7 cents, 8. 0 cents, and 7. 2 cents per thousand
gallons for each of the three flow rates.
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579 M THE VIRUS PROBLEM IN THE WINDHOEK WASTEWATER
RECLAMATION PROJECT
Nupen, Ethel M., and C. J. Slander
In: Advan. Water Pollut. Res., Proc. Int. Conf. 6th, Jerusalem,
June 18-23, 1972. New.York, Pergamon Press, 7973. p. 733-742.
Descriptors: Planning, Conforms, Aerated lagoon effluents. South
Africa, Viruses.
Intensive plan is described for monitoring and control of Windhoek
Wastewater Reclamation Plant. It included virological testing of settled
sewage entering the Cammams Sewage Purification Works and the final
maturation pond effluent from the works which constituted the intake to
the Windhoek Plant. Also, all other sources of water supplied to the
area were routinely checked for virus and fecal contamination.
520 M NEW DIRECTIONS FOR WASTEWATER COLLECTION
AND DISPOSAL
Okun, Daniel A.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 43_: 2777-2180, November 1971.
Descriptors: Los Angeles, California, Deep percolation, Economic
feasibility. Water reuse.
In 1938, the effluent from the Pasadena plant was being discharged into
a stream bed that was dry most of the year, so that it percolated into the
ground, adding to the groundwater resource. When the Los Angeles
County Sanitation District was extended to Pasadena, it became more
economical for Pasadena to discharge its wastewater into the county sys-
tem, and the treatment plant was abandoned. Pasadena wastewater there-
after was discharged to the ocean rather than into the ground. Now the
county is engaged in projects that are devoted after 30 years to reclaim-
ing by infiltration wastewater that would otherwise be lost to sea.
527 M LAND IRR/CA TION WITH MUNICIPAL EFFLUENT-
AGRONOMIC ASPECTS
Overman, A. R.
Presented at 45th Annual Conf. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. , Atlanta, Ca.,
October 8-73, 7972.
Descriptors: Rates of application. Soil types, Nutrient removal, Florida.
Crop fertility studies have shown that increasing levels of major nutrients
produce an exponential increase in yield. Crop response to municipal
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effluent has also shown this characteristic. As the application rate in-
creases, efficiency of nutrient uptake by plants decreases. The rate
at which 100 percent uptake occurs depends upon the crop and soil type.
In the Southeastern United States it is possible to grow crops year-round
with wastewater.
522 M THE RENOVA TION OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWA TER THROUGH
SPRINKLER IRRIGATION (TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA)
Overman, A. R., and T. P. Smith
Presented at 45th Annual Conf. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., Atlanta, Co.,
October 8-13, 7972.
Descriptors: Florida, Sprinkler irrigation. Rates of application. Forage
crops, Odor.
Secondary effluent from a 2.5 mgd high rate trickling filter plant was
applied to two forage crops on Lake/and fine sand at Tallahassee,
Florida. The sand is underlain by limestone at approximately 45 feet,
with the water table at 35-45 feet. Application rates of 1, 2, 4, and 8
inches per week were applied to plots WO feet by 100 feet. Crops were
sorghum-sudangrass and kenat.
Both forage crops responded well to irrigation with effluent. Yields
exhibited an exponential response to increasing application rates.
Nitrogen recovery of 100 percent occurred at 1-2 inches per week.
No mineral deficiency or toxicity was apparent. There did not appear
to be any odor problems with the sprinkler system.
523 M SPRA V IRRIGA TION MANUAL
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
Bur. of Water Quality Management, Pubt. No. 31, 1972.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Sprinkler irrigation. Design data,
Pennsylvania, Water management (applied}.
This manual incorporates factors such as soil, geology, hydrology,
weather, and agricultural practice in considerations for site selection.
All fields should be mowed and the crop residue removed at least once
a year. Application rates in excess of 0.25 in./hr and 2 in./wk for
each section of the field will be considered only under extremely
extenuating circumstances supported by detailed substantiating data.
Guidelines are also given for pretreatment, storage, controls, piping,
sprinkler types and spacing, and distribution diameter.
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524 / DISPOSAL OF 1NSULA TfON BOARD MILL EFFLUENT BY
LAND IRRIGATION •
Phillip. A. H.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 43^1749-7754, August 7977.
Descriptors: Michigan, Winter storage. Soil types. Pulp and paper
wastes. Spray disposal.
A system for disposal of effluent from insulation board mill has been in
use on the upper peninsula of Michigan for 3 years. The effluent is
stored in holding tanks from late October through April. The spray
field is TOO acres in size, has. Vilas sand with a rapid permeability, and
has an underdrainage system to keep the water table below 5 feet.
Lateral lines to the spray heads have valves activated by nitrogen gas.
The system handles 500,000 gpd with a total operating cost of $20,000/yr
and a total capital cost of $440, 000.
525 M WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND REUSE BY LAND
APPLICATION, VOLUME I—SUMMARY
Pound, Charles E., and Ronald W. Crites
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA-660/2-73-006a, August 7973. 80 p.
Descriptors: Costs, Design data. United States, Reviews.
A nationwide study was conducted of the current knowledge and tech-
niques of land application of municipal treatment plant effluents and
industrial wastewaters. Selected sites were visited and extensive
literature reviews were made. Information and data were gathered on
the many factors involved in system design and operation for the three
major land application approaches: irrigation, overland flow, and
infiltration-percolation. In addition, evaluations were made of environ-
mental effects, public health considerations, and costs—areas in which
limited data are available. Irrigation is the most reliable land applica-
tion technique with respect to long term use and removal of pollutants
from the wastewater. It is sufficiently developed so that general design
and operational guidelines can be prepared from current technology.
Overland flow was found to be an effective technique for industrial
wastewater treatment. Further development is required to utilize its
considerable potential for municipal wastewater treatment. Infiltration-
percolation is also a feasible method of land application. Criteria for
site selection, groundwater control, and management techniques for
high rate systems need further development. This volume contains a
perspective and concise summary of the results of the study.
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526 M WASTEWA TER TREA TMENT AND REUSE BY LAND
A PPL ICA TION- - VOL UME II
Pound, Charles E. , and Ronald W. Crites
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA-660/2-73-006b, August 7973. 249 p.
Descriptors: Costs, Design data. United States, Reviews.
A nationwide study was conducted of the current knowledge and tech-
niques of land application of municipal treatment plant effluents and
industrial wastewaters. Selected sites were visited and extensive
literature reviews were made. This volume contains the detailed in-
formation and data gathered on the many factors involved in system
design and operation for the three major land application approaches:
irrigation, overland flow, and infiltration-percolation. In addition,
evaluations were made of environmental effects, public health consid-
erations, and costs—areas in which limited data are available. Appen-
dices in this volume of the two volume project report include case
histories for 21 municipal and industrial sites, as well as a review of
the reasons for apparent abandonment of crop irrigation at 24 cities
between 1934 and 1973.
527 M WASTEWA TER MANAGEMENT BY DISPOSAL ON THE
LAND
Reed, S. C.
U.S. Army Corps of Eng., Cold Regions Res. Eng. Lab., Special
Report 171, 1972. 183 p.
Descriptors: Spray disposal. Overland flow. Water quality standards,
Wastewater treatment.
Comprehensive technical assessment of the effects and effectiveness of
the methods used for disposal of wastewaters on the land. Three basic
application techniques are considered: spray irrigation (SI), over-
land runoff (OR), and rapid infiltration (Rl), and the related ecosystem
responses to each. The report concludes that the product water from
such operations can and should approach drinking water-irrigation
water standards in quality. Of the three modes, SI offers the highest
degree of reliability and potential longevity. Further definition is re-
quired for system capacity for the other two modes, but OR is given
preference over Rl, based on currently available information. The
report not only provides an assessment of the current state of the art
but documents the need for work leading to optimum criteria for design,
construction and operation of cost-effective and environmentally com-
patible systems.
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528 I PRODUCTION AND DISPOSAL PRACTICES FOR LIQUID
WASTES FROM CANNERY AND FREEZING FRUITS AND
VEGETABLES
Rose, W. W., et a/.
In: Proc. 2nd Nat. Symp. Food Process. Wastes, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report No. 12060—, March
7977. p. 109-127.
Descriptors: Design data, Suspended solids. Economic feasibility.
United States, Operation and maintenance.
An overview of production and disposal practices is presented. Cost
figures were estimated for on "average" plant processing fruits or vege-
tables. The "average" plant produces 15,000 tons of raw products in a
100 day season and has a wastewater flow of 450,000 gpd based on 3,000
gal. per ton. BOD and suspended solids would be 1, 000 mg/l and 400
mg/l, respectively. The cost of irrigation would be $24,000 for construc-
tion and $4, 500 for operation and maintenance. Typical costs for con-
struction would then be about $50,000 per mgd and O&M costs would be
JOt per 1,000 gal.
529 S DENVER SEWAGE SLUDGE RECYCLED ON THE LAND
Sabey, B. R., J. Danford, and H. H. Champ/in
Compost Sci., 14(7): 4-6, January-February, 1973.
Descriptors: Subsurface irrigation. Economic feasibility, Colorado.
While the research to date indicates that numerous problems are
associated with recycling of sewage sludge in soils, the results also
indicate that the possibility of overcoming the problems is good. Much
more research is required to determine the feasibility and practical use
of this method.of disposal, Colorado State University Experiment Sta-
tion is intensifying its research efforts on the problem.
530 S IRRIGATING WITH LIQUID DIGESTED SLUDGE
Seabrook, B. L.
Compost Sci., 14(1): 26-27, January-February 1973.
Descriptors: Heavy metals, Activated sludge effluents. Odor, Public
acceptance, Hertfordshire, England.
In contrast to the problems created by the dumping of sanitary wastes
into rivers, lakes and oceans including the metals in such wastewater,
the metals problem involved in sewage irrigation on land is by far the
/esser problem. The technique of treating the secondary plant effluent
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so that 97% of it can be discharged directly into surface waters so that
the balance can be irrigated in the form of liquid digested sludge has
now been adopted by approximately 40% of all municipal treatment works
in England. Only the remaining 3% consists of effluent plus digested
sludge, free of objectionable odors, and brings no associated fly
problem with it, it comes closer than any other irrigation technique to
meeting the aesthetic requirements of the community in which it would
be used. The Hertfordshire experience over the last two decades has
demonstrated that it is acceptable and practical for certain communities
of 500, 000 population.
53J I WASTE TREATMENT IN CHINA: ANCIENT TRADITIONS
AND HIGH TECHNOLOGY
Sebastian, F. P., Jr.
AMBIO (Oslo, Norway), 1(6): 209-216, November/December 1972.
Descriptors: Costs, Wastewater treatment, China.
An American executive of a firm specializing in environmental technology
visited China and reports that while old traditions are followed in the
primitive recycling of human wastes ("night soil"), high technology is
applied in industrial waste treatment.
532 M THE USE OF SEWAGE FOR IRRICA T1ON—A LITERATURE
REVIEW
Sepp, E.
Bur. Sanit. Eng., Calif. State Dept. Pub. Health, 7977.
Descriptors: Pathogenic bacteria. Reviews, Public health regulations.
United States, Europe.
After reviewing literature from many areas in the U.S., Europe, and the
Mid-East, it was concluded that the consumption of raw vegetables irri-
gated with sewage has given r/se to outbreaks of typhoid fever and worm
infection. Crops grown in fields may be contaminated directly by sewage
and polluted water, or indirectly through contact with polluted soil.
Pathogenic bacteria, amoeba cysts, and helminth eggs cannot penetrate
the surfaces of healthy, unbroken vegetables. Survival times of the
various organisms are reported. Studies indicate that the coliform
bacteria count on grass and clover leaves drops to the natural level 74
days after sewage application. Bacteriological standards for irrigating
crops with sewage have been established in some of the western states of
the U.S. and in Europe. Wide variation in the requirements, however,
exists.
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533 M D/SPOSAL OF DOMESTIC WASTEWATER BY HILLSIDE SPRAYS
Sepp, E.
Amer. Soc. Civil Eng., J. Environ. Eng. Div., 99(332): 109-721, 1973.
Descriptors: Wastewater disposal, Public health regulations. Soil
physical properties. Spreading basins, California.
The state and local health departments have long supported the land
disposal principle for mountain areas, and the practicality of this
approach has been substantiated through the years. In 1967, the State
Board of Public Health adopted a formal policy for the protection of
mountain waters. The goal of the policy was no direct discharge; this
could be alternatively achieved by either land confinement, export of
wastewater, or water reclamation. Subsequent studies (20) have
demonstrated that land disposal systems are much more reliable than
systems which discharge effluent directly into mountain waters, and
that containment of wastes on land is achievable even under the most
adverse conditions. Hillside spraying is a reliable method of land
disposal of domestic wastewater which can be used in areas where the
soils are not suitable for subsurface disposal or the terrain is too rough
for the construction of evaporation-percolation ponds.
534 M SELECTED IRRIGATION RETURN FLOW QUALITY
ABSTRACTS 1968-1969
Skogerboe, C. V., et al.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA/R2-72-094, November 1972. 211 p.
Descriptors: Bibliographies, Water quality data, Reviews.
This first annual issue has been compiled from approximately 100
sources of material which have been searched for articles pertinent to
the National Irrigation Return Flow Research and Development Program.
It contains more than 400 abstracts, which are placed in sections ac-
cording to the category and subgroup classifications used by the Water
Resources Scientific Information Center. The abstracts cover research
that is being conducted at numerous restitutions throughout the Western
United States as well as other portions of the world. Each abstract con-
tains descriptors and identifiers as well as full bibliographical informa-
tion. There are also indexes by author and subject.
The range of subjects covered is vast. For example: "Characteristics
and Pollution Problems of Irrigation Return Flow, " prepared by the
Utah State University Foundation contains a bibliography with refer-
ences to articles and reports published prior to 1968, which are perti-
nent to irrigation return flow quality control. A quite different example
is: "2,4-D Diffusion in Saturated Sot'/s; A Mathematical Theory. "
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535 M DISPOSAL OF MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER THROUGH FOREST
IRRICA TION
Sopper, William
Environ. Poltut., 1j 263-284, 7977.
Descriptors: Rates of application, Silviculture, Groundwater recharge,
Wastewater disposal. Water reuse, Penn State, Pennsylvania.
Serious pollution problems are often created by the disposal of municipal
waste water into surface waters, Research results indicate that, with
properly programmed application rates, large volumes of waste water
can be satisfactorily renovated through irrigation of forest/and, and
considerable amounts of high-quality water recharged to the ground-
water reservoir. In addition, secondary benefits such as increased
tree growth, increased site productivity, and site amelioration have
also been obtained. The deliberate reclamation of waste water for poten-
tial reuse is one of the keys to optimum utilization of our water resources.
536 M EFFECTS OF TREES AND FORESTS IN NEUTRALIZING
WASTE
Sopper, William E.
Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources, 1971. 16 p.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility. Forage crops. Silviculture, Soil
physical properties, Penn State, Pennsylvania.
Research has indicated that the living-filter system for renovation and
conservation of municipal wastewaier is feasible and that combinations of
agronomic and forested areas provide the greatest feasibility in operation.
This system is feasible whenever the following site conditions exist:
(1) Soil with a sufficient infiltration and percolation capacity; (2)
Soil with sufficient chemical-adsorptive capacity, water-retentive
capacity, and depth to the groundwater table; (3) Low relief with a
vegetative cover and a protective accumulation of surface organic
matter; and, (V) A groundwater aquifer with a fairly deep water table.
537 M RECYCLING TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND
SLUDGE THROUGH FOREST AND CROPLAND
Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos fed.)
Univ. Park, Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. 479 p.
Descriptors: Reviews, Wastewater treatment, Pennsylvania, Silviculture.
233
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Abstracts of 33 papers delivered at the symposium. Current knowledge
related to the potential of using land areas for the disposal of treated
municipal wastewater and sludge is reviewed and discussed. There
is an attempt to determine technological gaps and research needs.
538 M EFFECTS OF IRRJCA TION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
. EFFLUENT ON SPOIL BANKS
Sopper, William E. , and L. T. Kardos
Univ. Park, Penn State Univ., Institute for Research on Land & Water
Resources, Completion Report, December 7977. 7 7 p.
Descriptors: Forage crops, Silviculture, Penn State, Pennsylvania,
Plant diseases. Land reclamation.
Approximately 25 tons of spoil material were placed in each often large
boxes, 32 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, In April, 1969, each
box was planted with seven species of tree seedlings--Japanese larch,
white spruce, Norway spruce, white pine, European alder, hybrid
poplar, and black locust. In addition, orchard grass and tall fescue
grasses and crownvetch and birds foot trefoil legumes were broadcast
seeded in each box. Two boxes were untreated as controls. The re-
maining eight boxes were divided into four groups of two for treatment.
The four weekly treatments applied were: (1) 2 inches of sewage
effluent, (2) J inch of sewage effluent and 1 inch of sludge, (3) 2 inches
of sewage effluent and 2 inches of sludge, and (4) 2 inches of sludge.
Treatments were applied for 24 weeks from May to October in 7969 and
1970. There was 100 percent mortality in the control boxes. Tree seed-
ling survival and growth on all treated boxes was excellent. Highest
tree seedling survival was obtained with the 2 inches of sewage effluent
treatment. Survival percentages were 65% for black locust, 40% for white
pine, 38% for European alder, 35% for Norway spruce, 10% for hybrid
poplar, and 3% for Japanese larch. Treatments were very effective in
establishing a groundcover of grasses and legumes particularly in those
that included sludge applications. Percolate samples collected also •
indicated that considerable amounts of dissolved minerals were removed
by the spoil material and the quality of the percolating water was greatly
improved.
539 M VEGETATION RESPONSES TO IRRIGATION WITH
MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 277-294.
234
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Descriptors: Rates of application. Sprinkler irrigation, Penn State,
Pennsylvania.
Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater on cropland and in
forest stands over a 70-year period (1963-1972) significantly affected
vegetation growth. Weekly applications of one and two inches of sewage
effluent increased diameter growth of mixed hardwood species. Irriga-
tion of red pine with one inch of sewage effluent per week resulted in
slight increases in annual diameter and height growth; whereas appli-
cation of two inches per week reduced both diameter and height growth.
White spruce showed the greatest growth response. Applications of
effluent at two inches per week greatly increased diameter growth and
tripled the total height of young saplings during the ten year period.
Significant changes were also found in species composition and growth
of herbaceous vegetation in the forested areas. The effects of effluent
irrigation in forested areas on tree mortality and winter ice breakage
are a/so discussed.
540 S PROTECTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Sorber, C. A.
In: Proc. Conf. Land Disposal of Municipal Effluents and Sludges,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA-902/9-73-001, March 1973. p. 201-209.
Descriptors: Croundwater contamination, Pathogenic bacteria.
Vegetation damage, Aerosols.
Public health considerations in land application include aerosol travel
and infectivity, bacterial contamination of vegetables, and groundwater
pollution from toxic chemicals and pathogens. A discussion is included
of each of these topics plus current research in the field.
541 M PROBLEM DEFINITION STUDY: EVALUATION OF
HEALTH AND HYGIENE ASPECTS OF LAND DISPOSAL
OF WASTEWATER AT MILITARY INSTALLATIONS
Sorber, C. A.. S. A. Schaub, and K. J. Cuter
U.S. Army Medical Environ. Eng. Res, Unit, Aberdeen Proving Ground,
Md., August 1972. 32 p.
Descriptors: Vinuses, Croundwater contamination, Aerosols, Bibliog-
raphies .
Many of the detrimental health and hygiene aspects of land application
would be significantly reduced by proper wastewater pretreatment
(secondary treatment, filtration, complete disinfection). By choosing
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a land disposal site that has from 5 to 10 feet of continuous fine soil,
biological contamination of groundwater should be avoided. The proba-
bility of inhaling pathogenic aerosols near a spray irrigation site is
significant. Chemical components of sewage may enhance the viability
of bacteria, virus and protozoans in aerosols. Pathogenic microorga-
nisms may survive longer in sewage aerosols and in soil than common
indicator organisms such as coliform organisms. Mosquito breeding is
enhanced as a result of ponding in land disposal areas. In areas where
land application is the first step in a water recycle program, total
dissolved solids (sodium and nitrate ion buildup) in the groundwater
supply can be a problem.
542 M TERTIARY WASTEWATER TREA TMENT MADE PRACTICAL
Sprawl, T. M., and R. M. Hopkins
Amer. City, 87:65-69, April 1972.
Descriptors: Florida, Spray disposal, Suspended solids, Tertiary
treatment. Recreational facilities.
The City of Cocoa Beach, Florida, uses spray irrigation for effluent
disposal. The capacity of the activated sludge plant is 3 mgd. The
original 1. 5 mgd trickling filter plant was expanded and converted to
contact stabilization. The effluent is chlorinated and used for irriga-
tion. The soil is primarily a shell composition since the entire area
complex was dredged from the Banana River by hydraulic filling. BOD
reduction in the plant is from 100 mg/l to less than 1 mg/l and sus-
spended solids reduction is from WO mg/l to 3 mg/l. The wastewater
treatment processes are described in detail.
543 S MODEL OF ORGANIC WASTES RECYCLING
Stickelberger, D.
IRCWDNews, 3:2-6, March 1972.
Descriptors: Recycling nutrients, Sludge disposal.
Excerpt from a speech proposing a thermodynamic model for organic
waste recycling. Waste material cannot be destroyed or even removed.
The refuse which has seemingly been disposed of always reappears in
one form or another, either in the air, water, soil or all three "elements"
at once. The author maintains that "the disrupted ecological system
must be brought into balance and aligned with initial production condi-
tions through buffered feedback loops of end products. " He suggests
that his model will be specially useful in developing countries.
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544 M GREEN LAND—CLEAN STREAMS: THE BENEFICIAL
USE OF WASTE WATER THROUGH LAND TREATMENT
Stevens, R, M.
Center for the Study of Federalism, Temple Univ., Philadelphia, Pa.,
1972.
Descriptors: Overland flow, Pennsylvania, Public health regulations,
Surveys, Costs.
The report describes over forty different facilities on the basis of exist-
ing literature, questionnaires, and interviews. Sites described are
classified as infiltration or overland flow and as being used for disposal
or reutilization. Data include costs, pollutant removal rates, and area
to volume relationships. Also discussed are the social and political
aspects of land treatment including an appendix of individual state
standards.
545 M SUR VEY OF FA CILITIES USING LAND APPLICATION
OF WASTEWATER
Sullivan, Richard H., et al.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., Report
No. EPA-430/9-73-006, July 1973. 377 p.
Descriptors: United States, Surveys, Wastewater disposal. Reviews.
The American Public Works Association in 1972, conducted a field survey
of WO facilities where land application of domestic or industrial waste-
water effluents were applied to the land, as contrasted to the conven-
tional method of discharging such effluents to receiving waters. In
addition, an extensive bibliography was compiled (to be published
separately); data were gathered from many other existing land appli-
cation facilities across the country; determinations were made as to
State regulations governing the use of land application facilities; and
a survey was made of experience gained in many foreign countries.
The facilities surveyed were relatively large, with long-established
operations in order that as may viable operating experiences as possi-
ble could be obtained. The surveyed land application facilities utiliz-
ing domestic wastewaters were predominantly located in the western
and southwestern portions of the nation, while industrial facilities were
generally sited in the northeastern section, because this is where the
majority of such installations are in service. Agricultural wastes facil-
ities and evaporation-percolation or spray runoff type facilities were
outside the scope of the investigation. Ninety-nine tables and the
collected data are presented. Photographs of representative facilities
are used to illustrate land application practices.
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546 S PROCESS CONTROL A T SHEFFIELD'S SLUDCE
FILTRATION PLANT
Swanick, K. H.
Filtr. Separ., 8:137-139, March/April 1971.
Descriptors: Aerobic digestion. Sludge disposal, Dewatering,
Design data, England.
The sewage sludge filter pressing plant at Sheffield's Blackburn Meadows
Sewage Works is one of the largest installations of its kind in the world.
The plant consists essentially of sludge storage tanks, milk of lime tanks,
variable rate sludge and lime pumps, flash mixers conditioned sludge
storage tanks and six air compressors with associated pairs of rams,
which feed the 36 filter presses.
547 S UTILIZA TION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST:
RESEARCH RESULTS A T MUSCLE SHOALS, ALABAMA
Terman, C. L., and D. A. Mays
Compost Sci., 14(1): 18-21, January-February 1973.
Descriptors: Costs, Forage crops. Vegetable crops, Alabama.
Experiments conducted show that large tonnages of municipal compost
can be applied on grassland or cropland and result in positive yield
responses. Economic comparisons are then made between the actual value
of dry compost in terms of crop response and the estimated costs of $8 to
$30 per ton of garbage (double these costs per ton of compost) for pro-
ducing compost from municipal wastes. Carlson and Menzies concluded
that benefits to agriculture from applying waste to land are generally
minimal, but the benefits to urban governments are substantial. Thus,.
composting of organic wastes should be considered largely as a useful
alternati ve method of disposal.
548 M THE SOIL AS A PHYSICAL FIL TER
Thomas, R. E.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Crop/and, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 38-45.
Descriptors: Anaerobic conditions. Soil physical properties, Clogging
(soil).
Septic tank-so/1 absorption systems are the most widely used of the
approaches devised by man for wastewater disposal to the soil, and
238
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there are about 15 million homes in the United States utilizing this
approach. Water movement through the soil is essential to successful
use of septic tank systems, and much of the research effort has been
directed to studies on soil clogging. The research efforts directed to
identifying the causes of soil clogging elucidated three important
factors to consider in selecting management practices for applying
wastewater to the land. These three factors are (1) the zone of clog-
ging which reduces the water intake rate is at or near the soil surface,
(2) the most severe clogging develops in an anaerobic environment,
and (3) the severe clogging developed under anaerobic conditions
can be removed by drying this clogged surface layer of soil.
549 M LAND DISPOSAL II—AN OVERVIEW OF TREA TMENT
METHODS
Thomas, R. E.
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 45:1476-1484, July 1973.
Descriptors: Overland flow, Wastewater treatment. Reviews, Waste-
water disposal.
The application of wastewater to the land for disposal, treatment and/or
reuse is discussed in a general overview of the subject. The discussion
covers historical developments leading to the current wave of national
interest and some methods which show promise for continuing use.
Historical aspects covered include the number of land application sys-
tems in use, the purposes of these systems and experiences stemming
from long-term operation of some systems. The discussion of methods
which show promise for continuing use include crop irrigation systems,
infiltration-percolation systems, and overland flow systems. Informa-
tion presented shows the general capability of each method for treatment
and/or reuse of a wastewater. Topics covered include the technical
aspects of the health risk to humans, the effects on crop production,
the effects on soil properties, the effects on groundwater quality, and
the expected treatment efficiency.
550 M EXPERIENCES WITH LAND SPREADING OF MUNICIPAL
EFFLUENTS
Thomas, R. E., and C. C. Harlin, Jr.
In: Proc. 1st Annual Workshop Land Renovation of Waste Water in
Florida, Tampa, June 1972. p. 151-164.
Descriptors: Overland flow, Rates of application, Soil physical
properties, Groundwater recharge.
239
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There are three categories of land application: (1) infiltration-
percolation, (2) cropland irrigation, and (3) spray-runoff. Infiltration-
percolation for groundwater recharge can be used on coarse textured
soils with loadings up to 400 ft per year under ideal conditions. Crop
irrigation by spraying or spreading requires more land as loadings are
1 to 2 inches per week with total growing season applications of less
than 8 ft per year. Spray-runoff is especially suited to use with
impermeable soils as treatment is on the surface and more than half
the applied effluent is returned directly to surface waters as planned
and controlled runoff.
Research studies on infiltration-percolation include Whittier Narrows,
Santee, Phoenix, Hemet, California, and Detroit Lakes, Minnesota.
Crop irrigation research is being conducted at Penn State, Muskegon,
Michigan, and Be/ding, Michigan. The spray-runoff approach has not
been used for municipal wastewater but in-house research is being
conducted at Ada, Oklahoma.
557 M REMOVAL OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN FROM
WASTEWATER EFFLUENTS BY INDUCED SOIL
PERCOLATION
Tilstra, J., et al.
J. Water Poflut. Contr. Fed., 44:796-805, May 1972.
Descriptors: Phosphorus removal, Nutrient removal, Nitrification,
Denitrification, Minnesota.
This study was conducted to determine the nutrient removal character-
istics of 20 acres of city-owned peat soil immediately down-gradient from
the Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, municipal wastewater outfall. Phosphorus
removal varied from 76 to 92 percent at a loading of 0. 75 gpd/sq ft.
Nitrogen content in the soil was so high that nitrification and leaching
of nitrates offset any nitrogen removal processes.
552 M PHOSPHORUS AND NITRA TE LEVELS IN CROUNDWA TER
AS RELATED TO IRRIGATION OF JACK PINE WITH
SEWAGE EFFLUENT
Urie, D. H.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Crop/and, Sapper, W. £., and L. T. Kardos (ed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 176-183.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Rates of application. Soil types,
Phosphorus removal.
240
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Secondary sewage effluent was applied by sprinkler irrigation to a
35-year-old jack pine (Pinus banksiana L ) plantation on Kalkaska loamy
sand. Irrigation at the rate of 2.5 inches per week resulted in increases
in nitrate-N levels of groundwater at 3 m depths at the end of the first
growing season. In 11 weeks of operation, 61 inches, 141 Ib/acre
phosphorus, and 170 Ib/acre nitrogen were applied. Phosphorus con-
centrations in groundwater were unchanged. Diameter growth of
dominant trees was increased.
553 S PALZO RECLAMATION PROJECT, VIENNA RANCER
DISTRICT, SHAWNEE NATIONAL FOREST, WILLIAMSON
COUNTY, ILLINOIS: Final Environmental Statement
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service, 1972. 102 p.
Descriptors: Anaerobic digestion, Land reclamation, Illinois, Heavy
metals. Nitrate contamination.
The pilot project described in this statement deals with the application of
anaerobically digested municipal waste on strip-mined land. The expected
environmental impact will be to significantly reduce the water pollution
problem now associated with the tract as well as to control extensive
erosion through establishment of vegetative cover. The long-range
environmental impact could be the development of techniques for reclaim-
ing thousands of acres of strip-mined land, resulting in the general
improvement of water quality in areas similar to Southern Illinois. This
land may be the ideal place for the deposition of large volumes of waste
which are presently a growing problem in large metropolitan areas.
Adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided may include
slight increases in concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel, and
nitrates in the runoff.
554 M WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT BY DISPOSAL ON THE
LAND
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Cold Regions Res. Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., Special Report 171,
May 1972. 183 p.
Descriptors: Reviews, Spray disposal, New Hampshire, Overland
flow, Operation and maintenance.
This state-of-the-art review considers three land disposal techniques:
spray irrigation (SI), overland runoff (OR), and rapid infiltration (Rl).
241
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Each is considered in detail including such aspects as wastewater char-
acteristics, water quality goals, site conditions, operational criteria,
and ecosystem response.
The concept of renovative capacity is introduced which assumes that
there is a finite depth of so/1 in which major renovation occurs. For the
following site the assumed active depths are given: Penn State, SI: 6
inches; Paris, Texas, OR: 2 inches; Flushing Meadows, Arizona, Rl:
3 feet. The liquid volume applied to each site, in terms of inches per
week is then divided by the renovative capacity, and the ratio, tenta-
tively called the capacity index, is the result. The ratio may be in
terms of gallons per cubic ft or it may be dimensionless. For the three
sites mentioned above the dimensionless ratios are: Penn State 0. 325;
Paris, Texas 1.47; and Flushing Meadows 4.68. The liquid volume used
was: Penn State 2 in./wk; Paris, Texas 3 in./wk; and Flushing Meadows
14 ft/wk.
555 M THE USE OF LAND AS A METHOD OF TREA TINC
WASTEWATER
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Chicago-South End of Lake Michigan Area Wastewater Management Study,
December 7972.
Descriptors: Chicago, Illinois, Economic feasibility. Operation and
maintenance. Planning, Wastewater disposal.
This is a report on the study of the disposal of wastewater from the
Chicago area. The report analyzes the use of land as a disposal medium.
Three sections compose the body of the report: land treatment concept,
operational and management considerations, and land treatment evalua-
tion. Each section is covered comprehensively. Two other methods of
treatment will be covered in other reports.
556 M A PILOT WASTEWA TER MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR
CHICAGO, CLEVELAND, DETROIT, SAN FRANCISCO,
AND THE MERRIMACK BASIN
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Office of Chief of Engineers,1971, 84 p.
Descriptors: Economic feasibility, Planning, Water management (applied),
Costs, United States.
The purpose of this feasibility study being undertaken within the planning
authority of the Corps of Engineers for a study of water supply for the
242
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Northeastern United States is to investigate and evaluate all appropriate
alternatives for total wastewater management for the Merrimack River
Basin, and to serve as the basis for the development of detailed plans in
subsequent studies, The feasibility study will be completed 75 July,
7977.
55 7 M AL TERN A Tl VES FOR MA NA CINC WA S TEW A TER. FOR
SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Detroit District, Summary Report, 7977.
Descriptors: Planning, Michigan, Public acceptance, Economic
feasibility, Wastewater treatment.
The objective of this feasibility study is to identify the present and future
water pollution problems of the study area and to evaluate the feasibility
and consequences of alternative wastewater management programs. The
study considers the economic, social, institutional and environmental
impacts of the alternatives, in addition to the technical aspects. The
alternatives are: (1) water disposal; (2) land disposal; and (3) combi-
nation disposal. Advantages, disadvantages and costs of each are
considered.
558 M ALTERNATIVES FOR MANAGING WASTEWATER, FOR
CLEVELAND-AKRON METROPOLITAN AND THREE
RIVERS WATERSHED AREAS
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Buffalo District, Summary Report, 7977. 64 p.
Descriptors: Ohio, Planning, Public acceptance, Economic feasibility,
Wastewater treatment.
Preliminary alternatives were developed which were technically feasible.
The impacts of three of those alternatives on environmental quality, social
well-being and national and regional economic development were evaluated.
They are: (1) water disposal; (2) land disposal; and (3) combination
land-water disposal. Each of the alternatives would provide the region
with a program that would virtually eliminate pollution in surface waters
and reduce pollutant inflows to Lake Erie. Each exhibits distinct charac-
teristics and problems, although most of the problems can be solved by
modifications.
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559 M ALTERNATIVES FOR MANAGING WASTEWATER IN THE
SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN
DELTA AREAS
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
San Francisco District, Summary Report, 7977. 63 p.
Descriptors: California, Planning, Water management (applied),
Wastewater treatment.
Three basic regional strategies, or a combination of two, could meet the
future waste water management requirements of the Bay Delta area. These
are ocean disposal, estuarine disposal, land disposal and a combination of
the last two. Each alternative evaluated requires a high degree of purifi-
cation of wastewaters in order to give assurance of environmental protec-
tion. The resulting treated wastewaters could, therefore, be of adequate
quality for a variety of reuses.
560 M A REVIEW OF SPRA Y IRRIGA TION PRACTICE—PROS
. .AND CONS
Van Eyck, M.
Presented at 7977 Meet. Mich. Water Pollut. Contr. Ass., 7977.
Descriptors: Sprinkler irrigation, Soil physical properties. Flood
irrigation, Michigan, Reviews.
Some 30 factors that need to be considered for successful spray irrigation
are presented. The more important factors include (1) pretreatment to
secondary quality, (2) land availability, (3) permeable, loamy soil with
a low groundwater table, (it) storage for winter flows, (5) flexible,
semi-automatic operation to reduce manual attention, (6) mineral charac-
teristics of the wastewater, and (7) economic feasibility with respect to
tertiary treatment processes. In 1887, broad (flood) irrigation was
begun at Calumet, Michigan, in the Upper Peninsula and is stiff being
operated on a daily rotation of seven application areas.
There are probably over 30 other sewage spray systems in Michigan
that are planned or recently completed. Imhoff and Fair state that
sewage irrigation is usually not practiced in areas having more than
25 inches per year of rainfall, which makes Michigan (30 in. per year)
a marginal state for this method.
561 S UTILIZA TION OF MUNICIPAL ORGANIC WASTES AS
AGRICULTURAL FERTILIZERS
Vlamis, J., and D. E. Williams
Compost Set'., 13(1): 26-28, January-February 1972.
244
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Descriptors: Recycling nutrients.
Sewage sludge and garbage compost found to be good sources of plant
nutrients.
562 M REMOVAL OF METAL IONS BY SOIL
Wentink, C. R., and J. E. Etzel
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 44_: 1561-1574, August 1972.
Descriptors: Rates of application. Soil types, Heavy metals.
Thr'e'e-types of soil were used in the study: Xenia silt loam, Chalmers
silty clay foam, and Elston loam. Each soil was treated with copper,
chrome and zinc ion solutions. The results show that complete removal
of chrome was possible up to concentration of 300 mg/l with any type of
soil. Removal of copper was complete after an initial conditioning per-
iod for any type of soil. Removal of zinc at application rates as high as
300 mg/l can be accomplished with an efficiency of no less than 99. 7
percent.
563 I WASTEWATER FROM THE AGRICULTURAL AND
FOOD INDUSTRIES
Vermes, L.
Presented at 12th Int. Symp. (Appendix 6), Budapest, March 1970.
1972, 4 p.
Descriptors: Food processing wastes, Salinity, Vegetable crops.
Forage crops.
Author deals primarily with research on the canning and sugar-
manufacturing industries. The effluent from canneries is rich in carbo-
hydrates, proteins and mineral salts. The irrigation of alfalfa, fodder
beet and sugar beet crops boosts yields two to two and a half times.
For irrigation purposes, however, the salt content of the water initially
used by the cannery must be limited. Storage of the wastewater for a
three-week period does not endanger its fitness for irrigation. Its con-
tent in organic ingredients—3,500 mg/l—is significant, as is its potas-
sium content—755 mg/l. Tests on wastewater from sugar manufacturing
reveal a mineral content of 1, 000 to 3,000 mg/l. Its high content in
calcium and potassium is desirable for crops. In no case does its
sodium content exceed a level permissible in irrigation.
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564 M LAGOON-IRRICA TION WASTEWA TER TREA TMENT
SYSTEMS
Williams, T. C., Williams and Works
Presented at 7th Amer. Water Resources Conf, Washington, D.C.,
October 7977. 72 p.
Descriptors: Oxidation lagoons, Reviews, Michigan, Design data.
Williams and Works has designed over 40 municipal wastewater stabiliza-
tion lagoons for the treatment of raw domestic wastes. Report discusses
their experience with actual operations.
565 M UTJLIZATION OF SPRA Y IRRICATION FOR WASTEWA TER
DISPOSAL IN SMALL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTS
Williams, T. C.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos fed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 385-395.
Descriptors: Winter storage, Flood irrigation, Michigan, Costs,
Design data.
The author presents experience with 16 pond and irrigation wastewater
treatment systems in various municipalities and residential developments
in Michigan. Eleven of these are complete and the other five will be
operational in 1974. Most designs include an anaerobic or a facultative
pond followed by series of aerobic ponds. As a result of the climate in
Michigan, the BOD loadings on ponds are limited to a maximum of 20 Ib
of BOD per acre. As another consequence of the climate, wastewater.
is not applied in the winter, and a minimum of 5 months' storage of the
wastewaters is required. Design data on solid set sprinklers, traveling
center-pivot sprinklers, and flood irrigation are included. Capital
costs are given on a per capita basis for various ranges of design
population and operation and maintenance costs are also included.
566 I CANNERY WASTE DISPOSAL AT ITS BEST
Wyndham, Robert
Compost Set.,. 12(4): 30, July-August, 1971.
Descriptors: California, Food processing wastes, Fruit crops. Rates
of application.
246
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Various types of fruit wastes from canneries near Gilroy, California,
were spread over farm/and and plowed into the soil at rates up to 480
tons per acre. Plant growth was slightly depressed on land used with
high rates of fruit waste disposal, but it is felt that this is a temporary
condition due to acids from the wastes.
567 M WASTEWA TER RECLAMATION BY IRRICA TION
Young, Reginald H. F., Paul C. Ekern, and L. Stephen Lau
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., 44; 1808-1814, September 1972.
Descriptors: Hawaii, Planning, Design data. Dissolved solids, Viruses.
This study, planned in central Oahu, will develop data pertinent to Hawaii
regarding transmission of viruses and passage of dissolved materials under
controlled field conditions in which wastewater effluent is applied to irri-
gate grass sod and sugar cane. When coupled with controlled laboratory
data'and existing general knowledge, the information should offer a sound
base for determining the expected degree of health hazard and mineral
buildup in the receiving groundwater for various combinations of oper-
ating conditions of a wastewater reclamation system by irrigation in Hawaii.
Alternatives for the management of regional water resources—water supply
and wastewater disposal—for Oahu are dependent on the knowledge to be
developed. Such know/edge may be applicable to other similar locations
in the Hawaiian Islands. The study will aid in understanding the viability
and retention of wastewater-borne viruses in a tropical soil-water-plant
environment.
568 M ECOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPLICA TIONS OF
GREEN BELT IRRIGATION WITH RECLAIMED WATER
Younger, V. B. , et at.
In: Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge through Forest
and Cropland, Sopper, W. E., and L. T. Kardos fed.), Univ. Park,
Penn State Univ. Press, 1973. p. 396-407.
Descriptors: California, Greenbelts, Rates of application. Deep
percolation, Forage crops.
In 1970 a research project attacking the sewage disposal and fire protec-
tion problems in Southern California mountains was constructed in the
San Bernardino National Forest by the University of California in coop-
eration with the California Division of Forestry and the U.S. Forest
Service. Its primary objective was to study the feasibility of using
wastewater from mountain communities to irrigate greenbelts of native
and introduced plant materials. The study site of 25 acres consists of
247
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4<9 experimental plots with four automatically controlled sewage effluent
irrigation treatments (0, 1, 2, 4 inches per week). Part of the plots
were cleared of all brush and others left uncleared. Subplots of various
conifers, grasses, shrubs and groundcovers were planted in some plots
cleared of the native chaparral.
Results into the second year of irrigation show that fuel moisture levels
(moisture content of chaparral stems) is increased directly with water
application rate. Native grass populations have increased many fold on
plots receiving 2 and 4 inches of water per week. One inch per week
As Insufficient to significantly change composition of the chaparral plant
community or to satisfactorily establish introduced plants. Deep water
percolation through chaparral vegetation appears to be achieved only
at the four-inch rate.
2148
«U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 Mt-319/448 1-3
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SELECTED WATER
RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
w
LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS AND
SL UDCES: SEL EC TED A BS TRA C TS,
Water Quality Control Branch
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
.9 « . n T i
Report No. EPA-660/2-7*t-042, 249 p., June 1974
Current concern about environmental conditions has focused renewed attention
on land application as a waste management technique. This report combines
selected abstracts from previous publications and updates the sources abstracted
into the year 1973. The 568 abstracts selected for inclusion are arrayed in chrono-
logical groupings and are identified as to emphasis on effluent or sludge. An author
index and a subject matter (descriptor term} index facilitate reference to specific
abstracts or to abstracts addressing narrower subject matter areas. Countries,
states, and, in some cases, actual project locations are included in the subject
matter index as geographic locators.
*Municipal wastes, *Wastewater treatment, *Sludge disposal. Irrigation systems,
Land reclamation, Croundwater recharge. Public health. Crop response, Cost
comparisons. Soil properties.
*lnfi/tration systems, *0verland flow systems, Pre-treatment (wastewater).
05D, 05E, 06E, 03C, QUA
l!>. Sr.-uritv Chi.'
• t . _•; ,
Richard E.
21. Vo of
Send To :
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INI •'. ,.i (\TIOM ^ENTE
U S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTER"'"
WASHINGTON. D. C. 2O24O
Thomas \ ' Environmental Protection Anrnry
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