&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics
(TS-792A)
EPA700-F-92-003
November 1992
33/50 Program:
Fact Sheets on the 17
Target Chemicals
Recycled/Hecyclab,
Printed on papw ma con.
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Any comments on this document should be referred to:
Special Projects Office, TS-792A
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street SW
Washington, DC 20460
1202) 26O-6907
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33/50 PROGRAM:
FACT SHEETS ON THE 17 TARGET CHEMICALS
Introduction
Today's industrial society generates a large amount of chemical wastes in the
process of manufacturing the goods and services on which we have come to depend.
Many of these chemicals have been found to cause adverse effects on human health
and the environment, and consequently, efforts have been focused on treatment and
disposal of waste streams to limit their release to the environment. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has initiated several programs geared toward
reducing the generation of these chemical waste streams in the first place through
substituting less harmful compounds or modifying processes and procedures. One of
these programs is called the 33/50 Program. The 33/50 Program focuses on the
industrial sector and has identified 17 toxic chemicals as a target for reduction. The
EPA has emphasized that, pollution prevention techniques should be given highest
priority as the method for reducing the releases of these 17 chemicals. This
document provides some general information on the 17 chemicals and indicates why
it is important to reduce their release.
Background - 33/50 Program
EPA's 33/50 Program calling for voluntary industry reductions of 17 toxic
chemicals, is aimed at achieving an overaJI national reduction of 33 percent by 1992
and 50 percent by 1995 based on releases and transfers reported to the Toxics
Release Inventory (TRl) in 1988. The 17 high-priority toxic chemicals included in the
Program accounted for 1.4 billion pounds of the releases and transfers reported to TRl
in 1988; a 50 percent reduction would eliminate 700 million pounds by 1995.
It is important to note that the chemicals included in the 33/50 Program are in
no way meant as a list of the most toxic or most environmentally damaging
chemicals. Rather, these chemicals were selected based on recommendations from
each of EPA's program offices. There were three basic reasons for selecting these
chemicals. First, these chemicals pose a wide range of health and environmental
hazards including: carcinogenicity, systemic effects, reproductive effects,
developmental effects, generation of tropospheric ozone, and destruction of the
stratospheric ozone layer. Second, these chemicals and their compounds are used in
large volumes by industry and released to the environment in substantial quantities.
Third, EPA believes there is a substantial likelihood that releases of these chemicals
could be reduced through pollution prevention. Five of the chemicals are metals —
chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead, and mercury; four are chlorinated alkanes —
methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and trichloroethane; three are
aromatic hydrocarbons — benzene, toluene, and xylene; two are chlorinated
alkenes — trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene; two are ketones — methyl ethyl
ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone; and one is a nitrile — cyanide.
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The table entitled "33/50 Program 17 Target Chemicals Chart," summarizes the
release and transfer data reported to the TRI for 1988 for the 17 chemicals and
indicates, for comparison, the quantities of these chemicals that were produced and
imported in 1988. The release and transfer data are from the 1988 TRI data reported
to the EPA. This data is current as of 4/24/92. The public is cautioned to remember
that the data for releases and transfers to the environment do not encompass all
releases to the environment of the target chemicals. Rather, TRI data only include
reported releases from manufacturing facilities that meet certain threshold criteria
(described below). In addition, chemicals managed offsite (transfers) may, to some
extent, be destroyed in treatment processes and not released to the environment.
This chart also shows the number of facilities emitting each chemical. Please bear in
mind that these numbers cannot be added together to provide the total number of
facilities emitting the 17 chemicals because a facility may emit more than one
chemical. Facility numbers are current as of 3/22/92.
Chemical Fact Sheets
The chemical fact sheets that follow this introduction provide a one-page
summary for each chemical, outlining its production and uses, potential human health
and environmental effects, the regulations that address it, and selected examples of
pollution prevention measures that are being implemented to reduce releases of the
chemical to the environment. A glossary of terms used in the fact sheets is included.
The one-page summaries (i.e., fact sheets) are intended to provide quick "snap
shots" of each chemical. They supply the Chemical Abstract Service Registration
Number (CAS Reg. No.), the release and transfer quantities by media, and the number
of facilities reporting as recorded in the TRI 1988 database. The facility numbers
given on each fact sheet cannot be added together to provide the total number of
facilities emitting the 17 chemicals because a facility may emit more than one
chemical. For the 1988 reporting year, industries required to report to the TRI are
manufacturing facilities that met the following criteria:
1. They produced, imported, or processed 50,000 pounds or more of any
of the TRI chemicals, or
2. They used in any other manner 10,000 pounds or more of a TRI
chemical, and
3. They employed the equivalent of 10 or more full time employees.
"Manufacturing facilities" include those industries represented by two-digit Standard
Industrial Classification codes (SIC) 20 - 39. In contrast, to provide a general sense
of the quantity of each chemical that is handled in the U.S., the total amount
produced and imported for each chemical is also provided. The number shown for
"1988 U.S. Production for Commerce" is an estimate of the amount of the chemical
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produced for commercial purposes by industry. It does not reflect the quantity of the
chemical generated inadvertently as a byproduct of another process.
Each fact sheet includes a section on production and uses of the chemical. The
primary industries reporting releases and transfers of these chemicals to the TRI are
listed at the top of the fact sheet and described in this section. In addition, sources
of the chemical that may not be required to report to the TRI are generally indicated.
Each fact sheet includes a brief overview of the potential human health and
environmental effects of the chemical. This overview was developed using existing
EPA reviews and databases, such as The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS),
the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Toxicological Profiles,
and other EPA reports. All 17 chemicals may cause systemic effects in humans; ten
of the chemicals (benzene, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, chromium,
methylene chloride, lead, nickel, tetrachloroethylene, and trichloroethylene) may cause
cancer in humans. Many of the chemicals may cause adverse effects in aquatic
organisms; cadmium, mercury, and lead can bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
The chlorinated alkanes may be sources of chlorine atoms that destroy upper
atmospheric ozone. The ketones and the aromatic hydrocarbons are volatile organic
compounds whose presence in the lower atmosphere may contribute to
photochemical oxidant and smog formation.
Even though these chemicals are labelled as "toxic," their presence in a
workplace or a community is not, in itself, cause for undue alarm. Many factors must
combine before a potentially toxic chemical actually causes harm to human health or
damage to the environment. The information provided in these chemical profiles is
a first step in providing some perspective on their possible impacts. The public should
recognize that potential effects are only a part of the information required to assess
a chemical's potential impact on human health and the environment. Levels at which
specific effects can be expected to occur, as well as levels of likely exposures and
exposure pathways, must be considered in any assessment of a chemical's potential
to cause adverse effects.
Next, each chemical fact sheet contains a list of the regulations that address
the chemical and indicates the provisions under which it is addressed.
Finally, the fact sheets provide brief examples of pollution prevention
techniques to reduce the sources of releases of these chemicals. The application of
pollution prevention techniques will vary depending on the specific use of the chemical
in a particular industrial process. This information is based on various Agency
presentations, case studies, and reports available through the Pollution Prevention
Information Clearinghouse (PPIC).
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Health and Environmental Effects Summaries
A related document, 33/50 Program: Health and Environmental Effects
Summaries for the 17 Target Chemicals, contains a more detailed description of the
potential health and environmental effects resulting from exposure to each chemical.
These summaries indicate, where available, the concentrations above which exposure
should be a concern.
Other Sources of Information
Additional information on pollution prevention (and the 33/50 Program) is
available from the PPIC. The PPIC contains technical, policy, programmatic,
legislative, and financial information on pollution prevention activities across the
country and abroad. The clearinghouse is a free, nonregulatory service of U.S. EPA
and may be reached by personal computer modem (the Pollution Prevention Electronic
Information System or PIES), telephone, or mail.1
Another source of information on pollution prevention opportunities is a series
of bibliographic reports that EPA is developing for industries that are major releasers
of the 17 target chemicals. Each report provides summaries of the industrial
processes within the category primarily responsible for release of the chemicals of
concern. The reports will also describe general pollution prevention and recycling
alternatives applicable to the processes. A guided bibliography of documents that
may provide detailed technical information on pollution prevention and recycling
options for the particular industrial processes will also be included. Two reports are
available now:
EPA/560/8-92/001 A; Pollution Prevention Potions in Metal Fabricated Products
Industries. A Bibliographic Report: U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics;
January 1992.
EPA/560/8-92/001 C; Pollution Prevention Options in Wood Furniture Manufacturing.
A Bibliographic Report: U.S. EPA, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics;
February 1992.
Copies of these reports may be obtained by calling EPA's clearinghouse at
(703) 821-4800.
1 The PIES is a free computer bulletin board that allows a user to access
the full range of information contained in the PPIC. Since the PIES system is
interactive, users can address questions to other users and PPIC technical staff,
order documents, and exchange information. To learn how to use the PPIC and the
PIES, call (703) 821-4800. To access the PIES using a PC, a modem and
communications software, set your software to no parity, 8 data bits, and 1 stop
bit, and program your computer to dial (703) 506-1025.
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Further information regarding the health and environmental effects of these 17
chemicals may be requested in writing from:
IRIS — a computerized database. Information on using the database and the
charges involved may be obtained from:
IRIS User Support Group
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
ATSDR — toxicological profiles for benzene, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride,
chloroform, chromium, cyanide, lead, methylene chloride, mercury, nickel,
perchloroethylene,toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,tnch!oroethylene,andxy!ene
may be purchased from:
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone (800)336-4700 or {703)487-4650
ATSDR draft of in progress toxicological profiles may be requested from:
Ms. Wendy Golden
Division of Toxicology
ATSDR, Mail stop E-29
1600 Clifton Road NE
Atlanta, GA 30333
Telephone (404)639-0700
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GLOSSARY FOR FACT SHEETS
Air, releases to: Emissions of toxic chemicals to the air; including: (1) fugitive emissions, that is,
emissions to the air that are not conveyed through stacks, vents, ducts, pipes, or any other confined
air stream; fugitives include equipment leaks, evaporative losses from surface impoundments and spills,
emissions from building ventilation systems, etc.; (2) stack or point air emissions, that is, emissions
that occur through confined air streams such as stacks, vents, ducts, or pipes; point emissions include
storage tank emissions and generally include emissions from air pollution control equipment.
Acute Toxicity: Adverse health effects arising shortly after a single exposure to a chemical.
CAA: The Clean Air Act of 1990.
Carcinogenicity: The ability of a substance to cause or contribute to causing cancer.
CAS No.: The Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number identifies a chemical by a unique 8-digit
number.
Chronic Toxicity: Adverse health effects arising after long-term exposure; they may or may not be
reversible.
CERCLA: The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act which created
the Superfund program and reporting requirements for hazardous substances.
CERCLA Reportable Quantity (RQ): The quantity of a hazardous substance that triggers reports under
CERCLA. If a substance is released in amounts exceeding its RQ, the release must be reported to the
National Response Center, the State Emergency Response Commission, and community emergency
coordinators for areas likely to be affected.
CWA: The Clean Water Act.
Deep-Well Injection: The deposition of a raw or treated, filtered hazardous waste by pumping it into
deep wells, where it is contained in the pores of permeable subsurface rock.
DOT Reportable Quantity: The quantity of a substance specified in U.S. Department of Transportation
regulations that triggers requirements, such as labelling or packaging, for shipping these substances.
Developmental Effects: Adverse effects observed in a developing organism; these effects include
death, altered growth, structural abnormality, or functional deficiency.
EPCRA: The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act, of 1986, also known as Title
III of SARA.
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient: An ingredient of a pesticide that must be registered with EPA under the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. Products making pesticide claims must register
under FIFRA and may be subject to labeling and use requirements.
Fugitive Emissions: See "Air, releases to:"
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Isomers: Chemical compounds that are made up of the same elements but the spacial orientation of
these elements differs.
Land, releases to: Disposal of toxic chemicals on land within the boundaries of the facility — including
disposal of solid wastes in a landfill; disposal by land treatment, that is, a disposal method in which
a waste containing a toxic chemical is applied onto or incorporated into soil; and disposal in a surface
impoundment, that is, a natural topographic depression, man-made excavation, or diked area, such as
pits, ponds, or lagoons, designed to hold an accumulation of liquid wastes or wastes containing free
liquids.
Neurobehavioral: These are the behavioral manifestations of neurotoxic effects. A measure of
neurotoxic effects is a series of tests collectively known as a functional observation battery (FOB),
designed to measure these effects. Neurotoxic Effects: Adverse effects observed in the nervous
system; these effects include pathological change in the structure or function of the brain, spinal cord
or peripheral nerves.
OSHA PEL: The Occupational Safety and Health Act Permissible Exposure Level. The employer must
ensure that no employee is exposed to an airborne concentration in excess of this level. PELs are
specified in Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations.
Persistence: Refers to the length of time a compound, once introduced into the environment, stays
there. A compound may persist indefinitely or for less than a second.
Photochemical Oxidants: Air pollutants formed by the reaction of oxides of nitrogen (or other
chemicals) and hydrocarbons in the lower atmosphere in the presence of sunlight.
Probable Carcinogen: An expression used to classify a chemical relative to its potential to cause
cancer in humans. EPA refers to probable carcinogens as Group B carcinogens.
Process: The preparation of a chemical substance or mixture, after its manufacture, for distribution
in commerce.
POTW: Publically Owned Treatment Works — a waste treatment works owned by a State, city, or
Indian tribe, usually designed to treat domestic sewage.
Releases: Any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping,
leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment.
Reproductive Effects: Adverse effects that impair an organism's ability to produce offspring. These
effects include those that impair either the male or the female reproductive capacity. Effects include
adverse changes in sexual behavior, in fertility, and in pregnancy outcomes.
RCRA: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act — the Federal statute that regulates the
generation, treatment, storage, disposal, or recycling of solid and hazardous waste.
RCRA Ground Water Monitoring List: The RCRA list of compounds that are to be monitored in the
ground water at hazardous waste landfills.
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed): The RCRA wastes that are specifically listed as hazardous in the
regulations. These wastes need not be subjected to a particular test to indicate their toxicity because
the dangers they present are considered self-evident.
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SARA: The Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986, which amended CERCLA and
established, under Title 111, community right-to-know provisions for chemical reporting requirements.
SDWA MCL: The Safe Drinking Water Act Maximum Contaminant Level is the maximum permissible
level of a contaminant in water delivered to any user of a public water system. MCLs are enforceable
standards.
SIC Code: The Standard Industrial Classification Code is a four-digit coding system developed by the
U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB), that categorizes the
principle product or group of products produced or distributed, or services rendered, at a site's physical
location. The first two digits indicate a general grouping, the second two digits reflect a particular
product within the general category-
Systemic: Health effects (generally noncancer) that are manifest in various body systems, tissues, and
organs.
TRI: The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) established by EPCRA is a database of information required
to be submitted by facilities that manufacture, process, or use (in quantities above a specified amount)
approximately 300 toxic chemicals listed under SARA Title III.
Transfers: Any movement of materials from an industrial facility to a treatment or disposal facility such
as a landfill or incinerator which is offsite.
TSCA: The Toxic Substances Control Act.
Water, Releases to: Discharges of toxic chemicals to receiving streams or water bodies — including
discharges from process outfalls such as pipes and open trenches, discharges from on-site wastewater
treatment systems, and contributions from stormwater runoff. This does not include discharges to a
POTW or other off-site wastewater treatment facility; these are considered "transfers."
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References for Chemical Production/Import Estimates
"Aromatics and Derivatives Reported in Research Studies," Freedonia Group, Cleveland, OH, Report
#285, p. 1 - 151.
Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, Import/Export Data for 1988.
Chemical Economics Handbook. {1988 data) SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
Chemical Marketing Reporter. January 23, 1989.
Chemical Marketing Reporter. January 30, 1989.
Chemical Marketing Reporter. June 18, 1990.
"Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Benzene," U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, EPA 450/4-84-007Q, March 1988.
Mineral Commodity Summary, Minerals Information Office, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, DC, January, 1989.
Mineral Facts and Problems, Minerals Information Office, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, DC, 1985.
Minerals Yearbook, Minerals Information Office, U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, DC, 1988/1989.
Port Import/Export Reporting Service, PIERS, New York, as reported in Journal of Commerce.
March 14, 1989, p. 9b.
Synthetic Organic Chemicals. U.S. International Trade Commission, Publication No. 2219, 1989.
U.S. Exports, FT446/Annual 1988, Schedule B Com modity by Country, U.S. Department of Commerce,
1988.
U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports. FT246/Annual 1988, TSUSA Commodity by
Country of Origin, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1988.
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33/50 PROGRAM
17 TARGET CHEMICALS CHART
BENZENE
CADMIUM & COMPOUNDS
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROFORM
CHROMIUM & COMPOUNDS
CYANIDE & COMPOUNDS
LEAD & COMPOUNDS
MERCURY & COMPOUNDS
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
NICKEL & COMPOUNDS
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
TOLUENE
1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
XYLENES
TOTALS
:.•'•: U.S: : : : : :
Production :
: ;::1988: : :
(In OOO ibs)
15.506.700
4.160
761 ,400
523.600
262,000
1,197.000
2.216.000
2.680
482.000
205.300
504.100
90.500
497.700
6.386.300
723.600
201 .700
8.557.400
: Jrnpiort4::
: 1988 :
(In 000 .Ibs)
1.046.300
5.472
135,100
27,300
992.100
3,600
374.800
726,4
102.200
14.900
27.400
308.732
119.400
813.300
40.000
13.300
483.000
|:;:::;:;:!:::;:::;:;:::;:;:i:;:!:;:;:;:;:;:!:riiiri9^8;bata:::::;:::::::;:;:;:;:;:::;::::-::;:;:;:;:;:;:;:|
: Number
:'•:'• at: '•:'•:
Facilities:
495
241
97
188
2,763
338
1.746
61
2.553
1.074
1.374
2.040
620
4.006
3.942
766
3.622
: : Release: • ;
:'•: 16 Alt .
: : : :(ini Ibs): :
30.787.947
122.412
3.767,421
23.871.504
1,342,593
2.313,171
2.689.819
25.761
136.034.011
32.678.562
125.995.543
679.131
35.614.502
288.100.970
174.666.744
54.623.373
162,308.319
1,075,621,783
: Release :
to Water:
: On Ibs) :\
47.763
4,415
1 6.447
1.120.702
394.869
196.951
241.293
1,656
77.304
762.358
35O.270
217.852
33.784
210.825
95,619
14.05O
215,394
4,001 ,552
Deep-Well
: Injection :
;:{irilbs):
825.035
2,409
98,054
36,002
54,902
5.445,176
2.760
27
253.762
116.655
1 .478.833
239.263
72.250
1 .480.666
1.000
390
122.978
10,230,162
: : Release
: : 16 Land :
: :: (in Ibs) :
136.691
389.729
14.759
68.498
40.206,005
108,969
27.397.746
13,779
162.163
31.775
157.960
3.641.306
106,394
739.028
187,786
21.440
650.635
74,034,663
:Trarjsf er : :
: to:pQTW::
• (in lbs):::
1.146.116
21.862
5.014
1.226.573
2,111,581
1.152.094
210.535
2.141
935.896
1.509.782
2.936.101
900.330
.586.994
3.558,829
304.348
79.652
4,224,054
20,91 1 ,902
: : : Other ';':'•'.
: : Transfer : ;
: :0r> ibs): : :
2,350.382
1,288,933
1.349.761
1.469.422
25.826.699
2,922.369
30.426,495
275.224
30.806.197
11.251.283
22.773.265
13.113.112
5,338.846
64.654.221
19.688.012
6,531.916
40,873.076
280,939,213
Anriual;Tptal:
: Release + :
: : transfer : : :
:;:;Xin;ibs)::::-
35,293.934
1.829,760
5.251.456
27.792.701
69,936,649
12.138.730
60.968.648
318.588
168.269.333
46.350.415
153.691.972
1 8.790.994
41,752.770
358.744.539
194.943.509
61.270.821
208.394.456
1,465,739,275
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BENZENE
CAS Registry Number: 71-43-2
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
"O
o
on
C
o
1/3
Air
Water
Injection fj825'035
Land J136'691
ToPOTWJJ1"146'116
^
Other Transfers ••-
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pounds (Millions)
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
35,293,934 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
495
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Blast Furnaces and Steel Mills
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum Refining and Mining
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
15,506,700,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
1,046,300,000 Ibs.
Production and Uses: Benzene, which has a slightly sweet odor, is a colorless, flammable liquid
that can be extracted from petroleum or coal. Most benzene is converted into other chemicals, e.g.,
ethylbenzene — used to produce styrene, cumene — used in resins and construction adhesives, and
cyclohexane — used in synthetic fibers, and nitrobenzene. Benzene is also added to fuel as an octane
enhancer. Benzene is used to a lesser extent in industries associated with transportation equipment;
machinery; stone, clay and glass products; and paper products.
Health and Environmental Effects: Benzene is a human carcinogen, may damage human
chromosomes, causes a range of systemic effects, may adversely affect the ability to reproduce, and
may also damage the developing fetus. Benzene may cause adverse effects in aquatic and terrestrial
organisms, but does not persist in water and does not bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic
organisms. Benzene is a volatile organic compound (VOC) and can contribute to smog formation.
Regulations: Benzene is regulated as follows:
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
SDWA Max. Contaminant Level
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed)
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant
SARA (NPL Sites)
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
DOT Reportable Quantity
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring List
Pollution Prevention: Fugitive emissions of benzene from equipment leaks have been reduced
through improved equipment inspection and maintenance and use of recovery/cooling systems.
Benzene wastes from the pulp bleaching industry have been reduced by the use of closed-cycle
technology in the chlorine dioxide bleaching process.
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CADMIUM AND CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
CAS Registry Number. Cadmium-7440-43-9, Cadmium Compds (TRI Chem ID No. 20-04-2)
e
3
**5
t/5
c
CO
H
i-
O
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers I
Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds I
122,412
% Other Transfers *//////////////*U288'933
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CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CAS Registry Number 56-23-5
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
*O
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CHLOROFORM
CAS Registry Number: 67-66-3
3
'-5
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CHROMIUM AND CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS
CAS Reg. No.: Chromium - 7440-47-3, Chromium Compds (TRI Chem ID No. 20-06-4)
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Chromium and Chromium Compounds
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CYANIDE AND CYANIDE COMPOUNDS
CAS Reg. No.: Hydrogen Cyanide 74-09-8, Cyanide Compds (TRI Chem ID No 20-09-7)
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Cyanide and Cyanide Compounds
Water J196'951
oo
C
C3
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LEAD AND LEAD COMPOUNDS
CAS Reg. No.: Lead - 7439-92-1, Lead Compds (TRI Chem. ID No. 20-11-1)
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers I
Lead and Lead Compounds |
-a
Air-
Water I241-293
Injection
Land
To POTW
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MERCURY AND MERCURY COMPOUNDS
CAS Reg. No.: Mercury - 7439-97-6, Mercury Cmpds (TRI Chem. ID No. 20-13-3)
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Mercury and Mercury Compounds
C/)
C
CS
£
l_
O
Air-
Water -
Injection •
Land •
ToPOTW
£ Other Transfers
/
_^r
1.656
27
13.779
. 2.141
275.224
50 100 150 200 250 300
Pounds (Thousands)
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
318,588 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
61
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Alkalies and Chlorine
Electronics
Pulp Mills
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
2,680,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
725,400 Ibs.
Production and Uses: Mercury is a silvery, extremely heavy liquid possessing an extremely high
surface tension. It is one of the few metals that is liquid at room temperature. It is produced from
mining operations in which the ore is heated to liberate mercury vapor. The largest uses of mercury
are in batteries and in chlorine manufacture. Other significant uses include paints and electrical
devices. It is used to a lesser extent in a variety of uses including measuring devices, such as
thermometers, and dental amalgams. Mercury is an impurity in fossil fuel and is released during
fossil fuel combustion.
Health and Environmental Effects: Mercury, at this time, is not considered to be
carcinogenic in humans or animals. Metallic mercury vapor and organic mercury compounds appear
to be the most toxic forms or mercury, primarily causing adverse effects to the nervous system and
kidney. Acute exposure to metallic mercury vapor can cause severe lung damage. Mercury,
especially in its organic forms, is highly toxic to aquatic species, persistent in water and
bioaccumulative in aquatic species.
Regulations-. Mercury is regulated as follows:
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
SDWA Max. Contaminant Level
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed)
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant
SARA (NPL Sites)
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
DOT Reportable Quantity
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring List
Pollution Prevention: Substitution of organosilicate additives for mercury has in part eliminated
the use of mercury in the production of commercial household batteries at one firm. Mercury cells
can be replaced with diaphragm cells to eliminate the use of mercury in chlorine production. The
use of mercury as a biocide in interior paints is being replaced by less toxic biocides.
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METHYL ETHYL KETONE
CAS Registry Number: 78-93-3
S
3
T3
-------
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
CAS Registry Number. 108-10-1
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
•
-------
E
3
O
ywv
350,270
1,478,833
157,960
1 2.936. 101
JM^^B
^yl 22.773,265
C-^L~^
0 50 100 150
Pounds (Millions)
Total 1Q£& TRI Rp|pacp« and Trancforc*
153,691,972 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
1,374
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Photographic Equipment & Supply
Rubber and Misc. Plastic Products
Chemicals
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
504,100,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
27,400,000 Ibs.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
CAS Registry Number 75-09-2
Production and Uses: Methylene Chloride, also known as Dichloromethane, is a colorless,
volatile liquid with a sweet, penetrating odor. The primary use of methylene chloride is as a solvent
in paint stripping and metal degreasing. Other uses include chemical processing, aerosols, foam
blowing, and electronics. It is used in smaller amounts in the pharmaceutical industry and in several
consumer products, e.g., paint remover, spray paint, adhesives, and tire cleaner.
Health and Environmental Effects: Methylene Chloride is a probable human carcinogen.
Methylene chloride causes a range of systemic effects including toxiciry of the liver, kidneys, and
nervous system. Methylene chloride is only slightly toxic to aquatic organisms. It does not persist
in water, and does not bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms.
Regulations: Methylene chloride is regulated as follows:
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
CERCLA Reportable Quantity SDWA Max. Contaminant Level
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient RCRA Groundwater Monitoring List
DOT Reportable Quantity RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed)
SARA (NPL Sites)
Pollution Prevention: Terpene-based solutions and aqueous-based cleaners have been used
as substitutes for methylene chloride in many vapor degreasing operations and other metal cleaning
applications. Substitutes for methylene chloride paint stripping in transportation maintenance
facilities include blasting with plastic media, carbon dioxide pellets, sodium bicarbonate, wheat
starch, and high pressure water spray. Laser ablative cleaning and plasma etching are "dry" methods
that can also be used in some paint stripping applications. Some chemical manufacturing processes
have been modified to provide internal recycling of methylene chloride.
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NICKEL AND NICKEL COMPOUNDS
CAS Reg. No.: Nickel - 7440-02-0, Nickel Compds (TRI Chem. ID No. 20-14-4)
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Nickel and Nickel Compounds
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TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
CAS Registry Number: 127-18-4
e
2
.4>
cd
u.
H
t/J
C3
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Y///////////////
**"**
Water
Injection
Land
ToPOTW
172,250
106,394
I
Other Transfers ;
586,994
5,338,846
10 20 30 40
Pounds (Millions)
50
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
41,752,770 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
620
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Transportation Equipment
Industrial Machinery & Equipment
Plating and Polishing
Chemicals
Misc. Rubber Products
Electronics
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
497,700,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
119,400,000 Ibs.
Production and Uses: Tetrachloroethylene, also known as Perchloroethylene (PCE), is a clear,
volatile liquid -with a sweet odor. The primary uses of PCE are in the dry cleaning and textile
processing industries. Other uses include CFC 11 and 12 production and metal degreasing. (Note,
dry cleaners generally do not meet the thresholds for reporting to TRI).
Health and Environmental Effects: Tetrachloroethylene is a probable human carcinogen.
Tetrachloroethylene causes a range of systemic effects and may also adversely affect the ability to
reproduce. Tetrachloroethylene may also damage the developing fetus. Tetrachloroethylene causes
adverse acute and chronic effects in aquatic organisms. It does not persist in water, and does not
bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms.
Regulations: Tetrachloroethylene is regulated as follows:
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring
DOT Reportable Quantity
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant
SARA (NPL Sites)
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
RCRA Hazardous Waste
Pollution Prevention: Terpene-based solutions and aqueous-based cleaners have been used
as substitutes for PCE in many vapor degreasing operations and other metal cleaning applications.
Pre-cleaning of parts by wiping or blowing with air can extend the life of degreasing solvents. Also,
"dirty solvents" can be used in a primary wash in equipment cleaning to reduce solvent needs. For
some operations, petroleum or alkali solvents can be used for degreasing in place of PCE. Design
modifications to vats and containers used for degreasing (including adjusting freeboard height and
using chilled freeboards), have reduced emissions of PCE.
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TOLUENE
CAS Registry Number. 108-88-3
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers]
"O
I
S/3
C
C3
Air Y///////////////*™'™'™
Water
Injection
Land
739.028
ToPOTWJJ3'558-829
Other Transfers
100 200 300
Pounds (Millions)
400
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
358,744,539 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
4,006
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Commercial Printing
Paper
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Wood Furniture
Misc. Rubber Manufacturing
Coated Fabrics
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
6,386,300,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
813^00,000 Ibs.
Production and Uses: Toluene is a colorless, volatile, sweet-smelling liquid. It occurs naturally
as a component of crude oil, and is isolated during industrial refining. Much of toluene is converted
into other chemicals (e.g., benzene, toluene diisocyanate, benzoic acid) or used as a solvent in paints,
adhesives, inks, and cleaning fluids. Lesser grades of toluene are used in gasoline.
Health and Environmental Effects: Toluene is not considered at this time to cause cancer
in animals or humans. It may cause a range of systemic effects including toxicity of the brain and
central nervous system, the liver and the kidney. It may damage the developing fetus. Toluene
causes adverse effects in aquatic organisms. It does not persist in water, and does not
bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms. Toluene is a volatile organic compound (VOC)
and can contribute to smog formation.
Regulations: Toluene is regulated as follows:
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
SARA (NPL Sites)
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
DOT Reportable Quantity
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed)
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring List
Pollution Prevention: Water-based inks have been substituted for solvent-based inks in
flexographic and rotogravure printing processes. Water-based inks for printing wood grain on
fiberboard and plywood have been substituted for toluene-based inks. Water based paints have
been substituted for solvent based paints in a variety of industries.
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1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE
CAS Registry Number: 71-55-6
E
3
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers]
t/3
C
CO
Water |95'519
11,000
CO
J£
13
Injection
Land
ToPOTW
Other Transfers
187,786
19,658,012
50 100 150 200
Pounds (Millions)
250
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
194,943,509 Ibs.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRJ:
3,942
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Transportation Equip.
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metal Products
Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products
Electronics
Industrial Machinery & Equip.
Hard Surface Floor Covering
Plastic Bags
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce:
723,600,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
40,000,000 Ibs.
Production and Uses: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA), also known as methyl chloroform, is a
colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet/sharp odor. It does not occur naturally but is produced by the
chemical industry. The primary use of TCA is metal degreasing. Other uses include electronics,
coatings, chemical processing, adhesives, and aerosols. It can also be a component of spot removers,
shoe polish, inks, cleaners for brakes, and other common products.
Health and Environmental Effects: TCA is not considered at this time to cause cancer in
animals or humans. TCA may cause neurotoxic effects. It is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms.
TCA does not persist in water, and it does not bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms.
Depending on conditions in the lower atmosphere, TCA may reach the upper atmosphere, where
it can be a source of ozone-destroying chlorine atoms.
Regulations: TCA is regulated as follows:
CWA Toxic Priority Pollutant
RCRA Hazardous Waste
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
SDWA Max. Contaminant Level
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
RCRA Groundwater Monitoring
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
SARA (NPL Sites)
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
CAA Class I Ozone Depleter
Pollution Prevention: Biodegradable solvents and several commercial products may replace
TCA as a wax removal product at one Federal laboratory. Supercritical fluids are being investigated
as a possible replacement for TCA in precision cleaning applications. Terpene-based solutions and
aqueous-based cleaners have been used as substitutes for TCA in many vapor degreasing operations
and other metal cleaning applications. Precleaning of parts by wiping or blowing with air can extend
the life of degreasing solvents. Also, "dirty solvents" can be used in a primary wash in equipment
cleaning to reduce solvent needs. Process modifications that have been implemented in the
electronic circuit board assembly process to reduce TCA usage include: using aqueous cleaning,
beardless electronics, low-solids flux soldering, no flux soldering in a nitrogen atmosphere, and
redesigning the printed circuit board.
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TRICHLOROETHYLENE
CAS Registry Number: 79-01-6
E
.2
'•5
-------
XYLENES (All Isomers)
CAS Registry Number: Xylene Mixed Isomers -1330-20-7
1988 TRI Releases and Transfers
Xylenes (All Isomers)
C/3
C
CO
i_
H
Ui
O
to
13
Air V/////////////A162'308'319
Water jf215-394
Injection I122'978
Land
L
ToPOTWfl4'224'054
Other Transfers &777140,873.076
0 50 100 150 200
Pounds (Millions)
250
Total 1988 TRI Releases and Transfers:
208,394,456 IDS.
Number of Facilities Reporting to TRI:
3,622
Major TRI Reporting Industries:
Transportation Equip.
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Wood Furniture
Metal Cans
Motors and Generators
Wood Products
1988 U.S. Production for Commerce
8,557,400,000 Ibs.
1988 Imports:
483,000,000 Ibs.
Production and Uses: Xylene exists in the form of three individual isomers (para-, ortho, and
meta-xylene). Mixed xylene is a commercial product that contains approximately 40 percent meta-
xylene and 20% each of para- and ortho-xylene and ethylbenzene. The mixture is a clear liquid with
a slightly sweet odor. The majority of xylenes are produced by the catalytic reforming of petroleum.
Its principle use is as an intermediate for other organic chemicals in the production of plastic soft
drink bottles, polyester fibers, and other products. It is also used as a solvent in paints, coatings,
and agriculture, and along with benzene and toluene, used in gasoline.
Health and Environmental Effects: Xylenes are not considered at this time to cause cancer
in animals or humans. Xylenes, however, may cause a range of systemic effects and may damage
the developing fetus. Xylenes cause adverse effects in aquatic organisms; they do not persist in
water, and do not bioconcentrate appreciably in aquatic organisms. Xylenes are volatile organic
compounds (VOC) and can contribute to smog formation.
Regulations: Xylenes are regulated as follows:
CAA Hazardous Air Pollutant
SARA (NPL Sites)
RCRA Hazardous Waste (Listed)
FIFRA Pesticide Ingredient
CERCLA Reportable Quantity
RCRA Ground Water Monitoring List
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
DOT Reportable Quantity
Pollution Prevention: The use of water-based and lower solvent content coatings has reduced
the solvent use in some applications. Low-volatile content coatings are being tested for coating
wood in the furniture industry. A wide variety of reactive solid and reactive liquid coatings can
replace solvent based coatings. On-demand curing or activation of the coatings can be controlled
by microwave, dielectric, ultraviolet (or other radiation), ultrasonic, or inductive heating energy
input. This technology is currently in the developmental stages. Spray painting using supercritical
carbon dioxide has been used in place of traditional coating applications requiring solvent-based
paints.
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