c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Program Operations (WH-547)
Washington DC 20460
EPA-430/9-79-007
January 1979
Environmental Assessment
of Construction Grants
Projects
FRD-5
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Disclaimer Statement
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection
Agency nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
Notes
technical assistance in the development and design of this report was
provided by Sherman J. Rosen, consultant to the Facility Requirements
Division, Office of Water Program Operations.
*To order this publication, "Environmental Assessment of Construction
Grants Projects" (FRD-b) from the Environmental Protection Agency, write
to:
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Centralized Mailing Lists Services
Building 41, Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
Please indicate the FRD number and title of publication.
Multiple copies may be purchased from:
National Technical Information Service
Springfield, Virginia 22151
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USB.
\
° UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
'"*,. ,0 WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
•V PBQ^fe
OFFICE OF WATER AND
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
NOTE
TO THE READERS OF FRD-5, "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROJECTS"
Due to a contractor's error, all of the maps contained
in the envelope on the back of this publication were printed
with the identification "BASE MAP." The last map in the
package is to be considered the base map. The indication of
the "BASE MAP" is to be ignored on the remaining maps. The
remaining maps are to be positioned on the base map as explained
on page 7 of this publication. We regret any inconvenience
that may result from this error.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
of
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROJECTS
January 1979
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water Program Operations
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROJECTS
Table of Contents/Checklist
Checklist
Page Current Assess Mitigating
Number Situation Impacts Measures
i Introduction
Chapter I: Procedures
1 Ov erv i ew
Gather Information on Planning Area
6 Field Trips
6 Assess Current Situation
6 Determine Impacts of Each Alternative
10 Mitigating Measures
11 Select Plan
11 Public Participation
Chapter II: Natural & Man-Made Features
14 Introduction
14 Topography
15 Geology
15 Soils
16 Climate
16 Population
lei Housing
19 Industrial & Commercial Development
20 Transportation
20 Economic & Social Profile
22 Underdeveloped & Vacant Land
23 Other Projects & Programs
Chapter III: Sensitive & Hazardous Areas
24 Introduction
24 Floodplains
28 Wetlands
31 Wild & Scenic Rivers
32 Cultural Resources
34 Endangered Species
35 Coastal Zones
36 Recreation Open Space
37 Agricultural & Productive Areas
Chapter IV: Pollution & Conservation of Natural Resources
40 Introduction
40 Air Quality
42 Water Quality & Quantity
47 Noise '
48 Odor
49 Solid Waste
52 Energy
Appendix A: EPA Implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
Appendix B: Glossary
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TABLES AND FIGURES
Title Page Number
Table 1: Required and Suggested Maps
and Sources of Information
for Environmental Assessments 3-5
Table 2: Suggested Features to be
Evaluated by Overlay Systems 9
Table 3: Water Consumption Rates
in the Residential Sector 45
Table 4: Values of Runoff Coefficients
for Urban Land Use 46
Table 5: Municipal Solid Waste Collection
Rates 50
Table 6: Estimates of Manufacturing Wastes 51
Figure 1: Environmental Impacts of
Alternative Proposals 12
Figure 2: Flood Hazard Boundary Map 26
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INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This handbook is designed to aid grantees in the preparation of
environmental assessments for wastewater treatment facilities. It will
be particularly helpful to those grantees who are unfamiliar with the
Construction Grants Program and the preparation of National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) documents. Its intent is to identify the data that is
required to evaluate and the procedures to be followed to analyze the
environmental impacts associated with each alternative plan being considered
for the treatment works.
In gathering data for an assessment, grantees are encouraged to
consult with appropriate local, State and Federal agencies and organiza-
tions. This handbook identifies some good sources of information.
The handbook provides general guidance that is useful to all grantees.
Some projects require a more sophisticated analysis than is described in
this handbook. In such cases, references to literature or organizations
that can further assist grantees are provided.
Background
Under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
as amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977 (33 USC SS1251-1376), EPA will
provide 75 percent of the eligible costs for the construction or improve-
ment of conventional wastewater treatment works and 85 percent for
systems utilizing innovative and alternative technology.
Grants are made in the following three stages:
Step 1 - Preparation of Facility Plan
Step 2 - Preparation of Detailed Design and Specifications
Step 3 - Construction of Treatment Works
A properly prepared'facility plan ensures that the treatment works
is constructed in an environmentally sound and cost-effective manner.
To assist grantees in the preparation of such plans, EPA has issued
Guidance for Preparing a Facility Plan, EPA/MCD-46, May 1975. This
handbook supplements the guidance by elaborating on the requirements for
the environmental assessment which is an integral aspect of the facility
plan.
The environmental assessment -is the part of the facility plan that
examines and analyzes the environmental impacts of the alternative plans
being considered for the treatment works. The assessment serves two
purposes: it protects the environment by ensuring that all environmental
impacts are taken into account in selecting a plan for the facility, and
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it serves as a basis for deciding if an Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) is required.
If an EIS is required, the environmental assessment serves as a
starting point. For some projects a joint EIS/Assessment (piggybacking)
can be prepared. Where this piggybacking technique is used, grantees
should also consult for additional guidance Program Requirements
Memorandum (PRM) 75-31 - "Facilitating EIS Preparation with Joint
EIS/Assessments." (PRMs are issued to clarify administrative and policy
matters in the Construction Grants Program.)
NEPA
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA)(42 DSC SS4321-
4361) was enacted to ensure that Federal agencies consider environmental
factors in the decision-making process and utilize an interdisciplinary
approach in analyzing those issues. Section 102(2)(C) of NEPA establishes
additional procedural requirements for those activities that are deemed
to be major Federal actions that "significantly affect the quality of
the human environment." That section requires the preparation of an
EIS. Appendix A describes EPA's implementation of NEPA.
Grantees prepare an environmental assessment of all environmental
impacts for all construction grant projects even if the impacts do not
appear to be significant. If EPA determines during its review of the
project that impacts are minor or insignificant, then it does not prepare
an EIS. It presents that decision in a document called a negative
declaration which is supported by an environmental appraisal that summarizes
the environmental assessment. {On October 29, 1978, the Council on
Environmental Quality issued draft regulations on compliance with NEPA
that would change the term "negative declaration" to "statement of no
significant impact.")
Environmental Impacts
The environmental assessment must evaluate all impacts. Impacts
include any change, whether beneficial or detrimental, that is caused,
either directly or indirectly, by the construction of the wastewater
treatment facility. Impacts are classified as "beneficial" or "adverse,"
and as "primary11 or "secondary." Primary impacts are those directly
associated with the construction and operation of the treatment works.
For example, a temporary increase in a locality's noise level while a
plant is under construction is an anticipated primary impact of every
project. Secondary impacts are indirect effects of the project resulting
from the growth or change in land use induced or facilitated by the
construction of the plant or its associated sewers. For example, a
project that includes the placing of sewers in a previously undeveloped
area may encourage the construction of new housing which causes air and
water pollution and places new demands on energy and water supplies.
All of these effects are secondary impacts.
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This handbook emphasizes the need to examine environmental impacts;
however, intensive evaluations are not always required. For example,
some wastewater treatment projects, such as new pump stations, have a
limited potential for causing significant environmental impacts. If
upon initial consideration, the project appears to produce only minimal
impacts, the assessment's analysis can be greatly simplified. Complete
documentation of the initial consideration is required.
Format of Handbook
The central item in this handbook is the checklist which precedes
this introduction. This list denotes those types of environmental
factors which grantees should consider when preparing an environmental
assessment. Each factor is discussed in this handbook.
The handbook is divided into four chapters. Chapter I deals with
the procedures to be used in identifying and analyzing environmental
impacts. In particular, it describes the use of the overlay system as a
method of organizing and analyzing the various environmental considerations.
Chapter II describes in detail various natural and man-made features of
the planning area that should be evaluated in an assessment. It includes
sources of information about these features and identifies some common
impacts associated with each. Chapters III and IV deal with special
features that have unique characteristics or values that require more
attention. Chapter III describes areas that are classified as hazardous
or sensitive, and Chapter IV deals with pollution problems and the
conservation of natural resources.
The discussion of each feature or factor included in Chapters II-IV
is divided into five sections as follows:
Description: Includes definitions and background information and
summarizes pertinent Federal laws that protect or regulate the feature
or factor discussed.
Minimum Requirements: Outlines those procedures that must be under-
taken for all projects and information that should be reviewed or
included in the assessment.
Supplemental Requirements*: Describes those activities that must be
undertaken if the initial investigation indicates that an adverse impact
is likely to occur.
*The grantee is not required to undertake the activities described under
supplemental- requirements unless the initial investigation undertaken to
comply with minimum requiranents indicates that additional analysis is
necessary.
111
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Sources of Information: Includes lists of agencies or organizations
that can provide data useful in evaluating impacts.
References: Lists Federal laws and regulations, EPA manuals and
Program Requirements Memoranda (PRMs), and other publications that will
be of assistance in completing the environmental assessment.
Format of Environmental Assessment
The format of the entire facility plan is discussed in detail in
Guidance for Preparing a Facility Plan, EPA/MCD-46, May, 1975. When
completing the environmental assessment portion of the facility plan,
grantees should pay particular attention to the following requirements:
data and maps collected on existing conditions in the planning area
should be included in the section on Current Situation. In the section
on Development and Evaluation of Alternatives, environmental impacts for
each alternative should be presented along with the cost analysis. A
separate section of the facility plan should summarize the environmental
considerations.
Environmental assessments should be concise, factual and clearly
written. Grantees may consult many information sources in becoming
familiar with the environmental characteristics of the project area.
However, not all of the data must be used in preparation of the assessment
or included in the assessment document itself. Maps and charts can be
used effectively to convey information in a succinct manner. Where data
has been obtained from an outside source, the agency or organization
that provided it should be indicated.
IV
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CHAPTER I PROCEDURES
1.0 Ov erv i ew
The environmental assessment is one aspect of the analysis required
to complete a facility plan. Although this handbook provides a separate
set of procedures for doing an assessment, one should also keep in mind
that these procedures must coordinate with the general procedures used
in facility planning found in Guidance for Preparing a Facility Plan,
EPA/MCD-46, May 1975. The following chart is set up to demonstrate the
relationship between a facility plan and its environmental assessment:
Environmental Assessment
Procedures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Gather information on planning area
Field trips to site
Assess current situation
Determine impacts associated with
each alternative
Consider mitigating measures
Compare alternatives and select
plan
Corresponding Step in
Facility Plan
Step 1 - Effluent Limitations
Step 2 - Assess Current
Situation
Steps 3 & 4 - Assess
Future Situation
and Develop Alternatives
Step 5 - Select Plan
1.1 Gather Information on Planning Area
The accuracy of the environmental assessment depends upon the care
with which information is gathered on the planning area. This information
is available from a variety of sources. For each impact discussed in
this handbook, agencies and organizations which can provide useful
information are listed. Some general sources are discussed below.
1.11 Library Retrieval System
Many libraries have computerized retrieval systems which can be
utilized to uncover articles and studies on the planning area. Some
systems are set up to scan not only the local collection but books and
articles in libraries throughout the State and, in some cases, throughout
the United States.
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As an example, consider the system used by the Library of Congress
and by other libraries. It allows searches to be done in four separate
files by title, author or subject. One file scans books while the
second contains an index of periodicals and pamphlets. The third file
contains data on organizations qualified to provide information on a
particular topic, and the fourth contains legislative information.
1.12 Maps
Maps are another helpful source of information on the planning area
and can also be used to evaluate the impacts of proposed alternatives
(see discussion of overlay system that follows). In addition, they
provide a concise and accurate way to communicate information to EPA
officials and local citizen groups interested in reviewing the project.
This handbook recommends the use of maps in the final facility plan.
(See Table 1.) Table 1 is a description of some special maps that may
be available for the planning area.
Aerial Photos - Various types of aerial photos including black and
white, color, infra-red, color infra-red and heat sensitive photos are
available from the Department of Interior, Earth Resources Observation
Systems Program (EROS), and the Department of Agriculture, Soil Conserva-
tion Service (SCS). In most cases, the use of black and white photos
will be sufficient and the most economical. All photos should include
overflight dates.
Aerial photos will disclose the physical features of the area
including the differentiation of urban and rural centers. Additional
interpretation by professional interpreters can provide additional data
on land use including the location of wetlands, septic tanks and fault
lines. For assistance in interpretation of these maps, contact EPA,
Environmental Monitoring Support Lab, Las Vegas, Nevada.
U.S.6.S. Quadrangle - Quadrangle maps are uniform maps that have been
done by the U.S. Geological Survey for all areas of the country. These
maps usually show such features as topography, airports, urban areas,
houses, woodlands, schools and open areas.
The U.S. Geological Survey presently operates the National Carto-
graphic Information Center (NCIC) located in Reston, Virginia. This
office can provide information on maps being prepared for an area by
governmental agencies and some private organizations. Grantees should
consult NCIC prior to developing their base and other maps.
Soil Maps - These maps show the types of soil found in the planning
area. They can be used to help identify areas where the soil is suitable
for septic tank use, land treatment, general construction or farming.
Maps are available from SCS and have been completed for a large portion
of the country. To effectively use these maps it is necessary to have
supporting material available from SCS explaining their soil classification
system and interpreting the maps.
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TABLE 1
Required and Suggested Maps and Sources for Information
for Environmental Assessments
MAP TITLE
CONTENT
SOURCE
1. Vicinity Map*
2. Aerial Photo**
3. Physical Features
or U.S. Quadrangle*
4. Soil Map*
b. Map Showing Steep Slopes**
6. Hydro!ogic Map*
Relationship of planning area
to region.
Aerial view of planning area.
Topography, lakes, rivers,
housing, industry, forests,
highways, roads, drainage
patterns and other physical
features.
Soils; Soils suitable for
septic tanks and land
treatment; Soils capable of
supporting structures; Prime
and unique farmland.
Slopes of 10 to 25 percent;
Slopes over 25 percent.
Circulation & distribution of
water on and below the ground;
Aquifers and recharge areas;
Water quality.
Local or regional planning
agency; transportation plan
study; U.S. Geological Survey.
EROS; EPA; Local aerial
photographic companies;
local studies.
U.S. Geological Survey;
U.S. Army Map Service; local
planning agency.
Soil Conservation Service;
State conservationist.
U.S. Geological Survey; Soil
Conservation Service.
U.S. Geological Survey (water
information group).
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TABLE 1
Required and Suggested Maps and Sources for Information
for Environmental Assessments
MAP TITLE
CONTENT
SOURCE
7. Floodplains**
tf. Wild & Scenic Rivers**
9. Archeological & Historic
Areas**
10. Wetlands**
11. Endangered Species Habitats**
12. Hazards*
13. Existing Land Use*
100-year floodplains.
Wild & Scenic Rivers designated
or under study for designation.
Archeological and historic sites,
Wetlands, marshlands, bogs.
Endangered species habitats;
Wildlife breeding grounds.
Slide areas; Areas subject to
erosion; Seismic fault lines.
Existing land uses; Types of
agricultural uses; Vacant land
subject to land use controls.
Flood Insurance Administration;
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers;
Soil Conservation Service.
Heritage Conservation & Recreation
Service; Department of Agriculture.
State historic preservation officer;
Local historical societies; State
archeologist; National Park Service.
Fish & Wildlife Service; Corps of
Engineers.
Fish & Wildlife Service.
U.S. Geological Survey; State
geological office.
Local planning agencies.
14. Comprehensive Land Use Plan*
Proposed land development plan. Local planning agency.
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TABLE 1
Required and Suggested Maps and Sources for Information
for Environmental Assessments
MAP TITLE
CONTENT
SOURCE
15. Census Tracts & Population
16. Transportation Facilities
Census divisions; Census tracts; U.S. Census Bureau.
Enumeration districts; Population
distribution.
Arterial streets, highways,
transit routes, railroads,
airports, traffic flows.
Local traffic engineer; Local
planning agency.
* Required
** Required if applicable
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1.13 ^08 Planning in the Study Area
Many of the items investigated as part of the development of areawide
water quality management 208 plans must also be addressed in doing an
environmental assessment. Early consultation with the 208 agency respon-
sible for the area which includes the study area is a sensible first
step and can be very helpful.
If there is an approved 208 plan that includes the study area, the
facility plan must conform with it. This includes consistency in such
elements of the plan as population and housing projections, wetlands and
floodplains identification, and the need and alternatives for wastewater
treatment facilities in the study area.
1.14 Local and State Agencies
There are many local and State officials who are familiar with the
various physical, social and economic features of the study area, and
who have access to studies and reports that may be of help to the grantee.
They can provide needed data and expert assistance in identifying and
analyzing impacts. For each impact discussed in this handbook as one
that should be considered in the environmental assessment, a section
lists appropriate State and local sources for assistance. If these
sources cannot help the grantee directly, they often can suggest other
sources.
1.2 Field Trips
At least one field trip should be made for every project since a
trip to the proposed site will reveal features not visible on graphic
materials and will verify the accuracy of data abstracted from maps.
1.3 Assess Current Situation
This step involves using information gathered to formulate an
accurate picture of present conditions in the planning area. This will
be used to compare and evaluate alternatives. The checklist at the
front of this handbook should be consulted frequently to ensure that all
relevant factors have been investigated.
1.4 Determine the Impacts of Each Alternative
A basic part of the facility planning process is the complete
consideration of all alternatives. The assessment should evaluate all
alternatives that have been identified. The grantee should utilize the
sections of the checklist at the front of this handbook labeled "primary"
and "secondary" impacts to ensure that all possible environmental impacts
for each alternative are being considered. Primary impacts are fairly
easy to evaluate and usually will be similar from one project to the
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next. Secondary impacts are much harder to isolate because they vary
according to the individual characteristics of the planning area and in
some cases require the use of sophisticated mathematical models to
predict. Each alternative, including the no action alternative, should
be considered separately.
To facilitate the evaluation of secondary impacts and to increase
awareness of existing conditions in the planning area, this handbook
encourages the use of an overlay system (Section 1.41). To determine
secondary impacts and some primary impacts, knowledge of the location
and extent of anticipated growth is required. For many projects this is
difficult to do. The overlay system described in the next section is
intended to assist grantees in selecting the undeveloped areas that are
most likely to be subject to development. Guidance on estimating the
magnitude of growth is given in Section 1.42.
1.41 Overlay Systems
There are a variety of overlay systems grantees may find useful to
assist in the identification and evaluation of primary and secondary
impacts. One system is described here. The systan may not be appropriate
for use by large urban areas or very small rural areas. These types of
communities should consider using a modified version of the system or a
system especially suited to their size and characteristics.
Overlay systems have the advantage of presenting a large amount of
data in a simplified form. This allows grantees to consider simultaneously
all the various types of impacts that are presented in this handbook.
The systems require the preparation of a series of maps of the same
scale. These maps are then transformed into clear overlays so that they
can be looked at individually or in combination. Examples of those
overlays are included at the back of this report. All of the data
needed to complete the overlays should be available from the studies
done in completing the environmental assessment.
The first step in the process is to prepare a base map. This map
should show the boundaries of the planning area, major roads and railroads,
rivers, lakes and other significant bodies of water. Other major parameters
in the planning area not appropriate for the subsequent overlays might
be added. It is worthwhile to keep the base map relatively simple for
readability. Before preparing the base map, grantees should contact the
NCIC operated by the U.S. Geological Survey to see if a base map that
can be used is already available. Along with the base map it is helpful
to prepare a map showing existing and proposed wastewater treatment works.
These two maps can be made into separate clear overlays.
The next two maps categorize factors in the planning area on the
basis of their potential for development. A map should be developed
showing areas not subject to further development. The types of areas
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included will depend upon the characteristics of the planning area.
Some features that may be considered for inclusion are areas currently
developed, where little or no new development is expected, and publicly-
owned lands or areas where development is precluded by law. Some privately-
owned undeveloped areas may also be included. For example, if a large
amount of woodlands is currently owned by a paper company, and it is
unlikely the company is going to sell any of this land, the woodlands
should be included. This map will be made into a clear overlay. It
shows areas where new development is least likely to occur because the
ownership of land effectively precludes further development. It thereby
focuses the assessment of secondary impacts on other areas.
Next, a map should be developed showing those characteristics
inhibiting development. This overlay depicts constraints on development
due to physical characteristics or the location of land. These character-
istics inhibit or discourage but do not preclude development. The types
of features that should be shown on this map depend upon an evaluation
of the characteristics in the context of the community. For example,
in some communities the presence of heavy industry will discourage
residential development of the immediate surrounding area. In other
areas this may not be true. Some possible candidates for inclusion are
areas with excessive slopes, areas with soil conditions unsuitable for
construction, and areas adjoining airports. Physical obstacles can be
overcome with proper engineering and at extra cost. Economic pressures
can result in the development of areas typically deemed undesirable
because of their proximity to other uses. This overlay, when viewed
with the previous one, should show areas where new development that
might be served by the wastewater treatment plant is less likely to
occur. It further defines the areas on which a secondary impact analysis
should concentrate.
Another overlay should show areas with legal or institutional
protection. These are areas which should be protected or enhanced. For
example, by law a Federal action such as the funding of a wastewater
treatment works cannot adversely affect the habitat of an endangered
species. In some instances, special evaluation procedures are necessary
before a Federal action can proceed. A treatment works can only be
located in a floodplain if an assessment of alternative sites shows none
are practicable. Areas that must be considered include historic and
archeological sites, areas adjacent to wild and scenic rivers, prime and
unique farmlands, wetlands and others. Federal actions, directly or
secondarily, adversely impacting these areas are discouraged. The
Federal action may or may not be prohibited. Where it is not, typically
measures must be taken to mitigate adverse impacts. Table 2 gives
examples of areas that might be represented on the overlays.
When these maps are completed, the grantee should be able to use
them in conjunction with an overlay of the existing and proposed waste-
water treatment works to evaluate the primary and secondary impacts
associated with the project. They are not a substitute for comprehensive
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TABLE 2
SUGGESTED FEATURES TO BE EVALUATED BY OVERLAY SYSTEMS
Areas unlikely to experience future development.
1. Fully developed areas
2. Privately-owned forests
3. Publicly-owned lands
Features that inhibit development.
1. Slopes unsuitable for development
2. Soil conditions unsuitable for construction
3. Land adjoining certain sites - airports, industrial areas,
disposal sites, mines, quarries
4. Hazardous areas
Areas to be protected or enhanced by legal or institutional protection.
1. Sole source aquifers
2. Areas of particular scenic value
3. Prime and unique agricultural land
4. Wetlands
5. Endangered species and other significant wildlife habitats
6. Recreation sites
7. Cultural resources
rf. Coastal zones
9. Floodplains
10. Wild and Scenic Rivers
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land use plans. They can be used in conjunction with comprehensive land
use plans or other area planning maps to determine if the wastewater
treatment works will produce effects inconsistent with these other
plans. Grantees will want to look at:
1. Whether the siting of the plant or sewers will occur on or in
close proximity to environmentally sensitive areas.
2. Whether environmentally sensitive areas are likely to be
developed.
3. Whether the project will impact areas protected by Federal,
State or local law.
4. Whether the new system could induce scattered development or
sprawl.
1.42 Additional Evaluation of Areas Subject to Growth
The evaluation of undeveloped areas using the overlay system will
be sufficient for analyzing primary and secondary impacts for some
projects. It will be evident what types of development are likely to
occur. For example, in cases where an area is expected to maintain the
character of a single family residential neighborhood, no further inquiry
into whether development will be industrial or residential is required.
Nor would it be necessary to do a detailed investigation of areas if
there is a comprehensive land use plan which is being followed.
Other projects will require a more detailed investigation than the
overlay system can provide. In this case, it is recommended the grantee
use local land use plans, if available.
Grantees are expected to consider the environmental impacts of each
alternative. It is usually difficult to determine that portion of
future growth which would occur if the plant is not built. Past experience
indicates, however, that the availability of sewers is one factor influencing
growth. Therefore, grantees should assume that the construction of new
treatment works will influence the location of future population growth;
especially when the proposed project includes sewers or increases the
amount of reserve capacity. When the distribution and amount of growth
are identified, secondary impacts on air quality, water quality, traffic
volume, lost land and added public services can be inferred.
1.5 Mitigating Measures
For each impact discussed in Chapters II through IV, specific
mitigating measures are included where appropriate. The grantee should
undertake all feasible procedures to lessen any impacts associated,
either directly or indirectly, with the construction or operation of the
treatment works.
10
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The following is a list of possible mitigating measures:
Primary Impacts
1. Follow construction practices that reduce adverse impacts
2. Utilize operating procedures which restrict noise, odor, etc.
3. Carefully select and design the site.
4. Consider alternative rights of way for sewers.
Secondary Impacts
1. Reduce reserve capacity or size of service area.
2. Use alternative rights of way for sewers.
3. Improve land use planning and controls.
4. Phase sewer service.
5. Invoke sewer use restrictions.
6. Coordinate efforts with other environmental programs - areawide
water quality management, air quality maintenance, State or
local erosion controls.
1.6 Select Plan
This is the final stage of the facility planning process into which
the environmental assessment is factored. Alternatives are compared
upon the basis of cost, implementation capability and environmental
impacts.
Grantees may find the use of a summary matrix helpful at this
stage. Figure 1 shows one type of matrix that can be used. The impacts
for each alternative are shown in terms of type of area affected and the
nature and severity of the impact.
1.7 Public Participation
Both the National Environmental Policy Act (40 USC SS4321-4361) and
the Clean Water Act call for active public participation in assessing
environmental impacts and in planning wastewater treatment works. Under
the Construction Grants Program, EPA, the States, and grantees are
responsible for providing for, encouraging, and assisting the public to
become informed about and involved in the development of facility plans.
The objectives of public participation are to assure responsiveness of
governmental agencies to public concerns and priorities and to improve
public understanding of official programs and actions.
11
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FIGURE 1
Environmental Impa'cts of Al ternati ve Proposals
Environmental Impacts
Water quality & supply
Soil-prime & unique
Floodplains
Wetlands
Endangered & Threathened
Species
Wild & Scenic Rivers
Cultural Resources
Coastal Zones
Air Pol lution
Noise & Odor
Energy
Recreation Lands
A
Proposals
o
c
Legend
significant positive impact
minimal positive impact
O no impact
severe negative impact
— minimal negative impact
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Public hearings are required on all construction grants projects
and are one form of participation which promotes a dialogue between the
grantees and the public. Other effective methods include advisory
committees, public meetings, workshops, questionnaires and distribution
of fact sheets and documents prepared during the grant process. The
environmental assessment as well as the facility plan should be widely
distributed in draft and final form. To ensure informed public participation,
these documents should be easily comprehensible to the general public.
General References
Guidance for Preparing a Facility Plan, EPA/MCD-46, May 1975
Handbook of Procedures, EPA/MCD-03, February 1976
PRM 75-26 - Consideration of Secondary Effects in the Construction
Grants Process
Preparation of Environmental Impact Statements, 40 CFR* Part 6
(1978)
Mitigating Secondary Impacts from the Wastewater Facilities
Program: An EPA Case Study Series, Office of EPA Land
Use Coordination
Grants for Construction of Treatment Works, 40 CFR Part 35,
Subpart E (1978)
Public Participation in Water Pollution Control, 40 CFR
Part 25 (1979)
*CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
13
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CHAPTER II NATURAL AND MAN-MADE FEATURES
2.0 Introduction
In evaluating the impacts associated with any alternative, it is
necessary to examine a variety of features. This chapter identifies
those features to be included in the environmental assessment which
normally require only a minimum of investigation. More complex features
(with special requirements) are discussed in Chapters III and IV. When
analysis overlaps between a feature discussed in this chapter and one
found in a later chapter, the in-depth treatment will appear in the
later chapter.
Items investigated in this chapter will also be used to assist in
analyzing the more complex impacts. For example, climate can affect air
and water pollution problems.
2.1 Topography
Description
Topography is the study of the contours of the land and the location
of significant physical and man-made features within a region. A
topographical map can be used to identify those sections of the planning
area unsuitable for development either because of excessive slopes or
because of the deleterious effect new development will have on the
area's drainage pattern.
Minimum Requirement
Obtain a topographical or U.S. Geological Survey Quadrangle map of
the region. Note all areas where the slope is greater than 25 percent;
these are areas where development will be difficult. Also, indicate the
location of areas with slopes between 10 and 25 percent; although it is
not as difficult in these areas, construction will still involve problems
and should not be undertaken unless demand is great. Information should
also be evaluated on the major and minor drainage basins and their
characteristics, including area, slope, elevation, natural and artificial
drainage nets, erosion and deposition. Development can adversely
affect drainage patterns, contributing to flooding, soil erosion and
poor water quality. If pertinent, data on drainage basins in the planning
area can be included in the assessment.
Sources
Department of Army, Corps of Engineers
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Cartographic
Information Center
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2.2 Geology
Description
Geology is the study of the formation and structure of the earth.
For the purposes of an environmental assessment, knowledge of the geology
of the planning area will aid in identifying areas whose soil composition
is unsuitable for construction or where construction should be discouraged
due to the proximity of aquifers or groundwater recharge areas. The
natural features of an area can also contribute to the aesthetic quality
of a region.
Minimum Requirement
Obtain a map of the geology of the planning area. There may be
areas where development will be limited due to the inappropriateness of
the site for construction. Indicate areas where development should be
discouraged to protect groundwater supplies and to preserve the scenic
value of unusual natural features. The map may also be of assistance in
locating potential hazards such as earthquake zones and slide areas.
Sources
Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Cartographic
Information Center
State geological offices
2.3 Soils
Description
Knowledge of the characteristics of the soil found in an area is
useful in evaluating erosion potential and the fitness of a particular
portion of the area for a specific use such as farming or landfill. A
soils map will also pinpoint areas with soils unsuitable for on-site
disposal systems. Development in these areas may depend upon the
availability of sewers or other alternative solutions.
Minimum Requirement
Become acquainted with soil types in the project area. This informa-
tion can be obtained from a soil map available (with explanatory material)
from the Soil Conservation Service. Particular attention should be
given to characteristics such as depth of water table, permeability,
erosion potential, expansion and compaction. This data will be used to
locate areas that are unsuitable for subsurface soil absorption systems,
other land disposal or treatment of effluents, landfills and sludge
disposal. In some instances, it will also pinpoint areas with water
quality problems.
15
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Prime and unique farmland and other productive areas that also
appear on soils maps are discussed in more detail in Chapter III.
Sources
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
Local Soil Conservation Service officers
State conservationists
2.4 Climate
Description
Prevailing weather conditions influence the ecology of the planning
area and can limit the feasibility of certain types of treatment systems.
For example, runoff, flooding, and surface and groundwater water pollution
are affected by the intensity of rainfall. Temperature and wind velocity
can affect the severity of air pollution problems while the constant
threat of hurricanes or tornados may discourage future development of an
area.
Minimum Requirement
Review information about weather conditions in the planning area.
Temperature ranges, monthly temperature averages, total annual precipita-
tion, the degree of humidity, wind, and atmospheric stability can be
valuable background data. Also, note any specific adverse weather
conditions that are prevalent in the area.
Sources
National Weather Service
2.b Population
Description
One of the most important factors in preparing an environmental
assessment is the estimate of an area's current and future population.
This data will be used to evaluate the magnitude of secondary impacts
and to measure other impacts where information is available only on a
per capita basis.
Care must be taken to ensure that forecasts are reliable and conform
with other data developed for the environmental assessment. Projections
will help in the estimation of future wasteloads and flows and are thus
used in sizing and staging facilities. An inflated population projection
can result in a project with excess reserve capacity and oversized
sewers. Both of these can contribute to population growth with attendant
16
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secondary impacts. They also contribute to the escalation of project
costs which can place substantial financial burdens on communities.
Minimum Requirement
Obtain the latest population data from the Bureau of Census. To
estimate current and to project future population for facility planning
areas in standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSA's), follow the
projections of the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce,
that incorporates the "Series E" projections of the Bureau of Census.
Any departures must be justified. Non-SMSA areas must base projections
on extensions of population growth trends since 1960 or 1965.
EPA has established a new procedure to go into effect in the near
future. Grantees must comply with the requirements of the Cost-
Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines, 40 CFR Part 35, Subpart E, Appendix A,
published in the FEDERAL REGISTER on September 27, 1978. The guidelines
set forth a disaggregation process for population projections that is
designed to avoid provision of excess reserve capacity and oversizing of
sewer lines. Projections used in facility plans must be based on disag-
gregations of State projection totals prepared by the Bureau of Economic
Analysis. In consultation with regional planning agencies, the State
divides its projection total among designated 208 areas, SMSA's not
included in 208 areas, and counties or other appropriate jurisdictions
not included in 208 areas or in SMSA's. The designated 208 planning
agency subdivides its total. The State subdivides for other SMSA's. The
State may subdivide the total for the remaining areas or leave it to
facility planning grantees in those areas to produce consistent and
justifiable forecasts. The guidelines allow some variation from State
and 208 area totals if based on projections prepared by June 26, 1978.
The State must submit its disaggregation to EPA by October 1, 1979. Six
months after EPA approves the State disaggregation, facility plans must
be based on the guidelines.
Along with population projections up to the year 2000, the Bureau
of Economic Analysis has provided totals for each State which show total
personal income, per capita income, and average earnings by occupation.
The tables may be useful in analyzing other impacts discussed in this
chapter. Grantees should consult with State or areawide (208) planning
agencies about the Bureau of Economic Analysis projections. Projections
should be consistent with those used for control of air quality, water
resources management and other environmental programs, unless variations
can be justified.
Sources
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis and
Bureau of Census
17
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Water Division, EPA regional office
State water pollution agency
Local and areawide planning agencies
References
Population, Personal Income, and Earnings by State: Projections
to 2000, Bureau of Economic Analysis (1977)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines, 40 CFR Part 35,
Subpart E, Appendix A
2.6 Housing
Description
This section describes the data required to evaluate the present
and future housing situation. As indicated below, many of the impacts
associated with new housing are discussed in other chapters of this
handbook.
Minimum Requirement
Review information on the type, density and location of housing
within the planning area. Information on an area's average vacancy rate
may also be useful. A vacancy rate represents the percentage of unused
housing units and thus indicates the degree of current demand for new or
additional housing and public services such as sewers.
The primary impacts upon housing are 1) the loss or gain of land
available for building new homes, and 2) the displacement of existing
residents whose homes are demolished.
Secondary impacts involve the changes in land use resulting from
the provision of more treatment capacity and the installation of new
sewers. The placement of sewers on previously undeveloped land will
make these tracts more marketable for development. This is because
sewage treatment is a service essential for extensive residential development,
The construction of new multiple and single family housing may
result in the deterioration of the quality of the air and water, an
increased demand for drinking water, energy and community services, and
other impacts. AH of these are discussed in other sections of this
handbook.
18
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Sources
U.S. Postal Service, Postal Surveys
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Econmic Analysis
Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Housing Survey
Local planning agencies
Reference
Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Aquisition Policies
Act of 1970 (40 USC SS4601-4655)
Implementation of the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real
Property Aquisition Policies Act of 1970, 40 CFR Part 4
2.1 Industrial and Commercial Development
Description
The establishment of new industries in an area depends upon many
factors often including the availability of sewers. Commercial develop-
ment, on the other hand, tends to be directly associated with residential
development.
Minimum Requirement
Information should be obtained on the area's commercial and industrial
activities including location, number of employees and the land and
natural resources requirements of the particular industry. If industrial
and commercial development is significant in the planning area, estimates
should be made of future economic development by using data on company
relocations or expansions, census data on industries' future demand for
employees, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) projections on earnings by industry and bu
industrial development rates. Otherwise, basic estimates of overall
growth can be used.
The primary impacts upon industrial and commercial activities
include: displacement of existing business and a decrease in land
suitable for such use. In the environmental assessment, impacts associated
with the project should be described as accurately as possible. Secondary
impacts are discussed in later sections of this handbook.
Sources
Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration,
Overall economic development plans
Environmental Protection Agency, regional water division,
BEA projections
Local and regional planning offices
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2.8 Transportation
Description
A new sewage treatment plant can have some impact on transportation
as It influences the location of population growth which, in turn,
increases the demand for new or improved transportation systems. Trans-
portation facilities are also of assistance in determining where growth
is expected to occur. For example, industry is more likely to locate
near railroads or major highways, while houses are generally built near
transportation systems which can provide ready access to job centers.
Minimum Requirement
Indicate all major highways, railroads and airports in the planning
area. Also, indicate any proposed new transportation facility that will
be completed within the planning period.
Primary impacts include the increased traffic to and from the
construction site. The effects of this increased traffic upon air
quality and energy demands will be considered under these topics in
later chapters.
Secondary impacts include air pollution, increased demand for fuel,
traffic congestion and the possibility that new roads or other types of
transportation will be needed to serve the increasing population. Many
of these impacts are discussed in later chapters. If the area will
experience a significant increase in population, determine if plans have
been made to expand existing mass transportation or roads to accommodate
this growth. One way to reduce secondary impacts is to ensure that
growth will occur first in areas closest to existing population centers.
Sources
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
and Urban Mass Transportation Administration
Local and regional State highway agencies
References
Secondary Impacts of Transportation and Wastewater Investments:
Research Results, EPA 600/5-75-013, July, 1975
2.9 Economic and Social Profile
Description
The National Environmental Policy Act requires environmental
assessments to address all impacts, not just those directly related to
20
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pollution problems. The grantee must therefore give some attention to
the possible impacts the new treatment works will have upon the financial
and social characteristics of the planning area. Emphasis should be
placed on the additional fiscal burden imposed by the new system, the
demand for new community services and the changes in the composition of
the population that will result from additional sewer construction.
Minimum Requirements
Collect data on housing, population, employment, local cost of
construction of the new facility and user charges. Additional informa-
tion, such as per capita income, racial or ethnic components, and age
distribution can provide insight into a neighborhood's social character-
istics. Using this data, determine what socioeconomic impacts the project
is likely to have. The following is a list of some economic and social
changes that may be associated with the construction of a wastewater
treatment facility and the placement of new sewers:
1. Financial strain on the local community required to provide
the local share of the capital cost of the new facility.
2. Additional charges or taxes on residents needed to provide for
the operation and maintenance of the system.
3. Increased taxes and public spending needed to provide additional
community services required by new residents and industries
(community services include police and fire protection, hospitals,
schools, garbage collection and public transportation).
4. Fluctuations in land values. Areas in close proximity to the
plant or disposal sites are likely to decrease in value while
areas where sewage collection is now available are likely to
appreciate in value.
5. Increase in revenues available to the community from new
residents, new industries or higher per capita incomes.
6. Changes in the characteristics of the population due to increased
taxes, rising property values or the elimination of low income
housing.
7. Unfair distribution of benefits and burdens in the area where
the project actually benefits only one segment of the population.
Sources
Local or regional planning agencies
Local housing agency
21
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References
PRM 76-3 - Presentation of Local Government Costs of Wastewater
Treatment Works in Facility Plans
PRM 75-32 - Compliance with Title VI in the Construction Grants
Program
Nondiscrimination in Programs Receiving Federal Assistance from
EPA - Effectuation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of
1964, 40 CFR Part 7 (1977)
2.10 Undeveloped and Vacant Land
Description
Undeveloped land and vacant land include land having an average
density of less than 1.7 persons per acre. The construction of wastewater
treatment works could result in the development of these areas to a
degree or a rate greater than would have previously been anticipated.
Minimum Requirement
Evaluate the undeveloped areas In terms of location, size, physical
characteristics, location of interceptors, fitness of land for construc-
tion and on-site systems, and land values. These are all factors that
will determine which areas are most likely to be developed to accommodate
expected growth.
2.11 Land Use Controls
Description
Various items can be included under the general category of land
use controls. Land use controls can be legal restraints on the use of
land such as zoning, building height limits or density regulations. A
comprehensive plan is another example although it is not usually legally
binding.
Minimum Requirement
Identify all major land use controls. For each one, evaluate
whether the projected growth associated with each alternative will
conform with the requirements of the control. Note ways in which the
new facility could defeat the purpose of existing land use controls.
Sources
Local and regional planning agencies
Local zoning and building inspectors
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2.12 Other projects and Programs
Description
Other projects and programs may affect the degree and location of
future growth. These projects and programs, in combination with waste
treatment facility construction, may produce impacts that are more
severe than those anticipated by studying each project individually.
For these reasons, it is important to look at other projects planned or
already being built in the planning area.
Minimum Requirement
Consider other major ongoing or planned Federal, State, regional or
local projects or programs which will or may have social, environmental
or economic impacts on the planning area. Determine if these projects
will have any effect on the proposed alternatives. In particular, note
how these projects will influence growth projections and locations. For
example, will the new housing project be built on the east side instead
of the west side because a new highway is being built to the eastern
side of town?
Sources
Local and regional planning agencies
Local economic development agency or organization
References
Local capital improvement programs
Local and regional plans
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CHAPTER III SENSITIVE AND HAZARDOUS AREAS
3.0 Introduction
This chapter is devoted to a discussion of areas which require
special protection for various economic and environmental reasons. In
many cases these areas are protected by Federal and State legislation.
This chapter is not intended to be an all-inclusive exploration of
impacts associated with hazardous and sensitive areas. Some hazardous
areas, such as earthquake zones and areas with adverse weather conditions
are discussed in Chapter II. Some areas fall under more than one subsec-
tion of this chapter. For example, a wetland could also be in a floodplain,
a coastal zone, an endangered species habitat or a park. Areas must
satisfy all the separate requirements discussed in each relevant section
of the chapter.
3.1 Floodplains
Description
Floodplains are relatively flat areas or lowlands adjoining the
channel of a river, stream or water course which have been or- may be
covered by floodwater. A flood is a "general and temporary condition of
partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the
overflow of inland and/or tidal waters and/or the unusual and rapid
accumulation or runoff of surface water from any source." (Executive
Order 119»8, Floodplain Management, May 25, 1977) A reference to a
floodplain should be accompanied by a modifier indicating the level of
flooding, e.g., 100 year floodplain (one percent chance of flooding in
any year).
The benefits of preserving floodplains in their natural or relatively
undisturbed state include the reduction of flood hazards and losses,
maintenance of water quality standards, replenishment of groundwater,
soil conservation, the fostering of fish, wildlife and plant resources
and provision of recreational areas. The National Flood Insurance Act
of 1968, as amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, provides
government sponsored flood insurance for structures in flood prone areas
if the community involved undertakes floodplain management measures to
limit development in these areas.
Minimum Requirement
All grantees must identify any 100 year floodplains found within
the planning area. If the area is predominately privately owned, consult
the Federal Insurance Administration of the Department of Housing and
Urban Development. That agency prepares two types of maps that will be
useful in identifying floodplains. One type shows the boundaries and
elevations of the 100 year and 500 year floodplains and is known as a
Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). A detailed report known as a Flood
24
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Insurance Study Report may also be available for the planning area to
supplement the information shown on the map. The other type of map is
less detailed and known as a Flood Hazard Boundary Map (FHBM). (Figure 2)
This map shows the approximate area of the 100 year zone. If neither
map is available or if more detailed information than that shown on the
maps is required, consult the agencies listed under Sources for assistance.
If these sources can not provide information, consult an engineer experienced
in identifying these areas.
For areas predominately State or Federally owned, consult initially
with the controlling agency. If no information is available, contact
the agencies listed below.
Once all areas have been identified, determine if any of the alterna-
tives will have an impact upon any 100 year floodplains. If the construc-
tion site is within a 100 year floodplain or growth is projected for
these areas, the detailed analysis described in the next section is
required.
Supplemental Requirement
Executive Order 11988, 42 FEDERAL REGISTER 26,951 (1977), requires
that a "closer look" be taken at Federal projects in order to avoid
adverse impacts associated with actual construction in or development of
floodplains. This order emphasizes the importance of the evaluation and
mitigation of impacts as well as early public review of plans involving
action in a floodplain.
If a determination is made that one or more of the alternatives
will involve floodplain construction, the project may not proceed unless
a determination is made that no practicable* alternative exists to the
proposed plan and that all possible mitigating measures will be imple-
mented. Thus, it is required that:
1. All possible alternatives be considered, including the no
action alternative, alternative sites for the project and
alternative means of accomplishing the objectives.
2. All impacts be evaluated, including flood hazards and the
effects on the natural and beneficial floodplain values.
3. Measures to minimize impacts and restore or preserve floodplains
be considered.
*practi cable - "capable of being done within existing constraints. The
test of what is practicable depends upon the situation and includes
consideration of the pertinent factors, such as environment, cost or
technology." (Water Resources Council Guidelines for Implementing
Executive Order 11988, 43 FEDERAL REGISTER 6030, 1978)
25
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WASATCH MOUNTAIN STATE PARK
23
WASATCH
MOUNT Alh
STATE
PARK:
City of Midway
(AREA NOT INCtMOEO
C'ily of llcber
(ARf A NOT INC! UHED]
r\ \ JL_ }
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The following are possible methods for reducing floodplain impacts
for construction grants projects. The list is only illustrative and is
not intended to indicate these are the only methods available.
1. Use minimum grading requirements.
2. Return site to natural contours.
3. Maintain floodplain vegetation to reduce sedimentation.
4. Regulate methods used for grading, filling, soil removal
and replacement to reduce sedimentation during construction.
5. Dispose of waste materials so as not to contaminate ground
or surface water or change land contours.
6. Require topsoil protection programs during construction.
In deciding whether to locate in a floodplain, public comments and
opinions should be considered. In the Construction Grants Program, this
means that discussion of the issue should take place at any public
hearing held on the project, and that the following topics should be
addressed in the environmental assessment, A-95 notice* or any draft
material put out before the public hearing:
1. Why the project must be located in a floodplain;
2. AH significant facts considered in making the determination;
3. Whether the actions conform to applicable State or local
floodplain protection standards;
4. How the project will be designed or modified to minimize harm
to or within floodplains;
5. How the action affects natural or beneficial floodplain values.
The environmental assessment should also include a summary of
actions taken to elicit public comments and to consult with other agencies,
groups and individuals consulted on the project.
Grantees are required to take into account secondary effects on
floodplains. As has been mentioned, this involves considering all
alternatives, evaluating impacts and undertaking mitigating measures.
An example of a possible mitigating measure would be to limit sewer hook
ups in the floodplain.
*Before a facTTity plan is approved, it is reviewed by interested parties
at the local level pursuant to the Office of Management and Budget's
Circular A-95, "Federal and Federally Assisted Program and Projects," 38
FEDERAL REGISTER 32,874 (1973).
27
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Sources
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance
Administration, Flood Insurance Program
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
Department of Army, Corps of Engineers
Department of Commerce, National Weather Service
Department of Interior, Geological Survey
Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
Area river basin commissions
References
Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973; National Flood Insurance Act
of 1968, 42 USC SS4001-4128
Floodplain Management, Executive Order 11988, 42 FEDERAL REGISTER
26,951 (1977)
Water Resources Council Guidelines for Implementing Executive
Order 11988, 43 FEDERAL REGISTER 6030 (1978)
National Flood Insurance Program, 24 CFR Part 1909 (1977)
Statement of Procedures: Floodplains and Wetlands, United States
Environmental Protection Agency
PRM 76-5, Flood Insurance Requirements
3.2 Wetlands
Description
Wetlands are land areas which-, because of their frequent inundation
by surface or groundwater, can support vegetative or aquatic life that
requires saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps,
marshes, bogs and similar areas such as sloughs, potholes, wet meadows,
river overflows, mud flats and natural ponds. Executive Order 11990,
Protection of Wetlands, 42 FEDERAL REGISTER 26,961 (1977). Wetlands
provide habitats for plants and animals that are critical parts of food
chains in coastline ecosystems. Commercially important marine life as
well as threatened and endangered species depend on wetlands. In addition
they may be a natural wastewater treatment system, a future energy and
water supply, a means to prevent shoreline erosion, a buffer zone between
salt and fresh water, a recreational area and in some cases, a natural
recharge area.
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Minimum Requirement
Determine if there are any wetlands in the planning area. Currently,
maps are available for some areas from the Fish and Wildlife Service,
Department of Interior, or from local or State planning agencies. Over
the next few years, maps will be prepared by the Fish and Wildlife
Service for the balance of the country. If there are no wetlands, the
evaluation is complete. If wetlands exist, determine if there will be
actual construction in these areas or if future growth is projected in
or near these areas. Secondary impacts are most likely to occur if
sewers are located in wetlands or within 1,000 feet of them.
If any major part of the treatment works will be located in wetlands
or will have a significantly adverse primary or secondary impact on
wetlands, the evaluation described in the next section must be undertaken.
Supplemental Requirement
The grantee must determine each alternative's impact upon the
wetlands. This evaluation includes looking at alternatives, analyzing
their comparative impacts as well as considering measures to mitigate
harm and restore and preserve the wetlands. Any impact that affects the
wetland's natural or beneficial value must be considered. Factors
considered include the public health, safety and welfare; the maintenance
of natural systems; and any use that is in the public interest.
Primary impacts occur as a result of construction or operation
activities in, in close proximity to, or upstream of wetlands and which
cause the destruction or alteration of these areas. Describe in detail
the acreage, characteristics and location of any wetlands which are
likely to be substantially changed or destroyed. Identify any temporary
impacts the construction activities are likely to cause. Include a
description of mitigating measures, such as restoration, which are to be
used to minimize the project's impacts. Pay special attention to the
effects upon the quality of surface and groundwater adjacent to the
wetland areas. Executive Order 11990 forbids construction in a wetland
unless no practicable alternative exists. If construction occurs, the
Executive Order requires that all possible steps to minimize harm be
taken. Under the regulations for the Construction Grants Program,
interceptors can be extended into environmentally sensitive areas such
as wetlands only if necessary to eliminate existing point discharges and
to accommodate wastewater flows from existing habitations that violate
an enforceable requirement of the Clean Water Act. Collection systems
funded through construction grants should not provide capacity for new
habitations or establishments located in wetlands. The environmental
assessment should address these requirements.
Investigate State and local laws dealing with wetlands. Discuss
any difficulties or special requirements these laws may create.
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Grantees who are considering siting a wastewater treatment plant or
sewers in a wetland should also be aware of the existing Federal laws
that regulate these activities. Under S10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act
of 1899 and §404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, dredge and
fill activities cannot be undertaken in wetlands without a permit issued
by the Corps of Engineers. In addition, the Administrator of EPA can
prohibit any filling of wetlands if he or she determines such activities
will have an unacceptable adverse impact on municipal water supply,
shellfish beds, fisheries, wildlife or recreational areas.
Evaluate secondary impacts which will occur if the area is developed
in response to increased demand for housing or industrial sites. For
each alternative, determine how many acres of wetlands are likely to be
developed in order to satisfy the future demand for houses and industrial
structures. Also, indicate how many acres in the surrounding area will
experience growth during the planning period. This collateral development
can also affect the natural values of the wetlands, particularly if it
is upstream. Possible mitigating measures to consider include sewer
hook up restrictions, restoration of previously destroyed wetlands,
construction techniques that protect wetlands, and establishment of a
wetlands protection zone.
Sources
Department of Army, Corps of Engineers
Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service
EPA, Branch for review of S10 permits
References
§10, Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, 33 USC §§401-466n
§404, Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 USC §§1251-1376
Protection of Wetlands, Executive Order 11990, 42 FEDERAL REGISTER
16,961 (1977)
Permits for Activities in Navigable Waters or Ocean Waters, 33
CFR §209.120 (1976)
Statement of Procedures, Floodplains and Wetlands, United States
Environmental Protection Agency
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3.3 Wild and Scenic Rivers
Descn'i
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act protects, in their "free flowing"
condition, designated rivers or river segments with exceptional natural,
scenic, recreational or other qualities worthy of preservation. River
segments may be categorized as either wild, scenic or recreational and
each category is accorded a different level of protection. The Act is
administered jointly by the Departments of Agriculture and Interior. A
river is added to the system by Federal legislation or by State legisla-
tion with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior.
Minimum Requirement
Determine if there are any designated or officially recognized
wild, scenic or recreational rivers in the planning area or if any such
rivers are under study for inclusion in the system. If none, the analysis
is complete. If the planning area contains either a designated river or
one under study, determine for each alternative 1) whether construction
is planned near the river, 2) whether growth is projected for areas
contiguous to or upstream from the designated segment or 3) whether the
river is to be used for disposal of effluent. If any of the above
conditions are present, proceed with the evaluation discussed in the
next section.
Supplemental Requirement
The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act prohibits the approval of any Federal
grant which would have a direct adverse effect on those characteristics
which caused the river to be classified as wild, scenic or recreational.
Contact the agency responsible for administering the river segment
involved for information and assistance in evaluating impacts. Often a
development or control plan for all or part of the area will have been
prepared. Evaluate the primary impacts. In particular, note the impacts
upon the scenic or recreational qualities of these rivers as well as
possible mitigating measures (such as landscaping in order to camouflage
buildings). If any alternative plan under consideration will result in
conditions inconsistent with the character of the designated segment,
eliminate it as unacceptable. Note that the classification of the
particular river has a bearing on what is considered an acceptable
impact. For example, any alteration of a wild river is unacceptable
although some impacts upon recreational rivers are permitted.
Although secondary impacts are not addressed by the Wild and Scenic
Rivers Act, NEPA regulations require that they be discussed. In consider-
ing such secondary impacts, determine if the construction of the sewer
plant will encourage development of land adjacent to or upstream from
these segments and discuss how this development will affect the river.
Actions such as hook up restrictions should be considered to limit
growth.
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Rivers are often legal boundaries and so development may be subject
to intergovernmental plans or arrangements. Reference should be made to
such conditions if they exist.
Sources
Department of Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation
Service and National Park Service (for rivers not in National
Forests)
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (for rivers in
National Forests)
State Water Quality Control Board
References
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, 16 DSC SS1271-87 (1970)
amended 1974
3.4 Cultural Resources
Description
Cultural resources include districts, sites, buildings, structures
or objects which are significant in American history, architecture,
archeology or culture. Because of their cultural significance, these
structures and sites are protected by a number of Federal laws. In
facility planning, protective actions revolve generally around properties
on or eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places,
which includes both archeological and historic sites.
Minimum Requirement
Consult the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) to determine
if there are any properties in the planning area which are included or
are eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
If there are none, the analysis is complete. If there is insufficient
information available to determine if the proposed construction site
contains cultural resources, a field.survey may be required. The scope
of the required survey will depend upon the probability that sensitive
material will be found. For most projects, a documentary search of
reference materials or a walkover reconnaissance survey will suffice.
In some cases, where numerous archeological sites are present, more
extensive surveys, including excavation activities, will be required.
Contact the EPA regional office for authority to conduct this
survey. If property located in the planning area is included or eligible
for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places, further
consultation with the SHPO is required as described in the next subsection,
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Supplemental Requirement
Information on all alternative sites being considered for sewers
and plants should be furnished to the State Historic Preservation Officer
(SHPO). If EPA in consultation with the SHPO determines that any alter-
native will have an impact on a protected property, the SHPO, the grantee
and EPA will work together to develop methods for mitigating the anticipated
impact. The SHPO's recommendations and findings on impacts should be
included in the environmental assessment. Possible mitigating measures
include: excavation of archeological material, relocation of sewer
lines, and restrictions on development near historic sites. If EPA
determines that the proposed project will have an adverse effect on
property on or eligible for inclusion on the National Register, then the
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has the right to comment
on the undertaking. The ACHP may also comment if it disagrees with a
determination by EPA that no adverse effect will occur. All parties
will attempt to formulate a memorandum of agreement on measures to be
taken to mitigate or minimize impacts on protected cultural properties.
If this cannot be done, then the full ACHP directing body can review and
comment on the proposed project. As this handbook was being finalized,
the ACHP proposed revisions to its regulations. The revised requirements
will apply to projects begun after the regulations are promulgated,
which should be early in 1979.
Sources
Department of Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation
Service, Interagency Archeological Services and National
Register Office
Department of Interior, National Park Service
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
State Historic Preservation Officer
State Archeologist
Local historical society
References
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, 16 USC SS470-470+
Historical and Archeological Data Preservation Act 16 USC
SS469-469h
Historic Sites, Buildings and Antiquities Act of 1935, 16 USC
SS461-467
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Antiquities Act of 1906, 16 USC §§431-433
National Register of Historic Places, (the list is published
regularly in the FEDERAL REGISTER)
PRM 75-^7, Field Survey to Identify Cultural Resources
Procedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural Property,
36 CFR Part dOO (1977)
3.5 Endangered Species, Fish and Wildlife
Description
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides for the protection and
conservation of threatened or endangered plants and wildlife. The
Secretary of Interior is responsible for designating threatened or
endangered species, except for species of marine life which are under
the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Commerce. Section 7 of the Act
forbids Federal funding of activities which will result in the modifica-
tion or destruction of critical habitats.
Minimum Requirement
Identify generally the plant and animal life found in the planning
area. Special attention should be given to endangered or threatened
species. If such data is not available, contact the EPA regional office
to determine if a field survey is necessary. If endangered species are
present in the planning area, the more detailed evaluation outlined in
the next section should be undertaken. Project impacts on plants and
animals not designated as threatened or endangered should be analyzed
generally. If there will be a serious impact on fish and wildlife
resources, consultation with agencies established to protect them will
be necessary.
Supplemental Requirement
The grantee must collect biological data on the threatened or
endangered species found in the project area, including information on
the species' food, cover and mating habits and other requirements necessary
for its continued survival. A helpful source for such information is
the computer information system for environmentally sensitive wildlife
("SPECINFO"), operated by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi. The State in which the project area is
located may also have an endangered species program that can provide
information. If a determination is made that the project will have an
impact upon a threatened or endangered species, the grantee must request
consultation with the regional office of the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS),
Department of Interior. The FWS will study the project, request additional
information or surveys and then issue a final opinion as to whether the
project will jeopardize an endangered or threatened species or a critical
habitat. Controversial projects may be reviewed by a Federal interagency panel
If there is a serious impact on other fish and wildlife resources, the
FWS, counterpart State agencies and the National Marine Fisheries Service
(for marine species) must be consulted. As this manual was being prepared,
the FWS was drafting new regulations. They will apply to projects begun
after their promulgation.
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Mitigation measures, such as the relocation of the project, must be
undertaken if a threatened or endangered species will be jeopardized.
The Fish and Wildlife Service's opinion and recommendations should be
included in the environmental assessment.
Sources
State and local conservation agencies and organizations
Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Other Federal and State agencies responsible for fish and wildlife
FEDERAL REGISTER (list of threatened or endangered species)
References
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 USC SS1531-1543
(Supplement V, 1975)
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, 50 CFR Part 17
(1977)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958, 16 USC §S661-666c
(Supplement V, 1975)
Interagency Cooperation - Endangered Species Act of 1973, 50 CFR
Part 402 (1978)
Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, 16 USC SS1361-1407 (Supplement
V, 1975)
3.6 Coastal Zones
Description
The Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 provides funds for States
to formulate plans to preserve, protect, develop and improve their
coastal resources. These plans attempt to prevent shoreline erosion and
the loss of living marine resources and wildlife, preserve nutrient rich
areas and recreational areas, and avoid adverse changes to ecological
systems.
Minimum Requirement
If the project is in one of the coastal States covered by the Act,
determine if a coastal zone management plan has been approved by the
Secretary of Commerce. If there is an approved plan, determine if the
project will affect the coastal zone. In evaluating impacts caused by
the project, consider whether changes in land use, or changes in the
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quality of coastal zone resources will occur. Also consider whether the
range of uses of resources will be limited. The supplemental requirements
apply if the project will have an effect on coastal resources.
Supplemental Requirement
Under the Coastal Zone Management Act, projects receiving Federal
assistance must be consistent with approved State plans. Review of the
project by the State coastal zone agency is accomplished through the
existing A-95 review process. The State agency has 45 days in which to
notify grantees and EPA of any objections to the proposed project. If
an objection is made, the State agency will indicate the manner in which
the project is inconsistent with specific elements of the management
program and what steps can be taken to meet the requirements of the
State plan. Grantees may choose to accept suggestions of the State
coastal zone management agency and revise the project. If there is
serious disagreement, grantees may request mediation by the Secretary of
Commerce. The Secretary of Commerce may waive the consistency requirement
if the project achieves other important national objectives, there are
no reasonable alternatives, and it is in the public interest to do so.
Sources
Department of Commerce, Office of Coastal Zone Management
State coastal zone management agency
References
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
Federal Consistency with Approved Coastal Management Programs,
15 CFR Part 930 (43 FEDERAL REGISTER 10510)(1978)
3.7 Recreation Open Space
Description
Public demand for recreational open space rises as leisure time
increases. The construction of wastewater treatment facilities can
directly eliminate recreation open space. Development associated with
new wastewater treatment service can also eliminate or modify recreation
open spaces. To the contrary, facilities can be planned to take advantage
of recreational open space opportunities.
Many open space areas are sensitive areas that should be analyzed
both from the ecological and recreational perspectives.
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Minimum Requirement
Locate all recreational open space in the planning area. Determine
the acreage, facilities and uses associated with each area. Try to
avoid adverse impacts if practicable. Otherwise, consider mitigation
measures such as establishing new parks and designing facilities to
protect the aesthetic value of the surrounding area.
Facility plans initiated after September 30, 1978, must analyze
recreation and open space opportunities associated with the wastewater
treatment works. Study the feasibility of combining treatment works
with parks, bicycle paths, hiking trails and other recreational uses.
If applicable, consider ways to maintain recreational access to waterways,
Sources
State recreation agency
Local or regional planning agencies
Local parks or recreation agency
National Recreation and Park Association or State chapter
Department of Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation
Service, regional office
References
State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan
PRM 77-4, Cost Allocations for Multiple-Purpose Projects
Opportunities in Water Cleanup and the Land (EPA 1978)
3.8 Agricultural and Productive Lands
Description
The continuing decrease in acreage devoted to agricultural uses has
had serious adverse social, economic and environmental impacts in some
sections of the country. Special attention should be given to those
areas- with unusual values, such as "prime and unique farmlands" or areas
with special social or economic value to a State or local area. Prime
farmland is land which has the best physical and chemical characteristics
for producing food, feed, forage, fiber and oil seed crops. In general,
these lands have an adequate and dependable moisture supply, a favorable
temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, accept-
able salt and sodium content and few or no rocks. The soil is permeable
to air and water and not excessively erodible or prone to floods.
37
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Unique farmland is used for the production of specific, high value food
and fiber crops. Its soil quality, growing season, temperature, moisture,
air, drainage, humidity, elevation and other conditions favor growth of
a specific food or fiber crop. Areas with special State or local value
are those which are important because of the characteristics of the
area. For example, the last remaining dairy farm left in the area would
have special local value.
Minimum Requirement
Identify all land in the planning area used or suitable for use as
farms, forests, orchards or nurseries. In particular, consider the
amount and location of prime and unique farmlands.
Primary impacts may be minimal unless the plant or sewers will be
located in or near the identified areas. If construction is planned for
those areas, evaluate the effect it will have on normal farm activities.
Determine how many of these areas will be subject to development.
If the areas surrounding prime and unique farmlands are likely to be
developed, this could have negative impacts upon these highly productive
areas. Evaluate the impacts accompanying the loss of these lands to
other uses. If prime or unique agricultural lands or areas with special
value to the local or regional area will be affected by negative impacts,
additional analysis should be performed to identify the options which
have the least adverse impact.
Supplemental Requirement
In evaluating impacts causing a loss of productive land, remember
that the effects can be social and economic as well as environmental.
The presence of farmland in an area can improve the air and water quality
and with good management can prevent erosion. Farmlands may serve as
a disposal site for recycled sludge and effluent and are compatible
adjacent uses for wetlands and floodplains. The destruction of these
areas may also result in an area being forced to obtain farm goods from
distant points, thus increasing costs and use of energy as well as
decreasing the area's self-sufficiency. However, farmlands are often
the sources of nonpoint source pollution such as feedlot runoff or
fertilizer runoff; the effects of eliminating these pollutants should
also be discussed.
Prime and unique farmlands cannot be restored once they are developed,
Grantees should consider mitigating impacts or rejecting alternatives
which have a significant impact on those areas. Possible mitigating
measures include the use of zoning and other land use controls to prevent
development of these areas and provision of financial assistance or
incentives to farmers to discourage sales to developers.
EPA policy and regulations disallow the placement of interceptors
in prime agricultural lands unless it is necessary to eliminate existing
point source discharges and to accommodate flows from existing habitations
38
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that violate an enforceable requirement of the Clean Water Act. Collection
systems may not provide capacity for new habitations or other establish-
ments located in prime agricultural lands.
Sources
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service county agents
or Soil Conservation Service agents detailed to EPA regional offices
U.S. Department of Agriculture, State Land Use Committees
References
Prime and Unique Farmlands, 43 FEDERAL REGISTER 4030 (1978)
(to be codified as 7 CFR Part 657)
EPA Policy to Protect and Preserve Environmentally Significant
Agricultural Lands, September 1978
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CHAPTER IV POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
4.0 Introduction
This chapter discusses the ways in which a new wastewater treatment
works can have an impact upon pollution or conservation problems. In
constructing a wastewater treatment works, the correction of a water
pollution problem should not create or exacerbate other pollution
problems.
4.1 Air Quality
Description
The Clean Air Act Amendments establish a procedure by which States
are responsible for planning and enforcing air pollution controls with
the assistance of EPA. EPA is required to establish primary and secondary
national ambient air quality standards for pollutants. These standards
relate to the maximum level of pollutants allowable in order to protect
the public health or welfare. At present, standards have been set for
six pollutants—nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydro-
carbons, particulates, and photochemical oxidants.
Each State is required to attain and maintain the air quality
within its boundaries so that the national ambient air quality standards
are not violated. A State submits an Implementation Plan, known as a
SIP, for EPA approval, outlining the steps proposed to be taken to
fulfill its obligations under the Clean Air Act. Methods can include
the control of new or existing sources emitting pollutants or a compre-
hensive transportation control plan. The SIP will also identify Air
Quality Maintenance Areas—areas which do not or will not meet one or
more of the national ambient air quality standards within the required
time period. In these areas, new sources of air pollutants or future
development will be discouraged in order to prevent adverse air quality
impacts.
The Clean Air Act of 1977 gives the Administrator of EPA the power
to condition or withhold a grant for the construction of a treatment
plant if he or she determines:
1. the treatment works does not comply with standards set for new
sources or hazardous pollutants;
2. the SIP does not provide for the increase in emissions of each
air pollutant which could reasonably be anticipated to result
directly or indirectly from the new sewage treatment capacity;
3. new treatment capacity may reasonably cause or contribute
directly or indirectly to increases in emission above that
provided for in the SIP or will be inconsistent with the SIP;
40
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4. increases in emissions would interfere with or be inconsistent
with the SIP of another State; or
b. there is no approved SIP.
In making this determination, both primary and secondary impacts
are evaluated. Policy guidance on this will soon be developed by EPA.
Minimum Requirement
Gather data on the existing air quality of the planning area. In
particular, note if it is within an Air Quality Maintenance Area and if
there is an approved State SIP which includes the planning area.
Primary impacts include increased traffic to and from the site
during construction and operation of the plant, increased pollution from
construction activities and emissions from sludge incineration. Construc-
tion activities will cause temporary impacts. Efforts should be made to
reduce the severity of these effects. EPA has established new source
standards for certain types of equipment which emit pollutants, including
sludge incinerators which will create a new source of air pollution.
Grantees will be required to obtain a permit from the State if the new
treatment works will use incineration as the method of sludge disposal.
Secondary impacts are the result of increased emissions from new
homes, industries and automobiles. Consult the SIP to determine if the
increased population has been considered and analyzed. If the SIP did
not anticipate the new growth predicted as a result of the treatment
works or if there is no SIP, the supplemental requirement outlined in
the next section should be undertaken.
Supplemental Requirement
It is very difficult to predict secondary air pollution impacts.
Various computer and manual models have been or are in the process of
being developed to forecast future emissions by pollutants and the
effect on air quality. Systems which predict the level of future emissions
look at a variety of factors including present and future demographic
and land use information, GEMLUP II is an example of such a system. It
was developed for the EPA, Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy.
This system uses data similar to that needed to complete other sections
of the environmental assessment for a series of work sheets. Models
exist which can utilize the output of GEMLUP II to predict the impact on
air quality. These systems look at factors such as meteorology, topography,
population distribution and existing air quality.
41
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Sources
State air pollution control agency
EPA, regional air quality division
References
Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, EPA
Procedures for Tracking Emissions Growth in Air Quality Maintenance,
Office of Transportation and Land Use Policy, EPA 400/1-77-001
Clean Air Act, 42 USC SS7401-7642
4.2 Water Quality and Quantity
Description
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and the
Clean Water Act of 1977 were enacted to restore and protect the "chemical,
physical and biological integrity of the Nation's waters," to attain a
level of water quality that is suitable for recreational uses and that
is safe for fish and wildlife by 1983. All projects under the Construction
Grants Program should be evaluated in terms of their contribution to
achieving the water quality objective of the Clean Water Act.
This section focuses on both the quality and quantity of water
sources. Water quality, is measured by certain parameters that indicate
the physical, chemical and biological condition such as turbidity,
dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform. Possible primary impacts on water
quality include: impacts from construction activities, improvement in
quality due to additional treatment and effects of disposing effluent in
receiving waters. The effluent of the plant will be covered by a
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and will
not be discussed in detail in this handbook.
In analyzing the effects of the project on the quality of water,
the grantee should consider the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water
Act. Under this Act, Federal funds cannot be committed to any project
which could contaminate a sole source aquifer. A sole source aquifer is
an aquifer which has been designated as the sole drinking water source
for an area, and if it were to become contaminated, a significant hazard
to public health would be created.
Minimum Requirement
Locate all surface and ground water in the planning area. Determine
the physical nature, flow characteristics, usage and quality of each
42
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body of water. Also, identify aquifers and their recharge areas to the
extent possible. Describe aquifers in terms of formation, material
thickness and depth.
Applicants must also determine if the construction activities for
any alternative will result in erosion or sediment runoff. In analyzing
impacts, consider what effect changes in water quality will have on fish
and plant life and the availability of water for uses such as recreation.
Include a description of all steps to mitigate the impact on surface and
ground water that will be taken for each alternative. Possible mitigating
measures include (1) planning development to fit drainage patterns,
topography and soil conditions of the site; (2) avoiding the removal of
trees and surface vegetation; and (3) constructing impoundments and
water control structures to reduce erosion and trap sediment. For a
complete discussion of mitigating methods, see Direct Environmental
Factors at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Works.
Secondary impacts on water quality can be attributed mainly to
increased surface runoff, which includes excessive stormwater flow and
sediment runoff. A second source of secondary impacts, pollution from
new point sources, will be controlled by NPDES permits and is therefore,
not discussed in detail here. Excessive stormwater flow results from
water which runs across impervious surfaces during intense rains. In
addition to causing floods, these waters contain significant amounts of
pollutants that will flow or seep into surface and ground water. Construct-
ing new homes, roads and industrial complexes increases the amount of
impervious surface area and thereby increases excess stormwater flow.
Sediment deposition is a measure of the erosion of soil that occurs
throughout a community. It affects the quality and regime of local
streams. The degree of development and the rate at which it occurs is
influenced by the production of sediment. Sedimentation can slow the
flow of a stream and raise the streambed, in turn increasing chances of
flooding.
If population is projected to increase substantially during the
planning period or if a significant amount of the area is vacant or in
low density development and is likely to be developed during the planning
period, the supplemental requirement detailed in the next section should
be undertaken. If not, steps should be taken to mitigate any expected
impact on water quality. For example, the community can adopt erosion
and sediment control ordinances.
Grantees must also determine if the planning area contains a designated
sole source aquifer. If it does, the more detailed analysis required in
the next section will aid in determining the impacts of the project on
the aquifer.
The new treatment works can affect water quality by changing supply
or demand for water. The supply of useable water is influenced by
surface runoff among other factors because changes in runoff patterns
43
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can alter the quantity of water available to recharge existing sources.
On the other hand, new developments can create additional demand on
water supply. Grantees should examine the present water supply for the
area. To determine future demand and supply for the area, consult local
officials. If no local information is available, an estimate of demand
can be made using average consumption figures not to exceed those shown
in Table 3, and estimates of future population. Estimates should take
into consideration planned water conservation efforts.
Supplemental Requirement
There are various models that have been developed for estimating
stormwater runoff and the effects of new point and nonpoint sources on
stream quality. One common method used for stormwater runoff is the
rational formula which is discussed in this section. Grantees can use
any available method that is appropriate for the planning area.
The rational formula can be used with data on present and future
land uses and rainfall to predict the expected change in runoff that
will be associated with the project. The formula's reliability decreases
for areas greater than 10 acres and is less accurate if input data does
not reflect the characteristics of the area being considered. The
rational formula is as follows:
Q = CIA where:
Q = peak discharge or flow rate in cubic feet per second
C = runoff coefficient
I = average rainfall intensity in inches per hour
A = drainage basin area in acres
This formula should be used to determine present and future runoff.
Runoff coefficients depend upon the soil conditions and land use of the
area being considered. They should be based on actual experience in the
planning area on amounts of pollutants per acre contributed by various
types of developed conditions. If coefficients are not available for
the area, those shown in Table 4 can be used.
Grantees should consider using the information on runoff developed
by the rational formula or some other model to predict the effects of
the project on the quality of particular bodies of water in the planning
area.
Sources
Department of Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
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TABLE 3
WATER CONSUMPTION RATES IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
Non-SMSA cities and towns with projected 60-70 gallons/
total 10-year populations of 5,000 or less capita/day (gpcd)
Other cities and towns 65-80 gpcd
45
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TABLE 4
VALUES OF RUNOFF COEFFICIENTS (C) FOR URBAN LAND USE
Type of Drainage Area Runoff Coefficients - C
Lawns:
Sandy soil, flat, 2% 0.05-0.10
Sandy soil, average, 2-7% 0.10-0.15
Sandy soil, steep, 7% 0.15-0.20
Heavy soil, flat, 2% 0.18-0.17
Heavy soil, average, 2-7% 0.18-0.22
Heavy soil, steep, 7% 0.25-0.35
Business:
Downtown areas 0.70-0.95
Neighborhood areas 0.50-0.70
Residential:
Single-family areas 0.30-0.50
Multi units, detached 0.40-0.60
Multi units, attached 0.60-0.75
Suburban 0.25-0.40
Apartment dwelling areas 0.50-0.70
Industrial:
Light areas 0.50-0.80
Heavy areas 0.60-0.90
Park, cemeteries 0.10-0.25
Playgrounds 0.20-0.35
Railroad yard areas 0.20-0.40
Unimproved areas 0.10-0.30
Streets:
Asphalt 0.70-0.95
Concrete 0.80-0.95
Brick 0.70-0.85
Drives and walks 0.75-0.85
Roofs 0.75-0.95
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State water control agency
EPA regional water division
Local water committees
Designated areawide waste management 208 agency
References
Direct Environmental Factors at Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Works, EPA 430/9-78-03 (January, 1976)
PRM 78-1, Erosion and Sedimentation Control in the Construction
Grants Program
Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and
Implementation, EPA-R2-72-015 (August, 1972)
Development and Application of a Simplified Stormwater Management
Model, EPA 600/2-7~6-218 (August, 1976)
The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, 42 USCA SS300f-300j9 (1974)
Water Programs, Sole or Primary Source Aquifer Areas, 42 FEDERAL
REGISTER 51,620 (1977) (to be codified as 40 CFR Part 148)
Water pollution and Quality Data Information, Storage and
Retrieval System (STORET) (EPA)
4.3 Noise
Description
Usually, noise pollution impacts are temporary and principally
associated with the actual construction and operation of the facility.
Noise pollution has various psychological, sociological and physiological
effects on people including loss of hearing, interference with communica-
tions, disruption of activities, loss of sleep, annoyance, mental stress
and anxiety.
Minimum Requirement
All efforts should be made to minimize noise levels. The EPA
publication, Direct Environmental Factors at Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Worlds, outlines possible steps that can be used to reduce
noise levels.
If the facility is to be located in close proximity to schools,
libraries or other noise sensitive areas or in rural communities, the
more detailed evaluation of effects should be undertaken.
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Supplemental Requirement
Data on existing noise levels should be collected. Various Federal
agencies such as the Federal Highway Administration study the noise
impacts of their projects. Determine if such a study has been done for
the planning area. If not, new measurements should be taken. Estimate
the impact the new facility will have on noise levels. Consider mitiga-
tion measures such as relocating the plant or creating a vegetative
buffer zone.
Sources
Agencies that do noise studies:
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration
Department of Housing and Urban Development
References
Direct Environmental Factors at Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Works. EPA-430/9-76-003, MCD-20 (January, 1976)
Noise Control Act of 1972, 42 USC SS4901-4918 (1973), 49 USC §§1431 (1976)
Public Health and VJelfare Criteria for Noise, EPA 550/9-75-002
(July, 1973)
Information on Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect
Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety,
EPA 550/9-74-004 (March, 1974)
4.4 Odor
Description
Odor pollution causes unique problems in that it is hard to predict
what concentrations and intensities will be offensive to individuals.
There have, however, been sufficient complaints received about wastewater
treatment plants to warrant some evaluation of these impacts.
Minimum Requirement
Grantees should be concerned with the odors associated with the
operation of the treatment facility. Efforts should be made to ensure
that steps have been taken to mitigate these impacts. For example, the
plant should be located as far as possible from residential areas. In
addition, methods to reduce or control odors as discussed in Direct
Environmental Factors at Municipal Wastewater Treatment Works should be
considered whenever the facility must be located in close proximity to
sensitive areas.
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References
Direct Environmental Factors at Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Works. EPA-430/9-76-003, MCD-20 (January, 1976)
4.5 Solid Waste
Description
Recent Federal Taws establish a comprehensive national program to
control the production and disposal of solid waste and to encourage
resource conservation and recovery practices. Sludge is a solid waste
that is subject to these acts. Other forms of solid waste generated by
residents should also be considered in the environmental assessment.
Minimum Requirement
Evaluate the current system for dealing with solid wastes. In
particular, determine the method and amount of land used as disposal
sites.
For primary impacts consider the method for waste disposal selected
for the treatment plant. Estimate the amount of sludge the treatment
process will produce and evaluate the impacts. For land fill or applica-
tion, estimate the acreage required and the availability of land to meet
the future need. For incineration make sure that air pollution impacts
have been considered.
If the population increase will be substantial or if a significant
amount of undeveloped land is likely to be developed during the planning
period, supplemental analysis should be undertaken.
Supplemental Requirement
Using the estimates developed for population, housing and industrial
growth, develop the future solid waste load. If adequate figures are
available for your area, use them. If not, use the average figures
shown on the accompanying tables. (Tables 5 and 6.) Also, take into
account any conservation measures proposed for the area. Once an estimate
is developed, the grantee should evaluate the area's capacity to handle
the increased load.
Reference
Solid Waste Disposal Act, 42 USCA SS3251 et. seq. (1973)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, P.L. 94-580
(October, 1976) 42 USC SS6901-6987
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TABLE 5
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES COLLECTION RATES
pounds/capita/day
Population
Waste Collection by
Population Density Ranges
0 - 4,999
5,000-19,999
20,000-99,999
100,000
0-3,999/sq.mi
3.3
3.5
4.1
4.6
4,000-6,999/sq.mi. 7,000-+/sq.mi
5.0
4.1
5.1
4.6
4.6
5.6
SOLID WASTE GENERATION BY DWELLING TYPE
Apt.
Single family Multifamily House
Pounds/capita/week
Gallons/capita/week
Pounds/cubic yard
12.54
14.07
179.97
9.83
11.00
180.50
6.91
5.61
243.37
SOURCE: Land Use, Urban Form and Environmental Quality
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TABLE 6
ESTIMATES OF MANUFACTURING WASTES
Industry
Multipliers
tons/employee/year
Food processing
Seasonal foods
Other foods
Paper, Printing and Publishing
Chemicals
Textiles and Apparel
Rubber and Plastics
Leather
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete
Primary and Fabricated Metals
Electrical and Nonelectrical Machinery
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Transportation Equipment
Instruments
5.56570
4.81655
12.87060
8.21075
.52575
1.54810
2.49365
18.11425
6,73000
3.5S040
21.68805
20.15545
3.39330
3.51700
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Application of Sewage Sludge to Cropland: Appraisal of Potential
Hazards of the Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals, EPA
430/9-76-013, MCD-33 (November, 1976)
Municipal Sludge Management: Environmental Factors, EPA 430/9-77-
004, MCD-28 (October, 1977)
Municipal Sludge Management: EPA Construction Grants Program,
An Overview of the Sludge Management Situation, EPA 430/9-76-
009, MCD-30 (April, 1976)
EPA Policy on Land Treatment of Wastewater, October 1977
PRM 79-3, Revision of Agency Guidance for Evaluation of Land
Treatment Alternatives Employing Surface Application
4.6 Energy
Description
Because of the recently increased concern about the limited resources
available to meet our energy needs, the environmental assessment should
include an analysis of energy impacts. Impacts include the energy
requirements needed to operate the treatment plant, to manufacture
chemicals used in wastewater treatment, and to meet the demand of future
population and industrial growth complexes.
Minimum Requirement
Under the Clean Water Act of 1977, the Administrator of EPA is
required to encourage waste treatment management methods, processes and
techniques which will reduce total energy requirements. Regulations
issued as a result of the Act require facility plans begun after October 1.
1978, to include an analysis of primary energy requirements for each
alternative studied. The selected plan must include cost-effective
measures to reduce energy consumption or increase energy recovery (40
CFR S35.917-l(d)(9)). EPA has issued a publication entitled Energy
Conservation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment which should be of
assistance in measuring energy demands and suggesting conservation
methods.
Waste treatment alternatives which will substantially conserve
energy are considered to be "innovative" and accorded special treatment
under the Clean Water Act of 1977. A 15 percent preference is given to
innovative alternatives in the cost-effectiveness analysis. If the plan
selected is innovative, it may receive a grant for 85 percent of eligible
costs.
If substantial population increases within the project area are
anticipated in the planning period or if new sewers are to be sited on
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substantial amounts of low density land, a more detailed analysis of
secondary impacts should be undertaken.
Supplemental Requirement
Estimate present energy consumption by type of facility—single
family home, commercial, industrial, etc. Using this data and estimates
of future housing and industrial development, determine the appropriate
future danand. It may be necessary to break demand down into the types
of energy required (i.e., coal, oil). Compare this estimate with the
projected future energy resources for the area. Note in particular any
shortages that may affect or limit future development.
Sources
County government or multi-county planning bodies
Private trade association involved with oil or gas industry
State department of business, industrial or economic development
Energy user trade association
References
Energy Conservation in Municipal Wastewater Treatment, EPA
430/9-77-011 (March, 1977)
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Guidelines, 40 CFR Part 35, Subpart E,
Appendix A
Guidelines for Alternative and Innovative Technology, 40 CFR
Part b, Subpart E, Appendix E
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Appendix A: EPA Implementation of the National Environmental Policy
Act of 1969
Section 102(2)(c) of NEPA (40 USC S4332(2)(c)) requires a Federal
agency to prepare an EIS for every major Federal action significantly
affecting the quality of the human environment.
EPA has issued regulations to implement NEPA in 40 CFR Part 6.
These regulations were originally promulgated on January 17, 1973 (38
FEDERAL REGISTER 1696 (January 17, 1973)) and were revised on April 14,
1975 (40 FEDERAL REGISTER 16815 (April 14, 1975)). These regulations
provide general requirements at Subpart A with additional requirements
for section 201 wastewater treatment works construction grants contained
in Subpart E and 40 CFR §35.900 et seq.
Under the current EPA regulations implementing NEPA, an applicant
for a construction grant is required to submit an environmental assessment
with the facilities plan developed under a Step 1 grant. However, an
environmental assessment is required as an integral part of facilities
planning only for such planning which was initiated after April 30,
1974. For facilities planning which was determined to have been initiated
prior to May 1, 1974, only the requirements in 40 CFR §§35.925-7 and
35.925-a were applicable. Section 35.9^5-8 provides:
"That the NEPA requirements (Part 6 of this chapter), applicable
to the project step, have been met. Such compliance is a basic
prerequisite for Step 2, Step 3, and combination Step 2 and 3
projects. An adequate assessment of expected environmental impacts,
consistent with the requirements of the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (42 USC 4321 et seq.), is required as an
integral part of facilities planning initiated after April 30,
1974, in accordance with §35.917-1." (Emphasis added.)
An environmental assessment is to include a description of the
environmental impacts of the proposed action, description of steps to
minimize any adverse environmental effects, evaluation of alternatives,
description of the existing and future environment without the proposed
project, and documentation. The purpose of the environmental assessment
is to ensure that the Step 1 grantee considers the environmental impacts
of a proposed action at the earliest possible point in the Step 1 grantee's
planning process.
During the development of the facilities plan, the Step 1 grantee
is required to hold at least one public hearing before a facilities plan
is adopted. However, this requirement is made applicable only to facilities
planning initiated after April 30, 1974. New public participation
activities during facilities planning will be required by a new 40
CFR Part 25 and by revisions to 40 CFR Part 35 to be promulgated
early in 1979.
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EPA will make a determination as to the applicability of NEPA
requirements before either approval of the facilities plan or award of
Step 2 and Step 3 grants if an approved facilities plan is not required.
EPA will study the proposed action, including a review of any environmental
assessment received, to identify and evaluate the environmental impacts
of the proposed action and feasible alternatives. From this review, EPA
will determine whether significant impacts are anticipated from the
proposed action, whether any feasible alternatives can be adopted or
change can be made in project design to eliminate significant adverse
impacts, and whether an EIS or a negative declaration is required.
In determining whether an EIS or a negative declaration is required
for a proposed wastewater treatment works construction grant project,
EPA employs the criteria detailed in 40 CFR SS6.200, 6.510. The
criteria listed in 40 CFR S6.510 are applicable only to Step 2 and
Step 3 grants awarded after June 30, 1975. If EPA determines based upon
these criteria that the proposed project will have a significant impact
upon the environment, EPA will prepare an EIS pursuant to Subpart C of
40 CFR Part 6.
If EPA determines, based upon these criteria, that the proposed
project will not have a significant impact upon the environment, EPA
will issue a negative declaration together with an environmental impact
appraisal. The negative declaration is a written announcement prepared
after EPA's environmental review stating that EPA has determined that an
EIS is not required for a proposed project, and it summarizes the supporting
environmental impact appraisal. The environmental impact appraisal is
prepared concurrently with the negative declaration and briefly describes
the proposed action and feasible alternatives, environmental impacts of
the proposed action, unavoidable adverse impacts of the proposed action,
the relationship between short term uses of man's environment and the
maintenance and enhancement of long term productivity, steps to minimize
harm to the environment, irreversible and irretrievable commitments of
resources to implement the action, comments and consultations on the
project, and reasons for concluding that the proposed action will not
have a significant environmental impact.
The public is given fifteen working days to comment on the negative
declaration and appraisal. No administrative action on the project is
taken by EPA during this public comment period. If no significant
environmental issues are raised during this public comment period, then
a grant award can be made. If significant environmental issues are
raised during the review period, the decision on the administrative
action may be changed or delayed until a new environmental appraisal or
an EIS is prepared.
Once a negative declaration and environmental impact appraisal have
been prepared for the facilities plan for a certain area, Step 2 and
Step 3 grant awards may be made to implement the facilities plan without
preparation of any additional negative declarations, unless the project
has changed significantly from that described in the facilities plan.
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Appendix B: GLOSSARY
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation - an independent executive
agency empowered to comment upon all undertakings licensed, assisted
or carried out by the Federal government that have an effect upon
properties in the National Register.
Aquifer - an underground layer of permeable material that will yield
sufficient water to be considered as a source of water supplies.
Comprehensive Land Use Plan - a long range comprehensive plan looking
to the future growth and development of the area involved and
seeking to project into time a concept under which the community
may be developed in an orderly and desirable fashion and through
which the needs of its population will be better served. (Beuscher,
Wright, Gittleman, Land Use. 1969, p. 240)
Critical Habitat - any land, air or water area including any elements
thereof which the Secretary of Interior under the provisions of the
Endangered Species Act has determined is essential to the survival
of wild populations of a species listed as endangered or threatened
or to its recovery to a point at which it need no longer be protected.
Endangered Species - any species which the Secretary of Interior has
designated as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range other than a species of the class
insecta determined by the Secretary of Interior to constitute a
pest whose protection would present overwhelming and overriding risk
to man.
Environmental Appraisal - document based on an environmental review
that supports a negative declaration. It describes a proposed EPA
action, its expected environmental impact, and the basis for the
conclusion that no significant impact is anticipated.
Environmental Assessment - a written analysis submitted to EPA by
grantees describing the environmental impacts of proposed actions
under the Construction Grants Program or other programs. It is an
integral, though identifiable, part of the facility plan.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) - a report prepared by EPA, which
identifies and analyzes in detail the environmental impacts of a
proposed EPA action and feasible alternatives. Under the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the report is required for all
major Federal projects that will have a significant effect on the
quality of the human environment.
Facility Plan - preliminary plan prepared by the grantee as the
basis for construction of publicly owned treatment works. Specific
requirements for these plans appear in 40 CFR S35.917 (1977).
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Flood - general and temporary condition of partial or complete
inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland
and/or tidal waters and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or
runoff of surface water.
Floodplain - relatively flat areas or lowlands adjoining the channel
of a river, stream or water course which has been or may be covered
by flood water. The base floodplain (100 year floodplain) is the
area with one percent chance of flooding in any year.
Grantee - as used in this handbook - municipality which has been
awarded a grant for the preparation of a facility plan for the
construction of a treatment works.
Impact - any change, beneficial or detrimental, that is caused,
directly or indirectly, by the construction of a wastewater treatment
facility.
Primary impact - impact directly associated with the construction
and operation of the treatment plant.
Secondary impact - (1) indirect or induced change in population and
economic growth and land use, and (2) other environmental effects
resulting from these changes in land use, population and economic
growth.
National Register of Historic Places - a register of districts, sites,
buildings, structures and objects significant in American history,
architecture, archeology and culture maintained by the Secretary of
Interior. The National Register is published in its entirety in
the FEDERAL REGISTER each year in February. Addenda are published
on the first Tuesday of each month.
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) - Federal law enacted
to ensure that all Federal agencies include in the decision-making
process appropriate and careful consideration of all environmental
effects of proposed actions, explain potential environmental
effects of proposed actions and their alternatives for public
understanding, avoid or minimize adverse effects of proposed actions,
and restore or enhance environmental quality as much as possible.
Prime Farmland - land that has the best combination of physical and
chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber
and oil seed crops, and is also available for these uses. It has
soil quality, growing season and moisture supply needed to economically
produce sustained high yields of crops when treated and managed.
Recharge Areas - an area in which water is absorbed and eventually
reaches one or more aquifers.
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Threatened Species - any species which is likely to become an endangered
species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.
Unique Farmland - land other than prime farmland that is used for the
production of specific high value food and fiber crops. It has the
special combination of soil quality, location, growing season, and
moisture supply needed to economically produce sustained high
quality and/or high yields of a specific crop when treated and
managed according to acceptable farming methods.
Wetland - area that is inundated by surface or ground water with a
frequency sufficient to support vegetative or aquatic life that
requires saturated soil conditions.
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BASE MAP
AREAS WITH LEGAL OR INSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION
PLANNfNG AREA BOUNDARY
MAJOR ROADS
RAILROADS
RIVERS AND LAKES
FLOOD PRONE AREA
PRIME OR UNIQUE FARMLAND
WETLANDS
ARCHEOLOG1CAL AND HISTORIC SITES
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BASE MAP
AREAS WHOSE CHARACTERISTICS INHIBIT DEVELOPMENT
PLANNtNG AREA BOUNDARY
MAJOR ROADS
RAILROADS
RIVERS AND LAKES
I:'-..'-.'"I 15 TO 25% SLOPE
••• OVER 25% SLOPE
SOILS UNSUITABLE FOR CONSTRUCTION
:.-!l PROXIMITY TO ADVERSE USES
(MINING. AIRPORTS)
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BASE MAP
AREAS NOT SUBJECT TO FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING AREA BOUNDARY
MAJOR ROADS
RAILROADS
RIVERS AND LAKES
FULLY DEVELOPED LAND
PUBLICLY OWNED LAND
f ..'-''•"-^ PRIVATELY OWNED AND
UNDEVELOPED
(E.G. PRIVATE COMMERCIAL
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BASE MAP
EXISTING AMD PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS
PLANNING AREA BOUNDARY
MAJOR ROADS
RASLROADS
RIVERS AND LAKES
EXJSTJNG SEWER LINES AND SEWAGE
TREATMENT WORKS
PROPOSED SEWER LINES
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BASE MAP
PLANNING AREA BOUNDARY
MAJOR ROADS
RAILROADS
RIVERS AND LAKES
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United States
Envirnomental Protection
Agency UH-547
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
Special Fourth-Class Rate
Book
Postage and Fees Paid
EPA
Permit No. G-35
Washington DC 20460
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