AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
IDENTIFICATION OF
CHIRONOMID LARVAE
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
-------
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE IDENTIFICATION
OF CHIRONOMID LARVAE
by
William T. Mason, Jr.
Aquatic Biologist
Analytical Quality Control Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
January, 1973
-------
PREFACE
Since its first printing in 1968, this guide has been reprinted
twice; in 1969 and in 1970, with only slight alterations to the keys
and figures. Recent publications on the systematics of Chironomidae
including: keys to the Pentaneurini and Harnischia (Chironomini) com-
plex of Florida by Beck and Beck (1966 and 1969, respectively); "A
Classification of Nearctic Chironomidae" by Hamilton, Saether, and
Oliver (1969); reviews of type specimens of Chironomidae housed in
five North American museums by Sublette (1966, 1966, 1967, 1967, and
1970); descriptions of several Podonominae, Diamesinae, and Ortho-
cladiinae by Saether (1969); and a monograph on the Tanypodinae of
North America by Roback (1971) have contributed significantly to better
definition of Nearctic genera. However, except for the former, these
works deal primarily with the adults. Accordingly, the keys and figures
of representative genera contained in this printing reflect the latest
nomenclature for those groups that are fairly well described.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The technical reviews of this guide by the following chironomid
taxonomists are greatly appreciated: Mr. William M. Beck, Department of
Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee; Dr. LaVerne L. Curry,
Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant] Dr.
Selwyn S. Roback, Curator, Department of Limnology, The Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dr. James E. Sublette, Dean, School
of Graduate Studies, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales, in addition
to reviewing the guide, graciously lent some of the specimens photographed.
Mr. J. B. Anderson, Deputy Director, and Dr. Cornelius I. Weber, Chief,
Biological Methods, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, National Environmental
Research Center-Cincinnati, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, offered
valuable editorial suggestions. Other biologists who provided useful com-
ments include: Maxwell A. Anderson, R. Douglas Kreis, Philip A. Lewis,
George E. Morrison, Charles S. Polityka, Donald G. Stevens, Ralph M,
Sinclair, and Lee B. Tebo, Jr.
-------
CONTENTS
Pag*
I.
Introduction
X
II.
General Characteristics of the Larvae
2
III.
Methods
10
IV.
Key to Subfatmilis*
12
v.
Key to Genera
13
VI.
Distinguishing Head Capsule Characteristics
20
VII.
List of Genera Pictured
27
VIII.
Plates
29
IX.
References
87
-------
INTRODUCTION
Larvae of the dipteran family Chironomidae (midges) form a sig-
nificant portion of the macroinvertebrate fauna in moat freshwater
habitats. They are an important link in the food chain between
algae and microinvertebrates, and the larger macroinvertebrates and
fish.
Biologists investigating lakes and streams have found that midge
larvae of certain genera and species live with other macroinverte-
brates in pollution-associated communities. Gaufin and Tarzwell
(1952, 1955, and 1956), Paine and Gaufin (1956), and Gaufin (1958),
Curry (1965), and Carr and Hiltunen (1965) have reported larvae that
are able to live in waters with low dissolved oxygen concentrations*
However, as a family, the larvae exhibit a wide range of tolerance
to environmental factors and live in both "clean" and "polluted" waters.
Therefore, in order to gain maximum information concerning the effects
of pollution on the midge fauna, it is necessary to carry identifi-
cations beyond the family level.
This guide is intended to serve as a beginner's supplement to the
more definitive descriptions of chironoinid larvae by Johannsen (1931-37),
Roback (1957), Curry (1961), Darby (1962), and Beck and Beck (1966),
which take into account a variety of head and body characteristics for
classification* Head oapsules of various species are pictured to com-
plement the keys to subfamily and genus, and to familiarise the beginner
with structures that are used for identification*
-------
- 2 -
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chironomid larvae construct silken cases which are attached to
sticks and stones, or build tubes in the bottom substrates of lakes
and streams. The larvae may be various shades of yellow, green, and
red when living. The wormlike appearance and large size of the red
larvae (containing a hemoglobin, erythrocruorin) brought about the
common name "bloodworm" for the larvae as a group. The term is a mis-
nomer, but serves to bridge the gap between the layman and biologist.
The larvae range from only a few to over 20 millimeters (mm)
in length. The head capsule is sclerotized and contains sensory struc-
tures and a feeding apparatus. Posterior to the head are 12 body
segments. The first three segments become swollen before pupation and
enclose the cephalo-thorax of the developing pupa. The general dia-
grammatic sketch of a chironomid larva (Figure 1) indicates some of
these morphological characteristics.
The body is usually provided with scattered hairs, tufts, or
hair fringes on the lateral margins. Paired prolega are present on
the first thoracic segment and on the last abdominal segment* The
prolegs bear spines and/or claws clustered at their distal margins.
Preanal papillae with setae are located dorsad on the last abdominal
segment. The papillae may have a sclerotized area with a projecting
-------
Figure !~ Schematic Drawing of A Chironomid Larva
Antenna*
Head
capsule-
Thoracic
segments
Abdominal
segment
V- ' v&
Hair pencil
Lateral hair fringe
ff T'
-An:-V
Ventral gill
X
Mandible
Eye spot
Anterior
proleg
Caudo-lateral
process of 10th
segment
Preanal papilla with setae
Claws or spines of the
.posterior proleg
'ijms
b' Posterior proleg
.Anal gill
-------
- 4 -
"spur." Two to six anal "gills" arc located between the preanal
papillae and the posterior prologs* These structures may be short
and sausage-shaped| or long and attenuated*
The larvae of some Chironominae possess tubular "bloodgills" on
the eleventh body segment which are thought to aid in respiration. In
Chironomus and Goeldichironomus, these structures originate on the ven-
tral surface usually in two coiled pairs (some Chironomus have only
one pair). In some Glyptotendipes and Einfeldia they originate
on the sides of the segment and are seldom longer than the posterior
prolegs. In some Chironomus, short, tubular processes may also be
present on the caudo-lateral margins of the tenth body segment. The
size of the various "bloodgills" will vary with the instar stage of
the larva (Hilsenhoff, 1966).
Subfamily Tanypodinae (Figure 2)
The larvae of this subfamily are distinguished by the fork-
shaped lingua (sglossa), superlinguae ("paraglossa), and retractile
antennae* These structures are embedded inside the head, and are
best seen after the capsule has been cleared* The antennal ratio
(AR) of the larva, or ratio of the length of the basal antennal seg-
ment to the remaining four segments combined, is often used to dif-
ferentiate genera and species* There are no paralabial plates on
the ventral side of the head capsule as in the Chironominae and some
Orthocladiinae (Figures 3 and *0. Paralabial combs may be present
-------
Figure 2» Schematic head capsule diagram of the Subfamily
Tanypodinae (ventral view)
1. Paralabial comb(may be absent) 8. Ring organ of antenna
2* Labium
3* Sense vesicles of labrum
Clavate bristles of labrum
!>• Labrum
6. Maxillary palpus
?• Mandible
9* Antenna (retractile)
10* Eye spot
11* Lingua of hypopharynx
12# Super lingua
13* Suspensorium of hypopharynx
-------
Figure 3» Schematic head capsule diagram of the Subfamily
Chironominae (ventral view)
1* Striate paralabial plate
2* Labial plate
3* Mandible (note the dark lat-
eral and light dorso-mesal
teeth)
lu Mandibular bruah
£• Freapical mandibular comb
6. Antennal tubercle with spur
(Tanytarsini only)
7* Antenna on tubercle
8, Lauterborn organ on long
petiole (Tribe Tanytarsini)
9. Papilla of labrum
10* Antennal blade
11* Labrum
12. Accessory tooth of mandible
13* Epipharyngeal plate
11* • Premandible
1$. Eye spot
-------
10
9.
8.
I:
k.
3.
2.
1.
Figure U. Schematic head capsule diagram of the Subfamilies
Diamesinae and Orthocladiinae (ventral view)
1.
Non-striate paralabial plate
11.
Labral bristle
(may be absent or vestigial)
Paralabial hairs (beard)
12.
Labral spine
2.
13.
Lauterborn organ of
3.
Labial plate
antenna
U.
Mandible
m.
Labrum
5.
Concavity of mandible
15.
Mandibular brush
6.
Mandibular serration
16.
Mandibular crermlations
7.
Ring organ of antenna
17.
Finger processes of epipharynx
8.
Antenna
18.
Premandible
9.
Annulated third antennal seg-
19.
Hypopharyngeal hair
ment (Diamesinae only)
20.
Eye spot
10,
Antennal blade
-------
- 8 -
in Procladius and some species of Anatopyniini. The mandibles are
characteristically scythe-shaped and usually do not have prominent
lateral teeth. The number of basal segments of the maxillary palpi
are used to separate genera and species. See Roback (1971) for full
taxonomic treatment of the Subfamily.
Subfamily Chironominae (Figure 3)
All of the larvae possess a pair of striated, paralabial
plates. However, in a few genera, e.g., Stenochironomus. the stri-
ations or punctations may be barely evident. The labial plate has
teeth that project forward. The last lateral teeth of the labial
plate may be partially covered by the paralabial plates. The mandi-
bles are strong, and usually have dark, lateral teeth, a preapical
mandibular comb, a large accessory tooth, and a filamentous brush on
the inner basal margin. Also, spines (serrations) are sometimes pre-
sent on the inner basal margin. The premandibles are usually bifid
(ending in two blades)but may end in five or six blades.
The subfamily is divided into the tribes Tanytarsini and
Chironomini. The Tanytarsini have long, curved, first antennal seg-
ments mounted on conspicuous tubercles. Except for a few genera, the
paralabial plates are wider than long, and meet on the midline of the
head capsule. Paired, leaflike structures, lauterborn organs, are
mounted on either long or short petioles attached to the second anten-
nal segment. The accessory tooth of the mandible is longer and more
sharply pointed than in the Chironomini. In comparison, the antennal
-------
- 9 -
tubercles of the Chironomini are inconspicuous, and the lauterborn
organs are less prominent. Except for Xenochironomus , Pseudochironomus,
and Lauterbornlella. the paralabial plates are widely separated and do
not meet on the midline of the head capsule.
Subfamily Orthocladiinae (Figure U)
The larvae never possess striated paralabial plates as do
the Chironominae* Some genera, however, have paralabial plates
that are rugose or bear hairs. When present, the paralabial plates
appear as oblong, caudo-lateral extensions of the labial plate or
as vestigial structures. The shape and size of the lateral, mandi-
bular teeth are extremely variable. There may be a mandibular brush
and spines on the inner basal margin. The premandibles usually end
in a single blade, but in some genera they are bifid. Generally, the
teeth of the labial plates are arranged in an even, convex curve. In
some genera, e.g., Psectrocladius. the lateral teeth of the labial
plates are partially fused.
A branch of the Orthocladiinae are marine midges (recognized
by some taxonomists as a separate subfamily Clunioninae). The larvae
are restricted to intertidal rocks on seacoasta. Four genera are
found on the coastline of California. The anal gills are absent and
the antennae usually are three segmented. The median tooth is
usually peaked. For further details tee Wirth and Stone (1963).
-------
- 10 -
Few larvae in this subfamily have been associated with adults.
In some cases, it is not possible to carry the identification fur-
ther than genus.
Subfamily Diamesinae (Figure >0
Larvae of this subfamily closely resemble the Orthocladiinae.
However, most species have annulated third antermal segments. Mag-
nification at 1000 X is sometimes required to see the annulations.
Subfamily Podonominae (no figures or photographs)
The larvae have no premandibles, The hypopharynx has a con-
spicuous row of lamellar rods protruding forward, and the labial
plate has an odd number of teeth (usually 15), The third antennal
segment is annulated in some species (Brundin, 1966), Brundin
(p, 95) states that members of this subfamily are distributed across
northern North America and down into the Rocky Mountains of Colorado
and Sierra Nevada of California, However, the fauna in the United
States is poor, consisting of only five genera and 18 species,
METHODS
The head capsule or entire body (depending on the size of the
larva) was placed in a crucible containing 5-10% K0H solution and
heated until the muscle tissue was digested. The cleared specimens
were rinsed in distilled water, transferred to absolute alcohol and
-------
- 11 -
1
mounted on a slide, ventral side up, in Turtox Diaphane . The cover-
slips were pressed gently with a lead pencil eraser to better expose
the parts necessary for identification.
The photographs of the head capsules were taken with Kodak'*
Panatomic X film using a Zeiss* photomicroscope.
The classification scheme of Roback (1971) was used for the Tany-
podinae, Hamilton, e_t al. {1969) was used for the Chironominae ,
Diamesinae, and for most Orthocladiinae. Sublette and Sublette (1965)
is a useful reference for translating synonymous nomenclature for midges
based on Meigen's publication in 1800 using the name Tendipes (Tendipedidae)
and his 1803 publication using the name Chironomus (Chironomidae) for the
same insect. The Plenary Powers of the International Commission on Zoo-
logical Nomenclature in Opinion 678, 1963 suppressed the pamphlet published
by Me igen in 1800.
Diaphane la no longer available. Euparol is a suitable substitute.
^ Mention of commercial sources does not constitute endorsement by the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
- 12 -
Key to the Subfamilies of Chironomidae
Head capsule with a fork-shaped lingua; antennae retractile
into sheaths embedded inside the head (Fig. 5).... Tanypodinae
Head capsule without fork-shaped lingua; antennae not
retractile 2
Premandibles absent Podonominae
Premandibles present (Fig. 6).„. 3
Paralabial plates usually with striations, rarely with pun-
ctations, and oriented transversely on head (Fig. 6)...
Chironominae
Paralabial plates, if present, without striations, but may
be rugose or bear hairs; oriented more longitudinally on head
(page 70) 4
Third antennal segment usually annulated (Fig. 7). Diamesinae
Third segment without annulations (Fig. 8) Orthocladiinae
Figure Tanypodinae Figure 6. Chironominae
Figure 7. Diamesinae Figure 8. Orthocladiinae
-------
13 -
KEY TO COMMON GENERA
Subfamily Tanypodinae
1. Paralablal combs present (page 32) .......... 2
Paralabial combs absent 1
2. Lingua with H equal teeth; mandible with 4-5 teeth on the
inner shoulder (page 33) Psectrotanypus
Lingua with 5 teeth ... ................................ 3
3. Lingua with subequal, light teeth (page 29) Tanypus
Lingua with black teeth; middle tooth shortest (page 32) ••••
Procladius
4. Lingua with 6 teeth (not pictured) Clinotanypus
Lingua with an odd number of teeth 5
5 * Lingua with 7 light teeth (page 3*4) ..... Coelotanypus
Lingua with 5 dark teeth; the inner 3 sometimes with lignt
tips .Tribe Pentaneurini .... 6
6. More than one basal, palpal segment (page 31) .. Ablabesmyia
One basal, palpal segment »••««.•«««•«*• Other Pentaneurini
Subfamily Chironominae
Tribe Tanytarsinii antennal tubercles prominent, as long as wide or
longer; 1st antennal segment long and curved .... 22
Tribe Chironomini: antennal tubercles much wider than long; 1st
antennal segment not long and curved * 1
1. Antennae with 5 segments 2
Antennae with 6 segments * 18
2. Paralablal plates nearly touch on the midline (page 46) 3
Paralablal plates distinctly separated 4
3. Paralablal plates about 3 times wider than long and pointed
at the inner apices; lateral teeth of mandibles low and
indistinct (page 46) Xenochironomus (Anceus)
Paralablal plates about 4 times wider than long and rounded
at inner apices; lateral teeth of mandibles large and
distinct (page 52) Pseudochironomus
-------
- 14 -
4. Labial plate concave with 10 low, rounded, black teeth; para-
labial plates indistinct (page 56) Stenochironomus
Labial plate otherwise 5
5. Labial plate with an odd number of teeth 6
Labial plate with an even number of teeth 14
6. Middle tooth wide and light, flanked by oblique rows of
darker lateral teeth (page HO) Cryptochironomus
Middle tooth of labial plate as dark as laterals or if
lighter then laterals not oblique 7
7. Labial plate with 15 teeth 8
Labial plate 11 - 13 teeth ; middle tooth may be simple, or trifid
(deeply notched) appearing as 3 separate teeth (page 35) ..... 9
8. Middle tooth of labial plate dark and smaller than 1st laterals
and notched on its dorso lateral margins; accessory tooth of
mandible fringed (page 44) ........ Endochironomus
Middle tooth of labial plate larger than 1st laterals, may
be notched medially; paralabial striations may be recurved
(page 41) Parachironomus
(page 43) Paracladopelma
9. Middle tooth of labial plate low, l/3rd wider at base than
long, rounded and not longer than 1st laterals; 11th body
segment without ventral bloodgills, a small pair may be present
on the sides of the 11th body segment (page 49) ........
«••••••»..«.... Glyptotendipes
Middle tooth as long as wide at its base, curving evenly to
apex; may be simple, have lateral notches, or be completely
trifid io
10. Middle tooth of labial plate completely trifid or with deep
notches at its base; 11th body segment usually with 2 pairs
of ventral bloodgills; tubular caudo-lateral processes may be
present on 10th body segment (page 35) Chironomus
Middle tooth simple; lateral notches may be present midway of
its length n
11. Middle tooth at labial plate with deep, posteriorly directed
notches, midway of its length; usually with a median node;
epipharyngeal plate with 15 to 20 teeth 12
Middle tooth curving evenly to apex and may have shallow,
lateral notches midway of its length; epipharyngeal plate
with 3 to 5 rounded teeth .............. 13
-------
- 15 -
12. Second lateral teeth of labial plate with flanges,
mandibles with a mesal tooth perpendicular to the
lateral teeth} premandibles abruptly curved, end-
ing in 2 blades; 2 pair of bloodgills (page 48)
Goeldichironomua
Labial plate and mandibles not as above; premandibles
ending in 5 blades; 1 pair of bloodgills (page 37)
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••"••••••••~••a* Klefferulus
13. The 3rd lateral tooth of mandible unequally compound;
Sth and 6th lateral teeth of labial plate fused; 11th
body segment with 1 pair of ventral bloodgills (page 36) .....
Einfeldia
Third lateral tooth of mandible equally compound or
simple; Sth and 6th laterals not fused; no bloodgills
on 11th segment (page 38) Dlcrotendipes
(page 51 ) Glyptotendipes senilis
14. Labial plate with a cleft median tooth (appearing as
2 teeth); laterals sharply pointed and equal in length;
premandibles with 4-5 blades (page 42)... Parachironomus
Labial plate not as above; premandibles with two blades,...... 15
15. Labial plate with middle and 2nd lateral teeth nearly
even in height and longer than 1st laterals; inner
margin of mandibles may have serrations; anal gills
attenuated and constricted at the middle (page 53)
Polypedllum
Labial plate with 1st and 3rd laterals longer than 2nd
laterals; middle 4 teeth projecting above other laterals ..... 16
16. Middle teeth and 1st laterals cleft equally deep t para-
labials coarsely striate (page *5) Tribeloa
Middle teeth with cleft not as deep as 1st laterals .......... 17
17. Middle teeth of labial plate pointed and even with 1st
laterals; accessory tooth of mandible straight (page 54)
• •••..*••• Phaenopsectra
Middle teeth of labial plate more rounded and smaller than
1st laterals; accessory tooth of mandible curved at tip
(page 54) Endochironomus
-------
- 16 -
18., Labial plate with 13 teeth; middle tooth wide and
lighti laterals dark and not higher than middle tooth
(page 55) ................. Paralauterborniella
Labial plate with an even number of teeth
19. Labial plate with 12 ov 14 teeth; middle pair of teeth
lighter than laterals . <
Labial plate with 16 teeth; middle pair of teeth may
be lighter than laterals .. *.... ¦
20, Antennae about as long as mandibles; paralabial plates
distinctly separated on midline (page 60).. Microtendipes
Antennae about twice as long as mandibles; paralabial
plates meet on the midline (page 56).... Lauterbornie11a
21~ Middle 4 teeth of labial plate lighter than laterals;
3rd laterals longest (page 58) Paratendipes
All teeth of labial plate unicolorous, middle 4 teeth
projecting above 2nd laterals; striations of para-
labial plates indistinct (page 59) Stictochironomus
Tribe Tanytarsini
22. Paralabial plates pointed at inner apices and clearly
separated (page 62) Constempellina
Paralabial plates blunt at inner apices and meet at
the midline of the head capsule
23. Antennal tubercles with a spur; petioles of lauterborn
organs approximately 3X the length of the last 3
antennal segments (page 63) Micropsectra
Antennal tubercles without a spur; petioles of lauter-
born organs shorter (page 61) Rheotanytarsus.
Paratanytarsus, Calopsectra. Tanytarsus. and Cladotanytarsus
-------
- 17 -
Subfamily Diamesinae (3rd antennal segments sometimes annulated)
1. Labial plate with odd number of teeth; middle tooth may be
rounded and lighter than laterals (page 64) Diamesa
Labial plate with even number of teeth or some teeth indistinct.
2. Labial plate undulated and smooth, teeth lacking; premandibles
fan-shaped (page 65) Potthastia
Labial plate convex and some teeth evident
3. Premandibles with 5-7 blades; teeth of labial plate covered by
paralabial-s; middle teeth fused,(page 66) Pseudodiamesa
Premandibles wit£:1 blade; teeth of labial plate bare,
middle teeth widely separated; paralabials large and crescent-
shaped (page 67) Monodiamesa
Subfamily Podonominae (See text, p. 10)
Subfamily Orthocladiinae
1. Antennae at least 1/2 as long as head, or longer
Antennae shorter usually about as long as the mandibles .......
2. Labial plate with an odd number of teeth} middle tooth
shorter than 1st laterals; 2nd and/or 3rd antennal segments
dark (page 86) *.••.*••...» Thienemanniella and Corynoneura
Labial plate with an even number of teeth; a distinctive
gap between the middle teeth; antennal segments never
dark (page 75) Brillia
3. Labial plate with an odd number of teeth
Labial plate with an even number of teeth
4. Teeth of labial plate low and even in length; middle tooth
1/3 the width of plate and broadly truncate; 11 black
teeth (page 76) Cardiocladius
Labial plate not as above
5. Middle tooth of labial plate much smaller than,and
recessed between(the large 1st lateral teeth (page 7n) ........
Brillia
Middle tooth as long as the 1st lateral teeth * * * *. ..•. . ..... * *
6. Labial plate with middle tooth or teeth distinctly
lighter than laterals* or middle tooth peaked »•*••«»••»«««»**.
Labial plate with all teeth unicolorousj middle tooth not peaked
7. Labial plate truncate with an even row of M--7 small, light
teeth projecting above dark laterals (not pictured) ...........
Smittia
Labial plate not truncate
-------
• 18 -
8. Middle tooth of labial plate dome-shaped and/or peaked
(p£i§6
Middle tooth not dome-shaped; mandibles with serrations
(page 83)..... Cricotopus
9. Outer edge of mandibles crenulated (crenulations may be
fine) (page 8H) ........................... Cricotopus
Outer edge of mandibles without crenulations 10
10. Third antennal segment l/7th the length of the 2nd seg-
ment! labial plate with 9 or 11 teeth (page 73),Smittia
Third segment closer to 1/H to 1/2 the length of the
2nd segment 11
11. Labial plate with 7, 11, or 13 teeth (if 11, the 1st
laterals are notched); mandibles may have serrations on
inner margins and the inner shoulder is dark with a pro-
jecting point; premandibles simple or bifid; lateral hair
tufts may be present on some of the body segments
(page 83) Cricotopus
Labial plate with 13, 17, and 19 teeth that curve in an
even convex arc; mandibles without serrations; premandi-
bles simple; body without hair tufts (page 68)
Orthocladius
12« Middle teeth of labial plate fused into a clear, wide
tooth, often with 2 dark, closely separated tips near
the center of the plate; lateral teeth dark and nearly
fused; paralabial plates present; mandibles scythe-shaped
(page 77) Psectrocladius
Middle teeth of labial plate as dark as laterals .... 13
13. Labial plate with 10-12 teeth .................. «••*.. 14
Labial plate with It teeth 18
14. Labial plate with 10 teeth; middle pair fused almost
their entire length and greatly elongated (page 71)
Eukieffer'iella
Labial plate with 12 tteth 15
15. Labial plate with black teeth; middle pair largest and
not fused; antennae 6-segmented (page 80),.. Heterotrlssocladlus
Middle teeth of labial plate brown, partially fused or
narrowly separated; paralabial plates may be present 16
-------
- 19 -
16. Middle teeth of labial plate fused almost their entire
length and elongated; paralabial plates without hairs
(page 79).................. Psectrocladius
Middle teeth not elongated; may be fused at base 17
17* Middle teeth of labial plate spadelike ; paralabial
plates with hairs; mandibles without serrations
(page 70) .............. Trichocladius
Middle teeth rounded and narrowly separated; paralabial
plates absent; mandibles with serrations or a long,
flat, wide filament on inner margins (page 71)
.............. * . Eukiefferiella
18, Middle 4 teeth of labial plate light and even in height,
shorter than 2nd laterals (page 81) ...... Metriocnemus
Middle 4 teeth dark or all teeth relatively even in
height 19
19. Paralabial plates crescent-shaped and with hairs;
mandibles dark at least 1/2 of their length (page 82)
Diplocladius -
Paralabial plates not crescent-shaped and hairs absent;
mandibles dark only near the tips (page 69)
Trissocladius
-------
20 -
DISTINGUISHING HEAD CAPSULE CHARACTERISTICS
Family Chironomidae
Subfamily Tanypodinae (approximately 38 genera; 5 pictured)
Tanypuss The lingua has 5 light teeth that are nearly
equal in length. Paralabial combs are present with short,
stubby teeth. The antennae are about 1/3 as long as the
head capsule and the basal portions of the mandibles are
robust.
Tribe Pentaneurini (represented by Ablabesmyia)i The lingua
has 5 pointed, dark teethj the middle 3 sometimes with
light tips, Paralabial combs are absent. The antennae
are about 1/2 as long as the head capsule. For specific
determinations consult Beck and Beck (1966).
Procladiusi The lingua has 5 black teeth. Paralabial combs
are present. The antennae are about 1/1 as long as the
head capsule.
Psectrotanypus: The lingua is short and thick with 4 stubby
teeth. Paralabial combs are present. Each mandible has
approximately 5 prominent lateral teeth near the inner
shoulder.
Coelotanypus: The lingua has 7 light teeth. Paralabial
combs are absent. However, there are 2 rows of chitin
points in the hypopharynx.
Subfamily Chironominae
Tribe Chironomini (approximately 30 genera; 21 pictured)
Chironomus: The labial plate has 13 dark, pointed teeth and the
middle tooth completely trifid, or deeply notched near its
base. The premandibles are bifid. Each mandible has a
dark, terminal tooth, a light dorso-mesal tooth, and usually
3 sharply-pointed, dark lateral teeth (in some species the
3rd lateral tooth is light). The epipharyngeal plate has
approximately 15 to 20 sharp teeth. Usually there are 2
pairs of ventral bloodgills„ and a tubular process may be
present on each caudo-lateral margin of segment 10,
-------
21 -
Elnfeldia: The labial plate has 13 dark teeth and is quite
similar to that of Dictrotendipes except that the 5th
and 6th lateral teeth are fused and the plate is deeply
indented on its basal, lateral margins* The mandibles are
deeply indented at the inner shoulders and the 3rd lateral
tooth is unequally compound*
Kiefferulus: The distinctive labial plate of this genus appears
to be intermediate between those of Dicrotendipes
and Chlronomus . The middle tooth is not trifad but has
deep, lateral notches directed posteriorly about 1/3 of the
distance from its peaked apex* There is 1 pair of ventral
bloodgills* The premandibles end in 5-6 blades.
Dicrotendipes": The labial has 11 to 13 teeth; the middle
tooth may appear simple in mature larvae, but is notched
midway of its length in early instars* The mandibles are
similar to those of Chironomus except the lateral teeth
are more rounded and not as sharp * In Dicrotendipes"
nervosus the 3rd lateral tooth of the mandible is equally
compound* The head capsules of some species have a dark,
median stripe, dorsally* The premandibles are bifid* The
epipharyngeal plate usually has 5 rounded teeth.
Cryptochironomus: The labial plate always has an odd
number of teeth) the middle tooth is light, wide* and
rounded, and is flanked by oblique rows of darker lateral
teeth? In the Harnischia complex (Beck and Beck, 1969), teeth
are relatively even in length; the last 2 or 3 lateral
teeth are as long as the inner laterals and appear upturned*
The premandibles are bifid or palmate, ending in 3*5 blades*
Endochironomus; The labial plate has 15 or 16 dark teeth. In
the species wltfr 15 teeth ( the middle tooth is low and
rounded, with dorso-lateral notches) the 4th lateral teeth
are smallest) in the species with 16 teeth, the labial
plates are quite similar to Tribelbs and Phaenopsectra
in that the <4 middle teeth project above the laterals*
Tribelos: The labial plate has 16 dark teeth.; the middle
teeth are slightly shorter than the 1st lateral teeth) the
2nd lateral teeth are shorter than the 3rd lateral teeth*
The antennae have 5 segments, in contrast to the 6 segmented
antennae of Stictochironomus* Hamilton, et: al. (1969) recog-
nize Tribelos as a subgenusof Phaenopsectra.
-------
- 22 -
Xenochironomus: The labial plate in most mature larvae has
even, low rounded teeth. The paralabial plates touch at the
midline. The lateral teeth of the mandibles are barely
apparent. In X. xenolabist the labial plate has alternating
large and small" teeth in the immature larva, but the small
teeth are not present in the mature larva. The paralabial
plates are close but do not touch at the midline. For specif-
ic determinations consult Roback (1963).
Goeldichironomus t The labial plate has 13 teethj the middle
tooth with deep lateral notches and the apex with a median
node. The 2nd lateral teeth have light lateral flanges and
the premandibles are curved abruptly and end in 2 short, sub-
equal blades. The mandible has a mesal tooth perpendicular
to the lateral teeth and a long accessory tooth. The species
pictured is synonymous with £. fulvipilus.
Glyptotendipes: The labial plate has 13 teeth. In mature
larvae the middle tooth, characteristically, is low and broadly
rounded or squared with minute dorso-lateral notches, and
shorter than the 1st lateral teeth, senilis is an exception.
The middle tooth is slightly longer than the 1st lateral teeth
and is notched midway of its length as in Dicrotendipes.
G, senilis was described by Johannsen (1937b) and figures were
presented by Roback (1957),
Pseudochironomus: The labial plate has 9 or 11 teeth; the middle
tooth low and rounded; the 2nd lateral teeth are smallest; the
species pictured fulviventris) has bifid 5th lateral teeth.
The paralabial plates are approximately 4 times as wide as long
and nearly touch at the midline.
Polypedilumi The labial plate has 16 teeth; generally the middle
and 2nd lateral teeth are the largest and the 1st lateral teeth
are small." In one species, P. fallax, the teeth gradually decre
in height from the center of the plate forming an arc.
Phaenopsectra» The labial plate has 16 teeth. The middle teeth
are the same length as the 1st laterals. The mandibles have at
least 3 lateral teeth. This genus is discussed in Johannsen
(1937b) as Pentapedilum and in Roback (1957) as Tanytarsus
(TanytarsusTokediens ,*""
-------
- 23 -
Paratendipes; The middle 4 teeth of the labial plate are
lighter than the lateral teeth and are shorter than the
3rd laterals which give the middle of the plate a con-
cave appearance. The labial plate has 16 teeth and the
antennae are 6-segmented.
Paralauterborniellat The labial plate has 13 teeth; the
middle one broad and dome-shaped, and lighter than the
laterals. Laterals not oblique as in Crypt ochironomus.
The antennae have six segments.
Stenochironomus: The labial plate has 10 low, rounded black teeth
arranged in a concave manner. The paralabial plates are indis-
tinct causing confusion as Orthocladiinae. Antennae have 5 segments.
Stictochironomus: The labial plate has 16 teeth; the middle
4 teeth projecting; the 1st and 3rd lateral teeth are
largest. The mandibles have serrations on their inner
margins and the outer margins are distinctly flattened.
The antennae have 6 segments.
Microtendipesi The labial plate has 14 teeth; the 2 middle
teeth are light; the 1st lateral teeth are shorter than, and
are fused to, the 2nd laterals.
Tribe Tanytarsini (Approximately 30 genera; 3 pictured)
Rheotanytarsus: As in Tanytarsus. Paratanytarsus, Cladotanytarsus.
and Calopsectra, this genus has antennae mounted on prominent
tubercles. There is no "spur" on the tubercle. The paralabial
plates meet on the midline and are truncate at either end. The
labial plate has 11 teeth, and the middle one may be notched on
either side near the apex. In the larvae, the genera can be
separated by the size, shape, and location of lauterborn organs
(See Roback, 1957).
<
Constempe11ina: The antennal tubercles have projections (spurs), and
the paralabial plates are pointed at the inner apices and widely
separated. Stempe11ina, a genus similar in appearance, has the
lauterborn organs opposite on the apex of the 2nd antennal segment,
whereas in Constempellina they are separated; one at the base and
the other at the apex of the 2nd segment.
Micropsectra: The anterior margin of the antennal tubercles has
long spurs. The paralabial plates meet at the midline. The
petioles of the lauterborn organs are three times as long as
the combined length of the last 3 antennal segments. The petioles
are fragile and easily destroyed, Magnification at 400X is usually
required to see details of the lauterborn organs.
-------
- 24 -
Subfamily Diamesinae (approximately 9 genera; 4 pictured)
Diamesa; The paralabial plates are lacking. The labial plate
has an odd number of teeth. The middle tooth is lighter than
the laterals and the premandibles end in one blade. The man-
dibles have four lateral teeth gradually decreasing in size.
Potthastia; The paralabial plates are lacking. The labial
plate is light, undulated and apparently no teeth are pre-
sent. The premandibles are distinctively fan-shaped for
the species shown. The mandibles are scythe-shaped and the
lateral teeth are reduced.
Pseudodiamesa: The paralabial plates are expanded forming a thin
transparent shield over lateral teeth of the labial plate.
The premandibles have 5 to 7 blades. The lateral teeth of the
mandibles are grouped near the shoulder.
Monodiamesa: The paralabial plates are large and crescent-
shaped. The middle teeth of the labial plate are largest
and widely separated. The premandibles are simple, and the
lateral teeth of the mandibles are grouped near the shoulder.
Subfamily Podonominae (5 genera; none pictured)
Subfamily Orthocladiinae (approximately 45 genera; 12 pictured)
Orthocladius: Generally, the labial plate is evenly convex
in appearance with 13 teeth and the premandibles end in 1
blade# Paralabial plates are reduced or absent. The antennae
are short, robust, and lauterborn organs large and rounded.
Trichocladius: The labial plate has 14 teeth; the middle pair
are spade-like and project above the 1st laterals, which are
the smallest teeth of the labial plate. The paralabial plates
are conspicuous and some species have delicate hairs on the
paralabials. The premandibles are simple. Brundin (1959)
recognizes five genera (based on adults); Rheocricotopus.
Paracricotopus, Microcricotopus, Acricotopus, and Syncrlcptopus.
Johannsen (1937, Part III) gives keys to the larvae.
Eukiefferjella: The labial plate may have 10, 11, or 12 teeth;
the middle teeth are projecting and narrowly separated* The
mandibles of some species have serrations, or a long, fila-
mentous projection on the inner basal margin*
Smittiat The labial plates are variable in the number and shape
of the teeth* In some species the labial plate is truncate,
with light teeth across the apex (Roback,1957)* The species
pictured has 11 teeth in the labial plate, the middle tooth is
largest. The premandibles are bifid, and the antennal blade is
stout*
-------
- 25
Brilliai The labial plate has 12 or 13 teeth; in the species
with 13 teeth the middle tooth is much smaller than the first
lateral teeth. The premandibles are bifid or end in a
single blade. The antennae are approximately 1/2 as long as
the head capsule. The mandibles have a concavity on the
outer margin. Brillia par has 12 teeth and the middle teeth
are spaced widely apart.
Cardiocladius: The labial plate has 11 teethj the middle
tooth is broad, truncate, and approximately 1/3 the width
of the plate. The mandibles are heavy and dark. The dorsal,
posterior margin of the head capsule has a wide, dark margin,
and deep, medial notch.
Psectrocladius > The labial plates may have an even or odd num-
ber of teeth but characteristically the lateral teeth of the
labial plate are partially fused. The middle teeth are light
and wide with small, dark projecting tips, or are as dark as
the lateral teeth and project distinctly (Sublette, 1964).
In those species with an odd number of teeth, the middle
tooth is wide, light, and dome-shaped. The mandibles
characteristically are scythe-shaped witha long, dark-tipped
apical tooth, and 3 or 4 lateral teeth close-set near the
inner shoulder. The premandibles are curved sharply and end
in one blade.
Heterotrissocladius: The labial plate of Nearctic specimens
has 12 black teeth; the middle pair largest. The mandibles
are strong and heavy in appearance, and dark nearly 1/2 of
their length. The antennae are six-segmented.
Diplocladlus: The labial plates have 14 teeth, all nearly even.
Large bristles are located near the inner posterior margin of
each paralabial plate. The mandibles are dark nearly 2/3 of
their length.
Cricotopusi The labial plate has 11 or 13 teeth; the middle tooth
curves evenly or is slightly flattened and the 1st lateral
teeth are sometimes notched. The mandibles may be crenulated on
their outer margins or serrated on the inner basal margins. The
premandibles are bifid or end in a single blade. Some species
have hair pencils (tufts) on the sides of the body segments
(see Figure 1).
-------
- 26 -
Thlenemannlella: The labial plate has 13 teeth; the middle
tooth is much smaller than tha 1st laterals* The lateral
teeth are arranged in a H5° angle from the apex of the
labial plate, making the plate appear narrow. The larvae
are easily distinguished from other Orthocladiinae by the
elongated antennal segments, which are nearly as long
as the head capsule. The first and second antennal segments
are dark. The posterior prolegs bear dorsal "spines"
(pointed hairlike structures) that are used for specific
identifications. Another genus, Corynoneura. is similar in
appearance except that the antennae are nearly two times the
length of the head capsule.
Metriocnemus: The labial plate has 14 teeth; the middle four
are short and stubby, and smaller than the 2nd laterals. The
paralabial plates are apparently lacking. The premandibles are
bifid, and the four lateral teeth of the mandibles are arranged
in gradual decreasing order. The accessory tooth of the mandible
is pointed and long, reaching the base of the 2nd lateral tooth
of the mandible.
Trissocladius: The labial plate has 14 teeth; the middle 4 may be
smaller and somewhat lighter than the lateral teeth, Paralabial
plates are present. The premandibles are bifid.
-------
- 27 -
Genera Pictured
Family Chironomidae
Subfamily Tanypodinae
Tribe Tanypodini
Tanypus 2 spp. ................. 29
Tribe Pentaneurini
Ablabesmyia sp 31
Tribe Macropelopiini
Procladjus sp. .............. 32
Psectrotanypus sp 33
Tribe Coelotanypodini
Coelotariypus sp. 34
Subfamily Chironominae
Tribe Chironomini
Chironomus sp 35
Einfeldia sp. 36
Kiefferulus sp 37
Dicrotendipes 2 spp 38
Gryptochironomus sp. 40
Parachlronomus 2 spp 41
Paracladopelma sp. 43
Endochironomus sp ...... 44
Tribelos sp 45
Xenochironomus 2 spp 46"
Goeldichironomus sp 48
Glvptotendipes 3 spp 49
Pseudochironomus sp 52
Polvpedilum sp 53
Phaenopsectra and Endochironomus spp 54
Paralauterborniella sp. 55
Lauterborniejla sp 56
Stenochironomus sp, 57
Paratendipes sp 58
Stictochironomus sp 59
Microtendipes sp 60
Tfibe Tanytarsini
Rheotanytarsus sp 61
Constempellina sp 62
Micropsectra sp. 63
Subfamily Diamesinae
Tribe Diamesini
Diamesa sp 64
Potthastia sp 65
Pseudodiamesa sp 66
Tribe Prodiamesini
Monodiamesa sp 67
-------
- 28 -
P^og
Subfamily Orthocladiinae (Tribes not recognized)
Orthocladius sp 68
Trissocladius sp 69
Trichocladius sp 70
Eukiefferiella 2 spp 71
Smittia sp 73
Brillia 2 spp 74
Cardiocladius sp 76
Psectrocladius 3 spp 77
Heterotrissocladius sp 80
Metriocnemus sp 81
Diplocladius sp 82
Cricotopus 3 spp. 83
Thienemanniella sp 86
-------
- 29
Tanypodinae
Tanypus sp.
View of Head X75
Tanypus sp«
Lingua X480 Note 5 light
teeth
Tanypus sp.
Lingua, mandibles,
antenna X300
Tanypua sp«
Psralabials X480
-------
30 -
Tanypodinae
Tanypus sp„
View of Head X75
Tanypvta ap.
Paralabiala X300
Tanypus ap«
Lingua x480
i ap.
'e X480
Note the inflated baaal
portion
-------
- 31 -
Tanypodinae
Tribe Pentaneurini
•-
•Ji.' 1 'ri;I
!
- i • •-
-/ • H "V
Ablabesmyla sp0
View of Head X75
) V ft
rHRHH
Ablabesmyla sru
Ensheathed antenna, mandiblej
and maxillary palp X190
Note: Morphological differences
in the head structures of the
Pentaneurini are associated with
other body characteristics to
differentiate genera; consult
Beck and Beck (1966)
Ablabesmyla sp«
Lingua and superlingua X300
-------
- 32 -
Tanypodinae
A v..
¦ ,
«
Procladius sp.
View of Head X75
Procladius sp.
Paralabial combs X190
Procladius sp#
Lingua X300 Note 5 dark teeth
-------
33
Tarypodinae
, $ %
- w
cr
Psectrotanypus sp.
View of Head X190
Psectrotanypus sp.
Lingua and mandible X480
Note U light teeth of lingua and
large lateral teeth on mandible
* Specimen in the collection of Dr. Sublette
' lR^ARY
ntnl Protection A
-------
- 34 -
Tanypodinae
\
us sp.
X190
t
Coelota
View o
Coelotanypus sp.
Lingua X480 Note 7 light teeth
-------
- 35
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Chirortomus sp.
View of Head X75
Chironomus sp.
labial plate, paralsbiala.
mandible, and antennae X190
Note the trifid middle tooth of
the labial plate
-------
- 36 -
Chironominae
Tribe Chironomini
E±^fe_ldi£i sp.
View of tiead X190 ftote the
extreme indentations on the
mandibles and labial plate;
the almost fused 5th and 6th
laterals
Einfeldia sp.
Labial plate X480
Correspondence with Dr. Roback (August 1967)
-------
- 37
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
jm
w
(¦ L I
ICiefferulus sp.
Epipharyngeal area, labial plate, and
mandible X300 Note the deep, lateral
notches oa the middle tooth of the labial
platej the premandible has 6 blades; the
maxillary palpus is indicated by an arrow
-------
38 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Dicrotendipes nervosus
View of Head X75
¦m
Dicrotendipes nervosus
Labial rilate and oaralsbial
plates X190
Dicrotendipes nervosus
Labial plate and mandible
X300 Note the equally compound
3rd lateral tooth of the mandible
-------
39 -
Chironominae
Tribe Chironomini
Dicrotendipes modestus
Labial plate and mandibles X300
Dicr'otendipes modestus
Labial plate x480 Note the
simple middle tooth and the
almost fused 1st and 2nd laterals
-------
- 40 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Cryptochirotiomus sp.
View of Headxi90 Note the wide; lightj
middle tooth of the labial plate
flanked by oblique laterals
¦
I ^
Cryptochironomus sp.
Labial plate and paralabial X480
-------
«- 41 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Parachirortomus sp„
View of Head x480
Parachironomus sp.
Labial plate sTnd paralabial X480
Note the recurved striations on the
paralabial plate and the large, peaked
middle tooth of the labial plate
-------
- 42 -
Chironomidae
Tribe Chironomini
Parachironomus sp.
View of Head X190
Parachironomus sp.
Labial plate and premandible X480
Note the divided middle tooth of the
labial plate
-------
- 43 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Paracladopelma sp. Paracladopelma sp.
mandible arid r>remandibt e X480
View of Head X300 Note that the basal segment of
the maxillary palp is nearly as
long as the 1st antennal segment.
Paracladopelma sp.
Labial plate X480 Note the
median notch in the middle tooth
-------
- 44 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Endochironomus teadens
View of Head X75
/'s
Endochironomus tendens
Labial plate X480 Note the low
middle tooth with lateral notches
-------
- 45 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Tribelos sp.
View of Head X75
Hamilton, _et al. (1969) recog-
nize Tribelos as a subgenus of
Phaenopsectra
Tribelos sp.
Intenna X300
Note $ segments as contrasted
to 6 in Stlctochironomua sp.
Tribelos sp.
Labial plate and paralabials
X300 Note the short 2nd
laterals of the labial plate
-------
- 46 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomlni
Xenochironomus sp.
View or heaci X75
Xenochironomua sp,
Premandible X300
Xenochironomus sp.
Labial piste X190 Note the para-
labials nearly touch on the mid-
line j the low rounded teeth of the
labial plate; the indistinct teeth
of the mandible
Roback (1963) recognizes this
group as a subgenus Anceus of
Xenochironomus
-------
- 47 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Xertochironomus xeriolabis
View of head X300
X. xenolabis
Wore mature larva
View of Head X190
X. xenolabis
Labial olate, neralsbials,
snd mandibles x480
c
X. xenolabis
More mature larva: note that
the small teeth of the labial
plate are no longer present X300
-------
- 48 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Goeldichironomus holoprasinus
Goeldichironomus
View of Head X75
G. holoprasipus
Mandible x480 Note the mesal
tooth perpendicular to the lat-
eral teeth
G, hoioprasinus
Tfypopharynx and labial plate X300
Note the deep notches on the middle
tooth of the labial plate and the 2nd
laterals with light flanges
-------
- 49
Chironominae
Tribes Chironomini
Glyptotendipes sp.
Labial plate and mandible X190
Note the low, rounded middle
tooth of the labial plate
-------
50 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Glyptotendipes sp«
View of Head X75
Glyptotendipes sp0
Labial plate X300
Note the shallow,
lateral notches on the
middle tooth
-------
- 51
Ghironominae
Tribe Chironomini
Glyptotendipes senilis Joh«*
View of Head X190
*Paratype from the Cornell
University Museum) specimen collected
from the Hudson River at Beacon, N.Y.
August 17, 1936
G, senilis
Mandible X480 Note that each
lateral tooth differs in shapej
the dorso-mesal tooth is dark and
stubby
G. senilis
Labial plate and paralabials X480
Note that the 3rd and 4th laterals
overlap each other; middle tooth barely
notched and shorter than 1st laterals;
paralabial with a fine cleft on inner margin
-------
- 52 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
* »¦ i
> • 11 is '¦¦CJS /
Pseudochironomus sp.
View of Head x75
Pseudochirononms sp.
Mandible end antenna
X300
Pseudochironomus sp.
Labial plate and paralabials X300 Note the paralabisls
nearly touch on the midline
-------
- 53 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Polypedilum sp#
View of Head. X300
Polypedilum sp#
Labial plate and mandible X480
Note the short 1st laterals
of the labial plate
-------
54
Chironominae
Tribe; Chironomini
Endochlronomus sp.
Labial plate and paralabial X480
Note the nearly fused middle teeth
Phaenopsectra sp.
Labial plate and paralabials X480
Note the middle teeth are distinctly
separate, almost even in height with
first laterals.
-------
- 55
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Paralauterborniella spe
View of Head X190
mamm
Paralauterborniella ap.
Labial plate and ppralpbisla X480
Note the wide, light middle tooth
of the labial plate, but the lateral®
are not oblique aa in Cryptochironomus.
-------
- 56 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Lauterborniella sp.
View of Head X190
Lauterborniella sp0
Labial plate and paralabial
plates X300 Note the long
antennae and distinctive
paralabials
-------
- 57 -
ChironomUlae
Tribe Chironomini
* Stenochironomus sp, (¦ Cryptochironomus
s. 1, sp. B Joh.) View of Head X190
Stenochironomus sp.
Labial plate, fused paralabials, and
mandibles X480 Note the concave labial
plate
* Correspondence with Mr, Beck (September 20, 1967)
-------
- 58 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Paratendipes sp.
Antenna x480 Note b segments
* Paratendipes sp.
View of Head ltT90
\
Paratendipes sp.
Labial plate, parslebials,
and mandibles x300
A similar larva is given as Paratendipes "connectens No. 3" Lipina in A.
Chernovskii's (1949) "Identification of Larvae of the Midge Family
Tendipedidae" (Russia)
-------
- 59 -
Chironominae
Tribe Chironomini
Stictochironomus sp.
View of Head X190
Stictochironomus sp.
Labial plate and paralsbial
plate X300 Note the h, even
middle teeth of the labial
plate; the paralabial has punc-
tations
Stictochironomus sp.
Mandible and antenna X480
Note the 6 -segmented antenna
-------
- 60
Chironominae
Tribe: Chironomini
Microtendipes sp.
View oflead X75
Microtendipes sp„
Labial plate, paralabials,
and mandibles X300
-------
- 61 -
Chironominae
Tribe: Tanytarsini
Rheotanytarsus sp.
View of Head X75
Note the long, curved 1st
antennal segments
Rheotanytarsus sp.
Antennal tubercle X480
Note this distinctive character
separates the Tanytprsini from
the Chironomini
r - on&ssa&i
• -
r i V
• ¦ V
, 1 V
Rheotanytarsus sp.
Labial plate, paralabials, and mandible X480
Note; The once large genus Tanvtarsus («Calopsectra) has been
split into smaller genera including; Tanytarsus, Calopsectra
Paratanytarsus, Cladotanytarsus. and Rheotanytarsus. See
Hamilton, et_ _al. (1969) and Roback (1957).
-------
- 62 -
Chironominae
Tribe Tanytarsini
Constempellina sp.
View of Head X300
Constempellina sp.
View of Head X480
Note that the paralabials
do not meet on the midline
as in Rheotanytarsus sp.
-------
- 63 -
Chironominae
Tribe Tanytarsini
Micropsectra sp.
View of Head X190
. - • I k
v-&>
f ' %
•ft ' V-
£
Micropsectra sp.
Antennal tubercle X480
Note the spur on the
tubercle
-------
- 64 -
Diamesinae
Wl»t
Diamesa ep.
View of Head X190
Diamesa sp.
Labial plate and premandibles
X480
-------
- 65 -
«
Potthastia longimanus
View ol' Head X190
Note undulated labial plate,
i
5 . - (< d
/> ,-V v<
lj •'
1L
" -t- ;>•
1 «I»W •
fC&7~ Y?i\
I HHHBI ;'«¦ HHHHH
Potthastia longimanus
Note i'an-shapea premandible X480
-------
66
Diamesinae
Pseudodiamesa pertinax
View mandibleand oremandibles
X480
Pseudodiamesa pertinax
Head view X300
-------
- 67 -
Diaraesinae
'•*>» .;
¦/ ^
;; . v. m
*Monodiamesa sp.
View of Head X190
Monodiamesa sp.
Labial rvLPte srd mandible
X480
Correspondence with Dr. 0. A. Saether, Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Freshwater Institute, Winnipeg (December, 1972)
-------
- 68 -
Orthocladiinae
Orthocladius sp.
View of Head X190
Orthocladius ap.
Labial plate X480
Note the even, convex
appearance and round
middle tooth
-------
- 69
Orthocladiinae
Trissocladlus sp.
View of head X190
Note the bifid premandibles
Trissocladlus sp.
Labial plate x480
Note lli teeth
-------
- 70 -
Orthocladiinae
Trichocladiug sp„
View of Head X300 See comments p. 2k
Trichocladlus sp.
Labial plate end premsndibles X480
Note the separation between the
spadelike middle teeth of the
labial plate
-------
- 71 -
Orthocladiinae
Eukiefferiella sp.
View of: Head X480
Note that the middle teeth of the
labial plate are not as widely separated
as in Trichocladius sp.
-------
- 72 -
Orthocladiinae
Eukiefferiella sp.
View of Head X190
Eukiefferiella sp.
View of Head X300
-------
- 73 -
Orthocladiinae
*
Smittia aterrima
View of Head X190
S. aterrima
Labial plate and mandibles
X480 Note labial plate with
11 teeth and large antennal blade
-------
- 74 -
Orthocladiinae
Brillia sp.
View of Head X190
/
Brillia sp.
Labial plate and nremendibles
X300 Note the small middle
tooth of the labial plate
-------
- 75 -
Orthocladiinae
Brillia par
View of head X300
Note that the antennae
are half as long as the
head capsule
B. par
Lateral view of labial plate
and mandibles X480 Note the
distinctive gap between the
middle teeth of the labial nlate
-------
- 76 -
Orthocladiinae
Cardiocladius sp.
View of Head X75
Cardiocladlus sp.
Labial plateand mandibles X300
-------
- 77 -
Orthocladiinae
Psectrocladius sp.
View of head X190
Psectrocladius sp«
Labial plate and mandibles X480
Note the scythe-shaped mandibles and
the small, dark tips on the light middle
teeth of the labial plate
-------
- 78 -
Orthocladiinae
Psectrocladlus sp.
View of head x480
Note the wide, light, dome-shaped
middle tooth of the labial plate;
the darker lateral teeth are hidden
underneath the paralabial plates
-------
- 79 -
Orthocladiinae
Psectrocladius sp
View of Head Xl90
Psectrocladius sp.
Labial plate and mandible X300
Psectrocladius sp.
Premandibles and labral spines
X480
-------
- 80 -
Orthocladiinae
/
Heterotrissocladius sp."
View of Head X190
Heterotrissocladius sp.
Antenna XA80
* Heterotrissocladius larvae have six-segmented antennae; the third
one greatly reduced and sometimes withdrawn into the second segment;
the last two segments are smallv
Correspondence with Dr. A. L. Hamilton, Eutrophication Section,
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba (January, 1969)
-------
- 81 -
Orthocladiinae
>
* /V
T\
/
J - f
¦ . £ * ' .>¦'?¥ \
Vs" ' f
|?$jv ,
•• :''i t
\ * V
Metriocnemus sp«,
View o^" Head X190
Metriocnemua sp.
Labial plate and mandible
X480
-------
- 82 -
Orthocladiinae
*
/
Diplocladiua sp.
View of Head X190
Diplocladius sp.
Labial plate and mandibles
X300 Note the relatively even
teeth of the labial plate
-------
- 83 -
Orthocladiinae
Cricotopus gp. Cricotopus sp.
View of Head X190 Mandible x480 Note the aerrstions
on the inner margin
-------
•* 84 *¦
Orthocladiinae
Cricotopus ap.
View of Head X190
Cricotopus ap.
Mandible and premandible X480
Note the crenulations on the
outer margin of the mandible
-------
85 -
Orthocladiinae
Cricotopus sp.
View of Head XI90
Note that the labial plate
apparently has 7 teeth (see
below)
Cricotopus sp*
Labial plate X480
Note that the middle tooth is
actually composed of 5> teeth
-------
- 86 -
Orthocladiinae
Thienemanniella sp. Thienemanniella sp. X480
View of Head X300 Note the elongate antennae
with dark 1st and 2nd segments)
the minute middle tooth of the
labial plate,
Thienemanniella and Corynoneura are similar in general appearance
except that the antennae are longer than the head capsule in
Corynoneura and shorter than the head capsule in Thienemanniella
-------
- 87 -
REFERENCES
Beck, E. C. 1962. Five new Chironomidae (Diptera) from Florida.
Fla. Ent. 45(2):89-92.
Beck, E. C. and W. M. Beck, Jr. 1969. The Chironomidae of Florida.
II. The nuisance species. Fla. Ent. 52 (1):1-11.
and W. M. Beck, Jr. 1969. Chironomidae of Florida. III.
H ar n i s'ch i a c omp lex. Bull. Fla. St. Mus . 13 (5) : 277-313 .
Beck, W. M., Jr. 1968. Chironomidae. In: Keys to water quality
indicative organisms of the S. E. United States. FWPCA
Atlanta, Georgia.
Beck, W. M., Jr. and E. C. Beck. 1958. A new species of Xenochironomus
from Florida (.Diptera:Chironomidae) . Fla. Ent. 41(1) ;27 § 28 .
and E. C. Beck. 1966. Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida,
I. Pentaneurini (Tanypodinae). Bull. Fla. St. Mus., 10(8):305-379.
and E. C. Beck. 1970. The immature stages of some Chironomini
(Chironomidae). Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci. 33(1):29-42.
Brundin, L. 1959. Key to the Northern European genera of Orthocladiinae.
From: Zur Systematik der Orthocladiinae. Report No. 37 of the
Institute of Freshwater Research, Drottingholm, Sweden.
. 1966. Transantarctic relationships and their significance,
as evidenced by chironomid midges with a monograph of the Subfamilies
Podonominae and Aproteniinae and the Austral Heptagyiae. Kungl.
Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. Fjarde Serien. Band 11.
Nr. 1. Almquist and Wiksell Company, Stockholm, Sweden. 472 pp.,
30 pi.
Carr, J. F. and J. K. Hiltunen. 1965. Changes in the bottom fauna of
Western Lake Erie from 1930 to 1961. Limnology and Oceanography
10 (4):551-569.
Chernovskii, A. A. 1949. Identification of larvae of the midge family
Tendipedidae (Russian) Opred.Faune SSR 31:1-186. Available from
National Lending Library for Science § Technology. Boston Spa,
Yorkshire, England.
Curry, L. L. 1958. Larvae and pupae of the species of Cryptochironomus
in Michigan. Limnol. and Oceanogr. _3(4):427-442.
-------
- 88 -
. 1962. A key for the larval forms of aquatic midges
(Tendipedidae: Diptera) of Michigan. Rept. #1 of NIH contract
"A study of the ecology and taxonomy of freshwater midges (Diptera:
Tendipedidae) of Michigan with special reference to their role
in the "turnover" of radioactive substances in the hydrosol.
Central Mich. Univ. 149 pp. (out of print)
Darby, R. E. 1962. Midges associated with Calif, rice fields, with
special reference to their ecology. (Diptera:Chironomidae). Hilgardia
32_(1) : 1-206.
Dendy, J. S. and J. E. Sublette. 1959. The Chironomidae of Alabama
with descriptions of six new species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 52(5):
506-519.
Freeman, P. 1955. A study of African Chironomidae. Bull. Br.
Mus. Ent. £: 1-363.
Frommer, S. 1967. Review of the anatomy of adult Chironomidae.
Calif. Mosquito Control Assoc. Tech. Series Bull. No.
1:1-40 + 30 plates, (out of print)
Gaufin, A. R. 1958. The effects of pollution on a midwestern stream.
Ohio Journ. Science 58 (4):197-208 .
and C. M. Tarzwell. 1952. Aquatic invertebrates as
indicators of stream pollution. Public Health Reports 67(1):57-64.
and C. M. Tarzwell. 1955. Environmental changes in a
polluted stream during winter. Amer. Midi. Natur. 54(1):78-88.
and C. M. Tarzwell. 1956. Aquatic macroinvertebrate
communities as indicators of pollution in Lytle Creek. Sewage
and Industrial Wastes 28:906-924.
Grodhaus, G. 1967. Identification of chironomid midges commonly
associated with waste stabilization lagoons in Calif. Calif.
Vector Views 14(1):1-12.
Hamilton, A. L., 0. A. Saether, and D. R. Oliver. 1969. A classi-
fication of the nearctic Chironomidae. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. Tech.
Rpt. No. 124:1-42.
Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1966. The biology of Chironomous plumosus (Diptera:
Chironomidae) in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.
59_(3): 465-473.
Hilsenhoff, W. L. and R. P. Narf. 1968. Ecology of Chironomidae,
Chaoboridae, and other benthos in fourteen Wisconsin Lakes.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61 (5):1173-1181.
-------
-89-
Johannsen, 0. A. 1934-37. Aquatic Diptera. Parts I thru IV. Memoirs
164, 177, 205, and 210 Cornell University Experimental Station,
1934, 1935, 1937, and 1937, respectively. Reprinted in 1969 by
Entomological Reprint Specialists, Los Angeles, California.
Malloch, J. R. 1915. The Chironomidae, or midges of Illinois, with
particular reference to the species occurring in the Illinois
River. Bull. 111. State Lab, Nat. Hist. 10 (art.6:273-590).
Paine, G. H. and A. R. Gaufin. 1956. Aquatic Diptera as indicators
of pollution in a midwestern stream. Ohio Journ. Sci. 56:291-304.
Roback, S. S. 1953. Savannah River tendipedid larvae. Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 105:91-132.
1957. The immature tendipedids of the Philadelphia Area.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, Mono. No. 9. 148 pp.
. 1959, The subgenus Ablabesmyia of Pentaneura (Diptera:
Tendipedidae, Pelopiinae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 85:113-135.
1969. The Immature stages of the genus Tanypus Meigen.
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 94:407-428.
. 1963. The genus Xenochironomus (Diptera: Tendipedidae)
Kieffer, taxonomy and immature stages. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
£8:235-245.
. 1971. The subfamily Tanypodinae in North America.
Monographs of the Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. No. 17:1-410.
Saether, 0. A. 1969. Some nearctic Podonomenae, Diamesinae, and
Orthocladiinae. Fish Res. Bd. Can. Bull. 170:1-154.
Sublette, J. E. 1960. Chironomid Midges of California. Part I.
Chironominae, exclusive of Tanytarsini (=Calopsectrini). Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 112:197-226.
. 1964. Chironomidae (Diptera) of Louisiana. I. Systematics
and immature stages of some benthic chironomids of West-Central
Louisiana, Tulane Studies in.Zoology. 11(4):109-150.
-------
- 90 -
Sublette, J. E. 1966. Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in
the American Museum of Natural History. J. Kan. Ent. Soc.
39(1) : 1-32.
. 1966. Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in
the U. S. National Museum. 39(4):580-607 .
. 1967. Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in
the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa. J. Kan. Ent. Soc.
40(3):290-331.
. 1967. Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in
the Cornell Univ. Collection. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 40(4):477-564.
. 1970. Type specimens of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the
Illinois Natural History Survey Collection, Urbana. J. Kan. Ent.
Soc. 43(1):44-95.
and M. S. Sublette. 1965. Family Chironomidae (Tendipedidae).
A catalog of Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agri.
Handbook No. 276. 1696 pp. (Out of print)
Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1962. A Glossary of Entomology. Brooklyn
Entomological Society, New York. 6 pi., 336 pp.
Wirth, W. W. and A. Stone. 1963. Part Aquatic Diptera. In Usinger's
Aquatic Insects of California. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley.
508 pp.
•ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1978-757-140/1391 Region No. 5-11
------- |