EPA-600/2-81- 166
September 1981
0 0 9 2- 102
PARASITES IN SOUTHERN SLUDGES AND DISINFECTION
BY STANDARD SLUDGE TREATMENT
R.S. Reimers, M.D. Little, A.J Englande
D.B. Leftwich, D.D. Bowman and R.F. Wilkinson
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Tulane University
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
Grant No. R80510701
Project Officer
Gerald Stern
Wastewater Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
This study was conducted in cooperation with the
Health Effects Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45268
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NOTICE
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED
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TECHNICAL RErORT DATA
(Please read iatirucnons on tht rei ersc be fort completing
1 REPORT NO 2
EPA-600/2-8L- 166 ORD Report
3 RECIPIENTS ACCESSIOWNO
10234 6
a title ano subtitle
PARASITES IN SOUTHERN SLUDGES AND DISINFECTION BY
jTANDARD SLUDGE TREATMENT
S REPORT OATE
September 1981
s performing organization code
7JAUTH0RIS)
R. S. Reimers, M. D. Little, A J. Englande,
D. B. Leftwich, D D. Bowman, and R. F. Wilkinson
e PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9 performing organization name ano address
Tulane University
School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
1430 Tulane Avenue
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
10 phogramelement no
CAZBIB, D.U B-L13, Tasks A/43
n nd C.m
11 WSNJfN4C7,'GHANrNO (
R805107-01
12 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO AOORESS
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory-- Gin., OH
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13 TYPE OF REPORT ANO PEHIOO COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY COOE
EPA/600/14
is. supplementary notes
Project Officer: Gerald Stern (5L3) 684-7654
t6. ABSTRACT
Major objectives were to: (a) assess types and densities of parasites in municipal
wastewater sludges in the southern United States, (b) investigate the inactivation
of parasites by lime stabilization of sewage sludges seeded with selected intestinal
parasites, (c) assess conventional sewage sludge treatment processes from laboratory
and field data for the control of parasites. Sludge samples examined in each of the
four seasons from 27 municipal wastewater treatment plants indicated the following:
) viable eggs of Ascaris and Toxocara were observed at least once front every plant,
vo) viable eggs of T. vulpis and T. trichiura were observed at least once from 26
and 15 plants, respectively, and (c) viable eggs of at least 10 other helminths and
cysts of a few protozoa were observed in fewer numbers and less frequently. Certain
drying bed conditions such as previous sludge stabilization, high temperature, and
low moisture content appear to inactivate parasite eggs synergistically between 60% .
to 5% sludge moisture content. Laboratory studies indicate that destruction of
resistant parasite eggs is primarily due to temperature and not to a specific digestio<
process. The application of lime to primary, aerobic digested, and anaerobic digested
sludae was found to be effective with'80X reduction of Ascaris viability in 5 days
following aerobic digestion at a lime dosage of about 1,000 mg/gram of sludge solids.
Laboratory experiments showed that at certain combinations of ultrasonic frequency
intensity, and exposure time Toxocara eggs could be destroyed.
17. KEY WOROS ANO OOCUMENT ANALYSIS
1 DESCRIPTORS
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c COSATI 1-icld/Group
18 DISTRI BUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19 SECURITY CLASS f7hiJ Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNriASSTFirn
22 PRICE
fc 2220«t (9 ?3J
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory and the Health Effects Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names of
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing
public and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the health
and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled
land are tragic testimony to the deterioration of our natural environment.
The complexity of that environment and the interplay between its components
require a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in problem solu-
tion and it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and searching
for solutions. The Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory develops new
and improved technology and systems for the prevention, treatment and manage-
ment of wastewater and solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from
municipal and community sources, for the preservation and treatment of public
drinking water supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social, health
and aesthetic effects of pollution. This publication is one of the products
of that research; a most vital communications link between the researcher and
the user community.
This research grant has measured parasite densities and occurrences in
southern sewage sludges. From laboratory and field studies, the following
processes have shown some effect in parasite inactivation: drying beds,
thermophilic digestion, aerobic digestion, liming and aerobically digested
sludges, and ultrasonication of municipal sludges.
Ftancis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
iii
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ABSTRACT
The objectives of this research grant were :c (1) assess the presence
and densities of resistant stages of parasites ir. nunicipal wastewater sludges
(sewage) in the southern United States, (2) m"estigate the inactivation of
parasites by lime stabilization of sewage sludges seeded with selected intes-
tinal parasites, (3) measure the mass balance of these parasites through
various processes in a municipal wastewater treatment plant, and (4) assess
standard sewage sludge treatment processes fron laboratory and field data for
the control of parasites Sludge sanples collected during each of the four
seasons from 27 municipal wastewater plants located in Alabama, Florida,
Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas were examined for the presence and densities
of resistant stages of human and animal parasites Viable eggs of Ascaris
and Toxocara were recovered at least once from every plant and viable eggs of
T. vulpis and T. trichiura were recovered at least once from 26 and 15 pla-
nts, respectively. Viable eggs of at least 10 other helminths and cysts of a
few protozoa were also found in fewer numbers and less frequently. Certain
drying bed conditions such as previous sludge stabilization, high temperature
and low moisture content appear to inactivate parasites eggs synergistically
between 60% to 5% sludge moisture content. Results of the mass balance study
indicated that the clarifier processes tended to concentrate and equalize
parasite concentrations; the clarifier overflow rate affected removal effi-
ciency of parasites. Laboratory studies verified results of previous inves-
tigations indicating that destruction of resistant parasite eggs is primarily
due to temperature and not to a specific digestion process. The application
of lime to primary, aerobic-digested, and anaerobic-digested sludge was found
to be effective with>80% reduction of Ascaris viability in five days fol-
lowing aerobic digestion at a lime dosage of about 1,000 mg/gram of sludge
solids. Laboratory experiments also showed that at certain combinations of
ultrasonic frequency intensity, and exposure time Toxocara eggs could be
destroyed, but that the same ultrasonic conditions did not affect Ascaris
eggs. This study also demonstrated that eggs taken from the uteri of live
Ascaris females are not suitable for use as an indicator parasite in labora-
tory inactivation studies.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Research and Development
Grant Number 805107 by the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
Tulane University under the partial sponsorship of the United States Environ-
mental Protection Agency. This report covers the period of May 23, 1977 to
May 23, 1979 and the work was completed as of July 1, 1980.
iv
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CONTENTS
Foreward iii
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables viii
Acknowledgement ' x
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 5
4. General Background 6
5. Methodology 22
6. Results and Discussion 36
Field Studies * 36
Laboratory Studies 70
References 92
Appendices
A. Procedure for Parasitologic Examination of Waste Sludges ... 99
B. Results of Field Investigation 105
C. Results of the Drying Bed Study 168
D. Calculations on the Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment
Process on Parasite Reductions in the Field 171
E. Results of Laboratory Studies Containing Raw and
Analyzed Data 179
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Statistical analysis of drying bed sample 25
2 Geographic regions in which municipal waste treatment plants
were studied 45
3 Average percent reduction of viable parasite eggs versus unit
process 51
4 Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs in drying bed dewatered
sludges following anaerobic or aerobic stabilization as com-
pared to densities in raw sludge versus seasons and yearly
averages 53
5 Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs in drying bed de-
watered sludges following aerobic stabilization as compared to
densities in raw sludges versus seasons and yearly averages . . 54
6 Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs in drying bed de-
watered sludges following aerobic stabilization as compared to
densities in raw sludges versus seasons and yearly averages . . 55
•7 Percent reduction of viable Toxocara eggs in drying bed de-
watered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both stabili-
zation processes as compared to parasites in raw sludge versus
season and yearly average 57
8 Percent reduction of viable Ascaris eggs in drying bed de-
watered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both stabili-
zation processes as compared to parasites in raw sludge versus
season and yearly average 58
9 Percent reduction of viable T. trichiura eggs in drying bed de-
watered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both stabili-
zation processes as compared to parasites in raw sludge versus
season and yearly average 59
10 Percent reduction of viable T. vulpis eggs in drying bed dewatered
sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both stabilization pro-
cesses as compared to parasites in raw sludge versus season and
yearly average 60
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Number Page
11 Plot of log of viable Ascaris eggs in drying beds versus log of
viable Ascaris eggs in raw sludge with respect of moisture
content 61
12 Plot of log of total Ascaris eggs in drying beds versus log of
total Ascaris eggs in raw sludge with respect of moisture
content 62
13 Percentage of viable Toxocara and Ascaris eggs versus per-
centage of moisture content 64
14 Percentage of viable Ascaris eggs versus percentage moisture
content for each season in drying beds 67
15 Percentage of viable Toxocara eggs versus percentage moisture
content for each season in drying beds 68
16 Schematic of domestic waste treatment facility investigated for
mass balance 70
17 Percent removal of viable Ascaris eggs with respect to overflow
rate by secondary clarifier 73
18 Effects of aerobic digestion on Ascaris eggs (from the uteri
of worms) 75
19 Effects of aerobic digestion on Toxocara eggs (from dog feces) . 76
20 Effects of aerobic digestion on Ascaris eggs (from the small
intestinal contents of swine) 77
21 Effects of anaerobic digestion at 35°C, 45°C and 55°C on
Ascaris eggs (from the small intestinal contents of swine)
and Toxocara eggs (from the feces of dogs) 79
22 Effect of lime stabilization on Ascaris eggs (from the small
intestines). Raw primary sludge was limed, and then main-
tained under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature 82
23 Effects of lime stabilization on the viability of Ascaris eggs
in aerobically-digested sludge at 28°C under aerobic and an-
aerobic environments at ambient temperature 84
24 Effects of lime stabilization on the viability of Ascaris eggs
in aerobically-digested sludge at 28°C under aerobic and
anaerobic environments at ambient temperature 86
25 Effects of ammonia on the viability of Ascaris eggs in lime-
stabilized aerobically-digested sludge under anaerobic
conditions 87
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Parasites of medical importance that might be present in sewage
sludges in the United States and whose resistant stages are
likely to remain viable while passing through conventional
sludge treatment processes 8
2 Parasites of medical importance that might be present in raw
sewage sludges in the United States, but whose free-living
stages are unlikely to remain viable while passing through
conventional sludge treatment processes 9
3 Effects of waste treatment processes on parasite eggs and cysts . . 15
4 Methodology for selecting waste treatment plants 22
5 Wastewater treatment and sludge treatment processes investigated . . 22
6 Statistical analysis of drying bed sample 26
7 Parasites found in sludge samples from 27 municipal plants in
southern United States 36
8 Number of municipal plants in which eggs of Ascaris, Toxocara,
Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris vulpis were found 38
9 Miscellaneous parasites found in sludges from 27 municipal
treatment plants sampled 38
10 Average number of eggs of Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris trichiura
and Trichuris vulpis eggs found in plants in each geographic
region in each season 40
11 Average number of viable eggs of Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris
trichiura and Trichuris vulpis found in raw sludges in plants
in each geographic region in each season 41
12 Average number of viable eggs of Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris
trichiura, and Trichuris vulpis found in treated sludges in
plants in each geographic region in each season 42
13 Parasite concentrations in primary and secondary sludge as com-
pared to treated sludge i . 46
viii
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Number
Page
14 Influence of abattoir wastes on parasite concentrations in
primary and secondary sludges 48
15 Average percent reduction of viable parasite eggs by unit
processes 50
16 Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs by total sludge
treatment processes 52
17 Statistical data on regression analysis for log-log plots on
viable and total Ascaris eggs comparing parasite densities
from the raw sludge to final drying bed sludges 63
18 Drying bed samples in which no viable Ascaris or Toxocara eggs
were recovered in the different seasons 65
19 Waste characteristics of influent raw wastewater for plant re-
ceiving abattoir waste 71
20 Effectiveness of secondary clarification to remove Ascaris eggs
from wastewater for mass balance study - 72
21 Batch aerobic digestion of raw primary sludge spiked with Ascaris
eggs (at 28°C) 78
22 Influence of anaerobic digestion at 35°, 45° and 55°C on the
viability of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs in raw secondary sludge
over a fifteen-day period 78
23 Effects of lime stabilization on Ascaris and Toxocara eggs in
primary sludge under aerobic conditions 81
24 Effects of lime stabilization on Ascaris eggs added to sludges
and then maintained at ambient temperatures under either an-
aerobic or aerobic conditions after lime addition 83
25 Effect of ammonia on Ascaris eggs and Toxocara eggs in 28 and
35°C lime-stabilized aerobically-digested sludge per gram
suspended solids under anaerobic conditons and in 35 C an-
aerobically-digested sludge at ambient temperatures 88
26 The effect of ultrasonics on Ascaris and Toxocara eggs as
evaluated by direct observation 90
27 The effect of ultrasonics on the viability of Ascaris and
Toxocara eggs as determined by culturing techniques 91
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This investigation could not have been successfully completed without
the guidance and assistance of Dr. Paul C. Beaver and Dr. Thomas G. Akers.
In addition, the assistance, suppport and suggestions of Mr. Gerald Stern,
Mr. Steven Hathaway and Dr. Joseph B. Farrell of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Ultimate Disposal Section in the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory and Dr. Norman Kowal and Mr. Herbert Pahren in the
Health Effects Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, are gratefully acknow-
ledged.
x
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This investigation was developed as a result of collaboration between
Tulane University and Ehe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The ob-
jectives of this study were to (1) assess the presence and levels of resistant
stages of parasites in municipal wastewater (sewage) sludges in the southern
United States, (2) investigate parasite inactivation by lime stabilization of
sludges seeded with selected intestinal parasites, (3) evaluate various waste-
water sludge treatment techniques for the control of parasites in municipal
sludges and (4) conduct a mass balance analysis of parasites through various
stages of a municipal waste treatment system.
In the United States, land disposal of sewage sludge has been practiced
with care because of the controversies over possible health and nuisance
problems arising from such practice. Nevertheless, land disposal is relative-
ly common and does constitute a major disposal practice in some states; for
example, Ohio disposes of approximately 60% of its municipal sludges by land
application (1).
Questions concerning potential disease transmission have prevented
greater application of sewage sludges on land. A number of studies have shown
that both viruses and bacteria are associated with the sludge suspended solids
and are thereby concentrated in the sewage sludge (2,3).
Until recently, evidence pointed to the effective destruction of patho-
gens by anaerobic digestion. Unfortunately, research has now shown that this
is not entirely true (3-5). Even though most microorganisms are thought to
be destroyed during anaerobic sludge digestion, a number of microbes have
been shown to survive this process—e.g., bacteria (Salmonella typhosa),
parasites (various helminth eggs), and viruses (polio virus) (3-6). The
survival of these microorganisms in stabilized sludges has caused many health
authorities to remain skeptical about the practice of land disposal for
sewage sludges because of concern that viable pathogens may be dispersed in
the environment. Many pathogens are known to survive in soil for days, months
or possibly years (e.g., the tubercle bacilli and the eggs of the nematode
Ascaris).
Even though anaerobic digestion of sludges cannot be relied upon to
effectively destroy every pathogen, there are a number of processes by which
known pathogens can be destroyed. Pasteurization of sludges is practiced in
some areas of Europe where it is reported to inactivate all pathogens when
temperatures of 70 C are attained for at least 30 minutes. The use of the
1
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pasteurization process, however, requires considerable quantities of heat,
and may not be always feasible since it is energy intensive. Other recent
investigations suggest that pathogens in sewage sludges can be completely
destroyed by composting prior to use. However, composting, like pasteuri-
zation, may be too costly at the present time. Massive doses of chlorine
will also destroy most pathogenic microbes in sewage; however, the effects
of the chlorinated residues on the environment are unknown.
A possible alternative, conducive to utilization of the waste, lies in
lime stabilization of sludges. The liming process does not have high energy
requirements and does not produce potentially hazardous residues. When lime
is applied to sewage (sludge), the pH can be increased to 12 which inhibits
or substantially reduces the activity of certain microbes including those
of fecal origin (6). Also by raising the pH to high levels, odorous by-
products (hydrogen sulfide and various mercaptans) are controlled by re-
ducing these by-products and keeping them in a charged state (7). The
literature on the fate of pathogens in lime-stabilized sludges indicates a
reduction in Salmonella typhosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa along with nuisance odors at pHs around 12 (8-13). At
high pH levels, solubilization of most heavy metals is also reduced (especial-
ly metals of a cationic nature). Collectively, these factors increase the
acceptability of land disposition of lime-stabilized sludges.
In investigations on pathogenic organisms in sludge, parasites have re-
ceived the least attention. Given the current state of knowledge, there is
a need for further assessment of the health problems related to the presence
of parasites in sludges, as well as the examination of various sludge treat-
ment methods on parasite survival. A few studies were published in the 1940's
and 1950's but between 1960 and 1975 little was reported in the United States
literature on parasite transformation through sewage sludges (14-18). It was
the purpose of this study to attempt to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge
on the occurrence of human or animal parasites in municipal sludges in the
United States and to investigate select methods for inactivating those para-
sites ¦
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Generally, cue influence of sludge handling, treatment and disposal
along with the efface of wastewater treatment processes on parasite survival
is very complex ar.c influenced by many parameters. Such factors include the
type of parasite, temperature, moisture concent, etc. Field studies in this
investigation of soutnern municipal sewage sludges showed that:
1) Most raw samples contained viable parasite eggs and cysts.
2) Eignteer. species of parasites (eggs or cysts) were observed in both
stabilized and raw sludges.
3) Eggs of the most prevelant parasites were present in relatively high
numbers (an average of 1,000 to 10,000 eggs per kilogram of dry sludge,
depending upon the parasite).
4) The types of parasite eggs and their densities were found to vary
with population served, type of industrial contribution, season of
the year, and geographical region.
5) Abattoir and packing plant wastes may significantly influence the
types and densities of parasite eggs found in domestic waste
sludges.
6) Conventional sludge stabilization processes alone were not very
effective on inactivating parasites in field samples. Depending
upon the parasite, however, a particular stabilization process
coupled with sludge drying bed, may inactivate parasite eggs.
7) Sludge thickening and dewatering processes (vacuum filtration and
centrifugation) tended only to concentrate parasites in the sludge.
8) Certain sludge drying bed conditions such as previous sludge stabi-
lization, high temperature and low moisture content appear to in-
activate parasite eggs synergistically between 60% to 5% moisture
content.
9) From the parasite mass balance study it was observed that secondary
clarifiers tend to concentrate parasites in the return sludges.
Increased overflow rates through clarifiers appear to increase the
densities of parasites in clarifier effluents.
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The results of laboratory studies on parasite inactivation by aerobic
digestion, anaerobic digestion, lime stabilization, ammonia treatment, and
ultrasonication indicated the following:
1) Aerobic digestion inactivated parasite eggs at temperatures of 55°C
or greater within two hours, and at 45 C within two days.
2) Anaerobic digestion inactivated Ascaris and Toxocara eggs at tempera-
tures greater than 45 C, but only retarded egg development at tem-
peratures less than 45°C.
3) Liine stabilization produced noticeable reduction in the viability
of Ascaris eggs. Under aerobic conditions at ambient temperatures
with dosages of 1,000 mg or greater of lime per gram of dry sludge
solids, the viability of Ascaris eggs was observed to be reduced
over 80% within five days in primary, 28°C aero'oically digested or
35°C aerobically digested sludges. Under anaerobic conditions at
ambient temperatures with lime dosages of 100 mg of lime per gram
of dry sludge solids, a 100% reduction of viable Ascaris eggs was
noted within 20 days in 28°C aerobically digested sludge.
4) The results of the ammonification studies were inconclusive. In
aerobically digested sludges, 95% of the viable Ascaris egg den-
sities were reduced within 5 days, even in the control (no ammonia
added). In anaerobically digested sludges no reductions in Ascaris
viability were observed at any dosage of ammonia up to 5000 milli-
grams of ammonia sulfate per gram of sludge suspended solids.
5) Ultrasonication was effective in destroying Toxocara eggs at 49
kiloherz (kHz) and 26 watts within a 9 minute exposure and at 64
•kHz and 74 watts within a 6 minute exposure; but ultrasonication
was not effective in destroying Ascaris eggs under these same
conditions.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The results of this one and one-half year study on the incidence and
persistence of parasites in sewage sludge indicate that additional informa-
tion can be obtained by further research. The specific areas recommended for
additional research on the fate of parasites in wastewater sludges are as
follows:
1) The investigation of selected municipal sludges in the northern por-
tion of the United States for the presence and density levels of
resistant stages of parasites.
2) A comparison of the sludge data from the northern portion of the
United States to the data collected in the southern part of the
United States.
3) The development of a standard analytical method for parasitologic
examination of sewage sludges.
4) An evaluation of promising techniques for their effectiveness in in-
activating and/or destroying parasites in sewage sludges.
Retent literature studies support potential viable alternatives for
parasite decontamination of sludges. Four such alternatives are:
1) ultrasonication
2) lime-stabilization with ammonia additions
3) drying beds
4) aerobic digestion with the aid of surface active agents.
The choice of one or more of these four alternatives would be based on
economics, low maintenance and energy requirements, effectiveness of treat-
ment, and ease of incorporation into current sludge stabilization techniques.
Finally, the potential health risks due to the presence of infectious
agents in sludge should be determined. Currently, risk assessment is being
studied by epidemiological researchers; but, the quantitative risk assessment
due to parasites (i.e., Ascaris, etc.) in sludge has yet to be determined.
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SECTION 4
GENERAL BACKGROUND
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER SLUDGE REUSE
According to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(PL 92-500), land application of domestic sewage sludge must be considered as
a disposal alternative to land-filling, incineration, and ocean dumping.
The resources in these sludges, however, can be recycled by land application
making this technique a viable alternative to the above mentioned disposal
methods. Municipal wastewater sludges have been used as soil additives and/
or fertilizers and on truck gardens, flower beds, private lawns, worm farms,
school grounds, public parks, football fields, plant nurseries, citrus groves,
golf courses, and roadsides. Sewage sludges are also added to bagged products
or used as additives to various fertilizer products and offered for sale.
In the United States, there has been minimal concern over the presence
of parasites in domestic waste. However, in many countries which utilize
sludge for land application, parasites in sewage have posed serious health
problems. During the past five years, research concerning public health
problems of municipal sludges has been conducted. These investigations
generally have been concerned with pathogenic microbes, enteric viruses,
heavy metals, and toxic chemicals. There is a scarcity of information con-
cerning parasites in municipal sludges and treatment thereof.
PARASITES IN SLUDGE
Since the early part of this century, public health workers in the
United States have been concerned about the presence of resistant stages of
human and animal parasites in domestic sewage effluents and sludges as a
possible source of disease. However, until recent years there were relatively
few published reports of studies concerning this problem. According to Bond,
1958 (17), Dr. Homer Venters, a public health laboratory worker, found, in
1918, eggs of Ascaris in 44 percent of 200 samples of sludge from Imhoff
tanks in Tampa, Florida. In 1942, Wright et al. (14) examined sludge samples
from 16 municipal treatment plants and two national parks in California, from
one national park in Arizona, and from 17 U.S. Army camps in eight southern
states. They found parasite eggs (Ascaris, Trichuris trichiura, and Hyraeno-
lepis sp.) in sludges from 7 of the 17 Army camps, but found only one
positive parasite sludge sample from the municipal wastewater treatment
plants and national parks (one egg of Hymenolepis sp. was found in a sample
from Whittier, California).
In 1954, Wang and Dunlop (18), studied a sewage plant in Denver,
6
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Colorado, and the adjacent South Platte River for the presence of parasites.
Ascaris eggs were found in all 11 samples of each raw sewage and primary
settled sewage; in 1 of 11 samples of the river above the plant, in 9 of 11
samples of the sewage plant effluent, and in 10 of 11 samples in the river
below the sewage plant. They also reported finding eggs of Trichostrong-ylus,
Taenia, and Trichuris in low numbers from the settled sewage or effluent.
Cysts of Entamoeba coli, a non-pathogenic amoeba, were found in samples of
raw sewage, plant effluent, and in the river above and below the plant.
Bond (17) examined raw, digested and drying bed sludge samples from a
municipal sewage treatment plant in Tampa, Florida, during the period from
November, 1955 to January 1956. Ascaris eggs were observed in some samples
of each type of sludge.
Lepak, in 1961 (19), studied a culinary water supply system in the Salt
Lake City area for possible contamination with animal parasites. He recover-
ed Ascaris eggs from untreated water from a reservoir at the point of entrance
to the Salt Lake aqueduct. He also examined raw, primary and secondary
effluent from the Heber City sewage plant and recovered Entamoeba coli cysts
from the effluent.
In recent years, changes in regulations concerning the treatment of
municipal wastewaters have resulted in a magnitudinal increase in the pro-
duction of domestic sewage sludges. The problems related to the disposal of
these sludges have increased accordingly. Among the alternative methods of
sludge disposal, those that "recycle" the sludge through land applications
have attracted increasing interest. However, the health risks to humans and
animals resulting from the disposal of sludges by land application are not
completely understood. A number of studies have been initiated in the past
few years to determine the potential risks due to the presence of infectious
agents in sludges (i.e., viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi).
Fox and Fitzgerald (20,21) conducted a comprehensive study of parasites
in raw sewage, anaerobically digested sludges and effluents from the Metro-
politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. They reported finding eggs of
Ascaris, Toxocara, Toxascaris, Trichuris. Taenia, Hymenolepis and Enterobius,
and cysts of Eimeria, Isospora and Entamoeba coli. M.D. Little (unpublished
data, 1976) examined raw, aerobically and anaerobically digested, and lime-
stabilized domestic sludge samples from Lebanon, Ohio, and found eggs of
Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris trichiura, Trichuris vulpis and Enterobius
vermicularis. Hays (22) examined raw and digested sludge samples from four
sewage plants in Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, and found eggs of Ascaris,
Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria hepatica, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis
nana and H. diminuta.
In a study supported by the Environmental Protection Agency, the East
Bay Municipal Utility District of Oakland, California, and the Sacramento
Regional Sanitation District, Theis £jt _al., in 1978 (23), examined municipal
sludges (raw, digested, and composted) from 12 areas of the United States.
They reported Ascaris and Toxocara eggs in sludges (raw, digested or com-
posted) from Oakland, Los Angeles and Sacramento, California; Macon, Georgia5
7
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Springfield; Missouri, Hopkinsville, Kentucky; and Frankfort, I-.ciana.
Trichuris, Toxascaris and Hymenolepis diminuta eggs were found ir raw digest-
ed or composted sludges from Los Angeles and Oakland, and Taenia ind H. nana
eggs were found in sludges from Los Angeles. Helminth eggs were -ot found in
samples from Las Virgenes, California; Kendalville, Indiana; Cc_.-ols. Indi-
ana; Wilmington, Ohio, or Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
Jackson jet^ al_. (24) reported that in a 1975 study supporter :y cne
United States Food and Drug Administration, Chane^ and Surge Ascans
eggs in liquid sludge samples from 16 municipalities in the United States.
Viable Ascaris eggs were present in samples from 13 of the L6 cities.
The resistant free-living stages of the intestinal parasites of man,
domestic animals, pets, and wild animals (i.e., the eggs and larvae of hel-
minths and the cysts of protozoa) are the stages of parasites that are most
likely to enter sewage systems. Several authors have proviaea iists of para-
sites that might be encountered in municipal sewage sludges (22,25); however,
in these lists the relative importance of different parasites in sludges was
not evaluated.
POSSIBLE PROBLEM PARASITES
In Table 1 are listed the parasites most likely to be present in the
sludges of this country which may produce disease in man, and which have
resistant stages that are likely to survive sludge treatment processes.
Table 2 lists parasites that might be present in sludges and can infect in
man but which have free-living stages (eggs, larvae, or cysts) that are un-
likely to remain viable while passing through sludge treatment processes.
Ascaris lumbricoides is perhaps the most important and the most commonly
found parasite in stabilized and raw sludges (26). The egg of A. lumbricoides
is resistant to a wide range of physical-chemical environments which enables
it to survive conventional sludge treatment techniques. The eggs of Ascaris
are not in an infective stage to man when they enter the sewage treatment
system, but may develop to infectivity in approximately three weeks under
proper conditions (sufficient moisture and oxygen, and optimum temperatures).
TABLE 1. PARASITES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE THAT MIGHT BE PRESENT IN SEWAGE
SLUDGES IN THE UNITED STATES AND WHOSE RESISTANT STAGES ARE LIKELY TO
REMAIN VIABLE WHILE PASSING THROUGH CONVENTIONAL SLUDGE
TREATMENT PROCESSES
Parasite
Stage
Definitive Host
Ascaris lumbricoides
Egg
Man
Ascaris suum
Egg
Pig
Trichuris trichiura
Egg
Man
(continued)
8
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TABLE 1. (continued)
Parasite
Stage
Definitive Host
Trichuris suis''
Egg
Pig
Trichuris vulpis*
Egg
Dog
Toxocara canis
Egg
Dog
Toxocara cati
Egg
Cat
2
Taenia saginata
Egg
Man
Taenia solium
Egg
Man
Echinococcus granulosus
Egg
Dog
Echinococcus multilocularis
Egg
Dog
Toxoplasma gondii
Oocysts
Cat
2 Medical importance questionable.
Egg not infective for man.
TABLE 2. PARASITES OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE THAT MIGHT BE PRESENT IN RAW SEWAGE
SLUDGES IN THE UNITED STATES, BUT WHOSE FREE-LIVING STAGES ARE UNLIKELY TO
REMAIN VIABLE WHILE PASSING THROUGH CONVENTIONAL SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESSES
Helminths
Stage
Definitive Host
Enterobius vermicularis
Egg
Man
Necator americanus
Egg (larvae)*
Man
Ancylostoma braziliense
Egg (larvae)1
Dog, Cat
Ancylostoma caninum
Egg (larvae)1
Dog
Strongyloides stercoralis
Larvae
Man (dog?)
Hymenolepis nana
Egg
Man (rodents?)
(continued)
9
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TABLE 2. (continued)
Protozoa
Stage
Definitive Host
Entamoeba histolytica
Cysts
Man
Giardia lamblia
Cysts
Man (animals?)
Balantidium coli
Cysts
Pig, man
1 Under suitable conditions larvae hatch from eggs in 24-48 hrs and larvae
could be present in sewage.
Humans acquire infections by swallowing infective eggs. Disease due to
A. lumbricoides is usually related to the level of infection, i.e., the number
of worms acquired. In heavy infections, the absorption of nutrients by the
intestine is usually impaired. Also, large numbers of worms can cause a
blockage of the intestine. Ascaris pneumonitis (Loeffler's syndrome) is
common in areas where transmission of the parasite occurs seasonally, and
this condition can result from the ingestion of only a small number of eggs.
Even in light infections, disease is possible from the migration of qne or
more adult worms to an extraintestinal location, such as the bile duct or
liver.
Ascaris suum is a parasite of pigs and is found in many parts of this
country. The eggs of A. suum are indistinguishable from those of A. lumbri-
coides and are apparently just as resistant to environmental conditions.
Human infections due to A. suum have been reported and in three cases serious
pulmonary complications resulted from the accidental ingestion of large
numbers of eggs (27).
Trichuris trichiura is the common whipworm of humans. The adult worms
live in the large intestine with the anterior portion of their body threaded
superficially through the mucosa. Eggs are passed in the feces of the in-
fected person and under suitable conditions in the soil will develop to the
infective stage in about four weeks. Infections result from the ingestion of
infective eggs from the soil. Disease is related to the number of worms pre-
sent in the body, and in heavy infections, chronic diarrhea or dysentry may
be present.
Trichuris suis is the whipworm of pigs and its life cycle is similar to
that of T. trichiura. Naturally acquired infections in humans have not been
confirmed but one successful experimental infection in a 23-year old male has
been reported (28). It is possible that a heavy infection in a human could
produce colitis.
Trichuris vulpis is the whipworm of dogs. Its eggs are much larger than
10
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Chose of T. trichiura and are sufficiently distinctive that they can be
readily identified. Its life cycle is similar to that of T. trichiura.
Several human cases of infection with T. vulpis have been reported (29) but
were apparently all without symptoms.
Toxocara canis is the common roundworm of dogs and is found in dogs in
most parts of this country. The life cycle of this parasite is complex with
transmission of infection to dogs occurring in a number of ways including:
1) ingestion of infective eggs from soil, 2) ingestion of a paratenic host,
such as a rodent, which has infective larvae in its tissues, or 3) trans-
uterine migration of larvae from the tissues of the bitch to the tissues- of
the fetuses. Eggs passed in the feces of the dog can develop to the in-
fective stage in two to three weeks under suitable conditions. When infec-
tive eggs are accidentally ingested by man (mainly children), larvae migrate
through the tissues producing a condition known as visceral larva migrans
(30). In numerous cases, the larvae have migrated into the eye causing a
lesion similar to that of retinoblastoma that lead to the loss of the eye
(31).
Toxocara cati is the common roundworm of cats. Like T. canis it has a
complex life cycle with cats acquiring infections by: 1) ingesting infective
eggs from the soil, 2) eating infected paratenic hosts such as rodents, or
3) the transmission of larvae through the milk of the mother cat to the new-
born kitten (i.e., by transmammary transmission) (32). A few human cases of
visceral larva migrans due to T_. cati have been reported (33,34).
Taenia saginata is a large tapeworm of humans that is only occasionally
found in this country. However, human infections are relatively common in
Mexico, Central and South America, and in other areas of the world where beef
is eaten. saginata requires an intermediate host which is bovine. Humans
become infected by eating raw or inadequately cooked beef containing the
larval stage of the tapeworm, the cysticercus. The eggs of T. saginata are
not infective to man. Cattle become infected by grazing on pastures where
eggs have been disseminated by proglottids (segments of the worm) passed in
human feces.
Taenia solium is also a large tapeworm which in the adult stage occurs
only in man. Locally acquired cases rarely, if ever, occur in the United
States, but infections are occasionally seen in persons who have acquired the
infections elsewhere, usually in Mexico or Central America. The pig is the
usual intermediate host of this parasite and human infections result from
eating pork that has been inadequately cooked. Pigs become infected by
ingesting eggs that have been dispersed by proglottids passed in the feces of
infected humans. This tapeworm is potentially more dangerous to humans than
is T. saginata since the eggs of T. solium are infective to man. When in-
gested by man, larvae hatch from the eggs, migrate into the tissues and de-
velop to the cysticercus stage. The resulting infection, called cysticer-
cosis, is often serious, especially when the cysticerci are located in the
brain or the eye.
Echinococcus granulosus is a small tapeworm that utilizes canines as the
11
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definitive host. Its larval stage, the hydatid, may occur in a wide variety
of intermediate hosts: sheep, goats, pigs, deer, etc. In man, the larval
stage causes hydatid disease. In recent years, the parasite has been found
to be primarily restricted to the western states of this country, i.e.,
California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, and Idaho. In the past 15
years, autochthonous human infections have been found in California, Utah,
Arizona, and New Mexico (35). Humans become infected by accidentally in-
gesting eggs that have been passed in feces of infected dogs.
Echinococcus multilocularis is a tapeworm parasite of wild canines that
causes alveolar hydatid disease in humans. In North America, foxes are the
natural definitive hosts with wild rodents serving as intermediate hosts.
The parasite is present in sylvatic hosts in North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa,
Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, Alaska and Canada. Humans can become infected
by ingesting the eggs passed in the feces of definitive hosts, yet only one
human case has been reported from the United States, i.e., a woman in Minne-
sota (36). Domestic dogs and cats can become infected with the adult stage
if they prey on infected rodents.
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan that infects a wide variety of animals.
Domestic cats and related felines serve as the natural hosts. The oocyst,
which passes in the feces of infected cats, is relatively resistant to a
wide range of environmental conditions. Oocysts have been reported to
survive in the soil for at least 18 months (37). Humans become infected by
either ingesting the oocyst, -by eating raw or undercooked meat containing
intracellular forms of the parasite, or by congenital transmission. Toxo-
plasma infections in humans (toxoplasmosis) are common in the United States
but serious disease is primarily seen in infants who have congenital in-
fections and in immunologically deficient persons. Rarely is acute toxo-
plasmosis seen in previously healthy individuals.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FATE OF PARASITE EGGS AND CYSTS
There are many abiotic and biotic variables which may affect the re-
sistant stages of parasites. In general, these parameters can be divided
into three categories: chemical (ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, etc.), physical
(temperature, irradiation, moisture content, etc.) and biological (fungi,
protozoa, and invertebrates).
The effect of various chemicals on the eggs of Ascaris has been studied
by numerous workers. These studies which demonstrate the remarkable re-
sistance of Ascaris eggs to chemicals have been reviewed by Fairbairn (38)
and Morishita (26). It has been reported that Ascaris eggs will develop to
the infective stage in a wide range of relatively toxic solutions such as
14% hydrochloric acid, 9% sulfuric acid, 8% acetic acid, 0.4% nitric acid,
0.3% carbonic acid, 0.5% sodium hydroxide, IX mercuric chloride, and 4%
formaldehyde. The resistance of these eggs to toxic substances is mainly due
to the relatively impermeable inner membrane of the shell which is lipoid in
nature. This lipoid membrane is, however, altered by many organic solvents,
including chloroform, ethyl ether, alcohols, phenols, and cresols. Some
surface active agents have also been noted to damage this membrane. It is
permeable to respiratory and certain noxious gases, e.g., methyl bromide,
12
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hydrogen cyanide, hydrozoic acid, ammonia, and carbon monoxide, which can
kill the developing embryo (38,39). However, the charged forms of these
gases will not penetrate the lipoid membrane (38). Ozone and chlorine have
been found to be capable of killing Schistosoma mansoni eggs when present at
levels of 4.0 mg/1 and 40 mg/1, respectively (40). However, ozone appears to
have no effect on the eggs of Ascaris or Hymenolepis (41), and routine doses
of chlorine in wastewater have no effect on parasite eggs (42).
The physical factors which appear to influence the viability of Ascaris
eggs are temperature, irradiation, moisture content, and sonication. Gen-
erally ,_Asca_ris eggs are resistant to high temperatures, but it has been re-
ported that heating to 55°C for one hour or 45°C for 20 days will completely
destroy the eggs (24,43,44). Also, eggs placed in water and frozen at temp-
eratures of -21° to -27°C -were dead by the 20th day of freezing (45).
Moisture content of the surrounding medium also affects the viability of
parasite eggs. Nolf (46) found that there was complete inhibition of Ascaris
and Trichuris trichiura eggs after 4 days at 25° to 30°C when the relative
humidity was 40 to 50% in soils. Cram, however, found that viable eggs could
survive in stabilized sludge with a moisture content as low as 4'A (15).
Irradiation has been shown to affect the viability of Ascaris eggs.
Alexandre et^ al. (47) reported that Parascaris eggs which still have their
outer coat were not affected by even 1800 krads of radiation, but were sus-
ceptible to 400 krads if the outer coat was not present. Brandon (44) re-
ported that thermoradiation may be used to disinfect sludge. However, in
this study the eggs that were tested had previously had the outer layer of
the shell removed. The effects of sonication and ozonation on the eggs of
Ascaris suum, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Schistosoma mansoni, and Hymeno-
lepis diminuta have been evaluated by Burleson and Pollard (41). At a soni-
cation level of 800 kHerz and 100 watts, N. brasiliensis eggs were destroyed
after 15 seconds. The eggs of the other three species proved to be more
resistant and ozonation was required to supplement sonication. S^. mansoni
eggs were killed after 3k minutes. There were no effects on Ascaris and
Hymenolepis eggs after 10 minutes of sonication.
The biological factors which have been shown to affect parasite eggs in-
clude fungi and various invertebrates. One fungus which has been shown to
penetrate and destroy Ascaris eggs is Cylindrocarpon radicola (48). In-
vertebrates, particularly insects and gastropods, can also destroy helminth
eggs by mechanically breaking the eggs and ingesting them (49,50).
PARASITE TRANSMISSION THROUGH SLUDGES
The use of raw sewage or "night soil" to fertilize vegetable crops is a
common practice in many countries and is one of the major factors influencing
the transmission of several of the common intestinal parasites of man, es-
pecially Ascaris and Trichuris. In these countries, adults mainly acquire
infections by eating contaminated vegetables (51). However, children mainly
obtain infections by ingesting eggs directly from the soil; i.e., by eating
contaminated soil (pica) or by placing in their mouths, fingers, toys, etc.
which have been contaminated with soil containing infective stages of
parasites.
13
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While raw sewage is seldom, if ever, used in this country for the pur-
pose of fertilizing food crops, the accidental contamination of drinking
water with raw sewage has led to occasional outbreaks of parasite infections.
Examples include the recent outbreaks of Giardia lamblia infections in Aspen,
Colorado, and in Rome, New York (52,53). On the other hand, treated sewages
and sludges have been applied to the land in many parts of this country for
many years without apparent parasite transmission. The health risk of para-
site infection as a result of the land application of sludges needs additional
study.
While it seems certain that viable stages of parasites have been present
in some of the treated sewages and sludges that have been applied to land
there appears to be no report of outbreaks of parasite infections in humans.
However, due to the difficulty of relating the parasite infection to a
common source, sporadic cases of parasitism acquired from disposal of munici-
pal sludges may go unreported.
Clark et_ al. (54) recently reviewed the literature pertaining to para-
site infections associated with workers in the wastewater industry throughout
various parts of the world. The investigators found that these workers, as
compared to other population groups, had only a slight increase in parasite
infections such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichlura, Ancylostoma duo-
denale and Entamoeba histolytica.
Most of the literature pertaining to parasitic infections of domestic
animals resulting from the use of wastewater effluents or sludges on pastures
or animal food crops are concerned with the transmission of Taenia saginata to
cattle. In 1937, it was found that 46% of the cattle that had grazed six
months on farms irrigated with untreated sewage from Melbourne, Australia,
were infected with the cysticerci of Taenia saginata (55). A recent study of
cattle reared on pastures irrigated with sewage effluent in the Melbourne
area revealed that 52% of the 10-to 11-month-old cattle and 8% of all cattle
examined harbored cysticerci of T. saginata (56). Interestingly, there
appeared to be a higher incidence of infection due to primary wastewater
effluent applications than sludge applications. In 1935, Roberts (57) de-
tected saginata infections in cattle on a farm near Tucson, Arizona, which
had probably acquired their infections by drinking primary sewage effluent.
Northington (58) mentioned a problem of T. saginata infections in cattle near
Munich after World War II that had been raised on pastures to which primary
sewage effluents and raw primary .sludges had been applied. Also, it was
recently reported that cysticercosis due to ]T. saginata was detected in
cattle raised on pastures in southern Virginia that had received applications
of domestic sludges (59). However, the possibility that some of the sludges
applied to these pastures were untreated has been raised.
EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
As shown in Table 3, conventional domestic wastewater treatment pro-
cesses may not be totally effective in inactivating and/or destroying
parasites.
14
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TABLE 3. EFFECTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES ON PARASITE EGGS AND CYSTS1
Unit Operation
Effectiveness
Sources
Clarifiers
(Primary and
Secondary)
Flotation
Removal Processes (No Parasite Destruction):
80% Removal of Ascaris
54% Removal of Entamoeba
Removal depends on operating conditions
>95% Removal but depends on egg state
and operating conditions
Imhoff Tanks
Trickling Filtration
Filtration
97% Removal
38% Removal
Promotes egg development
Retained 99% of eggs
Stabilization Processes (Affecting the Eggs; State) :
15 ,18
60
61
62, 63
42, 62, 63
Anaerobic Digesters
Activated Sludge
Extended Aeration
Retards egg development
(Increases destruction with in-
creased temperature)
Promotes egg development
Promotes egg development
60, 62, 63, 64
15, 18
15
Decontamination Processes (Possible Egg Destruction)
Incineration
Vacuum Filtration
Centrifugation
Drying Beds
Composting
Routine Chlorination
Sonication
Gamma Radiation
100% Destruction
No Effect
No Effect
100% Kill at <5% moisture content
100% Effective if all matter reaches
60°C for at least 2 hours
No Effect
Possible but not effective on Ascaris at
800 kHz and 150 watts
Not 100% Effective (depends on eggs'
state)
15
65, 70
40, 42
41
47, 71
(continued)
15
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TABLE 3. (continued)
Unit Operation
Effectiveness
Sources
Heat 100% Effective above 70°C for 30 42, 43, 70
minutes or in less time at higher
temperatures. Effectiveness depends
on temperature and exgosure time but
temperatures below 45 C appear to
have no effect
Primarily Ascaris eggs.
The conventional domestic wastewater treatment processes can be divided
into three categories: 1) removal processes (remove contaminants from waste-
water); 2) stabilization processes (decrease bulk organics, odor, and patho-
gen content of sludges); and 3) inactivation processes (make the handling and
disposal of sludges safer and more economical). These three major categories
also have been found to affect parasites in different ways. Because parasite
eggs' and cysts are relatively heavy as compared to water they are concentrated
with solids. In general, these processes have been observed to be up to 90%
effective in the removal of parasites with the one major exception being the
trickling filter which actually does not filter the sludge. Parasite removal
that does occur takes place in the clarifier following the trickling filter.
In sludge stabilization processes, aerobic or anaerobic environments are pro-
duced which may or may not be heated to lethal temperatures. Because most
parasite eggs and cysts require an oxygen level above that of the gut in the
host for development, anaerobic digesters tend to retard their development
while aerobic digesters tend to accelerate it. As expected these processes
will kill the eggs if either the anaerobic or aerobic processes are carried
out at temperatures which are lethal to parasites (>55°C). Some sludge de-
watering and disinfection processes will destroy the eggs by increasing the
temperature, as in incineration and composting, or by greatly reducing the
moisture content, as in drying beds. In more exotic cases, eggs may be
destroyed by disruption of their biological subunits with sonication, radia-
tion, or microwaves. These three major treatment processes are examined in
more detail in the following.
REMOVAL PROCESSES
The effectiveness of clarifiers for the separation of parasite eggs and
cysts from aqueous supernatants depends upon their operation and design. If
the clarifiers are either overloaded or have short circuiting, then parasite
eggs can enter the effluent weirs along with solids. Under laboratory con-
ditions sedimentation removed only 89% of Taenia saginata eggs present in
sewage in a three hour period (63). In another study using a tank with a
depth of 26 inches, it was found that 100% of the Ascaris lumbricoides eggs
present in sewage settled to the bottom in 30 minutes, some hookworm eg?s
settled to less than 1/3 of the depth after 2 1/2 hours, and not all Entamoeba
16
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histolytica cysts settled to the bottom in a three hour period (15). The
liquid fraction removal efficiency c: a chlorinated primary sewage treatment
plant was reported to be 80% for As:;:is eggs and 54% for Entamoeba coli
cysts (18).
Air flotation nas also been s co be another possible means of egg
removal from cne liquid fraction. rj-'a workers nave found z?e "etnod to be
35% effective for tne removal of .-.i eggs (60), and other wcrkers after
studying the re-oval rate of Ascaris eggs have recommended that sewage in-
tended for agricultural purposes snculd be treated with air flotation fol-
lowed by sedimentation (72).
The use of sand filters has given varying results for the removal of
parasite eggs and cysts from final sewage effluents. Newton et_ al. re-
ported that a 12-inch column of sand removed over 99% of tne Taenia saginata
eggs that nad been added to seeded sewage (63) . In the field studies of
Silverman ana Griffiths, however, it was found that only 50% of the Ascaris
and T. sagmata eggs present were removed, and it was stated that this low
removal was perhaps due to filter Darticle size and the applied rate of flow
(62) In anotner laboratory scudy, Lepak found chac S4« of the Ascaris eggs
and 35% of the Entamoeba coli cysts were removed by sand filtration (19).
Various biological processes have been studied to determine their effec-
tiveness for inactivating parasites in domestic wastewaters. Trickling filter
systems have indicated a poor capability for the removal of the cysts and eggs
of parasites Newton et al. reported that only 30 to 38% of Taenia saginata
eggs were removed by a trickling filter in the laboratory (63). Cram
showed in another trickling filter study that there was no correlation be-
tween the removal of BOD and the removal of Entamoeba histolytica cysts and
four types of helminth eggs. This trickling filter was, however, more
successful at removing cysts than eggs (15) . The Imhoff process has been, re-
ported to retain 97% of the incoming parasite eggs due to clarification.
Cram noted that amoebic cysts and helminth eggs could survive the
activated sludge process irrespective of the mode of treatment (15)._ Field
studies have shown that trickling filters, sand filters and the activated
sludge processes promote embryonation of helminth eggs such as Ascaris,
Necator and Ancylostoma (15,62,63).
SLUDGE STABILIZATION PROCESSES
Because the majority of eggs and cysts of parasites are generally in-
corporated into sludges, the effectiveness of commonly used stabilization
processes such as aerobic or anaerobic digestion are of particular importance.
Varied results have been reported as to the effectiveness of conventional
anaerobic and aerobic sludge digestion on parasite inactivation.
Hays (22) reported that most workers have found a reduction in the den-
sity of parasite eggs and cysts during anaerobic digestion. Reyes et al^. (43)
added Ascaris suum eggs, taken from the uteri of worms, to human feces adjusted
to 3% solids concentration with urine and then anaerobically digested batches
of this mixture. After 45 days, 85, 89 and 92% of the eggs were inactivated
in the tests conducted at 25°, 30°, and 38°C, respectively.
17
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In most: situations, aerobic digestion induces embryonation of parasite
eggs (22,43,62). Reyes et al. found 30% and 1% of fresh parasite eggs de-
veloped to the embryonated stage in night soil within 20 days under aerobic
conditions at 30°C and 40°C, respectively (43). At or above 45°C, inactiva-
tion and/or destruction of most parasite eggs occurred, and parasite eggs
that were still intact were unable to develop. Over 98% of the parasite eggs
were destroyed in*20 days at a digestion temperature of 45°C and within two
hours at a temperature of 50°C.
In general, researchers have found a time-temperature correlation for
parasite kill and biological digestion processes. At temperatures above 60°C,
all parasite eggs and cysts will be inactivated within 30 minutes (22). A
100% inactivation of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs taken from feces has been ob-
served in 60 minutes at 60°C and in 30 minutes at 65°C.
INACTIVATION PROCESSES
One very promising method of sludge disinfection is composting. Various
studies have reported that composted sludges are free of viable parasites
(65,67). In compost piles, temperatures as high as 87°C have been reported;
however, temperatures in the center of compost piles are generally between 65°C
to 71°C (22). In a study where the temperatures were maintained between 60°C to
70°C for three days, 100% destruction of Ascaris eggs was found (67). Other
composting studies have found that much longer periods (2 to 5 weeks) are
needed before complete destruction of parasite eggs is obtained even when '
temperatures in the compost piles' centers are greater than 60°C (68).
Composting is capable of completely destroying eggs and cysts if temperatures
of 55°C or above are maintained for at least three consecutive days, and
provided that alL of the compost pile including its toes is subjected to this
temperature (70).
The resistance of parasite eggs and cysts to dessication is species de-
pendent with Ascaris eggs being considered the most resistant. Until the
moisture content of the sludge was below 98%, Cram (15) found hookworm larvae
active and infective in sludge dried up to 62 days in drying beds. In a
laboratory study, Cram (16) discovered viable Ascaris eggs in sludge which had
been dried for 81 days to a moisture content of 5.8% in a greenhouse in which
temperatures often reached 46°C. Under field conditions, E. histolytica cysts
and Ascaris eggs on tomato surfaces survived three days and one month, re-
spectively (16). Other investigations have indicated that Ascaris eggs die
when the moisture content of the sludge is less than 5% (15).
Low temperatures seem to have little effect on the survival of some para-
site eggs in soils. According to Rudolfs e£ al. (73), Owen noted that Toxo-
cara canis eggs survived in the soil in Minnesota for a year even though the
ground temperatures were as low as -14.9°C in the winter. In Siberia, Ascaris
lumbricoides eggs survived for over seven years at soil depths of 10 to 20 cm
18
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under severe winter conditions (74). Cram found that unembryonated eggs of
A. lumbricoides survived for 40 days at -19 to -26°C but that fully embryonat-
ed eggs were killed by a 20-day exposure to -21 to -27°C (45).
Results of studies on the destruction of parasites in sludges by chemi-
cals have been varied. Investigators report that chlorine and ozone dosages
used for routine disinfection of sewage effluents and drinking waters have no
adverse effect on parasite eggs or cysts (42) . At free residual chlorine
concentrations of 3.9 to 10.0 rag/1, Schistosoma japonicum eggs were destroyed
(75). To affect a 100% destruction of S_. mansoni eggs in a 30 minute contact
period, dosages of 4.0 mg/1 of chlorine, 22 mg/1 of iodine, or 24 mg/1 of
bromine were required (25). As with other pathogens, there is an all-or-none
effect of ozonation on S_. mansoni eggs. For example, S_. mansoni eggs in
treated wastewaters were not affected at ozone dosages of 25 mg/1 but all
were destroyed at ozone dosages of 40 mg/1 with a 5 minute residual ozone
concentration of 1 mg/1 (40). In dechlorinated tap water, an ozone dosage
of 15 mg/1 was ineffective against Schistosoma eggs even with a 5 minute re-
sidual concentration of 0.99 mg/1; yet, in another experiment in the same
study this same dosage was completely effective in destroying Schistosoma
eggs with a five minute residual concentration of 0.13 mg/1 (40). The liming
of sludge to pH 12, using 135 to 465 kg of lime as calcium oxide per cubic
meter of sludge (depending on the quality and origin of the sludge) was in-
effective in inactivating the eggs of Parascaris equorum (76). Russian
workers have reported that ammonium hydroxide at a concentration of 5% of the
sludge volume destroyed Ascaris lumbricoides eggs in the solid portion of
sewage within 20 days at 18 to 22°C. At higher concentrations of ammonium
hydroxide (8% to 12%), Ascaris lumbricoides eggs were also effectively in-
activated in shorter contact periods; i.e., 3 to 5 days (77).
More exotic forms of disinfection have been investigated in recent years
including the application of ultrasonics, irradiation (beta and gamma), micro-
wave, and combinations of these methods with chemicals. The following re-
sults were obtained in a study on the inactivation of parasites by ozonation
either alone or in combination with ultrasonication using a 150 watt output
energizing an 800 kHz transducer (41):
a) Nippostrongylus brasillensls eggs were completely inactivated in
phosphate buffered saline (PBS) after treatment with ozone for 1
minute (1.7tng/l residual ozone). Sonication completely inactivated
the eggs in PBS after 15 seconds. N. brasiliensis eggs in secondary
effluent required 6 minutes treatment with 0.5 mg/1 residual ozone
for complete inactivation. Sonication completely inactivated the
eggs in 15 seconds.
b) Treatment of Schistosoma mansoni eggs in PBS by ozonation resulted
in complete inactivation after 8 minutes with more than 2.2 mg/1 re-
sidual ozone. Ozonation and sonication completely inactivated the
eggs in 3 minutes 15 seconds at 0.63m^l ozone residual. Sonication
and ozonation seemed to exhibit synergism, in that they both pro-
duced a kill separately, but were more effective when used in con-
junction; S_. mansoni eggs were completely inactivated in secondary
19
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effluent by ozone in 2 minutes 45 seconds using 0.lmg/1 of residual
treatment. The more rapid inactivation was reported to be due to
salts added to the secondary effluent which decreased the ozone
bubble size
c) Ascaris lumbricoides eggs taken directly from the uteri of worms,
suspended in PBS (4.4mg/l ozone residual) or secondary effluent
(l.lmg/1 ozone residual) were resistant to treatment by ozonation
and ozonatxon-sonication at 1.28mg/l residual ozone for 10 minutes.
Also, little or no effect on Hymenolepis diminuta eggs was ob-
served
Studies on the disinfection of an undefined sludge by a standard micro-
wave oven showed that two minute exposure increased the temperature of the
sludge to 70°C and resulted in 99% kill of Ascaris eggs (78). When gamma
radiation dosages of 100 krad from a cobalt 60 source were applied to raw and
digested sludge containing Ascaris eggs (85% were potentially infective )
only 1.0 to0.7%of the Ascaris eggs remained viable after exposure. Complete
Ascaris inactivation did not occur even at 500 krad (71). Alexandre £t al.
reported that gamma radiation from a 12,000 Ci cobalt 60 source in dosages of
500, 800, 1200, and 1800 krad had no effect on Parascaris equorum (Ascaris
megocephala) which still had their outer coat. However, all four dosages
killed the _P. equorum eggs without outer shells (47).
PROMISING APPROACHES FOR INACTIVATION OF PARASITES
Even though current sludge stabilization processes do not appear to be
very effective in parasite inactivation, a thorough investigation of both
aerobic and anaerobic digestion with respect to temperature and additional
treatment processes should be investigated for the development of a rational
approach for inactivating parasites in sludges. From ongoing research it
would appear that parasite inactivation at ambient temperatures may be
possible by the following techniques: 1) aerobic digestion at a proper food-
to-microorganism ratio; 2) aerobic digestion with lime stabilization; 3) an-
aerobic digestion with lime stabilization and/or ammonia addition depending
upon the free ammonia concentration; 4) lime stabilization; and 5) drying
beds at varying moisture contents and temperatures.
Other approaches which may prove useful in inactivating parasites in
domestic waste sludges are: 1) ultrasonics, 2) free ammonia, and 3) surface
active agents. Potentially, the simplest and most economical technique may
be ultrasonication. The power cost for the application of ultrasonics in the
descaling of boilers and cooling towers has been found to be negligible,
(Reimers, R.S., unpublished data, 1979). The literature (38, 39, 76, 78)
reports ammonia to be effective in destroying Ascaris eggs, but this inacti-
vation was only at very high ammonia concentrations (greater than 5%). In
those studies, the acidic sewage sludges were neutralized either by anhydrous
ammonia or ammonium hydroxide. A mixture of lime and the less hazardous
ammonium sulfate should be less expensive and require lower ammonium levels
for inactivation of parasites. Because sludges are usually utilized
as a soil amender and not as often as a fertilizer due to its
low nitrogen and phosphorous levels, the addition of ammonia for
parasite inactivation will also increase nitrogen levels in
20
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sludges. Since the addition of nitrogen to soils using sludge is required in
many cases, the addition of ammonia at this point of sludge treatment would
serve two purposes: 1) inactivation of parasites; and 2) addition of the
needed nitrogen nutrient. A third approach for parasite inactivation is the
application of surface active agents during aerobic digestion which allows
the agent to serve a dual purpose: a) conditioning the waste sludge; and
b) aiding in the destruction of helminth eggs.
21
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SECTION 5
METHODOLOGY
FIELD STUDIES
The bases for selecting the wastewater treatment plants for parasite
sampling were: 1) method of treatment; 2) size of the plant; 3) region
served; and 4) geographical conditions. Table 4 shows the matrix for initial
plant selection. The southern region of the United States was chosen due to
the expectant high prevalence of parasites and variation in climate.
TABLE 4 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Plant
Size
Plant Type
Climate
Sludge Stabilization
1-5
MGD
Activated Sludge
or Trickling Filter
Humid/Arid
Aerobic or Anaerobic
Digestion
L0-20
MGD
Activated Sludge
Humid/Arid
Aerobic or Anaerobic
Digestion
>20
MGD
Activated Sludge
Humid/Arid
Aerobic or Anaerobic
Digestion
Initially information was obtained on municipal wastewater treatment
plants in the five southern states of Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Florida
and Mississippi to aid in the selection of appropriate plants for analyses
of sludges. Table 5 lists both wastewater treatment and sludge treatment
processes examined for their effectiveness for inactivating parasites.
Thirty-eight municipal treatment plants were chosen for the initial screening.
TABLE 5. WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND SLUDGE .TREATMENT PROCESSES INVESTIGATED
Wastewater Treatment Processes Sludge Treatment Processes
Primary Clarification Aerobic Digestion
(continued)
22
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Wastewater Treatment Processes Sludge Treatment Processes
Secondary Clarification
Activated Sludge
Extended Aeration
Trickling Filters
Imhoff Tanks
TABLE 5. (continued)
Anaerobic Digestion
Vacuum Filtration
Centrifugation
Lime Stabilization
Drying Beds
As a result of the initial screening, the number of plants to be ex-
amined was reduced from 38 to 27. The selection of the final 27 plants was
based on the accessibility of the plant, the cooperation.of the Dlant's staff and
management, treatment processes (both wastewater and sludge), the balance de-
sired to evaluate different systems, and the initial parasitological data ob-
tained in this screening phase.
Once each season grab samples of undigested or raw sludge and samples of
the oldest drying bed sludge were obtained and analyzed for parasites. If
raw sludge samples were not possible t-o obtain, then sludge samples closest
to a raw sludge sample (returned, extended, aerated sludge or five gallons
of raw sewage) were sampled. Likewise, if a final drying bed sample could
not be analyzed, then the final stabilized sludge (digested sludge, lagoon
sludge, vacuum filtered sludge, or centrifuged sludge) was obtained for
parasite analysis. During sludge sample collection, data were also obtained
on the ambient temperatures, recent rainfall, age of stabilized sludge
samples, and sources of raw wastewater entering the municipal system.
The collected samples were analyzed within one week for types of para-
sites present, densities (number/volume or weight), and parasite condition
(viable or nonviable). These samples were further analyzed for total solids
and percent moisture content so that the final concentration of parasite
eggs could be converted to a dry weight basis for comparison purposes.
One treatment plant, containing an unusually high number of parasites,
was examined for a mass parasite balance over the total wastewater system.
The treatment processes in this plant consisted of a bar screen, grit chamber,
contact stabilization basin, sludge stabilization tank, clarifiers, aerobic
sludge digestion, and sand drying beds. This plant was sampled at peak and
low flows for two consecutive days. The mass balance was carried out by
sampling each process step at the end of its calculated hydraulic retention
23
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time. These sampling sites were: raw sewage, mixed liquor at the beginning
of contact stabilization, mixed liquor after contact stabilization, effluent
from clarifiers, return sludge, and sludge after stabilization. All the
sludge samples were analyzed for types, densities, and viability of parasites
present, and suspended solids concentrations. The raw sewage influent sam-
ples \v-ere also analyzed for volatile suspended solids, total organic carbon,
cieiical oxygen demand, and Kjeldahl nitrogen according to Standard Methods
(79) .
Verification of Sampling Procedures
In order to ascertain the reliability of the method of obtaining grab
samples from drying beds, extensive testing was run on a selected drying bed.
Samples were taken at various locations in the drying bed, analyzed for
various parasites, and the moisture content measured. The results obtained
for Ascaris eggs are shown in Figure 1 and Table 6. Generally, the parasites
in the drying bed were found to be distributed relatively randomly as long as
the moisture content was similar (+ 10%). An important point was that a
sample taken from any portion of the drying bed was representative of the
parasite population in the entire drying bed. The only exception to this
observation occurred when there was considerable difference-in moisture
content.
Parasitologic Technique for Field Studies
The approach to the development of a parasitologic technique for the
examination for sewage sludges was as follows: 1) the literature was re-
viewed to determine the techniques used by other investigators for the re-
covery of parasites from feces, wastewater, soil, and sludge; 2) criteria
were established for a satisfactory analytical technique; and 3) parasito-
logic techniques used for the examination of feces, wastewater, soil and
sludge were systematically tested, modified and evaluated. Sludge samples
from local New Orleans area wastewater treatment plants containing low to
moderate numbers of parasites were used to test the various "techniques.
The criteria established as guidelines for the development of an analyt-
ical method for parasitologic examination of sludges were: 1) examination of
relatively large sludge samples should be possible so that the densities of
parasites can be measured when present at low levels; 2) viability of para-
sites should not be affected by technique; 3) quantitation of parasites
should be possible; A) efficiency should be relatively high; 5) accurate
identification and determination of viability of parasites recovered should
be possible; and 6) technique should be simple and relatively inexpensive,
using equipment and materials normally available in a wastewater laboratory.
-------
1
"ISCHWE PIPE
A
L
a
:
CONCRETE A
SLAB ^
V2602+
V1260
vag86
(73)*
(26)
(77)
+ NIFBER OF VIABLE
ASCARIS EGGS/KG
DRY WEIGHT OF SAMPLE
A
A
•PERCENT MOISTURE
V3929
V1835
'CONTENT
(72)
(67)
A SAMPLING SITE
A
A
V2972
V4086
(74)
(S5)
(NOT DRAWN TO SCALE)
V452S V3030
V4340
(74)
(74)
(81)
A
A
A
b 11 M -4
Figure 1. Statistical analysis of drying bed sample.
25
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TABLE 6. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DRYING BED SAMPLE
Parameter
Median
Average Standard Deviation
Range
Moisture (%)
73.
0 71.0
5.0
84.5-67.5
Content
Ascaris eggs
(No
of eggs
/kg of sludge solids)
Total
5170
4226
1572
6710-2950
Viable
3930
3590
1034
4986-1835
Non-viable
1080
946
417
1420-390
T. trichiura
eggs
(No. of
eggs/kg of sludge solids)
Total
630
638
258
990-260
Viable
480
483
242
860-130
Non-viable
130
154
111
310-0
Most concentration procedures that have been used for parasite recovery
from feces, wastewater, soil, and sewage sludges use either sedimentation or
flotation only (22, 80, 81). Others have used a sedimentation procedure in
combination with a flotation procedure or other technique (18). One problem
with a sedimentation technique (such as the one developed by Steer et al.
(81)) is that a relatively small sample size of sludge (about 1 to 3 gms. wet
weight) is used. Also, the sediment obtained contains relatively large
amounts of material other than the parasites making it very difficult to find
and identify the parasites in the sediment.
• Most investigators use flotation procedures for parasite analyses of
sludges. The flotation procedures have the advantage of separating the para-
sites from the heavier particles in the sludges (sand, etc.) and consequently
the final preparation is usually cleaner and easier to examine. In the flo-
tation procedures, a solution is utilized with a specific gravity that is
high enough to float the parasites from the sample but low enough to leave the
heavier particles in the sediment. Solutions of sucrose, ZnSO^, NaCl, Na2N03,
K2Cr20y and other salts have been used. In the present study, an efficiency
was evaluated for each of these different types of solutions. Based ton the
buoyancy of the different helminth eggs and protozoan cysts that might be
present in sludge (82), it was concluded that the specific gravity of a
solution used in the flotation procedure should be at least 1.20. In the
present study, it was found that a solution of ZnS04 with a specific gravity
of 1.20 was equal or superior to any of the other solutions tested. Dada and
Lindquist (83) recently reported that a flotation solution of ZnSO^ with a
specific gravity of 1.20 was more efficient in recovering Toxocara eggs from
soil than were solutions of Na2Cr207 (sp. gr., 1.20), Hgl2 (sp. gr. 1.63) or
ZnS04 with a lower specific gravity (1.18). Jackson £t al.. (24) used a
ZnS04 solution with a specific gravity of 1.208 for the recovery of Ascaris
eggs from sludges and vegetables.
26
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Although the step involving the flotation and recovery of parasites from
a sample is the main one in a flotation procedure, there are several other
steps that affect the efficiency of the procedure. The initial step is usually
one that involves the homogenization of the sample and the release of parasites
adhering to other particles in the sludge. Steer et^ al_. (81) found that by
blending the sample in an anionic detergent both steps were accomplished.
Meyer et_ al^. (84) also found tnat the use of an anionic detergent improved
the recovery of eggs after testing a variety of detergents (anionic, cationic,
and nomonic).
A number of workers have used oxidants such as sodium hypochlorite to
hydrolyze organic material and to release the parasites from other particles
in the sludge (84). During this study sodium hypochlorite as well as other
oxidants were tested, including perchloric acid and hydrogen peroxide, but
each was found to have disadvantages. The problem encountered with sodium
hypochlorite was that, if it is used in sufficient strength to be effective,
it removes the outer layer of the shell of many of the helminth eggs. Since
the structure and contours of the outer layer of the shell of certain eggs,
especially those of Ascaris and Toxocara, are important in the identification
of the eggs, the use of sodium hypochlorite can significantly affect the
appearance of eggs and consequently the ability of the worker to identify
them.
A step that can be used to remove extremely small particles (a few micro-
meters or less in size) from the sample is washing by gravity sedimentation.
In this procedure, the sample is diluted in water or in anionic detergent and
then allowed to settle. After settling for about one hour the supernatant
which contains the fine particles in suspension is decanted.
Sieving is a procedure that can be effectively used to remove larger
particles from the sample without removing parasites. After a series of
tests, it was decided to use a step which involves passing the homogenized
and washed sample through a series of graded sieves CIO, 20, 50, 100 and 150
mesh). The openings on the final sieve (150 mesh) are about 106 Um which is
large enough to allow eggs and cysts to pass through but small enough to re-
tain many larger particles.
Several different procedures have been used for the recovery of eggs and
cysts from the surface of the flotation solution. The use of a wire loop to
remove the material floating on the surface is a commonly used technique (85).
Meyer e£ al. (84) passed the flotation-solution supernatant through a mem-
brane filter and then recovered the parasites from the surface of the filter.
The procedure that was found to be very effective during this study was to
decant the flotation-solution supernatant, add water to it until the specific
gravity of the diluted solution is below that of the parasites, and then cen-
trifuge this fluid to recover, in the form of a sediment, the parasites and
other particles that had floated in the original flotation solution.
Fox used a different type of flotation procedure for detecting parasites
in sludges, i.e., a continuous sucrose gradient (J.C. Fox, Personal Communi-
cation, 1977). The disadvantages of this technique are that only a relatively
27
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small sample size can be processed in each tube and the apparatus used to
form the continuous gradient is expensive and would not normally be available
in a wastewater laboratory.
In the processing of some sludge samples, it was found that the amount of
material recovered by the flotation procedure was too great to be easily ex-
amined microscopically. The particles of debris were so abundant that they
obscured the parasites and made detection difficult. Also, the large amount
of sediment recovered made the time required to microscopically examine the
sample excessive. This problem led to attempts to find a method that could
be used to further concentrate the parasites and eliminate most of the other
particles. A procedure that is a modification of the acid-ether centrifugal
sedimentation method (86) was developed. In this method, 0.27% H2SO4 in 35%
ethanol (v/v) is used as the acid solution instead of the 5% acetic acid
solution that is employed in the DeRivas method. With this technique it is
possible to obtain a very clean preparation with a minimal amount of ex-
traneous material present.
In developing a technique for the parasite analysis of sludges, it was
found that the method used for the microscopical examination of the final
preparation is extremely important. In order to detect small helminth eggs
and the cysts of protozoa, the preparation requires examination under at
least lOOx magnification with a good compound microscope. In addition, to
accurately identify some of the eggs and cysts and to determine viability it
is necessary to examine them under even higher magnification, 400x or more.
From our experience it is not possible to adequately examine preparations-
with a dissecting microscope.
The procedure that was finally adopted to use in the parasitologic ex-
amination of sludges from the municipal plants selected for study in this
project is given in Appendix A. The efficiency of this technique was measured
in several ways. Initially, it was estimated by examining sludges which had
known numbers of Ascaris eggs added to them prior to incubation in anaerobic
environments for a period of three weeks. The technique recovered 46 to 72%
of the Ascaris eggs expected to be present in the samples (See Table A-l).
However, the Ascaris eggs added to these test samples were eggs that had been
obtained from the uteri of worms (Ascaris suum) recovered from the intestines
of naturally infected pigs. Eggs obtained from this source tend to clump
together and stick to glassware (24). One way to avoid this problem is to
treat them with dilute sodium hypochlorite or sodium hydroxide which removes
the outer layer of the shell. However, eggs that have had their outer coat
removed are very much different from the Ascaris eggs that occur naturally in
municipal sludges so this method was not employed. Consequently, many of the
eggs added to test batches of the anaerobic sludge in the initial tests may
have adhered to the walls of the glassware used in the experiment. For this
reason it was concluded that the recovery of 50% or greater in most samples
was quite satisfactory. An additional series of experiments were later run
to test the efficiency of the technique on aerobically digested sludge and
anaerobically digested sludge. In these tests, the Ascaris eggs added to the
digestion flasks were eggs removed from the uteri of live worms and kept in
the refrigerator for about 3 months prior to use. In Tables A-2 and A-3
28
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it can be seen that the recovery of the added eggs from samples taken 25 days
later was very low; 12% and 13% for anaerobic and aerobic samples, respec-
tively. Undoubtedly, changes in the physical-chemical nature of the outer
shell of the eggs during storage affected their behavior in the concentration
procedure. However, it should be noted that in all three experiements the
recovery of the eggs that occurred naturally in the sludge samples was con-
sistent from one sample to another and did not decrease over the duration of
the experiment. Also, it is indicated that the size of the sample examined
and the number of eggs in the sample did not significantly affect the percent
recovered.
The problems encountered in the use of Ascaris eggs from the uteri of
worms for decontamination studies is discussed later in the Laboratory
Methodology section. However, these problems dictated the use of Ascaris
eggs obtained from the intestinal contents of naturally infected pigs for use
in subsequent decontamination experiments. When eggs from this source were
used, the concentration technique recovered a very high percentage of the eggs
present in control samples. Over 90% of the theoretical number of eggs pre-
sent in many of the aerobically digested control samples were recovered by
the parasite analysis technique (Table C-2). Although the results obtained
in analyzing "spiked" samples indicated that the technique employed was
relatively efficient, it was not known whether the same efficiency could be
obtained in recovering eggs that occurred naturally in sludge samples. Due
to an extraordinary number of Ascaris eggs found in the drying bed sample from
one plant (No. 7) it was possible to estimate the number of eggs present in
the sample by another method, the Stoll dilution-egg-count-technique. In
this technique, the sample is diluted in N/10 NaOH and the eggs present are
counted directly in measured aliquot samples. By comparing the results from
the Stoll Method with the results from our concentration technique it was
estimated that our technique recovered about 83% of the eggs present in the
sample tested.
Parasite Viability
The word viability is used in this study to indicate the state of being
alive, i.e., a viable parasite is a parasite that is alive. Non-viable is
used to indicate that a parasite is dead.
The determination of whether parasites recovered from municipal sludges
and, in most cases, those recovered from experimental digesters were viable
or non-viable was made on the basis of morphologic appearance. The morpho-
logic criteria used to determine whether helminth eggs were viable or non-
viable were similar to those used by several Japanese workers as reported by
Morishita (26).
The morphologic changes appearing in eggs that were used as criteria of
dead eggs included: 1) cytolysis of egg cell (pvum) or cells (after cleavage
had started); 2) vacuolation of cytoplasm of ovum; 3) formation of large re-
tractile granules within cell; 4) cytoplasmic hyalinization; 5) shrinkage of
ovum; 6) disintegration of membrane surrounding ovum; 7) caving in of egg
shell. In the case of eggs containing developing larvae viability or non-
29
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viability was determined on the basis of appearance and whether the larvae
showed movement after being stimulated by intense light from the microscope
lamp.
The criteria used to indicate non-viability in protozoan cysts included:
1) shrinkage of cytoplasm from the cyst wall; 2) increased granulation of
cytoplasm; 3) vacuolation in cytoplasm: 4) cytolysis; 5) karyorrhexis
(fragmentation of nucleus); and 6) hyalinization of cytoplasm.
The reliabilitv of the use of morphologic criteria to determine viability
was evaluated in one series of experiments by culturing eggs after they had
been examined microscopically. In experiments on anaerobic digestion and
subsequent addition of ammonia (Tables E-8 and E-9), the eggs recovered from
each sample were first examined microscopically and their viability determined
on the basis of morphologic criteria. Then the eggs were washed from the
microscope slide with distilled water into small petri dishes. They were
covered with a shallow layer of distilled water (3-4 mm), stored at room
temperature and agitated daily by rotating the dishes. After 2 to 3 weeks
the material from each dish was removed and examined microscopically. Via-
bility of cultured eggs was determined on the basis of whether or not larvae
had developed within the eggs.
The results indicate that in most samples the estimation of viability of
Ascaris eggs by morphologic criteria was fairly accurate (Tables E-8 and E-9).
In the ammonia experiments, the method using morphologic criteria overestima-
ted the number of viable eggs (as compared to the culture method) by only
about 4% on the average. In the anaerobic digestion experiments run at 35°C,
this method overestimated the viable eggs by less than 9% on the average.
In the anaerobic sludge study run at 35°C, the viability of Toxocara eggs
as estimated by morphology was 9% higher on the average than the viability as
determined by culture. However, in the ammonia experiments, the estimation
of viability of Toxocara eggs on the basis of morphology was about 25% higher
(average) than what was found by culture. This indicates that it is somewhat
more difficult to differentiate between viable and non-viable Toxocara eggs
on the basis of morphologic criteria than it is in the case of Ascaris eggs.
.Fxom_test.results obtained on sludge samples taken from the 45°C and 55°C
.anaerobic digesters it was observed that morphologic appearance alone was not
reliable.for judging the viability of parasite eggs(under lethal conditions).
This is to be expected since the changes in morphologic appearance upon
which non-viability is judged undoubtedly do not occur immediately. In the
sample taken at 2 days from the 45°C digester none of the Ascaris or Toxocara
eggs developed in culture, but 73% and 95% respecitvely, appeared to be
alive on the basis of their morphology. In samples taken after 25 minutes
from the 55 degree centigrade digester, the same error was observed, i.e., on
the basis of morphology 9% of the Ascaris eggs and 53% of the Toxocara eggs
were judged to be viable but by culture 0% and 1%, respectively, were viable.
30
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LABORATORY PARASITE-INACTIVATION STUDIES
The laboratory studies on inactivation of parasites in municipal waste-
water sludges were conducted in four phases. effectiveness of aerobic
and anaerobic digestion, lime stabilization, and 2-.nonification on the m-
activation of parasite eggs was investigated us.-: sludges spiked with
Ascaris suum and Toxocara cams eggs
Phase I - Aerobic Sludge Digestion
Sludge digesters, were designed so thev could be used for both aerobic
and anaerobic digestion with only minor adjust-ent. Using a 45.7 cm lengtn
of 9.5 mm plexiglass tubing with an inner diameter of 25.4 cm, a digester
of fifteen liter capacity was constructed. Bv using lids and bottoms of
9.5 ¦nm thick plexiglass, the units were tctall- enclosed to retain parasite
eggs for the safety of laboratory workers ana for environmental control of
the digester. Complete mixing was insured by using fan-cooled, heavy duty
stirrers with two propellers on each shaft. Temperature was controlled with
six feet of 25.4 mm wide neating taDe connected in series to a rheostat and
temperature controller which was connected to a temperature probe in the
digester/ Aerobic conditions were maintained by sparging air from the labo-
ratory compressed air system through 15.2 cm airstones in the digesters. A
control and a test reactor were run at each of the temperature conditions,
i.e., ambient, 35°C, 45°C and 55°C. Seventv-five milliliter Kjeldahl bulbs
were used to condense the water vapor in order to reduce as much as possible
the evaporation loss due to aeration through the digester. The digesters
were started with aerobic digested sludge from the Michoud Sewage Treatment
Plant, New Orleans, Louisiana. Daily, a sample of one liter of digested
sludge was removed from each digester, and one liter of a raw (return
activated-primary) sludge mix (50/50 by volume) from the Helois Sewage Treat-
ment Plant, Metairie, Louisiana, was added. Since a ten-liter working
volume was utilized, a ten-day hydraulic retention time was assumed for
aerobic digestion. Sludge parameters monitored included suspended solids,
volatile suspended soldis, pH, dissolved oxygen, and oxygen uptake rate.
After the digesters obtained equilibrium, the reactors were spiked at time
zero with Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis eggs. Samples were then collected
every two days over a ten day period, and analyzed for types, concentrations,
and conditions of parasite eggs. The efficiency of the digesters for
parasite egg destruction was evaluated on the basis of the number of eggs
recovered from the sample and the percentage of these that were viable.
Phase II - Lime Stabilization and Ammonification of Aerobic Digested Sludge
The effects of lime-stabilized aerobic-digested sludge on parasite eggs
were examined using the aerobic-digested sludge and the surviving parasite
eggs from the previous reactor experiment. Lime concentration of 0, 100,
1000 and 3000 milligrams of calcium hydroxide per gram of suspended solids
were utilized depending on the lime's ability to maintain a pH greater than
ten for fluctuating periods of time. The lime experiments were conducted
over 20 days under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
The limed-aerobic-sludge experiment was effected by aerating 1700 ml of
31
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digested sludge in plexiglass cylinders which were 45.7 cm in height by 15.2
cm I.D. with 12.7 mm thick walls. Air was supplied to the sludge by sparging
compressed air through 25 4 mm long aquarium air stones. Complete mixing of
the sludge was accomplished by using fan-cooled stirrers with two propellers
on each shaft. The units were covered to reduce the release of aerosols that
could contain parasite eggs.
The effect of line stabilization under anaerobic conditions on Ascaris
eggs were studied bv adding various lime dosages to 800 ml of the aerobically
digested sludge from the previous experiment. These limed sludges were
placed in one liter screw-top plastic bottles and the bottles were shaken two
to four times daily to mix the contents.
Samples were taken every five days and analyzed for parasite egg con-
centration, parasite viability, pH, suspended solids, and volatile suspended
solids. Evaluation for the effectiveness of lime stabilization on parasite
egg destruction was determined on the basis of percent viable eggs per sample
and percent reduction in parasite eggs.
The influence of free ammonia on parasite egg destruction was also
evaluated. Aerobically-digested sludge spiked with Ascaris suum and Toxocara
canis eggs before digesting were employed, Varying concentrations of ammonium
sulfate were added to 800 ml of sludge in air-tight, one liter, screw-cap
plastic bottles in order to keep the generated NH3 in contact with the sludge
instead of allowing volatilization. At a lime dose of 3000 mg/1, concentra-
tions of ammonium sulfate applied to these sludges were 0, 600 and 5000 mg per
gram of suspended solids. The lime was employed to keep the pH greater than
10.4, which is above the pKa (approximately 9.4) of NH4+ and NH3. By raising
the pH to greater than 9.4, the predominant form of ammonia is the more toxic
uncharged ammonia. The reactors were sampled every five days for 20 days and
analyzed for NH3, suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, parasite egg
concentration and viability.
Phase III - Anaerobic Sludge Digestion
The effect of continuous anaerobic sludge digestion on parasite eggs
was investigated at various temperatures. The anaerobic digester design was
similar to that for aerobic sludge digestion, except for the exclusion of air.
A lead acetate bubbler was used following the Kjeldahl condenser to trap
in the off gasses. The digesters were started up with anaerobic sludge from
an operating anaerobic digester at the Camp Plauche Sewage Treatment Plant in
New Orleans, Louisiana, and fed with primary and return activated sludge mix
(50/50 by-volume) from the Helois Sewage Treatment Plant. The digesters were
fed one-and-a-half liters of feed sludge every two days. A 15-day hydraulic
retention time was therefore obtained. Temperatures of ambient, 35°C, 45°C,
and 55°C were maintained throughout the study period. The sludges were
monitored for temperature, gas production, suspended solids, volatile sus-
pended solids, pH, and total organic acids (volatile acids). After the diges-
ters had reached equilibrium, Ascaris suum and Toxocara canis eggs were added.
Samples were taken every second day for fifteen days (day 1, 3, 5, 7,- etc.).
The samples were analyzed for concentration and viability of parasite eggs, as
32
-------
well as the previously mentioned physical and chemical parameters. Evaluation
of the inactivation of parasite eggs was made on the same basis as that for
the aerobic digestion experiments.
Phase IV - Ammonification of Anaerobic Digested Sludge
The influence of high free ammonia concentrations in anaerobically di-
gested sludges on parasite eggs was examined. This experiment was carried out
using the same methodology as elucidated in Phase II for the ammonification of
aerobically-digested sludge; the anaerobic-digested sludge from the previous
experiment was utilized. Sodium hydroxide was used instead of lime to raise
the pH of the sludge above 10.4.
Phase V - Sonication of Parasite Eggs
This phase was concerned with the effects of contact time, sound wave
frequency and intensity on the inactivity of Ascaris suum and Texocara eggs.
Sonic frequencies were controlled with 20, 50, and 80 kHz-sonic transducers,
each with a wattage range of 0 to 100 watts.
Initially, the optimum wave frequencies and intensities for the destruc-
tion of Toxocara eggs in distilled water was ascertained. This study was
carried out by exposing, in 200 ml beakers, Toxocara eggs in 100 ml of dis-
tilled water to 20 kHz and 10 watts for contact times from 30 seconds to 5
minutes. The samples were directly examined and evidence of parasite egg
destruction noted. Subsequent runs were made in the same manner, with the
exception that the wattage was increased 20 watts each time until a limit of
100 watts was attained.
The effects of sonication on Ascaris eggs was determined by the same pro-
cedure. The optimum wave frequencies and intensities found to destroy
Toxocara eggs were employed to observe effects on Ascaris eggs.
Some of the samples in which there was no apparent egg destruction, yet
which were exposed to wave frequencies and intensities near the optimum, were
incubated for a one to two week period, then examined for possible embryo de-
velopment.
PARASITOLOGIC TECHNIQUES
Test Organisms
In experimental studies on the effects of different sludge treatment pro-
cedures on parasites, two different test parasites were used, eggs of Ascaris
suum and eggs of Toxocara canis. In the initial experiments, the A. suum
eggs were obtained from the uteri of live worms that were recovered from the
intestines of naturally infected pigs. The live worms were obtained from the
Bryan Packing Co., West Point, Mississippi, and kept in a refrigerator until
used. Usually within one or two days after they were received, the female
33
-------
worms were opened and the anterior one-third of each uterus was removed. The
collected pieces of uteri were placed in distilled water in a Waring blender
and homogenized for about'30 seconds. The horaogenate was then passed through
several layers of cotton gauze to remove the larger particles. The resultant
suspension of eggs was used immediately or was stored in the refrigerator
until needed. The eggs that were added to test digesters were quantitated by
the dilution-egg-count technique. A suspension of eggs was added to a Stoll-
dilution-egg-count flask and measured aliquots of the thoroughly mixed sus-
pension were transferred to microscope slides. The eggs in the aliquot sample
were counted and the number of eggs per milliliter of suspension was then
calculated.
Several problems were encountered when Ascaris eggs were obtained from
the uteri of live worms for use in the initial efficiency testing of the
parasite analysis technique. These eggs were very sticky and tended to clump
together and to adhere to glassware. The clumping of the eggs made quantita-
tion difficult since it was not possible to completely break up the clumps
and obtain a homogenous suspension. This problem was also described recently
by Jackson e^ ail. (24). One method of preventing uterus-derived eggs from
sticking together is to remove the outer layer of the shell. This can be
accomplished by treating them with an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite
(bleach) or sodium hydroxide. However, eggs which have been decoated in this
manner have different shell characteristics from those that occur naturally
in sewage sludges, and consequently, results obtained by using decoated eggs
may be misleading.
The sticky nature of uterus-derived Ascaris egg is apparently due to the
characteristic nature of the outer layer of the shell. According to Monne
(87) the outer layer of the Ascaris egg within the uterus of a worm is a
jelly-like coat that is composed of protein, mucopolysaccharides, and poly-
phenols. During or after the depostion of the eggs by the worm, this outer
layer is hardened and tanned by the oxidation of the polyphenols to quinones,
probably through an enzymatic reaction. An attempt was made to artificially
harden and tan the outer shell of uterus-derived eggs but results were not
successful. Eggs were exposed to bile salts, alkaline solutions, and alkaline
solutions containing an oxidant and some success was achieved in hardening
the outer shell but this only caused the eggs to clump together more firmly.
After it was determined that Ascaris eggs taken directly from the uteri
of worms were not suitable for use as test organisms in the experimental
studies (see discussion of laboratory studies on aerobic digestion), eggs were
then obtained from the intestinal contents of naturally infected pigs. The
contents of the intestines of infected pigs being processed at a slaughter
house in Alabama were collected in large containers and transported to our
laboratory in New Orleans. The intestinal contents were initially washed in
tap water by repeated sedimentation and resuspension in water. After the
supernatant was clear the sediment was passed through a series of graded
sieves (10, 20, 30, 100 and 150 mesh) to remove the larger particles. The
sieved material was stored in water in the refrigerator until used. The eggs
in this suspension were quantitated by the procedure described above.
34
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Toxocara canis eggs were obtained from the feces of naturally infected
puppies. Fecal samples containing T. canis eggs (.provided by a local veter-
inarian) were homogenized in tap water with the aid of a stirrer. The re-
sulting fecal suspension was processed by the same method that was used for
the fecal contents of pigs as described above.
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
The techniques used for the parasitologic examination of sludge samples
from the experimental studies of aerobic and anaerobic digestion, lime sta-
bilization, and ammonification were the same as those used for examining
sludge samples from the municipal treatment plants (Appendix C) with the ex-
ception that the lime-stabilized,sludges were neutralized before concentrating
the parasites. In the initial lime stabilization experiments (Table E-4) each
sample from the digester was mixed with about 900 ml of 0.2 N (H2SO4) to
neutralize the lime and stop any further action on the parasite eggs. In
samples containing higher lime dosages, this neutralization caused formation
of large amounts of precipitate (CaS04). This precipitate made it difficult
to process the specimen by the parasitologic technique and may have adversely
affected the recovery of eggs. In subsequent experiments (Tables E-4, E-5 and
E-6)the samples were neutralized with 0.1N HNO3 and the problem of precipitate
formation was eliminated.
35
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SECTION 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
INTRODUCTION
This research included both field and laboratory studies The field
studies consisted of a year-long investigation of parasites in donestic waste
sludges in the southern United States. This investigation has resulted in
new information concerning: 1) the types and concentrations of resistant
stages of parasites in southern domestic sludge; 2) the seasonal fluctuation
of these parasites in sludge; 3) the influence of climate on the parasites;
4) the effect of abattoir wastes on parasite content; and 5) other factors
affecting the prevalence and persistence of parasites in sludges. Laboratory
investigations were conducted on the effect of select sludge treatment processes
-o"ff thVTnac^Ivatfon _of parasite__eg£S and cysts found in sludges. Jhe treatment
process_es_studj.es were aerobic and anaerobic digestion, lime stabilization,
ammonificstion, sonication, and various combinations of these processes.
FIELD STUDIES
Parasitologic Findings
The results of the parasitologic examination of sludge samples collected
from the 27 municipal plants are presented in Tables 7 through 12. It will be
noted that many of the eggs or cysts of parasites found in sludges were iden-
tified only to genus or type. This is because the resistant stages of close-
ly related parasites are often so similar that it is not possible to tell them
apart. For example, the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are in-
distinguishable and, consequently, when Ascaris eggs are found it is not
possible to determine to which of these two species they belong. The prob-
able identity of each type of helminth egg and protozoan cyst found in
sludges is shown in Table 7.
TABLE 7. PARASITES FOUND IN SLUDGE SAMPLES FROM
27 MUNICIPAL PLANTS IN SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
Parasite Found
Probable Identity
Definitive Host
Ascaris eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides^
Ascaris suuml
Humans
Pigs
Toxocara eggs
J
Toxocara canis^
Toxocara cati^
Dogs
Cats
(continued)
36
-------
TABLE 7. (continued)
Parasite Found
Probable Identity
Definitive Host
Trichuris trichiura eggs
Trichuris trichiura
Trichuris suis-3
Humans
Pigs
Trichuris vulpis eggs
Trichuris vulpis
Dogs
Toxascans-like eggs
Toxascaris leonina
Dogs and Cats
Ascaridia-like eggs
Ascaridia galli
Heterakis gallinae
Domestic poultry
Domestic poultry
Trichosomoides-like eggs
Trichosoraoides crassicauda
Anatrichosoma buccalis
Rats
Opossums
Cruzia-like eggs
Cruzia americana
Opossums
Capillaria spp. eggs
(3 or more types)
Capillaria hepatica
Capillaria gastrica
Capillaria spp.
Capillaria spp.
Capillaria spp.
Rats
Rats
Domestic poultry
Wild birds
Wild mammals
(opossums, raccoons,
etc.)
Hymenolepis diminuta eggs
Hymenolepis diminuta
Rats
Hymenolepis nana eggs
Hymenolepis nana
Humans and rodents
Hymenolepis sp. eggs
Hymenolepis spp.
Cposs. more than one
species)
Domestic and/or wild
birds
Taenia sp. eggs
4
Taenia saginata ^
Taenia pisiformis
Hydatigera taeniaeformis
Humans
Cats
Dogs
Acanthocephalan eggs
Macracan thorhynchus
hirudinaceus
Pigs
Entamoeba coli-like cysts
Entamoeba coli^
Entamoeba spp.
Humans
Rodents, etc.
Giardia cysts
Giardia lamblia
Giardia spp.
Humans
Dogs, cats, mammals
Coccidia oocysts
Isospora spp.
Eimeria spp.
Dogs, cats
Domestic and wild
birds, mammals
37
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TABLE 7. (continued)
1 Eggs of A. lumbricoides and A. suum are indistinguishable.
2 Toxocara eggs were probably mostly T. canis.
3. I. si-13 eggs orobably only rarely seen.
4. Igss o: ciase \ oms are indistinguishable.
5. An inc=5 tina1 aroeba that is a commensal, not a parasite.
TABLE 8. NUMBER OF MUNICIPAL PLANTS IN WHICH EGGS OF ASCARIS, TOXOCARA,
TRICHl'RIS TRICHIURA AND TRICHURIS VULPIS WERE FOUND (27 PLANTS STUDIED)
Parasite
Fall1
Winter
Spring
Summer
Entire
Year
Ascaris
17?/253/264
22/25/26
14/26/27
14/25/25
26/27/27
Toxocara
11/22/24
17/27/27
9/24/24
9/23/25
23/27/27
Tnchuris
trichiura
6/10/16
8/12/18
7/10/19
6/10/16
12/15/26
Tnchuris
vulpis
19/21/22
19/23/24
19/23/26
12/24/25
25/26/27
1 Samples from only 26 plants examined in fall.
2 Number of plants in which viable eggs were found in treated sludges.
3 Number of plants in which viable eggs were found in any sludge sample.
4 Number of plants in which viable or non-viable eggs were found in any
sludge sample.
TABLE 9. MISCELLANEOUS PARASITES FOUND IN SLUDGES FROM 27
MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS SAMPLED
Parasite No. Plants in
which found
Toxascaris leonina eggs 2
Ascaridia-like eggs 7
Trichosomoides-like eggs 7
Cruzia-like eggs 1
Capillaria eggs (shells with pits) 7
(continued)
38
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TABLE 9. (continued)
Parasite No. Plants in
which found
Capillaria eggs (shell with striations) 11
Hymenolepis diminuta eggs 23
Hymenolepis nana eggs 6
Taenia sp. eggs 1
Acanthocephalan eggs 1
Entamoeba coli-like cysts 23
Giardia cysts 9
Coccidia oocysts 6
39
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TABLE 10. AVERAGE NUMBER OF ASCARIS, TOXOCARA, TRIC1IURIS TRICIIIURA AND
TRICHURIS VULPIS EGGS FOUND IN PLANTS IN EACH GEOCRAPHIC RECION IN EACJI SEASON
Parasj te Eggs
Geographic Region
(No. of Plants)
Season
Ascaris
Standard
Average Deviation
Toxocara
Standard
Average Deviation
Trichuris
trichiura
Average
S tandard
Deviation
Tr ichuris
vulpis
S tandard
Average Deviation
I
(8)
Fall
Win ter
Spring
Summer
2,100
1,600
1,700
2,700
4,200
3,100
3,400
8,100
800
600
600
500
1,100
600
1,300
1,000
100
100
600
300
300
200
1,100
400
300
100
400
200
500
200
500
500
II
Fall
12,900
16,000
900
1,100
7,000
13,600
1 ,100
1,600
(5)
Winter
12,200
14,000
700
800
4,200
10,400
1,000
1,100
Spring
10,700
11,000
800
1,300
12,300
27,100
1,400
1,100
Summer
7,000
7,000
800
1,700
3,200
4,300
800
1,200
III
Fall
3,500
5,300
900
1,300
100
200
300
600
(5)
Winter
2,900
4,100
1,300
1,000
100
200
700
600
Spring
1,800
3,600
1,000
600
100
300
400
500
Summer
1,600
1,900
900
1,500
100
100
700
800
IV
Fall
3,300
3,700
900
1,300
100
500
200
300
(7)
Winter
6,600
7,300
2,200
1,200
1,100
2,700
1,600
3,100
Spring
5,500
8,200
2,000
1,900
2,800
7,700
1,300
1,600
Summer
11,500
14,400
1,700
2,500
900
2,200
1,000
1,300
1 Plant number 7 excluded.
2 See Figure 2 for description of geographic regions.
3 Average no. eggs/kg dry weight of sludge. Numbers rounded off to nearest 100. Includes viable and
non-viable eggs in primary, secondary or treated sludges.
-------
TABLE 11. AVERAGE NUMBER OF VIABLE EGGS OF ASC.ARIS, TOXOCARA, TRICHURIS TRICHIURA AND
TRICHURIS VULPIS FOUND IN RAW SLUDGES (PklMARY AND SECONDARY) IN PLANTS IN EACH
GEOGRAPHIC REGION IN EACH SEASON1
Parasi te
Geographic Season Ascarls Toxocara Trichurls Tr icliuris
Region^ spp. spp. trichiura vulpis
Standard Standard Standard Standard
Average^Deviatlon Average Deviation Average Deviation Average Deviation
I
Fall
3,600
5,700
1,600
1,000
100
400
400
600
Winter
2,800
4,100
1,100
600
100
300
100
100
Spring
1,800
2,900
1,100
1,800
700
1,100
600
700
Summer
5, LOO
11,300
1,000
1,200
600
500
400
400
II
Fall
7,500
4,600
1,300
1,300
800
1,000
600
700'
Winter
12,800
8,000
1,100
1,000
500
500
1,600
1,500
Spring
10,900
7,200
300
200
3,700
3,300
1,600
1,000
Summer
9,200
5,500
100
100
2,200
4,000
700
600
III
Fall
3,100
5,100
900
1,200
0
0
100
100
Winter
3,200
4,200
1,600
700
0
0
500
400
Spring
3,100
5,100
800
500
0
0
500
500
Summer
2,400
2,500
1,700
2,000
0
0
500
500
IV
Fall
4,400
4,500
600
900
0
0
100
200
Winter
7,800
8,300
3,200
1,300
200
200
900
1,200
Spring
9,400
11,100
2,800
900
5,800
11,300
1,800
2,200
Summer
11,100
13,300
1,300
1, 100
200
400
1,400
1,700
1 Plant No. 7 excluded.
2 See Figure 2 for description of geographic regions/
3 Average number of viable eggs/kg dry weight of sludge. Numbers rounded off to nearest 100.
-------
TABLE 12. AVERAGE NUMBER OF VIABLE EGGS OF ASCARIS, TOXOCARA, TRTCHUR1S TRICI1TURA, AND
TRICHURIS VULPIS FOUND IN TREATED SLUDGES IN PLANTS IN
EACH GEOGRAPHIC REGION IN EACH SEASON1
Parasite
Geographic
Season
Ascaris
Toxocara
Tr i cliuris
Trichur is
Region^
SPP-
S££.
tricliiura
vtilpis
Standard
Standard
S tandard
S tandard
Average^
Deviation
Average
Deviation
Standard
Devia tion
Average
Deviation
I
Fall
600
600
100
100
100
100
200
200
Winter
400
500
100
100
100
100
200
200
Spring
1,700
4,000
100
300
500
1,200
200
200
Summer
200
400
100
100
100
200
100
200
II
Fall
17,200
21,700
700
1,000
11,900
17,200
1,400
2,100
Winter
11,700
18,400
400
500
7,100
13,900
1,000
500
Spring
10,600
14,800
1,200
1,700
19,200
36,400
1,300
1,200
Summer
5,300
8,400
1,300
2,300
4,100
4,800
1,000
1,600
III
Fall
3,800
5,900
1,000
1,600
200
300
600
700
Winter
2,700
4,500
1,100
1,200
200
200
800
700
Spring
600
1,400
200
400
200
400
200
500
Summer
900
1,000
300
500
100
100
800
900
IV
Fall
2,500
3,000
1,200
1,600
300
600
300
300
Winter
5,600
7,100
1,400
2,700
1,900
3,600
2,200
4,100
Spring
2,200
2,600
1,300
2,300
300
400
900
800
Summer
11,100
13,300
2,000
3,300
1,500
2,900
700
800
1 Plant No. 7 excluded.
2 See Figure 2 for description of geographic regions.
3 Average number of viable eggs/kg dry weight of sludge. Numbers rounded off to nearest 100.
-------
As shown in Table 7, eggs identified as Toxocara were in most cases prob-
ably those of T. canis, the dog roundworm. The egg of T. cati. the cat round-
worm, is very similar to that of _T. cams but can be distinguished from the
latter by the size of the pits in the surface layer of the shell when viewed
under high magnification of the compound microscope. Because it would have
been an extremely tedious and time consuming task to have made a specific
identification of every Toxocara egg found, this was not attempted. However,
the impression gained from examining these samples was that most of the
Toxocara eggs found were those of T. canis. A similar situation exists in
the case of the eggs of Trichuris trichiura, the human whipworm, and the eggs
of suis, the swine whipworm, which are difficult to differentiate from
each other. However, the impression was that only a small percentage of the
T. trichiura-like eggs observed were those of T. suis.
Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris trichiura, and T. vulpis were the most
commonly encountered parasites. The occurrence of these parasite eggs in
sludges from the municipal plants sampled is summarized in Table 8. The
eggs of Ascaris, Toxocara and Trichuris vulpis, either viable or non-viable,
were recovered one or more times from each plant studied. Eggs of T. tri-
chiura were found in all but one of the plants. Viable eggs of Ascaris and
Toxocara were recovered at least once from every plant, and viable eggs of
T. vulpis and _T. trichiura were recovered at least once from 26 and 15 plants,
respectively.
In Table 9, the other parasites, viable or non-viable, found in the
sludges are shown. Of these, Hymenolepis diminuta was most frequently found;
its eggs were found in 23 of the 27 plants studied. Viable eggs of H. dimin-
uta were found in primary sludges in 15 plants and in treated sludges in 4
plants. H. diminuta is a tapeworm of rats, and its presence in sludge in 23
plants is an indication of the frequent occurrence of rats in or near sewer-
age systems and treatment plants. Other parasite.eggs that are most likely
to be from a rodent source include the Trichosomoides-like eggs and some of
the Capillaria eggs. Hymenolepis nana eggs could have been from either
humans or rodents.
Of the protozoan cysts found in sludge samples Entamoeba coli-like cysts
were found most frequently. However, in only one sample, activated sludge
from plant 22, did any of these cysts appear to be viable. Since the cysts
of E^. coli are more resistant to environmental conditions than are the cysts
of Entamoeba histolytica, the pathogenic amoeba of humans, it is unlikely that
any cysts of E^. histolytica could, if present, pass through a sewage treat-
ment plant or survive sludge treatment in a viable condition. E. coli-like
cysts were found in samples from 5 plants in the fall, 18 plants in the
winter, and 11 plants in each of the spring and summer collections. None of
the Giardja cysts found in any sample appeared to be viable. Giardia cysts
were found in samples from 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the 27 plants examined in the
fall, winter, spring and summer, respectively.
None of the coccidian oocysts recovered appeared to be those of Toxo-
plasma gondii, the cause of toxoplasmosis in humans. However, the oocysts of
this protozoan are only 10 x 12 micrometers in size so it is possible that
43
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they were present in some samples but were overlooked in the examination.
Tables 10, 11, and 12 present data on the levels of eggs of Ascaris,
Toxocara, Trichuris trichiura, and T. vulpis in plants within each geographic
region as defined in Figure 2. Since the levels of Ascaris eggs in one plant
(number 7) were so very high due to abattoir waste (as explained later), the
data on this plant were not included. It can be seen that the human parasite
Ascaris and T. trichiura, were found in higher numbers during all seasons in
the sewage treatment plants sampled in Regions II and IV as compared to the
plants sampled in Regions I and III. Regions II and IV include the coastal
areas of the five states studied (See Figure 2). Due to the climate of this
region (high humidity and temperature) the potential of human parasite sur-
vival is very possible. The levels of the eggs of Toxocara and T. vulpis,
parasites of dogs (mostly); do not vary much either from one season to an-
other or in the different regions.
The higher density levels of the Ascaris eggs as compared to other
parasites are at least partly due to the higher fertility rate of this worm.
The female of Ascaris may produce over 200,000 eggs each day (24,51),
whereas the female of Trichuris or Toxocara produces only about 10,000 eggs
per day or less.
Densities of Parasites in Sludges
The total number of parasite eggs recovered from sludge samples in all
plants ranged from 0 to more than 230,000 eggs/kg dry weight of sludge, de-
pending on the parasites involved, source of sludge and specific season. The
average number of total parasite eggs present was found to be approximately
14,000/kg dry weight of sludge. The percentage of viable parasite eggs in
each sample ranged from 0% to 100%, but was generally greater than 45%. Even
though the concentration of total parasite eggs fluctuated over a wide range,
observations can be made as to the number of specific parasites which can be
expected for any given sludge as demonstrated in Table 13. Primary and
secondary undigested sludge samples were found to contain, in order of de-
creasing average concentrations: 9,700 Ascaris spp. eggs, 1,200 Toxocara
spp. eggs, 800 T. trichiura eggs, and 600 T. vulpis eggs/kg dry weight of
sample. However, the average numbers of these parasites in stabilized sludge
samples were found to be: 9,600 Ascaris "spp. eggs, 2,600 JT. trichiura eggs,
700 Toxocara spp. eggs, and 700 ^T. vulpis eggs/kg dry weight of sludge sample.
Other parasite eggs and cysts were observed in the sludge samples, but in low
concentration. Quantities of these four most prevelant parasites fluctuated
greatly as illustrated by the fact that the standard deviations of their
densities are greater than the observed averages and the ranges are from zero
to 10 times the average.
It is difficult to compare the levels of helminth eggs found in domestic
sewage sludges in the southern United States to those found in sludges in
foreign countries due to the different procedures used in examining the
sludges and the way the results are reported. In most cases, the reports
from foreign countries, as well as most reported from the United States, give
the number of eggs found per volume of liquid waste (liter, gallon, etc.) or
44
-------
AL
MS
LA
TX
FL
Figure 2. Geographic regions in which muniiipdl
waste treatment plants were studied.
-------
TABLE 13. PARASITE CONCENTRATIONS IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SLUDGE AS
COMPARED TO TREATED SLUDfiE
Parasite Nature of Sludge Number of Viable and Percent Viable
Non-viable Eggs/kd Dry Eggs
Weight of Saipple
2
Average Standard Deviation Range
Ascaris spp.
Primary
and
Secondary
9,700
26,300
200,000 -
0
45
(human and pig
roundworm)
Treated
9,600
27,400
230,000 -
0
69
Trichuris
Primary
and
Secondary
800
2,900
26,000 -
0
50
trichiura (human
whipworm)
Treated
2,600
9,800
84,000 -
0
48
Trichuris vulpis
Primary
and
Secondary
600
1,000
5,700 -
0
90
(dog whipworm)
Treated
700
1,300
10,500 -
0
64
Toxocara spp.
Primary
and
Secondary
1,200
2,300
5,400 -
0
88
(dog and cat
foundworm)
Treated
700
1,500
8,500 -
0
52
1 Primary and Secondary sludges include sludges from primary clarification, Imhoff digestion, activated
sludge, contact stabilization, and extended aeration. Treated sludger include sludges from mesophil-
ic aerobic and anaerobic digestion, vacuum filtration, centrifugation, lagoons and drying beds.
2 Numbers rounded off to nearest 100.
-------
••et weight (g, kg, etc.) and do not give the dry weight or amount of solids
m the samples. However, it appears that the levels of helminth eggs in
ijuthern United States sludges are, in general, lower than those that have
recently been reported from certain foreign countries although the sludges
from a few of the soutaern United States plants had comparable levels.
In 1976, Sadignian e_t _al. (88) reported finding 1,000 to 13,000 ,Ascaris
per gra-" of ra" and 14.000 to 25,000 Ascaris eggs per gram of
processed sludge in the sewage treatment facilities in Isfahan, Iran. They
also found 500 to 1,500 Irichuris eggs per gram of raw sewage. This appears
co be one of the highest levels of helminth eggs ever reported in sewage
sludge.
f t
In municipal wastes of Lodoz, Poland. Gadomska e_t _al. (89), in 1975,
found 428 helminth eggs (Ascaris, Trichuris. Toxocara and Taenia) per kilo-
gram of raw municipal sewage. In Snolensk, U.S.S.R.. Asvin and Lagutina (90),
in 1976, found an average of 5.7 eggs of Ascaris and Trichuris per liter of
raw sewage and 60 eggs per kilogram of sewage sediment.
In Plant Xo. 7. --hich had the highest levels of Ascaris eggs of the
southern United States plants studied in this project, an average of about
1,800 Ascaris eggs per liter was found in primary sludges and an average of
about 45 Ascaris eggs per gram (wet weight) was found in drying bed sludges.
In another southern plant (No. 18), as many as 1,200 Ascaris and 600
Trichuris trichiura eggs per liter of primary sludge and as many as 14 Ascaris
and 10 J_. trichiura eggs per gram (wet weight) of drying bed sludges were
found. Most other United States plants were well below these levels.
The Influence of Abattoirs on Parasite Concentration
Of the plants included in this study only one, plant number 7, was found
to have very high levels of Ascaris eggs in the sludges. Further study of
this plant revealed that there was an abattoir in the community that processed
large numbers of swine and that the wastes from the plant entered the munici-
pal sewer system. In Table 14, the levels of parasite eggs in the sludges
from this plant are compared with 6 plants of similar size from the same geo-
graphic area (Area IV). In the plant receiving abattoir wastes (plant number
7) an average of 81,800 Ascaris eggs/kg dry weight of sludge was recovered
while in the 6 plants receiving little or no abattoir wastes an average of
only 7,900 Ascaris eggs/kg dry weight sludge was recovered. The Ascaris eggs
entering plant number 7 were undoubtedly mostly A. suum eggs that came from
infected swine processed in the abattoir. It is interesting that the level
of the _T. trichiura-llke eggs was nearly the same in each plant. This would
indicate that few if any of these eggs were those of T. suis, the swine
whipworm. Toxocara eggs densities were slightly lower in sludges from plant
number 7 as compared to the other plants; but it is doubtful that this is
significant.
Relationship of Treatment Plant Site to Parasite Concentrations
On the basis of the collected data, there was no correlation between egg
47
-------
TABLE 14. INFLUENCE OF ABATTOIR WASTES ON PARASITE CONCENTRATIONS
IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SLUDGES
Parasite
Eggs
Significant Source
Contribution
Average No. of Viable
and Non-Viable
Eggs/kg Dry Weight of Sludge^
Number of
Plan ts
Ascaris spp.
2
Domestic
7,900
6
(human and pig
3
roundworms)
Abattoir
81,800
I
Trichuris trichiura Domestic
1,500
6
or
Trichuris suis
Abattoir
1,600
1
(human or pig
whipworms)
Toxocara spp.
Domestic
1,800
6
(dog and cat
roundworms)
Abattoir
500
1
1 Numbers rounded off to nearest 100.
2 Domestic plants found in Geographic Area IV.
3 Treatment plant in Geographic Area IV receiving waste from large swine slaughter and packing
houses.
-------
densities and plant size. Even though the smaller plants serving more rural
populations would be expected to have higher densities of parasites in the
sludge, this phenomena was not observed.
Effects of Sludge Treatment Processes on Parasites
The results of this investigation on parasites in southern domestic
sludges indicate tnat, in general, conventional sludge stabilization treatment
processes (e.g., mesophilic anaerobic or aerobic digestion) are not com-
pletely effective in destroying parasite eggs (Table 15 and Figure 3). Drying
beds, however, appear to be very effective in destroying parasites. The
concentration processes of vacuum filtration ana centr\r\'g"tion appear
to remove or destroy eggs but duo to the lou number of samples analyzed,
this effect is somewhat questionable. 0 i
Because these processes only remove
water in a short processing-period, there is little reason to expect them to
significantly reduce the numbers of parasite eggs. In fact, the parasite
eggs densities should increase during the dewatering process. One reason for
lower concentrations may be due to the use of conditioners (inorganic elec-
trolytes) that can bind eggs to sludge particles or destroy them indirectly by
changes in pH, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential, ammonium
levels, etc.
In the field investigation, there was a great deal of data collected on
influent raw sludges and drying bed treated sludges were the only stabili-
zation of these sludges was either aerobic or anaerobic digestion under
ambient or mesophilic temperatures. These results are shown in Table 16.
During winter and fall, parasite inactivation tended to be most
variant. In Figure 4, the reduction in numbers of the four predominant para-
site eggs is plotted with respect to the drying bed process with no differen-
tiation between aerobic and anaerobic stabilization. Except for Toxocara,
the densities of all parasite eggs were reduced to a greater extent in the
summer and the spring than they were in the fall and winter. Figures 5 and 6
indicate the influence of anaerobic and aerobic digestion on drying bed treat-
ment for parasite eggs. A reduction in effectiveness during the winter and
fall was noted with anaerobically digested sludges, yet with aerobically
digested sludges, a seasonal influence was noted only with JT. trichiura.
Although it would appear from these data that the eggs of Trichuris
trichiura and ^T. vulpis are more resistant to sewage treatment processes
than are the eggs of Ascaris and Toxocara, this may not be true. The via-
bility of all eggs in this study was judged on the basis of morphologic
criteria as described in an earlier section. It is possible that this
method is less reliable for determining the state of viability of the eggs
of Trichuris than for Ascaris or Toxocara. If this is true,
then it could affect the results presented here. While good correlation was
obtained between the estimation of the viability of Ascaris eggs by the
method of using morphologic criteria and the method of culturing the eggs as
reported elsewhere in this study, there was no opportunity to compare the two
methods for estimating the viability of Trichuris eggs. Skrjabin
49
-------
TABLE 15. AVERAGE PERCENT REDUCTION OF VIABLE PARASITE
EGGS BY UNIT PROCESSES1
Process
Ascaris
Toxocara
Tr:chuns
Trichuris
irichiura
vu
lpis
Aerobic Digestion
6
9
1
7
Number of Plants
(121)
(167)
100
11
Reduction %
130
82
-
100
Standard Deviation
Anaerobic Digestion
6
3
4
5
Number of Plants
(118)
(36)
(57)
12
Reduction %
109
171
204
105
Standard Deviation
Drying Bed (After
6
8
_
6
Number of Plants
Aerobic Digestion)
75
96
-
77
Reduction %
57
9
-
41
Standard Deviation
Drying Bed (After Anae-
5
4
1
5
Number of Plants
robic Digestion)
97
97
100
93
Reduction %
3
6
-
9
Standard Deviation
Dewatering
Thickening
3
3
-
-
Number of Plants
(110)
6
-
-
Reduction %
222
55
-
-
Standard Deviation
Vacuum Filtration
3
3
1
3
Number of Plants
61
(10)
100
44
Reduction %
27
109
-
79
Standard Deviation
Centrifugation
2
3
1
2
Number of Plants
37
53
100
62
Reduction %
71
67
—
54
Standard Deviation
*( )= Negative reduction, i.e., percent increase
50
-------
100
Aerobic
Digestion
Drying 3ed
After
Aerobic
Digestion
Anaerobic
Digestion
Drying 3ed
Af ter
AcaeroDic
Digestion
Thickening
Vacuum
Filtration
Centnruga-
tion
80
60 ¦¦
40 *•
20 "¦
:>> ' ^
sv-
Jfciii.
¦f:
-20 "•
-40
-60
-80
%
-100 Vj
-120
-140
-160 "
-180
-200
U
9
W
9
O
<\ —
1
I
Figure 3. Average percent reduction of viable parasite eggs
by unit process
(Negative values indicate that densities of para-
sites increased after the process.)
51
-------
TABLE 16. PERCENT REDUCTION OF ''IA3LE PARASITE EGGS BY
TOTAL SLUDGE TREATMENT PROCESSES1
Process
(Period)
Ascaris
Toxocara
T. cncniura
T. vuIdis
Total
67/76/692
91/28/74
39/113/26
44/87/58
Fall
53/101/16
82/39/16
31/87/7
(1)3/135/8
Winter
36/108/17
89/37/22
(26)/196/7
7/103/16
Spring
87/16/13
95/14/19
80/28/6
70/41/18
Summer
84/26/18
98/6/17
93/15/5
74/49/16
Aerobic
70/45/13
90/21/16
(25)/105/4
63/46/11
Fall
97/5/3
69/34/3
(66)/-/1
81/-/1
Winter
34/60/4
98/31/4
(155)/-/1
48/74/2
Spring
82/37/4
88/25/5
54/-/1
63/44/4
Summer
80/29/2
100/0/4
67/-/1
68/54/4
Anaerobic
66/83/55
91/31/55
52/119/21
34/96/43
Fall
49/111/13
83/42/12
48/82/6
(31)/145/6
Winter
37/121/13
86/42/17
(5)/206/6
(7)/113/13
Spring
89/24/14
98/6/14
85/27/5
71/42/13
Summer
84/28/15
97/7/12
100/0/4
74/51/11
1 Aerobic or anaerobic digestion followed by drying beds.
2 Average/standard deviation/number of samples.
3 Numbers in parentheses represent percent increase.
52
-------
100 —
30 -
60-
4 ^scaria
Q T. /ulals
T cnchiura
-20""
-40
Fail Winter Spring
Season
Average
Figure 4. Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs in drying bed
devacered sludges following anaerobic or aerobic stabilisation
as compared to densities in raw sludge versus seasons and
yearly averages.
53
-------
iOO--
Toxocara
60--
crlchlura
O-
~
ZO-
O-
Fall
Wiacar
Spring
Sumer
Average
Season
Figure S. Percenc reduction of viable parasite eggs In drying bed
devatered sludges following aerobic stabilization as compared
Co densities In raw sludges versus seasons and yearly averages.
54
-------
100^
Toxocara
30 "•
Ascaris
60 "
20 -•
a
so
30
*3
J
4
a.
0 -•
z
-I* uidiiuu.
c
0
w
(155)
Fall Winter Spring Suaaer Average
Season
Figure 6. Percent reduction of viable parasite eggs In drying bed
devatered sludges following aerobic stabilization as compared
to densities in raw sludges versus seasons and yearly averages.
55
-------
et al. (91) have reviewed the literature pertaining to the resistance of Tri-
cTnirTs eggs to various environmental conditions. They report that ascarid
eggs are more resistant to most natural conditions than are trichurid eggs,
but that trichurid eggs are more resistant to ultraviolet radiation than are
ascarid eggs. It is particularly interesting that several workers have re-
ported that trichurid eggs are more susceptible to desiccation than are as-
carid eggs (91).
In figures 7, 8, 9 and 10, the percent reduction of the viable eggs of
Toxocara, Ascaris, T. tnchiura and T. vulpis, respectively, after dewatering
or sand drying beds is plotted with respect to the type of sludge stabilization
process. The stabilization processes appear to have little influence on
Toxocara eggs, yet Ascaris eggs seem to be influenced slightly by aerobic
digestion (an increase of approximately 5 percent) Viable T. trichiura eggs
were reduced over 50% following anaerobic digestion but not by aerobic di-
gestion. The reduction of T. vulpis eggs was almost 30% greater following
aerobic digestion than after anaerobic digestion (Figure 10).
Survival of Parasites in Drying Beds
In 1943, Cram (15) reported that Ascaris eggs were not completely in-
activated in sludge drying beds unless the moisture content was less than
five percent. Other researchers commenting on this observation (4,42) have
speculated that the inactivation of Ascaris eggs noted by Cram was primarily
due to desiccation. In the present study, inactivation of viable Ascaris
eggs m sludge drying beds was observed at moisture concentrations well above
5 percent as shown in Figures 11 and 12. The inactivation of Ascaris in
drying beds is probably due to more than desiccation alone. Factors such as
temperature, oxygen content, solar radiation, exposure time, etc., may also
affect survival of the eggs. In the previous section, it was also noted that
the type of sludge stabilization process to which eggs have been subjected
may affect subsequent survival in sludge drying beds.
The influence of moisture content of sludges in drying beds was evalu-
ated by comparing the densities of Ascaris eggs in drying bed-sludges of
different moisture contents to the densities in the raw sludge from the same
plant. These field data, divided into four categories (0-20, 20-40, 40-60,
and >60% moisture content), were statistically analyzed by using a multiple
regression analysis. The only regression curve fit which indicated a statis-
tically significant relationship between moisture content and Ascaris egg
survival was a log-log plot relationship. The results of this analysis are
shown in Table 17 and Figures 11 and 12. In general, these log-log functions
were statistically significant with correlation coefficients ranging from
0.914 to 0.827 for viable Ascaris eggs and 0.768 to 0.753 for the total
Ascaris eggs (viable and non-viable).
The inactivation of viable Ascaris eggs in southern drying bed sludges
was observed to be over 80% at moisture contents of 60%. As shown in Figure
11, the inactivation of Ascaris eggs was observed to increase exponentially
at lower moisture concentrations. The increase inactivation observed at
relatively high moisture levels was probably due to a synergistic effect of
56
-------
0 Total
Q Aerobic
O Anaerobic
100 •-
80 —
Total
Anaerobic
Aerobic
60 "
40 -
20--
-i-
-U.
Fall
Win ter
Spring
Season
Sumner
Average
Figure 7. Percent reduction of viable Taxocara eggs in drying
bed devatered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both
stabilization processes as ecnmared to parasites in raw
sludge versus season and yearly average.
57
-------
local
Aerobic
Anaerobic
100
SO
60
40
20
Average
Summer
Soring
Fall
Season
Figure 8. Percent reduccion of viable Ascarls egg9 In drvlng
bed devatered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or boch
stabilization processes as compared to parasites in raw
sludge versus season and yearlv average.
58
-------
100
30
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
¦60
¦80
Anaerooi
o
Aerobic
(-155)
7a 11 -vi nter Spring Summer Average
Season
Figure 9. Percent reduction of viable T. :rlcnlura eggs la drying
bed acvaccrcd sludges following anaeroolc, aerobic or both
stabilization processes as compared to parasites la raw
sludge versus season and yearly average.
59
-------
LOO
30
Aerobic
To cal
\naerobic
0 "
-20 --
Season
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Average
Season
Figure 10. Percent reduction of viable T. vulols eggs in drying
bed devatered sludges following anaerobic, aerobic or both
stabilization processes as comoared to parasites In raw
sludge versus season and yearly average.
60
-------
I I U'lTc II. Pint o! log tt\ v I ,iU I l A .. .»r J[ . » ,•* i «i • 11 y 111| l>. .1
Anraria efjpn In r*w sludge with r^p.-rr rn nirtKmr.
I) H24
flu l sIIIft < tuili ill
M>7
I ii|* of the raw allium s vluM*. AbwitK M'.tt dtnsilU .
-------
Log of the drving bed'6 total Ascarls egg density
-------
desiccation, temperature, solar radiation, etc. Currently, research is on-
going at Tulane University to quantitate the effects of these various factors
on the survival of helminth eggs in drying bed sludges.
TABLE 17. STATISTICAL DATA ON REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR LOG-LOG PLOTS
ON VIABLE AND TOTAL ASCARIS EGGS COMPARING PARASITE DENSITIES FROM
THE RAW SLUDGE TO FINAL DRYING BED SLUDGES
Ascaris Eggs Moisture Content Function Correlation
(Total or Viable) (Percent) (Log-Log) Coefficients
(r)
Viable
0-20
(1)
y
(2)
-3.89 + 0.662x
0.824
Viable
20-40
y
=
-8.22 + 1.364x
0.824
Viable
40-60
y
=
-7.41 + 1.588x
0.824
Viable
>60
y
=
-2.41 + 1.24x
0.824
Total
0-20
y
-0.94 + 0.425x
0.753
Total
20-40
y
=
-2.79 + 0.925x
0.753
Total
40-60
y
3
-4.56 + 1.372x
0.753
Total
>60
y
=
1.78 + 0.85lx
0.753
Viable
0-15
y
s
-0.623 + 0.265x
0.914
Viable
15-40
y
S3
-3. 173 + 1.455x
0.914
Viable
>40
y
=
1.047 + 0.670x
0.914
Total
0-15
y
s
1.87 - 0.394x
0.768
Total
15-40
y
3
-1.68 + 1.046x
0.768
Total
>40
y
=
-0.98 + 1.176x
0.768
(1)y = Log at parasite egg density in drying bed (//eggs/kg dry wt.).
(2)x = Log at parasite egg density in raw sludge (//eggs/kg dry wt.).
The densities of total Ascaris eggs were found to decrease substantially
when the moisture content of the drying bed sludges was less than 60% (Figure
12). As the moisture content decreased the total number of viable and non-
viable Ascaris eggs also decreased, but the reduction was not exponential as
was noted with only viable Ascaris eggs.
The relationship between viable eggs as a percentage of total eggs of
Ascaris and Toxocara and moisture content in drying beds is shown in Figure
13. Ascaris eggs were found to be more resistant than Toxocara eggs to the
effects of decreasing moisture contents. The 100 percent inactivation of
Ascaris eggs was graphically estimated to be at approximately 23% sludge
moisture content, and for Toxocara eggs at a moisture content of about 35%.
The correlation coefficients were 0.71 and 0.54 for viable Ascaris and Toxo-
cara eggs, respectively. Because of these low correlation coefficients and
the wide scatter in data points at low moisture contents, these estimates
should be taken as an indication of only general trends.
63
-------
100
Percent "oiscure Ccntenc
100
80
60
Slope
40
Percent Moisture Concent
Figure 13. Percentage of viable Toaocara and Ascaris eggs versus percentage
of noiscure content.
64
-------
The viability of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs in drying bed sludges as
related to moisture content was also analyzed for each season of the year.
Table 18 lists for each season the moisture content of sludge drying bed
samples in which no viable Ascaris or Toxocara eggs were observed. The mois-
ture concentrations where the total Ascaris or Toxocara eggs were inactivated
were found to be 5 percent in the fall, 7 percent in the winter, 8 percent
in the spring, and 15 percent in the summer. Only during the summer did
there appear to be any substantial change. The number of drying bed samples
in which both Ascaris and Toxocara eggs were found non-viable followed an
expected trend in regard to season; i.e., 7 samples in the fall, 4 samples
in the winter, 12 samples in the spring, and 14 samples in the summer. In
Figures 14 and 15, the percentages of viable Ascaris and Toxocara eggs,
respectively, recovered from drying bed sludges are plotted against moisture
content by season. These plots were not found statistically significant
and it is probable that many other factors influence the inactivation of
these eggs.
65
-------
TABLE 18. THE INFLUENCE OF DRYING BEDS TO COMPLETELEY INACTIVATE ASCAIUS, TOXOCAKA, OK BOTH EGCS
WITH RESPECT TO SEASON AND MOISTURE CONTENTS.
SEASON NUMBER OF DRYING
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
LOWEST MOISTURE
NUMBER OF SAMPLES
BED SAMPLES
WITH NO VIABLE
WITH VIABLE ECGS
CONTENTS BELOW
WITH NO VIABLE
ANALYZED
EGGS
ABOVE MINIMUM
WHICH NO VIABLE
ECGS AT OR BELOW
MOISTURE CONTENTS
ECGS OBSERVED
LOWEST MOISTURE
CONTENTS
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
24
22
22
21
For Both Ascaris and Toxocara Eg^s
7 17 5%
4 18 7%
12 10 8%
14 7 15Z
1
1
8
8
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Spring
Summer
21
22
22
21
24
22
22
21
Ascaris Eggs Only
7
5
12
14
14
17
10
7
52
7%
8%
15Z
Toxocara Eggs Only
12 12
12 10
17 5
18 3
57,
21%
21%
20%
L
1
8
8
1
J
11
10
-------
^0 -G sO 3G 100
?ercen: Cor^a*.:
2C -1 50 20
'«::i": 'S.s:j:i Cjr;ar;
5;r-.-.g iurrar
ICO
ao
0
j0
100
Fi?ura 14. ?arcentasa of viable ^scarls eggs versus oerceicage
noiscure conteic for eacn season In drying beds
67
-------
CO
30
SO
-0
20
3
¦CO
30
30
iO
20
0
i:c —
10 -0 30 100
Peciant "o'.ic.re Ccn:enc
0.13
Ssri-j
r "0.^4
3 :0 10 30 30 lOO
?erc«ic "oijc-re Cjrca-.c
100 J
.1
¦:0
I
iO
I
:o T
I
o
0.06
1Q -j tO 50 ICO
irte* : Joaie-:
Figure 15. Percentage or viable Toxocara versus percentage
moisture concept for each sea?ots Ln drving beds
68
-------
Mass Balance of Ascaris Eggs Through a Secondary Wastewater Treatment Svstem
One municipal wastewater treatment plant which had high densities of
parasites in the influent raw wastewater due to the contribution of abattoir
wastewater was evaluated for a mass balance of parasite eggs through each of
its major unit processes. Unit operations at the plant consisted of contact
stabilization, aerobic sludge stabilization and sludge drying beds as shown in
Figure 16. Concentrations of Ascaris eggs were highest prior to peak flows
during early morning and late afternoon; whereas general municipal constit-
uents fluctuated as expected (Table 19). A possible explanation of this
phenomena is that the Ascaris eggs originating from the abattoir discharge
settled in the sewage lines until high flows caused suspension and con-
veyance to the treatment plant.
The secondary clarifier was observed to remove 91 to 98% of the Ascaris
eggs in the contact stabilized effluent. As shown in Table 20, 5 to 51
viable Ascaris eggs per liter of effluent were discharged into a receiving
creek. The percent removal of parasite eggs varied with clarifier overflow
rate as illustrated in Figure 17. As the overflow rate increases through the
clarifier, the parasite eggs are scourged along with light solids over the
weir into the final effluent.
The Ascaris eggs removed by secondary clarification are recycled with
the influent sewage in the return sludge, thus effectively concentrating the
eggs in the contact stabilized and reaerated sludge. Therefore, it would
appear that treatment plants utilizing contact stabilization, activated
sludge, or extended aeration, tend to equilibrate the parasite eggs in the
sludges of the treatment plant.
LABORATORY STUDIES
Introduction
The literature and recent research studies indicate that several domes-
tic waste treatment processes are capable of either removing or inactivating
eggs of parasites as shown in Table 3. The effectiveness of these processes
varies considerably depending upon the tyie of waste, climate, parasite, etc.
Laboratory studies on select wastewater sludges were conducted to de-
termine factors involved in the inactivation or the inhibition of parasite
eggs and cysts in sewage sludge. Bench scale results of continuous aerobic
and anaerobic sludge digestion, lime stabilization, ammonification, sonica-
tion, and combinations of the above processes for the destruction of Ascaris
suum and Toxocara canis eggs in sludges are discussed in the following:
Aerobic Digestion
The aerobic digestion experiments were conducted at temperatures of
28°C, 35°C, 45 C, and 55°C at a ten day hydraulic retention time. After the
69
-------
»niP|r<| * m'in jh| |» nnflf ao | Xt[|i h»i tuauiiiMii ojmn -»f j nr>ioop jit ^ | i rni.iq ><; -gj ojhH|i
SiiJil iji 11A Jil
(31V3'": 01 IIMV t'l fi>,")
.<1 I',I 'jriUl ' I I I ''I 1 >
I'iiill I. I'.iiil M
j 111 • ii ri.< u • S7
IJd 1VM11I01II3
1
III III IJJJ
flUI Ll> I'JIII
JI Hi IJ IV
> JJli VI
- Nouvzniflvjs i'jvjiio'j
- MUIIVUJVM .I'JIIIIT»
o
Ill I Jill
-------
TABLE 19. WASTE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLUENT RAW WASTEWATER
FOR PLANT RECETVINC ABATTOIR WASTE
Ascaris Content Chemical Oxygen Suspended Solids Flow Time
(//Viable eggs/1) Demand (mg/1) (mg/1) (MCD) (Hour)
257
416
550
0.9
0800
4
-
350
2.0
1400
29
904
700
2.6
2000
41
248
100
1.0
0200
2,933
64
100
1.6
0800
11
400
50
2.2
1400
176
784
400
2.4
2000
7
672
300
2. 5
0200
-------
TABLE 20. EFFECTIVENESS OF SECONDARY CLARIFICATION TO REMOVE
ASCARIS EGGS FROM WASTEWATER FOR MASS BALANCE STUDY
Influent
(y/ Viable Ascaris
Eggs/liter)
Effluent
('f Viable Ascaris
Eggs/liter)
Removal
(%)
Flow
(MCD)
195
11
94.4
' 2.4
182
8
95.6
2.4
576
51
91.1
2.3
503
_2
-
0.7
207
5
97.6
1.8
331
11
96.7
2.2
299
11
96.3
2.7
1,041
18
98.2
0.8
1 Influent from contact stabilization process.
2 Sample lost.
72
-------
joo
Flow (MHD)
Figure 17. Percent removal of viable Ascarls eggs with respect
to overflow rate by the secondary clarifier.
-------
digesters had attained a steady condition (within two months), known numbers
of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs were added, at one time to the aerobic digesters
and at density levels that would be adequate for subsequent analysis. Raw
secondary sludge (2 liters) was added on a batch basis every other day after
2 liters of sludge was removed from the digester. Each sludge sample was an-
alyzed for density and viability of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs. Since the
Ascaris and Toxocara eggs were spiked into the digester only once, the total
number of eggs in the digesters and the number of eggs per unit volume de-
creased after each sampling.
The problems related to the use of a reliable indicator organism were
discussed in the research methodology section. In the initial aerobic diges-
tion experiments, eggs of Ascaris suum obtained from the uteri of worms were
used, but eggs obtained from the intestinal contents of swine were found to be
more reliable and were used in subsequent experiments. Figures 18, 19, and
20 indicate that the results obtained in experiments using the two types of
eggs are quite different. In experiments using uterus-derived eggs (Figure
18), the recovery of eggs was significantly reduced after two days at 35°C.
However, when eggs from the intestinal contents of swine were used in ex-
periments at 35°C, little or no reduction in their recovery was noted over a
period of ten days (Figure 20). These results may be due to differences in
the environment in the aerobic digesters used in the two experiments, to
differences in the resistance of uterus-derived eggs and eggs from swine in-
testines, or to a problem in recovering uterus-derived eggs by the technique
used for parasite analysis.
As indicated by the literature, temperature has a considerable influence
on the survival of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs. Figure 20 indicates that As-
caris eggs from the intestinal contents of swine are not affected by tempera-
tures up to 35°C, but at 45°C or 55°C, there appears to be an effective die-
off within two days or less. At 35°C, the density of viable Toxocara eggs
decreased 92.1 percent (standard deviation = 7.56), while at 45°C, which was
effective in killing Ascaris eggs, the reduction of viable Toxocara eggs was
only 68.4 percent (standard deviation = 10.85).
Inactivation of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs in the aerobic digesters oc-
curred mostly during the first two days. There was little, if any, additional
inactivation observed after this time.
As noted in Figures 18, 19 and 20, aerobic digestion in continuous di-
gesters (retention time 10 days) at ambient temperatures appeared to be in-
effective in reducing the number of viable eggs of Ascaris. During the batch
digestion experiment, however, a 96 percent reduction in viable Ascaris eggs
was observed after 20 days (69 percent after 10 days) as shown in Table 21.
An explanation for this difference is that an increased digestion time re-
sults in a reduction of the carbon source which in turn will alter the micro-
bial population.
Anaerobic Digestion
The anaerobic digestion experiments were conducted at temperatures of
35°C, 45°C, and 55°C with a fifteen day hydraulic retention time. The anaero-
74'
-------
Ascans Eggs
Percent
Reduction
50 |_ /•'
Viable
¦0
A - 55°c Aerobic Digester
| | - 45°C Aerobic Digester
o
35 C Aerobic Digester
7 8
10
Days
Figure 18. Effects of aerobic digestion on Ascaris eggs
(from the uteri of worms).
75
-------
Toxocara Eggs
Reduction
Viable
-a-
o
~
¦&
~
A - 55°C Aerobic Digester
|"~] - 45°C Aerobic Digester
Q - 35°C Aerobic Digester
10
Days
Figure 19. Effects of aerobic digestion on Toxocara eggs
(from dog feces).
76
-------
Ascaris Eggs
Reduction 60
Viable
A - 55°C
~ -
45 C
O " 35°C
o-
28C
-s-
-0
O
-0—j—0 * o
10
Days
Figure 20. Effects of aerobic digestion on Ascaris eggs
(from the small intestinal contents of swine).
77
-------
bic digesters required three months to obtain a steady state or equilibrium
condition. After this period, known quantities of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs
were added at one time so that the parasite densities in the sludge would be
adequate for parasite analysis. Raw secondary sludge (1*5 liters) was added
every two days after 1*5 liters of digested sludge had been removed. After the
sludge had been spiked with parasites, samples of digested sludge were re-
moved after 20 minutes, 2 days, 6 days, 10 days and 15 days and were analyzed
for the density and viability of the Ascaris and Toxocara eggs. Since the
Ascaris and Toxocara eggs were added only once, the total number of eggs in
the digester and the number per unit volume decreased after each sampling.
As shown in Figure 21, anaerobic digestion had similar effects on Ascaris
and Toxocara eggs. At 35 C, the viability of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs de-
creased linearly by approximately 30 to 40 percent over a 15 day period; yet
at 45°C, the viability of Ascaris and Toxocara eggs decreased to 60 and 100
percent, respectively, within 20 minutes, with complete mactivation of Ascaris
eggs occurring within two days (Table 22). At 55°C, both Ascaris and Toxocara
eggs were inactivated within 20 minutes.
TABLE 21. BATCH AEROBIC DIGESTION OF RAW PRIMARY
SLUDGE SPIKED WITH ASCARIS EGGS (AT 28°)
Time
Number of Viable
Ascaris Eggs/50 ml
Percent Reduction of
Viable Ascari's Eggs
1 hour
48
-
5 days
51
0
10 days
15
69
15 days
10
79
20 days
2
96
TABLE 22. INFLUENCE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AT 35°C, 45°C,
AND 55°C ON THE VIABILITY OF ASCARIS AND TOXOCARA EGGS IN
RAW SECONDARY SLUDGE OVER A FIFTEEN-DAY PERIOD
Time Percent Nott-Viable
Ascaris Eggs Toxocara Eggs
35°C 45°C 55°C 35°C 45°C 55°C
0 60 100 0 100 100
5 100 100 0 100 100
30 100 100 18 100 100
(continued)
20 min.
2 days
6 days
78
-------
Percent Reduction of Viable Eggs
-------
TABLE 22. (continued)
Time
Percent Non-
¦Viable
Ascaris
Eggs
Toxocara
Ferae
35°C
45°C
55°C
35°C
45°C
e-°r
53 C
10 days
13
100
100
29
100
100
15 days
42
100
100
34
100
100
Lime Stabilization
Since lime stabilization has been successful in the inactivaticn of
bacterial and viral pathogens, the potential of lime stabilization for de-
stroying parasites was investigated. Raw primary sludge, sludge aerobically-
digested at 28°C and sludge aerobically-digested at 35°C were used in these
laboratory studies. Lime was added to each type of sludge at dosages of 0,
100, 1000, and 3000 milligrams of calcium hydroxide per gram of suspended
solids and samples of these sludges were then maintained under aerobic and
anerobic conditions for 20 days.
The effects of lime stabilization on Ascaris eggs in raw primary sludge
maintained under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature (about 28°C) are
shown in Table 23 and Figure 22. In this experiment in which the Ascaris
eggs used were from the intestinal contents of swine, the recovery of viable
eggs decreased 80% in 5 days and 100% in 10 days when 1000 mg lime/gm dried
sludge solids were added to raw primary sludge under aerobic conditions, and
92% in 5 days and 100% in 10 days when 3000 mg lime/g dried sludge solids
were added (Table 23).. No significant effect was noted when 100 mg lime/g
dried sludge solids were added.
The effects of lime stabilization on aerobically digested sludges at 28
and 35°C were examined under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions at ambient
temperature (28°C) for 20 days. The results of the studies are shown in
Table 24. In the 28°C aerobically-digested sludge, as shown in Figure 23,
the viability of Ascaris eggs was reduced 100% within 20 days under anaerobic
conditions when 100 mg of lime per gram of dry sludge solids was added. Under
aerobic conditions with the same lime dosage there was no reduction in the
viability of Ascaris eggs. This difference at the low lime dosages (100 mg
of lime or less) is probably due to the increased bioactivity in the aerobic
environment. At higher dosages (1000 mg or greater), the influence of lime
on the viability of Ascaris eggs was more noticeable under aerobic conditions
within the first hour.
80
-------
TABLE 23. EFFECTS OF LIME STABILIZATION ON ASCARIS EGGS FROM THE INTESTINAL
CONTENTS OF SWINE IN PRIMARY SLUDGE UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS.
Time % Reduction of Viable
Ascaris Eggs*
No Lime Dosage
1
hour
_
5
days
0
10
days
69
15
days
79
20
days
96
100 mg of Lime (Ca(0H)„) Per Gram,Susp. Solids
1
hour
5
days
11
10
days
51
15
days
-
20
days
-
1000 mg of Lime (Ca(0H)o) Per Gram Susp. Solids
1
hour
5
days
80
10
days
100
15
days
100
20
days
100
3000 mg of Lime Ca(0H)o) Per Gram Susp. Solids
1
hour
5
days
92
10
days
100
15
days
100
20
days
100
¦'¦Percent Reduction = Percent of viable eggs noted to be reduced from the
number of viable eggs found after one hour operation.
81
-------
A No Lime Dosage
100 m;: Ca(OH)?
O
~
o
g sludge suspended solids
1.000 mg Ca(OH)?
£ sludge susDended solids
3,000 mg Ca(OK)9
g sludge suspended solids
Percent
Reduction
of
Viable
Eggs
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
4.8 12
Tine (Days)
Figure 22. Effect of lime stabilization on Ascaris eggs (from the small
intestines). Raw primary sludge was limed, and then maintained
under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature.
82
-------
TABLE 24. EFFECTS OF LIME STABILIZATION ON ASCARIS EGGS (FROM INTESTINAL
CONTENTS OF SWINE) ADDED TO SLUDGES (AEROBICALLY DIGESTED AT 28°C OR 35°C)
AND THEN MAINTAINED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES UNDER EITHER ANAEROBIC OR
AEROBIC CONDITIONS AFTER LIME ADDITION
(DATA PRESENTED IN PERCENT REDUCTION IN VIABLE ASCARIS EGGS.)1
28°C Aerobically 35°C Aerobically
Digested Sludge Limed Digested Sludge Limed
Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic
Time Conditions Conditions Conditions Conditions
No Lime Dosage
2
1
hour
-
-
-
—
5
days
61
26
38
39
10
days
0
0
0
0
15
days
0
0
41
29
20
days
42
0
28
6
100 i
mg of '
Lime
(.Ca(OH)2) Per Gram Susp.
Solids
1
hour
—
_
_
5
days
0
52
44
0
10
days
0
86
8
0
15
days
0
0
0
0
20
days
0
100
77
0
1000
mg of
Lime
(Ca(0H)2) per Gram
Susp
. Solids 3
1
hour
89
100
«
5
days
93
100
100
26
10
days
71
60
100
37
15
days
0
0
92
0
20
days
100
87
98
0
3000
mg of
Lime
(CaCOH) 2) Per Gram Susp
. Solids3
1
hour
100
98
—
5
days
100
96
100
93
10
days
100
93
100
98
15
days
100
32
100
9
20
days
100
93
100
0
1 Ascaris eggs were added to primary sLudge prior to aerobic digestion at 28 °C
or 35 °C.
2 Percent reduction = Percent of viable eggs noted to be reduced from the number
of viable eggs found at one hour operation.
3 Percent Reduction = Percent of viable eggs noted to be reduced from the one
hour reading from the non-limed sample.
83
-------
Percent Reduction of Viable Eggs
-------
In the case of the 35°C aerobically-digested sludge (as shown in Figure
24), there was no apparent effect of lime on the viability of Ascaris eggs
at dosages up to 3000 mg of line per gram of dry sludge solids under anaerobic
conditions in the period of 20 days. However, under aerobic conditions, a
98% reduction of viable Ascaris eggs was observed within one hour at dosages
greater than 1000 mg of lime per gram of dry sludge solids, but only 77%
reduction of the viable eggs were observed at a dosage of 100 mg lime per
gram of dry sludge solids after 20 days. The explanation of these differences
is not apparent.
Ammonia Treatment
The effects of ammonia on Ascaris and Toxocara eggs added to sludge
that had been aerobically digested at 28 and 35°C and to sludge that had
been anaerobically digested at 35°C was studied under anaerobic conditions
at dosages of 0, 50, 500, and 5000 milligrams of ammonium sulfate (Nl^^SO^)
per gram of suspended solids. In order to keep all of the ammonium in the
non-charged ammonia form, the pH was maintained greater than 12. Experiments
were conducted over a period of 5 days for the anaerobically digested
sludge to which sodium hydroxide had been added to maintain a pH of 12 and
over a period of 15 days for aerobically digested sludge to which 3000
milligrams of lime (Ca (OH^) per gram of suspended solids had been added.
All flasks to which ammonium was added, were kept tightly closed to prevent
the volatilization and release of ammonia.
As noted in Figure 25 and Table 25, an appreciable reduction in the
recovery of viable Ascaris eggs was observed within five to 20 days for
the 28°C- and 35°C-aerobically-digested sludges dosed with ammonium sulfate
and lime. Even the control which had lime but no ammonia, the recovery of
the viable Ascaris eggs dropped by over 95% within 5 days. It is speculated
this inactivation was due to the free ammonia (endogenous free NU3). During
preliminary studies, the potential for the inactivation of parasite eggs
at a free ammonia concentration at 25 mg/1 was observed. In anaerobic
digestion, 25 mg/1 of ammonia has been found to inactivate anaerobic digestion
because the sensitive microbial system is altered. Another interesting
observation was the greater recovery of Ascaris eggs in the 35°C-aerobically-
digested sludge than in the 28°C-aerobically-digested sludge at dosages of
50 and 500 milligrams of ammonium sulfate per gram suspended solids. An
explanation of these differences is not apparent.
The results on the application of sodium hydroxide and ammonia to
anaerobically digested sludge under mesophilic conditions is reported in
Table 25. There was no reduction of viable Ascaris or Toxocara eggs in any
of the experiments. This may be due to the fact that the free ammonia
concentrations were not near the 5% concentrations reported to be necessary
to inactivate Ascaris eggs in anaerobic sludges by various Russian researchers
(39,76). Currently, the proper dosages of ammonia and a base for addition to
85
-------
n t Y> C
Milligrams of Lime Per (»r«im of Sus|>«*iuU'd Solids
O - 100 ~ - ,0,)0
o-
1000
Aerobic Conditions at Ambient i»mprr.t_Uires
Co
100
x>
<0
~1
>
Days
Aiuiei oh 11 C I i.itw tin* vm,i I I
intestinal contents of t,wine) In .loroblodlly dl}>t»si«d sludge «ti IS C umlrr acruhic
.ind 4jiujerobl< environments
-------
Mi 1 I l^ruoib of Ammonium Sulfate I'rr < r.im of Suspended Sol UN
£ - 0 <^> - 50 ~ - 500 Q - SOItO
ol 2H C
,n IS I
100
90
SO
o
R}
70
70
V 60
60
o
c
o
•H
50
JO
to
10
Figure 25. Kffecl* ot mmaonia on the vldblllty of .n lj, (fi«>ni the >n»«i I I
LontontB of uwlnu) In lime-stub 11 i zed dcroh Ii.i I I y-»l i j;i -,icd sIhiIj;* ,ii 2U°( unJ
under unacroliU i oml I I Ion-* lt.ii I I ciii|>L*r.il hi u (1000 iuj* ol lime (lii(OII),)
per gr
-------
TABLE 25. EFFECT OF AMMONIA ON ASCARIS EGGS (FROM THE SMALL INTESTINAL
CONTENTS OF SWINE) AND TOXOCARA EGGS IN 28°COR35°C LIME-STABILIZED
AEROBICALLY-DIGESTED SLUDGE (3000 mg LIME (Ca(0H)2) PER GRAM SUSPENDED
SOLIDS UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS AND IN 35°C ANAEROBICALLY-DIGESTED
SLUDGE (HELD AT pH 12 WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS)
AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURES 1
Time Lime Stabilized Aerobically
Digested Sludge2
at 28°C at 35°C
Ascaris Eggs Ascaris Eggs
Caustic Stabilized Anaerobically
Digested Sludge at 35°C.^
Ascaris Eggs
Toxocara Eggs
No Ammonia Dosage1*
1 hour - - -
5 days 96 96 0 0
10 days 93 99 -
15 days 100 51 -
50 mg of Ammonium Sulfate Per Gram Susp. Solids
1 hour - -
5 days 90 73 0 31
10 days 99 98 - -
15 days 100 100 - -
500 mg of Ammonium Sulfate Per Gram Susp. Solids
1 hour - - - -
5 days 98 54 0 0
10 days 100 100
15 days 100 100 - -
5000 mg of Ammonium Sulfate Per Gram Susp. Solids
1 hour - - -
5 days 100 100 0 0
10 days 100 100
15 days 100 100 - -
Percent reduction = Percent of viable eggs noted to be reduced from number
of viable eggs found at one hour operation.
2pH held with 3000 mg of lime per gram suspended solids.
^pH held to 12 with sodium hydroxide.
^25 mg/1 of free ammonia.
88
-------
anaerobically-digested sludges is being restudied so that the above phenomena
can be better understood.
L'l trasonication
Preliminary studies were conducted to determine the inactivation effec-
tiveness of ultrasonication on Ascaris and Toxocara eggs. The test samples
consisted of a suspension of approximately 10,000 eggs of the respective
parasite in 100 ml of water, each placed in a 150 ml beaker. These samples
were then exposed to various ultrasonic frequencies (kHz), intensities
(wattage),and times of exposures.
The results of this preliminary study are presented in Tables 20 and 27,
Table 26 shows that Ascaris eggs did not appear to be affected. Toxocara
eggs, however, appeared to be significantly affected at 49 kHz and 26 watts
with a 9 minute exposure and at 64 kHz and 74 watts with a 6 minute exposure.
Thus, parasite egg inactivation by ultrasonication is a function of the type
of parasite, ultrasonic frequency, minimum intensity and time of exposure.
Table 27 indicates that an optimum intensity is required for the destruction
of Toxocara eggs with the effectiveness of treatment dropping as the frequency
decreases below 30 kHz and increases above 64 kHz. Again, the effect of
ultrasonics on Ascaris eggs was negligible at all values of ultrasonic fre-
quencies and intensities attempted. With an increase in intensity, the de-
struction of Ascaris eggs may be possible, but this hypothesis still requires
study.
89
-------
TABIt 26 .
Sonic Frequency Intensity Exposure Tine Volume Exposed Toxocara Eggs A:*i*url& Eggs
(Ulz) (uattd) (tain) (nil)
49
26
3
100
No bffcct
No tffect
49
26
6
100
No Effect
No hi feet
49
26
9
100
IteSil Hi t 1 OH
No Ef feet
49
26
12
100
1
No tffect
49
26
J
50
-
No Lflect
16
96
3
100
Ho I-f 111 I
-
16
96
6
100
No EFfecL
-
36
96
9
too
No Effect
-
21
3
100
No Effect
-
21
74
6
100
No bffti t
-
21
74
9
100
No Lffuct
-
21
74
1
50
No Effect
-
64
74
3
140
No Effuct
-
64
74
3
140
No Eflc t
-
64
74
6
140
Destruction
-
64
74
9
140
-
-
64
17
1
100
No Effect
-
60
49
1
100
Nu Effect
-
1 - - Not Punu
-------
TABIE 27. THP EFFfcH Oh lll'IKASONICS ON lilt VI AIM I ITY 01 ASIAKIK ANH TOVOCAKA
AS OETERMINEn BY flll.TIIK I N(. 'I K'llNlQULs.
_
Sonic Exposure Exposure loxocjr.i' I'eireut Asi urln ''Lri.enl
boniple Fi cquency Intensity 1loiL- Volume (ZVlflUU) Kuiliic C Ion (Z~V fable) Ki iIiil i I hi
(kllz) (wji t <) (ml 11.) (ml )
Control
-
-
-
94.0
-
90.0
-
1
49
.•6
3 100
0.5
99.5
¦)b.O
(6 n
I
4 9
14
1 100
1.0
99.0
/I 0
21.1
3
49
5
3 100
1.0
99.0
90.0
0.0
4
36
96
3 100
2 .0
98.0
96.0
(6.7)
5
3b
32
3 100
0.3
99.7
94.0
(4.4)
6
36
10
3 100
1.0
99.0
95.0
(5.6)
7
21
74
3 100
47.0
50.0
94.0
(4 4)
8
21
26
3 100
47.0
50.0
91.0
(1.1)
9
21
11
3 100
77 0
18.1
92.0
(J. 2)
10
64
74
3 140
0. •>
99.5
93.0
(J.J)
11
64
17
1 100
12.0
87.2
67 0
3 3
12
68
49
1 100
17.0
81.9
91.0
(l.l)
'viability ihiirmjneil by prc^tnce or al»t»cnce ul larva In oj*y after 3-4 w* ckj In culture
( ) - iiL'Hiiilve |»eic<*nl.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Carroll, T.E., D.L. Maase, J.M. Genco, and C.N. Ifeadi. Review of Land-
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98
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
PROCEDURE FOR PARASITOLOGIC EXAMINATION OF WASTE SLUDGES
Reagents
1. 1% soln (v/v) of "7X", an anionic detergent
i 2. ZnSO^ soln; specific gravity 1.20, adjusted with hydrometer
3.' Alcohol - Acid Soln; 35% Ethyl Alcohol + 0.27% H2S04(v/v)
4. Ether - Anhydrous
5. Siliclad (Clay Adams), for coating glassware with silicone
Materials
1. Beakers, 1000 ml., tall form, Berselius, Pyrex
2. Beakers, 1000 ml., low form, Kimax
3. Sieves, 7 in., gauges 10, 20, 50, 100, and 150
4. Funnels, powder filling, 150 mm, Nalgene
5. Applicator sticks, wooden
6. Centrifuge tubes, conical, polypropylene, 50 ml
7. Centrifuge tubes, conical, Pyrex, 15 ml
8. Pipettes, Pasteur, disposable, 5 3/4 in
9. Microscope slides, 3x2 in
10. Cover glasses, 22x30, 24x40, 24x50 mm
11. Wash bottles, plastic, 500 ml and 1000 ml
12. Aspirator carboys, 8 1, Nalgene
13. Aspirator, bottles, 4 1, Nalgene
99
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Equipment
1. Centrifuge, IEC, with head and cups for 50 ml tubes
2. Centrifuge, Clinical model, with head for 15 ml conical tubes
3. Magnetic Stirrer
4. Ultrasonic cleaner, 11VX5VX6"
5. Microscope, Compound, A.O.
6. Balance, Double Beam, Harvard
Procedure
A. Thickened Sludges
1. Place measured volume of sample (50 to 100 ml depending on amount of
solids) in 1000 ml low form beaker.
2. Add about 250-300 ml of 1% soln of "7X" and mix for at least 5 min.
on magnetic stirrer.
3. Strain homogenized sample through the following series of sieves; 10,
20, 50, 100 and 150. One or more sieves placed on funnel over an-
other 1000 ml beaker and sample washed through each sieve with aid
of stream from a wash bottle containing 1% "7X".
4. After sample has been passed through the sieves, it Is placed in a
1000 ml beaker, tall form, and allowed to settle for at least one
hour.
5. Supernatant is decanted and discarded and sediment is placed in 1
(more if necessary) 50 ml centrifuge tube.
6. Sample is centrifuged at 2000 rpm for at least 5 min. and super-
natant poured off.
7. Sediment is resuspended in tap water and centrifugation and decanta-
tion as in step 6 is repeated.
8. If packed volume of sediment is 7-8 ml or less, proceed as below; if
volume is more than this, the sediment should be resuspended in tap
water evenly divided between 2 tubes, and centrifuged as above.
9. Add ZnSO.soln to packed sediment, mix thoroughly with applicator
sticks, Increase volume to 50 ml and centrifuge at 2000 rpm for
3-5 min.
10. After centrifuge has come to a full stop and soln in tubes has
100
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stopped swirling, pour top 30 to 40 ml of supernatant into a 400 ml
beaker. During pouring off of supernatant, rotate tube in order to
allow all of material floating on surface to be poured off with
supernatant.
LI. Dilute poured off supernatant to about 250 ml with tap water.
12. Place diluted supernatant in 6 or more 50 ml tubes and centrifuge at
2000 rpm for 2 min.
13. Discard supernatant by pouring off and transfer sediment to one or
more 15 ml centrifuge tubes, using stream of tap water from a wash
bottle to completely wash all of sediment from each tube. Fill to
near top with tap water.
14. Centrifuge at full speed in Clinical Centrifuge for 2 min., discard
supernatant. If more than one tube is used combine sediment into
one tube unless combined sediment would exceed 1.5 ml.
15. Add 10 ml of alcohol-acid soln to sediment (packed sediment should
not exceed 1.5 ml, if so, divide sediment into 2 or more tubes), and
mix thoroughly with applicator stick.
16. Immediately add 3 ml of ether, place rubber stopper in tube, and mix
by shaking vigorously for 15 sec.
17. Remove stopper and centrifuge for 2 min. at full speed.
18. Use applicator stick to loosen (from the inner surface of the tube)
the plug that is formed at interface of ether and alcohol-acid
solutions, and pour off entire sediment and plug.
19. Transfer sediment to one or more slides, cover with appropriate size
of cover glass and examine under at least 100X magnification of
compound microscope.
20. Count each type of helminth egg and note whether eggs appear to be
viable or whether they appear to be dead (non-viable). Note
presence of protozoan cysts, if any, and indicate type.
21. For reporting, convert counts to number of organisms per gram or
kilogram of dry weight.
B. Dried Sludges (i.e., from drying beds or dewatering units)
1. Weigh out a sample of 30 gm and place in a 1000 ml low form beaker
and add about 300 ml of tap water.
2. Place sample in blender and blend until thoroughly homogenized;
transfer to 1000 ml beaker and add tap water until volume is about
900 ml.
101
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3. Allow to stand overnight.
4. The next day, decant and reblend sediment as in step 2; allow to
settle 1 hr or more.
5. Decant and add 1% "7X" until beaker is nearly full.
6. Allow to settle for 1 hr or more.
7. Decant, add 200-300 ml of "7X", and place on a magnetic stirrer (use
2 in. stirring bar in beaker) for 5 min.
8. Add 1% "7X" until beaker is nearly full and allow to settle for 1 hr
or more.
9. Decant and pass sediment through series of sieves as in A3 (above)
and follow procedure given in A4 through A21.
C. Dilute Sludges (i.e., sludges with low solid content)
1. Place measured amount of sample in 1000 ml beaker and allow to
settle for at least 1 hr. Amount used initially to depend on amount
of solids and in the case of very dilute samples more than 1000 ml
of sample may need to be sedimented.
2. Decant supernatant and proceed as with A3 to A21 above.
GENERAL COMMENTS
After each use sieves are washed thoroughly and placed in an ultrasonic
cleaner containing appropriate detergent for at least 10 minutes.
In sediments from some anaerobic sludges, the eggs of helminths are
darkly stained and difficult to identify when examined microscopically.
In such cases, they are bleached slightly by treating with 2% dilution of
commercial bleach (Clorox) for a few minutes then washed again in water be-
fore examination.
Glassware should be coated with silicone at appropriate intervals.
102
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lAbl.E A-1. NIIMUEK OP fcCCS RECOVERED PROM SAIII'LLS Of ANAl KOISU Al I Y UU.IMII) 1111 ( KI NI I > M IUK.I
wiih uk wniiuirr ascahis u.i.s addld1
I'arus 1 tea
Ascarla
Toxocara
Controls
25 inl Sample
II
T. trlclilura
U>
II. iilmlnuta
I?
50 ml Saa|)lti
#1
12
500 untied.
(-25 egf»a/50ml)
50 ml Sample
soon . . >•-./» a.UK <1
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(SOZ) '
62
16
<46Z)
21 ml Sijmp U
(-121 i gtjb tuM<_d )
# 1
81)
(62Z>
66
(50Z)
) 3
71
(W)
Ml in | S !||||I 1t
(=2111 ml .1)
I I
I 83
(72Z)
111
(5'JZ)
0 I
I /H
1 Samples examined 3 wks after Asearls eggs were uddod to experimental flasks con Lai it I nj; tliltkcnud
unaerubic sludge control and experimental flasks oiiiliitjluud at K1 .
2 Approximate percent recovery of Asearls eggs added.
-------
JAUI.k A-2 . NIIMHHR OF ECCS KECOVKKtl) FKOM SAHHLtS (100 Ml EACH) OF ANAI K0I1K Al I V l> I (.1 I I.I)
SI. I OH, I. MI'lll OK Wli'llOlU (CONIKOLb) ASlAKIb k.U,b AUDI.I)1
O
Controls
200
Ab< .ir 11.
ejjgb/|0() ml
. nlded
At
At
Al
Ave
Start
At
End J
StarL
At
1 nd 1
1 nd
Z
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
9
Ave.
Anciiria
V
20
16
26
12
84
33
J4
29
32
39
28
52
26
52
15. 1
NV
5
4
2
5
12
8
U
4
16
10
9
9
I2Z
I'oxocara
V
8
1
1
2
12
5
0
3
0
1
3
1
4
2
NV
5
7
7
8
9
9
6
9
9
13
15
15
1. t rlchlura V
8
1
2
S
13
7
3
5
0
5
I
i
2
1
NV
1
0
0
3
1
4
2
4
0
1
0
0
T. vulpls
V
3
2
3
I
U
2
3
1
A
5
1
0
3
2
NV
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1)
0
0
0
T. dlmlnuta
V
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NV
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
I
2
3
Aacarla eggs added on 17 Feb. 1978 to Anaerobic sludge
Sampler taken une day after etjga were added to experliuenla 1 flasks.
Samples taken 2b days after egga were added ro experimental flunks.
-------
1AIILE A-3. NUMHLK OP LCCS Kl COVfcKtU FKOM SAHI'LI.S ( IttO Mi I.AUI) 1)1 Al UOli ILAI I V lll(.lblll)
Sim*.i uuii ok wnnuirr (con-ikiii.s) asiakis aimhij1
Coiitiola
200
A-ic ar I ^
et-'Ht.
/111*) ml
.uUlod
At
Al
At
blare
At
(2nd 3
Start
At 1 lid J
I1 ltd
Ave X
I
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
b
7
rt
9
II)
A vt..
cove i y
Aacar1b
V
7
14
12
6
24
28
28
29
4 2
38
18
43
IH
/.J
NV
0
1
1
1
0
4
5
2
4
1
7
1
1
5
2
J6 7
nz
Tuxocuiu
V
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
2
NV
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
T. trIch1nra V
0
3
1
2
0
3
2
3
2
>
1
2
1
3
NV
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
f)
1
f. Vlll|>lu
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
1
NV
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
0
0
0
I Aacai 13 egg£ added on 17 Feb. 1978 to Aerobic Sludf;e
I Samples t.ikeu out: day after egga uurc added to cxperlmuiituI fl.it.ks
J Samples taken 25 days after eftgu were added to experimental Clucks
-------
APPENDIX B
RLSULTS OP Kltl.D INVhSl J OA I ION
1AIII E U'l. FALL (NOVKMBfcR & UECbHBKR, 1977) b.XAMlNA'1 ION KOR I'AHAbllKS IN SI IIIHJI'.S PROM HIJNICU'AJ. TRLAINLNl'
PLANTS OK THE SOUTHERN IfNl TLI) bl'ATLS
Plunt-Slte Actual Si^e A scar la T. trichiur II, dlmJnoM
Sample Examined v nv v nv v nv v nv v iwj
grams dry weight eggs/Kg^ eggs/Kg eggc/Kg egg^/Kg eggs/Kg
1.
1° Slud^t!
5.0
10,000
0
1.B00
0
0
0
800
0
1,200
200
Anaerobic Digester
3.0
12,000
3,400
400
0
1 ,400
600
0
1,000
0
600
Drying Bed
9.1
1,500
l.SOO
0
7/0
110
330
0
440
0
J JO
2.
Anaerobic Digester
6.4
500
300
0
0
160
0
310
0
0
4/0
Drying Bed
7.2
1,800
1,700
0
0
280
410
700
2,400
0
1 , JUO
3.
Aerobic Dlgebttsr '
1.4
7,700
0
0
0
700
0
3.50(1
0
0
II
4.
Anaerobic Digebter
2.5
1,200
8.200
0
41111
1,300
0
W
1,4O0
11
KJIi
Drying Bed
SAMPLE
LOST
5.
1° Sludge
SAMPLE
LOST
Drying Bed
(Drying bed bample
was supernatant from digebLir,
, thus
not |ilicjble)
6.
Activated Sludge '
0.9
4.300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Drying bed
16.6
0
200
0
V
0
0
0
0
It
0
7.
Activated Sludge ®
7.2
18,000
700
560
0
0
140
84 0
0
(1
140
Drying Bed
5.4
220.000
10,000
•J 30
3,300
yjo
0
560
) , JOO
1)
J/I)
(loiiI i mini)
-------
I
FlanC-Slte Actual Size ur Ih
Sample Examined v nv
a raws dry vd^la cgga/K^Z
8. 1° Sludge
Drying Hud
5.0
22.3
7,800
0
1
1
I
1
C CI
9 1° Sludge
AnueioUlc Digester
16.6
5.8
1,900
7,200
60
500
10. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
3 2
8.9
950
2,300
0
1,200
11. 1° Sludge
Drying Bud
1.1
23.4
2,700
40
0
260
12. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
U&T IN
WRECK
13. Activated Sludge'
Aerobic Digester!
0.7
1.2
0
800
0
2,500
14. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
15. 1° Sludge
1 Anaerobic Digester
2.2
1.1
56,000
3,700
1,400
0
16. Rjw Influent'
Drying Bed
0.9
14.3
12,000
4,400
0
11,000
17. Aerobic Digester'
Lagoon
0.7
4.8
29,000
2,300
4,400
15,000
IB. AcLlvated Sludge'
Drying bed
6.8
8.0
10,000
35,000
0
16,000
19. Raw Influent'
Anaerobic Dlgeoter
l.l
10.1
8,000
20,000
1.800
6,000
t B-l. (continued)
T. trlchiura
v nv
eRg<./Kfc
0 (I
O (I
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 110
U 0
0 0
1. Villpls
V 11V
400 ~_o
50 o
0 60
0 O
310 0
1,100 O
0 0
130 O
v nv
MOO 200
mi y<>
120 o
690 0
J20 0
450 450
2 , /OO 0
O 260
II. dimlnutu
v nv
1 ,;i :•/*¦>;
2,Mid 5,000
o (I
240 2'|0
1/0 520
320 0
o I ,'JUII
910 O
O 40
O
1,700
1,400 0
U30 3.J00
2,300
0
460
0
3,700
9 JO
2,300
930
9 10
0
0
350
0
490
0
490
5,500
70
2 .200
5,500
1,500 0
0 210
7,700 590
15,000 21,000
6,200 0
7,000 2,900
0 0
1,500 420
1,500 0
4,000 880
890 0
1,900 200
1,500 0
0 2,300
440 0
250 1.700
2,700 0
1,100 400
1,500 0
0 420
150 300
0 250
1,800 J, 600
400 3,000
_ (> onlimiuJ)
-------
TABLE U-l. (continued)
Plunt-Slie Actual S i m Aaenr I s T. tricliuird T. vu Ipi > l,, ,,, tl , jj .lnin»mi.»
Sample Examined v nv v iw v uv v nv v uv
grams diy weight eggs/Kg2 eggs/Kg Cj;i;o/Kt; > go/Kg 'i.L-/K|,
20.
ActivoteJ Sludge
1.1
2 .800
0
(I
0
0
0
yoo
0
< v41
24.
1° & Activated Sludge
3.0
14.000
990
0
0
0
0
9'JO
0
0
(1
Drying Bed
13.2
830
300
ao
80
0
0
0
uo
0
(I
25,
1° Sludge
2 5
0
0
0
0
400
0
1 ,20O
0
0
0
TOlckciicd Aerobic
1.4
700
0
0
0
0
(1
/OO
0
0
o
Drying Bed
25.3
0
0
0
0
0
li.O
0
0
0
0
26
Kuw Influent
1.6
5,800
0
0
0
1 , MM)
0
l>'»0
0
0
1 51(11
liuhuff Digedter
1.8
9 ,600
570
0
5/0
1 ,100
*>70
1,800
570
0
II
Drying Bed
13.8
650
150
0
0
70
0
0
70
0
.'WO
27.
1° Sludge
3.7
0
0
270
(1
0
0
bjo
2/0
2/0
(1
Drying Bed
13.8
650 '
150
0
0
0
40
o
0
0
II
28.
Contuct Stabilized
1.7
600
0
0
0
0
0
1 .800
1 ,200
0
0
Drying Bed
27.1
0
40
0
40
0
lio
0
100
0
0
29.
Thickened Activated
3.2
1,600
0
0
0
950
0
9 50
0
2 1 0
I)
Drying bed
28.1
150
70
0
41)
ItiO
40
250
70
0
0
30.
1° Sludge
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 ,200
0
0
0 10
Drying Did
6 6
0
1,200
0
0
300
0
0
150
0
4<.o
( i UIlL i llllt-d )
-------
TABLE D-l. (continued)
Plant-Site
Actual Size
Sample Examined
grams dry weight
Ascarls
T. trlihlura
T. vulpla
luxucaia
II dlmliiiita
V 11V
eggs/Kg2
V 11V
eggs/Kg
V
egBS
nv
k/k
V
eggs
nv
K/g
V
eggs
nv
K/g
31. 1° Sludge
2.9
340
340
0
0
0
0
1,000
340
0
340
Activated Sludge
2.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,300
0
0
660
Drying Bed
22.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
+ 32. Saw Influent'
0.3
9,400
3,100
3,100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1° Sludge
3.1
1.300
330
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Drying Bed
20.7
330
30
0
0
100
0
4 B0
50
0
50
+33. 1° Sludge
24.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
200'
40
0
40
Drying Bed
22.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34. 1° Sludge
4.3
660
0
440
0
440
0
1,300
0
UUO
440
Drying Bed
20.0
0
50
0
0
400
100
0
0
0 -
0
+ 35.
Drying Bed
20.8
0
0
0
0
0
340
0
50
0
0
+ 36.
1° Sludge
3.1
9,800
0
0
0
330
0
3J0
0
980
0
Drying Bed
20.0
50
2,300
0
50
0
50
50
100
0
100
37.
1° Sludge
11.7
9,300
430
6,600
1,000
90
0
1,900
0
0
90
Drying Bed
22.4
670
8,300
490
5,000
50
0
0
0
0
50
38.
1° Sludge
4.1
240
0
0
0
0
0
490
0
0
0
Drying Bed
27.9
0
0
0
0
40
0
0
0
0
0
v" viable nv" nonviable
1 five gallons of sewage settled overnight, tlien decanted; sample taken from remaining sediment
2 eggs/kilogram dry weight of sample
+ plan to drop from study
-------
TABLE B-2. M£SCELI.ANLOIi;> I'ARASH'IIS (NOT I NCI 111)1 I) IN TABLE I) KHJNI) IN SI.IJDM S IKOM
MUNICll'AI TREATMENT 1'I.ANTS (FAII. - NOVIHHLK AND , Iy77)
I*lanl-Sl Le
!> Anuerobic Digester
Drying bed
l\i ras I tea
frii husoiuoldes - like egj'^, N.V. 200/kg d.w
Cap I Maria dp. eggs (shell wlLli btrlali<«ib) N.V. 110/lg.d w.
7. Drying bed
10. 1<> Sludge
Drying bed
Eiruerfa oocysts - numerous
Asearidla - like eggs, V. 2,500/kg.d.w.
Klioer 1 a oocysts - numerous
Cap!llaria ap. epgs (shell with strljcI mis), N.V.
Astarldla - like eggs, N V 5700/kg.d w
Kimerla oocysts, N.V. - numerous
I 10/kg d.w.
II. I° S Iudgu
Drying bed
Asearidld - like egg** V. il ,000/kg. d w
Amaridia - like eggs, N V 2p700/kg d.w.
Kiuierla oocysts, V - miiuirous
Asiarldid - like eggs, N.V. 6,300/kg d w.
Capil larla sp. eggs* (shell with stiiatlons), N.V.
Coccidia oocysts, 2 or more types,numerous
AO/kg d.w.
+ 15. 1" SJudtse
Hymenolepla nana eggs, N.V. 900/kg.d.w.
Aacarldla - like eggs, V. 1,400/kg d.w
16. Diylng bed Cup! llaria hepdtica - Like eggs, (shell with pits), V. 210/kg d w.
Cap I 11 art n eggs (shell with utrlatitntb) , V. 70/kg.d.vi
()ai»i 1 lai i a sp. eggs (shell with s t r i at i out*) p N.V. 49<)/kg.d.w
Trlihosmnoides - like eggb , N V. /(I/kg.d.w
17. lagoon Asearidla - like eggs, N V l,90l)/kg.d w.
(> on t i ihk
-------
rABl.K b-2 (com liiuid)
18. ActlvulcJ Sludge'
Drying bod
19. Haw I itf in tint '
Anaerobic digester
22, Activated Sludge*
Centrifugcd Aerobic
+ 23. Drying bed
24. 1° & Aitlvuicd Sludge
25. 1° Sludge
Thickened Aerobic
DryinK bed
26. Imlioft Digester
+ 27 . Iu !>l »di;e
Drying bed
Cj|i I llarld up. t-'g);** (shell with shallow |ij i'.) , V. I *>0 / L j- <1 w
1 r Ii.hobnnmldes - IJk.«_ N V. l-!0/kj* d w
Cupi 1 larla up. »•££:» (*hi.ll wlfli t»l r !; tl w
C ap 1 11 a r I a up. eggs (shell Willi btriuUous) , V 400/kj; tl w.
Aacar I d I a - like e^, N V 110/kf d.w
Capi llarlo sp. eggt> (ahull with sr ri«it i ons) 4 V Jtm/kp, d.w
Cai»i 11arI a sp. eg«s (shell villi si rlaf I un&) , N.V. KJO/k)*, <| w
Cruz IJ - lik« eggs, V. IHO/k^ d.w.
Abcaridla - like v* 150/kg.d w.
At.roi I d I a - like eggs, N V 100/kg d.w
Cap 11 luria sp. egg a (shell wllh bl r1 at lmis) , V. 5 70/k |» d.w
cociidia ooryuis - V. few
Acanthocephalun eggs (Mac»ocanthorliynt.hiia?), V. 130/kg.d w
Toxascaria - like eggs, V 410/kg.d.w.
Cap Iilaria sp. eggs (shell with pits), V. 700/kg.d.w.
Copl j iarla sp. eggs (shell wJtli sir ial loiit.) , V. 40/kg.d w
Hntamoeha col 1 - like Ly^i-s, N.V. 6,200/kg d.w
Taenia bp. eggH, H.V. 27l>/kg.d.w.
Cut)l liar la sp. eggs (shell with atrial Ions) . N V 40/kg.«l w
(i (Mil Inuid)
-------
TABLE U-2. (c«>ui iiiiicd)
28. 1° Sludge
30. 1° Sludge
Unlamoeba coj_l - like cyt>ls>, N V. few
Rntdtnoeba cull - like tysis, N.V. few
CturJla up. cyt>tt*> N.V. few
31. Activated Sludge
+ 32. Hau Influent'
+ 36 1° Sludge
Drying bod
47. I" Sludge
Drying bed
Entamoeba bp. cysts, N.V. few
Entamoeba col 1 - like ryt>lt,, N.V. few
Entamoeba col I - like < y&is t N.V. few
Trl iliobomolde'M - like egj's, N V. 50/kg d
Clard la Bp. cyeta, N.V. lew
Entamoeba coll - like N.V. ftw
Capl I larla sp. eggn (shell with utrlatlonb), N.V. 40/kj* d w.
V. - Viable
N.V. » Nonviable
I five Kdllons of tiewoge settled overniglit, then decanted; aam|>lu uken frim r<-mnIninK t.udlmuiii
-I- plan lo dro|> fron uurvey.
-------
1AUI.K li-J. btUIW.li CIIAKACIbltlbl ICb (II SANI'I Kb COM I ("i LI) IN
i'AI I (NOVEMliLK ANI) IM.CI.NMU, 1977)
F 1 jut S 1 Le
ToLnl Sol ids
ilr/1 (**idi;/k)
Tutul Volatile
Solids
nifi/1 <**m|i/it)
1 ci cliii Mnislutc [ IilidIi ii 1 Oxygen
t.onLi ml Demand
nie/i;
kit
N 111 o^eii
H'g/ii
* I'll ^
tlx id.il 1 tin
Iti it in l i mi
I'uLt III 1 1 1
1.
1° Sludge
Anaerobic Digester
Drying Bud
50,18/
100.192
**302
29,150
55,946
**66
896
70 215
18
16
5
5.4
7.2
6 9
-1
-1 J7
-4 )
i.
Anaerobic digester
Drying Bed
64 .220
"240
29,458
**122
1 ,072
76 295
1 1
2 1
7.0
7. 1
- III.'
- 15
3.
Aeiubic Digester'
14.310
11 ,30(1
1 ,«)HH
/4
6.5
- -Ii
4
Anueruble Digcater
Drying Bed
47.094
**773
29,538
**50'i
991
23
31
Ii 7
-6>
5.
1° Sludge
Drying Ued
31,792
Drying Bed
24,736
sample was supernatant
29
froin digebter, tlius not applicable
5 7
- 14
6.
Activated Sludge'
Drying Bed
IH.6I6
**553
12,984
**226
516
•45 384
21
19
0.7
-61
7.
Activated Sludge'
Drying Bed
7,172
**180
5,120
**171
83 3 J4
41
53
6 9
H.
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
49,984
**744
45,200
**483
1 ,077
76 505
31
20
5 7
9.
1° Sludge
Anaerobic Digester
16,398
58,178
15 ,730
20,316
(.
6 7
I. H
-28
-HI.
10.
lu Sludge
Drying Bed
43,600
58,178
42,IH6
20,186
1 ,371
70 802
32
38
5 7
5 (1
1 1 .
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
22,000
**781
13,570
**574
1 .122
22 278
1 J
1 1
5 8
12
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
L0S1
**H3 )
IN WKfcCK
**644
17
13.
Activated Sludge '
Aerobic Digester '
17.356
12.000
4 .796
2.600
275
710
19
4 7
7.12
1. (.
4 tmi I I mil il)
-------
IAHI.K H
PIjiiL Silo Total SoJ Ida I'uCtii VoJalile
Sol Ida
mn/l (»*hih/k) mu/1 (** m;/p.)
14. 1° Sludge 40,612 31.728
Drying Bud I.0ST IN WRl'CK
+
15.
1° Sludge
29,234
22,294
2° Anaerobic Digester
21,400
17,158
16.
Kaw Influent'
18,200
10.626
Drying lied
**475
**177
17.
Aerobic Digester'
13,800
9,644
1 agoun
**160
**41
18.
Activated Sludge'
67,988
44,272
Drying Bed
**267
**140
19.
Raw Influent'
25,000
13.056
Anaerobic Digester
100,872
39,748
+
20.
Activated Sludge
J.500
2,784
21.
1" Sludge
856
340
Drying Bed
**950
**41 J
22.
Activated Sludge'
28,760
19,436
Aerobic Ulgealer
17.484
10.604
Centrlfuged Aerobic
**74
**91
+
23.
lu Sludge
4,768
3,252
Drying Bed
**669
**390
24.
1° & Activated Sludge
30.360
22,804
Drying Bud
**440
**155
25.
1° Dludge
24,464
16,968
Thickened Aerobic
14,220
8,552
Drying lied
**843
**298
26.
Raw Influent'
15.600
10,956
Imlioff Digester
17,700
10,624
Drying Bed
**459
**214
(conL inued)
rcent Mo i ji ui»_ (luuilt.il Oxy^in hji-ld.thl |ill Oxid.ill
(-l)llUllL 111 ilUIld NlllU^LII IIl-iIiI) I I
mi'/r
I , 2'JH
S( i
S. 7
-I •>
5.8
(>.()
- M
52
9KI)
488
19
21
5. 7
84
921
365
1J
15
5 7
7 0
73
572
579
29
27
5.5
106
572
1,127
335
18
21
65
7 0
6.2
6.8
7 2
83
1.121
1,104
4 J8
68
45
J9
6 2
7.2
6.7
33
602
15
1 7
7 O
56
1 ,350
775
12
21
f> 2
16
1 .853
106
5UI
55
51
3
5.8
6.7
54
7
617
764
49
51
26
6.7
(< tint 1 lltli d )
-------
TAUI b B-3 (com limed)
Plant
bile Tola I Sol Ida
idr/I (**iuk/k)
Total Volatile
Solids
iog/1 (**ing/f>)
Percent Mol &>ture
Content
Clicmic.i 1 Oxygen
Dciujnd
'HH/li
Kjeld.ihl
Ni trogen
„
I'lt
+ 27
1° Sludge
36.724
29,928
1 ,476
J7
b (>
Drying Bed
**848
**313
\rj
9
28.
Contact Stabilized
16,460
11,824
1 . 173
1.5
fi.4
Drying Bed
**902
**458
10
811
SO
29.
Thickened Activated
31.756
25,504
1 , 192
Ul
h A
Drying Bed
**937
**239
<>
149
lr>
/ 5
10.
1° Sludge
3.880
2,564
(i»9
Jh
t> f,
Drying Bed
**220
**72
7H
31.
1° Sludge
29,364
20,420
1.199
M
(, 0
Drying Bed
**750
**280
25
167
12
4 32
Kuv Influent
828
460
/ 1
1° Sludge
30,500
17,192
413
7
7 0
Drying bed
**690
**163
Jl
14
+ 31.
1° Sludge
247,228
229,852
167
5 H
Drying Bed
**732
**244
27
1 >
34.
1° Sludge
45,444
30,536
1177
2/
*> H
Drying Be
I 1'Jvc gallons of sewage settled overnight, then decanted; sample Lak«_u front i t.ni Hiii i»j; si tl i iiu ii L
+ plan to drop from study.
-------
TAI1LK B-4. EXAMINATION FOK I'AHASIItb IN bl 111)1.1 S t'KOM MI IN I (' I I'AI. lltl'A'IMINI I'lANIb
uh uit suirmtKN unhid biAius
Plant Site Actual Sl2e
Ascarls
~~T. irl
cli 1 ura
T vulnis
Toxm am
II dihilmit
Sample Examined v
IIV
V
IIV
V
IIV
V
IIV
V
II
--
^ rnua
dry weight epga/Kn2
et?R3/K); t
z
1
1° Sludge
6 3
7,100
0
160
160
6 JO
0
J.JOO
160
310
4 /o
Drying Bed
13 7
4 ,500
5 ,300
0
1 ,000
1,400
600
0
1 ,400
0
4 30
2
1° Sludge
3 5
2 B0
560
0
0
280
0
1 , /IK)
280
560
2H0
Drying Bed
23.a
0
IJO
0
0
40
40
0
40
0
0
3
Aerobic Digester '
2 3
4 ,800
0
O
0
440
0
6,600
0
0
0
4
1° Sludge
A.2
480
4 ,600
0
240
2,200
720
1 , /(HI
0
240
\ .200
Drying Bed
7.9
1,900
16,000
SIO
4 .500
8.200
2,300
0
630
2 .300
6.
Activated Sludge'
1 3
3,900
0
0
0
0
0
4 , /OO
0
/HO
0
Drying Bed
16.6
540
120
0
0
0
60
0
0
0
0
7
Activated Sludge*
1 0
130,000
12,000
980
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Drying bed
7 1
120,000
17.000
2 ,500
1 ,700
560
2K0
420
1,400
0
140
8
1° Sludge
5.5
22,000
0
0
0
550
0
4 .000
180
1 ,800
3,300
Drying Bed
16.2
60
190
0
60
0
0
0
0
0
120
10
lu Sludge
3.0
3,400
670
0
0
670
0
2 ,000
0
340
340
Drying Bed
15 4
3,700
580
0
1J0
780
450
4511
580
60
1 ,200
11.
1° Sludge1
8.2
1,800
0
0
0
370
0
850
610
0
240
Drying Bed
14 .B
200
610
0
200
470
70
0
4O0
0
0
13.
1° & Activated Sludge
' 1.9
0
0
0
0
1,100
0
1 ,600
0
0
0
Aerobic Digester 1
1.2
0
0
O
0
1.700
0
3,400
0
0
Drying Bed
3.0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14.
1° Sludge
2 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,400
0
0
0
Drying Bed
12.5
4.900
6,500
0
0
160
0
80
400
0
2 ,300
16
1° Sludge
3 0
8,300
1.700
0
0
330
0
660
0
660
5 .0(10
Drying Bed
23 0
610
3,300
40
300
780
430
40
430
0
40
17
Contact Stabilized'
2 9
7,300
700
0
u
0
0
1 .700
0
0
0
Aerobic Digester'
2.2
5,600
460
0
0
9 JO
0
1 .90(1
0
0
(1
(. Illlt I III Ik. <1 >
-------
riant bite Al(uji| Size
Sample Examined
granib dry weight
Atiivtrls
* l»V
eggb/Kg2
18
1° Sludge
6.4
19 ,1100
790
Drying Bed
18 2
1 ,400
50
IV
1° Sludge
9 1
12,000
770
Auaeiolj 1c Dl^iibter
11.9
13,000
1 ,300
21
1° Sludge
3 1
1.600
0
Drying Bed
21 5
0
190
22
Activated Sludge 1
I 3
2,400
0
Aerobic Digester
3.1
3 ,200
0
Vacuum Activated
3 11
260
0
Centrlfuged Aerobic
4.6
430
0
2i*
1° 6 Activated Sludge
3 7
11.000
820
Drying Bed
15.2
660
130
25.
1° Sludye
8 4
0
0
Thickened Activated
1.9
0
520
Drying Bed
22.5
0
0
2b
Iaihoff Dlget»ter
6 11
2 .800
0
Diying bed
14.0
140
70
28
Contact Stabl 1 ized
1.6
1 ,200
0
Drying Hod
16.a
240
180
2 y
llilckcned Activated
4 7
630
0
Drying Bed
13.6
880
510
JO
1° Sludge
4.2
240
0
Drying Bed
17 6
0
0
31
1° SluJge
I 9
0
0
Drying Bed
15 2
200
70
1° Sludgu
i 3
4.500
1.200
Drying Ut-J
18.7
50
0
L li — /» . (i on l l i uio«l )
T trlchlui .1
Uligb/K,;-
10,000
380
4 III
'.'JO
VII I p |_ ,
V IIV
7'JO
710
0
I II)
J .1 XlU 1 I *
V IIV
i)
II ll I III I llll I
V
¦ I.11-/K,
h,0
O
3,100
1 .400
650
U
790
0
0
0
1 m
,00(1
0
I/(J
;vo
0
0
0
I . MO
1 , I'll)
J ,600
II
o
6*1(1
<1
0
J 10
i. urn
l ,000
(i
.OOO
I , J<>»>
<1
I Ml
<1
HO
it
O
o
o
II
o
in)
i)
*•'><>
o
u
J 'O
(I
J. Ml
it
, 11 H
0
XJ0
270
70
2/0
0
J20
0
0
AttO
0
0
«j5o
5/0
0
jno
i)
JOO
70
000
70
o
u»o
o
CO
o
mo
l />oo o
oo joo
210
220
0
70
1.100
70
4/0
2 20
210
O
4»0
60
sao
o
0
70
o
70
I ,000
7(1
600
0
JOO
380
0
110
I .500
50
0 2j,iU
O
(••Mil I llll, «t )
-------
I* ABLE b-4.
(«_ont i lined)
Plant Site
Actual Size
Sample Examined
grams dry weight
Asiarls
v nv
eggs/Kg2
T. irlchinn
V 11V
eggs/Kg.!
r. vuipifr
v nv
eggs/Kg2
'loxoiara
v nv
L.'6t;3/KK2
II d I ni I unta
V 11V
37.
I SluillJI!
Drying Bed
4.9
lb. I
16,001) 1,000
10,000 4.BOO
9,100
47,000
410
16,000
210
l_>0
0
190
210
370
I)
190
0
l„'(l
JU. 1 Sludge
Drying Bud
3.5
26.7
0
40
O
70
2U0
0
0
40
«¦)<>
O
•iHII
40
n - viable
n»" nonviable
1 Five gallons of sewage settled overnight, then decanted; samp It takim from remaining sediment
2 egga/kl lograin dry weight of sample
-------
'I AUI.K B-5. MlbU'l LANLOUb PAKAS ITbb (NOT 1NCLIIIHI) IN 1ABI 1* I) MJIINI) IN SLUIM.I b l-KUM
MUNICIPAL TKLAIMhNT PLANTS (UINILR - I M1KHAKY AND MAKi II, hJ78)
Plant-Site
Parac ites
1 1 bluiigc
Drying Bed
2 1° Sludge
Drying BeJ
3. Aerobic Digester
It. 1° Sludge
7. Activated Sludge
Drying Bed
B. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
10. 1° Sludau
Drying Bed
C lard la sp. cysts, N.V. few
TrichoBQP>oidet»- like eggs , V 160/kg d.w.
Cap! 1 larla sp. eggb (bliull with striatiuns), N.V. 70/kg.d.w.
Capll larla sp. eggs (bliell with fine pits), V. 2ttl)/kg d.w
Capl1larla bp. eggs (shell with btrlationb), V. 280/kg.d w
Capl1larla sp. eggb (bhcll with btriations), N.V.
Entamoeba coll-like cyotb, N.V. 2,20U/kg d.w.
Entamoeba col i- 1 ike cye>tb, N.V. 9t>0/kg,d.w.
Kntamoeba coll- 1 ike cy&>tb, N.V. 2,000/kg d.w.
Coccldla oocysts, N.V. few
Caplllarla sp. eggb (slu.il with strlations), V.
Tr Ichosopoldtss- like eggb, V. 180/kg d.w.
Capillar la sp. eggs (shell with btriatloiib) , V.
Entamoeba coli-1Ike cysts, N.V. 340/kg.d.w.
Coccldla oocysts , numiroub
Capl1larla sp. eggs (bhcll with bhallow pltb), V.
AbcarId la-1 Ike eggs, V. 1,700/kg,d.w.
Abcaridla-like eggs, N.V. 10,000/kg d.w.
Coccldla oocysts, probably N.V., 2 or inore types,
Cnpillarla sp. eggb (shell with strlatloiib), V.
Capillarla sp. eggs (shell with striations), N.V.
AO/kg.d w
Capl1larla sp. eggs (bhcll with pits), N.V.
Ascarldia-like eggb, V. U , 500/kg.d.w.
Abcaridla-like eggs, N.V. J,700/kg d.w.
730/kg.d w.
UU/kg.d.w.
J40/kg d w.
nuniL roub
70/kg.d.w.
JJO/kg.d.w.
70/kg.d.w.
(mill | mi! .1 )
-------
HI ant-Situ
11. 1° Sludgu 1
Drying Bed
14. 1° Studgu
Drying Bed
16. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
17. Contact Stabilised*
Aerobic Dictated*
IB. 1° bludge
W. 1° Sludge
Anaerobic Dlgct>ter
JAOLt (< *ml hu».d)
Parasites
Coccldla oocyetb, V. 6> N.V., numerous
Ifymcnolepis ep, (not JJ. diminuta) , V. 240/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba col i- like cyt*tt., N.V. 240/kg.d.w.
Ahcarldia-1 ike egge, V. 12,000/kg.d.w.
Abcartdia-like egge, N.V. 11,00()/kg.d,w.
CapJ Hflrla sp. eggb with atrintJuiib), N.V. 7U/kg.il.w.
Abcarldla-I ike eggs, V 470/kg.d.w.
Abcaridia-like egge , N.V. lU,OUO/kg d.w.
tiitdniutiLa Luli-llko cystb, N.V. 4tt0/kg.d.w.
Capillarla sp. egge (btiell with btriacionb), V. ti(j/ky d.u.
Capillarla bp. egge (bhill with btriatloiib) , N.V. 560/kg.d w
Capillarja sp„ eggu (olii.ll with pita), N.V. 80/kg.d.w.
HymenoleplB nana egge, V. 33D/kg.d.w,
Hyrocnolapla nana oggs, N.V. 330/kg.d.u.
Caplllaria sp. eggb (blicll with striatlonb), V.
00(1/kg .d.w.
Cjplllaria ap. egge (blicll with eCriutionb), V. 170/kg.d.w
Cap! I laria ap. eggs (bhv.ll with pltt>), N.V. 40/kg.d.w.
AijourJdla-like egge, N.V. 40/kt; d.u.
Entamoeba col 1- 1 ike cybtt», N.V. 700/l»g,d.w.
Aaiarldia-1Ike egge, V. 1,lUD/Ug.d.w.
Abcarldja-like eggb , V.
Ahcarldla*like eggb, N.V.
*)30/kg .d .w.
4b0/kg.d.w.
110/kg.d.w.
Hyinenolepla nana eggb , N.V. 160/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba col i- 1 ike cy&to, N.V. tew
CapIIlaria ap. eggs (uhell with btriutU>nb), V.
Entamoeba col 1- I ike cybtb, N.V. 110/kg.d.w.
Capillarla 6p. eggs (bhill with btrlatlono), V. 80/kg,d.u
Ca miliaria ap. eggs (sln.il with pitb, nut like C. hop.i L lea).
Capl I laria ap. egge (bli*.ll with pita, like C. hepati^a) . V.
V. tt(J/kg.d.w
BU/U^.d w
(( t"l) I I II IK •! )
-------
'i A lit E U-S . ( coii t J iiih ti)
F)ant-SI te
22, Activated Sludge
Aerobic Dlgebtcr
Centrlfuged Aerobic
24. 1° & Activated Sludge
25. 1° Sludge
2tt. Contuct Stabilized
29, Thickened Activated
3(1, 1° Sludge
31 1° SludSe
V,. 1° Sludge
37. 1° Sludge
Drying lk.il
38. 1° Sludge
Parasites
Entamoeba coll- like cystb, V. 1,60(J/kg d.w.
Entamoeba coll-like cyBtt>, N.V, 1 ,600/kg.d.w.
Hyimnoleplfi nana eggb , N.V. 330/kg.d.w.
Trichoboiunidcb- like egg6, V. 220/kg.d.w.
Abcaridta-like eggfa„ V. 220/kg.d.u.
Itymenolepls nana eggs , N.V. 270/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba col 1- like cystt», N.V. few
Glardla ai». cybts, N.V. nuiucrou*
Entamoeba col 1- 1 Ike cysto, N.V. few
Toxat»Lar 1 s-1 ike egg, V. 120/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba coll" like cysto, N.V.
Cow
Hytrkinolepds nana eggs, V. 210/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba coli-llke cystt>, N.V. few
Entamoeba coil-like cybte, N.V. few
Entamoeba colt*like cyets, N.V. few
KntQrooeba coll-like cyetb, N.V. few
Capl 11 aria a(j. eggs (shell with fine pitb), V.
Capl 1 larla ttp. eggs (bKlII with etrLations), V.
Entamoeba col1«like cysts, N.V. few
Toxabcarls- like eggb, V. 57l)/kg.d.w.
710/kg.d.w
250/kg.d.
V.» Viable
N.V." Nonviable
I five gallons of sewage settled overnight, then decanted; sample taken from remaining bedimcnt
-------
TAIil t 11-6. SI UfHJE UIAKACTLKISI ICS 01' SAMI'I Lb CDILUIID IN
WIN'ltK (FKUHUAKY AND MAUI II, I97H)
I'lailC Site Total Solids 'local Volatile IVreeiil Moisture Cli. ni I. .11 Oxygen K|. I1I.1I1I I'll Oxiilaiioii
mg/ 1
(**>ng/B)
Sol Ida
mjj/l (**mg/g)
Colli t 11L
1)4 lll.l till
Nitiop n
H« .l.i« 1 ii>i
loll III 1 1 1
1.
1° Sludge
63 ,400
3/,400
W.
-I >U
DiyJug Bt-d
**457
*-111
54
7VJ
/
2.
J° bludtje
35,400
23,400
aj.fi
11
S
- lljt>
Drying Bed
-*794
*•*171
21
>'V(
11
3.
Aerobic DlgebUt '
22,B00
19,000
') l/i
Vi
1. J
- ll 1
4.
1° Sludge
41,600
33,000
l.M'.y
it.
*> 7
- Itt 1
Drying tU.d
4*264
**121
74
1, yj *>
2i>
6.
Activated Sludge '
12,800
8,600
m
(>. 1
-lUi
Drying Bed
**554
**217
45
1, n. i
n
7.
Activated Sludge
10,200
7,600
1, id 1
(>o
<>./,'
Drying Bed
**237
**79
76
1, im.
it.
8.
1° Sludge
54.600
39.000
¦) 1 >
M
i J
- iy i
Drying Bed
**539
**238
46
1, i*» j
m
10.
1° Sludge
29,800
25,200
'
1, ibi
'11
'» i(
- J i*'
Drying Bed
**513
-*240
49
vmo
j'j
11.
1° Sludge 1
82,000
51,800
I'J
*> t>
l'»
Drying Bed
**494
**101
51
«. ji.
1 •>
13.
1° & Activated Sludge '
19,000
12.400
IV
. (•
--'/<•
Aerobic Diyubter
11,600
9.200
1 , JH'i
/. 1
7 0
- J '1 I
Drying Ued
**929
**329
7
801
j/t
14.
1° Sludge
21,000
17.600
1
ll
:> 8
- 1()I
Drying Bed
**418
**142
58
1 .ObO
'W
16.
1° Sludge
30,200
22,600
'j J
- J HO
Drying Bed
**767
"228
22
*»« •
I'J
17.
Conflict Stabilized'
13,400
10,000
i it.
I i
<» /
- 1H '
Aerobic Digcbter'
17,200
9.000
I'J
() 'j
- 1 1
( < Oil f I It • ll .1 )
-------
TAJil.L U-b (t «mi i mud)
Plant Site Total Solids
ma/1 (**bb/b)
Total Volatile
Solids
"fi/1 (**Wg/tt)
percent Mitfs(urt'U
,>ll
Ok I «l.i I I.
Kcdtu L l<
I'ttl i llL 1
lb.
1° Sludge
63,600
44.000
996
27
5.'J
-
Drying Bed
**608
**236
J9
755
26
19.
1° Sludge
90.600
32,400
4'J0
1J
6 0
- ii \
Anaerobic Dlgctitcr
119 ,400
55,000
200
17
5 5
-ill
21.
1° Sludge
30,600
20,600
1,011
31
6.1
-25/
Dry Lug Bed
**716
**203
28
473
16
22.
Activated Sludge'
12,600
8,000
1,086
49
7.2
- 2 Ki
Aerobic Digested
30,800
17.800
828
41
7.0
-170
Vacuum Activated
**127
**82
87
1,000
44
4.2
Cutitrlfugcd Aerobic
**154
**83
85
71b
36
24.
1° & Activated Sludge
36,600
25.600
1,118
40
6.1
-251
Drying Bed
**503
**261
50
1,050
29
25.
1° Sludge
83.800
54.400
36 L
21
5.7
-26 2
Thickened Activated
19.400
14 .000
1,027
52
6.6
-l\l
Drying Bed
**749
**200
25
401
14
26.
Iiuhoff Digester
67,600
40,200
884
31
6.5
- 2416
Drying bud
**467
*-*245
53
830
30
28.
Contact Stabilized
16.200
12,000
1,312
55
7.0
- ittb
Drying Bud
**559
**237
44
582
33
29.
Thickened Activated
47.400
35,600
1,076
46
6.5
-2J7
Drying Bed
**454
**283
55
1 ,IL2
43
30.
1° Sludge
42,400
23,600
896
22
7.3
- m
Drying B«-d
**586
**217
41
375
1J
31 .
1° Sludge
19,400
13,400
1,116
23
6 6
- JO'J
Drying Bed
**508
**151
49
60b
14
34.
1° Sludge
33,200
23,000
1 .268
40
& 0
- 186
Drying Bud
**623
**258
3d
774
11
(» out I itim
-------
I'AUI.fc.
(luDI 1 iMIi.ii)
Plant Site
Total Solids Total Volatile
Sulids
ing/i (**iUB/g> ray/l (**uie/g)
Percent Mo I i»i 01 e
I ijiiii hi
Chi.4iili a) Oxygon kjiM.ihl
l nil N i I l 11
l'i 11« til i.i I
37. 1° Sludge
Drying Bud
J8. 1° Sludge
Drying Bed
48,600
**538
35,400
**889
21,400
**107
24,800
**375
AC
II
'.HI
370
1,05a
0BII
1/
12
JJ
21
6 6
(>.0
- 1H2
- 2'JO
1 five gallons of sewage jjettled overnight, then decanted; sample taken from rcQtainiji& bedlntcnt .
N>
¦P*
-------
FAliLb B-7. SPRING (MAY
Planl bite Actual Size Adcarl a T l» It 11 i <**«» F. viilpis I>jmm .it ,> H iIIiiiIimu »
Sample Kxaalacd v uv v nv v uv v nv v nv
Rr,"lls **' y L>KB't/|tw' *
1
0
1 b 1(1*1^4
hi y i 11& hill
5 42
19.56
9, 200
A,400
550
1 .800
550
50
13,000
510
1 .500
1 ,2(10
180
two
2,400
200
1,100 0
510 0
1 , lOO
no
2.
1°
Drying Bed
2. 12
12.48
, 300
400
1 ,700
2.300
0
0
0
240
860
560
0
960
U6()
0
860 II
640 O
4 in
0
J
At-rol>lr l>l('Lsur'
2.83
3,900
J50
350
0
0
350
4,90(1
1 100 1)
0
4
1° Sludge
Oiytng li*_d
3.91
23 85
.000
0
4,600
0
0
0
1 ,300
0
3,600
80
2, 100
1,300
1 ,500
0
1,000 II
0 (I
11
6
1* t Ac Ll v.i 1 til sludge'
Dry 1 ii£ IK <1
2. IS
25 4 7
470
0
0
40
0
O
0
0
1)
0
0
0
1 .900
0
4/0 0
0 0
< 1
d
7.
AcLlvtiUtl SluJ^i. '
hi vlnt 11* >1
3. 38
17 82
100,000
74,000
10.000
37,000
2,400
1 ,100
1 20(1
2,600
1 , 200
510
0
840
iOO
I/O
100 111(1
510 0
(i
Ml
8.
1 bind}'*.'
Di y 1 ii|; 8* >1
4. 16
21 75
25,000
90
3,400
140
0
O
240
0
960
90
II
140
1,400
140
4H0 , \» hi
(1
10.
1 S 1 ml jjc
hi y iuj; Li <1
A.81
28 5 I
8 JO
0
L ,000
0
O
0
0
0
420
0
0
70
0
0
0 0
0 11
4 'u
11
1 1
1° b) dilat-
ory lug tw
J. / 7
14 (l/.
800
0
0
290
0
0
0
140
530
70
<1
I'.O
5 10
O
5 10 11
n\ 0
Si 11)
0
IJ
1* * Ac 1 1 v.it *. d Sillily* '
hi y 1 m; Ki d
1 4 5
l<> 112
(•90
0
0
0
0
O
0
(1
1,400
0
0
0
1 ,40O
O
0 n
0 0
I)
ll
r.
1 Si uil|,1
hi y ill); IW il
4 1.4
12 7»
0
550
0
J, (too
0
O
il
4/0
2 21)
no
0
860
650
0
0 0
1,100 0
1)
|Mt
\u
1 Skiid^i
111 y Iiik 1*> ' 1
3 /3
2/ 6J
8,500
It
3, 700
0
O
0
0
11
0
0
0
40
5 10
0
*> 10 0
0 II
6 , '»«ii)
u
(< (Mil i mil <1)
-------
I'AliLE 11-7 (continued)
ftMuuL SJLe
N)
On
Actual Sl^o
Sample Examined
grjiort dry wei^l>i_
Aacjr la
v nv
egga/Kg2
17. Kcierjird Sludge ' 3.20
lit likened Aeioliic
Di^LSlcd bludgc I U.82
1U. 1° SludKc 5.J4
l>iyliiB Bed 27.60
19. i" Sl.i.lBc- 13 96
Aiiuciohk Dlgc^lcr 10 V»
21. lu Mudc." 1 1?
Aii.iltiiIiIc hl^csLii tt tiO
liryh.n Bed 28 /I
22. Acr«difc iHKcbUi ® * va
A4lJvaii.il I 3.94
V.i* inun A« I I v i L i. J (*. 02
IU . I si udgi 3. ft J
l>i y i It}; lit il I / . 52
25 l" J.H6
I li i*.ki.ll.-d Ac I i 'I. I *
' -iIh,I,v- 1.91
Diviiii: »• i |'ti l.i 5 . 14
liiylni; li. .1 27.(11)
2M I "it .mi ¦< i M 11, i I i /l.i 2. 9H
III y i ti^ IU <1 U it 1
Mil. I., n. .1 At i I v.i I.,I
s I wtlj-t U 29
Hi y mi. H. .1 2 7 9 1
6,900
6,000
19,000
O
9.700
21,000
1 ,700
3,200
0
8,400
J, 300
11,700
7 .'.III!
s.aoo
5>o
o
>, JOO
40
j/,(i
I ,500
I , 20O
o
940
2.100
190
0
720
14,200
0
I .500
0
0
II
250
I . 100
5, flliO
7HII
260
220
2 JO
0
T. t r I rji I in a
v nv
0
0
7,500
0
1,900
1,200
O
I .900
0
0
O
soo
o
I 10
0
o
1,200
o
860
1,90(1
0
2 , tOO
O
J , 100
500
250
I , inn
2 )o
5 >o
o
I (m
0
l, i'.o
I. ?no
VIII [I I b
L*8Bi>/Ku2
0
620
1,900 19(
180 I. MK
1, 200 H
2,000 1 , IHM
2,600
1,400
o
J/.O
760
500
0
I In
260
520
i5
970
70
«>/n
6'»0
'>00
An
(
2 H
1<
(
i
(
(
t»(
l/l
v iiv
6 JO
210
560
0
'290
100
o
I . 100
o
(. /n
I ,1)00
/M»
6 10
I /n
I , 501
2. HOI
i. /<
d I nn inn i
II v
i KK'./k^
( i I Ml I I I) lit « O
-------
TABID H77. (cunt i nucd)
PIjj.C Site
Actual Si^u
grums dry wetfJ't
JO. ) Sludge
IWying lied
31 1 Mud go
|)i ylng Bed-3im»ntli
li» y lug IS1.1I-I year
34. I Sludge
liiyii)|', UliI
J7.
N3
iU
I b I ud^u
Drying Bud
1 Si ndi;*-
Dry hi); lie J
7.311
28 20
i 87
4.4/1
21.84
4 1jni|ik
-------
TABI K U-8. M1SCFI.LANKUIIS HAKAS ITliS (NO I INCI lll>U> IN 'lAltl K I) KlIUNI) IN bl IIIM.I S I MOM
HIJNICII'AI IKKAIMLNI' 1'I.ANIb (bl'KINI. - MAY ANIl IIINL I'J/H)
Plant- ill tc
1. 1° SI
fo
oo
10.
11.
1'..
Urylny Boil
1° SluJgu
Drying tied
AeroliR [>lgut>lcr 1
1° Slud^
1° SluJge
i° SluJge
1° SluJ^c
Mi y iiiIlea
1° b 1 udj;*.
Diylnt; lied
Pnraal tea
but omocba col i - like cyst'i, N.V. Few
Clartiln sp. cysta, N.V. Few
Capll lurla op. eggs (shell with atrlutiona) V. lti!>/kg.d.w
TiIchoBomolJes - like ogg-» N.V. 50/kg.d.w.
Caplllm la t,p. egga (shell with atrlations) N.V. 50/kg.d w
Entamoeba col 1 - like cysts, N.V. hew
Papillaris sp. egga (bht-ll with strlatiuna) N V 2'iU/kg.d.w.
Capll larla bp. eggs (shell with pita) V. lb<)/kg.d.w
Capll larla ap egga (bliell with pita) N.V. 80/kg d w.
Lntuoioeba roll
like cybtb N V. hew
Lotamoeba coll - llkii cy->ts N V. Few
Cnplllarla ap. egga (shull wlLh scrlatlons) V. 1,^00/kg d.w.
Capl llarla sp. egga (shell with striatlons) N.V. 4U0/k|;.J w.
Ti lchosomoldes - like eg^.s, V. AtiO/kg.d.w.
TrlclioaotuolJes - like uggs N.V. 480/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba col 1 - like tysis», N V htw
Coccldia oocyata N.V hew
Aat ar ltl I a - like cp.gs, N V 6^0/kg d.w.
Capl 1 larla ap. eggs (*»h» II wlih sLrlalloiib) N V. .MO/kg d w.
Abt ar Id la - like Lg^, V ttOO/kg d w
AjCjl Idla - like *_ggs , N V 11,000/kg d.w
CuiLidln oocysts (small) N V. Modcmtc i»u_>
As< «ii Id la - like eggs, M V 6.lO()/kj; d w
Cuccldlu oocysts - Many
t»l ard la sp. cy&ts N V. - Numerous
Capl 1 larln sp. eggs (shell uilli atrlations) N.V. 160/kg d w
( < oil I I lllli d)
-------
IAULK B-b (continued)
N3
VO
1* Sludge
17. Rcuuralcd Sludge'
Ihlckened Aerobic
DlgesteJ Sludge'
10 1" Sludge
IV. 1* Sludge
Anaerobic Digester
21. Anaerobic Digester
22. Artiv.iUiJ Shulge'
Vacuum Activated
24 i" Sludge
26 liuliotf Digester
29 IlilckeiieJ Activated
. 1" Sludge
Drying Ued
Entamoeba toll - like cyst, N V. - Several
Clardla sp cysts, H V. - Huny
Capl1lai li up. eggs (shell with atrlationb) V S30/kg.d.w
Caplllarla ap. eggs (t>hcll wltli atrlatlons) N.V 530/kg.J w.
Caplllarla ap. eggs (shell with pit*) V. 270/kg d.w.
CocciJla occysts V. - Several
Aacarldla - like eggs, V. 3lO/kg.d.w
Aacarldla - like eggs, N.V. l,J0l)/kg.d w.
A-»carlJla - like et,8b* v* b20/kt d.w
Aacaridla - like iggb, N.V. BJO/kg d.w.
Entamoeba col 1 - like cyutb, N V - Huny
Capl! larla ap eggs (shell with btrlatlon«>) V. 70/kg d.w.
Cap!11Mfla up, eggs (shell with strlatlons) V. JOO/kg.d.w
Capl1lerla ap. eggs (shell with scrlationb) N.V ]00/kg d w
Caplllarla ap. eggs (shell wlih strlatlons) V. 460/kg d.w
Capll larla sp. eggs (shell with strlatlons) N.V. 340/kg.d.w.
Capll larla sp. eggs (shell with pits) V. 230/kg.d.w
fciUuBmeba coll - like cysts N V - tew
Cap 11laila ap eggs (shell with btrlations) V bOl)/kg.d.w
Entamoeba colt - like cystb, N V. * Fiw
Coccldia oocysts (large - li.«»^in*r«i Fells) N.V. 2H0/kg.J.w
Entamoeba col 1 - like cysts. II V - Few
bntomocba rol1 - like cysto, NV - Few
Citpll larlii sp eggs (shell wltli btrlatlonu) V. 23(J/kg.d w
Clard la sp. cysts, N.V. - Few
Entamoeba coll - like cysts, N V - Few
Caplllarla sp. eggs (shell wlili strlatlons) N.V. 220/kg.d.w
37.
1* Sludge
Drying Bed
Capll lacla ap. eggs (uliell with btrlations) V. 110/kg.d.w
Caplllarla sp. eggu (^hell wlih strlutlons) N.V. lJO/kg.d w.
Caplllarla ap. eggs (shell with pits) N.V. 40/kg.d w
five gallons of sewage settled overnight, llius decanted, suu|»lc Lukcn from iemu In lug bedinent
-------
T^vSLi 3-9 SL.DC: CHA3ACTIRI3TICS OF 5A;!PT.IS CCLlECTED IN
SPRI.SG (".V. - JO.£ 1973)
Plane
5]rp Toeal Solids
ratal Volatile
Percent
-ng/1 (*^ng/g)
Solids
Moisture
mg/1 (**mg/a)
Concenc
1.
1° Sluage
54,160
33,320
Drying 3e.i
•**63:
*"127
35
2.
1° Sludga
23,240
15,320
Drying 3ed
**416
**138
58
3.
Aerobic Digested 1
28,320
20,640
4.
1° Sludga
39,120
28,880
Drying Bed
**795
**424
21
6.
l^Accivaced 1
21,480
12,880
Drying 3ed
**849
**330
15
7.
Activated 1
33,750
13,200
Drying Bed
**594
**322
41
8.
1° Sludge
-1,640
25,320
Drying 3ed
**725
**334
27
10.
1° Sludge
43,120
36,840
Drying 3ed
**951
**377
5
11.
1° Sludge
37,680
28,120
Drying Bed
**468
**159
53
13.
1°+Acclvaced 1
14,520
3,960
Drying Sea
**534
**181
47
14.
1° Sludge
46,360
34,400
Drying 3ea
**426
**146
57
16.
1° Sludge
37,760
25,720
Drvlng Bed
**921
**317
8
17.
Kjaeratoil kludge!
32,200
17,600
Thickened \crobiL
Digested 1
45,240
16,880
18.
1° Sludge
53,440
31,360
Drying Bed
**920
**290
3
19.
1° Sludge
139,600
35,760
Anaerobic Digested
104,520
39,480
21.
1° Sludge
11,720
8,040
Anaerobic Dtgesced
88,000
37,760
Drvlng 3ed
**957
**248
4
(continued)
130
-------
T\3Lt B-9 i;;ncinueo)
Plane Site
Total Solids
Total Volatile
?ercent
Solids
"¦'.oisture
ag/l 3)
ng/1 (**ng/g)
Concent
22.
Activated Sludge
39,440
23,363
Aerooic Digested
29,300
14,720
Voluae-Activated
v,134
**83
37
24.
1° Sludge
36,360
25,440
Crying 3ed
584
218
42
25.
1° Sludge
38,600
26,560
Thickened Aerobic
Digested
19,080
10,600
Drying Bed
ft*942
**336
6
26.
Iahoff Digester
51,440
27,240
Drying Bed
**900
**3=0
10
28.
1°+ Contact Staoilized
29,760
20,240
Drying 3ea
**154
**97
35
29.
Thicnened-Activated
42,920
26,630
Drying Bed
**931
**536
7
30.
1° Sludge
72,960
32,960
Drying Bed
**940
**100
60
31.
1° Sludge
38,760
26,120
Drying Bed-3 aos.
**148
**67
85
Drying Bed-1 year
**728
*•208
27
34.
1° Sludge
41,920
66,720
Drying Bed
**932
**310
7
37.
1° Sludge
38,360
37,040
Drying Sad
•*302
**132
20
38.
1° Sludge
32,680
24,640
Drying Bed
**921
**391
8
Five gallons of sewage settled overnight.
Samples taken from the sediment.
131
-------
TAHLK B-IO. SUMMER (AUGUST - SliPTtHBKK 1*978) EXAMINA'l ION FOM I'AKASilLS IN SI IJLM.LS hltOM MIINICII'AI IKI.AIMLNI
WANTS OF Tlfb iiOirmi HH UN 1 I bl> b'lA'lES
rj
Plane Site Actual Slit:
StiupJe fcxanined
Kran.s dry welkin
Ascarls
v nv
CK1'^/K(t *
J._
V
trlt Utnr.i
uv
pd>2
Itixotj 1 a
V IIV
mub/ki1^
il
V
1.
1" 5,58
10,000
S40
0
0
1 ,100
IKO
2, JOO
yoo
0
Pi yfji*; Uuit 17,17
3.^uu
23,200
60
HJO
640
1 ,500
0
1 /JOO
0
2.
1° iiludfce 4,84
1,700
1,000
O
0
1,200
0
l\ iO
JUl
0
l>ryiii|* lUd 21.89
0
90
0
0
0
90
so
o
0
J.
A* ruble JilgcbUr 1 2,73
9,900
J , 200
370
0
J?0
3/o
*>,900
J.hOli
0
4.
1° 4.87
210
2,700
0
411)
J. 900
4 lo
0
410
0
laying lit J 4.95
0
A
0
1,600
0
0
0
0
0
6.
l°Wk<.tlv.ituil Sludgu 1 2.40
1 ,300
8 JO
0
0
4 20
0
4 '0
0
0
riiylnt. n^.a 27. J6
o
0
0
0
0
0
1)
0
0
7
Cuni >« t St>tl>l
Sludge* 0.U2
69,000
9,700
3,600
0
0
0
0
1)
1)
Ui ylni, Uld 19. JO
*8.000
16,000
1 ,201)
1 ,0110
'.70
7 iO
SO
4 JO
o
H.
1° s 1,8J
JJ,000
10,000
0
0
0
O
1 ,li|jp 1.86
1.100
0
0
0
y*a
II
J, 7il0
0
0
A\- r nl» 1 v Oi^i^itid
S 1 ¦* 0 &*>
1 , Jl>0
0
0
0
1 , JOO
1, ,'oo
1)
» , JOO
II
l't
I ii 1 1% . 8 \
10
0
o
o
jio
o
1 /Mil)
'10
0
l>iyluj> lid J? «J
0
4/o
0
0
0
JOO
0
0
0
2,Sli
/(»
6 >0
I .01 >
, Mi»
U<>
(< onl i nut «l)
-------
(|i umj jinn)
D
V
oi r
(i
ou
III 1
0
II
0
0
90 **7
pin s*niaJti
mm :
t)
o«./
ooi*' i
1»
01,/
[1
11
0
0
If 1
-
f | i<|i'i«; i •• iu«» 11,, 1
Hi'
(1
o
D
1)
(I
0 *
0
01?
o
16(7
.,1 Hi. 1 X Ml
M
0
u
o
0
(I'M
0
0
OH/
01M
c
*J 9
» 11' ••'M | I«»I|IM|
¦•ir
l>
(1
(i
(i
0*7
0
0
n
0
(1
*»9 w
V 'Tl 1»! * '(I
(1
(1
(WW
09H
0
0
o
n
1>
¦ 1'IH
/ 1
11 fjo i »v p •«.! »"| "»| »| I,
o
u
(i
llf.f
(1
or,!
0
0
0
tins
11 s
•?c
(1
0
n
i>
0
(1
Oil
0
OWf
o
rr si
PHI HttfAiu
o
(1
(j
(Hit
u
0
0')1?
OIU
z
ooi'r
riiy
IHID'1
0
ii
0
0
0
0
09*
0
uo<.
*>
rr * i
nH|.»|S „l
ir
1M»V'V
(i
(i
ur»l * (
0
009
ooh't
00*
6
009
000
61
6f *8
j|ii | «5 ( |
'61
<1
o
n
0
09 *z
p->n atijx.m
(1
0
0
Of 7
0
001 M
orz
001
9
og*
000
ZI
Z*7'*J
¦'Spills nT
HI
0M
0
wm* \
on#:' I
0
06t
0
0
008'S
000
V!
8S*Z
|iiSpn|s p^ll»!>H|n
.->iqiijr>v pnu^H3)l|l
f)
0
0
0(3
u
0
0
0
009* Z
000
C
irz
1 nflpnjc; pr>lBir>.'r>(|
11
0
u
0
0
067
0
n
0
0
0
W17
plq 3(1 fA l(|
IM«V I 1
n
0
o
0
0
0
0
0
OCR
i
09' I
»»p»rs „1
'91
r3i/'
ZMV»«
7a
7H*/«r51tn
"»n rtjp scirjfl
Ml
A
All
A
All
A
All
A
AU
A
pnii|rarxa »ldnes
r inti i in 1p
II
i' i r
qJ.rfiiA-
Tr
nnpi "fi i
~ r
r 1 jrnsv
^71*; jemjv
aj(s liirjrf
fO
CO
(p-Miu JIHOT) 01-9 aiffVX
-------
I'AULE b-l<). (conl J uucii)
U>
-js
riunt Site
Actual Size
Auuria
1
I r 1 i li uta
K
Vli l_J> i b
uxoi
11 J.
H
<1 i III 1 III! l <1
Staple kxumjned
V
IIV
V
IIV
V
IIV
V
IIV
V
IIV
grjms diy weight
cUKh/ku2
i'UK^/^K '
i
lUK
i/K^
* -
29.
'Hi It kmc J Act 1 v.i t id
b)uJgc
1.92
0
0
0
0
l ,ono
0
1 ,61)0
O
(1
vo
ItivliH' ^
27.87
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3D
, o
1 bl»id}",t.
3.35
900
0
0
100
300
0
J00
0
0
U( )0
l>ryit)K
26.19
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
31.
1° Sludge
2.25
890
0
0
440
0
0
440
0
0
M'H)
Drying Bid
28.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34
1°
4.44 2
900
0
(J
450
0
0
1 100
0
0
9U0
OrylUfc (led
9.21
310
870
0
2 20
110
540
0
1 M>
0
'2H
J
1° Mud^t.
20.50 15
000
240
1 h ,1)00
4 , KM)
240
50
201)
50
0
/Mil
OiyiOj; Hid
i j. n
0
0
0
HfiO
0
'JO
0
O
0
u
18
1 Sludge
3.20
310
0
0
(. 10
it 10
0
1 to
-------
TAttl.fc 11-11. MlSCfcLLANl OUS lAHASHLS (N i-OUtm IN \ I KOM
MUNICIPAL TKLA'IMI NT PLANlS (MIHMtK - Allc.USI AND SM'IIMIIIK, I97H)
i'l
X.
4.
17.
lb.
1 Diylng Bed
1" Sludge
7. Drying Bed
B. J" SiuJ^e
Drying lied
10. 1* siudg*»
Dry lug Ik d
11. I* Sludge
Drying Bed
Kc.ioi al i«>n Sludge
llilckciit.il Aerobic
D I ge:> 1 i£«l S 1 udge
I ° SI udge
PaTOB jtCb
Caplllarla ep. egga (bl.cll wIlIi bLriatlonj) N V. lHO/Ug .l.w
Entamoeba culi-1 Ike cyt*t N.V 1-lu
Coccldla oucyata (large - lt»u »pora tella) V. how
Capillar la 8p. eggs (shell with birialloiib) tJ V. 50/kb. U w
AscarId la - like eggs, V. 1,100/kg. d.w.
Entamoeba « ol1 - like cysLd, N.V. - Many
TrlchosorpoIdes - like eggs, N.V. 5f>0/kg. d w
Caplllarla sp. eggb (shell with striatioub) V 400/Lg d w.
Coplllarla Bp. eggu (uht.ll with alriatiuub) N V. 400/tg.d w.
Hyinenolcple nana - like eggb, N.V. 270/kg.d w
Ascarldla - like eggs, N V. 2,900/kg.d w,
TrU.hoaomolde:> - like eggs, N.V. 360/Lk.J w
CoccldJa oocysts, N.V. - hew
Knlamoeba col 1 - like cy it.*, N.V. - l-t_w
Ascaridla - like ek-gs, N V SOU/kf d.w
Abcar Id la - like eggs, V 2'., OOu/kg . d
CocclJla oocy^tb (small) N.V - Kw
Ascarldla - like eggs, N.V 21,000/kg.d.u
Ahcjr Id la - like eg;*., V. J,'>00/kg d w
Ai.L.irlJI.1 - like e^gb, V. I2,ll0()/h^ d w
Ascarldla - like eggs, it V 1 , t>0l)/kk .d w
t'apl 1 I jr la sp. eggb (bli« I I w 11 li 1.1 l s) V 2 111 /1 g <1 w.
t ntJinocha < ol 1 - like cya,f., N.V. - M.u.y
19
An.iei ith Ic Digest ed
Cap I I 1 ar I a bp opgi (-.hell ulili .i r 1 ai luiis) V l2U/kf A
( « (ill I I lllll tl)
-------
I'ABI K B-U. (cunt Inucil)
21.
u.
24.
25.
29.
-tU.
31.
3'..
Aiuei obic UlgettCcJ
Activated Sludge^
Aerobic Digested
Vacuum Activated
Ccntrlfuged Aerobic
1* Sludge
1* Sludge
Thickened Activated
I" Sludge
1* SJudge
1° bjudge
Drying B<_-d
17. 1* MikU-c
iH. 1" ^lud^e
rHplllarJ.'i ap. eggs (hIicII with etr IdLUnb) V. 3J0/k^.d.w
Cap I llaria ap. *-gg=> (bliull with |iiti>) V. 't'JU/k.g ,d . w.
Cap! 1J at I a ap iigr.a (blu.ll wl lit pits) N V lM)/bg.d vt
frlchObomuldea - like eggt>, V 770/kg,d w.
Tr IchoaopoIdea - like eggtj, V 450/kg.J.w.
Ai»carld to - like egga, V. Syo/kg.d.w.
Cap! 11 aria ap. eggs (bhcLl with pits) N.V 170/kg.d.w.
Entamoeba call - like cyt»ts N.V.
Toxaacarla Leontna uggi>, V 190/kg.d.w.
Entflmoebd col 1 - like cy^ts, N.V. - Few
Cap! 1 lat lu ap. eg>;s (bhi.ll with fine plLe*) V. 520/kg d.u.
Entamoeba toil - like cyjii, N.V. - bi.«
Olardla i»p. uysLs, II.V, - Kw
butamoeba rol L - like cy^Ls, N.V. - Few
Clardla s p. cyata, N.V, - Few
Capll lar la ap. I I wltli ScrJutlon^.) V. AMI/k^.d.
Lnr.inmeba coil - like cyi>it», N.V. - Kw
CjarJia sp. cyt>tb, N.V - I lu
Cap 111 'rl.i sp. egy;H {shell uiili tiriadoiib) V. 230/kt;.d w
C'apll Jiirlit tip. (bhcl I with dtri/U Joiia) N.V. 2Jf)/kg.d
i ntiiinoL'ba rnH - like cy.ts, H.V. - Many
(ilorJ I a sp. iybla, N.V* - Many
Cap! 1 lai i j ijp. i j.gb (.lull with bCriutlonO V. 200/kL, J.w
Enl ai ot'l.u c ol- like ey »ts, N.v. - tew
(JNj bp. ty^Ls, N.V, - ku
1 Five gallons of sewage seCCled overnight, Lhua decanted; sample Lakeu train ruimiinli^ sediiueut
-------
TABLE 3-12. Sl'.DGE CHARACTERISTICS Or S A.'[PIES COLLiCTiO I\
SIDLES (AlGLST - SE?IIM3£X, 19 "3)
riant
Sice
total Solids
3!*/l
Total Volaclla
Sol^is
•sg/l, (**nz/e)
Percent
"oiscure
Conce-t
1.
1° Sludge
55,300
30,500
Drying 3ed
**572
**156
43
2.
i° Sludge
43.400
33,080
Drying 3ed
**7 30
**205
27
3.
Aerobic Digested 1
27,280
19,960
4.
1° Sludge
48,680
35,120
Drying Jed
**817
**415
L8
6.
l0j-Ac;ivaced '
24 ,'340
13,520
Drvlng 3ed
**912
**347
9
7.
Contact Stabilized
1 8,280
6,240
Drving Sed
**643
**329
37
8.
1° Sludge
13,320
14,200
Drying 3ed
**249
**107
75
10.
1° Sludge
27,960
23,680
Drying 3ed
*•372
**194
63
. U"
1° Sludge
51,760
38,640
Drying Hed
**429
**133
57
13.
l°-i-Activaced 1
18,640
11,360
Aerobic Digested 1
8,600
4,960
14.
1° Sludge
48,360
35,160
Drying Sed
**927
**262
7.3
16.
1° Sludge
16,000
11,560
'Uviil;; UcJ
** 915
** 352
9
17.
Reaeraced Sludge'
23,080
14,000
Thickened Aerobic
Digasced*
25,800
13,040
19.
1° Sludge
44,160
26,360
Drying Bed
**823
** 255
13
19.
1° Sludge 1
4,360
1,360
Anaerobic Digested
33,880
34,340
21.
1° Sludge
13,240
3,120
Anaerobic Digested
61,320
22,520
(continued)
137
-------
TA2LE B-L2. (continued)
Plan:
5i;e Total Solids
Tlg/1 ('*,T,g,'g)
Total Volatile
5olids
ng/1
=ercen:
l'oisc_re
Ccrte"t
22
'ct.;a'sc 3i.udge-
Aerobic Oigesced 1
"olume-Activated
Cent nfuged-Aerobic
25,040
22,160
**l"0
*"*19 2
10,500
11,140
**164
**72
33
31
24
1° Sljdge
Drying 3ed
::,ooo
+t6L1
15,360
•*243
39
25
1° Sludge
Thickened Aerobic
Digested
Dr"ing 3ed
51,630
11.580
**S35
32,360
7,000
**295
15
26
itnhot: Digester
Dr- ing Bea
64,^u0
79''*
34,3S0
335
20
23
l0jK;ontacc Scaolllzed
Drving Bed
13,280
**802
9,200
**389
20
27.
Thickened Activated
Drying Bed
19,2*0
**929
15,230
**473
7
30
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
33,480
**873
23,360
**212
13
31.
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
22,520
**935
15.520
**321
1
34.
1° Sludge
Drving Bed
44,400
307
29,400
120
69
37.
1° Sludge
Drying 3ed
205,040
**771
56,520
**107
23
38.
1° Sludge
Drying Bed
32,000
**946
20,280
»*448
5
1 Five gallons o£ sewage settled overnight. Samples taken from the sediment.
138
-------
lAULfc U-U. bl UIX.L (JHAKACI h,H I b J ICb 01 bAMPI I.S UHILCILU IN
FA I I. (NOVbMUBK AND. DfCI Hill K, 19/7)
(>l UIlL blzo
Claoa 1f leal luu HCl)
Popu l.il Ion Al'c
bcrvuiJ Yeaia
Types or Was tub
treatment rroccss of Sludge
HIl latale Hi smis 11
U>
vO
1. TF-AnbD
3. AS-AcrD
4. TF-AnSD
5. TF-AerD
6. AS-Aerl)
7. AS-AerD
TF-AnSD
9. TF-A»»SD
11. TF-AnSD
8.5
2. Pure Oxygen 16
1.1
0.5
0.4
0.4
2.5
0.3
0.9
10. Ab-TF-AnSD 10
2.5
50,000 35
120,000 19
10,000 25
6.600 15
5 >300 20
5,000 8
3,350 7
5,000(?) 24
4,500 20
100,000 21
14,000
15
Do{UUfitic r
I plating co.
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
Domestic
6OX Industrial
(swine, cattle
peanut-oil mill)
Domestic
5Z rubber industry
waste
70^ industrial
(iwat packing, 2
mllk co., poultry
plant, bread co.)
30Z poultry waste
1 clurifier -duijciobic dii;et>tcr
(18 day*.) ~ vacuum filtration ~
drying beds
1° & AS c larif leranaerobic
digester (30 days) ~ drying bedb
1° & TP clurificr " aerobit.
dJgce»ter (15 days) * pump tuickb
1° & TF clarifier > 1° anaerobic
dJgebCcr * 2° anaerobic digester
(JO days total) drying beds
1 f« 2 clarifier " aerobic
dlgcdter "drying buds
Influent"* AS'* clariflei
aerobic digester drying bedb
Influent -* AS -> clarifier **
thickener"* aerobic digester
(14 days) * drying beds
1° & TP clarifier * anaerobic
digubter (30 days) ' drying beds
1° clarifier "anaerobic digebter
drying beds
TF clarifier * AS * AS clarifier &
1° clarifier ' 1° anaerobic
digester * 2° anaerobic digester
(45 days total) drying beds
1° clarifier > anaerobic digester
(40 days) ' dry lug beds
luudLil1
Mixed with t»o|l
Loi coiiurit-1c ia I b.il*.
i'Luck gulden
Kind I111
Kind!ill,
local garden*
landfill
La nd f i 11
b.iriuerb , 4*urdiici & ,
Itiwiib, woiill feline
City luiidi Lli
Gardens, iitwitb
Sc bool-yjfdb
lawns , gardens,
church & school-
yards, paik^j £ (c Id^
t IK1V ll )
-------
Plant Size Population Age
Classification MGD Served Years
O
12. TF-AerD 3.1 15,000 11
13. AS-AerD 3.2 25.000
14. 1° clarified- 30 301,000 20
AnSD
15. AS-AnSD 10 80,000 3
16. AS-AnSD 6.5 50,000 19
17. AS-AerD 30 154,000 2
IS. AS-AnSD 5 45,000 19
19. TF-AnSD 1 13,000 13
20. AS-AnSD 7 50,000 7
21. AS-AnSD 1.3 13,000 21
TADLK B-13. (loiiL I u^iodj
Types of Unites Treatment. Process of Sludge Ultimate Dtspos.il
201 textile wa6te
Domestic
All kinds
1 & f clarifiure > 1° aerobic
digester ¥ 2° aerobic digester ~
drying beds
Influent ~ A£ ~ clarlfier-~
aerobic digester (5 days) *-
lagoon or drying beds
1° clarlfier ~ 1° anaerobic
digester * 29 anaerobic digester
drying bed or vacuum filtration
flash drier
School-yard6,
pastures, gardens,
pa rks
drying bed only
when need
landfill
Nnrseiles, st Ikmi h
gardens, churches
25X meat packing,
chicken processing,
herbicide manufact.
1 clarlfier-anaerobic digester
lagoon
l^i^oon
2 6mall slaughter
houses, plant that
makes celling tile
(0.3 HGD)
1° & AS clarifier * anaerobic Anyone that
digester (28 days) * drying beds wants It
all kinds
2 peppet factories
rice mill
Influent contac t 6 tab 11 izat ion *
clarlfier ~ aerobic digester >
(28 day6)~* lagoon (3 yearb)
1° clarlfier .AS » clarlfier '
1° anaeorblc digester * 2°
anaerobic digester (21 dayt> total)
drying bed6
1° & TF clarifier * anaerobic
digester * pump truck
SaultJry 1 jndfill
C.a rdens , f a rm<;
I'abtures In
liquid form
milk processing
Digesters being repaired .it this
time, sludge from 1° clarlfiei
going to canal or to farint*
P.ibLurufi
Domestic
1 clarifier * anaerobic digester Wet: pastures
(45 days) pump truck or drying bed Dry* gardens
(< nit I i nut il)
-------
IABLI* U— 13, (cont I inu.d)
I'laul Size Population Age
Classification MCI) Served Yeart»
lypcs of Waste
liealmcut I'liuosb ol Slndgi 1111 i in 11 v. 1)1 :.|nis.i I
22. AS-AerD
23. TK-AnSD
BO 460,000
0.7 6,000
30%: Urewciy wastes
coffee processing,
poultry and
slaughter houses
Meat packing plant
Influent* AS 'clarlfler aerobic
digester ' centrifuge ' landfill, or
clanfler vacuum filtei (lime
added) * landfill, or claritlcr-
vacuuui filtei. ' flttbfi dryer >
fort 11 lzer
1° & 2° clarlfler * aerobic
digester ' drying bedb
I totul) * drying bcdt»
25. AS-AerD-AnSD 7 230,000
Domestic
26. Lnlioff
27. TF-AnSD
4.5 17,000 18
1.3 18.860 23
2 slaughter
houses
Domestic
Dry city uoca
Lor tlLCb
Wet; I'astoicb
1 clarlfler ' 1 anaerobic
dl^cbter' 2° anaerobic digester
(60 days total) " diying bed, and
bffluent from 1° clarlfler 'AS*
clarlfler * aerobic dlgebter (60
day6) thickener t>j»ray on ficldb
InfLuent y Imlioff digcbLer 0ardene»
(40 day6) ' drying bedb
1° clurlfier ' anaerobic digebtcr ' l*indilll
diying bedb
2b. Contact S-AerD 2.5 45,000
29. AS-AerD
3.0 8,696
30. TF-AnSD 30 300,000 50
31. AS-AnSD 35 375,000 22
Domestic
Packing houses,
plastic factory
Slaughter houses
Biewcry, packing
house
1 clarlfler * contact Pasture:, fin
btabi ligation ' acobic dlgcbtc) Caid« ns
drying bed
Influent * AS > claritler '
thickener ' aerobic digebtcr
(15 dayt») ' drying beds
1° clarlfler * anaerobic digester
(15 duyb) > lagoon (2 yearb)
1° 6 AS clarifiei • anaerobic
digtbtcr (30 dayb) » drying bedb
I'asturcb ^
Ca 1 di lib
Road grabt> &
(jardonb
Loll cour^cb &
(i out I Mill «i)
-------
I Alii K 11- I 1. (Yonl 1 micil)
Plant Size Population Age 'lypes of Wastes
Classl t leal luii M(;i> Served Years
32. i clurifier-
AerD or
IF-AiiSD
2.0 17.000
I'alnt factory 6
bl«iughter hoiibe
11 i a Liik ill 1'inctss ol i> I u« »l, oi
uc. l ob i C digcbti.1 'diying bed .
III I Mil 11 i l»i .|m> i I
(oil «. Olil
3J. TF-AnSD
3.0 35,000
Margarine Co.,
lucal packing,
jl (IIU i IILUD
I tlarlflir » a nut t «>t»ic <1 L«. i*
d i y I ug bed
N.ii.L.
34. TF-AnSD
6.0 58,000 11
S1 augli ter tioubc ,
~total proceaslng,
oil
I clarliiir • Jiidc»iil» ic dign.ui
(JO dayb) diying Ik db
.lllil I i I I
35. TF-AnSD
23,000
not known
1 clurlLicr > anaui oblc Jigc^ui
drying bed
Nul known
36. TF-AnSD
3.200 11
Domestic
1 6 2 clariflir JnaerobJc
dlg<_bter ~drying beds
Opt ratm u*»i b
on garden
N>
37. TF-AnSD
5,400 16 Domestic
1 clarlfler ~ anacLoblc digcbCci
diylng bedb
Curdi no
38. TF- L AS-
AnSD
17
180,000
Cattle lot runoff,
poultry, cotton
oil mill
1 & TF & AS clurJ MiranuiLObii
digcbler (15 tlayb) diying bide*
Ihimpg i ound , vi i y
llLLli Liu
|ll I V I Lt. IIM
AbbKKVIAT10NS USKD.
HOD. Mlllloiib of gallons |>er day
TF. Trickling Filter
AS: Activated Sludge
AnSD: Anu^roblc Digester
AirD. Aerobic Digester
Contact S: Contact Stabilization
-------
I
CLARI
FIFP
CLARI-.
FIER J
F-FFLIJENT
CHLOR I l\T
CONTACT
- DRYING
BFPS
Kij;ure 11-I
SLunr.r
iv'ICKI INC.
FIITTR
o
GRIT
CIIAHBFR
SLUDGE
At-IATROU | f
l)l(.ESTERS
bcu.igf 11 tin I muiiL I'liillL 01
-------
]° CLARIF1ER
¦>
¦P"
SLUPGE
b—a excess sl unr,E |
| THICKFNtR
INI-LUENT
GRIT CIIAMBfR
PREAfRATIOri
PIIRT OXYGFN
ACTIVATFP SLUPGE
rn-i in rn
i° :
ANAFPOP. IC
Dir.ESTFRS
1 1 1
DRY 1NG
ncns
_J _L 1.
Figure b-2.
Suwage Treucmuiu I'l.inl 02.
-------
.i: i r cn/uiuf r
PACKAGE PI ANTS
ACTIVATED SLUPfiE
ArROBic sludge
digestion
TRICI'I ItlC
FILTfRS
TRUCK
load i nr.
y v
CLAR I F I LfxS
RIT CIIAMREP
CHLORIDE
POND
Mgtire B-J. Suujki- 'Iru.iLuu'iu I'Ijiil S3
-------
nr. VI'46
O-
«"
SSSRS c „
\
V'
/ V
suU»6t p —
GRnrn
oiM^rR
VlBure
B.fc. S""0*0
S'<
-------
C-if'S = 3
\l
EXCESS
SLUDC-E
CHLORI NATION
Figure 3-5. Sewage Treacaenc Plane r6.
147
-------
CLAR.
~r
EFFLUENT
_J
ciiLORinr si.uriGc
X $ V. $
DRY inn Bens
I'igure D-6. Su-u.iyt; I rujtiuiMil I'laul 1/
-------
TRICKLING
FILTER
4>
vt>
INFLUENT
GRIT CHAMBER
Figure
t
EFFLDFNT
AHAFR0B1C
DIGESTER
SLUDGE
?°
CLAR.
SLUDGE
1
DRY IMG
HEPS
Sewage 'Uv.aiinciil I'ljut 0B
-------
EXCESS SLUE-Jc
i
EFFLUENT
"ljure B-3. Sewage Treacmenc Plane & .
150
-------
A
SLUDGE
'OL'fHIi'iG
r ti -=3
Reproduced from
best available copy.
PR IT CHA'-'=E =
¦: te
r sri.'RHIi'iG
e li -= =
Figure 3-9. Sewage Treacmenc Plane MO.
151
-------
GRIT
CHAMBER
CHLORINE \
SLUDGE
\
\
ANAEROBIC
",!GP«TEe.S
DRYING
BEOS
Figure 3-10. Sewage Treatment PLanc HI.
152
-------
LAGOON
u>
ANACROKIC
MGLSTERS
A
I
L
PPY1I".
r.Fiif
cxcrss SLimr.r
RFTURtl SLUnr.l
^ SI UD6E
I
IPRF AERATION
I
nrr."i rTFi>
"T rf
1°
CLARIFIERS
11.
A
AtriVATED
suinr.F
*
HYf/'SS TOR
3 Mf.n EFFi.urr'T
FIv'OM 1° f LARIMER
>0
t
n Ai;ir ii i
i hi up i rif
(urn Ar i
( IIAMI'I I'
ri-ruirm
I
inrLurriT
Figure U— 1 I Sew.lye 11 l.1L1111.11I I'lanL 0lt>
s ri'FAii
-------
LAGOON FOR
CHLORINE CONTACT
CHLORINE
BUILDING
Ki&tire
SLUDGE
MIXED
LIQUOR
CLARIFICRS
OPERATIONS
BUILDING
RETURN
SLUDGE
~1
I EXCESS
y SLIIPGE
CONTACT
STAB 11.1 "
ZATION
REAERATFf)
SLUDGl"
AEROlilC
SLimr.r
DIGESTION
J—
(S)
UJ
1
2
5
«1
5
6
7
8
<1
in
11
Y
1
2
3
1
5
f>
7
3
9
10
11
Y
h-
1ft
3:
Vnir.LSTi n sl
J
C.IMT CHAMBER
~i YEAR LAGOONS
t
INFLUENT
Sewage Iri.itment Plain 01/
-------
U1
suinfip
X
-------
/
SLUCCE
LTE3
CLAP.
cLap.
|_ _SLl'EGE
CCflTaCT
CuAi'EE=
Figure B-li. Sewage Ireacment Plane >19.
156
-------
*1^
activated sludge
AEI'JRfJl. EXCESS
activate:; sludge
CLAR,
I SLUDGE
GRIT CHAJ-'BE3
TRUCK
Figure 3 — L5. Sewage Treacaenc ?Lanc '21.
157
-------
ACTIVATED
si imr r
L -A
m-.TURM SLIHWF
-1-
r ~
Wl • r PI AMI
( III OR I IIATOR
CHLORINE CON! ACT CIIAMWIf
BLEACH
TANK
FFFLHI NT
EKOM
WFST I'l Ml I
Klguru H-lb. Sewage 11 ijaLmiMii I'l.ml til, tist HI.nit
-------
THIfH IM I" f I )
~ n
st iionp
I'kon
I'ASI PLANT
n i\pihifrs
- TTTTT1J]]
ACT I VATFf4 ACTIVMPH
SLIIDGF SllJfiRF
. 1 -i ± A.
thickfnfrs (t)
111 irn1111"-.
I r:c i hfpa r i on
VACUUM
FILTERS
-sA- -
rFMTri i riir.K
->A
riiiu i.
Klgure U-17. buwngt. Irtjimciii iMunt Wcsl riant.
-------
STORM
''A I Hi
n 4Rir n u'
AFRATI ON
(T>
O
I NT I III fIT
H AP
CI AH
CLAR
CLAR
nrc.ii i Til
CI.AR
CLAR
CLAR
(Lr r,
rr» i.nrni
pr-vni" nn
CLAP
'EFFLUENT FROM
t°° n.M)irirr>c. y
CLAR
AFRA-
CI.Ar
CLAR
© © ©
©© ©
© © ®
© ©
AfAi rnri (
i,n rr.
©
\!3<
NI.-ATION
*--yy
V^l AlJ
t ^
suihf.i i I'n/i
I" (.1 AM! II I 1 'f
r>rr°.*; n i;a mo ¦ i urn
V ,, J
I'fguio U-IH. Suw.igo IrcaimunL Plant 024
Reproduced from
besl available copy.
-------
ahatroi' ir
I I
SLimr.r
T
iiKYinr.
urns
1
SLUDGE
CLAR.
CLAR.
DE6r(ITTCK
RE-
AERA-
T ION
RF-
AERA-
T ION
AbRA
T t ON
AENA
TI ON
AFPO
THICKENER
3IGEST
suwr.c
f I AR
I N( LUFM1
I TRIO I IOI>
fl ?
CONTACT CMAMHTR
huhtd-
r f r tnrui
Piguru U-19 bcu.igu- Tru.iiiiu.iii I'l.int SI").
-------
TRICK-
LING
FILT=?
3SIT
TPAP
15VI'
INFLUENT
Figure 3-20. Saua?e Treatment Plant 126.
162
-------
I I I I 1)1 (IT
RF-ARRATION
MIXING ft
ACRA fION
OR IT PAR
Al TER SUrKPNA"! INK
IHFLUCNT
K Igut c U->2 I.
S< w 1^0 I i i .1 Liih.iiI 111 iiit II 'H
-------
r
SLUDGE
1
J I
03
^
<
1RIC KLIN
(TF
-0K-
G rILItw3
)
>0-
-Kir
H0^
F INIA L
CLARI PIERS
(FC)
-A-J
:hlorination
-^.STREAM
DRYING SEDS
(DB)
DB
DB
£
effluent
AD
DB
DB
/2°N) (l0 } CLARIFIERS
SLUDGE
1°
CLARIFIERS
^ TO
ANAEROBIC , v
DIGESTERS (AD)
©
0
0
DB
DB
BAR SCREEN
DEGPrTTER
(^) (^)
0 0
DB
INFLUENT
DB
DB
1 DB
DB
Figure B-22. Sewage Treatment Plane '/30.
164
-------
CHLORI
HAT ION
EFFLUENT
CENTRIFUGE
THICKENER
ACTI-
VATED _
SLUDGE
ICLARI F IERS
| CLARIFIERS
ACTIVATED
SLUDCE
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
ANAEROBIC
DIGESTERS
f
i . / \' v
THICKENERS
DRY ING
BEDS
OOO ' oo
ooo^"00
u
PEGR1TTER
CLARIFIFRS
MAR SCREEN
DrGRITTI'R
I NFLUFNT
Figure H-21.
Sewage licatraeiit Plant tfJI.
-------
o
o>
TRICKLING
FILTER .
CLAR
EFFLUENT
SLUDGE
CLAR
- "I
CLAR
SLUDGE
I- _
CLAR
DEGRITTER
INFLUENT
TRICKLING
FILTER J
TRICKLING
k FILTER j
TRICKLING
L FILTER
CL
- DRY
BEI
NG
)S
[TRICKLING
F I
—\
A
i
i
ANAFROBIC
DIGFSTERS
figure B-24. Sowam- 1i ualiucnl Plant 134.
-------
SLUDGE
CRIT CHAMBER
BAR SCREEN
! NFLUEV7
Figure 3-25. Sevage Iraacient Plane ?37.
Reproduced from
best available copy.
167
-------
GRIT
CHAMBER
rO~3>
INFLUENT
ON
00
TRICKLING
FILTER
CLAR
CLAR.
SLUDGE
SLUDGE
CLAR
CLAR
1°
ANAEROBIC
DIGFSTER
ANAEROBIC.
DIGESTER
EFFLUENT
DRYING
BEDS
c
i
CHLORINE
CONTACT
CHAMBER
FARMS
R
COOLING
TOWERS
A
SLUDGE
CLAR.
GRIT ^
CHAMBER
THICKENER
RETURN SLUDGE
ACTIVATED
SLUDGE
WASTE SLUDGE
EFFLUENT
Figure B-26 Sewage Ti c.iliucul i'ldiit flJH
-------
APPENDIX C
RESULTS OF TI1K DRYING BED STUDY
TABLC C-l. HELMINTH EGGS (NO EGGS/KG DRY WT) FOUND IN SAMH LS frKOh DIFFERkNL LOCATIONS IN
ONE DRYING bED (bLfc. UlACKAM FOH LOCAIIONS).
Saayle
Percent
Molature
Content
Actual Size
banple E&aalned
got dry vt.
Percent
Solidu
Abiurltt
V
(Total)
nv
V
T irlchlura
nv
(1 otal)
T. vulpla
v nv
(Total)
Tokui ura
v nv
(Total)
1
73 I
8 07
26.9
2,600
(3220)
620
620
(740)
120
1,240 120
(1360)
740
990
(1730)
2
25.9
22.23
74. 1
1,260
(1440)
180
130
(170)
40
850 130
(900)
180
40
(220)
3
76.6
7 02
23.4
4,990 1
(6410)
420
710
(990)
280
3,130 570
(3600)
140
3,280
O420)
4
72 0
8 40
28.0
3,930
(8810)
480
480
(480)
0
1,550 240
(1790)
J60
1 .900
(2260)
5
67. 3
9.81
32.7
1,830 1
(2950)
120
610
(920)
JIO
1,8J0 310
(2140)
100
1,120
(1220)
6
74.2
7.74
25.8
2,970
(3360)
390
390
(520)
130
1,810 U
(1810)
260
1,420
(1680)
7
84.5
4.65
15.5
4.090 I
(5170)
080
860
(860)
0
2.800 220
(3020)
220
2.150
(2J70)
8
73 5
7.95
26.5
4,530 1
(5910)
380
380
(630)
250
3,140 630
(3770)
130
3,270
(J400)
9
73.6
7.9*
26.4
3,030
(3660)
630
130
(260)
130
2,020 380
(2400)
130
2,020
(2150)
10
80.6
5 76
19.2
4,340 1
(5730)
390
170
(340)
170
1,390 170
(1560)
520
1 ,560
(2080)
v ¦ viable
av ¦ rwn-v table
-------
o
TABLE C-2. HELMINTH EGGS (HO. EGCb/30 CM SAMJ'Lb, WET UblUII') I OMNI) IN OAHI'I Lb IKOM
DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN ONE DRYING IILI) (SLL IIIAI.KAM I OK lUCAII(iN)
Sample
Actual Size
Sample Examined
gn dry vt.
V
A&carl a
nv T
!_
V
Li li
nv
h 1 ura
1
V
u Viiilii
nv
I
lit-
V
IIV
1
1
8.07
21
5
26
5
1
6
10
1
II
<>
8
\h
2
22.23
28
1
29
3
1
4
19
3
11
t*
y
1 J
3
7.02
35
10
45
5
2
7
j #
4
26
1
j i
>/t
4
8.40
33
4
37
4
0
4
13
2
1
i
i<>
I'i
5
9.81
18
11
29
6
3
y
18
3
21
1
11
1 /
6
7.74
23
3
26
3
1
4
14
0
\U
I
ii
1 J
7
4.65
19
5
24
4
0
4 ~
1 i
1
14
1
JO
1 1
8
7.95
36
11
47
J
2
5
J5
5
30
1
li>
11
9
7.92
24
5
29
1
I
2
l(.
J
19
1
16
1 /
10
5.76
25
8
33
1
1
2
a
1
10
J
9
12
v-viable
nvanon-viable
T-Total
-------
TA3LE
C-3. STATIST
(NO E
ICAL ANALYSIS
ggs/.\G dry wx)
OF DRYING 3ED SAMPLES
OF SLCDGE
Parameter
Median
Average
Standard Deviation
Range
Moisture (X)
Concenc
73.0
71.0
3.0
34.5-67 5
Ascaris
local
5170
2226
1572
6710-2950
Viable
3930
3590
1034
4986-1835
non-viable
1C80
946
417
1420-390
T. trichlura
local
630
638
253
990-260
viable
a 80
483
242
360-130
Non-viable
130
154
111
310-0
T. Ailpis
local
2140
2383
336
3770-1360
Viable
1830
2101
736
3140-1240
Non-viable
240
293
205
630-0
Toxocara
TocSl
2150
2257
742
3420-1220
Viable
' 220
289
217
740-100
Non-viable
1900
1968
337
3280-990
171
-------
v??r:oi\ d
calcjlat:o" s o-: t-e ""C7:'/r:zs3 or -isrr.i::-' "ccess
0\ '\iUS:iE =LE=LCT IC'-tS :\ T"E -:EL3
TA3Li D-i PESCErr ^£DLCT:0-. OF VIA3L£ \SCJAIS EGGS V, "ELD SABLES
COLLECTED RC! JAStr.ATER T'-AT'DT 'L^.'TS
Plant
rail
tUnter
Spring
Summer
Sludge Treacment
1
35
55
52
:6
Anaerobic
2
-
100
69
10
Anaerobic
3
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
4
-
(296)
o
o
O
O
Anaeroolc
6
100
86
100
100
Aeroblc
7
-
8
26
59
Aerobic
8
100
100
100
44
Anaerobic
10
(142)
(9)
100
32
Anaerobic
U
99
89
100
86
Anaerobic
13
-
-
100
-
Aerobic
14
-
-
-
100
Anaerobic
16
63
93
100
100
Anaerobic
17
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
18
(250)
93
100
97
Anaerobic
19
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
21
100
100
100
-
Anaerobic
24
93
94
22
100
Anaerobic
25
-
-
-
100
Both
26
93
95
98
100
Anaerobic
28
100
80
(-)
-
Aerobic
29
91
(40)
100
-
Aerobic
30
-
-
-
Anaerobic
31
100
-
100
100
Anaerobic
34
100
99
100
99
Anaerobic
37
93
(138)
99
100
Anaerobic
38
100
-
-
100
Anaerobic
N 16
Average 58
Standard Deviation 101
H 3
Average 97
Standard Deviation J
S 13
Avaraga 49
Standard Deviation 111
18
87
26
18
84
26
ALL SEASONS
69
67
76
4
82
37
2
30
29
13
70
45
14
39
24
15,
84
28
55
66
83
172
-------
TABLE 0-2. PERCENT REDUCTION OF '/TABLE TOXOCA.1A EGGS
Lane
Fall
Vlncer
Sprinj
Summer
Sluaje Treatment
1
100
100
92
100
Anaeroblc
2
-
100
100
94
Anaerobic
3
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
4
-
100
100
-
Anaerobic
6
-
100
100
100
Aerobic
7
33
-
43
-
Aerobic
3
97
100
96
75
Anaerobic
10
(41)
77
-
100
Anaerobic
LI
100
100
100
-
Anaerobic
13
-
100
100
100
Aerobic
14
-
97
100
100
Anaerobic
16
-
94
100
-
Anaerobic
17
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
18
43
97
100
100
Anaerobic
19
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
21
-
100
-
-
Anaerobic
24
100
100
80
100
Anaerobic
25
100
100
-
100
Both
26
100
38
100
-
Anaerobic
28
100
97
95
100
Aerobic
29
74
94
100
100
Aerobic
30
100
97
100
100
Anaerobic
31
100
93
100
100
Anaerobic
34
100'
97
100
100
Anaerobic
37
100
(76)
100
100
Anaerobic
38
100
100
-
100
Anaerobic
"
TOTAL
ALL SEASONS
N
16
22
19
17
74
Average
82
89
95
98
91
Standard
Deviation
39
37
Aerobic
14
6
28
N
3
4
5
4
16
Average
69
98
88
100
90
Standard
Deviation
34
3 '
Anaerobic
25
0
21
N
12
17
14
12
55
Average
83
36
98
97
91
Standard
Deviation
42
42
6
7
31
173
-------
TABLE D-3. PERCZ™ ^EDLCTIOM OF ' I ABLE T^ICtiUaiS TRICHI'-TA EGGS
Plane
Fall
•»'inter Spring
Sunmer
Sluaae Treacnenc
1
100
iUU Jl
~
AnaeroDic
2
-
-
-
Anaerooic
3
-
-
-
Aerobic
4
-
-
-
Anaerobic
6
-
-
-
Aerobic
7
(66)
(155) 54
67
Aerobic
3
-
-
-
\naerobic
10
-
-
-
Anaerobic
11
- ,
-
100
Anaerobic
13
-
-
-
Aerobic
14
-
-
-
Anaerobic
16
-
-
-
Anaerobic
17
-
-
-
Aerobic
IS
(95)
96 100
100
Anaerobic
19
(13)
(10) 37
-
Anaerobic
21
100
100
-
Anaerobic
24
-
-
100
Anaerobic
25
-
-
-
Both
26
-
-
-
Anaerobic
28
-
-
-
Aerobic
29
-
-
-
Aerobic
30
-
-
-
Anaerobic
31
-
-
-
Anaerobic
34
100
100 100
-
Anaerobic
37
93
(416) 99
100
Anaerobic
38
-
-
-
Anaerobic
TOTAL
ALL SEASONS
H
7
7 6
5
26
Average
31
(26) 80
93
39
Standard
Devlacion
87
196 28
Aeroblc
15
118
H
1
1 1
1
4
Average
(66)
(155) 54
67
(25)
Standard
Deviation
-
Anaerobic
-
105
N
6
6 5
4
21
Average
48
(5) 85
100
52
Standard
Deviation
82
206 27
0
119
174
-------
:\3le 3— ?£'c::.t jesictic. of viable trichi^i; eggs
Plant
rail
iincer Soring
3unmet
Sludie treataenc
1
-
(122)
:o
\naerooic
2
-
36
35
100
Anaerobic
3
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
4
-
(273)
98
100
Anaeroo lc
6
-
-
-
LOO
Aerobic
7
-
-
3 7
(13)
¦Verobic
a
a7
100
91
-
Anaerobic
10
(255)
(16)
100
55
Anaarobtc
n
-
(27)
37
100
Anaerobic
13
-
100
100
-
Aerobic
14
-
-
(41)
100
Anaerobic
15
-
(136)
-
-
Anaerobic
17
_
-
-
-
Aerob ic
18
(16")
10
91
32
Anaerobic
19
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
21
-
100
100
-
Anaerobic
24
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
25
100
100
37
100
iot1!
26
94
77
93
100
Anaeroolc
28
-
-
3
83
Aerobic
29
31
(5)
92
100
Aerobic
30
-
-
100
100
Anaerobic
31
34
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
9
(27)
89
-
Anaerobic
37
44
43
63
(68)
Anaerobic
38
-
100
-
100
Anaerobic
TOTAL
ALL SEASONS
N
8
16
18
16
58
Average
(1)
7
70
74
44
Standard
Deviation
135
108
Aerobic
41
49
87
K
1
2
4
4
11
Average
31
48
63
68
63
Standard
Deviation
-
74
Anaerobic
44
54
46
H
6
13
13
11
43
Average
(31)
(7)
71
74
34
Standard
Deviation
145
113
42
51
96
175
-------
T\3L£ 3-5 PERCE'." ^EDlCTIdN OF VIA3LE -SC\R:S ECCS 3Y DIGESTION
PROCESS i:. FIELD SAMPLES -0" '.'..IT OPERATIONS
Lane
"all
mincer
Soring
Sumner
Process
i3
-
-
-
9
Aerob ic
L7
-
23
13
(307)
Thickeners
19
(150)
(8)
(116)
(313)
Anaerooic
-
-
(88)
(33)
Anaerobic
-
-
100
-
Drying 3ed
22
(350)
(33)
(155)
(148)
Aerobic
-
92
44
47
Vacuum Filtration
-
87
-
(13)
Centrifugation
25
-
-
-
(43)
Aerobic
100
-
100
100
Drying 3ed
26
-
-
-
-
Anaerobic
93
95
98
100
Drying Bed
29
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
91
(40)
100
-
Drving Bed
M
Average
Standard Deviation
N
Average
Standard Deviation
N
Average
Standard Deviation
Aerobic D1testion
6
(121)
130
Drying Beds
6
75
57
Dewaterlng (All Aerobic)
Thlcltanlng Vacuum Filtration
3 3
(110) 61
222 27
Anaerobic Digestion
6
(118)
109
5
97
3
Centrifugetlon
2
37
71
176
-------
TABLE D-6 ?ERCE:rr REDUCTION OF IABLE I0\0CA3A £CGS 3\
DIGESTION P'QCESS V.: FIELD SAMPLES TOR .".IT OPERATIONS
Plant
Fall
»inter
Soring
Stirrer
?rocpss
13
41
(113)
-
100
AeroDic
-
100
-
-
Dr-ng Bed
17
-
(12)
67
(38)
Thicxeners
19
59
(233)
56
-
\naerooi:
21
-
-
-
-
Araeroo-c
-
-
100
-
Dr"in3 3ec
22
(70)
67
33
-
Aerobic
-
100
(12)
(118)
Vacuun Filtration
(24)
33
-
100
Ceitniugatior.
25
42
45
-
(121)
Aerobic
100
100
-
100
Drving 3ea
25
-
-
-
-
Aerooic
100
88
100
-
Drying Bed
29
-
-
-
-
Aerooic
7<*
94
100
100
Drying 3ed
'
Aerobic
Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
N
9
3
Average
(167)
(36)
Standard
Deviation
¦
32
171
Drains Beds
X
8
4
Average
96
97
S tandard
Deviation
9
6
Devatering
(All Aerobic)
Thickening
Vacuun
i Filtration
Centrifunation
s
3
3
3
Average
6
(16)
53
Standard
Deviation
55
109
67
177
-------
TABLE D-7. PERCENT REDUCTION OF VIABLE TRICHURIS WlfflltHA EGGS 3Y
DIGESTION PFOCESS IN FIELD SAMPLES FOR US IT OPERATIONS
Plane Fall Winter Spring Stumor Process
- - - Aerobic
~ Drving Beds
_ Thickeners
19 (13) (10) 37 - Anaerobic
21 - - (400) AnaeroDic
100 - Drying Beo
22 - 100 - - Aerobic
- 100 Vacuum Filcratior
- 100 Centrifugatlon
25 - Aerobic
- Drying Bear
26 - Anaerobic
- Drying Beds
29 - Aerobic
- Drying 3eds
Aerobic Digestion Anaerobic Digestion
N 1 4
Average 100 (97)
Standard Deviation - 204
Drying Beds
S - 1
Average - 100
Standard Deviation
Devaterlng (All Aerobic)
Thickening Vacuum Filtration Cencrlfugaclon
S 11
Average - 100 100
Standard Deviation - -
178
-------
:? iasu "ic.-ais vg?is :ogs
: ".zi2 ="^?Lrj oPi^Anovs
?l3"C
fal.
¦>ncer
3r r-—-£
5 timer
Process
13
-
(55)
-
(122)
Aerobic
-
iOO
-
-
Drvlng 3eds
t_7
-
-
-
-
Thickens
-9
Cio")
10
91
82
Anaerobic
-
-
46
-
Anaerobic
-
-
100
-
Drying Seds
in
-
-
55
-
Aerobic
-
100
(47)
78
Vacuum filtration
0
100
-
23
Centrifugacion
15
-CO
100
(100)
100
AercbLc
-
-
93
-
Drying Beds
-0
-
-
-
Anaerobic
94
77
93
100
Drying Seds
29
-
-
-
-
Aerobic
31
(5)
92
100
Drvlng 3eds
M
Average
Standard DevlacIon
Average
Standard Deviation
s
Average
Standard Deviation
Aerobic Plaescion
7
11
100
Anaerobic Digestion
5
12
105
Drying Bed
6
77
41
Dgwatering (All Aerobic)
Thickening Vacuum Filtration
3
44
79
93
9
Centrlfuqatlop.
2
62
34
*( ) » -Value
179
-------
APPENDIX h
KhSUl.TS 0¥ IABOKATOKY STUDIfcS CON'IAININC- RAW AND ANAI YZhD DA IA
00
O
TA11I K E-l EJECTS Oh AFKOBlt DIM bl I OK ON AMAIUS luJS (IU0II Till- UTtKI Oh WOllMb)
AND lOXOfAKA Ix.i.ii (>M INK. It lis)
I 1 DttJ
(D.iya)
Abcar i b
l.gHi>/lOOroi *
V NV
Percent"*
Reduce ton
Viable PkK**
PurioiU.1*
X Recovery ot
Vljl.le2 Total tg8s
I oxocara
I lOOml *
V NV
Percent J hin hi'*
deduction 7, Recovery uI
Viable l-gga Vluble? lnt.il Lnj,b
Di^esUr dt 35°C (Kun f11)
0
04
103
48
-
68
38
(400)
13'.
98
-
67
SH
(400)
2
0
1
100
0
0
( 424)
i
68
98
1
22
( J24)
4
0
0
100
0
0
(262)
10
4
87
71
1)
( 2S2)
6
0
0
100
0
0
(213)
8
4
-89
67
ti
(213)
8
0
0
100
0
0
(172)
0
3
100
0
2
( 1/2)
10
0
0
100
0
0
(140)
7
0
85
0
b
( 140)
!>
ni i^sti
r .H
15»i (Hnn I'D
n
207
26
-
U9
SH
(400)
I8f>
153
-
55
KS
1 400)
j
0
2
100
0
1
( J24)
IS
21
77
6 )
1 7
( .2' )
'i
0
0
100
0
0
(262)
10
14
92
4 2
9
t 262)
6
0
0
100
0
0
(213)
2
0
99
100
1
(210
a
0
0
100
0
0
(172)
1
1
99
50
1
(172)
10
1
0
99
100
1
(140)
J
0
95
100
2
( 140)
b
D1Hester at
45°C (k.m II1)
i)
04
190
J
-
98
39
(500)
2l(S
206
-
50
It 2
(500)
2
6
8
97
41
4
(405)
J9
18
76
68
14
( 40Si
4
1
6
99
14
2
(328)
41
24
70
<> )
20
( 128)
6
1
0
99
100
0
(266)
31
23
72
'j7
20
(206)
B
J
1
96
100
2
( 2 1 j)
1 /
9
HI
f.j
12
(.Ti)
10
0
1
100
0
0
(174)
19
4
73
8 J
1 3
(17.)
(continued)
-------
TABI E F-t. (4 onl tnucfl)
Ascarl s
Percent1
Percent1'
lQX.H-.JI £
I'crt onl 1
r<
ri i'iii '¦
1 | Uh*
I.Rfts/ IQOinl 1
Kciluv. t Ion
¦7
Kecov.. ry o 1
*" 100ml 1
Uodui. 1 ion
K» t. *»Vt» v
(li.iya)
V
NV
VI aliii k-UBU
Viable
lol.il
V
Nl'
Viable 1
VI .hi.
ol
| 1 1 •
l> 11;ester )
4
I
2
99
33
1
(323)
IB
-!t>
t»M
59
20
( I2tl)
6
0
0
100
0
0
(266)
n
15
69
6/
1 7
(20M
8
0
0
100
0
0
(215)
21
2 J
74
4b
20
(
i
(17'.)
OlAeuler at
55°C (Kim /II)
0 04 b
0
273
-
0
55
(500)
0
435
-
0
8/
(Sim)
2
0
US
100
0
36
(405)
(l
31?
10(1
0
77
('.0-i)
4
0
126
100
0
19
( 328)
0
202
100
0
62
( l-'H)
6
0
56
100
0
21
(266)
0
158
l(MI
(1
S'j
I >6(.)
8
0
88
100
0
41
(215)
0
131
loo
o
M
(JIS)
10
0
79
100
0
45
(174)
0
63
100
0
If.
(17.)
!>
lilacs
ter at
S5°C (Kuu J'2)
O.O'i
0
1/5
-
0
35
(500)
0
JM
-
.1
/I)
Ci00>
2
0
191
100
n
48
(405)
0
J 39
100
0
b4
(405)
/,
1)
165
100
0
1>0
( 326)
0
240
lOf)
0
7 1
( 12h)
6
0
127
100
0
•»B
(26b)
0
203
10(1
0
7t>
( -66)
a
0
94
100
0
44
(215)
0
146
100
0
611
(215)
10
0
66
100
0
38
(174)
0
51
100
0
( 1 74)
*V =» Viable eggs; NV =» Non-Viable e^gs
^Z Viable " Percent vlablt* uggt round in the uanple as compare J 10 total number of egi;i. olsirvnl
-M'crcrnt Reduction «• Z viable eix* noted to be rcJuCt.il from the numlx r of viable cf&s found at I hr ol
o|>r-rat ion
''I'trctiu Recovery ¦ Z of Llie total number ol owld be found, de«_ro«t*c K iluu only to «ll (m luit
lliet>e sniujtlis were null 1 u I I zed, tbun ft* f» I) crated lor '» to 12 d »ys helnr* |triraaitr «malv*»i*»
-------
TABLE -K-2. (continue)
00
NJ
—
*
—- - - -
¦- - - - - - -
•
— - —
Asi_arl s
IV11 em J
IV'ru'ni **
AjsCdrK
IVi Li-llt *
1 l«W£
Krrh/ lOCInl'
UcJucl io»
I'ctli'llt '
Ue« t'Vi.' i y ») I
I'gKs/IOOinl1
KcJuctIon
h 1 1 « Hi
(Odyu)
V
NV
Vlolili* 1 ,'gs
VI,iMo
lot ll 1 gca
V
NV
Viable i.Ki».
VI .ll) 11
III
a t 45 "(
0.04
114
40
_
95
82 <990)
2
0
_
UK)
25
527
li
16
98
67 (802)
0
0
-
-
|634|&
1102 ]fc
1016
|86|<-
|92 (802) f'
4 5
0
602
100
0
93 (650)
0
0
-
-
6 4
0
468
100
0
89 (526)
0
2
-
(>
8
0
1 16
100
0
27 (426)
0
0
-
-
10|b
|233|6
(I00|6
|0jb
155 (426) f'
10
0
J5B
100
0
104 (34 5)
0
0
-
-
IM IIUMtLf
at 55°C
0.04
70b
210
.
75
95 (990)
0
18
-
i)
2b
0
826
100
0
103 (802)
0
16
-
f)
4*>
0
610
100
0
97 (650)
0
6
-
0
6b
0
12(»
100
0
61 (521))
0
1/
-
I)
|0]b
|550|b
I100|b
|0|6
1129 (52b)f
a
0
350
loo
0
82 (426)
0
0
-
-
10
0
326
ion
0
94 (145)
0
6
-
l)
>V - Viable eggs; NV ¦ Non-Vt -hie eg^s.
^ Pet cent Viable ¦ Percent vlnbl' v^gb found in sample as compared to total number ot eg}*u obsi t vlc bdraplea were nuuirnllzuil, then ref r I j'.er ilrd 5 to 12 1«
-------
TABLE E-2. EFFECTS OP AEROBIC IHfitSTlON ON ASCAKIS KCCS
(FROM THE SMAIL INTESTINAI CONTENTS. OK SWINE)
Ascarls
Percent3
FtitniL1*
Aatarla
Percent3
1 line
Errs/100ml
Reduct ion
Percent2
Re* uvei y of
Ekes/100ml
' Reduction
Percent
(Days)
V
NV
Viable Eggd
Viable
lutul Eggs
V
NV
Viable bggs
Viable
ni getter
at 28"l
corn rols
0.04
758
22
-
97
97 (990)
4
8
-
33
2 b
436
20
29
96
57 (802)
J6
4
-
87
193016
|104]6
|0lG
(90^
|I29 (802)P
4s
572
28
0
95
92 (650)
10
0
-
100
6s
172
2
0
99
71 (526)
0
0
-
-
8
424
6
0
99
101 (426)
0
0
-
-
10
124
0
0
100
94 (345)
2
0
-
100
Dliteatcr
at 35°C
0.04
744
2
_
100 ¦
75 (990)
0
0
-
_
199216
110416
1016
19116
(III (990)f
2s
866
6
0
99
109 (802)
0
0
-
-
4'J
668
2
0
100
10J (650)
8
4
-
67
6s
378
6
0
98
73 (5
-------
'i'AUI.E V-3. fckPISC'IS Ot ANAhKOUIC IHt'.KSTION ON AM_Aju\ lU.b (\ IU)M 111) SMAH INIIM1NAI
CONTENTS OK SWINE) AND IOX1K AHA fcOCS (Hvi
TLbT -
DlCKVll-K
0.010
197
112
46
-
71
80
IK 1
140
U
_
•11
H/,
2
167
90
19
5.2
83
65
IV#
14)
1 I
0
H'l
10 t
6
121
48
IS
JO
76
5.'
1 1 1
/'i
14
IM
H \
/(¦
10
87
43
12
IJ
78
6 J
HO
44
1
iy)
tit,
Ml
15
63
21
8
42
72
46
58
I')
10
4'.
/ I
(ill
CONTKOI
- lllf.'FS II K J5
0.010
-
11
1
-
92
-
_
ID
<)
101)
2
-
2
1
-
6/
-
-
a
1
6
-
6
1
-
86
-
-
¦
0
_
loo
10
-
5
0
-
100
-
-
i
I)
1 on
IS
-
1
1
-
50
-
-
o
0
'IhS'l -
OK.hSIKK 4!>',(
0.014
197
80
43
-
65
62
181
i.#y
64
6/
1 (K.
2
167
0
92
100
0
5b
154
0
I0J
101)
(i
i.l.
6
121
0
89
100
0
74
1 II
0
67
100
i)
l.()
10
B7
0
45
100
0
52
80
0
4 1
inn
i)
. 1
15
63
0
24
100
0
38
58
0
JO
loo
11
(« i >111 i 11 m i .1)
-------
TABI E K-J (t.unt iaucd)
1 1 me
(dayt>)
Abcariu
X Lx|>ii(U(l
Ki'i ovcry1' HtlK^/50 ml
'InxitLiii a
V 1. 1
I
Ui i nVi
Expected
tgga/50 ml
Kgga/50 ml
V NVr
I Decrease
V. EiSBU1,
X V. Egfib3
KKfcs/M) ml X
V NVr
Decrease
V. It-Kb' 7
com ROK
- IIK.LSI'KK 4i°(
0.(114
-
5
3
-
63
-
8
1
_
8')
_
2
-
1
2
-
33
-
J
I .
-
r.o
_
6
-
2
0
-
100
-
3
0
-
100
_
10
-
0
0
-
-
- '
1
1
-
•>o
_
15
-
0
1
"
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
ThST -
DIU.blEK 55°C
0.01 7
1 9 J
0
92
-
0
4b 194
1
147
-
0 /
I
164
0
94
100
0
b/ 16b
0
80
100
(1
AH
6
119
0
47
100
0
19 119
0
Jb
100
0
">
10
86
0
37
100
0
4.1 8fc
0
/i
100
0
1
15
62
0
11
100 -
0
IH 62
0
I
100
0
I I
CON 1 KOI
- DIM'S ICK 55°(
0.017
-
4
6
-
AO
_
2
b
_
iS
_
2
-
0
2
-
0
-
\
O
-
100
_
6
-
0
2
-
0
-
0
0
-
_
10
-
0
2
-
0
-
0
0
-
_
_
IS
-
0
0
-
-
-
0
0
_
_
®V - Vluble, NV •» Non-Viable.
Accent noted to ha reduced from number tounil in flrbt aurople
^As coDi|»ured lu t>»lal number of eggy observed
•Percent recovered Co Che local expected number, duuiimlnjj (k'trL.isc lb due only lo diluclon
-------
TABLE E-4. EFFECTS OF LIME STABILIZATION ON ASCARIS EGGS
(FROM THE SMALL INTESTINAL CONTENTS) IN PRIMARY
SLUDGE UNDER AEROBIC CONDITIONS AT
AMBIENT TE'tPERATURE.
Ascaris 7, Red3 % Rec.1*
Time Eggs/50ml1 Viable % Total
(Days) V NV Eggs Viable2 Eggs pH
No Lime Dosage
0.04
48
0
-
100
73(66)
6.1
5s
51
2
0
96
80(66)
6.7
10
15
3
69
83
27(66)
7.3
15s
10
3
79
77
20(66)
6.8
20 s
2
0
96
100
3(66)
8.6
100 mg of Lime (Ca(OH)?) Per Gram Susp
. Solids
0.04
37
0
—
100
56(66)
12.5
55
33
4
11
89
56(66)
7.9
10
18
1
51
95
29(66)
8.5
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
1000
mg Lime (Ca(OH)?) Per
Gram Susp.
Solids
C.04
45
7
_
87
79(66)
13.2
55
9
24
80
27
50(66)
13. 1
10
0
4
100
0
6(66)
13.0
15s
0
0
100
0
0(66)
13.0
20 5
0
1
100
0
2(66)
11.4
3000
mg Lime (Ca(OH)?) Per
Gram Susp.
Solids
0.04
51
8
_
98
79(66)
13.4
5s
4
15
92
21
50(66)
13.2
10
0
2
100
0
3(66)
13.1
15s
0
2
100
0
3(66)
13.1
20s
0
0
100
-
0(66)
13.0
*V = Viable eggs; NV = Non-Viable eggs.
2% Viable = Percent viable eggs found in sample, compared to total number of
eggs observed.
3% Red. = Percent of viable eggs noted to be reduced from number of viable
eggs found at 1 hr operation.
Rec. = Percent of total number of eggs recovered to total theoretical num-
ber of eggs (illustrated in parentheses) that should be found assuming de-
crease in number of eggs is due only to dilution.
5These samples were neutralized, then refrigerated for 5 to 12 days before
parasite analysis.
186
-------
TABI H h-5. FKI-KCTS OK 1.1MB S1AB1LI7AII0N ON ASCARUi H.Hb (IKOM nil. II11HI 01 WORMS) AND LoxJM A>:A 1I I ( Is)
IN I'RIMAKY SUJDCK IINDKB AKR0I1IG < ONIll I IONS A1 AMU 11 N I TLMHI HA I Old"
Aj.c_Hrla
1 nxot iti
i
Percent
Pert enc
IV r* uut
1 L
i en L
Tine
tHRf/50
ml
Decreaue
Percent
Recovery ut
Kkk^/SO
in 1 lit create
l'i iicnt 1!
i_i oVt'i y ot
(duyu)
V
NV1
Viable Egga2
Viable^
Total
V
NV1 Viable
Vlubli 3
loial
1'"
No l.lotu Dunlin
0.04
0
1
-
0
1 (100)
0
6
0
r>
(100)
7 5
5
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
3
0
1
(I0
20 5
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
0
-
a
(100)
fc. 2
100 a>K of Mine
(Ca(OII) ->) 1'i-r (.rum of bu:»pendcd Solids
0.04
0
0
-
-
0 ( 100)
0
3
1)
i
( 100)
10 J
5
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
0
-
o
( 10(1)
H 1
10
0
0
-
-
0 (Kid)
0
0
-
0
(loo)
7 fi
IS s
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
0
-
0
(100)
/ t*
20 S
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
0
-
0
( 100)
/ A
1000
oft of 1 Ime
(l'u(OII),) Pel (.i jiq
of Suspended Solldtj
0.04
0
0
-
-
0 (100)
0
0
-
o
(10(1)
\J u
5
22
12
-
78
J It (100)
15
60
/s
(100)
H 1
10
0
0
-
-
0 (loo)
0
0
-
0
(100)
7 y
15 S
0
0
-
-
o (ion)
0
l>
-
u
(IOO)
8 0
20 s
0
0
-
-
0 (MI0)
0
(I
-
o
( 100)
H I
3000
n>R of 1 line
(Cn(OU) ,) I'er I l jiu
of Suspcndi'il J>ol Ida
0.04
0
0
-
0
0 ( 1(10)
0
0
(1
II
( 100)
1^
5
11
3
-
79
14 ( Kill)
0
<>J
0
<> 1
t mo)
1 >
10
0
31
-
I)
31 (IOO)
0
fib
(1
Mi
( l Oil)
I l o
IS1
0
23
-
0
I 3 ( IOO)
0
74
0
/'.
( IOO)
1 i 1
20*
0
I
-
I)
1 (IOO)
0
11
ft
( HMD
11 (I
. . .
'
— .
lV ¦ Viable Kgg«, NV m Non-Vhtbld
2|'crcent noted tu be reduced from number found Jn firbl a«im|>te.
jAb compared Lu total number of eggs observed.
percent recovered to the total expected nuaibcr (Illustrated lu p.ircntliui>ei<) assuming decrease lt» dm only to dilution
These snni|j I en wliu neutralized, then refrigerated for S lu 12 d.iys before |>nr.tt»lLe uualyblb.
-------
I'ABI.e t-6. BPhKCTS (IF I I Ml! STABILIZATION ON ASCARlS OKllH III I1 SMAl I 111'I'SI I NAI CONIhNI^ tlK ^-»*V IHI > iU Alkl'llllANY
DIGESTfcll SIJIIIflK MAINTAINS IIMIH-Jt AEROBIC mMHTMVNh At AhWIJHI 1 HirUtA'tltKth At ILK I I Ml AlHUIhM
DiRcatvd nL 2Hl>(
jr>"'
Aacorla
Percent1
I'e rcent1'
A^Cfir J s
I'ermnC2
IV l .
CM.l"
'1 Ituc
E|;fia/50 ml1
Iktfeaue
Verier!t *
Recovery of
l.fifis/50 mt'
Dccrua^c
IV 1 I Llll j
ltd (IVLI y 411
(daya)
V
NV
Viable HCHS
Vlnble
Total Gg(;u
V
NV
Viable KfiKa
V lull 1c
Uil.
11 1 V11- ¦
I'll
No I.J me IJicwi^u
0.04
28
7
-
84
30 (162)
. *¦ 1
64
30
-
(,H
61
'152)
7.0
5s
13
4
61
79
12 (162)
9.6
40
14
38
74
35
(!¦.->)
8 1
10*
4B
B
0
86
3S (162)
6.8
79
21
0
79
65
( 1 'j/>
6.1)
15
49
7
0
88
35 (162)
6. 1
38
13
41
75
33
( 1S,>)
S 9
20
22
4
42
83
16 (162)
5.6
46
9
28
84
36
( I'.i)
5.7
100 id2* 1 lmc (Co(OH)?) per fit ma M
•japendud Sol Id
i.
0.04
13
2
-
87
9 (162)
8 7
52
18
-
74
4 5
(Is.1)
lil I
5*
IB
6
0
75
15 (162)
8 5
29
7
4 It
til
I 1
CI-*')
H «.
10 s
34
5
0
87
24 (162)
b.4
48
13
8
79
4l>
CI )
H 5
15
42
4
0
91
28 (162)
8 H
66
17
0
i'O
5i
(is')
H H
JO
32
9
0
78
25 (162)
8. 1
12
8
77
M
1 J
(is."
u. |
1000 mg
l.lme (03(011)/)
per flr.im
;ndt:d Sol Ids1'
0.04
3
24
89
II
17 (162)
1 J.O
0
45
100
O
29
(152)
li «)
5s
2
4
9J
33
4 (162)
12 7
0
7
100
0
5
(IS>)
11 H
10s
0
3
100
0
2 (162)
8 J
0
1
100
0
j
(!¦>-')
U J
IS
8
17
71
32
15 (162)
8.4
5
26
92
If.
20
(IS-')
a 5
20
0
9
IO0
0
6 <162)
e. i
1
19
9JI
5
1 1
( 1 52)
8 O
3000 mg
l.lme (Ca(CHI) ,)
per Cram Suspended bollil^'
0.04
0
24
100
0
15 (162)
13 1
1
32
9H
J
>1
( IS.')
1 I <1
5*
0
2
too
0
1 (162)
13.2
0
0
100
(I
0
(IS')
U 5
10 s
0
2
100
0
1 (162)
n.o
0
4
100
I)
1
( IS.')
l_> 9
15
0
21
100
-
13 (162)
»2.5
0
29
100
0
19
( IS.')
9 ')
20
0
12
100
0
/ (162)
-
0
9
100
0
6
(1
-
*V ¦ Vluble NV » Noii-VJuble Kftn.s.
^Percent noted to be reduced from number found *it one hour of operutluu.
*As compared to tocut number of eggd observed.
^Percent recovered to Total expected number (11 lust rated Jn parentheses) na^umlng decrease Jh due ouly 10 dilution.
'-These aamples were neutralised, then refrigerated for 5 to 12 daya before p.iruslte an^ly^ls.
^Percent noted to be reduced from nuroher found In no lime douage at fine hour of operation *it apecltled temper.n tit e
-------
TAbl.K K-7. tKFE(, IS OF LIME b TAB 11.1/A I I ON ON ASC Alt I S L(.l.S ( I COM SMALL INIISIINAI (ONILNI-, Oh SUINI-) IN Al IUIII l( Al I Y
UIOtSTED SLUDCKS MAINTAINED IINOKK ANAF.ROB1 C CONDI I IONS Al AMUIIN'I 1 !¦ MPHKATUUI.S ATIIH I 1111 AUDI I ION
1)1 nested
at 28°C
lilacs (i,A
15°C
'1 Inie
Ascaria
Percent^
Percent1'
Aacar1
i b
I'ercent'
l\ ri ell l''
(days)
Kwo/50 ml1
Decrease
Percent3
Recovery ol
lriti'b/50 uil'
IUjc rc jtfe
l'c ri cut '
Kcm o very u 1
V
NV
Viable Kdiia
Viable
'total Eggs
I'M
V
NV
Viable L*»gs
Viable
lot.i 1
1
I'"
Nil 1 line Dus.i
'St
0.04 s
39
5
_
89
27 (162)
7.2
62
IB
-
78
52
(14'.)
; j
5s
29"
5
26
85
21 (162)
6.7
JB
7
39
84
29
( 144)
6 7
10
42
8
0
84
31 (162)
7.4
93
16
0
85
71
( 144)
7 5
15
47
2
0
96
30 (162)
a 0
44
H
29
85
34
( 144)
H 1)
20
47
7
0
87
33 (162)
7.2
58
15
6
79
47
( 144)
7 1
100 uk 1
line (C.i(OII)?)
per Cijiiii Suspended
bolIds
0.04 b
21
9
-
70
19 (162)
12 4
51
10
-
H4
40
( 1'.'.)
M.(i
5s
10
14
52
72
15
12 4
53
20
0
/ 1
47
( 144)
7 '.
10
J
29
86
10
20 (162)
12 2
66
8
0
89
7H
( 144)
/ 11
15
JO
12
0
71
26 (If>2)
1 1 9
62
1 J
0
8 1
79
( 144)
H 0
20
I)
3
100
0
2 (162)
11.5
83
/
0
9 2
50
( 144)
7 1
1000 mK
1 lnie (01(011),)
per (>ram Suspended
So 1 i tlt>
0 04 'J
15
14
-
52
18 (162)
1 J t
27
28
-
7y
If.
( 144)
1 1 1
5s
0
14 '
ion
0
9 (162)
i ;.<>
20
40
26
j i
t<)
( 14 4)
1 t '
10
6
30
60
17
22 (162)
1 1 0
17
J>
17
15
J2
( 144)
1 I 0
15
18
22
0
15
25 (162)
12.6
81
1
0
99
5 1
( 144)
1 ' 1
20
2
4 3
87
4
28 (162)
12.2
49
2 i
0
f.K
48
(144)
1 ' 1
3000 oik
l.lme (CaOlll)2)
pei (.raiu Suspended
Sol Ids
0.04s
28
32
-
77
37 (162)
13 I
44
JO
-
59
4H
( 144)
1 1 1
5S
1
13
96
7
9 (162)
13 2
3
29
9 J
9
21
( 144)
1 1 (1
10
2
8
93
20
6 (162)
13. 1
1
f»
98
14
5
( 144)
1 1 1
15
19
18
32
51
23 ( 162)
12 b
40
18
9
69
ja
( 144)
12 8
20
2
27
93
7
18 (162)
12.2
48
2 )
0
68
46
( 144)
12 1
'v - Viable eggu; NV - non-viable egga.
^Percent noted to be reduced from number found at one hour of operation.
3As compared to total number of eggs obuerved.
''Percent recovered to total expected number (Illustrated In paren tlu-aeb) nasnmlni; dc-credse Is due- unly i<> dilution
5lliese aample-a were neutralized, then refrigerated for 5 to 12 djyt> before pjrualte aiulybla.
-------
1ARI.K L-8. PKKtiCTS OK AMMONIA ON ASCAH1S MJCS (h'KOH THE SMAII INILMINAI (.(INIKNIN Oh MJINh) IN I I Ml M AIM II /J O-AI KnlH ( Al I S
DICHSIH) SIUUHI' ( 3(MJO 1 1 Ml. (Cu(OII ) IMtk (.RAM SIISPhNllLO Sill llts IINhKK ANALHOUir CONDI I ION.s Al AMIU I N I 11 Mfl |p«~ndiJ bi>l 1J
0.04
69
0
-
100
43 (162)
13. 1
147
60
0
-
100
19
< 144)
1 1
I
1 t I
5
7
18
90
28
15 (162)
13. 1
14 7
16
15
li
52
2(1
( 14'.)
1 1
)
1 1 I
10
1
6
99
14
4 (162)
13 1
14/
1
7
98
1 J
5
( l' 4)
1 I
)
1 1 1
15
0
1!
100
0
5 (162)
12.7
14 7
0
46
100
0
III
( 14'.)
1 I
I
1 1 1
500
oik Anuuonla
Sulfnlc
pei (»riini
Suspended Sol ltl:»
0.04
56
15
-
79
44 (162)
13. 1
1 , l<»2
37
0
-
100
24
( 144)
1 1
2
i .d:>i>
5
I
10
98
9
7 (162)
13.0
1. 162
17
12
54
59
19
( 144)
1 1
0
i ,<~'.(>
10
0
3
100
0
2 (162)
13.0
1 , 162
0
9
100
0
6
( ".4,
1 J
0
i ,()•)()
15
0
8
100
0
2 (162)
12.7
1, 162
0
21
100
0
14
( 14'.)
| }
H
1
5000
u>K Auunonla
Sul fate
per i
5
0
1 J
100
0
8 (162)
13.2
11,620
0
19
100
0
2S
(l'.4>
1 1
1
10,1. /.i
10
0
26
100
0
16 (162)
13. 1
1 1 ,620
0
J7
100
I)
24
( 14'.)
1 }
4)
10 ,<»/.(
15
0
4
100
0
26 (162)
12.7
1 1 ,6211
0
60
100
0
I'l
( 144)
1 1
a
ID.f.'.l
'v " viable ejjga, NV J non-viable cggu (viability dfteriolned by (.tiluv.aloa).
^Percent noted Lo be reduced from number tound at one hour of ojn. r«»l I on
^Au compared to total number of egga observed
''IVrccnt recovered to LoLul expected number (i I lustrmed In parcnllit sea) d*>siuolni> dei re«it»e Is due only lo illlollon
-------
TABLE E-9. EFFECTS OK AMMONIA ON ASCAKIh E(^iS (IKtiM I lib. VIAI I IMIIMINAI CuNIINIb oh SWINI)
AMI) TOXOCARA EC(.S (FKOM Tilt FECES OF IKX.S) IN ANAI-.KOH ICAI I Y IIICKbllll M 111)1.1.
IINllEK ANAfcROHIC CONDITIONS Al AMIt I t-N I 11 MI'LKA 111KI-
ftacui lb lnHin ,ii J
IVicenl IVrtonL
Time i>ll |rilli,+| 1 l-m;a/SO ml^ Decrease X V1' lot.il ' I gi-s/ V) ml2 Doc re j:.e % V1* Z lul il
(d'gaJ Kt-covoi y
NO AMI ION IA f)O^A(.E
0 12 130 7 3 - 70 34 to 6 - 50 3',
5 12 330 15 1 0 94 55 17 10 (I 63 -//
50 rag AtODMlA SULFATE I'l.l! f.lU I MJSPI NDI I) SOLIDS
0 12 462 8 2 - 80 34 13 10 - 57 U,
5 12 462 8 I 0 89 31 9 13 31 41 03
500 log AMMONIA SUI.FATL I'l l< CliAII SIISI'ttlDKI) iOI Ilii>
O 12 1,636 II I - 92 41 II 6 - 65 49
5 12 1.638 23 2 0 92 86 12 19 0 39 H'j
5000 mg AMIONIA SULFATfc PFK (.KAH SUSPENDI-I) SOI IDS
0 12 12,880 8 1 - 89 31 9 9 50 51
5 12 12,880 14 10 0 58 8 3 12 1U .0 40 i)(.
' (NHi,+]iDg/1 - concentration of free ammonia lit logM im nitrogen.
'V - viable eggs; NV « non-viable eggs (viability determined by cultivation).
^Percent noted to be reduced from number found at beginning.
""As compared to total number of eggu observed.
^Percent recovered to total expected number of eggs.
------- |