6EPA Environmental Pnstocbca
Western Ecology Division
Office of Research and Development
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Corvallis and Newport, OR
Division Review August 27-29, 2001
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August 26th
afternoon
7 30pm
8 30-8 45
8 45-9 00
9 00-9 30
9 30-1 30
1 30-2 30
2 30-4 30
4 30-5 00
Agenda
Divisional Peer Review
Western Ecology Division
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
August 26-29, 2001
Panel arrives
Executive session and dinner with Dr Reiter
August 27th USEPA Main Building, 200 SW 35th St, Corvalhs, OR
Welcome and Introduction (Rm A&B, JSB)
WED Overview
Introduction to WED's Research Program
Goal 8 1 Monitoring Research
Lunch catered during poster review
Research Background
Goal 1 Clean Air
Goal 6 Global Change
Goal 8 2 Alternative Futures Modeling
Goal 4 Plant Effects-Pesticides
Tour of Corvalhs Facility
August 28th Mam Building (Rm 190 Main Building)
8 30-11 30 Goal 8 2 Modeling research
11 30-12 30 Lunch - Panel Executive Session (Rm 104)
12 30 Depart for Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport
2 00-5 00 Goal 2 Coastal habitat - nutrients (A 105)
5 00-5 30 Tour of Newport Facility
6 00 Dinner in Newport and Return to Corvalhs
August 29,h Mam Building (Rm 190)
Reiter/Veith
Fontaine
Orme Zavaleta
Paulsen/Stoddard
Hogsett
Tingey
Baker
Beedlow/Rygiewicz
Laurence
Nelson/Power
8 30-10 00 Goal 2 Freshwater Habitat
10 00-3 00 Lunch - Panel Executive Session (Rm 104)
3 00-4 00 Exit discussion with NHEERL management
4 00 Depart
Laurence/Wigington
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WED REVIEW
LIST OF REVIEWERS
PANEL:
Dr Susan Bell
University of South Florida
Department of Biology
4202 E Fowler Avenue
Tampa, FL 33620
ph 813 974 2542
fx 813 974 3263
sbell@chumal cas usf edu
Dr Michael Brett
University of Washington
Civil and Environmental Engineering
301 More Hall, Box 352700
Seattle, Washington 98195-2700
ph 206 616 3447
fx 206 685 9185
mtbrett@u Washington edu
Dr Loveday Conquest
University of Washington
College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences, Box 355020
Seattle, Washington 98195-5020
ph 206 685 6683
fx 206 221 6442
conquest@u Washington edu
Dr Donald DeAngelis
U S Geological Survey
University of Miami
Department of Biology
PO Box 249118
Coral Gables, FL 33124-0421
ph 305 284 1690
fx 305 284 3039
don deangelis@uses gov
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Dr Charlie Menzie
Menzie Cura & Associates
1 Courthouse Lane, Suite 2
Chelmsford, MA 01824
ph 978 453 4300
fx 978 453 7260
camenzie@menziecura com
Dr John Pastor
University of Minnesota
Natural Resources Research Institute
406NRRI
5013 Miller Trunk Hwy
Duluth, MN 5581 1
ph 218 720 4271
fx
ipastor@umn edu
Dr Fred Sklar
South Florida Water Management District
PO Box 24680
West Palm Beach, FL 33416-4680
ph 561 682 6504
fx 561 682 0100
fsklar@sfwmd gov
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INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established in 1970 in response to
growing concerns over polluted air, unclean rivers, unsafe drinking water, endangered species, and
careless waste disposal. EPA was given the responsibility for implementing a broad set of federal
environmental laws, which have contributed in the intervening years to significant improvements in
environmental quality. Currently, EPA has jurisdiction over more than a dozen statutes enacted to
protect public health and the environment (e.g, the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Air Act).
EPA is both a regulatory and a scientific agency; it is one of only a few federal organizations
that operates in this capacity. The environmental laws that form the legal basis for the Agency's
regulatory activities also authorize its research efforts. It is this research that provides the foundation
for scientifically defensible environmental policies, programs, and regulations. EPA research is
housed chiefly in the Office of Research and Development (ORD), which includes the National Health
and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL).
EPA's OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ORD)
ORD is the principal research arm of EPA. Its role is to integrate science into environmental
decision-making. Unlike most of the rest of the Agency, ORD has no direct regulatory function;
rather, its responsibility is to inform the regulatory process. Through the development of technical
information and scientific tools, ORD's research strengthens EPA's science base, providing the
Agency's Program Offices and Regional Offices with sound data for use in developing and
implementing tenable environmental policies and regulations. Comprising five national Laboratories
and Centers across the country, ORD's broad scope encompasses both human health and ecology.
ORD is organized around the principles of risk assessment and risk management. These
principles not only help shape and prioritize ORD's research agenda, they also are an inherent part
of its organizational structure. A diagram of risk assessment and its relationship to ORD's Labs and
Centers is depicted in Figure 1 on the next page. The paradigm in Figure la applies to human health
risk assessment, while the framework in Figure lb, which conceptually mirrors the health paradigm,
is used for ecological risk assessment. Simply put, risk assessment is the process of evaluating the
nature, magnitude, and likelihood of an adverse effect following exposure to a stressor, such as
pollution or habitat loss. For health risk assessment, the step-wise process involves hazard
identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Ecological
risk assessment, on the other hand, involves problem formulation, exposure and effects analysis, and
risk characterization. Once risk has been characterized, that information, together with factors such
EPA's Mission
Protect human health and safeguard the natural
environment - air, water, land - upon which life depends.
1
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Figure 1. Risk Assessment and ORD
a. Health Paradigm
Risk Assessment Risk Management
LOnSUnluOilS
sasseA^s.
pose-R«*poree
lAfcogftnantl
/
gH^Tarilg
Identification^
Characterization
pposure
Assessment
Mwging th* Prw*s$.
tofeftil Afiirff ol
in AtsA Asp
b. Ecology Framework
PROBLEM FORMULATION
ANALYSIS
Characterization
of
Exposure
Characterization
of
Ecological Effects
I
r I
RISK CHARACTERIZATION
The US EPA ecotoQical
risk assessment framework
(EPA. 1992)
-I
RISK MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
c. Alignment of ORD Labs / Centers with Risk Paradigm
National Exposure
Research Laboratory
National Health and
Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory
National Center for
Environmental
Assessment
National Risk
Management
Research Laboratory
National Center for
Environmental
Research
Research to measure,
characterize, and assess
exposures and to support
compliance with
environmental regulations
and policies
Research to identify
hazards, formulate
the problem, and
characterize response
Risk characterization
and research on risk
assessment methods
Research and technology
transfer to prevent,
mitigate, and control
pollution
Extramural program -
grants, fellowships, and
national centers of
excellence - to
complement ORD's
intramural program
2
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as economic considerations, is used to make decisions on how to manage risk. Figure lc shows how
ORD's institutional structure is aligned to comport with the risk paradigm, with each of ORD's Labs
and Centers focusing on a different aspect of risk assessment. NHEERL's singular focus is upon
potential effects of environmental stressors. Our role is to help formulate environmental problems,
identify the hazards, and characterize adverse effects.
ORD cannot address every problem in the environmental arena. It must be selective when
deciding which problems to tackle. Some research is required by law; other research is initiated in
response to specific environmental exigencies or opportunities. Thus, research in ORD can be
broadly viewed from two perspectives: scientific and programmatic. This is an important
distinction because it reflects the dual responsibility of ORD to advance environmental science
frontiers while remaining responsive to the program needs and priorities of the Agency. ORD
research must be scientifically relevant, but it also must be responsive to those in the Agency tasked
with making regulatory and policy decisions.
The framework for organizing research within ORD (and NHEERL) is drawn from EPA's
Strategic Goals, summarized in the box to the right. These Goals identify the overall environmental
results, such as cleaner air, that EPA is working to attain. We use these goals to systematize the way
in which we plan and prioritize our research, report our
research findings and products, and budget our programs.
EPA has 10 national environmental goals, the first eight
of which involve research. Each goal is linked to key
environmental statutes. For example, Goal 2: Clean and
Safe Water is arrayed with the Clean Water Act and the
Safe Drinking Water Act. Accordingly, research
performed under a particular goal supports the regulatory
actions mandated by the corresponding legislation.
Goal 8, Sound Science, deserves some explanation
due to its confusing nomenclature. This category is where
our core research falls (similar to basic research, and
described more fully on page 6). As opposed to problem-
driven research, which addresses specific environmental
problems, core research improves our fundamental
understanding of complex environmental and human
health issues. The information and tools gleaned from this research are the kind that can apply to a
wide variety of environmental problems, including prospective environmental hazards. An example
of "Sound Science" research is our study of the unique susceptibilities of infants and children to toxic
substances, the results of which are far-reaching and can be used to address age-related scientific
issues in many problem areas.
All research performed in ORD (and, therefore, in NHEERL) is driven by one of these
strategic goals. For each of the goals, ORD's Labs and Centers have committed to reaching certain
milestones and delivering specific products within a given time period, thus providing a mechanism
for measuring tangible progress toward completion of long-term objectives. This explicit
accountability grew out of the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) passed by
Congress in 1993; consequently, these Agency goals are sometimes referred to as "GPRA Goals."
EPA's Strategic Goals
1. Clean Air
2. Clean and Safe Water
3. Safe Food
4. Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk
in Communities
5. Better Waste Management
6. Reducing Global Risks
7. Expansion of American's Right to
Know About their Environment
8. Sound Science
9. Greater Compliance with the Law
10. Effective Management
3
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THE NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
RESEARCH LABORATORY (NHEERL)
Organizational Structure. NHEERL is the largest research organization in ORD, employing
over 700 federal employees at various facilities across the country. The current organizational
structure is diagramed in Figure 2. Based in Research Triangle Park, NC, NHEERL has nine
divisions that specialize in different facets of human health or ecology research. Our Health Divisions
are centrally located in Research Triangle Park and Chapel Hill, NC. Our Ecology Divisions are
based in Gulf Breeze, FL; Duluth, MN; Corvallis, OR; and Narragansett, RI, each location
representing a significant regional ecosystem (Gulf of Mexico, Great Lakes, Pacific Coast, and
Atlantic Seaboard, respectively). Table 1 on the next page lays out the research focus for each
NHEERL division.
National Accountability
and Resource
Management Staff
National Outreach,
i0famuar.. and
Technology Staff
IBi iiifi iilSli
Environmental
Effects Research
puutoyJI
H " NHEERL ¦'!
Research Planning and
Coordination Staff
Office of the
Associate Director
for Health
Environmental
Carcinogenesis Oiviaion
Experimental
Toxicology Division
Human Studies Division
Neurotoxicology Division
Office of the
Associate Director
for Ecology
Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment
Reproductive
Atlantic Ecology
division
Division
Western Ecology
Division
Gulf Ecology Division
Figure 2. Organizational Structure of NHEERL
and its Relationship to ORD
4
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Table 1. Overview of NHEERL's Health and Ecology Divisions
DIVISION
LOCATION
RESEARCH FOCUS
Atlantic Ecology Division
(AED)
Narragansett, RI
Studies the environmental effects of anthropogenic stressors on marine, coastal and estuarine water quality, with an emphasis on the coastal waters and watersheds of the
Atlantic seaboard. Areas of research specialization include modeling cumulative effects of multiple stressors on coastal ecosystems, developing methods for assessing
the ecological effects of contaminated marine sediments, analyzing the role of biogeochemical processes on effects, and conducting geographic-based ecological
assessments for the AUantic coast.
Environmental
Carcinogenesis Division
(ECD)
Research Triangle Park,
NC
Performs research to assess potential carcinogenicity of environmental chemicals. The aim is to reduce uncertainty in cancer risk assessment models by developing
mechanistic data underlying chemical carcinogenesis for agents of environmental concern (including mixtures). This approach is enhanced by developing and applying
biomarkers of response for predicting cancer outcomes and by incorporating information gained from structure-activity and molecular modeling approaches.
Experimental Toxicology
Division (ETD)
Research T riangle Park,
NC
Performs research to determine the health effects of environmental pollutants and cause-and-effect relationships at pollutant concentrations that mimic those in the
environment. Investigations center on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems; the immune system; and susceptibility to infectious, allergic, and neoplastic disease.
Focal point for pharmacokinetic studies to elucidate dose-response relationships for systems susceptible to pollutants.
Gulf Ecology Division
(GED)
Gulf Breeze, FL
Assesses the ecological condition of estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and other critical habitats of the Gulf of Mexico. Determines cause(s) of affected and
declining systems; predicts future risk to populations, communities, and ecosystems from aquatic stressors; and supports the establishment of criteria to protect critical
habitats.
Human Studies Division
(HSD)
Chapel Hill, NC
Conducts an interdisciplinary program of clinical and epidemiologic research that provides critical data for health risk assessment. Clinical studies determine the
pharmacokinetics, dosimetry, and effects of pollutants in controlled exposure studies of healthy and susceptible individuals. Epidemiologic studies evaluate the
relationship between real-world exposures and observed health effects in populations of interest. The program focuses on the effects of pollutants in air and water on the
pulmonary, cardiovascular, and neurobehavioral systems.
Mid-continent Ecology
Division (MED)
Duluth, MN
Grosse lie, Ml
(field station)
Develops methods for predicting and assessing the effects of anthropogenic stressors on freshwater ecological resources, including the Great Lakes and Great Rivers.
Conducts cause-and-effect research on the effects of nutrients, clean sediments, climate change, and toxic chemicals on lake, stream, and wetland ecosystems, as well as
aquatic life and wildlife communities and populations. Wildlife and aquatic life toxicology research, conducted in collaboration with human health-based research
performed in NHEERL's health divisions, establishes advanced animal and dose-response extrapolation models to support integrated risk assessments.
Neurotoxicology Division
(NTD)
Research Triangle Park,
NC
Performs research to provide the scientific and technological means to predict the neurotoxicity of environmental agents in humans. Human neurotoxic disease is
modeled in laboratory animals, and data are collected in animals to make predictions about possible neurotoxic risk. Studies range from the molecular level to the whole
organism and include neurobehavioral, neurochemical, neurophysiological, and neuroanatomical approaches. Major emphasis on the study of sensitive subpopulations
and developmental neurotoxicity.
Reproductive Toxicology
Division (RTD)
Research Triangle Park,
NC
Performs research on the effects of environmental pollutants on reproduction and development. Develops biological indices for assessing germ cell maturation,
embryonic development and adult reproductive capacity and endocrine status, integrating information into biologically based dose-response models. Major research
emphasis on assessing modes of action for endocrine disrupting chemicals and drinking water disinfection by-products in order to reduce uncertainties in the risk
assessment of associated adverse reproductive outcomes.
Western Ecology Division
(WED)
Corvallis, OR
Newport, OR
(field station)
Studies estuarine, terrestrial and watershed ecology with a focus on the Pacific Northwest region. Research emphasizes marine, coastal, and inland ecosystem functions
and response to stress. Areas of specialization include ecological theory for spatial and temporal analysis of regional environmental data; developing methods for
assessing regional-scale condition of ecological resources; and assessing the effects of changes in habitat and land use on terrestrial systems; and modeling of estuarine
systems.
5
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NHEERL's Mission. NHEERL is a problem-solving organization. We are EPA's focal point for
research on the adverse effects of contaminants and environmental stressors on human health and
ecosystem vitality. Our mission is to:
• perform high quality effects-based research to identify, understand and solve current
and future environmental problems;
• provide leadership in addressing environmental issues; and
• provide scientific and technical assistance at the local, state, federal, and
international level.
These three elements, discussed separately below, interface squarely with the missions of EPA and
ORD.
Research. Research provides EPA with the necessary information and technologies for
detecting, abating, and avoiding environmental problems. NHEERL's approach to research, in
accordance with ORD, is founded on principles of risk assessment. Our research is designed, within
a risk assessment context, to answer scientific questions and reduce major uncertainties about the
effects produced by pollutants and human activities on health and the environment. As shown in
Figure 1, our research focuses on two components of the risk assessment paradigm: problem
identification/formulation (does the contaminant or stressor cause the adverse effect?) and dose-
response/stressor-response analysis (what are the relationships between the contaminant or stressor
and the extent of injury, disease, or damage?).
Rather than characterize our research as
basic or applied, we use the terms core and
problem-driven. Core research (supporting EPA's
Strategic Goal 8. Sound Science) seeks to produce
a fundamental understanding of the key biological,
chemical, and physical processes that underlie
environmental systems, thus forging basic scientific
capabilities that can be applied to a wide range of
environmental problems. Core investigations
address questions common to many EPA programs, and they provide the preparedness needed to
confront unforeseen environmental problems. Examples of this type of research include NHEERL's
multidisciplinary efforts to improve human health and ecological risk assessment (in which issues such
as susceptibility and extrapolation of response are addressed) and the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program (designed to develop the science needed to describe the condition of our
nation's ecological resources). Problem-driven research (supporting EPA Goals 1-7), on the other
hand, focuses on specific environmental problems. Studies in these areas respond to explicit Agency
needs and may be motivated by regulatory requirements or court-ordered deadlines. This type of
research is exemplified by our Particulate Matter research program, in which the relationships
between airborne particles and increases in morbidity and mortality are being studied to address
critically important human health questions. Another example is our Aquatic Stressors Program, in
which we are developing stressor-response models to advance our understanding of the basis for
aquatic toxicity.
Core and problem-driven research are similar, but
not equivalent, to basic and applied research.
Their complementary nature enhances NHEERL's
ability to address diverse environmental issues.
Scientists often pursue both types of research
simultaneously, and cross-fertilization is
encouraged
6
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Figure 3. The Relationship between
Problem-Driven and Core Research
(adapted from NRC, 1997)
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DC
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Problem-Driven
Research
Narrow EPA focus based
on mission needs and
acknowledgment of
what others are doing
Use risk assessment to
rank issues and pinpoint
largest uncertainties
Identifying existing and
"emerging" issues
Improve understanding
and reduce uncertainties
Core Research
^EDBAc!^
Elucidation of
environmental
processes
Development
of tools
Collection
of data
Select projects based on broad
applicability, relevance to EPA,
and scientific merit.
FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
Of course, core and problem-driven research are not entirely separable. In fact, they are
highly complementary and interactive, each informing the other (see Figure 3). An example from our
program can illustrate this. As previously mentioned, one of the issues under our core research
program is the unique susceptibilities of infants and children to toxic chemicals: how does age
influence health effects? This is a fundamental question in toxicology, and the results of this research
may be far-reaching, providing useful information to other studies. For instance, under Goal 2: Clean
and Safe Water, we are studying the reproductive and developmental effects of disinfection by-
products found in drinking water. Because this is an age-related susceptibility issue, the results from
our core program readily feed into this program area, and vice versa. Thus, susceptibility research
takes place in both areas (under Goal 8 and Goal 2), but the target question is different. In our core
program (Goal 8: Sound Science), the question relates to the rudimentary principles of age-related
differences; in Goal 2 (Clean and Safe Water), the question is how disinfection by-products impact
an organism during its developmental stages. This blend of core and problem-driven research yields
a robust research portfolio that couples a stable core effort with research focused on the mission
needs of the Agency.
NHEERL's current core and problem-driven research topics are listed in Table 2 on the next
page. (All of NHEERL's core research falls under Goal 8: Sound Science.) Relative emphasis in
each of these topics may change as ORD priorities shift, as new data surfaces, as court-ordered
deadlines are met, or as budgets grow and shrink. However, substantial efforts are made by
NHEERL to build and maintain research programs that are both relevant to the scientific problem and
7
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responsive to Agency needs. The objective is to create an integrated and coherent program, not a
collection of disconnected projects. There are three principal types of research product:
• test methods for detecting and characterizing hazard (e.g., new bioassays or ecological
indicators);
• predictive models for understanding and predicting relationships between stressors
and response (e.g., biologically based dose-response models or computer models that
predict the effects of climate change); and
• data designed to fill information gaps and address limitations associated with risk
assessment (e.g., toxicity test results).
Table 2. NHEERL's Core and Problem-Driven Research Programs
CORE
PROBLEM-DRIVEN
Goal 8: Sound Science
~ Human Health Risk Assessment
• Harmonizing Cancer/Noncancer Risk Assml
• Cumulative/Aggregate Risk
• Susceptibility
~ Research to Improve Ecosystems
Risk Assessment
~ EMAP
~ Endocrine Disruptors
Goal 1: Clean Air Goal 4: Reducing Risk in Communities
~ Particulate Matter ~ Human Health Effects and
~ Air Toxics Susceptible Subpopulations
~ Ecosystem Effects
Goal 2: Clean, Safe Water
~ Drinking Water Goal 6: Global Risks
~ Aquatic Stressors ~ Global Climate Change
Goal 3: Safe Food Goal 7: Right-to-Know
~ Effects of Pesticides ~ Chemical Information Databases
Leadership. NHEERL provides vital leadership in the environmental research arena, and its
scientists are proactive in the scientific community at many levels. Within the Agency, we help shape
the research agenda by contributing to research planning and coordination exercises, and we
participate in the development of ORD Research Plans and Strategies. Our scientists represent the
Agency on workshops and task forces addressing major risk assessment, public health, and
environmental issues. Outside EPA, we influence the direction and priorities of environmental
research worldwide. We steer collaborative research efforts at the national and international level, we
are members of international planning committees and research review panels, we serve on advisory
boards of other major agencies and organizations, and we serve as adjunct faculty members at major
universities across the nation.
Scientific and Technical Assistance. As part of our mission, NHEERL responds to diverse
requests for scientific advice and technical consultation, both within and outside EPA. We provide
technical support to the Agency by advising EPA Program Offices and Regional Offices on scientific
matters, by participating on Agency workgroups, and by helping develop testing and nsk assessment
guidelines. We bring our expertise to bear at the national and international level by organizing
scientific workgroups and symposia, and by serving in professional and scientific societies and on
publication boards. We provide guidance to local, state, tribal, and international governments and
other federal agencies, informing them on issues of environmental importance and enabling them to
8
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implement more effective environmental programs. We work to establish partnerships with the
corporate, public, private, and educational sectors and assist them in setting and achieving
environmental goals. We provide technical training and developmental opportunities for the senior
scientist as well as the post doctoral candidate and the student. By sharing our skills and knowledge,
we enhance the ability of other organizations to protect public health and the environment, and we
serve as an important catalyst for scientific and technological progress.
PRIMER ON RESEARCH PLANNING AND RESOURCE ALLOCATION
WITHIN NHEERL
Certain functions and operations within NHEERL are expressly governed by federal law. For
example, explicit limitations and constraints are placed upon the way in which we obligate research
funds. In other cases, NHEERL sets its own policies and procedures. The information below is
designed to present the ways in which NHEERL operates with respect to two important
responsibilities: research planning and resource allocation.
Research Planning. EPA's research agenda is determined by means of a research planning
process involving every organizational level within the Agency. Long-term guidance for research
direction is provided by several sources, the most important being Strategic Plans. These Plans focus
on both organizational issues and research topics, and they help set the course for research direction.
EPA's Strategic Plan is broad in scope, articulating EPA's mission and its 10 national environmental
goals ("GPRA Goals") and offering a framework for planning and resource allocation. ORD's
Strategic Plan and NHEERL's complementary Organizational
Strategy, on the other hand, are specific to each organization's
own research role within the Agency, though they naturally
adhere to the principles and long-term objectives contained in
EPA's Strategic Plan.
ORD's first Strategic Plan, published in 1996, was
pivotal to the research planning process. It instituted a new
system for determining research priorities. The system,
founded on a risk-based approach to decision-making, uses the
risk paradigm to shape the research agenda. Using this risk-
based process, ORD identified - and later updated - research
areas of potentially greatest risk to human health and the
environment (see box to right). The selection of these high-
priority research topics was conducted in partnership with
ORD's many stakeholders, including the external scientific community (EPA's Science Advisory
Board, the National Research Council, other government agencies, and the private sector) and the
Agency's Program and Regional Offices and scientific staff.
Once identified, these high-priority areas became the strategic targets for ORD research. For
each of these topics (plus several other high-profile areas), ORD has developed or is in the process
of developing Research Strategies and Plans. Research Strategies frame the scientific questions
High Priority Research Areas
~ Particulate Matter
~ Drinking Water
~ Water Quality
~ Global Change
~ Ecological Risk
~ Human Health Risk
~ Endocrine Disruptors
~ Pollution Prevention and New
Technologies
9
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associated with the environmental issue and delineate research needs. (If effects-based research is
needed, NHEERL becomes involved and identifies the areas where it has the expertise and technical
capability to reduce scientific uncertainty.) Research Plans, in contrast, are more detailed, outlining
the research approaches to be applied to the problems. Issue-specific ORD Multi-Year Plans
integrate research across ORD and relate research to the Strategic Goals of the Agency; they are
developed in the context of existing Research Strategies and Plans with input from all of ORD's Labs
and Centers. Finally, NHEERL is developing multi-year Implementation Plans that bring the
planning process to the operational level. They are being developed by a steering committee made up
of two representatives from each Division as well as representatives from appropriate EPA Offices.
NHEERL and its staff play a lead role in developing all of the above-described documents. ORD's
research strategies and plans are available on the Internet at http.//www .epa go v/ORD AVebPu bs/fi n a 1.
This description of our long-range planning process and the accompanying documents that
serve as blueprints for research is meant to illustrate the interconnectedness of EPA's environmental
goals, ORD's research priorities, and the course set by NHEERL to address these priorities. This
process establishes research direction for a 5- to 10-year period. We are held accountable for meeting
the commitments made under this exercise, and certain measures are put into place to gauge our
progress. Table 3 shows more clearly how NHEERL's research is aligned with, and linked to, ORD
priorities and EPA goals.
Annual research planning also takes place within the Agency as part of the federally mandated
planning and budgeting process. Annual planning in ORD is driven in part by the multi-year
commitments laid out in the process described above. Specific research needs are identified based on
input from the Program and Regional Offices and ORD's scientific staff, and these needs are then
prioritized by Agency-wide teams (called Research Coordination Teams). Special attention is paid to
research required to fulfill a legislative mandate, court order, or Agency GPRA commitment; priority
setting also takes into consideration scientific feasibility, the status of ongoing research, budgetary
constraints, and ORD's ability to make a contribution relative to other research institutions that may
be working in the same area. The objective is to focus on environmental problems that pose the
greatest risks to people and the environment (using criteria such as severity, permanence, scale), on
uncertainties in risk assessment that can be effectively reduced, and on areas that clearly help the
Agency fulfill its regulatory mandates. These research needs become the priorities for ORD and, in
turn, for NHEERL.
While the problems NHEERL is tasked to solve are defined by the above process, the research
agenda for solving these problems is determined by NHEERL and its staff (see the Implementation
Plans description above). NHEERL structures a coherent research program around the problem areas,
with the various divisions playing specified roles. Divisions are held accountable for implementing
research activities within the program and for addressing the priorities established through the ORD
planning process. Divisional scientists identify the critical paths for research to resolve the key
scientific questions and are often the first to raise new questions and recommend new methods for
problem-solving. Their suggestions and ideas are fed back into the planning process by several means,
the most common being discussions with the appropriate NHEERL Associate Director and Assistant
Laboratory Director (ALD) and through the steering committee process. (It is the ALDs who, as
members of the ORD Research Coordination Teams, are at the interface of ORD and NHEERL
planning.) Figure 4 is a simplified diagram of the inter-relationships that exist in research planning.
10
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TABLE 3. Alignment of NHEERL's Research
with ORD's Research Priorities and EPA's Strategic Goals
EPA Goal 8 sound science
EPA Goal 7 right-to-know
EPA Goal 6 reducing global risks
EPA Goal 5 better waste management
EPA Goal 4 safe communities
EPA Goal 3 safe food
EPA Goal 2 clean and safe water
EPA Goal 1 CLEAN AIR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ORD
RESEARCH PRIORITY
NHEERL
RESEARCH TOPIC
Particulate Matter*
Particulate Matter
•
o
Air Toxics
Air Toxics
•
o
Drinking Water*
Drinking Water
•
o
Water Quality*
Aquatic Stressors
•
o
o
o
Safe Food
Effects of Pesticides
•
o
o
Safe Communities
Health/Ecosystem Effects
•
o
Contaminated Sites
Contaminated Sites
O
•
o
Global Change*
Global Climate Change
•
o
Right-to-Know
Chemical Info. Databases
•
o
Ecosystem Assessment*
Ecosystems Research
o
o
o
o
Human Health Risk Assmt*
Human Health Research
o
o
o
o
o
Endocrine Disruptors*
Emerging Risks (EDCs)
o
o
o
o
o
*ORD's highest research priorities
Directly contributes to meeting Strategic Goal
O Supports achievement of Strategic Goal
11
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Figure 4. Research Planning
Identify national environmental priorities and
determine strategic direction
Set national environmental goals
Establish research priorities to help achieve Agency Goals
Develop research framework across ORD Labs/Centers^
Identify priority needs
Plan effects-based research to address EPA/ORD priorities
Coordinate research programs across health/eco divisions
Identify emerging issues
Implement research to address EPA/ORD/NHEERL priorities
Direct specialized research within Division
Identify key scientific
questions
Conduct research to address EPA/ORD/NHEERL/Division
priorities
~ Develop methodologies for solving problems
~ Identify new hypotheses
12
STAKEHOLDERS
~other federal agencies
~Congress
~the Administration
~industry
~academia
~taxpayers
~EPA Program Offices
~EPA Regions
~other federal research
partners
~other ORD Labs and
Centers
~research collaborators
-------
Resource Allocation. Each year, EPA develops a budget that defines the funding required
to accomplish its goals and objectives. EPA provides its funding targets to ORD, and ORD provides
a funding target to NHEERL. When approved by the President and Congress, the enacted budget
serves as the blueprint for all Agency activities. NHEERL research planning is done assuming a flat
overall budget from year to year. However, when fluctuations occur, resource allocation is adjusted
accordingly. Although the funding priority of a research area within NHEERL may shift over time
as research is completed or as new problems emerge, NHEERL's overall resources have remained
more or less fixed in the recent past. This means that if expenditures (and research) are allowed to
grow in one area, spending (and research) in another area must shrink. It should also be noted that
a limit on NHEERL FTEs is imposed by EPA, and each Division is required to operate with an FTE
ceiling.
In addition to salaries and benefits, travel, and operating expenses (e.g., equipment, equipment
maintenance, supplies, training, etc.) NHEERL's resources include those required to sustain our m-
house research capabilities (generally referred to as "research support" or "infrastructure") and those
that augment or leverage our m-house efforts (referred to as "above infrastructure"). Above-
infrastructure resources become available to the Laboratory through the ORD planning process as
the result of initiatives for research in certain high-priority areas. In certain cases, an internal
competition is held within the Laboratory for these funds, which are then awarded to Divisions whose
research proposals are meritorious based on reviews for scientific excellence and programmatic
responsiveness. These above-infrastructure resources may be used to provide funding for:
• support contracts (used, for example, for technical support, analytical services,
information technology, and animal care);
• competitive cooperative agreements (used, for example, to train post-doctoral
candidates); and
• interagency agreements (used to fund collaborative research across federal agencies).
The management of certain support services, such as computer support and animal
procurement and care, is location-based: such services are centrally managed in Research Triangle
Park for our health divisions, while the ecology divisions manage these activities themselves due to
their geographically separate locations. However, most other resources are managed by the
Divisions.
It is important to realize that there are explicit limitations - mandated by law - on spending
and obligating funds. The law states that spending (by any agency) cannot exceed the amount
appropriated by Congress. This means that NHEERL cannot apply for grants from other agencies
or institutions, and we cannot increase our technical support staff through the use of external
resources. However, NHEERL scientists are encouraged to collaborate both within the Agency
(within Divisions, across Divisions, across Laboratories) and outside of EPA. In these cases, external
resources may become available. Examples include Interagency Agreements, which foster research
across federal agencies, and Cooperative Research and Development Agreements, which allow us to
work with industry partners on issues of mutual interest.
It should be stated that NHEERL does not have its own extramural grants program. EPA
research grants are handled by the National Center for Environmental Research in ORD and are not
administered by NHEERL.
13
-------
REFERENCES
National Research Council (NRC), Committee on Research Opportunities and Priorities for EPA.
Building a Foundation for Sound Environmental Decisions. Washington, DC, National Academy
Press, 1997.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD),
Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment, Washington, DC, EPA/630/R-92/001, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Strategic Plan, Washington, DC, EPA/190/R-00/02,
September 2000, www epa gov/ocfopage/plan/plan.htm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Research and Development (ORD),
Strategic Plan, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-01/003, January 2001, www epa gov/ord/sp/.
14
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WED Overview
Overview of the Western Ecology Division
The Western Ecology Division (WED) is one of nine divisions of the National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL) As one of four divisions that focus on
ecological research in NHEERL, WED scientists study the effects of anthropogenic stressors in
estuanne , freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems The division is a dynamic research organization
with the staff capability to adapt to the changing needs of the Agency WED is currently
undergoing a number of changes with respect to organizational structure, scientific leadership and
the types of research problems we are addressing for the Agency The following summarizes
background information about the division, our research scientists, and the changes that have
occurred or are taking place since the last divisional peer review held in January, 1997 (See panel
report and WED response in Appendix A)
I. Background: Evolution of WED
In 1961, amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act authorized the
establishment of seven laboratories in specified regions of the United States Oregon State
University was selected as the site for one of these, the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory The
University had strong ecological research programs in areas of interest associated with the
proposed laboratory, and cooperation was extensive from the start Temporary offices were
opened in 1963, the main laboratory building was completed in 1966 The facility initially was pan
of the U S Public Health Service
The facility was transferred to the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration within
the Department of Interior in 1967, and its mission shifted from regional technical support to
conducting and managing national research in water pollution control The facility took the lead in
research on lake eutrophication, coastal pollution, water quality criteria, gas supersaturation,
thermal pollution, sediment criteria, and waste treatment for pulp, paper, and food processing
industries
The facility became part of the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency in 1970
and, soon thereafter, was named one of four national research centers A nationwide network of
nine laboratories and six field stations reported to the Corvallis Center The Center's activities
rapidly expanded far beyond the original mandate of research on causes and effects of water
pollution In 1972, EPA scientists studying air pollution effects on vegetation were transferred
from an EPA laboratory in North Carolina to Corvallis This marked the entrance of the Corvallis
facility into the emerging field of air pollution and ecological research
A reorganization in 1975 altered EPA's research centers by having individual research
laboratories report directly to Washington, D C The revamped Corvallis laboratory was named
1
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WED Overview
the Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis, and its responsibilities were broadened to
include diverse programs in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environment research
EPA and its predecessor agencies have stationed marine scientists at the Hatfield Marine
Science Center in Newport, Oregon, since 1965 A 40,000 square foot EPA marine laboratory
was completed at Newport in October 1990 A realignment brought the Corvallis facility under
the new National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory in spring 1995, at which
time the Corvallis and Newport labs were merged to form the Western Ecology Division
WED's Mission
Defined in 1995, WED's mission is 1) to provide EPA with national scientific leadership
for terrestrial and regional-scale ecology, and 2) to develop the scientific basis for assessing the
condition and response of ecological resources of the western United States and the Pacific Coast
The Division addresses scientific issues of major importance in formulating public policies,
programs, and regulations to protect and manage ecological resources WED scientists conduct
research in a range of scientific disciplines, usually working in multi-disciplinary teams In addition
to their work at the Division's facilities and field sites, they collaborate with leading scientists at
research institutions throughout the world
The research addresses the ecological processes that determine the response of biological
resources to environmental change and to land and resource use Priority is given to those
ecological systems at greatest risk, with emphasis on the scientific uncertainties that most
seriously impede ecological risk assessment
WED's research approach comprises two aspects 1) developing an understanding of the
structure and function of ecological systems, and 2) conducting holistic analyses of ecological
phenomena at the ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales Key scientific disciplines include
terrestrial biology, aquatic biology, marine biology, ecology, geography, statistics, microbiology,
soil science, plant science, biogeochemistry, plant physiology, landscape ecology, and
oceanography
The Division seeks to advance scientific understanding through 1) experiments conducted in
the laboratory and in specialized exposure chambers, 2) field studies, 3) modeling, and 4) analysis
of large-scale environmental and ecological data sets
Since 1995, WED's mission continues to evolve With the implementation of the
organizational structure discussed below, the above mission statement will be revised to reflect
WED's current research directions that are described in the remainder of this notebook
2
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WED Overview
WED's Research Facilities
A terrestrial ecology laboratory within
the Corvallis complex includes a number of
greenhouse and field research modules These
units provide the capability for research on: 1) effects
of gaseous air pollution, 2) effects of heavy metals, 3)
effects of toxic substances, and 4) plant propagation
and growth assessments
Also located at the main complex, a field
exposure facility includes 21 large open-top exposure
chambers, a nursery site, an automated irrigation
system, an experimental rhizotron site, and a control
center containing automated pollutant delivery-control
and data-acquisition/management systems. This field
site provides a unique setting for research that addresses environmental issues such as
tropospheric ozone effects on conifers, deciduous trees, and crops.
WED's research facilities are located at
Corvallis and Newport, Oregon The main
research complex is located on 14 acres in
Corvallis, surrounded by the Oregon State
University campus It includes a variety of
laboratories, plant and animal research facilities,
a library, a computer center, and office buildings
The Willamette Research Station (WRS)
comprises laboratories and field research
facilities on a 10-acre site adjacent to the
Willamette River in Corvallis, approximately 4
miles south of the main lab The Pacific Coastal
Ecology Branch (PCEB) carries out research in
laboratory facilities at the Hatfield Marine
Science Center, the marine campus of Oregon
State University The Center is located on
Yaquina Bay on the Pacific Ocean at Newport,
55 miles west of Corvallis
To complement the plant exposure facilities described above, WED constructed a highly
sophisticated Terrestrial Ecophysiology Research Area (TERA) completed in 1994. The facility
consists of a large polyhouse to shelter the data acquisition and control computers, and a field of
3
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WED Overview
sunlit plant growth chambers Ambient temperature, dew point and C02 concentration in each
outdoor enclosure are carefully controlled by programmable microprocessors This facility has
played an important role in research aimed at understanding the long-term effects of global
climate change
The PCEB is housed in a state-of-the-art laboratory building on a 3 2 acre site at the
Hatfield Marine Science Center of Oregon State University in "Newport, Oregon The facility is
located on the shore of Yaquina Bay in an ideal physical setting for research on marine and
estuarine ecosystems The main laboratory building contains approximately 42,000 sq ft, with
7,250 sq ft of office space in the office wing, and 23,560 sq ft in the laboratory wing Wet
laboratories equipped with flow-through seawater systems are available for a wide variety of
experiments Unique, specialized treatment facilities on site allow experiments to be safely
conducted on important regional and national environmental issues, including tests involving
exotic species and chronic exposures of marine organisms to pollutants A new mesocosm facility
with capability for temperature and salinity control is being constructed at the site in order to
support the Branch research program on estuarine stressor effects Adjacent facilities on the
Hatfield Marine Science Center campus include research laboratories operated by Oregon State
University, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, and the U S Fish and Wildlife Service This
concentration of marine research organizations provides an unparalleled opportunity for
collaborative research on national environmental problems, and EPA scientists interact with their
colleagues to further scientific achievement in a variety of ways
WED operates a fully integrated local area network covering its Corvallis (35th Street
Campus and the Willamette Research Station) and Newport facilities, supporting both NT and
UNIX workstations, large Geographic Information Systems, digitization hardware, and over 300
PCs These systems permit precise analysis of spatially distributed landscape data (e g ,
vegetation, soils) The Agency and Oregon State University supercomputers are also available to
Division scientists via a high-speed communication network
D. WED's Organizational Framework
WED is a versatile organization with a staff that has shown a remarkable capability to
adapt to the changing needs of the Agency Each of these changes bring with it opportunities for
further growth in the division The following discusses changes with respect to WED's new
organizational structure and scientific leadership Changes in WED's research program are
discussed in Section III WED's Research Program, that follows
4
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WED Overview
Organizational structure
In April 1995, WED was established with a 3 branch structure, two in Corvallis and one in
Newport In addition, an administrative staff was maintained in Corvallis to provide support for
the Division as a whole In the time since NHEERL and WED were established, it has become
clear that a different organizational structure could improve the Division's efficiency and ability to
address the Agency's research needs A new organization consisting of four branches has recently
been created to improve the alignment of WED's research with specific Agency research needs
and to improve the ability of supervisors to provide scientific leadership, guidance, and mentoring
necessary to maintain an outstanding workforce The new structure is shown in Figure 1 and
reflects our areas of research emphasis
Thomas 0 Fontaine
Director
Jennifer Orme Zavaleta
Associate Director lor Science
Immediate Office of the Director
- Roger Balir
Connie Hays
Harold V Kibby
Robert T Lackey
Daniel McKenzie
J Craig McFariane
- Allen M Solomon
-Nancy Terhaar
L David Tinge/
_L
Program Operations
Katfileen McBride
Associate Director
-JayD Gile
- Frances Krertef
- Betty Livingstone
Kathleen Martin
- Constance Miller
- Pamela Taylor
William Tiffany
Aquatic Monitoring S
Ecosystem Characterization Branch
Pacifc Coastal Ecology Branch
Terrestnal Ecology Branch
Bioassessment Branch
John Laurence"
Walter G Nelson
Peter A Beedkxv
Steven G Paulsen
Acting Branch Chief
Branch Chief
Branch Chief
- Steven Qme
- Joan Baker
- Bruce Boese
- Chrs&an Anderson
- Pnsalla Hoobler
- Constance Burdek
-Faith Cole
-J ReneeBrooks
- Phil Kaufmann
- Michael Caims
-Theodore DeWitt
- John Fletcher
- Stay Kentula
-M Robbins Church
- Peter Eldndge
-ilban Gregg
- Dixon Landers
- JanaCompton
- Steven Ferraro
-WSamGnlfis
- David P Larsen
-Joseph Greene
- James Kaldy
-WiamHogseB
- Anthony Otsen
-MarkG Johnson
- Janet Lamberson
-Steven Klein
- James Omemek
- Scott Lei bowtz
-Scott Lamed
-E Henry Lee
-Da/id Peck
- Robert McKane
- Henry Lee II
-DmdOlstyk
- Spencer Peterson
-Alan Nebeker
-Robert Ozrebch
-Thomas Pfleeger
- Paul Ringold
- Donald Phillips
-James Power
-Arlene Porteus
- Mostafa Shirazi
- Nathan Schumaker
- Anne Sigleo
-Paul Rygewu
- John Stoddard
-Parker J Wlgington
- Dand Specht
- Raymond Shimabuku
- Richard Sumner*
-Claude Wise
-ReneeWatt
-Tamotsu Shiroyama
- John Van SckJe
-Davri Young
- Ronald Waschmann
-R Deris White
-LdeWatrud
* OW Employee, ** LPA from Bo>ce Thompson Insutute, Cornell University
-------
WED Overview
The following describes the mission of the new branches
AQUATIC MONITORING AND BIOASSESSMENT BRANCH
The Aquatic Monitoring and Bioassessment Branch provides the scientific leadership to develop
monitoring tools for assessing the status and trends in condition of freshwater ecosystems
(including streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, and riparian areas) Important aspects of this research
include environmental statistics, design of monitoring networks at different scales, development
of biocritena, and determining reference conditions for freshwater aquatic resources
ECOSYSTEM CHARACTERIZATION BRANCH
The role of the Ecosystem Characterization Branch is to determine the effects of natural and
anthropogenic stress on the structure and function of ecosystems Research includes
characterizing the relationship between ecological processes and ecosystem condition, particularly
at watershed and landscape scales In addition, research will address the effect of landscape
patterns on habitat quality and other life support functions for wildlife and other aquatic
dependent populations, especially those which may be rare or endangered
TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY BRANCH
The focus of the Terrestrial Ecology Branch is to determine the effects of natural and
anthropogenic stressors on terrestrial plants and plant communities Branch responsibilities are to
resolve key scientific questions on the response of the plant-soil system to anthropogenic stressors
such as air pollution and chemical pest control agents Research will evaluate the impact of both
single and multiple stressors Experimental work is conducted in greenhouses, open-top chambers,
mesocosms, and field plots to develop stressor response models characterizing the direct and indirect effects
of pollutants on these systems
PACIFIC COASTAL ECOLOGY BRANCH
The Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch is responsible for determining the effects of natural and
anthropogenic stressors on ecological resources of Pacific Coast estuaries at multiple and
temporal scales This Branch resolves key scientific questions on coastal ecosystems ranging from
individual estuaries and coastal watersheds to broader near-coastal issues linking marine, estuarine
and watershed (both freshwater and terrestrial) components Key stressors include nutrients,
sedimentation, pollution, and nuisance exotic species Research includes determining the
ecological function values of estuarine habitats, factors controlling the distribution and effects of
watershed alterations, and nutrient inputs
The Branch provides the administrative home for WED employees Within each branch
6
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WED Overview
are 1 to 2 research teams that address specific Agency problems The Branch Chief provides the
scientific leadership guiding each research team (described under WED Research Program,
below), while a team leader serves as the overall coordinator for the research team and oversees
the day to day management of the research Research Teams consist of principal investigators,
and in some cases, research support scientists, technicians, and affiliates The teams are envisioned
to have a life span of 3-5 years depending on the nature of the research problem being addressed
Scientific Leadership
Changes have also occurred with respect to scientific leadership at the division and branch
level Since the previous divisional peer review in 1997, WED's Director, Dr Thomas Murphy,
retired after heading the research laboratory in Corvallis for 18 years During the two years this
position has been vacant, Drs Peter Beedlow (May 1999 to December 1999) and Harold Kibby
(December 1999 to August 2001) served in acting capacities In August, 2001, Dr Thomas
Fontaine joined WED as the new Director Dr Fontaine recently served as Director,
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, South Florida Water Management District
and brings with him experience in scientific leadership and manaeement that will complement and
advance the research directions for the division
The reorganization of the division has also brought about changes in other leadership
positions within the division Jennifer Orme Zavaleta joined WED as the Associate Director for
Science adding a risk assessment and Agency program perspective to the division, Dr Robert
Lackey was named as a Special Assistant to the Director focusing on the development of a
research program addressing salmon restoration issues for NHEERL, and Dr Roger Blair was
named as the Technical Director of the Western - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Program (EMAP) WED also has two other scientific leadership positions in the division Dr
Allen Solomon holds a Science and Technology (ST) position as a Senior Research Global
Ecologist and Dr David Tingey was appointed to an ST position in plant physiology
The new four branch structure has also provided some new leadership opportunities at the
branch chief level Dr Steve Paulsen serves as chief of the newly created Aquatic Monitoring and
Bioassessment Branch Dr Walt Nelson continues to serve as the Chief of the Pacific Coastal
Ecology Branch and Dr Peter Beedlow continues as Chief of the Terrestrial Ecology Branch The
Branch Chief position for the newly created fourth Branch, Ecosystem Characterization, is vacant
Dr John Laurence who is on an Interagency Personnel Appointment from Boyce Thompson
Institute, Cornell University to EPA is currently acting
III. WED Research Program
7
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WED Overview
Since 1997, the Agency problems and research priorities have changed resulting in a shift
in WED's research program As a further consideration, ORD's research program must now be
aligned with the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) objectives for the
Agency (see Introduction) Many of WED's research projects have predated GPRA and thus, may
be responsive to more than one objective Changes in research that have occurred since the 1997
peer review have affected all aspects of WED's research program Some of these include
• the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), has shifted the
regional emphasis from the Mid-Atlantic to the Western US,
• coastal research has shifted from contaminated sediments to the effects of nutrient
loadings on estuanne habitats,
• process and modeling research is shifting from a focus on air pollutants (i e, ozone)
and the effects of global climate change on forested ecosystems to the effects of
pesticides on non-target plant communities,
• a new focus on the relationship between terrestrial and freshwater habitats and
wildlife populations across different levels of biological organization
These types changes are usually identified during the ORD and NHEERL research
planning processes The following describes how the research planning process in ORD and
NHEERL guide WED's research program
Research Planning
As noted in the Introduction, ORD research planning is a hierarchical process that is
aligned with the GPRA objectives for the agency Congress enacted GPRA in response to
concerns with government performance and declining budgets EPA established 10 strategic goals
as part of the strategic planning under GPRA WED conducts research in support of Goal's 2, 4,
and 8 (Table 1) The strategic goals lay out the framework for annual planning For Goal 2, the
Agency objective is to conserve and enhance the Nation's waters ORD's research focus is on
aquatic stressors The objective for Goal 4 is the safe handling and use of commercial chemicals
and microorganisms with ORD's research targeted to improve community based eco-health,
measurements, methods, and models Goal 8 addresses research for ecosystem assessment and
restoration ORD's research program covers four areas ecological monitoring, ecological process
and modeling, ecological assessment, and ecosystem restoration WED contributes to this
research in the areas of monitoring and process and modeling
Table 1 Alignment of WED's Research with GPRA Goals
8
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WED Overview
Goal
Agency Problem
ORD Research Focus
WED's Research
Focus
2
Clean Water
Aquatic Stressors
~ Nutrients
~ Coastal Habitats
~ Fresh Water
Habitats
4
Safe Communities
Ecosystem Protection
~ Nontarget Plant
Communities
~ Habitat-Wildlife
Populations
8
Sound Science
Ecosystem Assessment
and Restoration
~ monitoring
~ process and modeling
~ Monitoring Design
~ Biocritena &
Bioassessments
~Coastal Monitoring
~ Ecological Risk
Assessment
Relationship Between Research Planning Process and WED's Research Program
NHEERJL has developed a
research and implementation
planning process that links the
broader strategic research
directions identified from the ORD
Planning effort with NHEERL's
research The goal of NHEERL's
process is to improve the
responsiveness and relevancy of
the laboratory's research program
in addressing Agency problems as
well as to foster cross-divisional
collaboration within the laboratory
(Figure 1)
Figure 1
The Agency problems identified by the ORD Strategic Plans are evaluated to determine how
Relationships Among Planning Units
ORD Strategic Plan(s)
- ID major Agency problems
Pnonly questions to be addressed
by ORD
GPRA Goals
multi-year objectives
\
NHEERL Plans
Needs for effects research
- Approach to reaching objectives
9
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WED Overview
NHEERL's mission relates to the problem and identifies scientific uncertainties NHEERL can
address
NHEERL's planning effort involves research scientists and managers from each division
where appropriate The product of NHEERL's planning effort is an implementation plan that
highlights key uncertainties and the approach NHEERL will take to address these uncertainties
over the a five year time frame Included are specific goals and measures for evaluating progress
Where feasible, the approaches involve cross divisional collaboration to maximize resources and
expertise in solving the problem This process was initiated in 1999 to focus NHEERL's research
program in Goal 2 Aquatic Stressors and Goal 8 3 Endocrine Disruptors It is now being
expanded to include NHEERL's research supporting Goal 1 Air Toxics, Goal 2 Safe Drinking
Water, Goal 4 Safe Communities, and Goal 8 2 Human Health Risk Assessment Research
WED's research is an integral component of NHEERL's research and implementation for
Goal 2 Aquatic Stressors, and will be for the other plans as they are developed From the ORD
and NHEERL level plans, WED has developed the following research program (Table 2)
Table 2 Alignment of WED Research Projects within New Branches with GPRA
Branch
Goal 2
Goal 8
Goal 4
Aquatic Monitoring
and Bioassessment
EMAP/Biocritena
Ecosystem
Characterization
Fresh Water Habitats
Terrestrial Habitats
Pacific Coastal
Ecology
Coastal Habitats
Coastal EMAP
Terrestrial Ecology
Plant Effects-
Pesticides
WED's Goal specific research projects are organized in this notebook by past research
accomplishments and current research Under past research accomplishments, three research
projects are described that are completed or nearing completion These projects were initiated
several years ago in response to needs by EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards in
developing standards for ozone, regional issues concerning the effects of global climate change,
and implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan Since 1997, funding for these projects has been
10
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WED Overview
eliminated from the ORD research planning process and redirected to other high priority needs
Although established before GPRA objectives were identified, these research areas correspond to
Goals 1 Clean Air, 6 Global Change Research and 8 112 Ecological processes and modeling
with relevance to Goals 2 and 6 as well The capabilities developed from these projects will be
applied to the new research projects on freshwater and terrestrial habitats that are being
developed These and projects on monitoring, coastal habitats and pesticide effects on nontarget
plants are described under Current Research
IV. Resources
WED receives an annual allocation of both financial resources and FTEs (full time
equivalents) Financial resources are categorized as operating expenses, travel, and research and
development that includes "research support" or "above research support " Research support
covers the research projects within the division These resources are used to fund technical
support and other contracts or cooperatives that provide support to WED's research projects
The above research support resources are targeted for a specific area of research such as Western
EMAP or TIME/LTM research (see Goal 8 1 Monitoring research description) These funds are
used to support EPA Regional, State and Tribal partners in this program
Resources-Budgetary
The annual budget covers allocations for such things as research support, operating
expenses, repairs and improvements, and travel expenses Operating expense includes items such
as the facilities support contract, utilities, landscaping, telephones, maintenance and supplies
Research support covers computer support, library support, and contract technical support to the
approved projects within the branches Repair and improvement funds and travel funds are
allocated separately
Special initiatives, such as the EMAP Western Pilot or TIME/LTM, are allocated over and
above the research support funds, and are only available for expenditure against the project for
which they are allocated
Through fiscal year (FY) 02, which runs from October 1 to September 30, ORD allocates
resources to the Laboratories by GPRA Goal In FY03, ORD will apply a comprehensive formula
for the allocation of resources similar to that described for NHEERL below
In FY01 NHEERL began distributing resources for research support using a
comprehensive formula that entails an analysis of federal and contract technical support to Pi's,
analytical services, information technology needs, facilities, safety and health, and general support
The largest single element of research support funding for WED covers the technical support
contract Operating expenses are allocated by an NHEERL methodology which is based on
11
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WED Overview
FTEs, with some adjustment for historical expenditures. Travel is allocated by a formula which
accounts for FTEs, grade level, and geographic distance.
Over the past few years, funding for WED programs has declined, and we project a
further decline in FY02, as seen in Figure 2. Declines in WED's budget have primarily been due a
redirection of research during the ORD planning process and a recent redistribution of funds
within NHEERL.
Figure 2 WED
nding Trends
WED Historical Budget Trends
(Excludes Above Research Support Funds)
$12
$10
$8
$6
$4
$2
¦ ¦
$0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
~ Travel Expense
¦ Operating Expense
H Research Support
Fu
Figure 3. illustrates how this allocation of funds is distributed between types of
expenditures : 1
Total WED Budget by Classification - FY01
Total Budget • $12,631,000
6.3%
25 0%
36.9%
I Operating Expense • $3403.5K
I Research Support ¦ S4951.9K
I Repair & Improvement • $100.5K
0 Travel Expense - $ 221.6K
¦ Western EMAP ¦ $3153.5K
¦ Time/LTM ¦ $800K
38 2%
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WED Overview
WED Funding Process
Once funds have been allocated to WED, the senior division management distributes the
funds to the research projects. Criteria for this allocation include the priority of the Agency
research problem being addressed by WED's research project, the costs associated with federal
Principal Investigators (Pis) and contract technical support as well as general support, travel and
operating expenses. These allocations are by GPRA goal, objective and subobjective. Figure 4
illustrates WED's FY01 total budget allocation from NHEERL by GPRA goal area, including the
above research support allocation for Western EMAP.
Total WED Budget by GPRA Goal - FY01
Total Budget -$12,631,000
S3* ¦ Goal 2 - $3201.6K
250*
4 °* ¦ Western EMAP • $3153.5K
5 2% _ ..
34 2*
Figure 4.
Resources - FTE (Full Time Equivalency)
WED currently has a multidisciplinary workforce of 81 Federal personnel on board and an
FTE ceiling of 78.3. Thus, we are over ceiling by approximately three FTE's. The federal
workforce includes Principal Investigators, support research scientists, and administrative staff.
In addition to this workforce there are 11 student volunteers, 14 guest workers, 10 cooperators, 4
National Research Council Post doctoral fellows, 5 non federal research associates, and 10
predoctoral trainees at the division.
WED also uses contract support for technical assistance. WED has the greatest amount of
contract support within NHEERL. This is the result of past EPA policies promoting the use of
contractors to assist EPA's workforce. The use of contractors in WED is gradually decreasing
and is limited to technical assistance, with PI responsibilities being largely assumed by the Federal
13
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WED Overview
workforce. Presently, the contract workforce includes74 employees with Dynamac Corp; 9 with
NAPCA Senior Environmental Employee program (administered by NAPCA), and 1 with QST
that provide technical support, 31 employees with Computer Sciences Corporation for automated
data processing, 3 with Native American Technology and 10 with NAPCA providing
administrative assistance, and 4 employees with Associated Cleaning Services, 4 with Service
Master, and 14 with TEI for facilities maintenance
Federal employee's personnel compensation and benefits are paid from a pool of funds
within NHEERL and are not allocated to WED in the budget process What NHEERL allocates
instead is an FTE ceiling. Figure 5 shows the distribution of our FY01 ceiling of 78.3 FTE's.
FTE Allocation by GPRA Goal - FY01
Total FTE 78.3
6.8%
FTE Ceiling across NHEERL will be reduced in FY02. WED's ceiling
won't be known until NHEERL Strategic Workforce Plan is comple
Figure 5.
WED has been very successful in attracting and retaining a well educated, productive and
versatile workforce. The division has been successful in recognizing employees through awards
and promotions as well as offering career development opportunities. Our location next to the
Oregon State University campus along with several other federal agencies provide a rich research
environment further making WED a desirable place to work. As such, WED's workforce is fairly
stable, with little turnover. That may soon change since many of our employees are eligible or
approaching eligibility for retirement. Of the 81 currently on board, 14 are now eligible to retire
with a total of 28 eligible by 2005. Those eligible include research scientists, technicians and
administrative personnel. WED is in the process of developing a long term strategic hiring plan
with the goal of replacing critical functions as they occur, acquiring new scientific expertise (EPA
14
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WED Overview
Post Doc or permanent FTE) to support priority research, and Federalizing the workforce.
Figures 6-9 provide some additional background information concerning our workforce.
WED WORKFORCE BY WORK CATEGOR
74*
| PI'S
¦ RES. SUPT.
1 AOMIN
~ SUPVY/MGRS
Total: 81
Figure 6.
PROMOTIONS SINCE 1997
ADMINISTRATIVE J
SCIENTIST GS-13 and belo<
SCIENTIST GS-14/GS-
TOTALS
1 i
m
—
m
5 10 15 20
Number of Promotion*
!a Women
H Men
25
Figure 7.
15
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WED Overview
EDUCATIONAL PROFILE AT WED
GRADE STRUCTURE AT WED
30
Educational Level
Total. 81
99*
2 5*
% ¦ Bachelors
} D Matters
~ Non-degree
| Associates
¦ PhDs
0
CS-9 CS-11 GS-12 GS-13 GS-14 GS-15 ST CO
Grade Structure
Figure 8
Figure 9
Scientifically, the WED staff are well recognized among the EPA, national and
international scientific communities WED scientific staff have received numerous awards from
EPA for outstanding scientific contributions to the organization as well as by awards received
from scientific societies (see Addendum IV A) WED scientific staff are regular participants at
international meetings (Addendum IV.B), participate as members and officers in scientific
societies (Addendum IV.C), and contribute to the scientific community at large serving as
reviewers or on the editorial board of a large number of scientific journals (Addendum IV D) In
addition, many of WED's scientific staff hold adjunct or courtesy appointments at several
universities (Addendum IV.E) A brief biosketch for each of our scientific staff can be found in
Appendix B A listing of WED publications since 1997 organized by goal is included in Appendix
C
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WED Overview
V. Addendum
17
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WED Overview
IV.A. WED Awards
EPA Awards
EPA Bronze Medal for Outstanding Contributions to Ecological Monitoring and
Assessment
EPA Bronze Medal in Recognition of the EMAP Western Pilot Implementation
EPA Bronze Medal for Outstanding Achievement of the Wetlands Research Team for its
Contributions to the Agency's Wetlands Protection Strategy and to the Science
of Wetlands Ecology
EPA Bronze Medal for Assistance in Developing Standard Chronic Sediment Toxicity
Test Methods
EPA Bronze Medal for Superior Technical Assistance to the Regions and Program
Offices in the Area of Invasive Species
EPA Bronze Medal for Helping to Establish the Regional Science Council in Region 9
(San Francisco) and the National Regional Science Council
EPA Bronze Medal for Outstanding Work Involved in a Broad-based EPA Effort to
Evaluate Tropospheric Ozone Control Policy in Light of Recent Research
Findings
EPA Bronze Medal for Preparation of Air Quality Criteria Document for Photochemical
Oxidants
EPA Bronze Medal for Designing, Executing, and Completing the National Crop Loss
Assessment Research Program to determine the Biological Effects of Ozone on
Major Crops Throughout the Nation
EPA Bronze Medal for Efforts in Environmental Compliance
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award
1997 - Level 1(1), Level II (1), Honorable Mention (3)
1998 - Level II (1), Level III (1), Honorable Mention (2)
1999 - Level II (1), Level III (1), Honorable Mention (1)
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WED Overview
IV.A. WED Awards
Science Society Awards
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing-ESRI Award for Best
Scientific Paper in Geographic Information Systems
American Water Resources Association Award for Outstanding Achievement as
Conference Program Planning Committee Chair
Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award (International Association for Ecology)
Twentieth Century Distinguished Service Award in Statistics and Ecology (Ninth
Lukacs Symposium)
Soil Science Society of America Journal Editors Citation for Excellence in Manuscript
Review
Other Awards
Fulbright Scholarship
Honorarium Award, Innovative Science in Salmon Restoration
Honor Alumnus, College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University
U S Public Health Service Commendation Medal and Meritorious Service Medal
19
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WED Overview
IV.B. International Meetings Attended by WED Scientists
1997
US-Dutch International Symposium, Air Pollution in the 21" Century, The Netherlands
5th International Symposium on the Biosafety Results of Field Test of Genetically Modified Plants
and Microorganisms", Braunschweig, Germany
25lh Annual Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
1998
VII International Congress of Ecology, Florence Italy
International Conference on Tropical Forests and Climate Change Status, Issues and Challenges,
Manila, Philippines
International Conference on Assessing Ecological Integrity of Running Waters, Vienna, Austria
46th Annual Meeting, North American Benthological Society, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
Colorado River Delta Workshop, Mexico
XXVII Congress of the International Limnological Society, Dublin, Ireland
Annual Meeting of Statistical Society of Canada, Sherbrooke, Ontario
North American Symposium, Toward a Unified Framework for Inventory and Monitoring Forest
Ecosystem Resources, Guadalajara, Mexico
European Union and British Environment Agency Conference on Bridging the Gap, London,
England
International Geosphere-Biosphere Science Meeting, Barcelona, Spain
Workshop on Dispute Resolution (Effects of Air Pollution on Vegetation), Taipei, Taiwan
International Symposium on Tropospheric Ozone in East Asia and Its Potential Impact on
Vegetation, Tokyo, Japan
Second International Conference on Micorrhizae, Uppsala, Sweden
Applications of Stable Isotope Techniques to Ecological Studies Meeting, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Symposium - Marine Benthos Dynamics
Environmental and Fisheries Impacts, Crete, Greece
14th Task Force of the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of
Acidification of Rivers and Lakes, Zakopane, Poland
20
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WED Overview
IV.B. International Meetings Attended by WED Scientists
1999
Research Colloquium, Univ of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia
International Environmetncs Conference, Athens, Greece
International Symposium on Landscape Futures, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Geneva, Switzerland
Terrestrial Observations Panel on Climate (TOPC), Birmingham, UK
Environmental Impacts of Atmospheric Reactive Substances, Identification of Exposure Hazards
First International Symposium on Atmospheric Reactive Substances (ARS), Bayreuth,
Germany
European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST), Ljubljana, Slovenia
Second International Symposium, Dynamics of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots, Nancy
France
International Symposium on Oxidants, Acidic Species and Forest Decline in East Asia, Nagoya,
Japan
International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and
Lakes, Oslo, Norway
Sixth Canadian Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Workshop, Victoria, British
Columbia, Canada
Endocrine Disruption in Invertebrates Workshop (SETAC), Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands
International Conference on Tropical Forests and Climate Change Status, Issues, and Challenges,
Manila, Philippines
Workshop on Trace Element Sampling and Analytical Procedures, Seoul, Korea
Research Collaboration on Global Climate issues, Ibarki, Japan
IMAGE 2 Integrated Assessment Model Advisory Board meeting, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and
Lakes, Milan, Italy
26Ul Annual Canadian Aquatic Toxicity Workshop, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
21
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WED Overview
IV.C. WED Membership in Professional
Societies
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Chemical Society
American Fisheries Society*
American Geophysical Union*
American Institute of Biological Sciences
American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists
American Phytopathological Society
American Quaternary Association
American Society of Agronomy
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society for Microbiology
American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
American Society of Plant Biology
American Society of Plant Physiologists
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
American Statistical Association*
American Water Resources Association*
Association Internationale Pour L'Etude Des Argiles
Association of State Wetland Managers
Association of American Geographers
Biological Society of Washington
British Ecology Society
Clay Minerals Society
Crustacean Society
Ecological Society of America*
Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association
Estuanne Research Federation
Geochemical Society
International Association for Ecology
International Association for Landscape Ecology
International Association for Vegetation Science
International Environmetrics Society*
International Limnological Society
International Society of Plant Pathology
International Soil Science Society
International Statistics Institute
International Tree Ring Society
22
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WED Overview
IV.C. WED Membership in Professional
Japan Water Environment Society*
National Association of Marine Laboratories
North American Benthological Society
North American Lake Management Society*
Northern Association of Marine Invertebrate Taxonomists
Pacific Estuanne Research Society
Pacific Fishery Biologists
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory
Sigma Xi Research Society
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Society of Ecological Restoration
Society of Toxicology
Society of Wetland Scientists*
Soil Ecology Society
Soil Science Society of America
Southern California Association of Marine Invertebrate Taxonomists
Western Association of Marine Laboratories
Western Society of Naturalists
* Indicates WED scientists have leadership roles in these societies
23
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WED Overview
IV.D. Journals for which WED Scientists are Members of Editorial
Boards and/or Manuscript Reviewers
Agriculture
Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment
Agronomy Journal
American Journal of Botany
American Midland Naturalist
Annales Geophysicae
Annales des Sciences Forestieres
Annals of Forest Science
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Arctic
Arctic and Alpine Research
Atmospheric Environment
Australasian Journal of Ecotoxicology
Bioscience
Biogeochemistry
Biotropic
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Bulletin of Marine Science, Chemistry and Ecology
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
Canadian Journal of Botany
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Caribbean Journal of Science
Climatic Change
Clinical Chemistry
Conservation Biology
Ecological Applications
Ecology
Ecology and Ecological Monographs
Ecoscience
Ecosystems and Environment
Ecotoxicology
24
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WED Overview
IV.D. Journals (cont'd)
Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Environmental and Experimental Botany
Environmental Management
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Environmental Pollution
Environmental Science and Policy
Environmental Science and Technology
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Environmetrics
Estuaries
Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science
Fisheries
Fishery Bulletin
Forest Science
Freshwater Biology
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
Global Change Biology
Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters
Health and Ecological Risk Assessment
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
International Journal of Geographical Information Systems
International Journal of Remote Sensing
International Union for Forestry Research Organizations
Iranian Journal of Science and Technology
Israel Journal of Science
Japanese Journal of Agricultural Meteorology
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association
Journal of American Water Resources Association
Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery
Journal of Biogeography
Journal of Coastal Research
25
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WED Overview
IV.D. Journals (cont'd)
Journal of Computing and Graphical Studies
Journal of Environmental Quality
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Science
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
Journal of Forestry
Journal of Herpetology
Journal of Hydrology
Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Journal of Phycology
Journal of Phytopathology
Journal of the International Limnological Society
Journal of the North American Benthological Society
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
Journal of Sustainable Forestry
Journal of Tropica! Forest Science
Journal of Vegetation Science
Lakes and Reservoirs Journal
Landscape Ecology
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biology
Marine Ecology Progress Series
Marine Environmental Research
Marine and Freshwater Research
Marine Pollution Bulletin
Microbial Ecology
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
Molecular Ecology
Mycology
Mycorrhiza
Nature
Netherlands Journal of Sea Research
New Phytologist
Northwest Science
26
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WED Overview
IV.D. Journals (cont'd)
Oecologia
Ophelia
Photochemistry and Photobiology
Physiologia Plantarum
Phytopathology
Plant Cell and Environment
Plant Disease
Plant Ecology
Plant Physiology
Plant and Soil
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Sarsia
Science
Soil Science Society of America Journal
Southwestern Naturalist
Structure and Function
Texas Journal of Science
The Quarterly Review of Biology
The Science of the Total Environment
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Transactions of the American Geophysical Union
Tree Physiology
Trees
Vegetation
Water, Air, and Soil Pollution
Water Resources Research
Wetlands
27
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WED Overview
IV.E. U.S. EPA NHEERL WESTERN ECOLOGY DIVISION
COURTESY/ADJUNCT PROFESSOR APPOINTMENTS
NAME
BRANCH
INSTITUTION
DEPARTMENT
Andersen, Chns
TPEB
osu
Forest Science
Blair, Roger
10
osu
Forest Science
Boese, Bruce
PCEB
osu
Environmental & Molecular
Toxicology
Brooks, J Renee
TPEB
osu
University of South
Florida
Forest Science
Biology
Church, Robbins
REB
osu
Geosciences
Compton Jana E
TPEB
osu
University of Rhode
Island
Forest Science
Natural Resources Science
DeWm, Theodore H
PCEB
osu
OSU
Oceanic & Atmospheric Science
Environmental & Molecular
Toxicolog}
Gregg Jillian \V
TPEB
OSU
Forest Sciences
Johnson Mark G
TPEB
OSU
Crop & Soil Science
Kaufmann Philip R
REB
OSU
Fisheries & Wildlife
Kentula. Man.
REB
OSU
Botan)/Plant Patho!og>
Lacke> Robert
10
OSU
FishenesAVildlife
Political Science
Landers, Dixon
REB
OSU
FishenesAVildlife
McFarlane, Craig
10
OSU
Horticulture
28
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WED Overview
NAME
BRANCH
INSTITUTION
DEPARTMENT
Olszyk, David
TPEB
osu
University of Portland
Crop and Soil Science
Biology
Peterson, Spence
REB
University of Washington
Civil and Environmental
Engineering
Power, Jim
PCEB
OSU
LSU
FishenesAVildlife
Oceanography & Coastal
Systems
Rygiewicz, Paul
TPEB
OSU
Forest Science
Schumaker, Nathan
REB
OSU
FishenesAVildlife
Shirazi, Mostafa
REB
OSU
Mechanical Engineering
Sigleo, Anne
PCEB
OSU
Oceanic & Atmospheric
Sciences
Solomon. A1
10
U of 0,
OSU
Geography
Forest Science
Tinge>, David
10
OSU
Botany/Plant Pathology
Van Sickle, John
REB
OSU
Statistics
Watrud, Lidia
TPEB
OSU
Botany/Plant Pathology
Wigington, Parker
REB
OSU
Forest Engineering
Young, David
PCEB
OSU
Oceanography and Atmospheric
Sciences
29
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Tropospheric Ozone Research
Goal 1: Clean Air This research supports the GPRA Objective to meet national clean
air standards for sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead, ozone and
particulate matter throughout the country by 2018 contained within the Agency's Clean
Air Goal The first Subobjective under this Objective is to protect and improve air
quality so that by 2012, air throughout the country meets the national standards for
ozone ORD supports the ozone and other national ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) standards by providing methods, models, data and assessment criteria on the
health and welfare risks associated with particulate matter, and other NAAQS alone and
in combination, focusing on the exposures, mechanisms of injury, and components which
affect public health and welfare
Agency Problem:
The research program addressed the needs of EPA, and in particular, the Office of Air
and the Office Air Quality Planning and Standards in establishing a secondary National
Ambient Air Quality Standard for tropospheric ozone (oxidants) that protects public
welfare (which includes vegetation, crops, forests, soils and ecosystems) from adverse
effects In the CAA amendment of 1990, the administrator is directed to conduct cost-
benefit analyses for the standards to protect forests and forested ecosystems from adverse
effect This research program was designed to provide necessary scientific information
to develop a rationale for standard setting for protection of ecological resources and in
particular forests
Science Questions:
The program addressed the following questions (1) What is the nature of the effect of
tropospheric ozone on crop species and forest tree species7 (2) What is the extent and
magnitude of the effect on crops and forests'' and (3) What is a biologically meaningful
index of ozone exposure for use as a secondary NAAQS protective of ecological
resources'?
Approach
WED's research addressed the unique experimental design requirements of risk
assessment and setting a NAAQS, including (1) quantification of the biological
response of tree species to changing ozone concentrations (exposure-response functions),
(2) understanding, and quantifying if possible, the uncertainty in the exposure-response,
including the interaction of multiple environmental factors with ozone exposure (e g
drought, insect/pathogen infestations), genetics, and the role of age and size in trees, (3)
the role of exposure dynamics, both temporal and seasonal, in determining a biologically-
relevant exposure index for use as an air quality indicator in the NAAQS development
process, (4) develop, apply, and validate process-based models that (a) incorporate the
mechanistic effect of changing ozone air quality on tree growth (seedling, sapling and
1
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mature trees) alone and in combination with natural stresses, and (b) incorporate the
output from the growth models into stand models to investigate long-term effects on
forest community, and (5) develop means to characterize risk spatially and temporally for
use in demonstrating the extent and magnitude of ozone impact on ecological resources
The data needed to be of sufficient quality (e g , precise, accurate, policy-relevant) and
scope (e g , range of scenarios, species, forest types, and time frames) to support a
defense of the standards developed
In meeting these objectives, the program had to contend with two important issues of
scale First, the breadth of interest was national in scale There is a wide range of forest
tree species and forest ecosystems within the U S , and an estimation of the extent and
magnitude of the effect of ozone was needed without the ability to test every species
and forest type Second was the biological scale, or level of complexity, at which the
study was conducted It is important to know the forest or ecosystem response, but the
size and complexity of working with stands and ecosystems make quantitative
assessments at this level impossible with our current knowledge and budgets Since the
tree is the basic individual component of the forested ecosystem, this program chose to
focus at the whole-tree level of biological complexity as an achievable first step The
concerns of scale were addressed by conducting both 'extensive' and 'intensive' studies
The "extensive" studies developed exposure-response functions for each of 13 species
which addressed the need to have national coverage of species and forests At the same
time "intensive studies" of 2 species (pine and aspen) focused on 1) process-model
parameterization, and 2) the mechanistic basis of ozone effects, environmental
interactions, the role of age and size, and the role of exposure dynamics The mechanistic
allowed extension of the information in a defensible manner beyond the empirical data
base for predicting the long-term effect on tree productivity
The simulation of ozone effects over time and different environments was critical to the
cost-benefit assessments required in the Office of Air We developed a spatial
integration of empirical response functions (seedlings) or model simulations (mature
trees and stands) with climate, species extent, relevant environmental factors, and
estimated ozone exposure using a Geographical Information System (GIS) This GIS-
linked assessment tool was developed as an interactive means to predict potential
magnitude and extent of impact of ozone on forest resources with changing changing
climate and ozone, and changing control strategies for regulation of VOCs and NOx
With improvement of the model components, the tool was used as a means to examine
the interaction of multiple climate and environmental factors (e g ppt and N availability)
in ozone response across the extent of the species, and was eventually linked to a stand-
level model for predictions in species composition The approach is further discussed
regarding future applications and development in Goal 8 descriptions in this booklet
2
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Timeline:
Support of Goal 1 has encompassed both crop and forest research From 1978-1988 the
research focused on crops From 1988-1999, the program focused on forests The
program ended in 1999 Publications will continue from this program for at least the
next 5 years
Products
Major findings
• Effects of ozone on tree seedlings and mature trees occur at ambient
concentrations in a number of areas in the U S , including Class 1 areas (National
Parks)
• Impact of tropospheric ozone on tree seedlings is primarily on carbon and
nitrogen acquisition and allocation in the tree, and this effect is species-dependent
and modified by the temporal dynamics of exposure, and the environmental and
climatic conditions at the time of exposure
• Episodic ozone events over a season are more damaging to plants than continuous
daily exposure
• Competition impairs a plant's ability to withstand ozone impact
• Drought alters plant uptake of ozone and thus alters response to ozone
• The effect of ozone on nitrogen cycling in coniferous and deciduous species is
significant and potentially a significant factor in retention of N in upland forests
within watersheds
• The impact of ozone is cumulative over a season or multiple seasons The impact
of very high peak hourly concentrations is not as important as the season-long
total exposure and the time of year of the exposure relative to the tree's
acquisition and storage of resources
• Parameterized TREGRO for 12 species of trees in the U S representing 5
different forest types for use in assessing current and future impact of ozone
• The issues of scale, i e seedling to mature trees, chamber to field, revealed more
questions and uncertainty in quantification of effects
The primary effects of ozone are most evident in root growth and the effects are
carried over to the following growing season The effect on below-ground
processes may in fact be the most important impact of ozone and has yet to be
fully understood and quantified
How we helped the Agency
• Provided the scientific basis for need of a secondary NAAQS protective of forest
resources and that the NAAQS should be at least a 1 yr Seasonal, cumulative
concentration -weighted index, and not the current 1 hr peak concentration
• Provided an estimation of the current (1988-1995) potential extent and magnitude of
the impact of ozone on forest resources in the U S
3
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• Provided technical leadership to ORD/NCEA in preparation of the Oxidant and NOx
Criteria Documents, critically reviewing the literature and authoring chapters
• Provided consultation and interpretation of relevant science for the Office of
Air/OAQPS in preparation of the Staff Paper recommending proposed alterations in
the secondary NAAQS for ozone based on biologically-meaningful indices of
exposure
• Provided information to CASAC (Clean Air Science Advisory Board) regarding the
uncertainty in estimating effects of ozone on forest resources resulting from issues of
scale at which the experiments are conducted The CASAC highlighted this lack of
information as critical to setting regulatory policy
Resources:
The program fluctuated from $2 8 million/year to 1 2 million/year from 1978-1997 The
program was reduced to S400K in 1998 and finally zero in 1999 Historically, 12-15 FTE
were assigned to the program each year Resources were redirected during the FY99
research planning process to other high priority research within Goal 1
Linkages to other Goals and Planned Projects:
This work provides input in 3 areas of current and future research at WED (1)
Understanding basic ecophysiological processes in plants with emphasis on linking the
above and belowground processes with changing size/age and complexity, (2)
Parameterization and testing of individual process-based tree growth model
(e g TREGRO) and identification of critical processes in scaling from seedlings to trees
for model simulation, and (3) Utilization ofGIS as a tool in spatial and temporal
distribution of stressor effects across landscapes All of these experiences contribute to
planned research in scaling the impact of stressors on vegetation into changes in habitat
quality for wildlife Examples include
• Experience developed in plant exposure-response with ozone will contribute
to approaches for studies on non-target plant studies for pesticide effects
research in Goal 4
• Ecophysiological studies with ozone have linked critical physiological
processes with growth responses and demonstrated the close interactions with
climate, community structure, carbon, nutrient and water cycling above- and
belowground These studies with above and belowground systems will
contribute to work planned in Goals 2,4, & 8
• Experience from this program has led to scaling stress response from
seedlings to mature individuals, individuals to stands, and stands to
landscapes and watersheds These studies will contribute to the planned
research in Goal 8
• Contributed to development of parameter sets for TREGRO and ZELIG,
models that will play crucial roles in determining impact on wildlife habitat
described in Goal 8
4
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Understanding of shifts in vegetation composition within communities of
sensitive and non-sensitive species will contribute to the community modeling
for determination of vegetative structure that will be used to model wildlife
habitat alteration in Goal 8 and 4
GIS-linked assessment tool developed in this program is being used and will
be expanded in scaling studies planned in Goal 8 for predicting habitat
changes using GEM and the hierarchical model for determining uncertainty
5
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Abstracts - Goal 1
Blue wild-rye grass competition increases the effect of ozone on pine seedlings
Christian P Anderson, William E Hogsett, Milton Plocher, Kent Rode cap, and E Henry
Lee
Individual ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl ex Laws ) seedlings were grown in
mesocosms with three levels of blue wild-rye grass fElvmus elaucus Buckl) at densities
equivalent to 0, 32, or 88 plants m-2) to determine if the presence of a natural competitor
altered ponderosa pine seedling response to ozone After three years of ozone exposure,
grass presence significantly reduced total pine mass by nearly 50%, while ozone alone
had no significant effect on pine growth The combination of ozone and grass further
reduced needle, stem and branch dry weights significantly below that induced by grass
competition alone Root-shoot ratios increased with the combination of grass and ozone
Grass competition significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in all pine tissue
components examined Starch concentrations were highly variable but non-significant
among treatments Ozone significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in fine roots
and stems In the absence of grass, ozone-treated seedlings tended to have higher tissue
N concentrations than controls In the presence of grass, N concentration increased
without ozone and decreased with ozone, resulting in a significant interaction between
these two stresses in one and two year old foliage C/N ratios in foliage decreased in
response to grass due to increased N concentration (no change in C) An opposite
response was observed in ozone treated plots due to decreased N concentrations Ozone-
exposed seedlings appear to either be unable to take up or alternatively to retain as much
nitrogen when growing in the presence of grass The results suggest that ponderosa pine
seedlings are more susceptible to ozone when growing with other plant species
Characterizing Risk to Forest Tree Species of Troposphenc Ozone
WE Hogsett, J A Laurence, J.A Weber, EH Lee, A. Herstrom, and C.P. Andersen
The extent and magnitude of the effects of troposphenc ozone on forest tree species is
dependent on the variation in ozone exposure and in the environmental and climate
factors influencing response to ozone across the species' range A Geographical
Information System (GIS) was used to integrate certain spatial and temporal data,
including output from a process-based single tree growth model (TREGRO) simulating
growth over 3 years The GIS aggregates factors considered important in ozone effects
on trees, including (1) estimated ozone exposures over forested regions, (2) species'
distribution, density and total above-ground biomass, (3) exposure-response functions
describing ozone effects on individual species' growth, and (4) spatially distributed
climate, environmental, and exposure influences on species' response to ozone The
exposure-response functions are generated from output from TREGRO parameterized for
each species as a 30 year old individual The potential range of the species' response to
ozone is obtained using 3 climate sites for each species across its range Possible
environmental interactions influencing the species's response to ozone were represented
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by using site-specific ozone exposure and water or nitrogen availability scenarios in the
model The model-simulated growth response is integrated in the GIS with Forest
Inventory Data (FIA) to generate estimations of productivity as a function of ozone and
water or nitrogen availability across a range of climate sites within the species'
distribution When compared with earlier emperically-denved and spatially-distributed
exposure response functions of tree seedlings, the simulated 30 yr-old trees were
apparently less sensitive to ozone, but demonstrated clear interaction in response to
altered precipiation or nitrogen availablity with ozone The interactive nature of GIS
provides a tool to explore consequences of the range of climate conditions across a
species' distribution, forest management practices, changing ozone precursors, regulatory
control strategies, and other factors influencing the spatial distribution of ozone over time
as more information becomes available
Elevated C02 and Temperature Alter the Response of Pinus ponderosa to Ozone: A
Simulation Analysis
David T Tmgey. John Laurence, James A Weber, Joseph Greene, William E Hogsett,
Sandra Brown and E Henry Lee
We investigated the potential impact of projected future temperature and C02 concentrations
in combination with tropospheric 03 on the annual biomass increment of Pinus ponderosa
Doug ex Laws TREGRO, a process-based whole-tree growth model in which trees
experienced a seasonal drought, was used to study the interactions of C02, temperature and
03 on tree growth along a latitudinal gradient in California, Oregon, and Washington, USA
The annual biomass increment increased proportional to C02 concentration, however, the
magnitude varied among sites Increasing air temperature (+1 3 °C) increased growth at most
sites Elevated C02 increased the temperature optimum for growth at four sites and
decreased it at two sites The annual biomass increment decreased with increasing 03
exposure The differences in 03 effects among sites were primarily controlled by differences
in precipitation Although increasing C02 can reduce the 03 impact, it does not eliminate the
impact of 03 Elevated C02 would enhance tree growth more if 03 exposures were reduced,
especially in the more polluted sites The greatest benefit for tree growth would come from
reducing 03 exposures in the most polluted sites, but, we must also consider locations that
have high inherent 03 sensitivity because of their mesic conditions Limiting the increase of
03 levels in those areas will also increase tree growth
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Global Climate Change Research
Goal 6: Reducing Global and Transboundary Environmental Risks. This research
supports the GPRA Objective of reducing US greenhouse gas emissions to levels consistent with
international commitments agreed upon under the Framework Convention on Climate Change
Within this objective, this research specifically supports sub-objective 2 3 which calls for ORD to
assess ecological and human health vulnerability to climate-induced stressors at the regional scale,
and assess adaptation strategies All climate-induced changes are assessed in the context of
multiple stressors, that is, climate change will be viewed as one of many stressors, including non-
climate-related stressors For example, the synergistic effects of climate change and tropospheric
ozone exposure were assessed
Agency Problem
ORD provides research and assessment support to the US Global Change Research Program
One of the four focus areas for assessment is ecosystems, and has included forested ecosystems
for both effects and mitigation activities To accomplish these assessment, EPA needs
quantification of ecosystem processes and change with climate, as well as tools to conduct future
scenario assessments
Science Question
The research at WED addressed the question of what are the qualitative and quantitative effects
of elevated C02, temperature and ozone on biogeochemical processes in forests and the
associated ecosystem
Approach:
WED conducted investigations in both controlled environments and across a transect in the
Pacific Northwest, including coastal and cascade Douglas-fir/Hemlock forests and western juniper
forests
Two separate experiments in controlled environments to quantify effects on processes were
conducted to address the question One experiment evaluated the effects of elevated C02 and
temperature on a Douglas-fir ecosystem to answer the following Agency questions
• What are the effects of elevated C02 and climate change on the growth and productivity
of forest trees7
• Will elevated C02 and climate change alter the carbon sequestration potential of forest
trees7
• What is the magnitude of elevated C02 and climate change impacts on forest trees and will
the impacts be widely distributed7
The second experiment evaluated the effects of elevated C02 and 03 on a Ponderosa pine
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ecosystem to answer the following Agency questions
• What are the effects elevated C02 on C and N cycling and the productivity of Ponderosa
pine9
• Will elevated 03 decreased on C and N cycling and the productivity of Ponderosa pine?
• Will elevated CO, eliminate the negative effects of O, on C and N cycling rates and plant
productivity''
In both studies, we used a combination of experimental and modeling studies to determine the
effects on ecosystem processes (plant and soil) The experimental studies used sun-lit controlled-
environment chambers in which the climatic and edaphic factors were monitored and controlled so
that long-term (multi-year) experiments could be conducted The goal of the studies was to
measure the C and N inputs, pools, fluxes, and losses from the model ecosystems to develop C
and N budgets The controlled studies also provided data for model parameterization,
development of specific model inputs and permitted the testing of model hypotheses The
experiments were planned to support the application of whole plant (TREGRO) and
biogeochemical models (Marine Biological Laboratory-General Ecosystem Model or GEM) The
models provided a consistent analytical framework and provided a conceptual basis for (1)
integrating diverse measures into a self-consistent framework, (2) relating stressors to probable
effects, and (3) making meaningful extrapolations across scales of time, space, and biological
organization
TIMELINE:
This work began in 1990 and has continued through 2000 Resources supporting Global Change
research within NHEERL have been redirected as part of the ORD Research Planning process to
other priority research areas The products of this work, however, will continue to be published
for at least the next 5 years
Products
Major Findings
• Elevated temperature decreased winter chilling and reduced tree growth
• Reduced winter chilling made the needles less cold tolerant (which could result in winter
injury from sudden drops in temperature), reduced bud break, and inhibited stem and branch
elongation
• High temperatures in the summer caused abnormal bud morphology and inhibited a second
flush of growth
• Elevated C02 had no effect on frost tolerance, while elevated temperature decreased frost
tolerance
• Elevated temperature increased leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic rates during the winter but
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the increases assimilation was off set by the adverse effects of elevated temperature, resulting
in no net significant difference in seedling biomass due to elevated temperature
• Elevated C02 did not alter plant growth or C allocation It was inferred that the lack of C02
response was the consequence of low soil N, which is typical of large areas of PNW forests
• Subsequent modeling studies confirmed that low soil N limited the response of Douglas-fir to
elevated C02 In addition, Douglas-fir may be less responsive to elevated C02 than other tree
species, possibly due down-regulation of photosynthesis with elevated C02, especially at low
soil N
• Elevated C02 lower foliar N and increased sugar concentrations and also increased the water
use efficiency of the seedlings
• Elevated C02 increased the photosynthetic rates of Ponderosa pine and the growth of
Ponderosa pine was increased even though soil N was low
• Soil respiration increased as root biomass increased, and increased with elevated C02
• Elevated 03 decreased both the shoot and root growth of Ponderosa pine
• Parameterized TREGRO model for Douglas-fir so it can be used to extrapolate the results
from controlled chamber studies
• Collected the necessary biological, edaphic and climatalogical data necessary to parameterize
and test the GEM biogeochemistry model
How we helped the Agency
• Provided biological data to support the Agency Climate Change Assessment activities
• Provided a parameterized plant simulation model for use in climate change assessments
• Provided a parameterized biogeochemical model for use in climate change assessments
Resources:
The budget for this activity has fluctuated from a high of 5 million/year to approximately 500K,
and FTE has gone from 15 in 1990 to 6 in FY01 In 2002, there will be 1 FTE and no financial
resources for this activity
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Linkages to other Goals & Future Projects:
This work provides input in two areas for current and future research programs at WED (1)
Understanding of basic ecosystem processes and biogeochemistry of terrestrial systems and (2)
Parameterization and testing of the biogeochemical model GEM Both contribute to an analytical
framework for analyzing the data from the global change and interacting stress studies, and GEM
provides important linkages to other WED projects in support of Goal 2 and 8
1 GEM supports the terrestrial scaling activities pursued in Goal 8 by providing tool for
integrating data on C and N pools and fluxes and also for providing input to the hierarchical
model
2 GEM will be used to provide stressor exposure-response relations and provide important
ecosystem mechanisms and processes as input to the habitat model development pursued in Goal
8
3 GEM will be applied to the Salmon River study to analyze and project the fluxes of C and N
through the watershed as pursued in Goal 2
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Abstracts for Goal 6
Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Increased Temperature on Forested Ecosystems
MG Johnson, DM Olszyk, P T Rygiewicz, D.T Tingey, DL Phillips, R. Shimabuku, R.S
Waschmann, L Watrud, and C. Wise
Rising atmospheric C02 and other greenhouse gases may lead to altered climates, that may
dramatically affect the structure and function of forests Motivated by the uncertainties associated
with these potential effects, the Western Ecology Division developed a dynamic research facility
that mimics natural environmental variation in long-term exposure experiments Understanding
above - and belowground physical and biological processes is crucial for evaluating ecosystem
response to climate change and developing models to make projections of these effects at various
scales To investigate the potential effects climate change on northwest forests we conducted a
four-year study on Douglas-fir seedlings growing in a reconstructed native forest in our outdoor,
sun-lit, controlled environment chambers (Terracosms) The treatments were C02 (ambient C02
and ambient C02 + 200 ^imol/mol) and temperature (ambient and ambient + 4*C) We made
periodic measures of tree growth, photosynthesis and morphology To make non-destructive in
situ measurements throughout the study we instrumented each soil compartment with thermistors
for measuring soil temperature, TDR (time-domain-reflectometry) probes for measuring soil
moisture, tension lysimeters for collecting soil solutions, gas wells for sampling soil air, and
minirhizotron tubes for observing roots processes We measured soil C02 efflux and cored the
soil two times a year to obtain root and soil samples We followed a wet winter and dry summer
moisture regimen, typical of northwest forests Soil temperature followed air temperature and
captured natural daily and seasonal variations There were 8 primary tasks in this project each
with specific objectives and hypotheses 1) Shoot carbon and water fluxes, 2) Shoot growth and
phenology, 3) System nutrients, 4) System water, 5) Litter layer, 6) Root growth and phenology,
7) Soil biology, and 8) Soil organic matter Data are being used in a physiological process-based
tree growth model (TREGRO) to assess effects of climate change on trees The results of this
research provide needed information on the effects of climate change
Effects of Carbon Dioxide and Tropospheric Ozone on Forested Ecosystems
Dave Olszyk, Renee Brooks, Jillian Gregg, Mark Johnson, Bob McKane, Don Phillips, Dave
Tingey, and Lidia Watrud
The combined effects of two important atmospheric pollutants, C02 and tropospheric 03, on C
and N cycling in forested ecosystems were studied in a multi-year experiment using a ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws )system The experiment was conducted from April, 1998 through
March, 2001, in outdoor, sun-lit chambers where linked atmosphere/plant/litter/and soil ecological
processes could be studied in detail The C02 treatments were ambient and elevated (ambient +
280 ppm) 03 treatments were elevated (SUM06 = 10 ppm £ hr in 1998 and 1999, and 26 ppm
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£ hr in 2000), and a low control level (SUM 06 <0 1 ppm £ hr) Significant individual and
interactive effects occurred with elevated C02 and elevated 03 affecting many of the components
of the system For example, elevated C02 increased photosynthesis, soil respiration and overall
shoot productivity as indicated by stem diameter Elevated 03 tended to reduce the stimulatory
effect of elevated C02 on stem diameter, especially early in the study, but may increase the
stimulatory effect of elevated C02 on root biomass, suggesting C02 x 03 interactions on plant
growth Thus, the combined effects of future elevations in C02 and 03 on ecosytems can not be
estimated solely by adding the responses from the individual stresses The data from this
experiment will be used to parameterize models (the single-tree TREGRO model, and ecosystem
C and N cycling General Ecosystem Model)on tree and ecosystem scales in order to better
understand and predict the impacts of C02 and tropospheric 03 at larger biological and ecological
scales
Assessment of climate change on fine roots of Douglas-fir
Mark G Johnson, Donald L Phillips, David T Tmgey, and Paul T. Rygiewicz
We used periodic root observations, collected over 4 years with a minirhizotron camera system,
to investigate the effects of elevated C02 and temperature on the production and turnover of
Douglas-fir fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) in a climate-controlled mesocosm facility Specific root
length (m/g), obtained from roots collected in soil cores, was used to convert root length data
obtained with minirhizotrons to biomass density (g/m2) More than 138,000 root images were
collected and used in this analysis Elevated temperature resulted in higher standing crop root
biomass in year 1 For ambient C02, elevated temperature caused higher root production and
biomass in year 2, and higher turnover in years 2 and 3 There were no significant C02 effects on
standing crop biomass, production, or turnover, in line with the general lack of C02 effects on
aboveground growth in this experiment However, elevated C02 appears to alter fine root
distribution by increasing the amount of fine roots deeper in the soil Limitations of nitrogen
availability likely limited the response of Douglas-fir to elevated C02 in this experiment
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Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Program
Willamette Basin Alternative futures Analysis
Goal: The PNW Research Program was initiated prior to GPRA and development of
ORD's current research structure The research is relevant, however, to GPRA Goals
2 Clean Water, 6 Global Change, and 8 Sound Science - Modeling
Agency Problem:
The PNW Research Program (Baker et al 1995, 1997) was funded as part of EPA's
follow-up to the President's Northwest Forest Plan (NFP) The Agency committed to 5
years of "ecological risk assessment research" specifically in support of community-
based decision making, under the interagency Community Assistance Memorandum of
Understanding To complement research conducted by other agencies, EPA focused on
basin-scale analyses (as defined in the NFP's 4-scale hierarchy of decision-making) in
areas with multiple land uses and multiple ownerships The research program involved
34 investigators at 10 different institutions, called collectively the Pacific Northwest
Ecosystem Research Consortium fhttp //www orsst edu/dept/pnw-erc") The PNW
program was externally peer reviewed in 1995, 1996, and 1997, and received positive
comments and strong support in each review, including the following quote from the
1997 review
"The research consortium involving USEPA, three major universities, and
several federal agencies organized through the Corvallis Laboratory is
the most significant opportunity to advance ecosystem risk assessment at
the watershed to regional scale This research team is m the position to
couple GIS maps with ecological processes which will provide a scientific
basis for formulating public policy. "
Community-based environmental protection involves working collaboratively with State,
tribal, and local governments, community groups, private landowners, and other
interested parties to develop integrated management strategies tailored to the problems
and conditions in a given geographic area It represents an alternative to EPA's classical
one-size-fits-all regulatory approach to environmental protection The emphasis is on
places, rather than specific stressors, and on comprehensive management strategies not
constrained by the specific legislative mandates of EPA or any other individual
organization EPA's Ecosystem Protection Workgroup identified two primary roles for
the Agency within this collaborative process (1) facilitator and integrator - across
different agencies, public and private lands, and different ecosystem types and (2)
technical support and scientific information The PNW Research Program contributed to
the latter
Large-scale landscape change resulting from human use of land and water represents one
of the most profound threats to ecosystem sustainability and biodiversity (National
Research Council 1993, Vitousek 1994, Dale et al 2000, Naiman and Turner 2000,
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Postel 2000) Today's policy choices and individual actions regarding land and water use
will shape landscapes for many years to come Thus, understanding the likely
consequences of these policies and actions is fundamental to informed decision making
While the effect of any individual action or policy may be relatively small, it must be
viewed within the broader perspective of the combined effects of multiple decisions
made across different land and water uses (forestry, agricultural, urban), ownerships
(private, state, federal), and political jurisdictions (city, county, state) The goal of the
PNW Research Program was to evaluate and communicate the combined effects of land
and water use policies over relatively large geographic areas in a manner that effectively
informs the community-based decision-making process
Science Questions:
The central, integrating effort within the PNW Research Program was the Willamette
Basin Alternative Futures Analysis, a multidisciplinary, multi-investigator evaluation of
past and possible future landscape changes in the basin, and associated environmental
effects We addressed four basic questions
1 How have people altered the land, water, and biotic resources of the Willamette
Basin over the past 150 years since pre-EuroAmerican settlement7
2 How might human activities alter the basin's landscape over the next 50 years,
considering a range of plausible management and policy options7
3 What are the expected environmental consequences of these long-term landscape
changes7
4 What types of management actions, in what geographic areas or types of
ecosystems, are likely to have the greatest effect7
Approach:
Study Area Selection: The States of Washington and Oregon were asked to identify
priority areas, within the geographic scope of the NFP, for the proposed research
Washington selected Willapa Bay and watershed in SW Washington Oregon selected
the Willamette River Basin Because of funding reductions, work in Willapa Watershed
had to be terminated in 1998/1999 Thus, this write-up describes only research within the
Willamette Basin
The Willamette Basin (30,000 km2) encompasses 12% of the State of Oregon, but is
home to 68% of Oregon's population and accounts for 31% of the timber harvested and
45% of the market value of agricultural production in the State The basin contains the
richest native fish fauna in the Oregon as well as several species listed under the
Endangered Species Act The number of people in the basin is expected to double in the
next 50 years, placing tremendous demands on limited land and water resources, and
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creating major challenges for land and water use planning and management
Recognizing the need for an integrated strategy for development, conservation, and
restoration, Governor Kitzhaber initiated several basin-wide planning efforts, including
the Willamette Valley Livability Forum (http //www wvlf org1) and Willamette
Restoration Initiative (http ///www oregonwri org) The Forum consists of basin citizens
plus representatives of business and industry, non-profit organizations, educational
institutions, and local, state, federal, and tribal governments Its charge is to create and
promote a shared vision for the basin's future The Willamette Restoration Initiative
(WRI) was established in 1998 as the Willamette component of the Oregon Plan for
Salmon and Watersheds Its charge is to develop "a basin-wide strategy to protect and
restore fish and wildlife habitat, increase populations of declining species, enhance water
quality, and properly manage floodplain areas - all within the context of human
habitation and continuing basin growth" (WRI 2001) The Forum served as the primary
client for the PNW Research Program, although program products have also been heavily
used by the Willamette Restoration Initiative
Trajectories of Landscape Change: The current landscape (circa 1990) was
characterized at 30-m pixel resolution into 64 different land use/land cover classes using
a combination of thematic mapper (TM) imagery and ancillary data sources, such as tax
assessor parcel data, 1990 U S Census data, OR Department of Transportation digital
layers, and USGS topographic quadrangle maps Seasonal changes evident from
comparing five TM scenes taken between March and August 1992 helped to distinguish
different types of agricultural land use
Land cover prior to EuroAmencan settlement was derived from historical reconstructions
completed previously by The Nature Conservancy, U S Forest Service, and Oregon State
University, based on General Land Office surveys in the valley 1851-1865 and somewhat
later surveys of forest resources in upland portions of the basin Historical records were
also used to quantify and map changes in Willamette River channel structure from 1850
to 1995
Using these maps of the historical and current landscape as background information, we
then worked with stakeholders to design three alternative future landscapes (scenarios)
for the basin The stakeholders defined explicit written assumptions regarding urban
development, rural development, agriculture, forestry, surface water withdrawals, and
dam management Consortium scientists then translated those assumptions into basin-
wide maps of land use/land cover at 10-year intervals from 2000 to 2050, using spatially
explicit algorithms and models of land transformations Draft maps were reviewed by
the stakeholder group, and adjustments made as needed to better reflect stakeholder
visions, in an interactive process until closure was reached The landscape scenarios
were also reviewed twice by the full Forum
The Plan Trend 2050 scenario assumes that current policies and plans will be
implemented exactly as written and current trends continue The Development 2050
scenario assumes current policies are relaxed and greater reliance on market-oriented
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approaches to land and water use The Conservation 2050 scenario places greater
priority on ecosystem protection and restoration, although still reflecting a plausible
balance between ecological, social, and economic considerations as defined by the
stakeholders
The scenario development process is, itself, a tool for enhancing stakeholder
understanding and communication A fundamental assumption of the approach is that
the usefulness of the product increases if citizens decide what alternatives are most
plausible Articulating an explicit "story" (set of assumptions) about how the future may
unfold forces strongly held, but vaguely defined viewpoints into written specificity
Significant and conflicting sets of values as to what the future should be are each given a
fair test against what is possible, enabling progress on complex and partially understood
problems to be made in spite of incomplete information and widely divergent opinions
We then evaluated the likely effects of these long-term landscape changes, from 1850 to
1990 to 2050, on four selected endpoints of concern
1 Willamette River - projected changes in river channel structure and streamside
vegetation, and the implications of these changes for fish communities
2 Water Availability - projected changes in the demands for water for irrigation,
municipal and industrial supplies, fish protection, and other uses, and the degree
to which these demands can be satisfied by the finite water supply in the basin
3 Ecological Condition of Streams - projected changes in the habitat and biological
communities (fish and benthic invertebrates) in all 2nd to 4th order streams in the
basin
4 Terrestrial Wildlife - projected changes in the amount of habitat for amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals in the basin, and the abundance and distribution of
selected wildlife species
The Willamette Basin Alternative Futures Analysis involved scientists at WED/EPA,
EPA's National Center for Environmental Economics, Oregon State University (OSU),
University of Oregon (UO), U S Forest Service, and ECONorthwest (a private
consulting firm) The lead investigators were Joan Baker (WED), Dave Hulse (UO), and
Stan Gregory (OSU) In addition to providing overall project coordination, WED's
primary role was in evaluating the ecological effects of landscape change The
contributions of individual WED scientists are described in the attached abstracts
Timeline:
The Willamette Alternative Futures Analysis was a 5-year effort 1997-2001 The
project is essentially complete, except for publication of the final products WED plans
no further work on the alternative futures approach nor research to support community-
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based decision-making Some of the methods developed as part of this project will,
however, be adapted and expanded for other purposes, in other WED projects
Products and Accomplishments:
Research on the effects of multiple stressors across large geographic areas, and to
develop improved approaches for ecological risk assessment, are regularly identified as
high priority research needs in external reviews of EPA's science (e g, SAB 1998, 2000,
Noonan 1999) as well as in EPA's own internal research planning efforts (e g , EPA
1996) The PNW Program has successfully and creatively demonstrated one such
approach to addressing these needs
All analyses are complete and final publications are in preparation Results from the
alternative futures analysis will be submitted in fall 2001 as an Invited Feature in
Ecological Applications An overview of the entire Willamette Basin study, designed for
an informed layperson audience, will be published in book format by OSU Press
{Willamette River Basin Atlas. Trajectories of Landscape and Ecological Change, Hulse
et al, in review) Other publications completed and in preparation are cited in the
attached abstracts and listed in the Citations Addendum Results from individual
components of the project have been presented at national and scientific conferences
dealing with the various disciplinary fields (landscape ecology, river ecology, hydrology,
wildlife, fisheries, environmental statistics, etc) - many as invited presentations Several
post-doctoral and Ph D students were supported by and contributed to this research
An important goal of the project was to inform community-based decision making m the
Willamette Basin While we have no way to judge to what degree our results have or
will influence the ultimate decisions, we do have evidence that they're being actively
used as part of the debate Our results have been presented twice to the Willamette
Valley Livability Forum (at their invitation), including a presentation and interactive
poster session at a recent (4/26/01) basin-wide conference organized by the Forum, titled
Willamette Valley: Choices for the Future We were one of three studies highlighted in a
recent 6-page tabloid insert published in all newspapers in the basin in early April 2001
(The Willamette Chronicle The Future is in Our Hands) The other two studies,
evaluating transportation futures and infrastructure costs of development, both used data
and scenarios developed by the Consortium for the Alternative Futures Analysis The
Conservation 2050 scenario, and associated ecological opportunities map, was used by
the Willamette Restoration Initiative as a central organizing theme in its recently
published Restoring A River of Life: The Willamette Restoration Strategy The Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality has expressed interest in using both Consortium
data layers and the future scenarios as part of their Total Maximum Daily Load analyses
in the basin Efforts are underway to demonstrate how watershed councils can use the
Conservation 2050 scenario and evaluation results to guide the design and prioritization
of restoration and protection efforts
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In a broader arena, several presentations on the alternative futures approach, as an
organizing structure for scientific evaluations in support of community-based decision
making, have been made to EPA s Office of Water and Regions With guidance from
WED, EPA Region 5 funded an alternative futures analysis for the Fox River Watershed
Illinois
Resources:
The Willamette Alternative Futures Analysis, and associated studies, involved 7 WED
research scientists, 11 extramural senior researchers, two postdocs, several graduate
students, and numerous support staff The total funding was approximately $9 5M
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Abstracts for Division Peer Review - Willamette Alternative Futures Analysis
Effects on Wildlife Habitat Suitability and Biodiversity
Denis White, Patti Haggerty, Joan Baker, and Paul Adamus
Denis White (WED) led evaluation of the effects of the landscape scenarios on habitat
suitability and biodiversity for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals (White et al, in
review) Wildlife experts assigned each of the 279 species in the basin to one or more of
34 habitat types (cross-referenced to the 64 standard land use/land cover classes), using a
suitability rating of 0 to 10 that represented the relative preference of the species for
breeding or feeding (separate evaluations) in that habitat These initial ratings were then
modified by one or more of 50 adjacency rules that adjusted ratings up or down to reflect
the importance of nearby features, such as water or houses, on habitat suitability Each
species was also constrained within a specified geographic range, reflecting climatic or
other physiographic limits to its distribution Habitat suitability outside this range was
set to zero The final habitat suitability scores, for each species and each 30-m pixel,
were then summed to assess changes over time (1850 to 2050) and among the future
scenarios in the total amount of habitat (weighted by its suitability) for groups of species
(e g , all amphibians, all species with conservation ranks of SI, S2, or S3) and the likely
influence of these habitat changes on patterns of species richness in the basin
Effects on Wildlife Abundance and Distributions
Nathan Schumaker and Ted Ernst
Effects of the landscape scenarios on wildlife abundance and distribution were evaluated
using a model developed for the project called PATCH (a Program to Assist in Tracking
Critical Habitat, Schumaker 1998) PATCH simulates a wildlife population by following
each individual's growth and survival, reproductive output, and movement These rates
and behaviors are influenced by the quality, quantity, and patterns of habitat found in a
landscape PATCH was designed for territorial, terrestrial species, and the data required
to run it include estimates of habitat suitability, territory size, survival and reproductive
rates, and movement ability Estimates of habitat suitability were derived from White et
al (previous abstract) An extensive literature search was conducted to obtain the
remaining parameter values PATCH was applied for 17 wildlife species for which
complete data were available Model outputs include projections of where, and at what
densities, wildlife species are likely to occur, for each scenario Results for the
Willamette Basin will be presented in Schumaker et al (in prep) PATCH has also been
applied in several other settings (Carroll et al 2001, Wilhere and Schumaker 2001,
Rustigian et al, in review)
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Effects on Stream Habitat and Biota
John Van Sickle, Joan Baker, Alan Herlihy, Stan Gregory, Peter Bayley, and Judy Li
Stream response variables included stream habitat area and volume, cutthroat trout
habitat suitability and abundance, native fish richness, the fish Index of Biotic Integrity,
EPT richness, and an index of benthic invertebrate composition developed specifically
for Willamette Valley streams Empirical models were developed to predict each
variable as a function of physiographic, land use/land cover, and streamflow driving
variables, with the latter two sets of variables subject to change in the historical and
future landscape scenarios Several different "areas of influence" and alternative
approaches for expressing land use effects on streams were explored Models were
developed and evaluated using sample data collected between 1993 and 1999 from about
150 streams in the basin The models were then applied to all 2nd to 4th order streams in
the basin (4045 stream reaches, 6500 km) for each landscape scenario preEuroAmerican
settlement, circa 1990, and three alternative futures Model uncertainties were
incorporated into the final basin-wide projections using Monte Carlo simulation
Influence of Riparian Areas on Stream Condition in Agricultural Landscapes
Jim Wigington, Tom Moser, Steve Griffith, and John Van Sickle
Early on in the PNW Research Program, it became evident that relatively little was
known about stream conditions and processes in agricultural landscapes in the
Willamette Basin Most prior work dealt with upland, forested systems, to assess effects
of timber harvest practices Thus, Jim Wigington (WED) led a field-based effort
designed to expand both the database and understanding of streams in agricultural
landscapes, in particular the influence of riparian buffers on stream condition Both
intensive and extensive field studies were conducted Three stream sites were intensively
monitored to assess hydrologic flowpaths, nutrient transformations, and sediment
transport as water moved from agricultural fields, through riparian areas, and into
streams (Griffith et al 1997) For the extensive evaluation, 23 streams in predominately
agricultural landscapes were randomly selected along a gradient of woody riparian buffer
vegetation Each stream was sampled for water chemistry, physical habitat, fish, and
benthic invertebrates Land use/land cover was characterized in the entire upstream
watershed as well as within riparian bands of varying width using color infrared aerial
photographs with extensive groundtruthing Statistical analyses were used to quantify
relationships between stream condition and various riparian area attributes (Schuft et al
1999, Moser et al 2000) These data, together with streams sampled by WED scientists
involved in the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), provided
the majority of stream samples used to generate the empirical stream models for the
Alternative Futures Analysis (Van Sickle et al, previous abstract)
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Ecological Functions of OfT-Channel Habitats in the Willamette River
Dixon Landers, Steve Chne, Sam Fernald, ChipAndrus, Marilyn Envoy, Hank Lavigne,
Jim Wigingion, and Bruce Dykaar
The Willamette River has lost 25% of its active channel habitat area and over 50% of its
off-channel habitat over the last 150 years (Gregory et al 1998, in prep ), due to direct
channel manipulation and flow modifications The Development 2050 landscape
scenario assumes that recent trends of channel simplification will continue The
Conservation 2050 scenario assumes recovery of some channel complexity, consistent
with current proposals for the Willamette Restoration Initiative and the Coips of
Engineers' Willamette River Floodplain Restoration Project Little data existed,
however, to confirm that increased habitat complexity would benefit the river ecosystem
To fill this knowledge gap, Dixon Landers (WED) led a field-based study to evaluate the
ecological significance of off-channel habitats in the river Sampling efforts focused on
alcoves, connected to the river only at the downstream end during summer, because these
areas provide habitat quite distinct from the main river and flowing side channels All
alcoves were mapped along a 70-km river length A statistically representative set of 16
alcoves were sampled for water chemistry, streamside and aquatic vegetation, and fish
communities (Landers et al, in prep , Andrus and Landers, in review, Cline and
McAllister, in prep , also Dykaar and Wigington 2000) Fish communities were
characterized in alcoves and nearby main river channels during both night and day in the
summer, as well as during winter Radiotracking further documented use of off-channel
habitats by adult suckers, in relation to fish bioenergetics (LaVigne et al, in review)
Changes in river channel structure can also affect the amount of hyporheic flow through
the porous gravel bars created by river channel meandering Dye tracer studies, detailed
monitoring of nver, alcove, and well water at 6 sites, coupled with solute transport
modeling indicated that at summer low flow a volume of water equal to about 70% of the
total nver flow enters the hyporheic zone daily (Fernald et al 2000, 2001) Historically,
when the river was more complex, hyporheic flows may have been 400% of current
levels Water quality monitoring demonstrated significant decreases in water
temperature and changes in nutrients during hyporheic flows through gravel bars
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ADDENDUM
Publications by WED Scientists Resulting from the PNW Research Program:
Allen-Gil, S M , M Greene, and D H Landers Fish abundance, instream habitat and the
effects of historic land use practices in two large alluvial rivers on the Olympic
Peninsula, WA, in review
Andrus, C W and D H Landers Summer fish use of alcove and main channel habitats of
a regulated river in Oregon, USA, in preparation
Baker, J P , D H Landers, H Lee II, P L Ringold, R R Sumner, P J Wigington, Jr, R S
Bennett, E M Preston, W E Fnck, A C Sigleo, D T Specht, and D R Young 1995
Ecosystem management research m the Pacific Northwest Five-year research strategy
EPA/600/R-95/069, U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Washington, DC
Baker, J P et al 1997 Pacific Northwest Research Program May 1997 Peer Review
U S Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, OR
Baker, J , J Van Sickle, S Gregory, A Herlihy, P Haggerty, L Ashkenas, P Bayley,
and J Li Aquatic life, pp 114-119 In Willamette River Basin Atlas Trajectories of
Landscape and Ecological Change (D Hulse, S Gregory, and J Baker, eds), OSU Press,
in review
Carroll, C , R F Noss, N H Schumaker, and P C Paquet 2001 Is the return of the wolf,
wolverine, and grizzly bear to Oregon and California biologically feasible"? In Large
mammal restoration Ecological and sociological implications (D Maehr, R Noss, and
J Larkin, eds ) Island Press, Washington, DC
Cline, S P and L McAllister Contempary riparian plant assemblages associated with
historic floodplain formation, upper Willamette River, Oregon, in preparation
Dykaar, B.B , and P J. Wigington, Jr. 2000 Floodplain formation and cottonwood
colonization patterns on the Willamette River, Oregon, USA Environmental
Management 25 87-104
Fernald, AG ,PJ Wigington, Jr, and D H Landers 2001 Transient storage and
hyporheic flow along the Willamette River, Oregon Model estimates and field
measurements Water Resources Research 37-1681-1694
Fernald, A , D Landers, and P J Wigington, Jr 2000 Water quality effects of hyporheic
processing m a large river, pp 167-172 In International Conference on Riparian
Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds (P J Wigington, Jr and R L
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Bescta.eds), Report TPS-002-2, American Water Resources Association, Middleburg,
VA
Gregory, S V , D W Hulse, D H Landers, and E Whitelaw 1998 Integration of
biophysical and socioeconomic patterns in riparian restoration of large rivers In
Hydrology in a changing environment (H W a C Kirby, ed) John Wiley & Sons,
Chichester, UK
Gregory, S , D Landers, L Ashkenas, R Wildman, P Minear, D Oetter, P Bayley, C
Andrus, M Pearson, and A Fernald Historical and future trajectories of floodplains,
forests, and off-channel habitats of the mainstem Willamette River Ecological
Applications, in preparation
Griffith, S M , J S Owen, W R Horwath, P J Wigington, Jr , J E Baham, and L F
Elliott 1997 Nitrogen movement and water quality at a poorly-drained agricultural
and riparian site in the Pacific Northwest Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43• 1025-
1030
Hulse, D , S Gregory, and J Baker (editors) Willamette River Basin Atlas Trajectories
of Landscape and Ecological Change OSU Press, Corvallis, OR, in review
Landers, D H 1997, Riparian restoration Current status and the reach to the future
Restoration Ecology 5(4S) 113-121
Landers, D H 2001 Willamette River main corridor restoration What is important to
salmon?, pp 96-101 In Oregon salmon Essays on the state of the fish at the turn of the
millennium Oregon Trout, Portland, OR
Landers, D H, R M Hughes, S G Paulsen, D P Larsen, J M Omernik 1998 How can
regionalization and survey sampling make limnological research more relevant? Verh
Int Verein Limnol 26 2428-2436
Landers, D H , P K Haggerty, S Cline, W Carson, and F Faure 2000 The role of
regionalization in large river restoration Verh Int Verein Limnol 27 344-351
Landers, D , A Fernald, and C Andrus Off-channel habitats, pp 24-25 In Willamette
River Basin Atlas Trajectories of Landscape and Ecological Change (D Hulse, S
Gregory, and J Baker, eds), OSU Press, in review
Landers, D H, M Erway, C A Andrus, S Fernald, and S Cline Spatiotemporal
variability of parapotamic habitat indicators in the Willamette River, Oregon, USA, in
preparation
LaVigne, H R, C F Baker, P B Bayley, and D H Landers Exploitation of floodplain
resources by adult largescale sucker in a Pacific Northwest river, in review
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Moser, T J, D R Lindeman, P J Wingington, Jr, M J Schuft and J Van Sickle 2000
Methods for multi-spatial scale characterization of riparian corridors pp 511-516 in
Rjpanan Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds (P J Wigington, Jr
and R L Beschta, eds) Report TPS-002-2, American Water Resources Association,
Middleburg, VA
Rustigian, H L , M V Santelmann, and N H Schumaker Assessing the potential impacts
of alternative landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics Landscape Ecology
In Review
Schuft, M J , T J Moser, P J Wigington, Jr , D L. Stevens, Jr, L S McAllister, S S
Chapman, and T L Ernst 1999 Development of landscape metrics for characterizing
riparian-stream networks. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65 1157-
1167
Schumaker, N 1998 A Users Guide to the PATCH Model EPA/600/R-98/135, U S
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington,
DC
Schumaker, N and D White Projecting responses of wildlife species to alternative
future landscapes A case study in Oregon's Willamette Valley Ecological Applications,
in preparation
Schumaker, N , J Baker, T Ernst, D White, and P Haggerty Terrestrial wildlife -
Populations, pp 122-123 In Willamette River Basin Atlas Trajectories of Landscape
and Ecological Change (D Hulse, S Gregory, and J Baker, eds), OSU Press, in review
Van Sickle, J, J Baker, S Gregory, A Herlihy, P Haggerty, L Ashkenas, P Bayley, J
Li Models for making basin-scale estimates of ecological condition in wadeable streams
under alternative scenarios of future human development Ecological Applications, in
preparation
Van Sickle, J 2000 Modeling variable-width riparian buffers, with an application to
woody debris recruitment pp 107-112 in Wigington, P J and R Beschta, eds , Riparian
Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds American Water Resources
Association, Middleburg, VA, TPS-002-2, 616 pp
Van Sickle, J and R M Hughes 2000 Classification strengths of ecoregions,
catchments, and geographic clusters for aquatic vertebrates in Oregon Journal of the
North American Benthological Society 19, 370-384
Van Sickle, J 1997 Using mean similarity dendrograms to evaluate classifications
Journal of Agricultural, Biological and Environmental Statistics 2, 370-388
White, D , D Hulse, and J Baker Need title , Ecological Applications, in preparation
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White, D , P Haggerty, J Baker, and P Adamus Terrestrial wildlife - Habitat and
biodiversity, pp 120-121 In Willamette River Basin Atlas Trajectories of Landscape
and Ecological Change (D Hulse, S Gregory, and J Baker, eds), OSU Press, in review
Wilhere, G , and N H Schumaker 2001 A spatially realistic population model for
informing forest management decisions, pp 538-544 In Wildlife-Habitat Relationships
in Oregon and Washington (D H Johnson and T A O'Neil, eds ) Oregon State
University Press, Corvallis, OR
Other Literature Cited:
Dale, V H , S Brown, R A Haeuber, N T Hobbs, N Huntly, R J Naiman, W E
Riebsame, M G Turner, and T J Valone 2000 Ecological principles and guidelines for
managing the use of land Ecological Applications 10 639-670
Naiman, R J and M G Turner 2000 A future perspective on North America's
freshwater ecoystems Ecological Applications 10 958-970
National Research Council 1993 Research to protect, restore, and manage the
environment National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Noonan, N 1999 Memorandum, Outside stakeholder input to ORD's strategic plan 2000
- SP2K, U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC
Postel, S A 2000 Entering an era of water scarcity The challenges ahead Ecological
Applications 10 941-948
Science Advisory Board 1998 Review of EPA's Draft Ecological Research Strategy
EPA-SAB-EPEC-LTR-98-001 U S Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC
Science Advisory Board 2000 Toward integrated environmental decision making EPA-
SAB-EC-00-011 US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
US Environmental Protection Agency 1996 Strategic Plan for the Office of Research
and Development EPA/600/R-96/059, Office of Research and Development,
Washington, DC
Vitousek.PM 1994 Beyond global warming Ecology and global change Ecology
75 1861-1876
Willamette Restoration Initiative 2001 Restoring a River of Life The Willamette
Restoration Strategy Willamette Restoration Initiative, Salem, OR
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aquatic Stressors Research
Goal 2.2.3: Clean/Safe Water; Conserve and Enhance Nation's Waters; Assess
Aquatic Stressors Development of methods, models and other tools to improve
identification, effects, exposure, and assessment of aquatic stressors This research supports the
GPRA Objective of both restoring and protecting watersheds by improving the assessment and
management tools available to decision makers In addition, this research complements that
conducted under GPRA Sub-objective 8 1 Ecosystem protection
Agency Problem
The Clean Water Act provides a legislative mandate to EPA to maintain and restore the
biological and chemical integrity of the Nation's waters Preservation of these aquatic resources
requires the development of scientifically based ecological criteria protective of designated uses
A failure to meet designated use caused by one or more stressors results in a Section 303d listing
under the Clean Water Act, requiring that states establish total maximum daily loadings (TMDLs)
to ameliorate the problem While there have been major advances in methods to evaluate the
effects of point-source discharges to aquatic systems, significant uncertainties remain with respect
to defining system responses to stressors such as excess nutrients, sediments and habitat
alteration An improvement of the ability to model stressor-response relationships is critical to the
establishment of ecological criteria protective of aquatic resources
Thriving populations offish, shellfish, and wildlife are valued by the public, not only for
commercial, recreational, and aesthetic reasons, but also as tangible surrogates of the overall
condition of the environment Habitats essential to the well being of these valued species are
rapidly being affected by many anthropogenic activities (e g land-use changes, hydrologic
modification, climate change, altered biological diversity, introduction of nonnative species)
Habitat alteration has been identified as a major causes of endangerment for species within the
United States (Carroll et al 1996) Habitat alteration is a common cause for the failure of
aquatic systems to meet designated uses as required by the Clean Water Act (CWA) Addressing
failures to attain designated uses increasingly requires an integrated approach perhaps best
provided by habitat-based criteria As required by the Endangered Species Act, EPA is
increasingly being asked to participate in interagency species protection and restoration efforts
where habitat issues play a key role Integrated rather than piece-meal approaches to
environmental protection require that the importance of habitat on various spatial scales be
quantified Because one of EPA's core ecological regulatory authorities is the CWA, the species
endpoints for which habitat alteration is of greatest concern are aquatic species, particularly fish,
shellfish and aquatic dependent wildlife
WED research to improve stressor-response models addresses two elements of GPRA Goal 2
("Clean/Safe Water") 2-016 Develop stressor-response models for habitat alteration and
biocntena-effects, and 2-017 Develop stressor-response models for nutrients, eutrophication, and
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harmful algal blooms The principal clients for this research include the EPA Office of Water, the
EPA Regional Offices, and state, tribal, and local governments
NHEERL is currently developing a framework to guide ecological effects research on aquatic
stressors The ultimate goal of this Aquatic Stressors Framework is to guide the research needed
to develop scientifically valid approaches for protecting and restoring the ecological integrity of
aquatic ecosystems from the impacts of multiple aquatic stressors The immediate focus is to
develop and improve assessment methodologies, diagnostic capabilities, and ecological criteria to
guide management options for (1) protection and restoration and (2) remediation efforts to meet
designated uses
The context for Aquatic Stressors research is the common management goal of protecting aquatic
systems to prevent degradation of habitat, loss of ecosystem function, and reduced biodiversity
To this end, environmental managers must be able to (1) assess the condition of an aquatic
resource and determine the degree of impairment, (2) diagnose the causes of impairment, (3)
forecast the effects of changes in stressor levels, and (4) develop and implement remediation and
maintenance strategies The Aquatic Stressors Framework provides a process to develop the tools
needed to meet the goal of effective management and protection of aquatic resources, particularly
fish, shellfish and aquatic dependent wildlife species
Aquatic stressor research at WED is concentrated in two ecosystem types, estuaries and
freshwater streams
Science Questions: - Estuaries:
Excessive nutrient loading has been identified as one of the principal anthropogenic stressors on
coastal ecosystems Excessive nutrients may derive from point sources, but are increasingly a
consequence of human activities in the surrounding watershed The elevated nutrient levels may
alter the estuanne food web in many ways, causing the estuanne ecosystem to diverge from its
designated use Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is one important estuanne habitat, both as
a primary producer and a source of food and shelter for other organisms SAV is known to
respond negatively to augmented nutrient levels, and loss or alteration of SAV habitat may have
important effects on other estuanne species SAV is also a potentially important indicator of
integrated estuarine water quality and condition Other habitats defined by species which are
strong ecological interactors, such as burrowing shrimp, have similar importance to the estuarine
system both in terms of nutrient dynamics and direct influence on other species
Important scientific questions being addressed by WED in order to improve protective cntena
are
1 How do excessive nutnents affect the food web structure of Pacific Northwest estuaries7
How can such impacts best be modeled7
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2 How do important estuarine habitats (SAV, burrowing shrimp) respond to stressors such
as nutrients, sediments, and other forms of disturbance7 How does habitat alteration affect
species dependant on these habitats7
Approach: - Estuaries:
A principal goal of the estuarine eutrophication research is the development of an estuarine food-
web model which can be used to study how the food web changes under different scenarios of
nutrient loading Carbon is the principal descriptor of the biomass fluxes in the model, while
nitrogen fluxes are also used in a supplementary role The eutrophication model will be
developed using the inverse modeling approach Such an inverse model will yield a description of
the food web where the sum of the squares of the carbon and nitrogen trophic flows among model
compartments has been minimized, and this solution is considered the best representation of the
food web under a given set of conditions The inverse modeling approach is used because it
incorporates constraints when describing the system, such as requiring all of the flows to be
positive or that assimilation efficiencies are less than a specified percentage
The development of the nutrients-food web model is supported by an extensive set of empirical
observations in Yaquina Bay being collected by a team of WED investigators A wide variety of
estuarine biota have been collected and analyzed for their stable isotopic ratios to assist in
delineating trophic pathways in the model Physical measurements include continuous recordings
of conductivity, temperature, salinity, and turbidity at various locations in the estuary using
moored CTD's These data series are supplemented by more spatially extensive measurements of
light and temperature recordings collected using inexpensive sensors In situ nitrate concentration
monitors have been deployed at the Hatfield Marine Science Center dock and at an upnver
freshwater location Sensor data are verified with extensive water "grab" samples that are
routinely collected and sent to an outside laboratory for analysis Nutrient fluxes across the
sediment-water interface using "peepers" and benthic chambers have been measured Outside
experts will provide data to parameterize the inherent optical properties of the estuary water
column for the model
It is understood that such data intensive efforts cannot practically be applied to every estuary
Hence, an additional objective of the model development is to evaluate minimum data
requirements, so that it can be efficiently applied to other estuaries
A principal objective of the SAV research is development of a numerical model for predicting
changes in the biomass of the above- and below-ground components of Zostera marina standing
stock under varying conditions of nutrient and sediment loading The seagrass model is coupled
to a sediment diagenesis model developed to allow prediction of changes in seagrass biomass
resulting from changes in deposition of organic matter to the sediments Current research
includes description of SAV distribution and abundance in the Yaquina Bay estuary, including
measurements of shoot abundance, above- and below-ground biomass, and estimates of gross and
net primary production Population processes controlling burrowing shrimp are studied because
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these organisms occupy extensive areas of the tidal flats and may compete with seagrass for
space The estuanne nutrients and eutrophication research links to the seagrass component by
providing measurements of light availability, sediment geochemical characteristics, and sediment
flux rates of nitrate and ammonium to support the SAV stress-response model
A second objective of SAV research is development of an ecosystem services model to evaluate
effects of habitat alteration on the estuarine ecosystem Habitat surveys of multiple estuaries over
multiple years are being used to verify the model To support the Goal 8 effort to use SAV
distribution as an indicator of estuarine condition, research is characterizing the processes that
determine SAV survival, particularly at the upper, intertidal margin of the seagrass beds
Timeline: - Estuaries:
The estuanne habitat project received initial peer review and initiated research in the spring of
1999 The project has now collected field data over three years The development of the Aquatic
Stressors Framework will result in some redirection of research effort in the years 2002-2005 to
better meet specific objectives of the Framework Many of the project research products
(described below) have had substantial effort directed towards them, and initial products will
appear over the time period 2002-2003
Products: - Estuaries:
The intended products of the nutrients-food web research component are
1 Characterization of the Yaquina Bay estuary as the model estuary for a data-intensive
application of the eutrophication model
2 Reduction and error analysis of the above model to evaluate minimum data requirements
and model robustness for application to other estuaries
3 A user-friendly software application, associated documentation, and guidance to allow
individuals from management or regulatory entities to enter realistic values for the model
parameters so that they can prepare scenarios of nutrient pollution and abatement on an
exploratory basis
The food web model product is a designated outcome of the NHEERL Aquatic Stressors
Framework nutrients research section
The intended products of the SAV - habitat research component are
1 A review of potential limiting factors for SAV growth and survival
2 Development of an ecosystem services response model for SAV habitat in the PNW
3 Development of a seagrass (Zostera marina) stress-response model for PNW estuaries
4 Documentation of SAV extent and condition as a tool to assess status of PNW estuaries
with respect to nutrient and other stressors (Also involves Goal 8 research)
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The SAV review and SAV stress response model are designated outcomes of the NHEERL
Aquatic Stressors Framework nutrients research section The SAV ecosystems services response
model is a designated outcome of the NHEERL Aquatic Stressors Framework habitat alteration
research section
The SAV - habitat research links the Goal 2 research areas of Nutrients and Habitat, and also is
related to Goal 8 estuanne research SAV is an important endpoint for assessment of
eutrophication impacts in estuaries (Goal 2 - Nutrients) As primary nursery and feeding grounds
for many fish and invertebrates, alteration of SAV habitat will impact other estuarine species,
potentially including some salmoruds (Goal 2 - Habitats) Goal 8 research will develop the means
to use SAV distribution as an indicator of estuarine condition
Resources: - Estuaries:
The Estuarine Habitat project research is supported by an approximately 10 FTE equivalent
effort Research funding consists of approximately $0 7M per year of research support funds
from WED There is no above research support for this research area
Science Questions: - Freshwater Streams:
NHEERL has initiated a nationwide research program to quantitatively link alterations in key
habitats to fish, shellfish, and wildlife endpoints because habitat alteration is such an important,
pervasive stressor on valued aquatic resources The research involves all four ecological divisions
of NHEERL and spans the coastal resources of the East, West, Gulf states, and the Upper
Midwest The purpose of the research described in this plan is to provide the scientific basis to
implement regulations and policies to protect fish, shellfish, and wildlife populations and the
ecosystems upon which they depend An important component of this research focusing on the
wild Pacific Salmon and other native fish of the Pacific Northwest This research is currently in
the development stage, with implementation to begin in FY2002 Herein, we provide an overview
of the approach being proposed for the study Additional information will be provided at the time
of the peer review
Objectives
1 To evaluate and to quantify the influence of human activities at the landscape and
watershed scales on native fish habitat and wild Pacific Salmon and native fish
populations
2 To evaluate how habitat spatial structure and connectivity of habitat in stream networks
and estuaries influence wild Pacific salmon and native fish populations
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APPROACH: - Freshwater Streams;
Populations of salmon and other native fish species have been in sharp decline across the Pacific
Northwest for the last century Salmon catch peaked in Willapa Bay, Washington by 1902, and
on the Oregon Coast by 1911 (Durning, 1996) Although many aspects of aquatic habitat - fish
population relationships have been studied, such as the relationship of woody debris to success of
salmon populations, many critical knowledge gaps must be filled in order to provide a firm
scientific basis for protection and restoration of salmon populations Relatively little attention
has been focused on the relationships between landscape structure and fish assemblages, and
landscape structure and aquatic habitat In the report, From the Edge: Science to Support
Restoration of Pacific Salmon, the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR)
indicated that habitat for salmonids and all native aquatic species, and hence their populations, are
strongly influenced by watershed conditions at a landscape scale The accelerated growth of the
human population in the Pacific Northwest insures that severe pressure on landscape use patterns
will continue in the foreseeable future Thus, it is critical to develop modeling and decision
support tools that incorporate land use change relative to habitat impacts on the extensive spatial
scale Since habitats are also temporally dynamic, it is critical that these tools are able to
incorporate temporal changes as well
Our research will focus on populations of wild Pacific salmon and native fish Many of the
anadromous salmonid populations in the Pacific Northwest have declined to the point where
populations are now listed under the Endangered Species Act Landscape change, water
pollution, introduced predators, fishing, hydropower development, disadvantageous ocean
conditions, and other factors have lead to the extinction or decline of many stocks (Bauer and
Ralph 1999, CENR 2000)
Upland and Riparian Effects on In-stream and Coastal Wetland Condition We will use an
integrated modeling/field study approach An existing model developed by National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS) simulates coho salmon population dynamics based on m-stream habitat
condition For this model in-stream habitat condition was determined through simple stream
reach classification that does not reflect watershed land use - land cover conditions If, however,
we are to be able to examine how upland management affects fish dynamics, then it is necessary
to understand how in-stream habitat condition is influenced by the surrounding uplands and
riparian areas Shading by riparian trees, woody debris supply, non-point source introduction of
sediments and nutrients, and land slides are all examples of important upland processes that can
affect in-stream habitat condition and which could be influenced by upland management actions
Such information would also allow us to predict habitat condition — based on upland
characteristics — at locations which have not been sampled Besides affecting habitat condition,
upland factors can also influence fish mobility For example, warm water temperatures or
landslides could reduce or completely prevent fish movement between stream reaches Another
important upland/riparian issue associated with the restoration of Pacific salmon is the possible
need for nutrient additions (/ e , raw or processed salmon carcasses, and commercially produced
organic or inorganic fertilizers) to headwaters (e g, watersheds, lakes, or streams) to compensate
for the loss of marine derived nutrients previously supplied by healthy salmon populations
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Determining the ecological effects of surrounding upland areas on in-stream condition is therefore
a critical component of our research
Technical approaches to examining upland effects on in-stream condition could include field
studies, empirical modeling and process modeling Empirical modeling approaches would develop
correlations between upland independent variables and in-stream response variables Upland
variables could be derived from GIS data sets, and could be used to represent the watershed as a
whole or the riparian zone in particular Data for explanatory and response variables could be
obtained through field sampling, other research projects (e g, EMAP) or agencies, or through
the literature Process models would relate upland factors to in-stream condition based on
specific processes Examples include a model that predicts in-stream suspended sediment
concentration based on soil characteristics, slope, upstream load, etc , or a physical model that
calculates water temperature based on shading by trees Other modeling approaches are also
available We envision linking such models with a salmon population model to examine the
influence of land use changes on salmon and fish populations
Effects of Network Structure and Connectivity on Fish Movement Because fish are mobile, they
are not limited to nor exclusively influenced by the habitat quality of a single stream reach
Rather, they move between reaches and may require different habitat conditions during different
life stages The spatial distribution of habitat condition and the ability of fish to move between
reaches are therefore important considerations For example, salmonids returning from the ocean
attempt to reach the same stream reach in which they were spawned Any obstruction in the
stream network, which forces them to expend more energy to return, could affect spawning
success If a barrier completely prevented them from returning to a particular home reach, then
the ability of strays to recolonize new habitat would depend on the spatial distribution of habitat
near the home reach and the occurrence of other obstructions to movement Thus any effort
aimed at examining watershed management effects on fish populations needs to consider the
effect of the watershed on the spatial structure of the network (e g , the distribution of habitat
condition) and on the level of connectivity between stream reaches
Our approach to examining the effects of network structure and connectivity will be to build a
spatially explicit network data structure that includes habitat quality and connectivity attributes
and which can be linked to specific biological response models Such a network structure could
be used in a number of ways For example, it might be desirable to conduct simulations of several
specific drainage networks, and to compare results between basins with high habitat quality and
low habitat quality Alternatively, it might be desirable to examine the effect of certain
watershed characteristics (e g, slope, catchment area, stream density) on fish dynamics by
systematically varying those characteristics using synthetic landscapes
Biological Response of Fish to Habitat and Stream Network EPA has responsibilities under the
Clean Water Act to restore and maintain the biological integrity of the Nation's waters
Therefore, it is desirable to understand how activities aimed at managing salmon would affect
other fish species, in particular, native fish To address these needs, field research and modeling
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efforts will be developed to examine how management actions would affect dynamics of various
fish groups This may include modeling at different levels of organization First, we would use
species-level models to examine the biological response of particular species to watershed and
network structure Models would be run separately for salmon and possibly a few other species
that are representative of different life history strategies This will allow us to examine how
salmon and fish with different habitat needs respond to a common set of management actions
Secondly, the biological response modeling could also include exploratory assemblage-level
modeling In this case the dynamic behavior being tracked is overall species richness, rather than
abundance of a particular species This allows us to examine community-level response to
management actions
The abstracts that follow further describe the above areas of research In addition, there is an
abstract that discusses salmon restoration issues This is a focus for WED that complements this
research project
TIMELINE: -Freshwater Streams:
In response to the development of the NHEERL Aquatic Stressors Framework, the freshwater
habitat project began planning discussions in late 2000 and has continued these discussions in
parallel with the finalization of the Aquatic Stressors Framework A detailed research
implementation plan for freshwater streams research will be developed and peer reviewed upon
the release of the Aquatic Stressors Framework in the fall of 2001
Products: - Freshwater Streams
The intended products of the freshwater stream project are currently pending, awaiting the
direction provided by the final release of the Aquatic Stressors Framework All research elements
described above are components of the Landscape Scale Habitat Research element of the Aquatic
Stressors Framework
Resources: - Freshwater Streams:
The Freshwater Habitat project research is supported by an approximately 10 5 FTE equivalent
effort Research funding consists currently of approximately $0 4M per year of research support
funds from WED This funding level represents a transitional funding level during project
development There is no above research support for this research area
References:
Bauer, S B and Stephen C Ralph 1999 Aquatic Habitat Indicators and their Application to
Water Quality Objectives within the Clean Water Act U S EPA Region 10, EPA 910-R-99-014
Carroll R , Augsberger C, Dobson A, Franklin J, Onans G, Reid W, Tracy R, Wilcove D, Wilson
J 1996 Strengthening the use of science in achieving the goals of the endangered species act an
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assessment by the Ecological Society of America Ecol Appl 6 1-11
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) 2000 From the Edge Science to
Support Restoration of Pacific Salmon National Science and Technology Council
Durning.AT 1996 The six floods World Watch November, December 1996 Pp 28-36
Worldwatch Institute, Washington D C
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Abstracts - Goal 2, Aquatic Stressors, Estuaries
1 Nutrient Effects - Food Webs
Food web stress response models
Peter Eldridge, Jim Kaldy, Scott Larned, Robert Ozretich, Anne Sigleo, and David Specht
Addition of excess nutrients into estuanne ecosystems typically results in major alterations in the
cycling of carbon and nutrients through the components of the food web We are developing an
estuanne food web model that will allow managers to identify critical food web flows where small
changes in a component can cascade through the ecosystem and result in eutrophication,
extinction of important habitats, or changes in ecosystem trophic structure To fully encompass
population, community, and ecosystem processes, the model uses natural abundance of carbon
(13C) and nitrogen (15N) stable isotopes to examine the relationships between organisms, habitats,
and the estuary ecosystem The model also incorporates other available data concerning organism
biomass production and transport within and external to the estuary The result is a full
description of carbon and nitrogen material flows in estuanes Separate models of estuaries
subjected to various types and levels of multiple stressors can be used to determine the
mechanistic links between stressors and effects within estuanes
The model can also be used to calculate metrics that define overall ecosystem state These
metrics (similar to diversity and commonness), are quite sensitive to changes in ecosystem
condition An example metnc is an index of ecosystem trophic efficiency that quantifies how
carbon and nutrients supplied to the estuary are passed thought the food web to the higher trophic
levels The more nutnents and carbon that move into higher trophic levels, the higher the nutrient
carrying capacity of the estuary Finally, the food web model can be used to evaluate the
dependencies of charismatic and recreational species on other components of the food web and
how these dependencies would be altered by changes in nutrient loading This knowledge will
provide managers with a early warning system to detect alterations in an ecosystem that if
unrecognized could lead to reductions or extinction of important species
Biogeochemistry and nutrient cycling in burrowing shrimp and seagrass habitats
Ted DeWitt, Tony D 'Andrea (NRC Postdoctoral Research Associate), and Scott Larned
In order to support development of estuanne food web stress response models for the Pacific
Northwest, it is essential to define the effects of critical ecosystem components on nutrient
cycling Burrowing thalassinid shrimp {Neotrypaea cahformensis, Upogebtapugettensis) and
seagrasses (Zostera marina, Z japomca) are the dominant ecosystem engineering species in the
region, and may have important influences on geochemical processes and nutrient fluxes between
the sediments and the water column Research is quantifying these processes in order to model the
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ecosystem-scale effects of loss or addition of these habitats on nutrient cycling and estuarine
water quality, and to quantify the roles of these species in estuarine food webs
Burrowing shrimp occur in dense beds (>300 m'2), dig extensive burrow systems (>1 m deep),
and can dominate >75% of the intertidal and shallow subtidal area of PNW estuaries A
combination of anoxic incubations, porewater peepers, and benthic chambers are used to measure
the effects of shrimp species, shrimp population density, season, and inter-estuary variability on
organic matter (OM) remineralization and nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface In
shrimp-dominated habitats the flux of reactive OM into sediments and the rate of sediment oxygen
uptake were -2-4 times greater, and the efflux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (NH4* N03)
from the sediments to overlying water was -2-20 times greater than areas lacking shrimp Our
data indicate high rates of nitrification and subsequent denitrification in Upogebia burrow walls
which can be significant in the removal of OM and N from the ecosystem Shrimp bioturbation
results in the rapid burial of macroalgae, benthic microalgae and other OM, leading to a large
inventory of reactive OM in sediments dominated by burrowing shrimp relative to "no-shrimp"
habitats The high flux of DIN in shrimp dominated habitats ensures that the products of
decomposition of the OM are recycled back to the overlying water, rather than accumulating in
the sediments as appears to occur in habitats lacking burrowing shrimp
Benthic chambers were used to determine the effects of Z marina and Z. japomca (a non-native
species) on seasonal and diel rates and directions of nutrient flux between the benthos and the
water column Flux rates were also compared among Z japomca beds of different biomasses,
and with unvegetated sediment Z japomca beds take up NH/ and nitrate year-round, and in
both daylight and darkness Unvegetated sediments released ammonium and nitrate during the
day, and took up nitrate at night The mean rate of nighttime DIN uptake by Z japomca beds
was an order of magnitude higher than that of unvegetated sediments It appears Z japomca
generates enough reducing power during the day to maintain rapid DIN uptake at night There
was little net flux of phosphate associated with either Z japomca beds or unvegetated sediment,
except during daytime runs at the highest temperatures of the year, when there was net phosphate
uptake by Z. japomca beds There were no differences in ammonium and phosphate flux rates
associated with Z japomca and Z. marina beds, but Z. marina beds took up nitrate at
significantly higher rates than Z japomca, on a per unit area basis
Quantification of nutrient flux rates from different estuarine habitat types will allow estimation of
the changes in functional properties of the estuary if habitat alteration takes place
Spatial and temporal patterns of water column chemistry
Robert Ozretich and Anne Sigleo
The development of the estuarine food web stress response model is being calibrated in Yaquina
Bay This model is intended as a tool to explore how anthropogenic changes in estuarine nutrient
loading alter the food web To support calibration of both the food web model and the SAV
stress response model, we are collecting an extensive time series of estuarine phosphate, silicate,
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nitrite, nitrite+nitrate, and ammonia concentrations at multiple sites in the Yaquina Bay estuarine
system with the goal of describing the spatiotemporal patterns A continuous monitor for nitrate
concentration has also been deployed at the freshwater end member of Yaquina Bay, and provides
a measure of nitrate input from the surrounding watershed every fifteen minutes River inputs of
nitrate occur primarily during winter periods of high rainfall, with very low values of nitrate
additions occurring during low rainfall, low flow summer months Interannual variation in nitrate
loadings from the watershed to the estuary are primarily the result of winter rainfall variation
2 Nutrient Effects - Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
Seagrass stress response modeling of Zostera spp.
Peter Eldridge, Jim Kaldy, Scott Larned, Robert Ozretich, Anne Sigleo, and Walt Nelson
The goal of this research is the development of a series of models to address the response of
seagrass to nutrient and other anthropogenic and natural stressors The principal model is time
dependent, mechanistic, and can predict changes in the biomass of the above- and below-ground
components of seagrass standing stock The seagrass model will be coupled to a sediment
diagenesis model which will allow prediction of changes in seagrass biomass resulting from
changes in deposition of organic matter to the sediments A seagrass physiology model is being
developed to assist in calibration of the principal seagrass model A third model will assess
variations in areal distribution of seagrasses in response to stressors The research effort will
couple field monitoring and direct experiments with model development to test the predicted
responses of seagrass to stressors
The seagrass models are a composite of numerical and empirical relationships that provide a
quantitative prediction of seagrass growth, loss or metabolism Each model component will be
tested individually and in concert with other relationships that make up the model For example,
light attenuation, direct sedimentation, and sediment toxicity may combine to control the
distribution and biomass of Zostera marina Because of the difficulty in controlling important
parameters in the natural environment, we plan to use mesocosm experiments to verify model
components
The seagrass models require a suite of biogeochemical and biophysical measurements such as
sediment geochemistry and nutrient concentrations which are being acquired from supporting field
work Data required for model development also includes long-term continuous monitoring of
parameters such as spectral lrradiance, temperature, salinity, and exposure during the tidal cycle
These data sets are required to determine if variability expressed in a system is a consequence of
natural stochasticity (e g , storm events) or true anthropogenic impacts
A primary research benefit will be a reduction in the uncertainty associated with setting seagrass
based nutrient criteria for coastal waters An improved understanding of the factors affecting
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nutrient-seagrass loss relationships will provide water quality managers with better tools to
manage nutrient input to our nations waters while protecting these important habitats
Disturbance factors limiting submerged aquatic vegetation.
Bruce Boese, Ted DeWitt, and David Young
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) in the Pacific Northwest is affected by multiple physical
disturbances including macroalgal accumulation, physical disruption by burrowing shrimp, and
human recreational activities To correctly model the responses of SAV to principle stressors of
concern, such as nutrients, the responses to these other potential stressors are being examined
Preliminary field experiments have demonstrated that bioturbation by Neotrypaea cahforniensis
result in the disappearance of Z japonica shoots Non-overlapping field distributions of N
cahforniensis and Z marina similarly suggest that disturbance by the shrimp can negatively affect
eelgrass Conversely, high densities of the shrimp Upogebia pugettensis and Z marina commonly
co-occur, suggesting either a neutral or positive interaction between these species Future
experiments will quantify the strengths and mechanisms of interactions between burrowing shrimp
and Zostera spp , including competition for space (Neotrypaea-se&grass) and facilitation by
nutrient enhancement or reduction of hydrogen sulfide (Upogebia-seagr&ss)
The effect of recreational clam harvesting on Z marina was experimentally tested by raking or
digging for clams in experimental 1-m2 plots Results indicated that clam raking did not
appreciably impact eelgrass biomass, primary production (leaf elongation), and percent cover In
contrast, clam digging reduced measures of eelgrass cover, above-ground biomass and below-
ground biomass made one month after the last of three monthly treatments Although differences
between control and treatment plots persisted ten months after the last clam digging treatment,
these differences were not statistically significant As only about 10% of the eelgrass of Yaquina
Bay is subjected to recreational clamming and as this activity is generally less intense than that
employed in this study, as a whole it is unlikely that recreational clamming has a major impact on
eelerass beds in the Yaquina estuary
Field work has shown that decomposition of the large seasonal accumulations of algae that occurs
in Yaquina Bay can increase the sediment sulfide concentrations to values reported to be toxic to
SAV Laboratory experiments to define dose response relationships for SAV and sulfides are
now being planned and the results will be used to evaluate the SAV stress response model
predictions for sediment chemistry alteration
Physical factors limiting submerged aquatic vegetation
Robert Ozretich, Anne Sigleo, David Specht, Bruce Boese, and Walt Nelson
The research goal is to define the factors that control distribution and abundance of seagrass
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(Zostera spp ) in Pacific Northwest estuaries to support stress response model development One
aspect of research is to define patterns of estuanne nutrient dynamics within Yaquina Bay, the
primary estuary being used in model development The annualized input to the estuary of
dissolved nitrate from the watershed is determined at the upper reach of the Yaquina River using
hourly readings from ion-specific electrodes Estimates of nitrate concentrations of dense
upwelled off shore water have been made from algorithms relating continuous records of local
upwelling index, salinity and temperature, and nitrate concentrations from discrete water samples
Data on other parameters is obtained by continuous monitoring of PAR, turbidity, temperature,
salinity and water depth at fixed station locations within Yaquina Bay in order to allow us to
determine the temporal variation (seasonal, monthly and daily) of factors influencing the in situ
light field In addition, continuous determinations of temperature within specific elevations in the
intertidal zone allow us to assess the potential effects of temperature on the vertical distribution of
seagrass and infaunal animals
Research on determination of the upper limit of Z. marina supports both the seagrass stress
response model and Goal 8 seagrass indicator development The impact of desiccation,
macroalgae, erosion, and light on the distribution of Z marina is being evaluated across tidal and
bathymetnc slope gradients Shoot number and canopy height were inversely related to tidal
height and slope steepness Tide height differences in leaf turnover rate may be related to summer
abrasion by macroalgae, desiccation during extreme low tide events, and winter wave/currents
Winter erosion appeared to limit the lower intertidal plants on steep slopes Laboratory
desiccation experiments showed that a 50% loss of wet wt inhibited blade recovery when
rehydrated Survivorship and growth of seagrass can be strongly influenced by microtopographic
features of the intertidal zone Thus, the interaction of several different physical factors appears
to control the upper intertidal boundary for Z marina
3 Habitat Alteration
Estimation of changes in habitat value at estuarine scale
Steven Ferraro, Faith Cole, David Young, David Specht, Ted DeWitt, and Tony D'Andrea (NRC
Postdoctoral Research Associate)
The goal of this research is to develop methods to predict estuanne scale changes tn relative
habitat value resulting from anthropogenic habitat alteration Pacific Northwest estuaries are
frequently dominated by a few species that are characterized as "ecosystem engineers", meaning
that their presence and activities strongly influence the physical, chemical, and biological attributes
of the surrounding estuarine ecosystem Two important types of ecosystem engineers are
seagrasses and burrowing shrimp Patches of seagrass stabilize the sediment, affect the
surrounding water column chemistry, and most importantly provide food and shelter for a wide
number of other estuarine organisms Burrowing shrimp also affect water column chemistry, and
are capable of extreme bioturbation of the sediment, resulting in the exclusion of seagrass and
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commercially important oysters To evaluate the ecological consequences of habitat alteration at
estuarine scale requires 1) the ability to estimate relative values of habitats through structural or
functional ecological measures, and 2) the ability to quantify habitat extent at estuarine scale
which requires remote sensing approaches Measuring the comparative areal extents occupied by
seagrass beds and burrowing shrimp may also be important direct indicators of overall estuarine
health (See Goal 8 poster on SAV indicators)
Assessing habitat value at the estuarine scale
Steven Ferraro, Faith Cole, Ted DeWitt, and Tony D 'Andrea (NRC Postdoctoral Research
Associate)
Habitat-based ecological risk assessments rely, m part, on estimates of the relative ecological
value of the habitats at risk Ecological value may be estimated both m terms of structural and
functional measures Methods being tested include relative habitat values with respect to
structural parameters associated with benthic macrofauna and nekton communities, and the
functional parameter of nutrient recycling associated with burrowing shrimp populations
Structural parameters are being assessed in major Pacific Northwest (PNW) estuarine habitats
including eelgrass, Atlantic cordgrass, burrowing shrimp, oyster, bare substrate, and undredged
subtidal areas
To evaluate structural parameters, benthic macrofaunal studies were conducted in Willapa Bay
and Grays Harbor (Washington), and Yaquina and Tillamook Bays (Oregon) Nekton
community studies were conducted in Yaquina Bay Results to date indicate some large (up to
100*) and temporally consistent differences in relative benthic macrofaunal community structural
metrics such as number of species, total abundance, and biomass among habitats Relative
habitat values have typically shown the following rank order Z japomca ~ oyster = Z marina >
Spartma > Upogebia > bare mud > Neotrypaea = bare sand = subtidal, undredged The results of
these studies will validate an approach to determining relative structural habitat values for large-
scale ecological risk assessments in PNW estuaries
Relative functional habitat value was compared for burrowing shrimp and bare sand habitats of
Yaquina Bay by examining patterns of geochemical fluxes between the sediments and the water
column Field measurements showed burrowing shrimp enhanced organic matter (OM)
remineralization 2-4* and dissolved inorganic nitrogen fluxes across the seawater interface 12*
relative to bare sand habitat (see Sediment Geochemistry poster) The ultimate goal is to be able to
scale measurements of fluxes due to individual shrimp, first to a description of benthic-pelagic
fluxes at the habitat patch scale, and finally to an estimation of relative functional role of shrimp in
determining estuarine water quality and eutrophication
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Remote sensing of estuarine habitats
David Young, Ted DeWitt, and David Specht
At the scale of a habitat patch up to that of the entire estuary, changes in habitat extent are a prime
indicator of response to stressors Two projects are using remote sensing to quantify spatio-
temporal changes in key intertidal and subtidal habitats in Pacific Northwest (PNW) estuaries The
first project combines false-color near-infrared aerial photography with digital photogrammetry to
delimit different vegetation habitats on exposed mud flats Both large (23 x 23 cm diapositive) and
small (35 mm) photographic formats are used The large format provides high resolution seasonal
images of the entire estuary, while the small format allows lower resolution images of selected sites
to be monitored monthly GPS-located ground surveys are conducted at several sites to provide
training data for the image analyst and independent data sets for assessment of the accuracy of
resultant habitat classifications A hybrid method combining automatic and manual classification of
the digital images has been developed to separate dense beds of eelgrass from those of the green
macroalgae
A companion study compares the ability of four hydroacoustic systems, underwater video, and
aerial photography (CIR) to accurately detect and classify habitats as seagrass-dominated,
burrowing shrimp-dominated, and sand or mud "no-shrimp" unvegetated habitats Preliminary
analysis of hydroacoustic data using a mine-detecting sonar showed 89% accuracy of uniquely
classifying seagrass habitat, 76% accuracy for classifying shnmp-dominated from "no-shnmp"
habitat, and less than 50% accuracy for classifying shrimp habitat by species or population density
Underwater video imagery accurately (>90%) classified seven different habitat types when the
sediment surface was not obscured by green macroalgae, but required laborious manual
transcription and interpretation of the data Preliminary photogrammetnc analysis of the CIR
imagery distinguished unvegetated shrimp-dominated habitat, unvegetated "no-shnmp" habitat,
and seagrass-dominated habitat, however, it is unclear whether aerial photography can usefully
distinguish areas dominated by specific shrimp species, or between high or low shrimp densities
Aerial CIR photography is also limited to mapping intertidal habitats Study results will be used
to select a remote sensing approach for mapping distributions of burrowing shrimp and "bare"
sediment habitats in the intertidal and subtidal, and for mapping subtidal seagrass distributions
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Abstracts - Goal 2, Aquatic Stressors, Freshwater Streams
Comparative Watershed Study
Jim Wiginglon, Joan Baker, Robbins Church, Jarta Compton, Scott Leibowitz, and Denis White
The Comparative Watershed Study will serve as the focal point for integrating field studies and
modeling, to evaluate the effects of human activities at the landscape and watershed scales on wild
Pacific salmon and native fish assemblages The study will involve a core of approximately 9
watersheds in the Coastal Ecoregion of Oregon The watersheds will be selected from 20
watersheds currently monitored by the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) and other
agencies to quantify total numbers of adult salmon returning to the watershed each year and the
total number of salmon smolts migrating out of the watershed each year The ratio of wild smolts
produced per adult (with a 2-year offset) provides an index of watershed-scale coho salmon
recruitment success The 9 watersheds will be selected to represent a gradient of recruitment
success, from little or no recruitment to relatively high numbers of smolts per adult
Using both field studies and fish response modeling, we will address two basic questions
1 Why do these watersheds differ in their coho salmon recruitment success"?
2 Do watersheds with low salmon recruitment also have depauperate fish assemblages9 Are
the causes for among-watershed variations in native fish assemblages the same as for
variations in salmon recruitment7
For question 1, initial efforts will concentrate on characterizing these 9 watersheds for factors that
may play a role in salmon recruitment success, such as differences in in-stream physical habitat
structure (e g , percent pools, large woody debris, gradient), elevated stream temperatures,
variations in nutrient availability/stream productivity, influence of hatcheries, barriers (e g ,
culverts), and freshwater fishing pressure Given the large effort required to quantify salmon
recruitment success, it's not surprising that ODFW and others are already expending substantial
effort on these watersheds, in particular on in-stream physical habitat, hatcheries, barriers, and
fishing pressure (creel surveys) EPA field efforts will be designed to complement work being
done by others, and will likely focus on temperature, nutrients and, to a lesser degree, stream flow
Some field work may also occur outside these 9 watersheds, to take advantage of particular
opportunities to enhance our understanding of the effects of these stressors (e g , to monitor
responses to additions of nutrients or salmon carcasses to streams by industrial forest owners)
The current coho population model (see associated fish modeling abstract) deals only with in-
stream physical habitat If field studies suggest that other factors are also important, starting in
year 3, EPA will take the lead in modifying the model as needed to help evaluate the combined
effects of multiple stressors on salmon recruitment success and long-term population viability As
we add complexity and additional factors to the salmon response model, does it increase our ability
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to accurately predict the measured among-watershed differences in recruitment success7
For question 2, fish sampling (electrofishing and/or snorkeling) will be conducted at selected sites
in each of the 9 watersheds to characterize the presence/absence of native fish species Observed
differences in fish community composition will be compared to (a) among-watershed differences in
coho salmon recruitment and (b) patterns of in-stream physical habitat, temperature,
nutrients/productivity, and barriers, using the same data collected for question 1 Data will be
statistically analyzed to assess associations The fish assemblage modeling (see associated fish
modeling abstract) will also be used to help interpret observed patterns Data for these 9
watersheds will be supplemented by statistical analysis of fish survey data collected in other areas
by EMAP and the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
Fish Modeling
Scott Leibowitz, Denis White, and Joan Baker
The purpose of the Fish Modeling sub-component is to examine the biological response of fish to
management activities aimed at improving salmon habitat, with a specific focus on the effects of
spatial structure and connectivity within streams Our approach is to adapt and develop models
that can provide meaningful results on a simpler set of questions in a 2 year time frame, and then to
continue model development so as to address more complex issues in the longer (5 year) term A
model of coho salmon developed by NMFS will be adapted to address questions of salmon
response, and an assemblage-level model will be developed to investigate how salmon management
activities might affect non-target native species The NMFS model is a stream reach model which
computes salmon numbers as a function of the local quality of overwintering habitat, basin-level
annual variability, and ocean-wide effects on adult survival Straying of returning spawners allows
recolonization of reaches that experience local extinctions This model is not spatially explicit, for
example, strays are distributed equiprobably to other reaches By adding a simplified, spatially
explicit network to the model, the effects of stream spatial structure and connectivity can be
investigated - through stray dispersal - without altering the fundamental structure of the model
(i e , requiring fish to be tracked between stream reaches) Such a modified model could be used
to address the importance of source-sink dynamics on salmon abundance and overall sustainability,
and how changes in habitat quality - through various management activities and natural variability,
e g , landslides - affect these source-sink dynamics A second question that this model could be
used to address would be the effect of competition from hatchery-raised fish on native coho
populations In the upcoming months, we will select one of these two options as the major focus
of the first two years of research The model would be run for the 9 watersheds described in the
Comparative Watershed Study sub-component At this point there is no easy way to incorporate
watershed level effects, such as land use change, into the model, this requires a better
understanding of how these watershed effects translate into changes in physical habitat (i e ,
channel width, gradient, beaver dams, and percent pools) Such information, along with effects of
nutrients and temperature, could possibly be included in the longer time frame depending on results
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from the Comparative Watershed Study sub-component and other on-going research The other
aspect that could be addressed in the longer time frame is to modify the model to explicitly track
reach to reach movement and movement between winter and summer habitat This could allow us
to determine if the spatial location of habitat quality is a significant factor
The coho modeling effort will eventually allow us to examine the effects of various management
strategies on coho abundance and survivability, and could provide a framework for prioritizing
where watershed management efforts should be sited Given EPA's responsibilities under the
Clean Water Act to protect and restore the biotic integrity of the nation's waters, it is desirable to
understand how management efforts targeted at salmon would impact other native fish
Exploratory work will be done to construct an assemblage-level model that tracks overall species
richness as a function of stream network and habitat characteristics Using the same watersheds
and spatial network developed for the salmon modeling effort will allow the assemblage modeling
to be run with the same spatial structure This will then allow a common set of management
scenarios to be run for both models, so that biological response of coho and the broader fish
assemblage can be compared
The efTects of stream nutrients on salmon and other native fishes
Robbins Church, Jana Compton, and Jim Wigmgton
The sustainability of Pacific Northwest (PNW) salmon runs is influenced by a suite of freshwater
factors, such as stream habitat, flow regimes, temperature and nutrient concentrations, as well as
climate-driven oceanic conditions and fishing pressure Researchers in the PNW have determined
that returning salmon provide nutrients (N and P) that maintain in-stream productivity and provide
food for juvenile salmon, and that declining runs of salmon has a negative feedback on salmon
populations in many rivers The link between salmon and nutrient availability leads to the
hypothesis that there is a positive relationship between salmon returns and stream nutrients, if all
other factors are the same We propose to examine the relationship between stream nutrients and
fish assemblages throughout a large scale (Oregon and Washington''), and at a smaller scale on the
Oregon Coast Range We will use two approaches, a large-scale correlative approach to examine
the link between stream chemistry and fish abundance, and manipulative experiments to determing
whether in-stream fertilization increases fish abundance and production in streams of low and high
nutrient concentrations
The Oregon Coast Range landscape has a variety of bedrock types and nitrogen supply, resulting
in tremendous variability in streamwater nutrient concentrations Using available stream chemistry
and fish data, we will determine whether the abundance and community composition of native
anadromous and non-anadromous fish in the PNW are related to stream nutrient concentrations
This information will also allow us to compare the role of different landscape factors (habitat, flow,
temperature and nutrients) in maintaining healthy salmon populations
Another link between stream chemistry and salmon runs is the role of salmon-derived nutrients in
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maintaining mstream productivity For decades, managers in British Columbia have been applying
inorganic fertilizers to streams and lakes m order to improve habitat quality for juvenile salmon
Stream nutrient fertilization is now being advocated throughout the range of salmon However,
there are many conflicting issues surrounding the fertilization of PNW streams with organic or
inorganic nutrients For example, stream nitrogen concentrations are highly variable in the Oregon
Coast Range (0-3 ppm nitrate-N), and stream fertilization could pose a water quality issue in some
of these watersheds Recognizing the underlying patterns in stream nutrient concentrations could
be helpful in determining where salmon carcass planting would be most successful and least
harmful Our ongoing work linking landscape factors to stream chemistry has determined that
stream nutrient concentrations are a function of nitrogen-fixing red alder coverage in the
watershed, and the proximity to the Pacific Ocean In some areas, physical habitat may be so
degraded that stream fertilization will have little effect We propose to examine the impact of three
types of stream fertilization (inorganic nutrients, synthetic organic nutrients, and salmon carcasses)
on salmon populations, chemistry and other biota (algal production, invertebrates) This research
will provide managers with information to determine the effects of instream fertilization on water
quality, and to determine whether this practice will improve salmon habitat
Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest
Robert T Lackey
Throughout the Pacific Northwest (northern California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and the
Columbia Basin portion of British Columbia), many wild salmon stocks (a group of interbreeding
individuals that is roughly equivalent to a "population") have declined and some have disappeared
Substantial efforts have been made to restore some runs of wild salmon, but few have shown much
success
Society's failure to restore wild salmon is a policy conundrum characterized by (1) claims by a
strong majority to be supportive of restoring wild salmon runs, (2) competing societal priorities
which are at least partially mutually exclusive, (3) the region's rapidly growing human population
and its pressure on all natural resources (including salmon and their habitats), (4) entrenched
policy stances in the salmon restoration debate, usually supported by established bureaucracies,
(5) society's expectation that experts should be able to solve the salmon problem by using a
technological scheme and without massive cultural or economic sacrifices (e g., life style changes),
(6) use of experts and scientific "facts" by political proponents to bolster their policy positions, (7)
inability of salmon scientists to avoid being placed in particular policy or political camps, and (8)
confusion in discussing policy options caused by couching policy preferences in scientific terms or
imperatives rather than value-based criteria
Even with definitive scientific knowledge, which will never be complete or certain, restoring most
wild salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest to historic levels will be arduous and will entail
substantial economic costs and social disruption required Ultimate success cannot be assured
Given the appreciable costs and social dislocation, coupled with the dubious probability of success,
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candid public dialog is warranted to decide whether restoration of wild-salmon is an appropriate,
much less feasible, public policy objective Provided with a genuine assessment of the necessary
economic costs and social implications required for restoration, it is questionable whether a
majority of the public would opt for the pervasive measures that appear necessary for restoring
many runs of wild salmon
Through the 21" century, there will most likely continue to be appreciable annual variation in the
size of salmon runs, accompanied by the decadal trends in run size caused by periodic changes in
climatic and oceanic conditions, but many, perhaps most, stocks of wild salmon in the Pacific
Northwest likely will remain at their current low levels or continue to decline in spite of heroic,
expensive, and socially turbulent attempts at restoration Thus, it is likely that society is chasing
the illusion that wild salmon runs can be restored to the Pacific Northwest to anything
approximating the 1850 level without massive changes in the number and lifestyle of its human
occupants, changes that society shows little willingness to seriously consider, much less implement
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Effects of Pesticides on Non-Target Plant Communities
GPRA Goal 4: Preventing Pollution and Reducing Risk in Communities, Homes,
Work Places, and Ecosystems, Objective 4 3 Safe Handling and Use of Commercial
Chemicals and Microorganisms, Sub-Objective 4 3 4 Research to Support Reducing Risks in
Communjties, Homes, Work Places, and Ecosystems Human Health and Ecological Risk
Assessment
EPA is responsible for implementing the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FEFRA) These laws give EPA the responsibility to
register chemicals and various biologically-active "agricultural" substances to ensure their safe
use, and ensure that humans and ecological systems remain healthy after these substances have
been approved for use In the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD), the Safe
Communities Ecological Effects Research Program addresses these risk issues The purpose of
this research program is to evaluate the effects of environmental exposures and their
consequences on wildlife and plant species for both individual anthropogenic stresses and
combinations of anthropogenic and natural stresses Through this research program, ORD
develops the methods to evaluate effects that are used in the regulation of pesticides and toxic
substances in ecosystems Both TSCA and FIFRA mandate that EPA issue test methods
guidelines, and that those guidelines be periodically updated to incorporate scientific advances
This research program will develop and validate methods and models to identify, characterize,
predict and assess ecological effects, and will culminate in more holistic risk assessment and risk
management strategies for use by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) and the Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT)
Agency Problem:
In recent years, with the rapid advances made in molecular genetics, highly-specific, low-dose
pesticides are being developed Such compounds pose new concerns for the Agency since current
testing guidelines are inadequate to address the wide variety of new ecological circumstances that
are possible because of the use of these compounds Typically, application rates of these lose-
dose substances are such that traditional, chemical analytical methods fail to detect the
compounds in the environment One example of a new class of compounds that has heightened
this concern is SU (sulfonylurea) herbicides Historically, EPA registration test guidelines focused
on the initial life stages of plants to assess effects of pesticides The SU herbicides target
physiological processes involved with the reproductive stages of plants Thus, under current test
guidelines, SU herbicides were successfully registered for use It was determined after their
commercial release that detrimental ecosystem effects are possible Two critical issues have been
expressed by the pesticides program office concerning this new generation of pesticides 1) new
evaluation methods for the registration process, and 2) new methods to identify the presence and
ecological consequences, of releasing such low-dose herbicides
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Science Questions:
EPA is faced with two ecological, scientific questions concerning pesticides and toxic substances
1) What are the relevant, efficient and up-to-date test guidelines to use in the registration process
to evaluate new chemicals''
2) How can these low-dose compounds be detected in the environment in order to provide
continued oversight of their use and safety after they have been released commercially9
Both of these scientific questions apply to both target and non-target species, including plants and
animals, with both direct and indirect exposures to pesticides or toxic chemicals Regardless of
the species of interest (i e , assessment endpoints), inherent in the evaluations is the necessity to
include supporting ecosystem components and processes
Approach:
Research planning within NHEERL to formulate a long-term research approach to address EPA's
needs concerning pesticides is currently underway However, based on preliminary discussions
between scientists and managers in ORD and OPP the pressing research needs appear to center
around risk assessment uncertainties associated with pesticide registration, with bird populations
and non-target plants as primary assessment endpoints WED is the only division with the
capability in ORD to address plant effects The goal of WED's program will likely be to improve
the ecological risk assessment process for non-target plants A key area of uncertainty is the effect
of low-dose, high-potency herbicides on physiological processes and soil systems associated with
non-target plant communities Hence, at this point in time, WED will initially focus goal 4 efforts
on 1) reviewing, evaluating and filling in gaps in OPP's Plant Toxicity Test Guidelines, 2)
determining the mechanisms of action of low-dose, high potency herbicides, and 3) develop
appropriate methods, including molecular markers, that can be used in the FIFRA registration
process
Research Capabilities
Due to the preliminary nature of the research planning process, we are unable to discuss a specific
research approach to this Agency problem The following, however, discusses WED's capabilities
we feel will be useful in conducting this research
During 2001, WED researchers have been identifying research methods which can potentially be
used to address these scientific problems while participating in the NHEERL planning process
The following activities have been identified by WED scientists as possible research efforts The
research areas discussed here represent a range of possibilities within the capabilities of this
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division The NHEERL planning process and ultimately, peer review, will provide the
information that will focus this research during implementation
For the first two activities initial, "proof-of-concept" research has begun to prepare for a greater,
long-term undertaking These efforts are discussed here and presented as posters Efforts on the
other activities are in the conceptual stage, and are meant to be presented as ideas during the
planning process
Research activities that are represented with posters are indicated One poster (Activity 1)
presents on-going evaluations and development of new potential molecular biology-based testing
techniques The other poster presents results from past WED research on the adequacy of current
registration test guidelines (Activity 2)
11 Assessing molecular methods for pesticides research A new generation of high-toxicity, low
dose herbicides has been developed that severely compromises our ability to protect non-target
plant populations, plant communities, and ecosystems from the damaging effects of herbicide
drift These "designer" herbicides are tailored to kill a narrow range of target species and can be
used in many formulations High-toxicity, low-dose herbicides are used at concentrations
undetectable in the atmosphere with standard chemical analyses and their residue on target and
non-target organisms is not detectable with standard chemical analyses Our inability to detect the
presence of these herbicides in the field makes it impossible to determine if they are responsible
for damage that may appear in non-target plants in adjacent fields or non-agricultural areas after
application To protect non-target plants and ecosystems from drifting herbicides, new highly
sensitive and herbicide-specific testing and evaluation methods are needed
The high-toxicity, low-dose herbicides are designed to affect specific enzyme pathways in the
target plants which gives low mammalian toxicity and allows them to be used without damaging
crops of interest This molecular basis of effect provides a new highly-sensitive and -specific
approach for testing and monitoring pesticide effects on non-target organisms We propose to
use the recent and rapid development of molecular biology-based methods to develop new tools
to assist OPP in their pre-license testing, and to develop methods to determine if high-toxicity,
low-dose herbicides are the cause of damage to non-target organisms We will develop molecular
techniques for screening tests and methods to assess impacts on non-target organisms
We will assess molecular methods potentially applicable to pre-license testing of high-toxicity,
low-dose herbicides, and for assessing damage caused by non-target dnft of those compounds in
the field Initially in developing molecular methods, we will evaluate four broad areas
a) Initial screening tests to identify genes affected bv pesticides -We will use a messenger-
RNA microarray technique to screen for effects of pesticides on gene expression
b) Tracking genes responsible for specific ecosystem functions in environmental samples -
Herbicide drift can affect critical functions within ecosystems The presence of specific
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genes responsible for key ecosystem processes in environmental samples will be detected,
tracked and quantified using a variety of molecular techniques
c) Tracking affected organisms - The ability to track whole organisms affected by
pesticides will be useful in assessing non-specific, lethal and non-lethal pesticide effects on
non-target ecosystems This approach is particularly useful for organisms which are not
easily tracked by traditional gross, morphological methods
d) Tracking changes in the genetic diversity of populations/communities (tracking genes
and organisms simultaneously') - While a species may not disappear due to pesticide
exposure, a reduction in genotypic diversity can occur unnoticed at the species, whole
organism level Thus, a genetic bottleneck might occur, thereby potentially affecting the
species' relative ability to compete for niche space, and withstand future anthropogenic
stresses At the ecosystem level, such reductions in genetic diversity have the potential to
reduce system productivity, stability and sustainability One focus of this work will be to
evaluate changes in genetic diversity (at the species level) by tracking the genes in
individuals of a species We will assess methods used among geneticists and plant
breeders as they track specific alleles in populations and/or communities
2) Development of Risk Assessments at the Population. Community and Ecosystem Levels
Within EPA,OPPTS is responsible for the registration and re-registration of pesticides under
FIFRA and other chemicals under TSCA The protection of non-target plants is EPA's
responsibility under these Acts
Effects research will be designed to address significant gaps in the existing plant testing scheme
and in the transport of pesticides and other toxicants through ecosystems The latter processes
cause high levels of uncertainty for making assessments of risk in terrestrial and aquatic systems
Key uncertainties related to plants include whether a) crop plants can serve as surrogates for non-
crop or native plant species, b) annual plants can serve as surrogates for perennial or woody
plants, c) terrestrial vascular plants can serve as surrogates for emergent rooted aquatic vascular
plants, d) one taxonomic group of plants can represent other taxa, e) monocot macrophytes can
serve as surrogates for dicots, f) there is a correlation between early growth toxicity and
reproduction or survival, g) there is/are a most/more sensitive plant stage(s) of growth, h) the
choice of endpoints is dependant on the chemical mode of action, i) laboratory results can be
extrapolated to field conditions, and j) the appropriate species are being used for modeling and
monitoring efforts
Work in this component of the project will be designed to provide a) data relevant for predicting
pesticide impacts, b) test material for detecting biochemical and molecular markers for pesticides
Additionally, the work will include endpoints, such as indicators of ecosystem structure and
function, and linking them to efforts to extrapolate to larger scales to make risk assessments on
using pesticides and toxic substances This latter activity will emphasize impacts of pesticides on
wildlife through habitat alteration
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Specific effects research activities are
a) Identify whole-plant test species - Research will establish how plant species selected for
testing represent specific segments of the overall taxonomic and ecological diversity
present in affected ecosystems Criteria for selecting the families/species to be used in
pesticide testing will be a) species' sensitivity to pesticides using toxicity, or non-target
incidents data , b) species' role to serve as important sources of food for wildlife, c) the
likelihood a species will be recommended for phytotoxic testing in the literature, c)
whether a species is already being tested for reproductive endpoints, and d) whether a
species is sufficiently common so it can be easily acquired
b) Develop higher level plant tests - Research will be done to develop plant reproductive,
life cycle and field tests that have relevant endpoints for risk assessments
c) Physiological and biochemical endpoints - Targeted research will be done to improve upon
the toxicological plant physiological database Areas of concern include a) plant response to
different classes of chemicals, b) plant's ability to degrade toxicants, c) cross-taxonomic
differences in toxicant uptake and response, and d) the physiological basis for differential
sensitivity to toxicants
d) Soil processes governing plant responses to pesticides - Research will be done on soil
processes and organisms controlling pesticide entry into and elimination from plants, soil and
sediment foodwebs These webs represent the key functions in ecosystems, and therefore, are
important for determining effects of pesticides that may occur into food supplies for wildlife
and humans Controlled mesocosm work where pesticides can be labeled with stable isotopes
and tracers linked to field studies is recommended
3) Linking Physiology with Modes of Action to Assess Risks to Non-Target Communities and
Ecosystems Efficient use of pesticides is consistent with the mandate specified by FIFRA by
reducing the risk of unnecessary exposure to human health and the environment Variability in
biological, ecological and physical conditions have been shown to influence a) the susceptibility of
plants to pests, and b) the size and distribution of pest populations themselves Understanding
this variability can lead to the development of predictive models to maximize the effect of
pesticides while minimizing their application rates For example, research has shown that some
plants are more susceptible to attack by insects and plant pathogens when they are physiologically
weakened, while other plants are more susceptible when growing rapidly and are healthy
Although the reasons behind increased susceptibility to pests are poorly understood, growers
frequently control the effects of increased susceptibility by increasing the use of pesticides
Increased use of pesticides occurs frequently when the affected plants have some commercial
value
Mechanisms of increased susceptibility in response to stress are poorly understood, however, they
are often linked with energy availability (photosynthate) for the synthesis of defense compounds
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(secondary metabolites) Plants allocate energy to secondary metabolite synthesis after
maintenance and growth needs are met Therefore, stresses that reduce net carbon fixation may
result in insufficient energy for secondary metabolite synthesis, increasing plant susceptibility to
pest attack It has also been suggested that stressed plants release aldehyde compounds that may
serve as chemical attractants [as jointly proposed by WED and the Human Safety Division (HSD)
as part of the cross-divisional NHEERL Synergy program] Stresses that are known to increase
plant susceptibility to certain insects and pathogens include ozone, elevated C02, drought, high
temperature, nutrient deficiency, and competition
Alternatively, some plants are most susceptible to pest attack when rapidly growing and healthy
Increased susceptibility in these cases may be related to tissue 'quality' For example, heavy
fertilization to promote plant growth can make foliage nutrient-rich, and more palatable to certain
insect predators
Understanding the factors that lead to increased plant susceptibility to diseases and pests will
allow reduced pesticide applications Many farmers are intuitively aware of conditions that favor
insect or disease outbreaks, yet a limited number of assessment tools are currently available to
assist them in the selection and timing of pesticide applications We are proposing to conduct
field and laboratory research to a) understand underlying mechanisms leading to increased
susceptibility to pests and disease, and b) modify existing plant growth models in order to allow
better prediction of factors that lead to pest outbreaks These models will then be used to
produce (annual, seasonal) vulnerability estimates for a range of economically and ecologically
important plant species By using the results of the research, growers will know when crops are
most susceptible to pests, and conversely, when pesticide application may not be necessary,
leading to reduced use and more targeted applications of pesticides
Data derived from this research project will link to that conducted under Goal 8 1 2 Sound
Science Processes and Modeling In particular, two other proposed research activities would be
incorporated into Goal 8 1 2 research
- Develop GIS as a Tool for Species Selection, and Identifying and Monitoring Location of Plant
Communities and Wildlife Habitats at Risk from pesticide use
-Conduct Probabilistic Assessments of Risks to Ecosystems Associated with Pesticide Use
These activities will be introduced to the planning process as appropriate
Time line:
The "proof-of-concept" work on molecular ecology techniques is anticipated to take 1 -2 years
Additional molecular work will be done in the latter years in conjunction with the other activities
in the project The GIS technique development is also expected to be a 1-2 effort The research
on effects of plants and ecosystem processes, and the issues of susceptibility to pesticides is
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expected to take 3-4 years Much of this time line and specific research foci are dependent on the
outcome of the NHEERL implementation planning process
Products:
FY 02 - 03 Initial assessments of molecular procedures and preliminary, modified, molecular
ecology procedures for use in screening tests and as methods to assess impacts on non-target
plant communities and supporting ecosystems
FY03 WED is responsible for the following APM An evaluation and recommendations for
upgrading test guidelines pertaining to non-target species in agricultural crop systems
FY 03 A system of maps that includes overlays of current patterns of pesticide use, anticipated
use patterns, climate (especially wind speed), crops, natural vegetation, endangered plant/animal
species, water resources and wildlife habitats/ranges
FY 04 and 05 Identify effects of pesticides on ecosystems processes relevant for predicting
pesticide impacts to plant communities and wildlife habitat including recommendations for test
material for detecting biochemical and molecular markers for pesticides
FY 06 - 07 1) Results of field and laboratory research to understand underlying mechanisms
leading to increased susceptibility to pests and disease, and modify existing plant growth models
in order to allow better prediction of factors that lead to more efficient use of pesticides 2)
Probabilistic assessments of risks to ecosystems associated with pesticide use (See section Goal
8-062 Process Modeling-Effects)
Resources:
FY 02 - 4 FTE Allocation of resources in subsequent years will be dependent on the outcome of
the NHEERL implementation planning process, the actual scope of the project will be sized
accordingly
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Abstracts: Goal 4: Plant Effects Research
Molecular Methods In Pesticides Effects Research
Lidia S Watrud, Paul Rygiewicz, L. Arlene Porteous, Kendall Martin and Brenda Shaffer
Molecular methods can provide highly sensitive and specific approaches for testing and
monitoring pesticide effects on non-target organisms We will assess molecular methods
potentially applicable to pre-license testing of high-toxicity, low-dose herbicides, and for assessing
damage caused by non-target drift of those compounds in the field In the portion of the
Pesticides Project which deals with developing molecular detection methods, we propose to focus
on the following areas
Focus 1 Initial screening tests to identify genes affected bv pesticides We will use a messenger
RNA microarray technique to screen for effects of pesticides on gene expression
Focus 2 Tracking genes responsible for specific ecosystem functions in environmental samples
Herbicide drift can affect critical functions within ecosystems The presence of specific genes
responsible for key ecosystem processes in environmental samples will be detected, tracked and
quantified using a variety of molecular techniques
Focus 3 Tracking affected organisms The ability to track whole organisms affected by pesticides
will be useful in assessing non-specific, lethal and non-lethal pesticide effects on non-target
ecosystems This approach is particularly useful for organisms which are not easily tracked by
traditional gross, morphological methods
Focus 4 Tracking changes in the genetic diversity of populations/communities ("tracking genes
and organisms simultaneously) While a species may not disappear due to pesticide exposure, a
reduction in genotypic diversity can occur unnoticed at species, whole organism level Thus, a
genetic bottleneck might occur, thereby potentially affecting the species relative ability to compete
for niche space, and withstand future anthropogenic stresses At the ecosystem level, such
reductions in genetic diversity have the potential to reduce system productivity, stability and
sustainability One focus of this work will be to evaluate changes in genetic diversity (at the
species level) by tracking the genes in individuals of a species We will assess methods used
among geneticists and plant breeders as they track specific alleles in populations and/or
communities
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Low-Dose, High-Toxicity Herbicides on Non-Target Plant Reproduction
Tom Pfleeger, John Fletcher, Hilman Ratsch, and Bob Hayes
In response to environmental problems associated with traditional pesticides such as persistence,
and non-selective effects, pesticide manufactures started to introduce new classes of herbicides in
the mid 1980's These new herbicides, the first of which were the sulfonylureas, were applied at
concentrations at a fraction of traditional pesticides For example, Glean is applied at a rate of 1/3
02 per acre where as 2,4-D is applied at 2 5 lbs per acre The first problem arising was the new
herbicides could not be detected in the environment if they moved off target In fact, in many
cases they cannot be detected on the targeted crop Traditional methods for determining the
source of plant damage from off target movement of pesticides no longer worked and the affected
growers no longer could prove their cases in court
In the late 1980's south-central Washington growers repeated complaints to EPA Region X led
Regions X's Karl Arne to request assistance from WED John Fletcher toured the affected areas
in Washington and visited with growers Of the various complaints registered, the one that drew
the most concern was the diminished reproductive output of many crop plants This was of
concern because prior to pesticide registration many tests are required by the registrant to prove
the safety of the product but no test is required on plant reproduction In fact, the plant testing
portion is very minimal consisting of seedling emergence and early seedling growth lasting at no
longer than 28 days There was concern that the new herbicides may be producing a serious
environmental effect that was not being picked up in the registration process
With a small amount of funding from Region X, we started to investigate the effects of
sulfonylureas on cherry fruit Cherries were selected as they were one of crops affected in the
Horse Heaven Region of Washington Our findings are listed below, but the major point was that
the growers concerns were justified, something that could not be shown except under controlled
conditions Our methods were crude and were routinely criticized by industry for the inability to
quantify the amounts of chemical residing on plant tissue We won a major capital equipment
improvement grant and purchased a track sprayer This allowed the application of an exact
amount of pesticide to be delivered to plant tissues With the track sprayer, we expanded our
work to include several taxonomically diverse species This work validated our earlier work and
determined the window of vulnerability when plant reproduction was susceptible Our work was
further validated by researchers at Washington State University
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EMAP-Bioassessment Research and Development Project
EMAP-Western Coastal Project
Coal 8.1.1 Ecosystems Research - Monitoring Research Developing
indicators, monitoring systems, and designs for measuring the exposures of ecosystems to
multiple stressors, and the resultant responses of ecosystems at local, regional, and
national scales
agency Problem
Monitoring and Reporting: EPA's Office of Water is responsible for reporting on the
condition of the Nation's waters (i e, what has been the cumulative effect of all the laws,
regulations and policies affecting aquatic systems) and for conducting an assessment of the
relative importance of stressors having an impact on them The Clean Water Act requires,
under section 305(b), that the States report to EPA and that EPA report these findings to
Congress Under GPRA, Office of Water has provided goals that also require the ability
to report on the extent to which all waters in the Nation support their designated uses
Over the past 30 years, EPA has repeatedly been criticized for producing reports that the
Agency knows do not reflect the condition of our Nation's waters The monitoring that
provides this information is collected by the States, reported to EPA and then summarized
for Congress The Agency problem is that EPA must provide the tools and the guidance
that would allow the States to monitor the condition of all their waters in such a way that
EPA could aggregate this information into a defensible description of all the Nation's
waters EMAP was established as a research program within ORD to fill this void
Science Questions:
WED has the lead responsibility for developing the tools necessary for the States to
monitor and assess all freshwater systems (lakes, streams, and wetlands) within the State
WED also has the responsibility for contributing to the development of these tools, along
with other parts of NHEERL, for estuarine and coastal systems In order to monitor and
assess all waters, 3 sets of tools are necessary biological indicators of condition, survey
designs, and indicators of anthropogenic stresses The major science questions are
1 What are effective indices of ecological condition in freshwater ecosystems and
what reference condition(s) should they be compared against9
2 What sample survey design(s) will allow inference from the sample of surface
waters to all surface waters in a State or Region9
3 What are the primary indicators of anthropogenic stress that can be used in a
monitoring effort7
4 How are these three sets of tools brought together to produce an effective
assessment of condition and relative ranking of stressors9
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approach
EMAP is a program within the EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) for
which NHEERL has the lead Within NHEERL, WED and MED (Duluth ecology
division) are the primary divisions working on inland aquatic systems with WED providing
the overall leadership For coastal components of EMAP, Gulf Breeze (GED),
Narragansett (AED) and Corvallis (WED) are all active participants with GED providing
the overall leadership and WED playing a key role in implementing the coastal
components of the western pilot
Development of the monitoring tools necessary to conduct comprehensive assessments of
the condition of surface waters in the U S occurs in two major areas, with research
designed to answer the four science questions (above) occuring in one or both areas
Research on indicators and indicator development, discussed in more detail below, focuses
on developing conceptual models of indicator response to anthropogenic stress, finding
effective indices of ecological condition that correspond to the elements of the conceptual
models, testing the indicators (to see that they are practical, responsive and repeatable),
and creating valid estimates of reference conditions for each indicator so that their
responses to stress can be evaluated against a known benchmark Research on statistical
design and analysis, also described in more detail below), is focused on developing and
improving sample survey designs for a variety of resources (streams, rivers, lakes and
wetlands) and on developing the statistical tools (e g , population estimates, estimates of
variability) necessary to evaluate the indicator data collected in surveys
Indicator Research and Development Research
The development of indicators occurs in several stages The first is the development of
conceptual models that hypothesize the important characteristics (metrics or indices) of
the biological communities and their expected response to varying natural changes and
anthropogenic alterations These conceptual models provide a foundation for scientifically
evaluating the subsequent data analyses
The second stage is the evaluation (i e , testing) of the response of the biological
communities (i e , the individual metrics and indices selected based on the conceptual
models) to univariate and multivariate gradients The gradients selected are again based
on the conceptual models These analyses either confirm the expected response of the
metrics based on the conceptual models or, in some cases, cause us to reevaluate the
conceptual models
The third stage is to distinguish between the portion of the response resulting from natural
variation and anthropogenic alterations We know, for example, that biological
communities vary across the country based on their historical biogeography and many
patterns can be explained by these biogeographic variations One would not want to
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interpret some patterns as evidence of anthropogenic disturbance when they are actually a
result of natural conditions based on biogeography Other natural factors such as
elevation and gradient impact the patterns seen in biological conditions Again these
patterns must be accounted and factored out of the signal of human disturbance we are
trying to detect Watershed area, stream flow, and channel morphology are among the
factors that are natural and represent gradients that must be muted out when looking for
the signal of human disturbance
The final stage is the development of the reference conditions against which current
conditions can be compared and upon which the evaluation of impairment will be based
Concurrent with the development of condition indicators based on biological
measurements is the development of indicators of physical, chemical, hydrologic and
habitat characteristics These indicators undergo a similar development process and a
parallel set of steps Within the indicator research and development portion of the projects
the priorities fall in the same order as the stages described above
The EMAP Western Coastal Project has adopted a set of indicators of environmental
condition derived from experience in east coast estuaries PCEB is evaluating additional
indicators of relevance to western estuaries, including seagrass distribution, degree of
invasion by nonindigenous species (NTS), benthic amphipod composition, and
morphometric perturbations of juvenile flatfish (see poster abstracts for further
descriptions)
Design and Analysis Research and Development
Research and development in the design and analysis portion of the project focuses
primarily on the development of survey designs and the analytical tools to interpret data
resulting from such surveys The first stage in this process is the development of the
sample survey tools, including global grids and hierarchical process for selecting
representative samples of varying sizes with varying spatial resolution and the algorithms
for estimating variance of survey results
The second stage is development of straightforward tools to select survey samples of
specified characteristics that can be transferred to the regions and states
The third stage of our research and development on design and analysis requires the
intersection of information from the indicator research and development and design
features The data on variability of indicators is analyzed in the context of specific survey
designs to determine the ability of the combined features of indicators and designs to
describe status and detect trends
The final stage of design and analysis research is the development of approaches for
evaluating the relative ranking of stressors impacting aquatic systems Priorities in the
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design and analysis research and development component of this project parallel the four
phases of the work outlined above
Regional Demonstration Studies
One of the unique features of this EMAP is that the two sets of tools must be brought
together and demonstrated in real world conditions with the EPA Regions and States
This demonstration of the tools in regional studies such as the Mid-Atlantic Integrated
Assessment (MAIA) EMAP-West, Regional-EMAP, TEME/LTM (Temporally Integrated
Monitoring of Ecosystems/Long-Term Monitoring) and State monitoring programs allows
us to evaluate the effectiveness of our research and development efforts in actually
meeting the needs of our clients and partners In addition to serving as a demonstration
ground for the application of our research, these demonstration projects result in data that
then feeds back into our research and development efforts to evaluate assumptions and
hypotheses in order to refine our approaches This cyclic feedback between our research
and development activities and real world applications ensures that our research and
development is focused on the critical pathways to improved monitoring and assessment
Moreover, constant interaction with the EPA client of our research is achieved via this
process
EMAP-West
As described above, a unique feature of this project is that the data for the research is
collected via large collaborative regional studies These regional studies also serve as the
focal point for bringing the tools together to demonstrate them in real world situations that
result in assessments intended for application in Regional, State and Tribal management
decisions The first regional study of this type was the Mid-Atlantic Integrated
Assessment study (MAIA) The current regional study is EMAP-West For inland
aquatic systems, particularly streams and rivers, this is a collaborative effort with the three
western EPA Regions and the twelve western states Working with these organizations,
over 1200 locations will be sampled for indicators of stream and river biological quality as
well as indicators of human disturbance or stress to the systems The Pacific Coastal
Ecology Branch is leading the effort for coastal systems which is a collaborative effort
between NHEERL, Regions 9 & 10 and the five coastal States, including Hawaii and
Alaska These data are then used in our research on indicators, design and analysis and
the results will be incorporated into State, Tribal, Regional and West-wide assessments as
prototypes of desirable 305(b) reports for the Agency EMAP Western Coastal Data will
also be included in a major report on the condition of coastal resources of the United
States
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Timeline:
The EMAP-Bioassessment Research and Development Project has been operating since
1990 It has evolved from (1) studies on lakes in the northeastern United States to (2)
surveys of streams and rivers in the mid-Atlantic region of the U S and (3) now the
western EMAP study The EMAP-West study of aquatic inland resources began in 1999
with an evaluation of the stream and river resource as represented by River Reach File,
Version 3 (RF3) and the current National Hydrologic Database (NHD) Field sample
collections began in 2000 and will continue through 2003 with 2004 and 2005 devoted to
data analysis and assessment activities The EMAP Western Coastal Project began with
sampling at 210 sites in the small coastal estuaries of Washington, Oregon and California
in 1999 Sampling at 150 sites within the larger estuanne systems (Puget Sound, Columbia
River, San Francisco Bay) was completed in 2000 Hawaii and Alaska will conduct
sampling in 2001 and 2002 Sampling of emergent marshes and the continental shelf, both
of which represent new resource types for the EMAP Coastal program, will be sampled
along the West Coast in 2002-2003
Products:
The products resulting from this project include tools, data and assessments The tools
will include biological indicators and a process for setting the expectation or reference
conditions against which to evaluate the indicators It will also include a prioritized set of
indicators of anthropogenic stress that can be associated with biological quality As
important as the specific indicators will be the process for their development and
evaluation We know that aquatic biota vary across the country So it is important that
we have a consistent process for developing and evaluation the relevant biological
measures that are appropriate for each region Monitoring designs and a design
development process are also critical tools to be developed in this project While
developing and demonstrating these tools is important, it is equally critical that we devote
the time necessary for transferring these technologies to the Regions, States and Tribe
who will ultimately have the responsibility for conducting this type of monitoring long
term
EMAP-West and the EMAP/Bioassessment Project will also result in the largest
consistent and comprehensive dataset of stream ecological condition yet collected in the
western U S The effort and resources required to produce a validated dataset of this
type, with data for fish assemblage structure, macro-invertebrate relative abundance, algal
composition and biomass, and a comprehensive description of chemical and physical
stream and riparian habitat, are seldom sufficiently recognized
The other products will be the actual assessments that result from the surveys in the West
The mid-Atlantic streams and rivers work resulted in a report providing an assessment of
the condition of streams in the mid-Atlantic highlands This document is already being
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used to structure discussions about management and restoration directions in this region
of the country Similarly for the inland aquatic resources study, we intend to work
collaboratively with our partners to ensure that three levels of assessment are completed
State, Regional and West-wide The coastal resources studies will also provide reports of
condition at the state, region, and west-wide levels, but will also provide data for the
National Coastal Assessment which report on the coastal resources condition for the
nation The first state level reports for the coastal studies are targeted for completion by
the end of 2001 These assessments can be viewed as examples of what is possible to
produce via the Office of Waters 305(b) report to Congress when these indicator, design
and analysis tools are adopted
Resources:
Inland Aquatic Systems - This research currently is being conducted with 17 3 FTE, with
11 3 focused on bioassessment issues and 6 on EMAP-West Available to them is
$1 05M of research support funds and $3 18M above-infrastructure support This later
figure is used primarily to conduct the field surveys and manage the data produced across
the 12 western states, above-infrastructure funding is largely transferred via cooperative
agreements to the States
Estuanne Systems - The EMAP Western Coastal project and estuanne indicator research
is supported by an approximately 5 FTE equivalent effort Research funding consists of
approximately $0 3M per year of infrastructure funds from WED The regional field
sampling efforts are supported by $1 5M per year of above-infrastructure support
administered through the Gulf Ecology Division
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(numb#
length
area)
Research and Assessment Process
Assessment Questions
Extent
Raaour
(Status)
2 Nominal
¦ Unknown Causa
¦ Acidity
• Toxicity
Nominal (%) # Eutropnicalon
* HatMtal
Subnominal (%)
(Cauea/Sourca)
(Tranda)
) Loss of
R a so urea
& Nominal
¦ Unknown Cauaa
* Acidity
_ Toxicity
¦ Eutropnication
* Habitat
Indicators
What to measure?
Conceptual models
biotic qualities
stressors
Tools Needed
12 Does it work?
Responsiveness
Uni- & multi-
variate
J
Habitat Quality
Design & Analysis
D1 Develop inference approach
sample surveys
model based approaches
D2 Identify Population and subpopulations.
Descnbe frequency distributions
D3 Evaluate effect of variability on design
Determine accuracy & precision of status
Evaluate power to detect trends
13 Can we see the signal?
Natural drivers
Anthropogenic forces
6
LardUie'
flyyiaiMcU&C
14. What scale do we compare
results to?
Biological Condition
(eg, spccicj richness}
D4 Develop association approach
Weight of evidence
Multiple regression analyses
Multivariate analyses
>
V
Demonstrate tools in regional
monitoring and assessment - e.g.,
MAIA, EMAP-West, R-EMAP, States
Extant
Raaour
(numba
(Status)
? Nominal
¦ Unknown Causa
• Acidity
¦ Toxicity
Nominal (%) « Eutropnicalon
* Habitat
Subnominal (%)
(Cauaa/Sourca)
(Trtndi)
m
;%X:
s
if
II
s
SH5K
1
m
m
¦' Nominal
f Unknown Cauaa
* Acidity
, Toxicity
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Goal 8.1.1 Abstracts - EMAP-Bioassessment
1. Ecological Indicators
Development of an index of biotic integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Region.
Frank H McCormick, Robert M. Hughes, Philip R Kaufmann, Alan T Herhhy, David V
Peck and John L Stoddard
From 1993-1996, fish assemblage data were collected from 313 wadeable streams in the
U S Mid-Atlantic Highlands region as part of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program Stream sites were selected
with a probabilistic survey sampling design that allowed regional estimates of stream
condition We examined responses of 58 fish assemblage metrics to physical, chemical,
and landscape indicators of disturbance Univariate and multivariate analyses of
relationships among fish metrics, habitat integrity and anthropogenic disturbance were
used to develop a fish index of biotic integrity (IBI) for the assessment of stream condition
in the entire region Nine of the 58 candidate metrics were selected and scored
continuously from 0-10, the resulting IBI was scaled so that it ranged from 0-100
Regional estimates of stream conditions showed that only 24% of the stream length in the
Mid-Atlantic Highlands had fish assemblages in good or excellent ecological condition
Thirty-five percent of the total wadeable perennial stream length in the region was fair and
13% was impaired There were insufficient data for calculation of IBI values for 28% of
the stream length in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands
Response designs for biological indicators: Sampling adequacy re-visited
David Peck, David P Larsen, Robert Hughes, Yong Cao, Ian Waite, and Scott Urquhart
Developing appropriate indicators of ecological assemblages for bioassessment and
biocntena requires an adequate and representative sample for a particular indicator from
each site "Response design" is the interface between the survey design for a particular
monitoring effort and the corresponding indicator development Response design refers
collectively to the set of statistical, field, and laboratory protocols required to acquire a
sample for a particular indicator from each site, such that results remain representative, are
consistent with conceptual models of assemblage response to various stressors, and are
amenable to indicator development approach and evaluation processes WED is currently
evaluating several aspects of response designs for bioassessment including optimizing the
level of effort in the field, preparing composite samples (rather than individual replicates)
and "fixed count" subsamples, and identifying organisms at "coarser" levels of taxonomic
resolution
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Optimizing field collection effort for fish Optimizing the level of field effort for aquatic
vertebrates (primarily fish) historically has been evaluated after the fact through
examination of species-effort curves An alternative approach, based on the similarity
among replicate samples, allows an immediate estimation of the proportion of the local
species pool sampled, and therefore an indication of sampling sufficiency Results suggest
this approach provides a more unbiased approach for standardizing samples from different
sites to compare variables based on taxon richness
Macroinvertebrate composite samples and fixed-count subsampling The use of
composite samples and fixed-count subsamples for evaluating macroinvertebrate
assemblages in streams has increased in recent years Composite samples induce physical
averaging in contrast to the mathematical averaging implied by collecting and evaluating
individual replicate samples However, subsampling the composite sample can introduce
significant variation if samples are not mixed well before subsampling We compared the
two approaches using simulation and an appropriate variance components model to
illustrate how creating a composite sample can be more efficient than traditional replicate
sampling and under what conditions composite sampling might not be effective
Additional research shows that fixed-count taxon richness actually estimates number of
taxa that occur at a relative frequency of 0 5/n, where n is the number of organisms
counted
Influence of taxonomic resolution on assessment results How much information is lost if
macroinvertebrate samples are not classified to the finest level of taxonomic resolution is
of continuing interest in the bioassessment community WED compared how well family
vs genus level classification distinguished among several independently defined stream
classes based on both human disturbance and natural features The results suggest that
family was as effective as genus if human disturbance was high (i e acid mine drainage,
high nutrient loadings), and genus was only slightly more effective if disturbances were
moderate (e g , moderate nutrient loadings)
These case studies illustrate the ongoing effort at WED to improve the cost-effectiveness
of indicator performance through improved response designs
Multi-Scale, Multi-dimensional Evaluation of Habitat and Biotic Relationships in
Streams and Rivers.
Philip R Kaufmann and Dixon H Landers
Physical habitat forms the template upon which biointegnty and native biodiversity
depend Habitat structure in rivers and streams is altered through many avenues, including
land use changes, resource extraction, hydrologic alterations, and direct channel
modifications A major problem facing the USEPA is to quantify relevant aspects of
fluvial habitat and relate them to the condition of biotic assemblages found in Iotic
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resources throughout the United States Although the practical approaches for obtaining
information about channel and riparian habitat structure differ substantially between
wadeable streams and non-wadeable streams and rivers, the important general aspects or
dimensions to be considered do not qualitatively differ
1 Habitat space as expressed in river system size and channel volume
2 Water velocity conditions resulting from slope, discharge, and water depth
3 Substrate size, type and stability
4 Channel complexity and cover, including large wood
5 Riparian vegetation composition and structure
6 Riparian land use and human alterations
7 Connectivity among river channel, riparian, and flood plain
All of the seven listed habitat aspects are characterized to an acceptable degree in
wadeable streams by observers wading up the channel, making thalweg, cross-section, and
bank measurements, estimating the areal cover of fish concealment features in and
bordering the channel, estimating riparian vegetation cover and structure, and tallying
human land use activities and disturbances in the channel, riparian, and beyond We have
applied standardized EMAP field techniques to more than 1500 stream reaches and are
evaluating the adequacy of physical habitat indicators in terms of their accuracy in
depicting the aspects of interest, their precision based on repeatability of their
measurements, and the strength of their associations with aquatic biota and human
disturbances
We have developed a relatively rapid field protocol for measuring the seven listed channel
and riparian habitat aspects in non-wadeable rivers Simply as a consequence of scale,
however, these in-channel observations are less informative in larger channels than in
wadeable streams To exacerbate this situation, our more intensive examination of river
habitat structure and function suggests that the lateral component of habitat space and
complexity may have great importance in large rivers Using 1 12,000 color infrared aerial
photographs on sample streams where rapid field evaluations have been made, we are
independently quantifying habitat components that have been found to be very important
components of the overall riverine habitat complex These habitat components will be
evaluated with regard to biotic indicators and other habitat parameters measured in situ
2. Ecological Regions
Quantitative Description and Evaluation of Ecoregions of the United States
Tony Olsen, Denis White, Mostafa Shirazi, Jean Sifneos, and Jim Omernik
Ecoregions are areas of similarity regarding patterns in the mosaic of biotic, abiotic,
terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystem components, with humans being considered as part of
the biota They are intended to serve as a framework for ecosystem management in a
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holistic sense and allow integration of assessment, research, and management activities
across state and federal agencies that have different responsibilities and missions for the
same geographic areas Ecoregions are defined by identifying areas within which there is
coincidence in patterns of geographic phenomena that reflect spatial differences in
ecosystems and their components
In addition to the development of ecoregions at multiple scales, research is being
conducted to describe quantitatively ecoregion characteristics Characteristics being
investigated include 30- year normal climate, landcover classifications, soils, and
topography as well as other factors A major restriction is the availability of national GIS
coverages The analysis demonstrates that ecoregions do have different characteristics
and typically create more homogeneous units Investigations are continuing to determine
if changing ecoregion scale changes homogeneity within ecoregions
When the focus is upon a particular resource, it is helpful to quantitatively describe the
linkage between ecosystem properties and the resource Soils are important for food
production and water quality, we used the nationwide State Soil Geographic Data
Base(STATSGO) to examine the soils of 84 Level III Omernik ecoregions in the United
States We described the ecoregions with respect to their boundary characteristics, soil
patterns, soil property values and predictability compared with the national averages of
soil characteristics of the United States Ecoregions were found to be distinct in these
respects and our descriptions related to many ecosystem properties of Level III ecoregions
that are understood mainly in a qualitative way
Research is also being conducted to evaluate of the utility of ecoregions in improving the
understanding of ecological system characteristic In one study, we tested the
correspondence of Level III ecoregions with the distributions of vertebrate species in the
two Pacific Northwest states of Washington and Oregon, and in the five middle Atlantic
states of Delaware, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia The vertebrate
distributions were provided as presence/absence of each species in EMAP 650 sq km
hexagons across the two regions We converted the ecoregion geography to the same
hexagon grid To group the vertebrate distributions we used both agglomerative
clustering with Ward's method and divisive grouping resulting from regression trees built
with species richness as a response variable and explanatory variables representing climate,
physiography, land cover, and human stresses We used the Uncertainty Coefficient, Rand
Index, Kappa Coefficient and Constanza's goodness of fit statistic to measure agreement
between the cluster and regression tree groups, and ecoregions Preliminary results
ranged from a high of 65 0% agreement between the clustered mammals and ecoregions in
the Pacific Northwest using the Uncertainty Coefficient and a low of 9 9% agreement
between herpetofauna grouped by regression tree analysis and ecoregions in the Mid-
Atlantic states using the Rand Index
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3. Sample Survey Design and Analysis
Statistical Design and Analysis for Aquatic Monitoring
Tony Olsen, John Van Sickle, Mary Kentula, Don L Stevens, Jr., Tom Kincaid, Barb
Rosenbaum, and Dave Cassell
Statistical design and analysis is integral to the development of scientifically defensible
state, regional, and national aquatic monitoring programs Clean Water Act Section
305(b) requires that USEPA and the states report on the chemical and biological status of
all waters within their boundaries Monitoring programs must estimate the stream length,
lake area, and estuarine area that meets designated uses within the state This can be
accomplished by a census of all waters, or by conducting a probability survey of all waters
Our statistical research focuses on improving survey design and analysis procedures to
answer these questions
Initial research focused on the development of statistical survey methods appropriate for
aquatic resources We extended finite population survey methods to continuous
populations Fundamental to this effort was the development of a continuous population
version of the Horwitz-Thompson theorem The importance of spatially-balancing a
sample across an aquatic resource led to a new probability sampling method - the
generalized random tessellation stratified design (GRTS) GRTS can be described as a
compromise between simple random sampling and systematic sampling It can be
implemented using equal or unequal probability selection, stratification, nested
subsampling, panels for surveys over time, subpopulation intensification integrated with an
underlying overall population, and provision for over samples when selected sites can not
be sampled These features respond to the issues identified in working with state
monitoring agencies We also have developed algorithms for selecting sites using the
GRTS A critical part of the research is the corresponding development of design-based
estimators to match the GRTS design In particular, we developed a new neighborhood
variance estimator and have demonstrated that it can lead to improved precision estimates
A probability survey design requires a sampling frame to implement a survey for an
aquatic resource In some cases this is straightforward, such as a list of specific lakes In
others, it is difficult, such as constructing a GIS coverage of all wetlands in a state We
are creating a national stream and a national lake sampling frame based on the National
Hydrologic Database We are also investigating approaches for constructing frames for
wetlands based on studies in the Nanicote and Juniata watersheds
Design-based estimators provide answers to many of the key objectives for monitoring
Other questions require the development of model-based estimation approaches An
example is the spatially-explicit estimation offish community characteristics for all streams
within a study region, e g the Willamette Valley We are investigating regression-based
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procedures to determine if this is possible given the auxiliary data that is available for the
entire stream network An alternative Bayesian hierarchical modeling effort will be
investigated in the Willamette Valley and the Mid-Atlantic
We provide technology transfer to States, EPA Regions, Tribes, and Office of Water on
survey design methodology This occurs through our completing survey designs for their
monitoring programs and supporting their statistical analysis by providing SAS and S-Plus
functions Working on actual survey designs provides a rich array of problems which
directs where our research efforts are focused We have developed a web page to aid our
technology transfer efforts http //www epa gov/wed/pages/EMAPDesign/
index htm
Effects of spatial and temporal variation on the estimation of regional status and
trends for lakes and streams
David P Larsen, N Scott Urquhart, Tom M Kmcaid, and Phil Kau/mann
Spatial and temporal variation and variation introduced by making measurements affect
our ability to describe the status of natural resources and to track changes or trends
Understanding both the relative and absolute magnitudes of these components of variation
among various indicators allows us to evaluate and modify our designs as a monitoring
program progresses as well as to inform others about the potential success of current
designs Also, by quantifying the important sources of variation, we can better choose
indicators for various monitoring objectives We identify four major variance components
as follows
Variation among lakes or streams
An important objective of regional surveys is to estimate true differences among lakes or
streams with respect to key indicators Variation in lake surface area or volume across a
population of lakes in a region is a clear example of inherent differences among lakes The
status of a regional population of lakes or streams can be described as the frequency
distribution of indicator scores representing these differences
Year-to-year temporal variation
Year-to-year temporal variation is superimposed on innate differences This temporal
variation consists of two parts, a coherent component and an >interaction= component
The coherent component (year variance) reflects consistent yearly variation in the
indicator scores across all the lakes or streams For example, temperature in a set of lakes
might be consistently higher than normal during a warm summer, but consistently lower
during a cold summer An underlying regional trend would also appear as part of this
component of variation The second temporal component, interaction variance, is the
independent year-to-year variation at each lake or stream It arises from local, site-
specific forcing factors such as the variation in water, nutrient, or sediment inflows to a
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stream The combination of these factors, as well as others, causes differential temporal
responses among indicators across a regional population of lakes or streams
Index variation
The remaining variation is combined into a category called index variance Sampling often
occurs over a specified temporal window, an index period Index variance captures this
local-scale within-year temporal variation It also includes local spatial variation,
measurement error (both in the field and during subsequent laboratory sample processing),
and crew-to-crew differences in applying the same sampling protocol
We illustrate the use of this framework along with estimates of the relevant variance
components to compare the performance of
1 A variety of chemical and biological lake indicators potentially useful for estimating
regional lake status, and
2 Several common stream physical habitat indicators for trend detection
4. Ecological Assessment
Mid-Atlantic Highlands Streams Assessment
Steven G Paulsen, John L Stoddard, Alan T Herlihy, Kent Thornton, and Tom DeMoss
The primary purpose of this assessment and the monitoring on which it is based, is to
provide an unbiased evaluation of the biological quality of streams in the mid-Atlantic
highlands region of the U S and a view of the relative ranking of anthropogenic stressors
impacting these streams During 1993 and 1994, almost 500 stream locations were
sampled for biological, physical, chemical and watershed information The stream
locations were selected using a sample survey design (a k a probability survey) so that
inferences about the total stream resource in the highlands could be made from the sample
Over 31% of the stream length was determined to be in poor condition based on fish
assemblage information while 27% of the length was rated as poor based on the aquatic
invertebrate indicators Conversely, 17% and 25% of the stream length were found to be
in good condition based on fish and invertebrate assemblage indices, respectively
Riparian habitat degradation and m-stream sedimentation were major stressors throughout
the region High nutrient concentrations were local rather than regional problems The
extent of the biological degradation varied by geographic region of the highlands with the
north-central Appalachian ecoregion showing the greatest impairment The relative
ranking of stressors also varied by ecoregions suggesting that, to be most effective,
protection and restoration strategies should vary with geographic area of the mid-Atlantic
highlands
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Recovery of lakes and streams from acidification: regional trends in North America
and Europe, 1980-95
John L. Stoddard, Dean S Jeffries, Anke Lukewille, and Brit Lisa Skjelkvale
We describe regional trends between 1980 and 1995 in indicators of acidification
(alkalinity, and sulfate, nitrate, and base cation [CB] concentrations) for 205 lakes and
streams in North America and Europe Dramatic differences m trend direction and
strength between the two decades prompted us to examine trends separately for the
periods 1980-89 and 1990-95 Regional groupings were based on site geographic
proximity, chemical homogeneity, and similarity in atmospheric deposition patterns during
the 1980s and 1990s In concordance with general trends in acidic deposition, decreases in
lake and stream S042' concentration were universal across regions, with most exhibiting
stronger downward trends in the 1990s than in the 1980s In contrast, regional changes in
NOj' were dominated by increases in the 1980s and decreases in the 1990s Recovery in
alkalinity, expected from strong regional declines in S042', was observed in all regions of
Europe, especially in the 1990s, but in only one region of North America The lack of
recovery in three regions (South/Central Ontario, the Adirondack/Catskill Mountains and
Midwestern North America) was attributable to strong regional declines in CB, which
exceeded those measured for S042' The similarity of the current trend patters in these
three regions to those observed in the Nordic Countries in the 1990s, where recovery is
now occurring, suggest eventual increases in acid/base status may follow after some as yet
unpredictable lag in recovery
EMAP-West
Roger Blair, John Stoddard, Walt Nelson, Dan Heggem, Tony Olsen, and Steve Hale
The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) is one of the key
components of ORD's research to support the Agency's role in promulgating the Clean
Water Act EMAP-West is the newest regional research effort in EMAP From 1999
through 2005, EMAP-West will seek to develop and demonstrate the tools needed to
measure ecological condition of the aquatic resources in the 14 western states in EPA's
Regions 8,9, and 10 The primary demonstration vehicle will be a series of reports on the
ecological condition of water resources at the state and regional level The transfer of
monitoring technology to regional, state and tribal personnel is the intended legacy of
EMAP-West
EMAP-West consists of several components Design and Analysis, Coastal, Surface
Waters, Landscapes and Information Management The Design and Analysis Team
is responsible for the working with the resource groups to define the sample population
and subsequent design by which field data are collected Data analysis is primarily the
responsibility of the resource groups, but they will require statistical support from the
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Design and Analysis team The Coastal component sampled small coastal estuaries in
Washington, Oregon and California during 1999 and 2000 In 2001/2, Alaska and Hawaii
will be the focus for field sampling while analysis of 1999 and 2000 data for the other
states is underway Surface Waters began sampling in the 12 state area covered by EPA
Regions 8,9, and 10 (Alaska and Hawaii not included) in 2000 The sampling design calls
for sampling of streams (except the "great rivers," Columbia, Colorado and Missouri) that
is adequate for making a statistically sound estimate of condition at the state level
Landscape data are collected are collected via remote imagery across the entire west,
unlike the sampling regime used by Coastal and Surface Waters The main source of data
is the Multi-Resource Land Classification (MRLC) covering the entire western United
States From these data and other remote sensing sources, indicators of landscape status
will be generated and their values associated with aquatic indicators of condition Finally,
the Information Management component of the Program dedicated to assuring that all
data collected in EMAP-West are fully documented and made available to the public in
accessible formats, according to national data management standards The individual data
sets from the resource groups will be added to the EMAP web site, EPA's Office of Water
STORET database and ORD's Environmental Information Management System
5. EMAP Coastal Research
Development of Indicators of Estuarine Condition
Bruce Boese, TedDeWitt, Janet Lamberson, Henry Lee, Walt Nelson, Jim Power, David
Specht, and David Young
The EMAP Western Coastal Pilot has adopted a set of indicators of environmental
condition derived from experience in east coast estuaries PCEB is evaluating additional
indicators of relevance to western estuaries, including seagrass distribution, degree of
invasion by nonindigenous species (NIS), benthic amphipod composition, and
morphometnc perturbations of juvenile flatfish
Seagrass distribution is being evaluated as an estuarine scale indicator integrating several
aspects of estuarine water quality Seagrass indicator research is strongly tied to Goal 2
seagrass efforts Research seeks to define a theoretical baseline condition for Zostera
marina for PNW estuaries by defining the lower depth limit as set by water column light
availability, by establishing determinants of the upper intertidal boundary, and by
determining spatial variation due to wind-generated wave stress, sediment type and
quality, salinity tolerance, and extent of potential biological competitors Actual seagrass
distribution will be determined and compared to the theoretical distribution using aerial
photography, various SONAR technologies, and underwater video on towed sleds and
ROV's
The alteration of coastal systems by NIS is of steadily expanding concern A variety of
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indicators of impact of NIS are being evaluated for use as part of the Western Coastal
Pilot, including percent abundance of NIS, percent frequency of NTS, percent of total
species composed of NIS, number of NIS species, and density of NIS
Two indicators are currently in the developmental stage Amphipods are among the most
sensitive of benthic invertebrate taxa to sediment contaminants, and as a result, are
standard laboratory bioassay organisms Research is being conducted to determine
whether changes in benthic amphipod assemblage can be used as a field indicator of stress
in the estuarine benthic community Impacts to amphipod may result in impacts to higher
trophic levels such as fish (including salmonids) As an indicator at the consumer level,
the thin plate spline method of morphometric analysis is being applied to estuarine flatfish
to determine its utility for detecting environmental stress
EMAP-VVest Coastal Pilot
Walt Nelson, Henry Lee, Janet Lamberson, and Dixon Landers
The EMAP Western Coastal Pilot Project is a five year program designed to 1) assess the
condition of the coastal ecosystems of the West Coast, and 2) build the scientific basis and
increase the ability of local, state and tribal agencies to monitor the status of Western
coastal ecosystems Sampling of small coastal estuaries of Washington, Oregon and
California began in 1999, with sampling of the larger systems (Puget Sound, Columbia
River, San Francisco Bay) conducted in 2000 Two intensification studies that were
integrated into the overall design were also conducted in 1999 Possible impacts of a large
dairy industry were assessed in Tillamook Bay, Oregon Condition of Northern California
small, river dominated estuaries was compared between TMDL versus non-TMDL listed
systems
Hawaii will assess coastal condition along the main island chain in 2001, and will conduct
an intensification study of urbanized estuaries of Oahu in 2002 Alaska will conduct a
survey of the coast line of south central Alaska in 2002, with intensification studies in
Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound Washington, Oregon and California will sample
tidal wetland habitats in 2002 The Western Coastal Pilot will complete field work with a
survey of benthic condition of near coastal waters on the continental shelf in 2003
The 1999 Western EMAP results are being used to assess the use of nonindigenous
species as a condition indicator for the soft-bottom benthic communities of west coast
estuaries The biogeographic pattern of invasion and the relationship of invasion to estuary
size has been examined The "small" West Coast estuaries are moderately invaded
compared to the highly invaded San Francisco estuary Based on percent abundance and
percent species, Oregon and Washington estuaries have more invaders than California
systems Estuaries less than 1 km2 were the least invaded size class in Oregon and
Washington, but were equally or more invaded than the larger size classes in California
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These results the utility of incorporating probabilistic sampling into the national
monitoring for invasive species that is called for by the National Invasive Species
Management Plan
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Terrestrial Habitats: Effects, Modeling, and Extrapolation
Goal 8.1.1.2 Ecosystem Protection—Process Modeling-Effects Under GPRA Goal
8, EPA's ecological research program seeks, through scientific leadership, to increase
understanding in order to assess, improve, and restore the integrity and sustainability of
ecosystems over time Specifically, research in this area—Processes and Modeling Research—will
develop models to understand, predict, and assess the response of ecosystems to multiple
stressors at multiple spatial and temporal scales
Agency Problem
By 2008, ORD is committed to develop a new generation of environmental modeling tools to
protect ecosystems at the local, watershed, and regional scales These models will support
decision makers in their efforts to make better ecologically sustainable choices
To address these objectives, NHEERL has developed an Implementation Plan for research to
address wildlife population endpoints through terrestrial habitat quantity, quality, and distribution
and as affected by multiple stressors across many temporal and spatial scales The plan calls for
WED scientists to take the lead in terrestrial habitat and wildlife population modeling while
collaborating with the other Ecological Research Divisions to address the overall Agency
problems
Under these plans, this research project will respond to Program Office needs in three specific
problem areas First, the Scientific Advisory Panel for the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) specifically recommended that the Office of Pesticide Programs conduct
probabilistic assessments of risks to ecosystems associated with pesticide use Second, the
Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances needs efficient methods, including models,
to review, register, regulate thousands of chemicals in a timely fashion Finally, the Office of
Water has a need for improved methodology for probabilistic assessment of the impact of habitat
alteration on aquatic-dependant terrestrial wildlife Thus, while the research is conducted under
Goal 8, it specifically supports activities under Goal 2, Aquatic Habitat, and Goal 4, Safe
Communities/Pesticide Effects
Science Questions
There are common threads to the Agency problems that we have identified all three can be
addressed by developing models that relate stressor exposure to effects on wildlife populations
through effects on the structure and function of plant communities and ecosystems, and all three
require the ability to extrapolate effects in biological scale, space, and time We have identified
three over-arching questions to guide our research First, do changes in habitat quantity, quality,
and distribution explain quantitative changes in wildlife populations7, Second, what are the
characteristics of habitat that are susceptible to stressors, resulting in changes in diversity, food-
1
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web structure, and ecosystem function9 Third, what is the likelihood that stressor exposure will
affect non-target animal and plant species over variable spatial and temporal scales9
To address these key questions, and the Agency problems, we propose the following specific
science questions be addressed in our research
1 How do wildlife populations respond to anthropogenic stress7
2 How do we utilize data collected at one biological level (e g , the individual) to protect
at a different level (e g , populations, landscapes, or regions)9 Specifically, how can
response to stressors m individuals be extrapolated to populations,
communities/assemblages, ecosystems, and regions, and how can uncertainty in the
response of individuals to stressors be quantified and propagated through spatial and
temporal extrapolations9
3 What are the mechanisms by which stressors affect critical habitats9
4 What characteristics of structure and function of habitat affect populations of aquatic-
dependent terrestrial wildlife9
5 How do interactions among stressors, or between stressors and the natural
environment, influence the above questions9
Research Approach
We will address the Agency problems through the development and use of simulation and
statistical models at a number of levels As mentioned above, our research is a part of a much
larger, multi-divisional (and most likely multi-laboratory) effort to understand stressor effects on
wildlife We will take the lead in modeling terrestrial habitat and wildlife The figure below
provides an overview of our approach It is important to note that the framework we describe is
amenable to input from a variety of research efforts, including those underway at Program
Offices, other laboratories, our other NHEERL collaborators, and the scientific community at
large
2
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b«t« Needs
¦iom® Mod«&
PATCH+
PATH
{feiomc Mod«&
TftEG&O
Wildlife Populations
V
Landscope/fcegbfi
Population
Community
Individual
Empirical
Research
In the figure above, ovals represent existing or proposed models. GEM, other community models,
and the OPP Acute Toxicity Model, may also directly address wildlife populations as indicated
for TREGRO, ZEL1G, and biome models-the connecting lines are not shown.
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Essentially, we propose to bring together a series of models that we currently use, other existing
models from the literature that address our specific problems, and new models that we will develop
to fill critical gaps in our understanding Empirical research will be driven by the needs of the
models we link to address our research problems The resulting tools will quantify the effects of
stressor exposure on wildlife populations and scale those effects through space and time
At the first level, we will use wildlife population models to study how birds initially, and other
vertebrates later, are affected by anthropogenic stressors in the environment We completed a
prototype model, PATCH (a Program to Assist in Tracking Critical Habitat) in 1998 (Schumaker
1998) PATCH is a spatially-explicit probabilistic model that tracks the effects of changes in
habitat quality and pattern on populations of territorial birds and mammals having a single set of
habitat requirements Over the next five years, PATCH will be adapted to capture species
interactions and to address a broader array of taxa and other stressors (in particular chemical
contaminants and introduced species)
In PATCH, the influence of the landscape on wildlife populations will continue to be mediated
through the individual The behavior and contribution of each individual to the population will be
affected by its survival rate, reproductive rate, and ability to locate a suitable breeding site The
individual organism will respond to both landscape quality and pattern, which may change through
time Organisms will also respond to the presence of other individuals, which will allow the model
to capture the influence of invasive species by tracking competitive and predator-prey
relationships
The presence of contaminants or invasive species in portions of a landscape will initially be
modeled as changes in habitat quality, which in turn lower the fertility, survival, or dispersal ability
of organisms trying to utilize the affected areas A stressor-exposure module will be added since
the exposure of individuals moving through contaminated or altered areas could change their vital
rates on a temporary or permanent basis, even after those individuals have left the site or the area
has been restored
The PATCH model will not deal with contaminant fate and transport, but could be linked with
other models that do This modeling approach can be applied to address "what if' scenarios
regarding the spread and attenuation of contaminants on the landscape, altering habitat quality
according to distance from source, time of year, or time since the contamination took place At the
same time, it will be important to keep in mind the inherent limitations in such a model's ability to
track the action of the contaminants For instance, there are likely to be many consequences for
wildlife of exposure to toxins that cannot be meaningfully collapsed into an effective change in
habitat quality
A critical input for PATCH is the distribution of habitat in space and time, which depends, to a
great extent, on the structure and function of vegetative communities At the next level of our
research, we propose to build PATH—Probabilistic Analysis Tools for Habitat—to predict
features of habitat through biological and chemical processes Through this research, we will
address the problem of biological and temporal scaling PATH will initially be one or more
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probabilistic hierarchical models of vegetation development on a landscape as affected by stressors
Specifically, we will develop a mathematical approach in which the growth of vegetation will be
simulated using a simple carbon budget model embedded in a Monte Carlo framework Monte
Carlo techniques have been used successfully to quantify the relative contribution of the
uncertainties in model inputs at lower levels of ecological organization to the overall variance and
range of model results for plant productivity at the stand and regional levels (Smith et al, 1998,
Woodbury et al, 1998, van der Voet and Mohren, 1994, Graham et al, 1991, Dale et al, 1988)
Our proposed methodology uses a minimal model structure of physiological processes that may
include photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, allocation, phenology, litter production,
decomposition, and nitrification along with monthly time step climate data to predict the annual
growth rate of species of interest The processes modeled will depend on the species or community
to be simulated Data from the published literature as well as from our empirical research will be
synthesized and integrated to identify basic mechanisms controlling the acquisition and utilization
of resources and the stress-induced compensatory changes to resource allocation for individuals of
different ages
Because of the form of PATH, input can be supplied from other models as well as from empirical
research and published data For instance, other validated simulation models of appropriate
species or communities could be used to produce stressor exposure-response functions for use in
PATH This allows us to use vegetation models at the individual, and community levels, and
ecosystem models, to provide summary functions of important mechanisms and processes to
PATH Thus, we will be able to build on the capabilities we have developed in linking individual,
community, and ecosystem simulation models as we develop these new tools While we have
substantial experience with a set of models we have used over the last 10 years (i e TREGRO,
ZEL1G, and GEM), other models will be added, as needed, to address the individuals,
communities, and ecosystems appropriate to our endpoints
For temporal and spatial extrapolation to the landscape and regional scale, data on present
community structure and growth, species composition and distribution, and quantitative effects of
stressors on vegetative growth rates will be used as model inputs with uncertainty These
uncertainties reflect either gaps in our knowledge or inherent variability in the model inputs and are
incorporated in the probabilistic hierarchical model as stochastic variables with assigned probability
density distributions For example, experimental results provide summary functions relating
individual plant response to one or more stressors and are transformed to stochastic functional
relationships by allowing any or all parameters, or the function itself, to be defined in terms of
probabilities
At the most fundamental level, empirical research will be conducted to provide the miormation
needed for model development and improvement Research will be targeted at critical processes
and at mechanisms that are poorly understood and, therefore, control uncertainty in the models
These studies are important vis a vis the last three specific science questions described above as
there is little known about the interaction of stressors and about stressor influence on the control
of structure and function of habitat We believe both of these areas are critical in order to model
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correctly the quality, quantity, and distribution of terrestrial habitat and dependent wildlife
populations
WED has outstanding capabilities in the areas of whole-plant physiology, ecophysiology, soil
science, and nutrient cycling We will use these capabilities to address the information gaps in the
models
Research Products
The primary products of this research will be tools useful for program offices to address Agency
problems We anticipate producing a probabilistic modeling framework, adaptable to a variety of
biomes or ecosystems This framework will address multiple stressors and be flexible enough to
address new Agency problems as they evolve In addition, we expect to build linkages between
existing or new simulation models to allow extrapolation across biological, spatial, and temporal
scales The progress of this research will be published in peer-reviewed journal papers and reports,
as well as presented at national and international scientific meetings
TIMELINE:
This is a new project, building on the capabilities of the division in simulation of wildlife,
ecosystems, and habitat, scaling and extrapolation, and plant physiology In the next 12 months, a
peer-reviewed research plan will be put in place We expect the first phase to last 5 years During
that time, we will build linkages between existing models (years 1 and 2), parameterize existing
models for new ecosystems and biomes (years 1 and 2), select additional models for use (year 3),
modify and improve PATCH (years 1 through 3), and develop PATH (years 1 through 5)
Resources
Fifteen scientists providing about 10 FTE (+1 IPA) are currently associated with this research In
FY 2001, approximately $520,000 was available to support their efforts
References
Dale, V H , J I Jager, R H Gardner, and A E Rosen 1988 Using sensitivity and uncertainty
analysis to improve predictions of broad-scale forest development Ecol Model 42 165-178
Graham, R L,C T Hunsaker, R V O'Neill, and B L Jackson 1991 Ecological risk
assessment at the regional scale Ecol Appl 1 196-206
Schumaker, N H 1998 A users guide to the PATCH model EPA/600/R-98/135 US
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon
Smith, J E,P B Woodbury, D A Weinstein, and J A Laurence 1996 Synthesizing effects of
climate change on Loblolly pine A probabilistic regional modeling approach pp 429-451 In R
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A Mickler and S Fox (eds) The Productivity and Sustamabihty of Southern Forest Ecosystems in
a Changing Environment Springer Verlag Ecological Studies Series No 128
van der Voet, H , and G M J Mohren 1994 An uncertainty analysis of the process based
growth model FORGRO For Ecol Manage 69 157-166
Woodbury, P B,J E Smith, D A Weinstein, and J A Laurence 1998 Assessing potential
climate change effects on loblolly pine growth a probabilistic regional modeling approach For
Ecol and Mgmt 107 99-116
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Abstracts: Goal 8.1.1.2 Terrestrial Habitats: Effects, Modeling, and
Extrapolation
Presentations of research in Goal 8 1 2 will begin with two interactive posters that establish
our capabilities in the areas of individual, community, and ecosystem modeling, as well as scaling
and extrapolation across biology, space, and time The first abstract describes the effort to
parameterize MBL-GEM for several ecosystems The second abstract lays the background for our
multi-scale modeling efforts The remaining abstracts describe future directions for research
planned under this goal
Forest Ecosystem Indicators: Monitoring, Assessment, Prediction (FEIMAP)
David T Tmgey, Robert B McKane, Mark G Johnson, Peter A Beedlow, William E. Hogsett,
Jana Compton, and Ronald S Waschmann
Our objective is to develop ecological indicators for Pacific Northwest forest ecosystems to (1)
predict and/or assess the response of forests to anthropogenic stressors, (2) detect and quantify
changes and trends in forest condition, (3) link changes in condition to likely stressors, and (4)
identify' early warning measures for loss of integrity and sustainability of ecological resources Our
approach has been to develop, test and apply process-based simulation models for use as
ecological indicators at scales ranging from the individual/populations to landscapes A major
focus is to parameterize and test the MBL-General Ecosystem Model (GEM) for this purpose
MBL-GEM is a lumped-parameter model of carbon, nitrogen and water cycling in terrestrial
ecosystems that has successfully been applied to temperate, tropical and arctic ecosystems To
constrain MBL-GEM for the broad range of biotic, edaphic and climatic conditions found
throughout the Pacific Northwest, we are collecting detailed biogeochemical and climatic data for
10 field sites located across a 230 km transect in west central Oregon The parameterized model
will then be tested against data collected across a west-to-east transect of four sites in the Olympic
National Park (ONP) in Washington Data for all the field sites describe the distribution and fluxes
of carbon and nitrogen among the various vegetation and soil compartments and concomitant
changes in environmental drivers for 2 to 5 years We have emphasized collection of process-level
data, i e , net primary production, nitrogen uptake and retranslocation by vegetation, detritus
production, soil respiration, gross and net mineralization of soil nitrogen, soil nitrogen retention
using 15N tracers, leaching of soil nitrogen, and soil water dynamics The ONP sites are intended
to provide a severe test of the parameterized MBL-GEM because they represent biotic, climatic
and edaphic conditions outside the range of conditions found at the Oregon sites The tested
model will be then be used to assess how specific scenarios of environmental change will affect
ecosystem processes and function The results for the modeling activities will provide input to the
PATH model to incorporate the effects of various stress factors on habitat Further, the successful
parameterization of MBL-GEM across a broad range of biomes including tundra, wet temperate
forest, dry forest-shrub, and grasslands, provides an excellent tool for predicting ecosystem
productivity and habitat value
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Extrapolating Anthropogenic Stress Effects: Individuals to Forests, Ecosystems, and
Regions
William Hogsett, John A Laurence, Christian P Andersen, J Renee Brooks, Jana Compton,
John Fletcher, Jillian Gregg, E Henry Lee, Robert McKane, Thomas Pfleeger, Donald L
Phillips, Paul Rygiewicz, D T Tingey, and Lidia Watrud
Understanding the effects of air pollutants and global change on vegetation to provide the scientific
basis for legislative mandates such as the Clean Air Act has involved collection of experimental
data on species at the individual and population levels However, the scale of the resources
protected under this Act is the scale that is the least experimentally tractable—communities,
ecosystems, and regions As a result, data from experimental studies at biological, temporal and
spatial scales that are tractable are extrapolated with varying degrees of uncertainty to scales that
are not amenable to experimentation To make these extrapolations with acceptable certainty,
underlying biological mechanisms must be understood and then linked through conceptual and
computational models to address the scales of interest Our fundamental goal has been to
understand the processes that control the function of important ecosystems and watersheds and to
be able to use that understanding to predict system character and integrity across larger spatial and
temporal scales
To meet this goal our focus has been on the following objectives
1) Determine the relationships between the above- and below-ground components of a
plant community, based on information derived at a reduced
2) Characterize the resource acquisition/utilization across biological scales considering
above- and below-ground components of the community
3) Develop linkages between models of individual and community growth and
biogeochemistry to aid in the interpretation of experimental observations and measurements
and to provide a linkage from individual- and community-specific information to longer and
larger temporal and spatial scales
The following accomplishments will contribute significantly to the proposed new research on
terrestrial habitat
1) We developed improved functions and parameter sets for TREGRO, a process based individual
tree (perennial plant) growth model for a number of species and used these to simulate ozone
and/or C02 impact on tree growth across the range of a number of species
2) We linked TREGRO with ZELIG, a forest community model, to estimate impact of
anthropogenic stressors on stand composition over 100 years
3) We developed a GIS framework with data layers of stressor exposure, climate, nutrient
availability, species extent, and model-derived exposure-response functions with relevant landscape
factors to estimate effects on growth and stand composition across spatial and temporal scales
4) We have conducted studies of processes identified as sensitive to pollutant impact for
improvement of individual (TREGRO), stand (ZELIG) and ecosystem models (MBL-GEM),
including (a) studies of belowground linkages between trees of different ages and stands for
nutrient and carbon flow, (b) studies of root turnover and root demography for improving
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TREGRO ability to simulate growth in different age trees, (c) studies of tree age/size and carbon
and nitrogen acquisition and allocation with anthropogenic stressors such as ozone and natural
stresses such as water and nitrogen availability, and (d) studies of water acquisition and
redistribution with size/age of trees and stands
This research will provide input to developing a probabilistic hierarchial model of forest growth to
be used in conjunction with GIS for spatial extrapolation of our hypothesized processes and for
estimation of uncertainties in predictions of impact of anthropogenic stressors of species on
wildlife habitat or other ecosystem services such as water quantity/quality
Modeling Capabilities, Mission, and Goals (Science Questions 1, 2, and 3)
John Laurence
WED has a long history of using simulation models to address critical Agency problems Our
modeling efforts extend from statistical models of single plant functions (e g Yield, leaf area), to
simulations of individual plants, plant communities, ecosystems, and wildlife populations Division
researchers have led the way in developing methods to extend simulation results by extrapolation
and interpolation of stressor exposure-response The results of our research have been used by the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards within the Agency to address significant policy
issues
Currently, we use and link the outputs of simulation models of individuals, communities, and
ecosystem biogeochemistry to understand vegetation productivity and community structure and
how carbon, water, and nutrients cycle in ecosystems under stress Further, we use real or
hypothetical distributions of vegetation to drive models of wildlife populations We collect
empirical data to better understand the processes we are modeling and to reduce uncertainty in our
estimates
Under this research area, we have the opportunity to integrate our skills in plant and animal
modeling, ecosystem simulation, and spatial scaling to predict the distribution, quality, and quantity
of wildlife habitat as affected by stressor exposure We will develop models that quantify the
uncertainties associated with our predictions—a feature that will contribute to the credibility of
risk assessments performed by the Agency and that will guide our empirical research as well The
presentations that follow will describe our past accomplishments to illustrate our capabilities and
will outline our future directions
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Wildlife Population Modeling (Science Question 1)
Nathan Schamaker
As part of WED's Pacific Northwest Ecological Research Consortium (PNW ERC) research effort,
a model was developed to evaluate the response of terrestrial vertebrate species to past and future
landscape change The result, the PATCH model, is a stochastic, individual-based spatially,
explicit, life history simulator designed for territorial wildlife species This modeling effort is
continuing as part of NHEERL's Wildlife Research Strategy and under Goal 8-062
A principal goal of th)s research is to better anticipate the consequences for wildlife populations of
multiple interacting stresses, including habitat alteration, toxic chemicals, and invasive species,
acting at large (watershed to regional) scales The approach being developed was designed to help
EPA better meet its goal of extending its risk analyses from the level of the individual organism up
to populations or sub-populations The PATCH model is an ideal tool for this investigation
because it works with digital maps of real or predicted landscapes, and it follows every member of
a population individually The model links each individuals' survival and reproductive rates, and
their movement behaviors, to the quality of habitat currently occupied Habitat quality is allowed
to change through time, and the consequences of landscape alteration for a population are built up
from an aggregation of individual responses to changes in the local environment
Future work will include building more flexibility into the life history simulator so that PATCH can
be used with a wider range of species We will also develop a new module designed to simulate the
application of multiple chemical compounds, with differing toxicities and decay rates, to various
portions of a landscape The model will track the exposure of individuals as a result of patterns of
movement and chemical application, and changes in chemical toxicity taking place through time
The fate of a population will be determined not only by individuals' ability to locate and remain in
high quality habitats, but by their histories of exposure to the various chemical compounds as well
A second module will be added to permit the simulation of species interactions This feature will
greatly improve PATCH'S applicability Jo meaningful risk analyses, since in many instances the
impacts of invasive species rival those due to habitat loss Such analyses might uncover
consequences of the patterns and timing of chemical applications that could never be identified
from the kind of traditional nsk analyses conducted by the Agency
Finally, linked with vegetation models under development, PATCH will make use of the
probabilistic analysis of habitat quality and distribution to predict likely effects of stressors on
wildlife populations
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The General Ecosystem Model: Linking biogeochemical stress responses to habitat change.
(Science Question 2)
Robert McKane, David Tmgey, Mark Johnson, Peter Beedlow, William Hogsett, Jana Compton
and Ronald Waschmann
The ability to predict changes in the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems is an important
component of assessing stressor effects on fish and wildlife populations This capability is
particularly important where multiple stressors can act synergistically over long time-scales to alter
terrestrial habitat and downstream water quality As part of the PATH (Probabilistic Analysis
Tools for Habitat) modeling framework, we are using the General Ecosystem Model (MBL GEM)
to predict features of habitat subject to changes in biogeochemical processes The MBL-GEM is a
process-based model of terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water dynamics that simulates
the responses of plants and soils to changes in atmospheric C02, temperature, precipitation,
irradiance, nitrogen deposition and management Our current work is focused on developing
MBL-GEM as a risk assessment tool for major habitat types (biomes) within several regions across
North America, including the Pacific Northwest, Great Plains, and Alaskan arctic For each of
these regions, our approach is to develop a single, well-tested parameterization of MBL-GEM
responsive to natural environmental gradients, climate change and other stress factors For
example, our work in the Pacific Northwest aims to develop a single parameter set of MBL-GEM
that can be applied with confidence to all major forest types (coastal rainforest to semiand
savanna), soils, and climatic conditions within the region By providing a synthesis of our
empirical data (20 field sites in Oregon and Washington), the 'regionalized' MBL-GEM will be
used to predict how specific environmental changes will affect ecosystem structure and function
Specifically, we will use the model to predict changes in vegetation productivity and growth form
under different management and climate change scenarios We will also use MBL-GEM to predict
changes in nitrogen and water outputs from forests, thereby providing a means for assessing how
stress effects may affect downstream aquatic ecosystems Output from MBL-GEM will provide
key biogeochemical stress responses for the PATH model so that spatial and temporal changes in
habitat can be more accurately predicted
Probabilistic Hierarchical Modeling and Uncertainty Analysis (Science Question 3)
Don Phillips, E Henry Lee, John Laurence, and Nathan Schumaker
Two key problems in assessing the effects of stressors on terrestrial habitat for wildlife populations
are how to scale these effects up to larger areas, and how to account for variability in component
processes and their propagation to affect overall uncertainty of response We will focus on
stressor responses of vegetation, which provides the basic physical habitat structure for wildlife
populations In developing a general modeling tool for assessing stressor effects on habitat,
parallel efforts will be directed at a forest case and an agricultural or grassland case Probabilistic
hierarchical modeling and uncertainty analysis represent an approach to scaling our knowledge of
specific processes, gained through experimentation or mechanistic modeling, to larger biological
assemblages (e g , individual plant to field to landscape) In essence, a reduced-form model, based
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on the collection of processes we deem critical, and the associated variability, either measured or
hypothesized, is built to describe vegetation growth under a variety of environmental conditions
The model is then run many times in a Monte Carlo simulation to generate a distribution of outputs
that describe the range of vegetation responses to the prescribed conditions
To take advantage of work already well underway, our initial application of this approach will be
to examine the response of ponderosa pine growth, over its entire U S geographic range, to
stressors including elevated C02, climate change, and ozone Ponderosa pine is very widely
distributed in the western U S and the characteristic openness of its mature stands provides a
unique habitat for many wildlife populations At the individual level, a simple C budget model will
be used to mathematically formulate the linkages between stressors and plant processes The C
budget model will link published experimental and model simulation results on the amount of C
allocated to assimilation, respiration, turnover, and growth of different plant parts over time, and
how those processes are affected by specific stressors Separate simulations will be done for
individual trees of a number of size classes Extrapolation from the individual level to forest stands
and the species' geographic range will be based on data from the USDA Forest Service F1A
database This database will provide historic growth rates for each tree size class under current
stressor levels at different points across its range Additional stressor scenarios will be imposed
and Monte Carlo simulations of the individual C budget model will provide a distribution of
growth rate responses Stand level responses will be aggregated from individual tree size class
responses based on stand structures in the FIA plots, which will in turn be aggregated to produce
landscape level responses in a G1S framework Stressor scenarios will be imposed on a 0 5 degree
grid to allow realistic spatial variations, such as VEMAP climate scenarios
At the same time, we will select and begin work on an application of this modeling framework in
an agricultural or grassland setting We hope through these applications to develop this
probabilistic hierarchical modeling framework as a general tool that could be applied to multiple
types of vegetation that are important as habitat for terrestrial wildlife populations
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Review of
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
WESTERN ECOLOGY DIVISION
February 19-21,1997
Corvallis, Oregon
Western Ecology Review Panel
March 31,1998
EPA Western Ecology Divmon Rev*w
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTCNTS 2
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
Purpose/ Assignment 7
Background On Western Ecology Division 7
The Division's Mission 7
CurTeni Research Programs g
Organization of the Division. g
The Division's Research Facilities 3^3™.'"*! 1
The Cooperative Di mension 12
The Panel. . 13
Review Format 13
Documents Provided )4
Panel' s Prodticis 10 EPA 15
MAJOR IMPRESSIONS 16
THEME/PROGRAM DISCUSSIONS 20
Role Of 'I he Khiz^spherc 20
Multi-Scale Monitoring 25
hxtrapolation of Plant Response 26
indicators Ot Condition of Ecological Resources 29
Ecological Role of Land/Water Interfaces 32
Pacific Northwest Estuaries: Cumulative Effects Framework. 33
APPENDICES 37
APPENDIX 1. TERMS OF REFERENCE
APPENDIX 2. PANEL MEMBERS
APPENDIX 3. BRIEFING BOOK CONTENTS
APPENDIX 4. MEETING AGENDA
APPENDIX 5. REPRINT LIST OF SELECTED PUBLICATIONS PROVIDED
APPENDIX 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OTHER DOCUMENTS PROVIDED
ETA Weiton Ecology Division Review
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SUMMARY
This report provides an in-depth review of die Western Ecology Division (WED
or Division) ot the U S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL). Twelve independent scientists
from across North America were commissioned by the EPA in cariy 1997 to provide
Division and Laboratory management with perspective and information that would
facilitate planning, implementation, and resource allocation within the Division and
NHEERL The review panel was provided summaries of divisional programs, staff, and
publications. An on-site briefing and facility tour was held in Corvallis. Qreguu on
February 19-20,1997.
1 he Western Ecology Division is one of foui geographical ecological etftxb
divisions of the nationwide NHEERL. Risk Assessment is the overall theme of the
NHEERL. The Division's missions are to (1) provide EPA with national scientific
leadership for terrestrial and regional-scale ecology, and (2) develop the scientific basis
for assessing the condition and response uf ecological resources of the western United
States and the Pacific CoabL Division scientists conduct research in a range of scientific
disciplines, usually working in tcamy The Division has recently altered its emphasis
fium primarily the firM mission to an increasing emphasis un ihc wcund mission with a
focus un risk assessment The research facilities are located at Corvallis (main complex
Surrounded by the Oregon State University campus plus the nearby Willamette Research
Station) and Newport, Oregon (Hatflekl Marine Station, the manne campus of Oregon
State University)
In general, the panelists felt that the Division was a premier research facility with
unique capabilities which not only serve EPA's needs, but are truly advancing the "state-
of-the-art" in environmental science. The past word of the Corvallis laboratory is
outstanding in terrestrial and regional-scale ecology not restricted to the U.S. West The
marine science laboratory at Newport also has a fine history.
However, there was a general feeling that reorientation of the Division towards a
Western U.S. regional focus of research for environmental nsk assessment is diluting
extant collaborations, lessening opportunities for synthesis, and introducing
unaccustomed efforts at technology transfer. The predominantly national focus of the
Corvallis laboratory in selected areas of strong expertise had been its strong point There
was the feeling that this is being diminished as the Division is reshaped into a regional
EPA Western Ecology Division Review
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focus more broadly geared to ecological research to estimate ecological risks. The
review appeared 10 take place m an awkward period of mission transition, with
accompanying uncertainty among staff and a certain disconnect between the Division's
traditional mission and that of EPA headquarters and the NHEERL. Although disturbing,
the transition may be temporary.
The review provides several overall observations related to the questions posed in
the terms of reference regarding research, advicc/review, and leadership. These are
explained further in the main text
• Although risk assessment is a nominal objective for use of research by (he
Division, there was little evidence that it wax being used as a common framework in
designing or rationalizing the work
• There is ambiguity in ihe separation of research at the Division from risk
assessment carried out by others.
• Undemanding of "risk assessment" differed throughout the briefing materials
and staff contacts, suggesting the need for further conceptual refinement before research
("nsk science") can be readily focused.
• The health effects model for risk assessment may not be the best model for
ecological risk assessment.
• There seems to be less emphasis on characterizing environmental stressors than
on defining ecological effects.
• Outside interactions based on the previous nanonal scientific role may diminish
as the Division becomes more regional, and scientists may need to be aggressive in
maintaining them.
• The Division does not have an impressive array of regional linkages.
• The Division will need to keep, recruit, and use "good thinkers" who will forge
the new mission's programs.
• The Division can exploit its unique capabilities and special expertise to
maintain a critical mass for the future.
• Geographic scope of Division work is confusing and disorganized.
' The Division's ability tu do research related to risk assessment seems to go
beyond the U.S. West in some of its programs more than others
^ • The effectiveness of the various research themes appeared to vary from high
potential to currently inadequate.
• Overall productivity of the Division in tern is of products for funds expended
seemed low compared to other research institutions
EPA Wa4un Ecology Division Review
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• There wa* a "caste" structure between EPA employees and contractors that was
seen as counterproductive and contrary to effective team integration.
• interna] collaboration seems lacking in some areas and could be improved.
• The Newport facility and staff could be bcuer integrated into the culture and
work of the Division, for the staff seemed isolated both geographically and intellectually.
• There arc many environmental issues in the U S West thai arc pertinent to
EPA's role but are not now being pursued or apparency considered for Division activity,
but which might be included
• Linkage to the EPA grants program is unclear under the present role compared
to the previous role of the Corvallis facility as contract administrator and scientific
integraror
• There may be too much staffing from local universities to provide the breadth
of capabilities needed for the future.
Despite come negative comments in detailed critiques by the punel, the themes of
the Division are advancing knowledge, serve EPA's mission, and provide unique
capabilities on which to build a future for the Division the CorvaJlis/Newport facilities
• The rbizosphere work to determine effects of atmospheric pollutants and
global change components on key processes at the root-soil interface is unique and
provides an important link to our understanding of carbon cycling. The work may be
stretching the envelope of relevance to risk assessment but it is excellent science. Mon:
focus on variability in the Field may be important for future research and information use.
For example, additional work might contrast rhizosphere dynamic* in clear-cut versus
undisturbed forests or after natural disturbances versus lugging.
• The multiscaJe monitoring effort is on-going and successful. It is progressing
in a logical manner to reach well-defined goals, to improve integrated monitoring and
classification schemes thai can be applied widely. Consolidation of Findings will be
especially important for this group if the work is ultimately 10 be transferred to users
outside the agency. The work seems ripe for a synthesis volume or symposium.
• The theme on extrapolation of plant response to provide a mechanistic
understanding of the effects of various stressors on forests so that risks to the forests can
be assessed and managed is of high quality and serves the mission of the Division well.
Greater integration of efforts by team members across levels of biological organization
seem desirable. The effort could benefit from expansion to encompass a greater number
of attributes and processes inherent in forest ecosystems at various scales.
EPA Wettrni Ecology Division R«v»w
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• Indicators of condition of ecological resources are being sought to monitor
the ecological status of surface waters and forests over large geographic areas. The
Division program is effective at evaluating both the biotic health of aquatic ecosystems
and the physical and chemical stressors that affect them. Most developed for Northeast
lakes (when the Division had national responsibility), this work is being extended
successfully to Oregon. Peer-reviewed publications for this large effort aiv needed. The
development of forest indicators has only recently been initialed.
• Research on the ecological role of land/water interfaces—riparian areas and
wetlands-has made important contributions through external cooperators but does not
appear to have settled into its new role in wetland* research across NHEERL divisions
and its areas of future emphasis on research on wetland functions in the US West. The
theme is cleaily evolving, but the direction is not clear. Ax parallel research effom are ro
be conducted at each NHEERL laboratory, there is a need for NHEERL-wide vision and
strategy for national responsibilities and the roles and relationships of various divisions.
• The Division's theme on Pacific Northwest estuaries is also a component of
ill? EPA s Pacific Northwest Research Program which seeks to develop science to
advance ecosystem management concepts on a regional scale, Ilie overall program focus
i> on multiple, often cumulative, effects of stressors on whole estuaries. The focus of the
Division's research on a single species was puzzling. There appears to be an awkward
transition of this research group from its traditional and highly successful focus on
contaminant chemistry and toxicology to ecosystem considerations and non-toxic
stressors Considerable effort will be required by Division and NHEERL management
and staffs to guide the evolution of this group and to foster interactions between the
Newport and Corvallis staffs and between EPA stpft and those of the broad array of
agencies affecting watershed-estuary interacuons.
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INTRODUCTION
Purpose/Assignment
This report provides an in-deptb review of the Western Ecology Division of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL). The Western Ecology Division is
headquartered in Corvallis. Oregon; the NHEERL is a nation-wide complex of national
laboratories under the EPA Office of Research and Development, headquartered in
Wasliington, DC. Twelve independent scientists from across North America were
commissioned by the EPA in early 1997 to provide Division and Laboratory management
witli perspective and information that would facilitate planning, implementation, and
resource allocation within the Division and NHEERL.
The terms of reference for the Western Ecology Review Panel were provided in a
January 8,1997 memorandum from Randall Bond, Senior Peer Review Official to panel
members (Appendix 1). The terms of reference included several questions for the panel's
consideration, grouped under headings of Research, Advice/Review, and Leadership.
The questions were designed to elicit overall conclusions regarding the breadth and depth
of the Division's program from scientific and resource-utilization perspectives.
The review panel was provided summaries of divisional! programs, staff, and
publications, as described further below. An on-site briefing and facility tour was held in
Corvallis, Oregon on February 19-20, 1997. The panel briefed Division and NHEERL
management on its initial perceptions at the close of the on-site visit.
Background on the Western Ecology Division
The Division's Mission
The Western Ecology Division is one of four ecological effects divisions of the
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory. The four divisions are
distributed bio- geographically. WED's mission is 1) to provide EPA with national
scientific leadership for terrestrial and regional-scale ecology, and 2) to develop the
scientific basis for assessing the condition and response of ecological resources of the
western 1 Jniicd States and the Pacific CoasL
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The Division addresses scientific issues of major importance in formulating
public policies, programs, and regulations to protect and manage ecological resouices.
WED scientists conduct research in b range of scientific disciplines, usually working in
multi-disciplinary teams. In addition to their work at the Division's facilities and Held
sites, they collaborate with leading scientists at research institutions throughout the
world The research addresses the ecological processes that determine the response of
biological resources to environmental change and to land and resource use. Priority is
{ given to those ecological systems at greatest risk, with emphasis on the scientific
l_ uncertainties that most seriously impede «culogical risk assessment
WED's research approach comprises two aspects: 1) developing an understanding
of the structure and function of ecological systems, and 2) conducting holistic analyses of
ecological phenomena at the ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales Key scientific
disciplines include: terrestrial biology, aquatic biology, marine biology, ecology,
geography, statistics, microbiology, soil science, plant science, biogeochemistry, plant
physiology, landscape ecology, and oceanography.
The Division seeks to advance scientific understanding through 1) experiments
conducted
in the laboratory and in specialized exposure chambers, 2) field studies, 3) modeling, and
4) analysis of large-scale environmental and ecological data sets.
The Division has undergone recent changes in structure and mission. Previously
the Corvallis laboratory had developed expertise in analyzing the effects of single
pollutants on single species It had pools of funds to sponsor extramural research (e.g., at
universities) on topics that EPA itself could not cover effectively. There was close
integration of the extramural and intramural activities. The laboratory has been expanded
recently to a "division" that includes EPA research facilities elsewhere in the U.S. West.
It has come administratively under a national "laboratory" with ecological risk
us cessment objectives. The nationwide focus has shifted to whole ecosystems and a
vancty of stressors. Extramural contracts air now developed, processed, aud
administered from EPA headquarter* without direct contact witli Division stiff and
programs. The Division staff and programs arc in transition from the old mode of
operation to the new.
Current Research Programs
The Division's research is organized into several programs, each of which was
described in briefing materials and in oral presentations ar die site visit
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• rerrestrial impacts of climate change
• Tcrrcstnal impacts of atmospheric pollution (tropusphcric ozone, acidic
deposicon)
• The role of the ihizosphere in the response of terrestrial systems to Stress
• Terrestrial, aquatic. wkI estuarine indicators of ecological condition
• Cumulauvc impacts of multiple stressors on estuarine resource condition
• Design of mulii-tier monitoring systems for assessing the condition of
ecological resources
• Watershed-scale method* for comparative risk assessment in the Pacific
Nurthwest
• LandscapeArgional-scale response of wetlands and watersheds
• Regional analysis of biodiversity
Organization Of The Division
Approximately 325 federal, cooperative, and contract employees currently work
at the Division. Research is earned out by three branches, two in Corvullis und one in
Newport:
Terrestrial Plant Ecology Branch (Corvallis)
Scientists in the Terrestrial Plant Ecology Branch conduct research on the effects
ol pollutants and other anthropogenic stressors on terrestrial ecosystems, such &
agroccosystcms, forest ecosystems, and rangelonds Research ranges fiuiii physiological
studies of individual plants through global-scale piocess inodding. Current programs
include research on:
Geographic analysis of multiple stress effects
The role of tree age and size in stress response
Ecological complexity and the response of terrestrial ecosystems to anihropogenic
suess
Effect* of elevated C02 and climate change on forest ecosystem*
Response and feedback of terrestrial ecosystems to global climate change
Impacts of tropospheric ozone on forest ecosystems
Indicators of condition and trends in Northwest forests
Role of the rhizosphere in terrestial ecosystems
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Regional Ecology Branch (Corvallis)
The Regional Ecology Bmnch develops tools for quantitatively describing
ecological condition and response at watershed and regional scales—the scales at which
most environmental protection and management decisions art made. Research involves
regional surveys, process studies, and predictive modeling i>f the nation's waters,
watersheds, and wetlands. Research topics include:
Indicators for determining the status and trends in condition of surface waters,
wetlands, and associated ripaiian tout*
Role of riparian areas in maintaining ecological condition of surface waters and
providing lenotrial and aquatic habitat
Ciiieim for evaluating and maintaining the function of wetlands and riparian zones
Design of regional-scale monitoring systems
Effects of habiwt loss and alteration on biodiversity
Methods for projecting and comparing the ecological consequences of alternative
environmental protection and management actions at watershed scales
Response of watersheds to atmospheric deposition
Design of systems to delineate ecological regions
Coastal Ecology Branch (Newport)
The Coastal Ecology Branch conducts, research on the effects of anthropogenic
and natural stressors in coastal watersheds and cstuarinc ecosystems. The research focus
is on cumulative effects of stressors on ecologically and economically important
assessment endpoints (e.g., fish and oyster production) in Pacific Northwest estuaiies.
Current projects include research on:
Productive capacity of estuaries and habitats within estuaries
Arcal extent and distribution of habitats of special concern
Effects of habitat-altering stressors on fish, invertebrate, and wildlife populations and
communities
Research activities include lar^e-bcale (eutuaiy-wide) field studies and laboratory
investigations of relationships between stressors and effects. The research goal is to
predict the effects of watershed alterations and introduced species (Spartina and exotic
benthiv invertebrates) on Pacific Northwest estuaries.
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The Division's Research Facilities
The Division's research facilities are located at Corvallis and Newport, Oregon.
The main research complex is located on 14 acres in Corvallis, surrounded by the Oregon
State University campus. It includes a variety of laboratories, plant and animal research
facilities, a library, a computer center, and office buildings. The Willamette Research
Station (WRS) comprises laboratories and field research facilities on a 10-acre site
adjacent to die Willamette River in Corvallis, approximately 4 miles south of the main
lab. The Coastal Ecology Branch carries out research in laboratory facilities at tbe
Hatfield Marine Science Center, the marine campus of Oregon State University. The
Center is located on Yaquina Bay on the Pacific Ocean at Newport, 55 miles wcm of
Corvallis.
A terrestnul ecology laboratory within the Corvallis complex includes a number
of greenhouse and field research modules. These units provide the capability for research
on- 1) effects of gaseous air pollution, 2) effects, of heavy metals, 3) effects of toxic
substances, and 4) plant propagation and growth assessments.
Also located at the main complex, a Held exposure facility include."; 21 large open-
top exposure cliainbers, a nursery site, an automated irrigation system, an experimental
rhizotion site, and a control center containing automated pollutant deli very-control and
data-acquisiuun/munagement systems. This field site provides a unique setting for
lesearch that addresses environmental issue* of narionft] importance, such as troposphenc
ozune effects on conifers, deciduous trees, and crops
To complement the plant exposure facilities described above, WPl) constructed a
highly sophisticated Terrestrial Ecophysiology Research Area (TERA) in 1994 The
facility consists of a large polyhouse to shelter the data acquisition and control
computers, and a field of sunlit plant growth chambers. Ambient temperature, dewpoint
and CO, concentration in each outdoor enclosure are carefully controlled by
programmable microprocessors. Iliis facility plays an important role in long-term global
climate change research. It will be used to conduct long-term studies on conifers and
hardwoods, with experiments designed to evaluate the response of forests to climate
change.
The Coastal Ecology Branch is housed in a state-of-the-art laboratory building at
a seaside locution ideal for marine and estuanne research. Wet labs are available for a
variety of experiments, including tests with exotic species and chronic pollutant
exposures. Analytical laboratory facilities provide for low-level analysis of organic
pollutants, metals, and natural products. Adjacent facilities of CYcgon State University,
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Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, National Oceanic and Atmosphenc
Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
offer opportunities for collaboration.
The Division operates a fully integrated and distributed VAX and UNIX based
computer facility, including a lurge Geographic Information System, digitization
hardware, and over 300 microcomputers and workstation terminals. These facilities
permit precise analysis of spatially distributed landscape data (e.g., vegetation, sods).
Agency and Oregon State University supercomputers are also available lu Division
scientists via a high-speed communication network.
The Cooperative Dimension
The Division supports numerous extramural scientists who work cooperatively
with WED reseaichen> on both on-site and off-site projects The Division also provides
reseaich assoviuieships for post-doctoral and senior research fellows through the National
Research Council and a cooperative agreement with Oregon State University. Most
senior WED scientists also hold courtesy faculty positions at Oregon State Universuy
Frftqnenily, research at WED takes on an international flavor as world-renowned
scientists work cooperatively with Division personnel for extended periods WED
scientists have also been involved in cooperative programs with Canada. Mexico, Brazil,
Chile, the Philippines, India, England, Krance, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Poland,
Romania, Russia, and other former Soviet republics. Students from U.S. and foreign
universities work under internships and other programs at WED.
I he division cooperates with EPA program offices and other Agency laboratories
on complex research problems. Other government agencies, universities, and private
industry an? involved, often through formal interagency agreements and contracts to fund
specific research projects. Most of these extramural research projects are with university
scientists who work closely with their WED counterparts.
The Corvalbs/Newport ecological research community is large and highly
diverse. Federal und state agencies (e.g., EPA, U S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land
Management, National Park Service, USDA Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration), together with Oregon State University, constitute one of the largest
geographic concentrations of ecological research programs in the U.S.
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The Panel
The Western Ecology Review Puncl was an ad hoc group composed of the
tallowing twelve scientists. All have extensive background related to terrestrial or
aquatic ecology and the operation of research institutes. The panel members were
grouped into smaller subsets to review particulai program elements. A list of names and
addresses is given in Appendix 2. Dr. Randall Boad. EPA Senior Peer Review Official
served as facilitator.
Dr. Ronnie Best (National Biological Service)
Dr. Paul Bloom (University of Minnesota)
Dr Don Boesch (Uuivcrsity of Maryland)
Dj. Charles C. Coutant, Chair (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Dr. Judith Grassle (Rurgerc University)
Dr. David Grigal (University of Minnesota)
Dr Richard Houghton (Wood* Hole Research Center)
Dr. Jeoffrcy Klopatek (University of Arizona)
Dr. William I^wis (University of Colorado)
Dr Henry Regiei (University of Toronto, retired)
Dr Terry Shank (Utah State University)
Dr. Douglac Sprngel (University of Washington)
Review tormat
The overall review consisted of (1) bnefing materials on the Division sent to
panel members by mail, (2) preparation of draft comments by panel members on Division
programs, (3) an on-site visit to Corvalli6 on February 19-21,1998, and (4) follow-up
preparation and review of the panel's report The very complete briefing book included a
Division overview, descriptions of the seven major research themes, titles of posters to he
presented at the review, and a biography of each principal investigator and senior
scientist followed by a rwo-p&ge description of each principal investigator's research
(Appendix 3).
The onsite meeting at Corvallis included two and one-half days of briefings, tours,
posters, meetings with staff and managers, and panel deliberations (Appendix 4). Dr.
Bond and the panel chair. Dr. Coutant, first met with the panel to discuss the purpose of
the review and administrative items. The panel was officially welcomed by
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Dr. Lawrence W. Rieter. Director. National Health and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratoiy. Research Triangle Park. Nonh Carolina and Dr. Gilman D. Veith. Associate
Duvctur foi Ecylogy, National Hcallli and Enviroiuncutal Effects Rcscaivh Laboiatury
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and Dr. Bond. They described the goals and
objectives of the review and the relationships between the Division, NHEERL, and the
Office of Research and Development. Dr. Tom Murphy, Director of the Western
Ecology Division, provided an overview of the Division. Theme leaders presented an
overview of research in their area, with participation by research staff The panel and
staff entered into lively dialogue during and after the presentations. Staff provided the
panel a walking tour of the Corvallis facilities, including demonstrations of important
research apparatus such as that used for rhizosphere research There wen; several
opportunities to view poster demonstrations of selected research projects with relevant
staff present.
The panel developed its comments by sharing initial critiques (prepared in
advance ot the meeting), meeting as subcommittees on particular program themes,
consolidating initial comments, and discussing views as the full panel in executive
session late in the afternoon of February 20 and the morning of February 21. Overall
impressions of the Division were prepared by the whole panel as bullets. Each theme's
strengths and weaknesses were characterized by the whole panel in table format Each
theme was (subsequent to the Corvallis meeting) discussed in text format, with
description of the goals, critique, summary of resources and facilities, and an evaluation
and summary. The theme-specific discussions reflect focus by & few panel member!,
assigned to that theme.
Documents Provided
Numerous documents and reprints were provided to panel members for their
review. The briefing book has already been described (Appendix 3). A packet of
selected reprints from each theme was also provided (Appendix 5). Among other
documents, the Strategic Plan for the Office of Research and Development gave insight
into the overall structure of the Office and the relationships of NHEERL. its divisions,
and the national labs (Appendix 6).
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Panel's Products to EPA
The panel'* products to EPA include initial discussions with Division and
NHEKRL management on the final morning of Ibe Corvallis visit and preparation of this
final written report. Drafl segments of the final report and briefing materials for the
managers were consolidated by Dr Bond, reviewed by llie panel members, and
developed into a report format by Dr Coiirant (with subsequent review and approval by
the panel).
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MAJOR IMPRESSIONS
The panel developed a general summary and u bulletized listing of major
impressions related to the questions posed in the terms of reference (Appendix 1). The
panel felt that this list would be more useful than a direct response to each question
(many such responses are imbedded in ilie briefing materials supplied). The summary
and bullets, with brief explanations, arc listed below.
In general, the panelists felt that the Division was a premier reseurch facility with
unique capabilities which not only serve EPA's uecvis. but are truly advancing the "state-
of-the-art" m environmental science. The past record of the Corvallis laboratory is
outstanding in terrestrial and regional-scale ecology and is not restricted to the U.S. West.
The marine science laboratory at Newport also has a fine liistory in areas of effects of
manne and estuarine contaminants and toxicology
However, there was a general feeling that reorientation of die Division towards a
Western U.S. regional focus of research for environmental risk assessment is diluting
extant collaborations, lessening opportunities for synthesis, and introducing
unaccustomed efforts at technology transfer. The predominantly national focus of the
Corvallis laboratory in selected areas ot strong expertise had been its strong point. There
was the feeling that this expertise being diminished as the Division is reshaped mio a
regional focus more broadly geared to ecological research to estimate ecological risks.
The review appeared to take place in an awkward period of mission transition, with
accompanying uncertainty among stuff and a certain disconnect between the Division s
traditional mission and that of EPA headquarters and the NHEERL. Although disturbing,
the transition may be temporary.
The panel made several overall observations related to the questions posed in the
terms of reference regarding research, advice/review, and leadership. Ihcy were
• Although risk assessment is a nominal objective for use of research hy the
Division, there wkk little evidence that it was being used as a common framework in
designing or rationalizing the work. The Division staff needs urgently to address this
problem and solve it If risk assessment is an infeasiblc basis for unifying Division work,
then some other basis needs to be found and developed
• There is ambiguity in the separation of research at the Division from risk
assessment carried out by others. Although the distinct and separate roles of research in
the Division and assessment generally carried out elsewhere were stressed in
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management briefings, it was apparent that there was ambiguity among staff and in how
programs were being implemented.
• Understanding of "risk acessment" differed throughout the briefing materials
and staff contact*, suggesting the need for fui ther conceptual refinement before research
("risk, science") can be readily focused. Not everyone agrees on how risk assessment or
risk science are defined. Staff scientists need to reach agreements among themselves
about common ground for ecosystem risk assessment either by adopting their own
conventions or by adopting published conventions of other groups.
• The health effects model for risk assessment may not be the best model for
ecological risk assessment. It is understandable and laudable thai EPA should seek a
common ground for its enforcement-related research mission, and the panel felt that the
general concept of risk assessment serves that function quite well. However, the direct
application of the health-effects risk assessment model to ecological systems has much
uncertainty both conceptually and in pracuce. The Division, along with ilie general field
of ecological risk assessment, will need to further refine the application of risk
assessment concepts to ecosystem assessment and management.
• There seems to be less emphasis on characterizing environmental stressors than
on defining ecological effects Excellent and unique approaches arc being developed by
the Division for studying and defining biological effects. However, the range of stressors
being used is small in comparison to the types of environmental perturbations found even
in the Nui Ih west. On the other hand, the panel supports monitoring programs that can
identify patterns of change (effects such us changed growth rates or mortality in forests)
whether or not specific stressors have been identified through risk assessment A
balanced approach is to maintain elements of both stressor-based risk research/
assessment and monitoring for change that can detect surprises, often related to the
unanticipated interactions of multiple stressors The theme, "Indicators ot condition of
ecological resources," exists to address the monitoring aspect, but most progress has been
made in freshwater indicatory More work could be directed toward forest indicators.
• Outside interactions based on the previous national scientific role may diminish
as the Division becomes more regionul, and scientists may need to be aggressive in
maintaining them. The panel viewed the Division previously as the EPA Corvallis
Laboratory, which had research programs and collaborators nationwide by virtue of its
role as EPA contract administrator for terrestrial and ecosystem ecology. To many
panelists, this was a major strength To see these connections and interactions diminish
as a result of the reorganization of the Office of Research and Development would be a
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major lo$i for ecosystem science and the Corvallis staff. The Division staff will need lo
be aggressive in maintaining the contacts that previously came so easily.
• The Division does not have an impressive array of regional linkages. This
would be expected of a regional laboraloiy. This may be due partly to the recent shift of
Division activities from project management to project execution, if the Division is to
operate on a par with university programs, then ii needs to become an active part of the
communication and collaboration network for these programs, in a truly regional manner
• The Division will need lu keep, recruir, and use "good thinkers" who will forge
the nc*> mission's programs. New directions need fresh ideas and take careful and
thoughtful planning. Staff will be especially valuable when they think freely and
expansively with respect to the new roles given them by NHEERL. It may not be
possible, however, for the new roles (as defined by NHEERL) to be filled as a result of
research currently earned out within the Division. If the new roles are, indeed, outside of
existing programs and expertise, then new staff may be required to address tliem. The
panel encourages an upward flow of programmatic vision and research ideas to NHEERL
management as well as program redirection from above.
• The Division can exploit its unique capabilities and special expertise to
maintain a critical mass for the future. Despite the appearance of "new" missions, the
Division has an excellent scientific reputation, unique facilities, many superb staff with
special expertise, and capable administrators with which to forge a new future The panel
encourages building on these strengths explicitly. A major challenge is to leverage the
staff expertise and facilities to get the biggest return under the new mandates. Some
research theme groups have done better at this than others.
• Geographic stupe of Division work is confusing and disorganized. The
confusion is an impediment to the mutual reinforcement of Division programs, and gives
to the outsider no impression of the regional focus upon which the Division is nominally
based. Although quick redirection of programs is not feasible, the Division needs a long-
range plan for defining and consistently explaining its region of interest.
• The Division's ability to do research related to risk assessment seems to go
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• Overall productivity of the Division in terms of products for fundi expended
seemed low compared to other research institutions. The panel did not attempt a
rigorous analysis, hut nevertheless came away with this impression, ll may denve partly
from the common academic backgrounds of many panel members who are less involved
with agency advk* and review than Division staff. For many academic scientists,
publication is the main measure of performance, whereas Division staff have other
responsibilities. ITie concern is worthy of further evaluation.
• There wbj a "caste" structure between EPA employees and contractors that m>as
seen as counterproductive and contrary to effective team integration. Frankly, this
system was offensive to the reviewers It was difficult to sec how a supposedly integrated
rcsean-h structure could operate as well as it has under such conditions
• Internal collaboration seems lacking in some ureas and could be improved.
Division personnel working on problems that use similar technologies often arc not
working together. This is difficult to explain in an organization that is specifically
designed as a collaborative center.
• The Newport facility and staff could be better integrated into the culture and
work of the Division, for the staff seemed isolated both geographically and intellectually.
Hie lack of connectedness between this group and the rest of the Division was evident in
briefings (they attended only their own session) and in the conceptual and practical
divergence of their programs from the rest of the Division. A strong effort toward
integration will be needed.
• There are many environmental issues in the U<$. West that are pertinent to
EPA's mle but are not now being pursued or apparently considered for Di vision activity,
but which might be included. Environmental problems abound in the U.S. West and
many are related to EPA'a Laditiona) roles in wuter and air quality. For example, rhere
are waier temperature concerns for salmonids throughout the region.
• linkage to the EPA grants program is unclear under the present role compared
to the previous role of the Corvallis facility as contract administrator and scientific
integrator. Now that the EPA grants program is handled from headquarters rather than
from laboratories such as Corvallis, a major strength for integration of extramural and
intramural research and synthesis seem* missing. Clarification of this new relationship
and explicit attention to maintaining the oncc-stiong ties seem desirable.
• There may be too much staffing from locul universities to provide the breadth cf
capabilities needed for the future Perhaps this is a minor point, but many staff seem to
have co Tie locally from Oregon State University. Thii may indicate intellectual
in breeding, which is to be avoided The panel simply raises a cautionary note.
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THEME/PROGRAM DISCUSSIONS
The panel summarized its observations on the research themes in two ways. One
way was via a group discussion of their individual strengths and weaknesses
(opportunities). A table was prepared a* each theme was discussed by the whole panel
This table has nuggets of information not easily captured in text format Because of
brevity, some points may need reference to tbe text. We reproduce the table here (Table
1). The second way was by text summaries prepared by 2-3 panel members familiur with
the topic. The following text (1) describes each theme, (2) provides a critique of each
theme usually in the form of strength* and weaknesses of approach taken, progress to
date, appropriate skill mix, future direction*, and resources and facilities, and (3) provides
an evaluation and summary comments.
Theme 1. Role Of The Rhizosphere
Description
The goal of this theme i* to "determine the effects of atmospheric pollutant* and
global change components... on key processes in controlling the exchange of C and N
between the root/soil and the plant canopy" (p 1, theme detail). Thi* goal is being
pursued by a wide range of studies dealing with C in terrestrial ecosystems. The theme
focuses on the rhizosphert with an overall goal of deteimining the effects of
environmental stressor* (C02, climate change, N fertilization, ozone, and
• «>
biotechnological products) on trees and soil microorganisms. The rhizosphere includes
plant roots, associated myvcorhizae, and the surrounding soil. It is the microsite where
mineral cycling occurs, where water uptake occurs, and where important fluxes of carbon
occur. The theme's research is heavily committed to using the TERA (Terrestrial
Ecophysiological Research Area) facility, an array of sunlit controlled environmental
chamber* (icrracosms). The work has emphasized effects of elevated C02, N
fertilization; and tropospheric ozone ou the growth of seedlings (14 years), root
dynamics, soil food webs, soil organic matter, and below ground respiration.
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Table 1 Summary of strength and weaknesses (opportunities) of research themes:
STRENGTHS OPPORTUNITIES
Role of (he niiuotphtrx
•strong program •model neeift ttamg a> well t) uje
•filling w important mUw •assumptioni nerd testing
•good town *aecd (oil xicnust
•excellent and grod ute of tfurm •model ccvcU »uuie staff allocated
•good microbiology
•giwvd eoliabufuuve i.t>
Multi-Sc«t{ Monitiinnp
•ytfuug
•goodmotjvmitHi
• rclme* dirccti) lu Agency concern* ova monitoring
•neu leadership it ro pipe tent
•use ot outiid^n n prod (ej;, ASA1
•solid prvgrtss (publications.)
•goal 10 lin* probatnluiic lamplmj with intensive nadirs (eg ,
LTR)
•EMAP hiirory uhnJtaed
•where u lbs work goiftc"' NimoroJIj Uom Regional icju"1
•portability u> letrrtrroil i* a challenge
•challenge to patch existing dala collecnnm (ep, itatcj (o
EPA/EMA? fiitmeworlc
•could provide ;i "guidebook" for monitoring by untune
•fcmoir nosing use and sppliKCiom-ccnrejiow, icalfs (tint
duplicative nt Las Vegas, NASA)
•write-up was weak relative n« brisling and potter
•no apparent impact on esuanes program
Extrapolation urPlaol RoptDK
• pioncctirg woik wltli jrcdluigt, jingle plintj
•good u>ntrihimr>ns to standards and rbk i&sessmcm
•good plane to go to vther nwwrs
•wme sjpem better developed Am other*
•slow integration of wort by teata mi-mi».n
•fc» crou-icalc authorship* ot pjpen. others lock «att
involvement
•extrapobmon tram Sen to fiwens u slow (more than
physio Inpical)
•pine/gnu experiments seem les important than ether
dtrcdious
•whole-tree level mxU> work or coordomjuii wnb other lobs
witbtowen
•jpeoea otha ihwi trees art needed, ammals/communitn
•do work w other ccoiynemj (eg, deserts)
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•push u>p-down as well u bottoro-up planning
Indicators uf Ecological Condition
•tine logical cnripitm of process involving (II otbi-r
Uwnio-lxiiWs on other. u> il«r "ieal world"
•bending toward a "sUie-of-the-envtronmair leport
methodology
•aqusiiv uidicarors art well dcvclujied and luciul. regional dnta
«re beuig collected (lonftw hinmy beyond tPAj, ruk-bmed
exptTi tyatm possible
•appropnetc seaJes/nnie frames aquatic it jmietum), terrestrial
is process-oricntcd
•important for FPA to do (universities will not tic molivuled)
•CXTcnuuit uf ideas to tcrrcitridl efivtfonjpenl lC good, if
cmbryonr
•linkage to "state of imvimnmenf unclear (rauW-hawrd, multi-
scale, mulu-jurisfliennn); bow to use lite methods unclear
¦ooaununicmnn with ttie nsk asses*u»eni team is csscniiul. uoi
dear now
•lermtrial indicators need work
•needs recJoaalizaium uf uulicators (ceorcgwns')
•fcf aquaik. cuuld do an enwystcras guide for o r*gum
•need tn get ovsystem based indicators ilua luik the aquatic and
the tcnvunul
•insufficient innovation and craibinty shown generally Nobod>
"pushing the field"
•not dear whai u being learned about this theme which
contributes to the nthert (should be highly interactive)
•terminal indicators need collaboration from outside of WED
•seek diagnostic itiusor relationships, also synoptic
•physiological indicators muy be usefUl for terra trial
•basically, think ot wtul can be measured that is suitable for
mtremural EPA etToa smonp indicators wrested over past 25
years
Land-Wat*r Interfaces (wetlands)
•valuable studies-both local and Nuiiuiud (old model)
•uuud conclusions already
•coordination with AKb (USDAJ
•good relationship to rcgula'o'y needs
•smi&'ling with old way of opemtm? vs new mode Willi!
really be nuliunaP
•t«t site if very loe»l, not even WW
•need* to be coordiruled nationally
•nwd tu apply current coftcluatoas in land management
• lutl ai CUttlnC edge ofneveiaJ ljelds (biogrochcrawtry,
hydrology. *>il science)
•doubtful tins group can be competitive in wetlands anenct as a
single lob
/^^teed* to belter define their niche
•public record not exicniivc, much soft Utcralure exists
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Land-WniLr laterfacca (Riparian Zonr)
•fowi> i»i PNW agnculiurv nwkes sense and presents good
i>P|Aj(Tunitics
•good rationales fix lulling thi» ilTort with wetlands and forest
work
•difficult lo draw conclusions from Busting sites
•need tn couple mass balance approaches to picvomeieis
•many npxnuc functions not yet cunudacd
•and fw better inrngnaion ol piugiain
•work u generally ran sate of the science
•wvld include other landscapes-range, pastures, forest*
•whul is tie rationale of N? P7
•no clear hypothetic
•where does toxicology fit in0
•luw productivity (publications)
Estuaries
•mulliplc cumulinvc cHixia <> o Nationally important issue, anil
uppruyi late for CI'A
• PNW is a logical pluk-c to do it
•LPA lab«) siciu pjovidu & way to occompl»h ettorts, but not
alone
• llieie is a impression that the underutilized facilities Newport
amid be brought 10 bc«r on these problem*
• Willapa Bay provicte* problems as well as opportunities
•more homework on the system would have hulpcd (context,
background info)
•frieus on a single species for the eeosyyicm n iisky at bc»t
•pxuvoses that affect rccruilmoii may be more important than
sLessors
•model of linear rcipunses/additivity arc not realistic
•a Newport Tcaui with a toxicology fa-us (lead lab) » awkward
as a leiuki uf broad ecosystem questions (sudimera, habitat
change, nutrients, etc.)
•Teircstnal/land interfaces not yet integrated
•mtcrtetioiu with ERC (U of Wash) unclear
• would benefit from addition of expert on Wc*t Coast cstusnci
•rvwuit tDp*ootch expert* for stall (ecosyvlein types)
•entourage retraining (seminars. courses, details IPAs)
•mnjic unportant point of workshops, recruitment, retraining
•i*ed to recognize ih*l >uch systems arc dutwtaDce-dependunt
m equilibrium
•must roster oolUbtraUoos. not juft contacts
•muM work wnh ew ting WED mapping capabilities
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Critique
The team regarded tfai^ program as one of the most successful of the program* we
reviewed The group is doing cuUing-edge research that would be welcomed at any
research institute. It is making excellent use of the facilities that the Division has to offer.
Nonetheless, the team offers several conimcnis.
The title of this theme is unfortunate and the way it is written seems to lead to
some confusion about objectives Webster's 9th Dictionary defines "rhizosphere" as "the
soil (emphasis added) thai surrounds and is influenced by the roots of a plant". This
definition matches the usage of most ecologies in which the rhizosphere doesn't include
the roots themselves, although it does include soil flora (including mycorrhizae) that may
be associated with roots. However, in this theme the ihizospberc seems to mean
everything below ground. Even that is not a very good description of the program
because the research includes a good deal of above-ground physiology, including effects
ot effects of heat and C02 on bud morphology. Relating all this work to impacts on the
rhizosphere makes for a very complex system. What is being done in this project is a
solid, well-rounded program of studies of plants growing in controlled environments (and
some in uncontrolled environments) with a somewhat heavier than usual emphasis on
below-ground processes. This is a perfectly reasonable topic for EPA/WED The benefii
of understanding what is happening in the rhizosphere is a logical focus, but not the entire
reason for the research.
The panel viewed the rhizosphere research in the context of its suitability for an
EPA Ubuiatory. Research conducted at fcPA laboratories should be different from
research Jiai could be done extramurally, especially at universities. Research earned out
at EPA laboratories should be unique in some sense. Among the measures of uniqueness
may be a special expertise or talent that is unavailable elsewhere, a critical mass of
investigators that arc focused on a common theme, a special kind of equipment or other
facility thai similarly is unhkely to exist elsewhere, or the kind of study that requires a
continuity in funding that may or may not occur in a competitive University environment
In many cases, such a group is unlikely to exist at a university.
The Rhizosphere theme is an excellent example of a research group making use of
a unique facility (TF.RA) that is unlikely to be duplicated elsewhere and requires a strong
continuity of funding to be successful. In particular, the work on below-ground processes
and responses, both "natural" and in response to stress, are impressive in their scope, and
illustrate a logical role for EPA, research. The studies of fine root dynamics, of soil food
webs, and partitioning of soil respiration inio its sources seem clearly linked to the theme.
EPA WcHtem Ecology Division Review
21
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The work on "above ground carbon assimilation and allocation" on the other hand
w (p. 9) is logical in the contex.1 of the rhizosphere, but
the scientists need to take care to restrict their extrapolations to the available data. For
example, it is unclear that they have adequately investigated whethei oi not "forest
management practices that leave organic residue* will have lesb impact...". That
ussessment does not seem to be either the focus of the research or even a diiect
derivation.
The use of models in attempting to synthesize the varied data into a whole as
described in the activity referred to as "Coupling the cycling of C and N" is strongly
endorsed Because modeling is relatively inexpensive compared to intensive
instrumentation and data collection (such as the terracosm development), modeling
should be a component of any research program But there were concerns about the
specific approach, as noted below.
Similarly, (although there is question about the global relevance of research in the
Mujavc desert) panelists endorse the coordination of EPA-financed below ground work
with ongoing above ground work. This helps to leverage the resources that arc available
to both research groups.
There were belli strengths and weaknesses-in the approach taken to this theme.
They are:
Strengthi • The TERA facility allows controlled micro-level research, including
below ground processes. Considerable work is going into testing for chamber's effects on
plant growth and soil food webs. To complement the micro-level, chamber work, field
work is conducted in the Douglas fir forests of the Cascades. In addition, the investigators
are developing biochemical and isotopic techniques to better determine the partition
coefficient of respiratory COj among soil, root, and litter respiration.
Weakness^: A weakness of the proposed work is the reliance on a specific
model (the MBLAiEM) that may not be die best for iheir purposes. While a model is
required to address questions, over long time periods and large areas, the reliance on one
particular model with no efforts to evaluate it, seems inappropriate. The investigators
will collect data to parameterize it. but how will they judge its results? The investigators
EPA Wejlrm Ecology l>vttuon R«vnw
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describe two features of the model, but it is not clear whether these features are
hypotheses or actual processes. The model includes the paradigms that warmer
temperatures will increase soil respiration, that the increased nitrogen mineralization
resulting will lead to greater ircc growth, and that carbon will he accumulated in the
forest (bevause the C/N ratio is greater in wood than in SOM). What is important is not
what the model will show, but what actually happens to forest growth and carbon storage
in soils. The model should be useful for testing such assumptions, primarily by
iteraovely comparing model results with real-world data. The investigators seem to be in
a position to evaluate the short term response, and they should consider losses of N from
the system and immobilization of N in soil particles, as well as C02 flux from soils.
Another weakness of the approach is that the work is confined to seedlings. For
obvious reasons the experiments Hie easier on small trees, but the question always
remains will mature trees respond in the same way? This is a common problem tor
mesocosm experiments, and ihe group's thoughts on this question would be useful.
It is unclear why forest ecologists are looking at the effect of elevated C02 on the
fine roots of the Mojave desert (with funds from NSF-TECO?). One wonders how the
effects of C02 on deserts would be important relative to its effect on forests, which seem
to be the Division's main mission If opportunism is the main reason for the research,
then the justification should be made clearer.
The panel understands why the development of ecological indicators uf forest
integrity and sustainabihty is important, and such development serms a worthy EPA goal.
However, the briefing oflcrcd only vague ideas of what such indicators might be, and
how they might be related to the rhizosphere. This approach may take more thought.
Likewise, there are strengths and weaknesses in the progress made to date The
panel saw strength in numerous findings presented of the effect of elevated CO
temperature, uA>ne. etc. on features such as root growth and respiration. The investigators
are successful at designing tools that identify and measure effects. However, there is no
indication of how these findings are integrated into an assessment or monitoring plan to
use them and what the linkages are to other of the EPA s offices. It is unclear that there
has been progress toward the NHEERL goal of transferring research results to the risk
assessment community.
There was generally appropriate skill mix. The investigators are clearly good at
designing tools that measure the functioning of the rhizosphere, and changes as a result of
various stressors. The expertise is there for emphasis on the rhizosphere, as they have
defined it. The investigators seem less experienced with waling their results to whole
trees, to ecosystems, or to the region. Perhaps this scaling Is the task of other teams.
EPA Western Ecology Diviiioo Review
23
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U4-JJ H8 11 U1 xyai» 941 1440 ALD/KTP 10013
The future directions seem to be generally a continuation of existing research. The
investigators art developing a novel system for measuring in situ soil respiration (the
WAND) Thpy are seeking to add a third isotope to help partition the C02 efflux from
soils The effort 10 evaluate rite effects of the release of biotechnology products is being
phased out. The panel was unsure of the direction!) being taken to address risk
assessment specifically, as noted above.
Resources And Facilities are excellent. The development of llie teuacosm facility
is the kind of research activity that is appropriate to EPA. It is clear that it was developed
at a significant cost, but the high probability of continuity of funding makes it a wise
investment that is unlikely to be duplicated elsewhere. Similarly, the use of mini-
rhizotrons, while not requiring a major monetary investment, requires a substantial
investment in infrastructure, including hardware, software, and trained personnel. That,
too, appears to be an activity that is appropriate for EPA rese
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04 13/98 1101 TTB19 541 1440
ALD/RTP
0014
under this> theme deals with controlled environments, and it would seem thai all the N and
C02 treatment* would provide plenty of work, and be more relevant to the basic EPA
mission Adding a series of uncontrolled field sites may be a valuable adjunct to the
controlled environment work, but its relevance (such as a field test of modeling results)
needs to be better established Comparing control and clear-cut sites also seems rather far
from the basic structure of this theme (unless these comparisons are really part of the
PNW studies and are classified here for some administrative reason). The photosynthesis
measurements at the Wind River Crane bile seem even mote peripheral to the work on
this project, and would seem more relevant lo Ihe "Extrapolation" goal.
It is recommended that ihe team focus mure on variability in the field, for
example, clear cuts vs. undisturbed forests, or natural disturbances vs. disturbances
associated with logging.
Theme 2. Multi-Scale Monitoring
Description
To apply sample survey design expertise developed for lakes and streams to
nverine systems in diverse areas of the country. And, to extend classficatory work, and
examine the effect of natural variability on the ability to determine status and trends in
ecoregions. Explore linkages between intensively studied sites and sample survey data.
Critique
Thii dieme is especially well-suited to EPA's mission and is well-aligned with the
new emphasii un risk assessment. Furthermore, other institutions are much less able to
conduct this type of re^earch-i.e., the program is of national importance and seems very
much on track It constitutes a praiseworthy attempt to determine how representative
long-term, intensively studied sites are and to link* the findings there to sample surveys.
Approaches used by EMAP have been criticized by review boards and some
scientists outside of EPA. The Division should not be discouraged from using these
approaches, however. ProbabalikUc studies of large data sets and of sampling strategics
are the only means by which quantitative information can be assembled on large
geographic regions. EPA's use of statistical skills outside of EPA is well advised and
should reduce criticisms.
EPA Western Ecology Division Review
25
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11 U£
XJtfltf 941 144U
alu/kir
¦O U10
The theme':> approach of continuing emphasis on survey design, classification,
defining variability, and integrating sample surveys and data from intensively monitored
sites h on target
The progress of this effort as described is excellent The group should keep up the
good work.
The mi* is appropriate and well totted. Individual scientists arc strong, but in
some cases should publish more vigorously
Regarding future directions, collaboration with groups in diverse regions of the
country is a strength. The scope is now largely regional and should move to the national
scale. Also, a stronger emphasis should be placed on running waters. Finally, it would be
udvisable to see more evidence of collaboration between this group and the PNW
estuaries group.
Both resources and faciliDes seem adequate The briefing document provides no
evidence of anything missing Computer capabilities that were addressed in the overview
seem quite adequute.
Evaluation and Summary
This is an on-going, successful research group which seems to be progressing in a
logical manner to reach well-defined goals to improve integrated monitoring and
classification schemes which can be applied widely.
Consolidation of findings will be especially important for this group if the work is
ultimately to be transferred to users outside of the agency. A summary volume or
symposium would be desirable.
Theme 3. Extrapolation of Plant Respwise
Description
The main objective of thii theme is to provide a mechanistic understanding of the
effects of various stressors on forests so that the riski to these forests can be assessed and
managed. While the current emphasis h> on forests as ecosystems, Ac main effort to date
has been on individuals of tree species, principally in the needling stage. More recently
efforts have been aimed at examining processes operating at various stages of the life
cycle of trees, from seedlings to adults, and at higher levels of organization, from local
EPA Western Ecology Division
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04/13/98 11 02 C919 541 1440
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0016
ecosystems to landscape* and regions, with the accompanying challenge* of extrapolating
fiv»m empirical evidence at lower levels of organization.
Critique
The fundamental approach taken to meet the objective of this theme is basically
sound. However, certain aspects arc better developed than others. The program had its
beginnings in determining the effects of atmospheric gaseous pollutants, principally
ozone, on tree seedling performance. This work, conducted under controlled and semi-
controlled environmental conditions, was pioneering and continue* to be used in re-
assessments by the agency However, species responses were based mainly on trials from
single seed sources at one location. Other stressors, including nutrients, habitat
modification and land use, resources use and management, and climate change have only
recently been added to the list to be examined. Still utlieis, such as exotic species, have
received virtually no attention, and perhaps correctly given the current funding levels and
staff expertise.
Efforts ut the Corvallis lab examining processes beyond the level of tree seedlings
or leaves of mature trees have been limited, making it difficult to extrapolate to the whole
tree or local ecosystem level. A recent study of the effects of plant age on fine root
dynamics in seedlings and mature individuals of Douglas-fir may be a notable exception.
Whole-plant physiological responses ol adult trees have not been undertaken, nor have
empirical studies of the effects of stressors on trees at the population and local ecosystem
level. One recent limited-scale investigation of the effects of graminoid competition ou
the performance of ponderosa pine seedlings sub^cted to various levels of ozone beguis
to address conunumty-level responses to stressors Beyond this, investigations involving
an array of organisms (i.e., species assemblages or guilds) at the local ecosystem level are
lacking, in contrast, there exist several studies by WED scientists of the effects of
stressor (chiefly land use and climate) on forests at the regional and landscape levels
using spatially-explicit simulation modeling approaches which extrapolate from the life
history traits of tree species growing in various regions of North America. Thus, there is a
gap in empirical information from whole (adult) trees through local ecosystems, making
the validation of landscape- and regional-level ecosystem models very difficult, if not
impossible.
We recognize that the Corvallis lab has only recently been configured to address
the effects of an array of stressors on forests at various scales, and thus would not be
expected to exhibit a level of accomplishment commensurate with that of long-standing
EPA Wcittcm Ecology Division Kevtew
27
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programs However, the integration of expertise represented by various members of the
team sec mi to be proceeding at a slower pace than would be expected. For example,
stand-level tree model* developed by scientists from the southeastern U.S. are being used
in Pacific Northwest landscapes instead of those developed for local situations by team
members. Moreover, not ore of the 117 publications listed in the references section of the
team's report involves co-publication by member* who work predominantly at the
organismal and landscape/regional levels, respectively. Finally, it should be noted that the
draft of the team's report that was given to us originally was subuilcd "from chambers to
trees," while the version given us at the review meeting two months later was subtitled
"from chambers to field to landscape." This indicates a need to more clearly define the
steps to be taken to scale up to these "new" levels
In addition to bener integration of scientists the team, we recommend that
greater effort be placed on process-level studies at the whole (adult) tree and local
ecosystem levels, and that organisms in addition to tree species be considered in their
responses to stressors given the difficulties in working with large, long-lived individuals.
This approach is more in line with ecosystem science.
Given constraints that exist in terms of funding, we recommend thai team
members focusing on whole (adult)tree response to stressors consider collaborating with
other scientists in the region who have already invested considerably in experimental
setups (e.g., bole and canopy access towers) designed to measure responses in such
individuals, and who in turn court benefit from the state-of-the art equipment (such as
terracosnib) available at the Corvallis Lab to measure seedling responses.
Moreover, we suggest that the project consider hiring a scientist with expertise in
local ecosystem dynamics, preferably with some knowledge of both plants and animals as
well as the physical environment, to complement the existing expertise on the team. The
addition of a soil scientist would also be highly desirable, as would a remote sensing
expert
Given the limitations of funding, it seems appropriate that the terrestrial ecology
team focus on forest ecosystems given their predominance in temperate North America
and their impact on such continental and global processes such as climate change.
However, other ecosystems, such as deserts and grasslands, are also quite extensive in
North America and elsewhere, so that the EPA should encourage collaborative research
with other scientists on stressors in these systems through their grant program.
Finally, it seems that hypothesis testing has been used only sparingly to date by
the tea™. Given the robustness of this approach to solving problems of an ecological
nature, we encourage its use more in the future.
EPA Western Ecology Diviwon Kevtew 2 8
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As discussed above, the resources and facilities available to ihe plant
excrapulauon team appear outstanding given the present scope of work In fact, the
equipment for measuring the responses of tree seedlings to gaseous stressors is among the
best in the world. However, broadening the scope of work, as suggested above, would
require additional resources (including human) and facilities. If such resources are not
forthcoming, wc would argue that it would be better for the existing team to continue to
focus on lutes of research that allow it to use the outstanding facilities already available
Evaluation and Summary
In conclusion, we would like to emphasize the fact that the research that is
currently being conducted by scientists on the "plant extrapolation" team is in our
judgment of very high quality and serves the mission of WED well. This is evidenced by
publications in well respected, peer-reviewed journal*, and results appear to be relevant
to ORD's mission. Furthermore, the plant response team scientists appear to be well
respected by their peers as evidenced by their participation on review panels and on
editorial boards What is needed b greater integration of efforts by team members across
levels of biological organization and an expansion of this effort to encompass a greater
number of attributes and processes inherent in forest ecosystems at venous scales. Given
existing budgets, it is incumbent upon those who are Involved in allocating EPA grant
dollars to non-IjPA scientists, to do so in such a way as io%cuiuplement the efforts of
WED scientists. This may require some involvement on the pan of WED scientists in the
allocation process. Moreover, as WKO scientist, are no longer responsible for nsk
assessment and management, die higher administration should take the blcps necessary to
insure open communication between risk aMessors/managers and WED scientists given
the complexities in ecosystem responses to multiple stresses
Theme 4. Indicators of Condition of Ecological Resources
Description
The purpose of the research under this theme is to develop and evaluate
ecological indicators for surface waters and forests that can be used to monitor the
ecological status of these entities over large geographic areas. An intensive effort has
been underway in three different geographic areas for some years evaluating aquatic
resources. There has been significant progress in the development and application of
EPA W«tem Ecology Dm won R*v*w 2 9
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indicators, much of it based on Karr's 1ST concept. Indicator development fur forest
systems is just gelling underway.
Critique
The emphasis At Corvallis is on physical, chemical and population phenomena.
Some mdicei tut: based on sums and/or products of metrics from an expert-selected
and/or statistically-selected set of relatively independent conceptual dimensions of the
"ecological resources." These compound i/idices may require a kind of guild-like
apprenoceship training to apply and then they appear to provide comparable data only in
a particular ecosystemic context in which the various metrics were calibrated. As a
general guideline it might be preferable to use more transparent indices with less reliance
on context-specific pnor knowledge and with more widely comparable results.
Nonetheless, the indicator development strategy ha* been well documented and
represents a highly successful effort in the aquatic area. Clearly, the staff at WED have
put together a program that is effective ai evaluating both the biotic health of aquatic
ecosystems and the stressors that affect them The Oregon stream section of this theme
shows the applicability of the 1B1. An interesting spin-off of this project may be the
development of a riparian indicator, something that is needed. This research needs to be
integrated with thQt in the Southwest where an intensive amount of research is underway
as well as that in the lntermountain area already done by the USD A Forest Service.
Despite the fact that this research has been conducted from 1992-1995, little published
work is reflected.
The Northeast lakes section appears to have received the major share of this
effort. Documentation in the report shows favorable results for a diversity of assemblages
and biological and lake chemistry. While there are a number of references given, it
appears that relative to the overall effort, there is a shortage of open literature
publications resulting from this research. This is critical as this information needs to be
made available to the public and to other researchers.
Application of indicators in the Mid-Adantic Highlands Area (MAHA) show
some interesting results, but again indicate a lack of peer reviewed publications.
However, the review team did not know how much effort has been placed in this project.
It should be noted that EPA Research Triangle Park laboratory is to lead a pilot project in
the mid-Atlantic region as part of the Environmental Monitoring Research Initiative
(EMRI) sponsored by the OS TP. This indicator effort should be integrated within that
project.
EPA Western Ecology Division Keview
30
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VJ v&v
In discussion of integration, it was pleasing 10 note that in the future studies
section, a joint project with the US Forest Service has been initiated in the Pacific
North west
The development of the forest indicators is only recently initiated. The sections on
the rhizosphere and ecosystem indicators leave a number of questions, but may be
answered with further development Of particular concern is the development of
metabolic profiles of rhizosphere organisms. Whai will this research tell us if we cannot
identify over 99% of soil bacteria (Tieje), there arc over 2,000 potential cciomycon-hizae
in the Pacific NW (Tnippe). and populations change drastically in response to wetting
and drying'* There is a need tu uoi just check the numbers of organisms, but to link it with
the ecosystem processes that they control.
The researc hers on the surface waters pari of this theme are synthesizing the
contributions of many efforts directed over a century of concern about the health of
humans and fish During the past three decade* much work has been done with respect to
the Great l-akes under the binational Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements, GLWQAs,
of 1972,1978 and 1987. The EPA is the lead agency on the U.S. side, with the Duluth
Laboratory key to the research aspects It is unclear to what extent there is cooperation
now between the Corvalhs and Duluth Laboratories on this part of the theme. The panel
wondered if the two U. S - Canada SOERs concerning the Great Lakes, of 1994 and
19%, provided any information useful to the Corvallis initiatives.
It seems that more emphasis on ecosystem-level phenomena, than was apparent in
the report of the surface water theme description, would now be timely (see, e.g., Rcgier
and Kay 1996).
Many conferences and workshops have been convened on this general theme in
recent decades. It is somewhat frustrating that we collectively are not now further along
in this enterprise. Perhaps we have had a moving'policy target, in thai earlier
presuppositions of the sufficiency of simplistic aspects of utilitarian value no longer
suffice (Lackey 1997). Should wc deliberately aim at pluralistic value orientation* in our
SOERs and risk assessments? The leaders of this theme should be encouraged lo bite off
more than the present commitments.
Resources and facilities were not determined, but appear to be adequate as moit
of this research is done off-site
EPA Waitm Ecology Rtvjrw
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Theme 5. Ecological Role of Land/Water Interfaces—Riparian Areas And
Wetland*
Description
This theme program is evolving. It had been one that emphasized
characterization and restoration and landscape function Uirough a large, cooperative
extramural component implemented throughout the nation. Il is changing to one that is
based more on the nrwrarch of WED investigators that focuses on freshwater emergent
wetlands, urban wetland*. "drier" wetland";, and western riparian wetlands.
Critique
The theme team seems to be struggling in transition from the old model
extensively involving cooperators to the new model of investigator research strictly
within the Division. In the process there is a risk of becoming too focused on northwest
regional questions and leaving a void in meeting EPA's national responsibilities. Under
the reorganization wetlands research will be carnal out in other NHEERL divisions as
well as WED. This creates a need for a NHEERL-wide strategy which articulate* a vision
for the national program and the roles and relationships of the various divisions. In
addition, ongoing coordination umong these efforts is required
The studies that have been conducted by the wetlands group to asses* the
effectiveness of wetland protection (e.g. permitting) and restoration efforts have been
veiy valuable and served a useful purpose of pointing out shortcomings. These studies
have been conducted not only in Oregon but at many other places in the nation.
Consequently, they provided a national perspective and huve had national impact It is
not clear where these efforts are going following the reorganization. Scientific needs to
improve wetland protection and restoration require better predictive information on
hydrologjc, geochemical and biologic functions of wetlands. Wc were uncertain about
where the contributions of the WED will focus and where WED can do cutting edge
research. It is not clear that there is a basis for preeminence by WED in this field under
the current organization.
The riparian zone research adttresses important need* to understand the function
of riparian zones of agricultural landscapes in the region., but deals with too few sites and
EPAWctlcm Ecology Division Review
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may not produce information on mass flux. Design of the studies should be reconsidered
with the following principles io mind.
1. Sites must be sufficiently numerous to provide a basis for generalization.
2. Results must be available oo the form of mass flux, which is the best means for
comparing biles.
3. Interpretation should be made at the watershed level.
This program will require broadening and reorientation in order to be most
effective Perhaps it should include rungclaods as well as croplands. The current riparian
zone research has some important limitations, however. The limited number of sites
makes it difficult to son nut the multiple factors involved, such as soils, land use. stream
order, flooding regime, etc Flux of the groundwater is not being direcdy measured, but
inferred. Mass balance approaches should be also applied to provide further verification
of assumed flow rates. Most of the riparian work seemed to focus on groundwater
transport of N and herbicides, but perhaps of more regional importance is die 10k of
npanan zones in bank erosion, stream sedimentation, and aquaric and terrestrial
biodiversity. In addition, although the land> or of low relief, soil loss and P inputs should
be assessed The riparian zone process and structural research should he better applied to
the watershed-scale assessments of the PNW project.
Resources and facilities seem to he adequate. With greater emphasis on research
by WED investigators, development of experimental wetland sites of intense
investigation may be appropriate.
Evaluation And Summary
This program has made important contributions but does not appear to have
settled in its new role regarding wetlunds research across NHEERL divisions and its
areas of future emphasis on research on wetland functions.
Theme 6. Pacific Northwest Estuaries: Cumulative Effects Framework
Description
This thematic program is a component of the Pacific Northwest Research
Program which seeks to develop science to advance ecosystem management concepts on
a regional scale. The Estuaries component seeks to provide a scientific framework for
assessing the multiple, and potentially cumulative, effects of multiple stressors related to
£PA Wutan Ecology DtvwKRi Review 33
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landscape changes, delivery of materials from the watershed, resource extraction,
pesticide and herbicide applications, and invasion by non-indigenous species on the
trsinarine ecosystem.
Critique
This is au ambitious proposal on a species (based on the evidence in the review
document) that has not previously been intensively studied. It does seem to hark back to
the single specie* approach, which in the overview, is said to have been reduced in
importance in the new strategic plan. The justification for the choice of Willapa Bay as
"typical" is not clear, and the claim that it is relatively pristine seems to he belied by the
current use of a biocide and a herbicide, and land use changes with their consequences of
increased nutrient and sediment inputs and other disturbances. Panelists understood that
there was a population of the introduced oyster species, Crasxostrta gif>as, in WilJapa
Bay. It is not mentioned in the proposal, but one wooders whether this species is to be
treated as ' exotic" or not. Some of the questions generated by the proposal outline can be
answered on-site. It will he interesung to hear the results of the 1906 benthic survey, and
to know more about how easily some results can be transferred from Yaqina Bay to
Willapa Bay
The focus on cumulative effects of stressors, many of which are not toxic
contaminants traditionally addressed in EPA risk assessment approaches, on estuarine
ecosystems is an important and appropriate goal, from the perspectives both of regional
ecosystem management and for national science needs. The PNW research program
provides un opportunity to advance on this goal.-Moreover, the WED program offers the
advantage of bringing sustained, muUidisciplinary research to bear on the problem which
few other organizations could do. The complexity of the issues of multiple stressors in
estuarine ecosystems, however, means that the WED team cannot do it alone, but should
develop integrated, collaborative links with the F.RC and stale partners.
Approaching this goal is, however, not an easy or str&igbtforwanl matter. The
selection of Willapa Bay as the primary study site was bated on the importance of this
estuary to the region and the opportunities afforded by the fact that its watershed is
largely under control ot one private land owner. However, this estuary is comparatively
large and extensively used in shellfish aqnaculturc (Including the application of
pesticides) and this makes the assessment of cumulative effects—especially those related
to regional landscape changes—more difficult to assess.
EPA Western Ecology DiviJiOii Review
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It is surprising that a description of what is known about WilJapa Bay, how we
think the ecosystem works, what effects stressors may have and how they may interact—
a model if you will—has not been put together, or at least was not presented. Rather,
there seemed to be an emphasis, a lament even, on what is not known. Without such a
picture of how the ecosystem works, it is very difficult to determine what to measure in
the study and how the measurements interrelate.
The focus on a population response of a single species as representative, sensitive
or integral ive is risky at best and is probably doomed to failure in meeting the broader
objective* of the theme. While one can make the argument that meaningful effects should
ultimately be understood at the population level, that strategic decision has resulted on
focusing on a single species which may or may not be sensitive to the multiple stressors
experienced by the estuarine ecosystem. Although in the initial review of their plans, the
researchers were advised to focus rather than study a little of everything, the approach
now seems too narrowly focused. In any case, populations of bivalves, such as
Chnocardiiuri, are more likely to be controlled by processes affecting recruitment and
biological interactions (e.g. predation) than by the stressors being asiewuL Furthermore,
the approaches to modeling effects on the populations assume linear relationships and
addititivity of effects which may not be realistic. Community and ecosystem approaches
have a higheT probability of success than focus on a single population
The panel was unsure how the work on diuron and ammonia-based fertilizer) on
PNW amphibians fits into the overall theme. These seem to be toxicity studies and
inappropriate for the theme. In fact, p. 5 of the overall WED description states thai
chemical stressors will principally be considered in terms of their interactions with non-
chemical stressors. It is not clear if that is the case here.
It has been indicated that the atmosphere and ocean in the Willapa and Yaquina
regions interact in complex ways. The El Nino Southern Oscillation and the North Pacific
0>ullauons. both not strongly cyclical, seem to interact but in ways that are not now
clear. One consequence appears to be that the precipitation runoff and the coastal
upwelling regimes as these affect the bay ecosystems are both unpredictable, now and
perhaps for ever. If such major ecosystemie driving variable are unpredictable, how can
models of phenomena that depend strongly on such large-scale variables produce
predictable results?
Resources and facilities available to the theme team appear to be adoquate. The
facilities at Newport to support experimental research are excellent It is not clear
whether the field facilities for work in Willapu Bay are adequate.
KPA Western Ecology Dr»nioo Review
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Evaluation and Summary.
There seems to be a problem in ihc transition of this research group from its
iraditinnal and highly successful focus on contaminajii chemistry and toxicology to
ecosystem considerations and non-toxic stressors. To assist this transition and advance on
the important theme goal the following recommendations arc offered:
• Before proceeding rapidly on the highly risky single-specie* btruicgy. Ihc WED
should convene a focused workshop to examine various approaches tu assess watershed-
estuary interactions and changes at the ecosystem level in Willapa Bay. The participants
should include the WED, ERC and state cooperatnr participants and a small numbci of
national experts on estuanne ecosystem studies
• A senior scientific leader with experience in estuarine ecosystem studies should
be recruited to the Newport staff and the other vacant positions should he filled in a very
strategic way to build and enhance the team.
• Opportunities for "re-training" of the ecotoxicology-oriented staff should be
provided, perhaps including visiong scientists or short-term assignment of Newport staff
to other experienced research centers.
• WED contributions to estuanne ecosystem studies should build on WED
strengths, including the excellent experimental and analytical facilities at Newport and
the survey design, integration, and spatial analysis capabilities at Corvallis.
• Truer collaboration with partners in ERC and state agencies should be
developed
The PNW program seems parochial, but has nauonal and international
implications It is not apparent that filling data gaps in agricultural areas of Oregon and
Washington are unique and singling out the PNW region seems perhaps inappropriate.
Mucli of the research, though relevant to the region is not genendizable in a national
context
It would be useful U> see some discussion or rationale for dropping the synthesis
activities of the former wetlands research program. Such data synthesis is very important
and is a kind of activity for which EPA is uniquely suited to perform.
EPA Western Ecology Divu>on Review 3 6
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. TERMS OF REFERENCE
Memorandum from Randall Bond to Western Ecology Review Panel,
dated January 8.1997 (attached).
EPA Western Ecology Division Re»*w
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0004
UNITEu STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTIC., AGENCY
NATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NC 27711
January 8.1997 OFFC£ Of
miearch and development
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Review Material and Assignments
FROM- tTs Randall Bond
^ Senior Peer Revi
TO. Western Ecology Review Panel
Enclosed ib the document foi your review prior to the Western Ecology Division review
meeting on January 29-^1. The document contains an agenda for the meeting, a Divisional
overview, reports concerning six research themes and one cross-cutting program, titles of powers to
be presented «l ihe meeting, biographical sketches and 2-page project descriptions for each principal
investigator As communicated to you earlier, we are seeking an in-depth review of the Western
Ecology Division that will provide (he Divisional management, the NKEERL Laboratory Director,
and Associate Laboratory Director with perspective and information thai will facilitate planning,
implementation, and resource allocation within the Division and NHEHRL. A copy of up to five
representative reprints per research theme is also included for your information.
We arc asking you to review the material wilh &everal questions in mind, including:
Research:
In order to draw overall conclusions regarding the breadth and depth of the
program from a scientific and resource utilization perspective, please consider the following:
I How U the Division addressing Agency problems and advancing the science9
2. lb the program asking the right question?
3 Are the approaches and skills mix appropriate to answer the questions?
4 Is the progress and productivity to date satisfactory given the available resources?
5. Are the future directions appropriate?
V«9»MG» O* 0M«O Wo o« 100% R»eyd»<« («0% Posanwufnw)
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2
Advice/Rrview:
1. Does the information presented suggest that the Division places a priority on this
function in supporting Agency goals?
2. What is the evidence that the program is providing adviee to the Agency? To others?
How is the information being used?
Leadership:
Does the information presented suggest that the Division and its scientists are
exerting leadership roles as evidenced by:
1. Inclusion in .significant national and international symposia/workshops
2 Invited participation in prominent research planning exercises with national or
international impact
3 Collaboration and/or coordination on related research projects at the national and
international level
4. Invited reviewer of research programs of other organizations/agencies that arc
prominent in environmental effects research
5 Leadership role in professional societies and publications
In addition to providing an overall assessment of the program, we are asking that you
provide comments on 2-3 research themes assigned to you. A copy of the Office of Research and
Development's Research Strategy is also included for your perusal to provide a broader context in
which research is conducted in ORD
After reviewing the materials enclosed, if you would like to bring preliminary comments lo
the meeting which can be incorporated into the final report, please do so on a 3 5" diskette in any
word processing xrflwair fonnaL
My colleagues and I look forward to seeing you in Corvallis on Wednesday through Friday,
January 29-31. In the interim, Kalhy Martin, Purchasing Agent for the Western Ecology Division,
will contact the non-Fcdcral reviewers to officially negotiate the procurement of your professional
services and reimbursement of expenses. The Western Ecology Division will issue invitational
travel orders to Federal reviewers and Purchase Orders to non-Federal reviewers. If you should
have any questions, please do not hesitate to coll me at 919-541-2973, or in the evening at 919-682-
4126.
Addressees. See Attached
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APPENDIX 2. PANEL MEMBERS
Address list (attached).
EPA Wetttm Ecology Division Review
38
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'±J'9 9
1 £ sJA
uPIP 9 41
Ai-i/Air
ADDRESSEES
Charles Coutant, Chair
Environmental Services Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
POB 2008 Mai] Stop 6030
Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6036
Terr)' Sharik
Chair, Department of Forest Resources
Utah State University
Logan, UT 84322-5215
Henry Regier
University of Toronto
RIO
Line 8 Percy Township, fire fax 225
Warkworth, Ontario KOK 3KO
Richard Houghton
Woods Hole Research Center
13 Church St POB 296
Woods Hole, MA 02543
Judith Grassle
Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences
Rutgers University
POB 231
New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0231
Paul Bloom
Department of Soil, Water and Climate
University of Minnesota
439 Borlaug Hall
1991 Upper Buford Circle
St. Paul, MN 55108-6028
Ronnie Best
Chief, Wetlands Ecology Branch
National Wetlands Research Center
National Biological Service
700 Cajundome Boulevard
Lafayette, I.A 70506
Dave Grigal
Department of Soil, Water and Climate
University of Minnesota
St Paul, MN 55108
Doug Sprugel
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
JeffKlopatek
Department of Botany
University of Aiizona
Box 871601
Tempe.AZ 85287-1601
William Lewis
Department of Environmental, Population
and Organismic Biology
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309-0334
Don Boesch
Center for Environmental and Estuarine
Studies
University of Maryland
POB 775
Cambridge, MD 21613
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APPENDIX 3. BRIEFING BOOK
Briefing Book Tabic of Contents (attached).
EPA Western Ecology Dnawon Kevtew
39
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-vw w e? x £ uviv vtx ALJ/'flir l£juuy
WESTERN ECOLOGY DIVISION REVIEW
BRIEFING BOOK
January 1997
Table of Contents
1. Division Overview
2. Theme Descriptions
Role of the Rhizospbere in Ecological Response of Terrestrial Systems
Extrapolation of Plant Response - from Chambers to Trees
Multi-Scale Monitoring of Ecological Resources
Ecological Role of LandAVater Interfaces - Riparian Areas and Wetlands
Pacific Northwest Estuaries: Cumulative Effects Framework
Indicators of Condition of Ecological Resources
Pacific Northwest Research Program
in Q folder accompanying this briefing book are reprints of selected
publications that represent research conducted under each of these themes
(4 to 5 publications per theme).
3. Titles of Posters to he Presented at the Review
4. A Biography for Each Principal Investigator and Senior Scientist, Followed by a
Two-Page Description of Each Pi's Research
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APPENDIX 4. MEETING AGENDA
Agenda (attached).
EPA Woion Ecology Division Riview
40
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BOARD OF SCIENTIFIC COUNSELORS
EFFECTS RESEARCH COMMITTEE
WESTERN ECOLOGY REVIEW TEAM
PUBLIC MEETING
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WESTERN ECOLOC Y DIVISION
CORVALLIS, OREGON
FEBRUARY 19 21,1997
February 19
9:00 - 10:00 am
10 00- 10 20
10 20- 10:45
10 45 - 11 00
11:00- 11.30
11 30 -12:00
12:00- 1:00
1:00- 1 30
1.30 - 2 00
2 00- 2-30
7 30- 3.00
3 00- 4 00
4.00- 5.30
Purpose of Review/Procedures for Comments
Convene/Disclosure/Administrative Items
Welcoming and NHEERL Overview
Questions
Divisional Overview
Questions
Lunch
Role of the Rhizospherc
Questions
Extrapolation of Plant Response
Questions
Corvallis Facility Tour
Poster Session - Terrestrial Ecology
Coutant/Bond
Bond/Panel
Rei ter/V eith/B ond
Murphy
Tingey
Hogsett
Lackey
February 20
815- 840 Pacific NW Program Baker
8:40 - 9:00 Questions
9:00- 9-30 Land/Water Interfaces Wigington
9:30 - 10.00 Questions
10:00-10:15
Break
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February 20 (cont'd)
10:15 - 1045 Multi-scale Monitoring
10 45- 11:15 Question.*;
1115 -11:45 Indicators of Ecological Condition
11:45 -12:15 Questions
12:15- 2:00 Lunch/Poster Session - Regional Ecology
2.00 - 2:20 Newport Facility Description and Visuals
2:20 - 2:40 Pacific NW Estuaries - Cumulative Effects
2:40- 3:10 Questions
3:10- 415 Poster Session - Coastal Ecology
February 21
9:00 -11:00 Executive Session/Management Debriefing
(2)012
Paulsen
Baker
Ferraro
Lee
Coutant/Bond/Pancl
2
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APPENDIX 5. REPRINT LIST OF SELRCTF.D PUBLICATIONS PROVIDED
(BY THEME)
I Jsts of selected reprint* by tfaeme (attached).
EPA We»iem Ecvlv^y Division Rrvirw
41
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li'JO O-*! inu ALV'nir
Reprints of Selected Publications
Role of the Rhizosphere in Ecological Response of Terrestrial Systems
Andersen, C P , and Rygiewicz, P.T ¦ Allocation of carbon in mycorrhizal Ptrtus ponderosa
seedlings exposed to ozone. New Phytology 131.471-480, 1995.
Porteous, L A., Armstrong, J L , Seidler, R J , and Watrud, L S.. An effective method to extract
DNA from eiiYuoniwiUal samples for polyurciase clioin leavtion amplification and DNA
fingerprint analysis. Current Microbiology 29 3U1-307, 1994
Rygiewicz, P T , and Andersen, C P Mycorrhizae alter quality and quantity of carbon allocated
below ground Nature 369 58-60, 1994
Tingey, D T., McVeety, B D, Waschmann, R, Johnson, M G., Phillips, D L., Rygiewicz, P T.,
and Olszyk, DM A versatile sun-lit controlled-environment facility for studying plant
and soil processes Journal of Environmental Quality 21 M4-62V 1996
Tingcy. D T.. Johnson, M G., Phillips, D L . Johnson, D W., and Ball, J.T . Effects of elevated
COj and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine Tree
Physiology 16 905-914, 1996
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Reprints of Selected Publications
Extrapolation of Plant Response - from Chambers to Trees
Hogsett, W E . Weber, J F., and Tingey, D T . An approach tor characterizing tropospheric
ozone risk to forests Environmental Management 20 1-17.1996
Andersen, C P., and Scagel, C F • Nutrient availability ahers below-ground respiration of ozone-
exposed pondcrosa pine Tree Physiology [in press].
Tingey, D T., and Hogsett, W.E.. Water stress reduces ozone injury via a stomata) mechanism
Plant Physiology 77 944-947, 1985.
Andersen, C P , and Hogsett, W E Ozone decreases spring tool growth and root carbohydrate
wont em in ponderosa pine the year following exposure. Can. J. For. Re$. 21 1288-129 J,
1991
Solomon, A M , and Bartlein, P J Past and future climate change Response by mixed
deciduous-coniferous forest ecosystems in northern Michigan. Can. J. For. Res.
22 1727-1738, 1992
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Uen, D P, Urquhart, N.S., and Kugler, D.L . Regional scale trend monitoring of indicators of
trophic condition of lakes Water Resources Bulletin 31 117-140,1995.
Stevens, D L, h . Implementation of a national monitoring program Journal of Environmental
Mauageinenl 42 1-29, 1994
Young, T C , and Stoddard. J L • The temporally integrated monitoring of ecosystems (TIME)
project design 1 Classification of northeast lakes using a combination of geographic,
hydrogeochemical, and multivariate techniques Water Resources Research 32(8) 2517-
2528.1990.
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Reprints of Selected Publications
Ecological Role of Land/Water Interfaces - Riparian Areas and Wetlands
Holland, C C , Honea, J., Gwin, S E, and Kentula, M E. Wetland degradation and loss in the
rapidly urtamzing area of Portland. Oregon Wetlands 15(4)336-345,1995
Kentula, M E , Brooks. R.P., Gwin, S E, Holland, C C, Sherman, AD, and Sifheos, J.C..
Wetlands: An Approach to Improving Decision Making io Wetland Restoration and
Creation A J Hairston (Ed) Washington, DC. Island Press, and Boca Raton, FL C K.
Smoley, Inc (CRC Press, Inc ), 1993
Kusler, J A, and Kentula, M.E (Eds ). Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the
Science Washington, DC Island Press. 1990
Abbruzzese, B , and Lcibowitz, S G A synoptic approach for assessing cumulative impacts to
wetlands Environmental Management 21 1-19, 1997
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U4/1J'V0 li.Ji UWiW 941 144U
ALV/Kir
iel 018
Reprints of Selected Publications
Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Pacific Northwest Estuaries
Fcrraro, S P, Swartz. R C., Cole, F A, and Schults, D W. Temporal changes in the benthos
along a pollution gradient Discriminating ihe effects of natural phenomena from
sewage-industrial wastewater effects Estuarinc, Coastal and Shelf Science 33 383-407
1991
Swartz, R C , Schuhs, D W., Ozretich, R J . Lamberson, J 0 , Cole, F A , DeWitt. T H.,
Redmond, M S , and Ferraro, S.P.. £PAH- A model to predict the toxicity of polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures in field-collected sediments. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 14(11) 1977-1987,1995
Bchrenfeld, M J , Lee II. H, and Small, L F- Interactions between nutritional status and long-
term response* to ultraviolet-B radiation stress in a marine diatom Marine Biology
118 523-530, 1994
Landrum P.F., Lee II, H , and Lydy, M J Toxicokinetics in aquatic systems Model comparisons
and use m hazard assessment Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11 1709-
1725, 1992
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Reprints of Selected Publications
Indicators of Condition of Ecological Resources
Stemberger, R S , Herlihy, AT., Kugler, D L , and Paulsen, S.G Climatic forcing on
zooplankton richness in lakes of the northeastern United States Limnology and
Oceanography 41(5) 1093-1101, 1996.
Whitticr, T.R , Halliwell, D.B , and Paulsen, S.G.. Cyprinid distributions in northeast USA lakes
Evidence of regional-scale minnow biodiversity losses Canadian Journal or Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences [in press]
Larsen, D P., Stevens, D.L, Sclle, A R , and Paulsen, S G ¦ Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program, EMAP-Surface Waters A northeast lakes pilot Lake and
Reservoir Management 7(1), 1-11,-1991
Andersen, C P , and Rygiewicz, P T . Stress interactions and mycorrhizal plant response
Understanding carbon allocation priorities Environmental Pollution 73.217-244, 1991
Widmer, F, Seidler, R J., Doncgan, K K, and Reed, G L Quantification of transgenic plant
majker gene persistence in the field Molecular Ecology 5 145.1-145-7,1996
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U4'10'*0
yoiv o + ± xttu
AU// I\ll
APPENDIX 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OTHER DOCUMENTS PROVIDED
Anonymous. 19%. Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport,
Oregon, (brochure).
U.S. fcnvm>nmental Protection Agency. 1996. ORD's Strategic Plan. Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Western Ecology Division. 1996. Important Scientific buies. Pages 73-79 in NHEERL
FY95 Annual Report Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental
Effects Research Laboratory, Corvallis. Oregon.
EPA W«teiu Ecology Division Kc«kw
42
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
? A \ National HesKh and Environmental Fffects Research; Laboratory
¥ Western Ecology Division
200 SW 35th £ treet
px** Corvallis, Oregor- 97333
<5
June 18, 1998
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Response to WED Science Peer Review
TO: Gilman D. Veith, Associate Director for Ecology
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
This memorandum provides a formal response to the observations and recommendations ''rom
the Y/)7 science peer review of the Western Ecology Division. Twelve independent scientist* Trom
across North Amenca were commissioned by NHEERL (Randy Bond), in late 1996 to provide
Division and Laboritory management with an analysis of Division research programs that would
facilitate research planning, implementation, and resource allocation. Each member of the panel was
initially provided with detailed background information on the research activities and scientific staff
of the Western Ecology Division Following review of the material, the Panel convened in Corvallis
on February 19-20, 1997, to conduct an on-site review. The Panel provided a written report to
NHEERL on March 31, 1998. This memorandum is z Response to observations and recommendations
included ,;i the report from the panel.
Summary Conclusion of the Pand
"In general, the panelists felt that the Division was a premier research facility with unique
capabilities which not only ser-' e EPA's needs, but are truly advancing the 'state-of-the-art'm environmental
science. The past record of the Corvallis laboratory is outstanding m terrestrial and regional-scale ecology
not restricted to t U.S. West The marine science laboratory at Newport also has a fine history in aieas of
effects of marine aid estuanne contaminants and toxicology.
However, there was a general feeling that reorientation of the Division towards a Western U.S.
regional focus of research for environmental risk assessment is diluting extant collaborations, lessening
opportunities for synthesis, and introducing unaccustomed efforts at ecology transfer. The predominantly
1
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national focus of the Corvallis laboratory in selected areas of strong expertise had been its strong point. There
was a feeling that this is being diminished as the Division is reshaped into a regional focus more broadly
geared to ecological research to estimated ecological risks. The review appeared to take place in an awkward
period of mission transition, with accompanying uncertainty among staff and a certain disconnect between
the Division's traditional mission and that of EPA headquarters and NHEERL. Although disturbing, this
transition may be temporary."
WED Response
Considering that the peer review took place at a time (15 months ago) of major transition for
ORD in general and WED in particular, the Panel offered a number of useful observations and
suggestions The Panel was diligent, working far into the night to review and discuss materials
provided by WED. Every Panel member came to the meeting with a written report on his or her
assigned section of the Division. Specific observations from the Panel and our responses follow.
Division-wide Specific Observations
1. Observation: "Although risk assessment is a nominal objective for use of research by the Division,
there was little evidence that it was being used as a common framework in designing or rationalizing
the work."
Response: The recent publication of the EPA guidelines for ecological risk assessment will help
standardize some of the terminology and general approaches being used in ecological risk assessment
Various WED scientists have been mvolved in developing and reviewing these guidelines and the
precursor documents In our research we have been moving toward innovative modifications of risk
assessment (such as the alternative futures research and ecological indicators) that should provide EPA
regions and others with useful approaches for assessmg the consequences of alternative decisions
2. Observation: "There is ambiguity in the separation of research at the Division from risk assessment
carried out by others °
Response: WED scientists conduct research that will be useful to those in EPA (and elsewhere)
who do risk assessment, but WED scientists themselves do not do risk assessment.
3. Observation: "Understanding of 'nsk assessment'differed throughout the briefing materials and staff
contacts, suggesting the need for further conceptual refinement before research frisk science] can be
readily focused "
Response: We agree that there are a wide range of views and opinions about ecological nsk
assessment. The recently issued NCEA guidelines on ecological risk assessment are a step in
standardizing terminology that should help resolve some of the confusion and disagreements. In
addition, NHEERL has formed a committee (Martha Moore, chair) to investigate the best way to raise
the understanding of risk assessment in the various Divisions. We support this effort and look
forward to providing such training for WED scientists.
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4. Observation: "The health effects model for risk assessment may not be the best model for ecological
risk assessment. It is understandable and laudable that EPA should seek a common ground for its
enforcement-related research mission, and the Panel felt that the general concept of risk assessment serves
that function quite well However, the direct application of the health effects risk assessment model to
ecological systems has much uncertainty both conceptually and in practice. The Division, along with the
general field of ecological risk assessment, will need to further refine the application of risk assessment
concepts to ecosystem assessment and management."
Response: See response to observation 3.
5. Observation: " There seems to be less emphasis on characterizing environmental stressors than on
defining ecological effects."
Response: This is correct. When ORD was reorganized along the risk assessment paradigm, the
"stressor" box was organizationally separated from the "effects" box. Therefore, the mission of WED
falls into the ecological "effects" box rather than into other or additional aspects of ecology. WED
scientists have been working with NERJL scientists A current example is the development and
implementation of the DISPRO sites.
6. Observation: "Outside interaction based on the previous national scientific role may diminish as the
Division becomes more regional, and scientists may need to be aggressive in maintaining them."
Response: We share this concern. Some of our previous national scientific visibility was
because we had the financial resources to be national players across a range of topical areas. With
reduced resources we have concentrated our efforts on fewer scientific problems and explored
opportunities to address national problems through collaborative arrangements such as our work on
establishing EMAP mdex sites Our national reputation will rest also on the reputation and
productivity of our Principal Investigators. To help build and maintain the national reputation, we
have been encouraging all Principal Investigators to publish in the peer reviewed scientific literature.
We are also encouraging WED scientists to maintain active roles in professional and scientific societies
7. Observation: "The Division does not have an impressive array of regional linkages."
Response: As the Panel points out, Division scientists are moving from a "project management"
role to a "project execution" role. WED management will continue to strongly encourage Principal
Investigators to develop research contacts and scientific networks. To help encourage these scientific
linkages, we have reinvigorated the Individual Development Plans for Principal Investigators to
include a specific course of action to achieve promotion under the Research Evaluation Guidelines.
Some of those Guidelines involve demonstrating scientific peer interaction. We expect that strong
regional linkages will become more apparent as regionally focused research becomes more widely
known through publications and the active scientific involvement of the Principal Investigators. We
are also encouraging Principal Investigators to take full advantage of the professional and scientific
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resources available within Corvallis and Newport (Oregon State University, U.S. Forest Service, U.S.
Geologic Survey, U.S. Agricultural Research Service, National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife.
8. Observation: "The Division will need to keep, recruit, and use 'good thinkers'-who will forge the new
mission's programs."
Response: We agree. Recruitment of bright, energetic scientists with potential for growth is
always a concern and priority. We have discussed in some detail identifying the barriers that might
keep us from recruiting the "best and brightest." We recognize that there is often pressure to recruit
scientists for near term (2 - 5 years) specialized needs when recruiting individuals ("good thinkers") for
a multiple decade research career would be better.
9. Observation: "The Division can exploit its unique capabilities and special expertise to maintain a
critical mass for the future."
Response: Recent scientific staff recruitments have been targeted to strengthen existing research
programs rather than expand into new ones.
10. Observation: "Geographic scope of Division work is confusing and disorganized."
Response: With the redirection of the extramural program to the EPA grants program, the
Division has been shifting to a research program that is much more in-house oriented and has a more
regional focus We continue to provide greater research focus through changes in the team structure
(see the responses to several observations in the "Land/Water Interface" theme below).
11. Observation: "The Division s ability to do research related to risk assessment seems to go beyond the
U.S West in some of its programs more than others. °
Response: This is correct but resources are limited and we, as with all organizations, focus our
efforts on the most critical priorities. Most of our work does have application outside the western
United States.
12. Observation: "The effectiveness of the various research themes appeared to vary from high potential to
currently inadequate
Response: The review took place during a period of major transition. Subsequently, we have
changed the structure of the themes and research teams. In part, these changes were driven by the
summary comments from the Panel given during their exit interview. For example, three of the six
research teams have been totally restructured. Responses to some of the Panel's specific observations
are covered below
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13. Observation: "Overall productivity of the Division m terms of products for funds expended seemed
low compared to other research institutions. °
Response: We are puzzled by this observation because we contend that WED research
productivity, even in light of low productivity from scientists in the midst of research transitions, is
relatively high Specifically, the productivity of WED Principal Investigators is most easily and
appropriately measured in terms of publication in journals and symposia proceedings, as well as books
and chapters in books. For the entire Division, the annual number of journal articles, symposium
articles, and book chapters was 72 m 1995, 112 in 1996, and 74 in 1997 for an annual productivity rate
of between 2 and 3 for each Principal Investigator. We continue to strive for higher productivity from
our Principal Investigators, but in our experience these numbers are within the range of professors at
Category I Research Universities such as Oregon State University and the University of Washington.
14. Observation: "There was a 'caste' structure between EPA employees and contractors that was seen as
counterproductive and contrary to effective team integration. Frankly, this system was offensive to the
reviewers "
Response: The use of contractor support is circumscribed by various Government and EPA
rules and regulations These rules and regulations are a reality that WED must recognize and follow
We had hoped that the ORD "contractor conversion" efforts of a few years ago might be continued
and allow for overcoming some of the most egregious contractor inefficiencies at WED. The fact that
the Review Panel noted this caste structure is an indication that management efforts to avoid the
appearance of a "one workforce" situation have been having an effect.
15. Observation: "Internal collaboration seems lacking in some areas and could be improved. "
Response: The Panel is probably concerned about getting scientists from the Coastal Ecology
Branch meshed with scientists in the other two branches. In addition to the geographic separation of
the Coastal Ecology Branch in Newport, there are some real discipline differences. We will continue
to work on improving this Since the time of the peer review, we have implemented a major shift in
research direction (toward a more ecological orientation-rather than toxicological) at the Coastal
Ecology Branch. This shift brings the research direction more in line with the other two branches and
should facilitate scientist-to-scientist collaboration.
16. Observation: "The Newport facility and staff could be better integrated into the culture and work of
the Division, for the staff seemed isolated both geographically and intellectually. °
Response: We agree with this observation, and we will work to strengthen the integration of
Principal Investigators from the Coastal Ecology Branch. Since the time of the peer review, we have
two joint assignments (Dr. Kentula and Denis White) between the Coastal Ecology Branch and the
Regional Ecology Branch. In addition, we now have cross-branch mentors for all newly hired
scientists.
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17. Observation: "There are many environmental issues in the U.S. West that are pertinent to EPA's role
but are not now being pursued or apparently considered for Division activity, but which might be
included."
Response: We agree with this observation; however, we will continue to focus our limited
financial and scientific staff on a few major issues in which research can make a difference.
18. Observation: "Linkage to the EPA grants program is unclear under the present role compared to the
previous role of the Corvallis facility as contract administrator and scientific investigator.*
Response: Since the time of the review, guidance has been issued from ORD that clarifies
acceptable interaction between EPA Principal Investigators and Grant Principal Investigators. We
believe that some EPA Principal Investigators will be interacting with the colleagues who have been
awarded grants. Also since the peer review, WED hosted the "Watershed Grantee" meeting which
included all the recipients of EPA grants dealing with watersheds.
19. Observation: "There may be too much staffing from local universities to provide the breadth of
capabilities needed for the future "
Response: We share the concern with intellectual inbreeding occurring at major ecological
research locations such as Corvallis and Newport. However, we have been sensitive to hiring
Principal Investigators with PhDs from across the nation rather than making the "easy choice" of
someone with a PhD from Oregon State University. At the present time, four (Boese, Kentula,
Larsen, and Olsen) of approximately 40 Principal Investigators have their PhDs from Oregon State It
appears likely that the Panel might have confused the hiring patterns of the on-site technical support
contractors with those of WED.
Observations on Rhizosphere Research
1. Observation: "The work on 'above ground carbon assimilation and allocation' on the other hand was
not seen as especially unique on it own, and gams most of its value from its linkage with the work on
below-ground processes. This linkage, however, did not seem to be as strong as one might have hoped It
is also suggested that perhaps the overall scope of the project was too large to allow a well-defined
direction and central focus."
Response: We agree that research on above ground carbon assimilation and allocation is not
unique. Because there are a number of research groups focusing on above ground carbon assimilation,
we decided to allocate limited WED resources to below ground research where we can make a bigger
impact. The principal linkage we hoped to establish with the above ground studies was to understand
the rate and amount of carbon and nitrogen moved into the rhizosphere and how that would influence
rhizosphere processes. To this end we feel that the linkage is sufficient and well defined.
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2. Observation: "... the scientists need to take care to restrict their extrapolations to the available data.
For example, it is unclear that they have adequately investigated whether or not 'forest management
practices that leave organic residues... will have less impact..." That assessment does not seem to be
either the focus of the research or even a direct derivation. °
Response: At the time of ihe review, there had been only limited studies of soil organic matter
(SOM) by the EPA research team. To strengthen this area of research an EPA soil scientist has been
recruited an is now actively developing SOM research. His proposed research was recently peer
reviewed as part of the WED Forest Indicator Project and approved. We fully understand the
importance of restricting our extrapolations to the available data and will continue to conduct sound
research using available data appropriately
3. Observation: "A weakness of the proposed work is the reliance on a specific model (the MBL/GEM)
that may not be the best for their purposes. While a model is required to address questions over long time
periods and large areas, the reliance on one particular mode, with no effort to evaluate it, seems
inappropriate."
Response: There are a number of biogeochemical models that could be used to study C and N
cycling in an ecosystem, which is a goal of the research. To insure that an appropriate model was
selected, we have conducted an evaluation of various biogeochemical models. Based on that
evaluation, we found that the MBL/GEM model is suitable for its intended purpose. A key pan of
model use is a consideration of model "validation''. There are several approaches to model validation
that we propose to use, including comparison of model results with results from other biogeochemical
models We have also taken specific steps to evaluate the selected model The model is currently
being parameterized and tested using data from Cascade Elevational Field Sites. To evaluate the
parameterized model, independent data from Mark Harmon and Steve Acker's Long-term Biomass
Plots in Oregon will be used Also a second set of data is being collected in the Olympic National
Park as part of EPA's DISPro activity that will also be used to evaluate the model
4. Observation: "It is unclear why forest ecologists are looking at the effect of elevated C02 on the fine
roots of the Mojave desert (with funds from NSF-TECO?). One wonders how the effects of C02 on
deserts would be important relative to its effect on forests, which seem to be the Division's main
mission."
Response: The researchers involved in this project include a plant ecologist (whose Ph.D. study
was conducted on desert species), a soil scientist, and plant physiologist. The research is on
rhizosphere processes which is not limited to forest ecosystems. Previous studies (by EPA scientists),
in areas with sufficient water, had established that elevated C02 increased fine root life span. The
desert research is an attempt to develop a more general principle (i.e., we wanted to know if the same
phenomenon would occur in a water limited system). The Mojave desert FACE facility seemed the
best location to test this hypothesis at minimal cost, as the University of Nevada system was already
operating the facility. A key action of any research is the development of general principles that can
be applied across a number of different ecosystems and to this end we feel that the research is very
relevant to EPA because we must conduct assessments across a number of ecosystems.
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5. Observation: "The panel understands why the development of ecological indicators offorest integrity
and sustamabihty is important, and such development seems a worthwhile EPA goal. However, the
briefing offered only vague ideas of what such indicators might be, and how they might be related to the
Rhizosphere. This approach may take more thought."
Response: At the time of the Division peer review, the ecological indicators of forest integrity
and sustainabihty were under development. Consequently, the rhizosphere indicators were poorly
developed However, since the Division review we have made a major effort to develop a detailed
research plan to guide the development of ecological indicators or forest integrity and sustainability.
This was culminated by external peer review of the Forest Indicator Project in February, 1998. The
peer review panel was very pleased with the proposed Forest Indicator Research as evidenced by a
summary quotation from their report, "The Review Committee had high regard for the objectives of
the proposed research and great enthusiasm for the development and potential utility of 'indicators' of
forest health The proposal clearly and persuasively articulated appropriate criteria for identifying
potential indicators, and the suite of processes and variable presented as having potential utility as
indicators was inclusive and well justified. Many of the proposed indicators of forest health focus on
carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Given the centrality of C and N dynamics to organismal and
ecosystem function, this orientation is defensible and appropriate "
6. Observation: "However, there is no indication of how these findings [effect of elevated C02,
temperature, ozone, etc. on features such as root growth and respiration] are integrated into an
assessment or monitoring plan to use them and what the linkages are to other of the EPA's offices. It is
unclear that there has ben progress toward the NHEERL goal of transferring research results to the risk
assessment community."
Response: The findings on the effect of elevated C02, temperature, ozone, etc. on features such
as root growth and respiration provide key data for the "Forest Ecosystem Indicators Project". These
data provide the ability to test model responses and specific indicator responses against stressors of
interest to EPA Without the results from these stressor studies, the indicator work would be limited
to testing the effects of climatic and edaphic conditions. Because of their integration into the Forest
Indicator research, these data will be integrated into the an assessment and/or monitoring plan as part
of the Forest Ecosystem Indicators Project.
7. Observation: "There are a few areas in this theme that seem to be of questionable relevance to the rest
of the work. It is not clear why the Cascade Elevational Field Sites were started m addition to the
terracosms and the mycocosms already in place."
Response: The Cascade Elevational Field Sites were established as part of the TERA study on
the effects of elevated C02 and temperature on a Douglas-fir ecosystem. The plan to establish the
plots was endorsed by an extramural peer review in the summer of 1992 and re-endorsed in 1994. The
sites were initially established to test for possible chamber effects of the terracosms on plant and soil
responses. Subsequently, they were used to parameterize models for use in extrapolating the results
from the TERA study on the effects of elevated C02 and temperature on a Douglas-fir ecosystem over
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time and space They now serve as intensive research sits in support of the Forest Ecosystem
Indicators Project
Observations on Multi-Scale Monitoring Research
1. Observation: Individual scientists are strong, but m some cases should publish more vigorously,
a summary volume or symposium would be desirable."
Response: We are sensitive to the need for WED principal investigators to publish in the peer
reviewed scientific literature We have recently added an explicit discussion of specific publication
plans to the annua] performance review (specifically the Individual Development Plan) The Chief of
the Regional Ecology Branch has made increased publication by each Principal Investigator an overall
branch priority In addition, the Branch Chief has been encouraging Principal Investigators to take
the lead on organizing national symposia (and resulting publications) that highlight WED and related
research
2. Observation: Regarding future directions, collaboration with groups in diverse regions of the
country is a strength. The scope is now largely regional and should move to the national scale. Also, a
strong emphasis should be placed on running waters. Finally, it would be advisable to see more evidence
of collaboration between this group and the PNW estuaries group."
Response: Most of the past emphasis of this program has been on lakes in the Northeast, and,
more recently, on wadeable streams in the mid-Atlantic. As this work winds down, there will be
substantially more publication in the formal scientific literature. A western regional program is
planned beginning in 1999 which may include both an estuarine and freshwater component, so the
program soon will have a multi-regional focus.
Observations on Extrapolation of Plant Response Research
1. Observation: "In addition to better integration of scientists on the team, we recommend that greater
effort be placed on process-level studies at the whole (adult) tree and local ecosystem levels, and that
organisms in addition to tree species be considered in their response to stressors given the difficulties in
working with large, long-lived individuals. This approach is more m line with ecosystem science."
Response: We appreciate the comment and do indeed plan on process-level studies. Studies are
on-going this season addressing N allocation in whole trees of varying ages on cascade forest sites with
varying soil N level to test the hypothesis that N availability is influential on N retranslocation in
trees and testing the role of age and size in N retranslocation. The research will contribute to local
ecosystem N budgets as well. We do not plan to limit ourselves to tree species, if questions of nutrient
utilization or other processes are best addressed in perennial forbes or annuals.
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2. Observation: "Given constraints that exist m terms offunding, we recommend that team members
focusing on whole (adult) tree response to stressors consider collaborating with other scientists in the
region who have already invested considerably in experimental setups (e.g., bole and canopy access
towers) designed to measure responses in such individuals, and who in turn could benefit from the state-
of-the-art equipment (such as terracosms) available at the Corvallis Lab to measure seedling responses."
Response: We are currently collaborating with Oregon State University investigators on studying
gas exchange and water movement in ponderosa pine of varying size and age, and in large canopies of
Douglas fir at the Wind River Canopy Crane site. Other collaborations are being explored with
investigators in the USFS and OSU at sites in the Metolius Natural Area, taking advantage of existing
tree access and eddy correlation studies for deposition.
3. Observation: °Moreover, we suggest that the project consider hiring a scientist with expertise in local
ecosystem dynamics, preferable with some knowledge of both plants and animals as well as the physical
environment, to complement the existing expertise on the team. The addition of a soil scientist would
also be highly desirable, as would a remote sensing expert "
Response: We have hired a soil scientist and are currently interviewing for a forest ecologist position
which requires knowledge of local ecosystem dynamics We are advertising for an ecophysiologist
with experience in resource (nutnent) utilization and/or canopy gas exchange to lead the project
scaling physiological processes in seedlings to large trees and developing a model-based approach for
accomplishing scaling of plant response to stresses as a result of size and/or age.
4. Observation: °However, other ecosystems, such as deserts and grasslands, are also quite extensive in
North America and elsewhere, so that the EPA should encourage collaborative research with other
scientists on stressors in these systems through their grant program."
Response: Within the WED staff we have encouraged collaboration with other scientists At
present, we have on-going research with University of Nevada at Reno on desert ecosystems looking
at the role of enhanced C02 and root growth in desert plants. We also, through cooperative
agreements and IAGs in the Index Site Program are collaborating on studies of N dynamics and
availability in desert perennials in Canyonland National Park, and watershed studies in Denah
National Park We also have investigators collaborating on grassland ecosystem studies using
MBL-GEM at the Konza National Grassland
5. Observation: °Finally, it seems that hypothesis testing has been used only sparingly to date by the
team. Given the robustness of this approach to solving problems of an ecological nature, we encourage its
use more in the future. °
Response: We appreciate the comment, and do use this approach extensively within our ecosystem
and tree-level studies {see earlier response). In the presentation of extrapolation research, the emphasis
was on general areas to be addressed, but all research would be testing stated hypotheses.
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6. Observation: "What is needed is greater integration of efforts by team members across levels of
biological organization and an expansion of this effort to encompass a greater number of attributes and
processes inherent in forest ecosystems at various scales."
Response: We are accomplishing this in a number of WED projects. The Forest Indicators Project
is a good example. Within this project there are studies addressing the Cascade forest system as a
whole parameterizing the GEM for these forest and at the same time ecophsyiolgoical studies being
accomplished on individual trees within the plots studying N and C allocation and partitioning in
aboveground and below ground components. On these same plots, microbial ecology studies are
addressing the effects on N and C dynamics of the soil food web including bacteria, fungal and
invertebrate communities. Other efforts are joining physiologists, ecologists, a soil scientist, tree and
stand models, and geographic information systems to develop a means to predict air pollutant effects
on trees and stands with the varying spatial nutrient and water availability.
Observations on Indicators of Ecological Condition Research
1. Observation: "As a general guideline it might be preferable to use more transparent indices with less
reliance on context-specific prior knowledge and with more widely comparable results. °
Response: We are not clear what the reviewers mean by "transparent indices" and "context-specific
prior knowledge " Our approach is to follow several lines in our research. In particular, for the
biological response indicators, we will continue to develop multimetric indices as a way of
consolidating information about biological condition, without losing track of the character of the
biological assemblages We will also use what are often called multivariate approaches, and an
approach developed by British and Australian scientists, and make comparisons among all three, with
an eye toward responses to human activities, and expressing that information to both scientific and
management audiences. One of the major challenges we face is how we describe a "reference
condition" against which we compare existing condition By necessity, the reference condition must
be "context specific." A national standard or reference condition would not be scientifically defensible
for biological condition.
2. Observation: "While there are a number of references given, it appears that relative to the overall
effort, there is a shortage of open literature publications resulting from this research Application of
indicators m the Mid-Atlantic Highlands Area show some interesting results, but again indicate a lack of
peer reviewed publications."
Response: We agree wth the desirability of publishing in journals the results of our work on
EMAP-Surface Waters, and have made this a top Division priority. In 1997-98, WED scientists
working with EMAP-Surface Waters have published, or formally submitted for publication, 78 peer-
reviewed papers. We expect more to be submitted during the remainder of 1998 In addition, the
Branch Chief has developed a publication plan that sets priorities for journal articles over the next
several years
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3. Observation: "Ofparticular concern [with forest indicators] is the development of metabolic profiles
of rhizosphere organisms, what will this research tell us if we cannot identify over 99% of sod bacteria,
there are over 2,000 potential ectomycorrhizae in the PNW, and populations change drastically in
response to wetting and drying? There is a need to not just check the numbers of organisms, but to link
it with the ecosystem processes that they control. °
Response: Because of the vast numbers of species present in the rhizosphere, indicators based on
taxonomic criteria or morphotypes would be hopelessly complex. On the other hand processes
defined by metabolic criteria are relatively few and, it is hypothesized, can be directly related to
ecosystem endpoints via mechanistic models.
4. Observation: "It seems that more emphasis on ecosystem-level phenomena than was apparent in the
report on the surface water theme description would now be timely. °
Response: We agree. We will begin addressing this issue, especially as we move toward development
of the Western Regional Survey
Observations on Land/Water Interfaces Research
1. Observation: "The riparian zone research addresses important needs to understand the function of
riparian zones in agriculture landscapes in the region, but deals with too few sites and may not produce
information on mass flux. Design of the studies should be considered with the following principles in
mind: (1) sites must be sufficiently numerous to provide a basis for generalization; (2) results must be
available in the form of mass flux, which is the best means for comparing sites; and (3) interpretation
should be made at the watershed level."
Response: We generally agree with the principles stated by the reviewers. We also believe that our
current research addresses these principles to the extent possible given available resources. The
research does involve a small sample size (3), but there are only a small number of comparably
instrumented sites in the U.S. and no others in the Pacific Northwest. The cost and complexity of the
study makes a large sample size prohibitively expensive. Also, the current sites bound the hydrologic
conditions expected m poorly drained agricultural landscapes of western Oregon and Washington.
Mass flux information would be desirable, and we are using groundwater modeling approaches to
provide gross mass flux estimates for groundwater movement. However, it is not possible to obtain
rigorous surface water mass balance without physically altering the hydrology of the sites through the
construction of weirs or flumes. We believe this would alter the biogeochemistry of the sites.
Furthermore, rigorous mass balance measurements have been obtained for few, if any, riparian water
quality studies. As we interpret the data, we will seek to place the results in the context of hydrologic
process at the watershed scale The first major papers from this study will be submitted to journals
this year.
2. Observation: "This program [riparian research] will require broadening and reorientation in order to
be most effective. Perhaps it should include rangelands as well as croplands."
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Response: We agree Shortly after this review, the branch incorporated riparian research into a
larger group of scientists dealing with ecological effects of landscape change. As part of this new,
expanded team, a wider scope of riparian research is included and it is focusing on improving our
ability to deal with the response of riparian zones in the larger context of the regional landscape.
3. Observation: This program [wetlands] has made important contributions but does not appear to
have settled in its new role regarding wetlands research across NHEERL divisions and its areas of future
emphasis on research on wetlands functions."
Response: We agree. With the reduction in extramural resources, the wetlands research effort had
to be drastically reduced The remaining work (done be EPA Principal Investigators) was
incorporated into a larger research team dealing with ecological effects of landscape change.
Observations on Coastal Ecosystems Research
1. Observation: "The justification for the choice of Willapa Bay as °typical" is not clear, and the claim
that it is relatively pristine seems to be belied by the current use of a biocide and a herbicide, and land use
changes with their consequences of increased nutrient and sediment inputs and other disturbances."
Response: Since the time of the peer review, there have been major changes in the research of the
Coastal Ecology Branch. The Willapa Bay site is now but one of several research locations being
studied by branch scientists Emphasis is not on defining a typical estuary, but on comparative studies
among estuaries to increase general understanding of ecological systems.
2. Observation: "The complexity of the issues of multiple stressors in estuarine ecosystems, however,
means that the WED[CEB] team cannot do it alone, but should develop integrated, collaborative links
wuh the research consortium and state partners. °
Response: Because the research of the Coastal Ecology Branch has changed so much since the
review, this comment is no longer directly applicable. We do fully support the idea of collaborative
research efforts and are developmg such linkages with the current research activities.
3. Observations: "The focus on a population response of a single species as representative, sensitive, or
integrative is risky at best and is probably doomed to fadure in meeting the broader objectives of the
theme."
Response: We concur with this observation and it is one reason why the branch changed its research
approach since the peer review took place The current research of the branch focuses broadly on
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habitat and community levels, with some supporting research being conducted at the population level.
4. Observation: "Beforeproceeding rapidly on the highly risky single-species strategy, the WED should
convene a focused workshop to examine various approaches to access watershed-estuary interactions and
changes at the ecosystem level m Wdlapa Bay."
Response. We agree. The research activities of the branch have changed substantially since the peer
review Research plans have been written and are now being subjected to independent scientific peer
review Proposed research focuses on broader levels of ecological organization.
5. Observation: "A senior scientific leader with experience in estuarine ecosystem studies should be
recruited to the Newport staffand the other vacant positions should be filled m a very strategic way to
build and enhance the team. °
Response: Since the review, Dr Walter Nelson has been hired as Branch Chief. Drs. DeWitt,
Power, and Robbins have been hired as scientists. In addition, there are several PhD-level recruitment
actions underway in the Coastal Ecology Branch.
6. Observation: "Opportunities for 're-training' of the ecotoxicology-oriented staff should be provided,
perhaps including visiting scientists or short-term assignment of Newport staff to other experienced
research centers. °
Response: We agree that retraining the ecotoxicology oriented staff is important and deserves
additional management attention We have emphasized having CEB scientists attend estuarine and
other ecologically oriented scientific meetings. The Branch Chief will be discussing other
opportunities to facilitate transition with each scientists during mid-year and annual performance
reviews
7. Observation: "WED contributions to estuarine ecosystem studies should build on WED strengths,
including the excellent experimental and analytical facdittes at Newport and the survey design,
integration, and spatial analysis capabilities at Corvallis."
Response: The proposed research (much revised since the peer review) of the Coastal Ecology
Branch focuses on estuarine benthic systems, which is where the current branch scientists have
primary expertise Liaison relationships, including shared staff members, have been built in the areas
of statistical sampling design and landscape ecology with the Regional Ecology Branch in Corvallis
Additional collaboration with the Terrestrial Ecology Branch (Corvallis) in the area of nutrient cycling
and watershed research will be explored in the coming year. With the additional hiring planned for
the Coastal Ecology Branch, we expect to substantially strengthen the overall ecological research
capability
8. Observation: "Truer collaboration with partners m the PNWconsortium and state agencies should be
14
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developed."
Response: We agree that developing regional research partnerships are important. Various scientists
within the branch have developed collaborative research efforts with the Pacific Northwest Coastal
Ecosystem Research Study (PNCERS) research program, Oregon Sea Grant research, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Estuarine Research Reserve Program in Oregon, other
research linkages with NOAA units co-located at the Marine Science Center in Newport, the Oregon
Department of Fish and Wildlife, among others. We have also encouraged individual CEB scientists to
take advantage of the co-location of Oregon State University at the Marine Science Center to develop
sciennsts-to-scientist linkages with counterpart professors at Oregon State University.
15
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Christian P. Andersen
Research Plant Physiologist
Telephone: 541-754-4791
Email: andersen.christian@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Slippery Rock State University, Slippery Rock, PA; Biology, cum
laude, 1980
M.S., Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Forest Biology, 1983
Ph.D., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; Plant Physiology1, 1987
Previous Positions:
1987-1988: Postdoctoral Research Associate, Environmental Sciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
1986-1987: Acting Project Leader, Department of Forest Research, University of Minnesota
Research Interests and Skills:
Whole-plant carbon allocation, with special emphasis on root metabolism Effects of tropospheric ozone on
carbon allocation to roots and free-living soil organisms.
Professional Societies:
Soil Ecology Society
Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society
Appointments I Honors:
Assistant professor (courtesy) Forest Science. Oregon State University, 1991-present
Associate Editor, J. of Environmental Quality, 1999- 2001
Board of Editorial Advisors, New Phytologist, 1998- 2003
Editorial Review Board, Tree Physiology, 1991, 1999
Panel member, 1998 USDA NR1CGP Competitive Grants Program
Deputy coordinator, IUFRO Section 7.04.02 'Mechanisms of Actions and Indicator Development."
Reviewer: Tree Physiology, Environmental Pollution, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Wetlands
Ecology and Management, Journal of Environmental Quality, Forest Science, New Phytologist. Water
Air and Soil Pollution.
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards, Level II, 1992, 1994, 1996
T. Schantz-Hansen Memorial Research Fellowship, 1983-85
President, Lambda Chapter, Beta Beta Beta National Biology Honorary, 1979-80
Selected Publications:
Andersen, C.P. W.E. Hogsett, M. Plocher, K Rodecap, and E. Henry Lee, 2001. Blue wild-rye grass
competition increases the effect of ozone on ponderosa pine seedlings Tree Physiol. 21:319-327.
Grulke, N.E., C.P. Andersen, and W.E. Hogsett. 2001. Seasonal changes in above- and belowground
carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine along a pollution gradient. Tree Physiol 21:1-9.
Andersen, C.P. 2000. Ozone stress and changes below-ground: Linking root and soil process Phyton 40:7-
12.
McCrady, J.K. and C.P. Andersen. 2000. The effect of ozone on below-ground carbon allocation in wheat
Environmental Pollution 107(3):465-472.
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Andersen, C P , and P T Rygievvicz 1999 Understanding plant-soil relationships using controlled
environment facilities Advances m Space Research 24 (3)309-318
Grulke, N E , C P Andersen, M E Fenn, and P R Miller 1998 Ozone and nitrogen deposition lowers
root biomass of Ponderosa pine in the San Bernardino Mountains, California Envron Pollut 103 63-
73
Scagel, C F , and C P Andersen 1997 Seasonal changes in root and soil respiration of ozone exposed
ponderosa pine grown in different substrates New Phytologist 136 627-643
Andersen, C P , R Wesshng,, M Plocher, and W E Hogsett 1997 Cam -over effects of ozone on
ponderosa pine root growth and carbohydrate concentrations Trcc Physiol 17 805-811
Andersen, C P , and C F Scagel 1997 Nutrient availability alters below-ground respiration of ozone-
exposed ponderosa pine Tree Physiol 17 377-387
Andersen, C P , and P T Rygiewicz 1995 Effects of ozone on temporal allocation of carbon in
mycorrhizal Pinus ponderosa seedlings New Phytol 131471-480
Taylor, GE,DW Johnson, and C P Andersen 1994 Air pollution and forest ecosystems A regional to
global perspective Ecological Applications 4 662-689
Rygiewicz, P T, and C P Andersen 1994 Mycorrhizae alter the quality and quantity of carbon allocated
below ground Nature 369 58-60
Andersen, C P , and PT Rygiewicz 1991 Stress-response interactions and mycorrhizal plant growth
Understanding carbon allocation priorities Invited paper. Environ Poll 73 217-244
Andersen, CP,WE Hogsett, R Wessling., and M Plocher 1991 Ozone decreases spring root growth
and root carbohydrate content in ponderosa pine the year following exposure Can J For Res
21 1288-1291
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Joan P. Baker
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone. 541-754-4517
Email: baker.joan@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., St. Lawrence Univ., Canton, NY; Biology, 1972
M.S., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison; Water Resources Management,
1974
M.S., Univ. of Wis., Madison; Zoology (Limnology), 1974
Ph.D., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY; Natural Resources (Fisheries, Aquatic
Ecology), 1981
Previous Positions:
1990-1992: Principal, Western Aquatics, Inc , Durham, NC
1985-1989: Director and Senior Scientist, Ecological Services Division, Kilkelly Environmental
Associates, Raleigh, NC
1982-1985: Visiting Asst. Professor, N. Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC; Atmospheric Deposition
Program, School of Forestry
1980-1982: Asst. Professor, Duke Univ., Durham, NC, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
1974-1976: Research Associate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of landscape change on aquatic ecosystems
Large-scale (watershed, regional) ecological processes and integrative analysis
Effects of acidic deposition on fish communities
Keywords:
Disciplines: Biology-Aquatic, Fisheries Ecology, Aquatic Ecosystems Fisheries, Freshwater Landscape,
Watershed
Stressors: Biological-Exotic/Introduced Species, Loss of Species, Physical Habitat Modification, Human
Activities/Demographics/Land use
Methods: Field Observation, Indicator Development, Modeling, Ecological Monitoring and Assessment,
Environmental Integrated Assessment
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
American Fisheries Society
Phi Beta Kappa
Appointments/Honors:
Secretary-Treasurer for the Oregon Chapter of the American Fisheries Society, 2000-2002
Technical Lead, National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Workgroup on effects on aquatic biota
1986-1991
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Selected Publications:
Baker, J P , J Van Sickle, C J Gagen, D R DeWalle, W E Sharpe, R F Carline, B P Baldigo, P S
Murdoch, D W Bath, W A Kretser, H A Simonin, and P J Wigington, Jr 1996 Episodic
acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States Effects on fish populations Ecological
Applications 5 422-437
Van Sickle, J , J P Baker, H A Simonin, B P Baldigo, W A Kretser, and W E Sharpe 1996 Episodic
acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States Fish mortality in field bioassays
Ecological Applications 5 408-421
Baker, J P , W J Warren-Hicks, J Gallagher, and S W Chnstensen 1993 Fish population losses from
Adirondack lakes The role of surface water acidity and acidification Water Resources Research
29(4) 861-874
Turner, R S , P F Ryan, D R Marmorek, K W Thornton, T J Sullivan, J P Baker, S W Chnstensen,
and M J Sale 1992 Sensitivity to change for low-ANC eastern US lakes and streams and brook trout
populations under alternative sulfate deposition scenarios Environmental Pollution 77 269-277
Baker, J P , D P Bernard, S W Chnstensen, M J Sale, J Freda, K Heltcher, D Marmorek, L Rowc. P
Scanlon, G Suter, W Warren-Hicks, and P Welbourne, 1991 Biological Effects of Changes in
Surface Water Acid-Base Chemistry State of Science/Technology Report 13, National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program, Washington, D C
Baker, J P , and S W Chnstensen 1991 Effects of acidification on biological communities in aquatic
ecosystems In Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems Regional Case Studies Springer-Verlag.
New York
Haines, T A , and J P Baker 1986 Evidence of fish population response to acidification in the eastern
United States Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 31 605-629
Baker, J P , and C L Schofield 1982 Aluminum toxicity to fish in acidic waters Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution 18 289-309
Dnscoll, C , J Baker. J Bisogni, and C Schofield 1980 Effect of aluminum speciation on fish in dilute
acidified lakes Nature 284 161-163
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Peter A. Beedlow
Chief, Terrestrial Plant Ecology Branch
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4634
Email: beedlow.peter@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., Hiram College, Hiram, OH; Biology, 1973
Ph.D., Utah State University, Logan, UT: Biology, 1979
M B . A., University of Washington, Seattle; Marketing, 1986
Previous Positions:
1999: Director (acting) Western Ecology Division
1988-1990: Leader of the Global Systems Team, US EPA, ERL,
Corvallis
1980-1988: Research scientist, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA
Research Interests and Skills:
Plant community ecology: ecosystem monitoring and effects determination
Application of remote sensing technology to ecological research and assessment
Professional Societies, Honors:
Ecological Society
Phi Beta Kappa
US Patent. Sauer, R.H., and P A Beedlow Electric Dendrometer US Patent No 4549355, 1985
Selected Publications:
Lewis, J.D., R.B. McKane, D.T. Tingey, and P A. Beedlow. 2000. Vertical gradients in photosynthetic
light response within an old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock canopy Tree Physiology 20:447-
456.
Thiede, M.E., SO. Link, R.J Fellows, and PA Beedlow. 1995. Effects of gamma radiation on stem
diameter growth, carbon gain, and biomass partitioning in Helianthus annuus. Env. & Exp Botany
35:33-41.
Link, S O., G.W. Gee, M.E, Thiede, and P A Beedlow 1990. Response of a shrub-steppe ecosystem to
fire: soil water and vegetational change. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 3:163-172
Rogers, L.E., N.E. Woodley, J.K. Sheldon, and P A. Beedlow. 1988. Food Habits of Darkling Beetles
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) within a Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem. Annals of the Entomological Society
of America 81:782-791.
Gee, G.W., P A Beedlow, and R.L. Skaggs. 1988 Water Balance. Pages 61-84 in W H Rickard, L.E
Rogers, B E. Vaughan, and S.F. Liebetrau, editors. Shrub-Steppe: balance and change in a semi-arid
terrestrial ecosystem Elsevier.
Beedlow, P A, L.E. Rogers, and P. Van Vons. 1988. Disturbance and Recovery in the Shrub-Steppe
Ecosystem. Pages 258-270 in W.H. Rickard, L.E. Rogers, B E. Vaughan, and S F Liebetrau, editors
Shrub-Steppe: balance and change in a semi-arid terrestrial ecosystem. Elsevier.
Beedlow, P.A, D.S. Daly, and M.E. Thiede. 1986. A new device for measuring fluctuations in plant stem
diameter: implications for monitoring plant responses. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
6:277-282.
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Roger L. Blair
Technical Coordinator, EMAP-West
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4662
Email: blair.roger@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Illinois , Urbana, IL, 1964
M.F, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 1965
Ph.D., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC, 1970
Previous Positions:
1990-2000: Regional Ecology Branch Chief, USEPA-ORD, NHEERL,
Corvallis, OR
1989-1990: Terrestrial Branch Chief, USEPA-ORD, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1987-1989: Research Ecologist/Acid Rain Team Leader USEPA-ORD, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1986-1987: Forest Team Leader, National Council of Pulp & Paper Industry, Corvallis, OR
1975-1986: Director, Forestry Research, Potlatch Corporation, Levviston, ID
1974-1975: Senior Research Forester, International Paper Co., Bainbridge, GA
Professional Societies:
Society of American Foresters
Appointments/Honors:
Affiliate Professor of Forest Science. Oregon State University, 1989-present
Inland Empire Tree Improvement Cooperative. Secretary', 1977-1986
Institute of Paper Chemistry. Forest Biology Research Advisory Committee, 1978-1982, 1984-1986;
chairman 1981-1982
Affiliate Professor of Forest Management. University of Idaho, 1979-1986
USDA Western Regional Council. Research Planning Group, 1979-1986
Idaho Forest Industries Council. Chairman of the Research Advisory Committee to the Universitv of Idaho,
1982-1986
National Council on Air and Stream Improvement of the Pulp and Paper Industry . Task Group on Air
Quality/Forest Health, 1984-1986
National Forest Products Association. Forest Research Committee, 1985-1986
Affiliate Assistant Professor of Forest Management. NC State University, 1970-1975
Selected publications:
Lackey, R.T., and R.L. Blair 1997. Science, policy, and acid rain. Renewable Resources Journal 15(1) 9-
13.
Zobel, B.J., and R.L. Blair. 1976. Wood and pulp properties of juvenile wood and topwood of the southern
pines. Appl. Polymer Symp. 28:421-433.
Blair, R.L., B.J. Zobel, R.G. Hitchings, and J.B. Jett. 1976. Pulp yield and physical properties of young
loblolly pine with high density juvenile wood. Appl. Polymer Symp. 28:435-444.
Blair, R.L., B.J. Zobel,, and J.A. Barker. 1975. Predictions in pulp yield and tear strength in young loblolly
pine. Tappi 58(1):89-91.
Blair, R.L. 1975. Exploiting natural variation through genetic selection. Pages 35-45 in B.A Thielges,
editor, Forest Tree Improvement - The Third Decade. Louisiana State Univ , Div. Contin Educ., Baton
Rouge.
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Blair, RL,BJ Zobel, E C Franklin,, A C Djerf, and J M Mendel 1974 The effect of tree form and
rust infection on wood and pulp properties of loblolly pine Tappi 57(7) 46-50
Blair, R L , and E B 1974 Cowling Effects of fertilization, site and vertical position on the susceptibility
of loblolly pine seedlings to fusiform rust Phytopathology 64(5) 761 -762
Stonecypher, R W , B J Zobel, and R L Blair 1973 Inheritance of patterns of loblolly pine from a
nonselected population N C Ag Experiment Station Tech Bull No 220
Blair, R L , and B J Zobel 1971 Predictions of expected gains in resistance to fusiform rust in lobloll>
pine Pages 52-57 in Proc , Eleventh South Forest Tree Impr Conf, Atlanta, Ga
Blair, R L 1970 Quantitative inheritance of resistance to fusiform rust in loblolly pine PhD thesis,
North Carolina State Umv , Raleigh, NC
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Bruce L. Boese
Research Oceanographcr
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-5019
Emai I: boese bruce@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Southern Oregon College, Ashland; Biology, 1970
M S, Oregon State University, Corvallis; Oceanography, 1975
Ph.D., Oregon State University, Corvallis; Zoology, 1979
Previous Positions:
1980-1998: Biological Oceanographer, USEPA
1978-1980: Senior Scientist, Northrop Services, Corvallis, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Seagrass
Cumulative effects of multiple stressors on aquatic organisms
Environmental toxicology/bioaccumulation
Professional Societies:
Pacific Estuarine Research Society
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Achievement Award for Performance, 1983, 1997
American Fisheries Society/USEPA Science Achievement Award in Biology/Ecology
1995 USEPA Science and Technology Award, Hon Ment 1991
Selected Publications:
Boese, B.L. (Submitted). Simulated effects of recreational clam harvesting on eelgrass (Zosiera marina)
Aquat Bot.
Hecht, S and B.L Boese (Submitted). The sensitivity of an infaunal amphipod, Eohasutoris estuarius. to
96-hour static water-borne exposures of 4-nonylphenol (NP). Environ. Tox. Chem.
Robbins, B.D and B.L Boese ( Submitted) Macroalgae volume: A surrogate for biomass Aquat Bot
Boese, B L, R.J. Ozretich, J O Lamberson, F A. Cole and R.C. Swartz. 2000 Phototoxic evaluation of
marine sediments collected from a PAH contaminated site. 38:274-282
Cole, F.A., B.L. Boese, R.C. Swartz, J O. Lamberson and T DeWitt 2000 Storage duration and the
toxicity of spike sediment to Rhepoxynius abronius. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:744-748
Boese B.L., R.J. Ozretich, J O. Lamberson, R.C. Swartz, F A, Cole, J. Pelletier, and J. Jones. 1999.
Toxicity and phototoxicity of mixtures of highly lipophilic PAH compounds in marine sediment: Can
the IPAH Model be Extrapolated? Arch. Environ Contam. Toxicol 36:270-280
Boese, B.L., J O. Lamberson, R.C. Swartz, R Ozretich, and F Cole 1998. Photoinduced toxicity of
PAHs and alkylated PAHs to the marine infaunal amphipod (Rhepoxynius abronius). Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34:235-240
Boese, B.L., H. Lee II„ and S. Echols. 1997. Evaluation of a first-order model for the prediction of the
bioaccumulation of PCBs and DDTs from sediment into the marine deposit-feeding clam, Macoma
nasuta. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16(7): 1545-1553
Boese, B.L., J O. Lamberson, R.C Swartz, and R.J. Ozretich 1997. Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthene
to seven marine benthic crustaceans. Arch. Environ Contam. Toxicol. 32:389-393.
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Boese, B L 1996 Standard Guide for the Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated
Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates Pages 1110-1159 in Annual Book of ASTM Standards 11 05
Philadelphia
Boese, B L , H Lee II, DT Specht, J Pelletier, and K Randall 1996 Evaluation of PCB and
hexachlorobenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors based on ingested sediment in a deposit-
feeding clam Environ Toxicol Chem 15(9) 1584-1589
Boese, B L , M Winsor, H Lee II, S Echols, J Pelletier, and R Randall 1995 PCB congeners and
hexachlorobenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors for Macoma nasuta exposed to sediments
different total organic carbon contents Environ Toxicol Chem 14 303-310
Lee II, H , B Boese, R Randall, and J Pelletier 1990 Method to determine the gut uptake efficiencies for
hydrophobic pollutants in a deposit-feeding clam Environ Toxicol Chem 9 215-219
Boese, B L , M Winsor, H Lee II, D Specht, and K Rukavina 1990 Depuration kinetics of hexachlor-
obenzene in the clam, Macoma nasuta Comp Biochem Phjsiol 96C 327-331
Boese, B , H Lee II, D Specht, R Randall, and M Winsor 1990 Comparison of aqueous and solid phase
uptake for hexachlorobenzene in the telhnid clam, Macoma nasuta (Conrad) A mass balance
approach Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 9 221-231
Boese, B 1988 Hypoxia-induced respiratory changes in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) Comp
Biochem Physiol 89A 257-260
Boese, B , H Lee II, and D Specht 1988 Efficiency of uptake of hexachlorobenzene from water bv the
telhnid clam, Macoma nasuta Aquatic Toxicology 12 345-356
Boese, B 1984 Uptake efficiency of the gills of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) for four phthalatc esters
Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41 1713-1718 f
Boese, B , V Johnson,, D Chapman, and J Ridlington 1982 Effects of petroleum refiners wastewater
exposure on gill ATPase and selected blood parameters in the Pacific staghorn sculpin {Letocottus
armatus) Comp Biochem Ph> siol 71C 63-67
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J. Renee Brooks
Plant Physiologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4684
Email: brooks.reneej@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Univ. of Georgia, Athens; Forest Hydrology, 1984
M.S., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Tree Physiology, 1987
Ph.D., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Tree Physiology, 1993
Previous Positions:
1996-1999 Assistant Professor, University of South Florida, Department
of Biology
1993-1996 Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Utah, Department of Biology
Research Interests and Skills.
Whole plant ecology
Forest biology, structure and function of forest canopies
Carbon dioxide dynamics in forest ecosystems
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Professor (courtesy) Dept of Biology Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, 1999-Present
Professor (courtesy) Dept of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 1999-Present
Reviewer for Tree Physiology, Canadian J. of Forest Research, Oecologia. Trees. Annals of Forest
Science
NSF Advisory Panel for Instrument Development for Biological Research, 1999-2000
Selected Publications:
Brooks, J.R, L B. Flanagan, and J R Ehleringer. 1998. Responses of boreal conifers to climate
fluctuations: indications from tree-ring widths and carbon isotope analyses. Can J For. Res
28:524-533.
Buchmann, N., J R. Brooks, L B. Flanagan, and J R Ehleringer. 1998 Carbon isotope discrimination of
terrestrial ecosystems. Pages 203-221 in H. Griffiths, D. Robinson and P. Van Gardingen, editors,
Stable Isotopes and the Integration of Biological, Ecological and Geochemical Processes. BIOS
Scientific Publishers Ltd., Oxford
Hinckley, T M., D.G. Sprugel, J.R Brooks, K.J. Brown, T.A. Martin, D A Roberts, W. Schaap, and D
Wang 1998. Scaling and integration in trees. Pages 309-337 in D.L. Peterson and V. T. Parker
editors. Ecological Scale: Theory and Applications. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
Brooks, J R., L. Flanagan, N. Buchman, and J.R. Ehleringer. 1997. Carbon isotope composition of boreal
plants; functional grouping of life forms. Oecologia 110:301-311.
Brooks, J.R., L. Flanagan, G. Varney, and J.R. Ehleringer. 1997. Vertical gradients of photosynthetic gas
exchange and refixation of respired C02 within boreal forest canopies. Tree Physiol. 17:1-12.
Flanagan, L B , J.R. Brooks, and J.R Ehleringer. 1997. Photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination
in boreal forest ecosystems: a comparison of functional characteristics in plants from three mature
forest types. Journal of Geophysical Research 102: 28861-28869
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Flanagan, L B , J R Brooks, GT Vamey, and J R Ehlennger 1997 Discrimination against Cl80l60
during photosynthesis and the oxygen ratio of respired C02 in boreat forest ecosystems Global
Biogeochem Cycles 11 83-98
Flanagan, L B, J R Brooks, G T Vamey, S C Berry, and J R Ehlennger 1996 Carbon isotope
discrimination during photosynthesis and the isotopic ratio of respired C02 in boreal forest ecosystems
Global Biogeochem Cycles 10 629-640
Brooks, J R,TM Hinckley, and D G Sprugel 1996 The effects of light acclimation during and after
foliage expansion on photosynthesis of Abies amabilis within the canopy Oecologia 107 21-32
Buchmann, N , J R Brooks, K D Rapp, and J R Ehlennger 1996 Carbon isotope composition of C4
grasses is influenced by light and water supply Plant, Cell and Environment 19 392-402
Kuuluvainen, T, D G Sprugel, and J R Brooks 1996 Hydraulic architecture and structure of Abies
lasiocarpa seedlings in three subalpine meadows of different moisture status in the eastern Olympic
Mountains, Washington, USA Arctic and Alpine Res 28 60-64
Sprugel, D G , J R Brooks, and T M Hinckley 1996 Effect of light on shoot and needle morpholog> in
Abies amabths Tree Physiol 16 91-98
Sprugel, DG,MG Ryan, J R Brooks, Vogt. K , and T Martin 1995 Respiration from the organ level
to the stand Pages 255-299 in W K Smith and TM Hinckley editors Resource Ph\siology of
Conifers Academic Press, San Diego
Brooks, J R , T M Hinckley, and D G Sprugel 1994 Acclimation responses of mature Abies amabilis
sun foliage to shading Oecologia 100 316-324
Hinckley, T M , J R Brooks, J Cermak, R Ceulemans, J Kucera, F C Meinzer, and D A Roberts 1994
Water flux in a hjbrid poplar stand Tree Physiol 14 1005-1018
Brooks, J R,TM Hinckley, E D Ford, and D G Sprugel 1991 Foliage dark respiration in Abies
amabths (Dougl) Forbes variation within the canop\ Tree Physiol 9 325-338
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Michael A. Cairns
Research Biologist
Western Ecology Division NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4378
Email :caims michael@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., San Jose State University, San Jose, CA; Zoology, 1974
M.S., Oregon State University, Corvallis, Fisheries, 1980
B.S., Western Oregon University, Monmouth, Public Policy and
Administration, 1989
Previous Positions:
1994-96: Research Biologist, Global Carbon Cycle Project, WED,
Corvallis
1989-93: Project Leader, Forest Systems Project, Global Change Research Program, WED, Corvallis
1985-89: Biologist, Wildlife Toxicology Research Team, WED, Corvallis
1981-85: Biologist, Sediment Toxicity Team, WED, Corvallis
1976-81: Biologist, Western Fish Toxicology Station, WED, Corvallis
1974-76: Biological Aid, National Eutrophication Survey, WED, Corvallis
Research Interests and Skills:
Nitrogen biochemistry; terrestrial carbon cycling, forest ecosystem indicators; global change research;
water quality; research project management, public policy
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America, American Geophysical Union, Northwest Forest Soils Council, American
Institute of Biological Sciences, International Society of Tropical Foresters, Mensa
Appointments/Honors:
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research long-term training grant, 1988
EPA award for continued superior performance
Cash awards for outstanding job performance (approximately 15)
Gold Medal for Exceptional Service; ERL-C best scientific paper award
Selected Publications:
Caims, M.A., P.K. Haggerty, R. Alvarez, B.H.J. De Jong, and I. Olmsted. 2000. Tropical Mexico's recent
land-use change: a region's contribution to the global carbon cycle Ecological Applications
10(5): 1426-1441.
DeJong, B.H.J., M.A. Cairns, N. Ramirez-Marcial, S. Ochoa-Gaona, J. Mendoza-Vega, P.K. Haggerty,
M. Gonzalez-Espinosa, and I. March-Mifsut. 1999. Land-use change and carbon flux between the
1970s and 1990s in the central highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Environmental Management
23(3):373-385.
Schuft, M.J., J R. Barker, and M.A. Cairns. 1998. Spatial distribution of carbon stocks in southeast
Mexican forests. Geocarto International 13:77-86.
Turner D.P., J.K. Winjum, T P. Kolchugina, T.S. Vinson, P.E. Schroeder, D.L. Phillips, and M.A Caims.
1998. Estimating the terrestrial-C pools of the former Soviet Union, conterminous U.S.. and Brazil.
Climate Research 9:183-196.
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Caims, M A , J K Winjum, D P Phillips, T P Kolchugina, and T S Vinson 1997 Biogenic carbon flux
Case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 1 363-383
Cairns, M A , S Brown, E H Helmer, and G A Baumgardner 1997 Root biomass allocation in the
world's upland forests Oecologia 111 1-11
Turner, DP, J K Winjum, TP Kolchugina, and M A Caims 1997 Accounting for biological and
anthropogenic factors in national land-base carbon budgets Ambio 26 220-226
Schuytema, G S , A V Nebeker, and M A Cairns 1996 Comparison of recirculating, static, and elutriate
aquatic sediment bioassay procedures Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56 742-749
Caims, M A , J R Barker, R W Shea, and P K Haggerty 1996 Carbon dynamics of Mexican tropical
evergreen forests Influence of forest management options and refinement of carbon-flux estimates
Interciencia 21 216-223
Cairns, M A , R Dirzo, and F Zadroga 1995 Forests of Mexico A declining resource7 Journal of
Forestry 93 21-24
Barker, J R , P E Schroeder, and M A Caims 1994 A risk assessment framework for evaluating forest
adaptation to climate change Pages 274-294 in A R Maarouf, N N Barthakur, and W O Haufc,
editors, Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Biometeorolog\ Environment Canada,
Downsview, Ontario
Caims, M A , and R A Meganck 1994 Carbon sequestration, biological diversity, and sustainable
development integrated forest management Environmental Management 18 13-22
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M. Robbins Church
Senior Research Environmental Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4424
Email: church.robbins@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., University of Virginia, Charlottesville; Chemistry, 1971
Ph.D., Univ of Virginia, Charlottesville; Env ironmental Sciences, 1980
Previous Positions:
1982-1983: Environmental Scientist, USEPA/NC State. University Acid
Precipitation Research Program, Corvallis, OR
1980-1982: Postdoctoral Fellowship, Department of Environmental
Sciences, University of Virginia
1979: Instructor in Aquatic Ecology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia
1977-1978: Research Limnologist, Waterways Experiment Station, U.S Army Engineers, Vicksburg, MS
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of acidic deposition on surface water chemistry; runoff mapping
Keywords:
Scientific Disciplines: Hydrochemistrv, Watershed Modeling, Watershed Biogeochemistry, Watershed
Nutrient Cycling, Biogeochemistry, Runoff Mapping, Regional Hydrology, Hydrology
Forest Hydrology, Chemical Limnology, Water Quality Modeling
Stressors: Acidic Deposition, Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition, Nutrients
Methods: Process Modeling, Empirical Modeling, Time Trend Analysis
Professional Societies:
American Geophysical Union, Water Quality Committee, 1986-2000; Meetings Comm. (ex officio) 1999-
2001
Society of the Sigma Xi, University of Virginia 1973; Oregon State University, 2000
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Appointments/Honors:
Citationist for George M. Hornberger, Recipient-American Geophysical Union Excellence in Geophysical
Education Award, 1999
Chapman Conference Chair, American Geophysical Union, 1999-2002
Professor (courtesy) Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, 1998-present
Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards, USEPA, Level III 1993, 1996; Level I, 1997; Level II,
1999
Originated and chaired American Geophysical Union Chapman Conferences, 1989, 1996
Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing for Water Resources Research, 1993
Originated and chaired continuing Gordon Research Conference, 1991
Technical Contribution Awards, USEPA, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990
Best Quarterly Scientific Paper Award, Environmental Research Laboratory , Corvallis USEPA. 1st Quarter
1989
Special Achievement or Act Awards, USEPA, 1987. 1996
Bronze Medal for Commendable Service, USEPA, 1985
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American Chemical Society Undergraduate Award in Analytical Chemistry, University of Virginia, 1971
Chaired 14 symposia for national meetings of AGU, AIH, ISEM, and NALMS
Reviewer for Annales Geophysicae, Biogeochemistry, Can J Fish & Aquat Sci .Chapman & Hall
Publishers, Env Manage , EOS, ES&T, J Amer Wat Resour Assoc , J Env Eng Div - ASCE J
Hydrologic Eng , ASCE J Irr & Drain Eng , ASCE J Hydrology, Limnology & Oceanography,
Nature, Science, Soil Science Society American Journal, Sci Tot Environ , Water, Air & Soil
Pollution, Water Resources Research
Reviewer for USDA, USDOE, USDI, EPRI, Florida DEP, Maryland DNR, IH-UK, Univ of Nevada
EPSCoR
Mentor for students MentorNet (The National Electronic Industrial Mentoring Network for Women in
Engineering and Science)
Listed in American Men and Women of Science and Who's Who in Science and Engineering, Premier ed
Selected Publications:
Church, M R , and J Van Sickle 1999 Potential relative future effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition
on lake chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains. United States Water Resour Research 35 2199-2211
Driscoll, C T , G E Likens, and M R Church 1998 Recovery of surface waters in the Northeastern U S
from decreases in atmospheric deposition of sulfur Water, Air, & Soil Pollut 105 319-329
Bishop, G D , M R Church, and C Daly 1998 Effects of improved precipitation estimates on automated
runoff mapping Eastern United States J Am Water Resources Assn 34(1) 159-166
NHEERL-COR-2109J
Church, M R 1998 Acidic deposition acidification of surface waters Pages 34-36 in R W Herschy and
R W Fairbridge, editors, Encyclopedia of Hydrology and Water Resources. Encyclopedia of Earth
Sciences Series Kluwcr Academic Publishers, Boston
Bishop, G D and M R Church 1998 Hydrologic Mapping Pages 371-374 in R W Herschy and R W
Fairbridge. editors, Encyclopedia of Hydrolog> and Water Resources, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences
Series Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Church. M R , and C T Driscoll 1997 Nitrogen cycling in forested catchments A Chapman Conference
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11 613-616
Church, M R 1997 Hydrochemistry of forested catchments Annual Review of Earth and Planetary
Sciences 25 23-59
Church, M R , G D Bishop, and D L Cassell 1995 Maps of regional evapotranspiration and
runoff/precipitation ratios in the Northeast United States J Hydrol 168 283-298
Herlihy, A T , P R Kaufman, M R Church, P J Wigington, R Webb, and M J Sale. 1993 The effects
of acidic deposition on streams in the Appalachian Mountain and Piedmont Region of the M id-Atlantic
United States Wat Resour Research 29 2687-2703
Church, M R , Shaffer, P W , Eshleman, K N . and Rochelle, B P 1990 Potential future effects of current
levels of sulfur deposition on surface water chemistry in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, U S
Water, Air, & Soil Pollut 50 39-48
Church, M R , et al 1989 Direct/Delayed Response Project Future Effects of Long-Term Sulfur
Deposition on Surface Water Chemistry in the Northeast and Southern Blue Rjdge Province USEPA.
EPA/600/3-89/061 887 pp Washington, D C
Sullivan, T J , J M Eilers, M R Church, D J Blick, K N Eshleman, D H Landers, and M D DeHaan
1988 Atmospheric wet sulphate deposition and lakewater chemistry Nature 331 607-609
Galloway, J N , S A Norton and M R Church 1983 Freshwater acidification from atmospheric
deposition of sulfuric acid A conceptual model Environ Sci and Tech 17 541A-545A
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Jana Compton
Forest Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4620
Email: compton.jana@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., Biology -Chemistry, 1988
M.S., University of Washington, Seattle, Forest Ecosystem Analysis,
1990
Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, Forest Biogeochemistry, 1994
Hi
Previous Positions:
1996-1999: Assistant Professor of Forest Biogeochemistry, University
of Rhode Island, Kingston
1994-1996: Post-doctoral researcher, Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Mass.
1988-1994: Research Assistant, University of Washington, Seattle
1991: Intern at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
Research Interests and Skills:
Biogeochemistry; soil microbial processes; impacts of present and past land use on nutrient and organic
matter dynamics; role of plant species in soil processes
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Soil Science Society of America - Forest and Range Soils
Soil Ecology Society
Association for Women in Science
Appointments/Honors:
Associate Editor for the Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2001 -present
Editor's Citation for Excellence in Manuscript Review, Soil Science Society of America, 1999
Professor (adjunct), Dept. Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 1999-present
Professor (adjunct), Dept. Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis 1999-present
Reviewer for Soil Science Society of America Journal, Canadian Journal of Forest Research,
EcoScience, Ecology, Journal of Environmental Quality, Oecologia, Biogeochemistry
Selected Publications:
Compton, J.E. and Cole, D.W. 2001. Fate and effects of phosphorus additions in soils under N2-fixing red
alder. Biogeochemistry 53: 225-247.
Canary, J.D., R.B. Harrison, J.E. Compton and H.N. Chappell. 2000 Additional carbon sequestration
following repeated urea fertilization of second-growth Douglas-fir stands in western Washington
Forest Ecology and Management 138:225-232.
Compton, J .E., and R.D. Boone. 2000. Long-term impacts of agriculture on organic matter pools and
nitrogen transformations in central New England forests. Ecology 81:2314-2330.
Compton, J.E., R.D. Boone, G. Motzkin, and D R. Foster. 1998. Soil carbon and nitrogen in a pine-oak
sand plain in central Massachusetts: Role of vegetation and land-use history. Oecologia 116:536-542
Compton, J.E, and D.W. Cole. 1998. Phosphorus cycling and soil P fractions in Douglas-fir and red alder
stands. Forest Ecology and Management 110:101-112.
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Compton, J E , DW Cole, and P S Homann 1997 Leaf element concentrations and soil properties in
successive rotations of red alder (Alrnis rubra) Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27 662-666
Hamson, R B , S P Gessel, D Zabowski, C L Henry, D Xue, D W Cole, and J E Compton 1996
Mechanisms of negative impacts of three forest treatments on nutnent availability Soil Science Society
of America Journal 60 1622-1628
Cole, D W , J Compton, P S Homann, R L Edmonds, and H Van Miegroet 1995 Carbon accumulation
in Douglas-fir and red alder forests Pages 527-546 in W W McFee and M J Kelly, editors Carbon
forms and functions in forest soils, Proceedings of the 8th North American Forest Soils Conference
Soil Science Society of America Journal
Homann, P S , D W Cole, H Van Miegroet, and J E Compton 1994 Cation-nitrate relationships in soil
solutions from undisturbed and harvested red alder stands Canadian Journal of Forest Research
24 1646-1652
Cole, D W , J E Compton, H Van Miegroet, and P S Homann 1991 Changes in soil properties and site
productivity caused by red alder Water Air and Soil Pollution 54 231-246
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Theodore H. DeWitt
Marine Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4042
Email: dewitt.ted@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., New College of the University of South Florida, Sarasota, FL;
Biology, 1976
Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY; Ecology and
Evolution, 1985
Postdoctoral Fellow, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State
University, Newport, OR, 1985-1987
Postdoctoral Fellow, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center,
Edgewater, MD, 1987-1988
Previous Positions:
1994-1997: Senior Scientist, Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory,
Sequim, WA
1993-1994: Senior Research Associate, National Research Council, USEPA, ERL, Newport, OR
1992-1993: Marine Ecologist, AScI Corp., Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR
1987-1992: Research Associate, Oregon State University, Dept. of Zoology and Hatfield Marine Science
Center, Newport, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecology of marine and estuarine benthic invertebrates
Population dynamics of marine organisms
Bioturbation of sediments, with particular interest in effects on benthic communities and flux of chemicals
and materials
Integration of effects of anthropogenic stressors within coastal ecosystems
Ecotoxicology and geochemistry of chemical contaminants in sediments
Professional Societies:
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (Board of Directors, Pacific Northwest Chapter,
1990-1995)
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Appointments/Honors:
Distinguished Visiting Scientist, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Hamilton, New
Zealand, 1993, 1996
Co-chair, Ecological Effects Committee, Pellston Conference on Sediment Risk Assessment, Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pacific Grove, CA, 1995
Organizing Committee, Second World Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1995.
President, Pacific Northwest Chapter, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1994
Senior Research Associate, National Research Council, 1993
Selected Publications:
DeWitt, T.H., C.W. Hickey, D J. Morrisey, R B. Williamson, L. Van Dam, E.K Williams, M G. Nipper,
and D.S. Roper. 1999. Do amphipods have the same concentration-response to contaminated sediment
in situ versus in vitro? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(5): 1026-1037.
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Mornssey, D J, T H DeWitt, D S Roper, and R B Williamson 1999 Variation in the depth and
morphology of burrows of the mud crab Hehce crassa among different types of intertidal sediment in
New Zealand Marine Ecology Progress Series 182 231-242
DeWitt, TH, LA Niewolny, S L Nieukirk, B Gruendell, W Gardiner, and A Borde 1996 Support for
development of a standard chronic sediment toxicity protocol with the estuarine amphipod.
Leplocheirus piumulosus Battelle Marine Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA
DeWitt, T H , D J Mornscy, D S Roper, and M G Nipper 1996 Fact or artifact The need for
appropnate controls in ecotoxicological field experiments Learned Discourses. SETAC News 16 22-
23
Burton, G A Jr, C W Hickey, T H DeWitt, D S Roper, D J Morrisey, and M G Nipper 1996 In situ
toxicity testing Teasing out the environmental stressors Learned Discourses, SETAC News 16 20-22
DeWitt, TH,RC Swartz, D J Hansen, W J Berry, and D McGovern 1996 Bioavailability and chronic
toxicity of cadmium in sediment to the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus piumulosus Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 15 2095-2101
DeWitt. T H , R J Ozretich, R C Swartz, J O Lamberson, D W Schults, G R Ditsworth. J K P Jones.
L Hoselton, and L M Smith 1992 The effects of organic matter quality on the to\icit> and
partitioning of sediment-associated fluoranthene to the infaunal amphipod, Rhepotymus abronius
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11 197-208
DeWitt, T H , R C Swartz, and J 0 Lamberson 1989 Measuring the acute toxicity of estuarine
sediments Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8 1035-1048
DeWitt, T H , G R Ditsworth, and R C Swartz 1988 Effects of natural sediment features on the
phoxocephahd amphipod, Rhepoxymus abronius Implications for sediment toxicity bioassays Marine
Environmental Research 25 99-124
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Peter M. Eldridge
Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4031
Email: eldridge.pete@epa.gov
Education;
B.A., Southampton College, Southampton, NY, Biology/Chemistry,
1970
M.S., Long Island University, Brookville, NY, Marine Science, 1976
Ph.D., College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Pt., VA, Oceanography, 1990
Previous Positions:
1994-1998: Research Associate, Texas A&M University, College Station
1994-1998: Biological Oceanographer, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin
1993-1994: Associate Research Scientist, Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia
1991-1993: Research Associate, Texas A&M University, College Station
1990-1991: Post Doctoral Associate, Texas A&M University, College Station
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecological modeling of estuaries
Stable isotopes as tracers
Nutrient effects modeling
Sediment seagrass interactions
Professional Societies:
The American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Appointments/Honors
Lead modeler on the Laguna Madre Seagrass project, Texas A&M University
Lead modeler on Texas Parks and Wildlife freshwater inflow study of Galveston Bay
Modeler for Coastal Biogeochemical Workshop, Texas A&M University
Selected Publications:
Eldridge, P.M., and J.W. Morse, 2000. A diagenetic model for sediment-seagrass interactions. Marine
Chemistry 70:89-103.
Cifuentes, L.A., R.B. Coffin, J. Morin, and P.M. Eldridge. 1998 Particulate organic matter in the Gulf of
Mexico estuaries ~ implications for net heterotrophy. Pages 239-268 in T S Bianchi, J R Pennock,
and R.R. Twilley, editors, Biogeochemistry of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries, John Wiley & Sons.
Roelke, D L , P.M. Eldridge, and L A Cifuentes 1997 Nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in a sewage
impacted Gulf Coast estuary: A field test of the PEG-model and equilibrium resource competition
theory. Estuaries 20:725-742.
Coffin, R.B., L A Cifuentes, and P.M Eldridge. 1994. The use of stable isotopes to study microbial
processes in estuaries. Pages 222-239 in K. Lajtha and R.H. Michener, editors, Stable Isotopes in
Ecology and Environmental Science. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston.
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Murray, A G , and P M Eldridge 1994 The effects of bacteriophage on bacterial rec\cling of encrg% to
mesozooplankton production Journal of Plankton Research 16(6)627-641
Eldndge, P M , W Pulich, J Hensen, and C LoefFer 1994 Freshwater inflow recommendations for
Guadalupe Estuary Technical Report submitted to the Texas National Resource Conservation
Commission
Eldndge, P M , and G A Jackson 1993 Descriptions of California coastal basin and slope benthic food
webs derived from inverse analysis Marine Ecology Progress Series 99 115-135
Eldndge, P M and M E Sieracki 1993 Biological and hydrodjnamic regulation of the microbial food
web in a penodically mixed estuary Limnology and Oceanography 38 1666-1679
Eldndge, P M , and G A Jackson 1992 Benthic food web flows in the Santa Monica Basin estimated with
inverse methodology Pages 255-276 in G T Rowe, and V Pariente, editors, Deep-sea food chains and
their relationship to the global carbon cycle
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Steven P. Ferraro
Research Aquatic Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4048
Email: ferraro. steven@epa gov
Education:
B.S., State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY; Biology, 1968
Ph.D., State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY; Biology, 1980
Previous Positions.
1982: Biologist, Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy & Stratton Architects and
Planners, New York, NY
Research Interests and Skills:
Marine/estuarine ecology; pollution ecology; environmental statistics
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
American Fisheries Society
Estuarine Research Federation
Appointments/Honors:
State of the Environment Report, Marine/Estuary Committee, 1999
USEPA Special Act Award, 1996
USEPA Science Achievement Award in Biology/Ecology, 1995
Member, EPA's Pacific Northwest Regional Marine Research Program. 1994-present
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1996
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards, Honorable Mention, 1991, 1993
Member, EPA's 301(h) National Task Force, 1982-1986
Selected Publications:
Ozretich, R.J., S.P. Ferraro, J O Lamberson, and F A. Cole. 2000. A test of I polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon model at the creosote-contaminated site, Elliott Bay, Washington, USA. Envir. Toxicol
Chem. 19(9):2378-2389.
Kravitz, M.J., J O. Lamberson, S.P. Ferraro, R.C. Swartz, B.L. Boese, and D.T. Specht 1999. Avoidance
response of the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius to PAH-contaminated field-collected
sediments. Environ. Toxicol, and Chem. 18:1232-1235.
Ferraro, S.P., and F.A. Cole. 1997. Effects of DDT sediment contamination on macrofaunal community
structure and composition in San Francisco Bay. Marine Biology 130:323-334.
Rohlf, F.J., H.R. Akcakaya, and S.P. Ferraro. 1996. Optimizing composite sampling protocols Environ.
Science & Technology 30:2899-2905.
Swartz, R.C., D.W. Schults, R.J. Ozretich, J O Lamberson, F.A. Cole, T.H. DeWitt, M.S. Redmond, and
S.P. Ferraro, 1995. IP AH: A model to predict the toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
mixtures in field-collected sediments. Environ. Toxicol, and Chem. 14:1977-1987.
Ferraro, S.P., and F.A. Cole. 1995. Taxonomic level sufficient for assessing pollution impacts on the
Southern California Bight macrobenthos revisited. Environ. Toxicol, and Chem. 14:1031-1040
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Ferraro, S P , R C Swartz, F A Cole, and W A DeBen 1994 Optimum macrobenthic sampling protocol
for detecting pollution impacts in the Southern California Bight Environ Monitoring and Assessment
29 127-153
Swartz, R C , F A Cole, J 0 Lamberson, S P Ferraro, D W Schults, W A DeBen, H Lee II and R J
Ozretich 1994 Sediment toxicity, contamination, and amphipod abundance at a DDT - and dieldnn-
contaminated site in San Francisco Bay Environ Toxicol and Chem 13 949-962
Ferraro, S P , and F A Cole 1992 Taxonomic level sufficient for assessing a moderate impact on
macrobenthic communities in Puget Sound, Washington, USA Canadian J Fisheries Aquatic Sci
49 1184-1188
Schults, D W , S P Ferraro, L M Smith, F A Roberts, and C K Poindexter 1992 A comparison of
methods for collecting interstitial water for trace organic compounds and metals analyses Water
Resources 26 989-995
Ferraro, S P , R C Swartz, F A Cole, and D W Schults 1991 Temporal changes in the benthos along a
pollution gradient discriminating the effects of natural phenomena from sewage-industrial wastewater
effects Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 33 383-407
Ferraro, S P , and F A Cole 1990 Taxononnc level and sample size sufficient for assessing pollution
impacts on the Southern California Bight macrobenthos Manne Ecol Prog Ser 67 251-262
Ferraro, S P , H Lee II, R J Ozretich, and D T Specht 1990 Predicting bioaccumulation potential a test
of a fugacity-based model Arch Environ Contain 19 386-394
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John S. Fletcher
Plant Physiologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4324
Email:fletcher john@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Ohio State University, Education, 1960
M.N.S., Arizona State University, 1965
Ph.D., Purdue University, Plant Physiology', 1969
Previous Positions:
1969-Present: Asst., Assoc., and Professor of Botany, University of
Oklahoma, Norman
1965-1969: Teaching assistant and research assistant, Purdue University
1964-1965: NSF Fellowship, Arizona State University
1963-1964: High school biology & chemistry teacher, Cleveland, OH
Professional Societies:
American Society of Plant Physiologists
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Research Interests and Skills:
Phytoremediation, plant metabolism, phytotoxicology, air pollution
Appointments/Honors:
EPA Scientific & Technological Achievement Award, 1998
Organizer and moderator of Phytoremediation/Rhizosphere Workshop at 1998 1BC Conference
Editor, Journal of Environmental Toxicology' and Chemistry, 1996-1998
EPA Science Advisory Panel for Office of Pesticide Programs, 1993-1998
Organizer and editor of proceedings: Plant Tier Testing/A Workshop to Evaluate Nontarget Plant Testing
in Subdivision J Pesticide Guidelines, 1991
Served on EPA Alternative Fuels Research Strategy, 1989
Served on USDA Competitive Grants Review Panel, 1986
O.U Associates Distinguished Lecturer, 1988, 1986, 1984
Recipient, Univ. of Oklahoma Regents Teaching Award, 1983
Univ. of Oklahoma Danforth Teaching Associate, 1980
Ortenburger Award for Biology Teaching from Phi Sigma, 1977
AMOCO Award for Outstanding Undergraduate Teaching, 1975
Selected Publications:
Gaskin, J. and J.S. Fletcher. 1997 Mineralization of exogenously supplied organic substrates by ponderosa
pine roots with and without the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma crustuliniforme. Am. Chem. Soc
Symposium Series 664:152-160.
Fletcher, J.S., T.G. Pfleeger, H.C. Ratsch,, and R. Hayes. 1996. Potential impact of low levels of
chlorsulfuron and other herbicidses on nontarget crop yield. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 15:1189-1196
Hegde, R.S., and Fletcher, J.S. 1996. Influence of plant growth stage and season on the release of root
phenolics by mulberry as related to development of phytoremediation technology. Chemosphere
32:2471-2479.
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Fletcher, J S 1995 Influence of Chlorsulfiiron, 2,4-D, Altrazine, and glyphosate on the growth and yield
of garden pea Physiologia Plantarum 94 261-267
Hegde, R S and J S Fletcher 1995 Release of phenols by perennial plant roots and their potential
importance in bioremediation Chemosphere 31 3009-3016
Donnelly, P K , and J S Fletcher 1995 PCB metabolism by mycorrhizal fungi Bull Environ Contam
Toxicol 54 507-513
Donnelly, P K , and J S Fletcher 1994 Potential use of mycorrhizal fungi as bioremediation agents Pages
93-99 in T Anderson and J Coats, editors, Bioremediation Through Rhizosphere Technology,
American Chemical Society Symposium series 563
Fletcher, J S , J E Nellessen, and T Pfleeger 1994 Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food
chain (Kenaga) monogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants Environ TokicoI
Chem 13 1383-1391
Donnelly, P K , R S Hegde, and J S Fletcher 1994 Growth of PCB-degrading bactena on compounds
from photosynthetic plants Chemosphere 28 981-988
Fletcher, J S , T Pfleeger, and H Ratsch, 1993 Potential environmental risks associated with the new
sulfonylurea herbicides Envir Sci and Tech 27 2250-2252
Nellessen, J E , and J S Fletcher 1993 Assessment of published literature pertaining to the uptake/
accumulation, translocation, adhesion, and biotransformation of organic chemicals b> vascular plants
Chemosphere 12 2045-2052
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Thomas D. Fontaine
Director, Western Ecology' Division, NHEERL
Telephone 541-754-4614
Email: fontaine.thomas@epa.gov
Education:
B.A University of Mississippi, Biology, 1972
M.S. University of Florida, Environmental Biology, Environmental
Engineering Sciences, 1974
Ph.D. University of Florida, Systems Ecology, Environmental
Engineering Sciences, 1978
Previous Positions:
1999-2001, Director, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Division, South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)
1992-1999, Director, Everglades Systems Research Division, SFWMD
1988-1989, Program Leader, Coordinated Ecosystem Research, NOAA-Great Lakes Environmental
Research Laboratory (GLERL)
1984-1988, Group Head, Environmental Systems Studies Group, NOAA-GLERL
1982-1983, Assistant Ecologist. University of Georgia Faculty, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
1979-1982, Research Associate, University of Georgia Faculty, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory
1972-1979, Graduate Research Assistant, Environmental Engineering Sciences Department, University of
Florida
Research Interests and Skills:
Systems ecology and modeling, research program development and communication; Nutrient and
contaminant fate, transport, and effects modeling; Uncertainty, risk, and optimization analyses; TMDL
process; Monitoring network design; Natural and constructed wetland processes
Professional Societies:
AAAS, Ecological Society of America, Estuarine Research Federation
Appointments / Honors:
Member of Governor's Commission for a Sustainable South Florida Scientific Advisory Panel
National Audubon-American Association of Engineering Societies Palladium Medal (team award for r of
Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, May 2000
Invited and contributing speaker at numerous scientific meetings.
Invited panelist at numerous EPA, NOAA, IJC, USFWS, USGS, and NRC workshops on wetland
restoration, national nutrient assessment, water quality, Great Lakes, and fisheries issues.
Chair, Modeling Committee, EPA contaminant mass balance studies in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting
Channels.
Selected Publications: (Author or co-author of over 35 scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals)
McCormick, P., S Newman, S. Miao, R. Reddy, D. Gawlik, C Fitz, T. Fontaine, and D Marley. (In
press). Ecological needs of the Everglades. In Porter & Porter, editors. Linkages Between Everglades
Watersheds CRC press
McCormick, P.V., S. Newman, G. Payne, S. Miao, and T.D Fontaine 2000. Ecological effects of
phosphorus enrichment in the Everglades Chapter 3 in Everglades Consolidated Report. (A peer
reviewed publication of the SFWMD available at http://www.sfwmd.gov/org/wre/eir/index.html)
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Rudnick,DT,Z Chen, D L Childers, and T D Fontaine 1999 Phosphorus and nitrogen inputs to
Florida Bay the importance of the Everglades watershed Estuaries 22 398-416
Moustafa, M Z , S Newman, T D Fontaine, J J Chimney, and T C Rosier 1999 Phosphorus retention
by the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project an Everglades Storm water Treatment Area In K R
Reddy, G A O'Conner, and C L Schelske, editors Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in Subtropical
Ecosystems, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton
Newman, S , J Schuette, JB Grace, K Rutchey, T Fontaine, K R Reddy, and M Pietrucha 1998
Factors influencing cattail abundance in the northern Everglades Aquat Bot 60 265-280
Moustafa, M Z , T D Fontaine, M Guardo, and R T James 1998 The response of a freshwater wetland
to long-term "low level" nutrient loads Nutrients and water budget Hydrobiologia 364 41 -53
Moustafa M,M J Chimney, T Fontaine, G Shih and S Davis 1996 The response of a freshwater
wetland to long-term low level nutrient loads - marsh efficiency Ecological Engineering 7 15-33
Guardo, M , L Fink, T Fontaine, S Newman, M Chimney, R Bearzotti. G Goforth 1995 Large scale
constructed wetlands for nutrient removal from stormwater runoff An Everglades restoration project
Environ Mgt 19 879-889
Fontaine, T D , and D J Stewart 1992 Exploring the effects of multiple management objectives and exotic
species on Great Lakes food webs and contaminant dynamics Environ Mgt 16 225-229
Landrum, P F , T D Fontaine, W R Faust. BJ Eadie, and G A Lang 1992 Modeling the accumulation
of polycvclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the amphipod Diporeia (sp) In F A Gobas. and J A
McCorquodale, editors Chemical Dynamics in Fresh Water Ecosystems Lewis Publishers. Boca
Raton
Lesht, B M , T D Fontaine, and D M Dolan 1991 Great Lakes total phosphorus model post audit and
regionalized sensitivity analysis J Great Lakes Res 13-17
Clites, A , T D Fontaine, and J Wells 1991 The distributed costs of environmental contamination
Ecological Economics 3 215-229
Lang, G A and T D , Fontaine 1990 Modeling the fate and transport of contaminants in Lake St Clair J
Great Lakes Res 16 216-232
Lang, G A , J A Morton, and T D Fontaine 1988 Total phosphorus budget for Lake St Clair 1975-
1980 J Great Lakes Res 14 257-266
Fontaine. T D , and B M Lesht 1987 Contaminant management strategies for the Great Lakes Optimal
solutions under uncertain conditions J Great Lakes Res 13 178-192
Fontaine, T D 1984 A non-equilibrium approach to modeling toxic metal speciation in acid, aquatic
systems Ecological Modelling 22 85 100
Fontaine, T D , 111 1984 Application of risk and uncertainty analysis techniques to a heav\ metal
speciation model Ecological Modelling 22 101-108
Fontaine, T D 1984 A non-equilibnum approach to modeling metal speciation in acid, aquatic systems
Theory and process equations Ecological Modelling 21 287-313
Fontaine, T D 1983 Characteristics of Auftvuchs on natural and artificial submersed lotic plants
Substrate effects Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 96 293-301
Fontaine, T D , and S M Bartell, editors 1983 Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems 494 pp Ann Arbor
Science, Ann Arbor
Ewel, K C and T D Fontaine 1983 Structure and function of a lower latitude lake Ecological Modelling
19 139-161
Ewel, K D andTD Fontaine 1982 Effects of white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella) on a Florida lake
ecosystem A model Ecological Modelling 16 251-273
Fontaine, T D 1981 A self-designing model for testing hypotheses of ecosystem development In D M
DuBois, editor Progress in Ecological Engineering and Management by Mathematical Modelling
Fontaine, T D , and K C Ewel 1981 Metabolism of a Florida lake ecosystem Limnol Oceanogr
26 754-763
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Jillian W. Gregg
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4346
Email: jgregg@mail.cor.epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Biology, 1988
M.S., University of Utah, Salt Lake City; Biology, 1991
Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Biology, 1998
Previous Positions:
1991-1998: Teaching Assistant, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
1987-1991: Teaching Assistant, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
1988: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Short-Term Fellow, Barro Colorado Island, Panama
1987-1988: Field Assistant, Tropical Ecology, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
1987-1988: Laboratory Technician, Plant physiological ecology, University of Utah
1986: Field Assistant, Desert Ecology, University of Utah
Research Interests and Skills:
Plant physiological ecology.
Effects of multiple environmental changes on plant growth and physiology
Stable isotopic applications to the effect of anthropogenic stresses on forest ecosystems
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Mellon Foundation Fellowship, Cornell University, 1995
Edna Bailey Sussman Fund for Environmental Internships, 1993 and 1994
New York State Heritage Fellowship, 1993
Sigma Xi Fellowship, 1993
Center for the Environment Fellowship, Cornell University, 1992
Institute of Ecosystem Studies Research Grant, 1992 and 1993
Selected Publications:
Phillips, D.L. and J.W. Gregg. 2001. Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes. Oecologia
127:171-179.
Gregg, J.G., C.G. Jones, and T.E. Dawson. 1997. Plant growth along an urban-rural gradient: the relative
impacts of elevated temperature, C02 and ozone. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
78(4)98
Pimentel, D., M. Herdendorf, S. Eisenfeld, L Olander, M. Carroquino, C. Corson, J. McDade, Y. Chung,
W. Cannon, J. Roberts, L. Bluman, and J.Gregg. 1994. Achieving a secure energy future:
environmental and economic issues. Ecological Economics 9:201-219.
Gregg, J.G. and J.R. Ehleringer. 1991. Mistletoe presence is dependent on host quality. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 72(2): 128
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William E. Hogsett
Leader, Ecological Extrapolation Team
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4632
Email: hogsett.william@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX; Biology, 1966
Ph.D., Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Bio-chemistry, 1972
Previous Positions:
1978-1980: Technical Supervisor, Northrop Services, Inc., Corvallis,
OR
1976-1977: Senior Research Fellow, Dept. Microbiology and
Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
1972-1976: Research Associate/NIH Postdoctoral Fellow, Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis
Research Interests and Skills:
Carbon and nitrogen allocation in above- and below ground systems of annual and perennial plants, in
response to tropospheric ozone exposure, relevant environmental factors, and components of exposure
Professional Societies:
American Society of Plant Phy siologists
Sigma XI
Appointments/Honors:
Graduate Faculty (courtesy), Environmental Sciences, Oregon State University
Technical Advisor/Contributor, EPA Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants
Chapter 5. Environmental Effects, 1986; 1992 Supplement; 1997
Co-Director, PRIMENet (NPS/EPA co-sponsored research & monitoring program), 1996-present.
Member, Effects Work Group, UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution: Critical
Levels for Ozone, 1992-present
Member, Scientific Liaison Committee, North American Research Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone
(NARSTO), 1992-present
Member, Federal Land Managers Air Quality related Values Workgroup (FLAG). 1996-Present
Member, Risk and Exposure Assessment Group, EPA/Office of Air and Radiation, 1995-present
Peer Review Panel, Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Forest
Trees Gothenburg, Sweden, 1995, 1997, 1999
Peer Review Panel, Air Quality Research Programs, Air Quality Division, National Park Service. 1989 -
1992
Peer Reviewer Panel, U.S. Forest Service Global Change Programs, Pacific Southwest and Southeast
1995, 1998, 1999
Peer Reviewer, USDA Competitive Grants 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000
Participant, Canadian Council Ministers of the Environment, Development of a Management Plan for
Control ofNOx and VOC: Vegetation Effects Work Group Toronto Canada, 1989 Participant, Trans-
Pacific Air Pollution Project. Tokyo, Japan, 1998; Nagoya, Japan, 1999
Participant, Air Quality Related Values for Class I Wilderness US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest and
Pacific Northwest, 1990
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EPA Bronze Medal of Commendation - 1988, 1992, 1997
EPA/ORD Scientific and Technological Achievement Award - 1986, 1991, 1998
Selected Publications:
Andersen, C P , W E Hogsett, M Plocher and E H Lee 2001 Blue wild-rye grass competition increases
the effect of ozone on ponderosa pine seedlings Tree Physiol 21 319-327
Grulke, N E , C P Andersen and W E Hogsett 2001 Seasonal changes in above-and belowground
carbohydrate concentrations of ponderosa pine along a pollution gradient Tree Physiol 21 1-9
Laurence, J A , W A RetzlafF, J S Kern, E H Lee, D A Weinstien and W E Hogsett 2001 Predicting
the regional impcat of ozone and precipitation on the growth of loblolly pine and yellow-poplar using
linked TREGRO and ZELIG models Forest Ecology and Management 146 251 -267
Lee, E H , and W E Hogsett 1999 Role of concentration and time of day in developing ozone exposure
indices used in modeling crop loss J of Air & Waste Management Association 49 669-681
Hogsett, W E , and C P Andersen 1998 Ecological effects of troposphenc ozone a U S perspective —
past, present, and future Pages 419-437 in T Schneider, editor, Air Pollution in the 21st Century,
Priority Issues and Policy Studies in Emironmental Science Elsevier Publishers
Hogsett, W E , A A Herstrom, J A Laurence, E H Lee, J E Weber, and D T Tingey 1997 An approach
for characterizing troposphenc ozone risk to forests Environmental Management 20 1-17
Weber, J A , C S Clark, and W E Hogsett 1993 Analysis of the relationships among 03 uptake,
conductance, and photosynthesis in needles of Pinus ponderosa Tree Physiology 13 157-172
Andersen, C , W E Hogsett, R Wessling, and M Plocher 1991 Ozone decreases spring root growth and
root carbohydrate content in ponderosa pine the year following exposure Canadian J Forest Research
21 1288-1291
Tingey, DT, WE Hogsett, and S Henderson 1990 Definition of adverse effects for the purpose of
establishing secondary national ambient air quality standards J Environ Quality 19 635-639
Hogsett, W E , D T Tingey, C Hendricks, and D Rossi 1989 Sensitivity of important western conifer
species to S02 and seasonal interaction of acid fog and ozone Pages 469-491 in R K Olson and A S
Lefohn, editors Effects of Air Pollution on Western Forests, APCA Transaction Series Air and Waste
Management Association, Pittsburgh
Hogsett, W E , D T Tingey, and E H Lee 1988 Ozone exposure indices Concepts for development and
evaluation of their use Pages 107-138 in W W Heck, O C Taylor, and D T Tingey, editors
Assessment of crop loss from air pollutants Proceedings of the International Conference, Raleigh.
North Carolina, USA Elsevier, Applied Science, London
Hogsett, W E , D T Tingey, and S R Holman 1985 A programmable exposure control s\ stem for
determination of the effects of exposure regimes on plant growth Atmos Environ 19 1135-1140
Hogsett, W E , M C Plocher, V Wildman, DT Tingey and J P Bennett 1985 Growth response of two
varieties of slash pine to chronic ozone exposure Can J Bot 63 2369-2376
Tingey, DT and WE Hogsett 1985 Water stress reduces ozone injury via a stomatal mechanism Plant
Physiology 77 944-947
Hogsett, W E , R M Raba and D T Tingey 1981 Biosynthesis of stress ethylene in soybean seedlings
Similarities to endogenous ethylene biosynthesis Physiol Plant 53 307-314
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Mark G. Johnson
Research Soil Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4969
Email: johnson.markg@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Agronomy, 1979
M.S., Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Soil Chemistry and
Plant Nutrition, 1981
Ph.D., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Soil Chemistry, 1986
Previous Positions:
1993-1997: Principal Investigator, ManTech Environmental
Services/Dynamac Corp.
1988-1993: Project Scientist, NSI Technology Services/ManTech
1985-1988: Senior Scientist, NSI Technology Services
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of natural and anthropogenic stresses on roots, soil and soil processes
Biogeochemistry of forested systems
Appointments/Honors:
Team Honor Award for Advancing Environmental Science, USEPA Western Ecology Division, April,
1999
Director's Technical Contribution Award, USEPA, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory.
December 1989
Technical Achievement Award, USEPA, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, October 1987
Director's Technical Contribution Award, USEPA, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory , July
1987
Courtesy Faculty Appointment, Assistant Professor of Soil Science. Department of Crop and Soil Science,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 1987-present
Selected Publications:
Johnson, M.G., D.T. Tingey, D.L. Phillips, and M.J Storm. 2001. Advancing fine root research with
minirhizotrons. Environ. Exp. Botany 45 263-289.
Lin, G., P.T. Rygiewicz, J R. Ehleringer, M.G. Johnson, and D.T. Tingey. 2001. Time-dependent
responses of soil CO2 efflux components to elevated atmospheric [C02 ] and temperature in
experimental forest mesocosms. Plant and Soil 229:259-270.
Phillips, D.L., M.G. Johnson, D.T. Tingey, C Biggart, R.S. Novak, and J. Newsome. 2000 Minirhizotron
installation in sandy, rocky soils with minimal soil disturbance. Soil Sci Soc of Am J 64:761 -764.
Tingey, D.T, D.L Phillips, and M.G. Johnson. 2000. Elevated C02 and conifer roots: Effects on growth,
life span and turnover. New Phytologist 147:87-103.
Johnson, M.G., D.L. Phillips, D.T. Tingey, and M.J. Storm. 2000. Effects of elevated C02, N-fertilization
and season on survival of ponderosa pine fine roots. Can. J. For. Res. 30(2):220-228.
Lin, G., J R. Ehleringer, P.T. Rygiewicz, M.G. Johnson, and D.T. Tingey 1999. Elevated C02 and
temperature impacts on different components of soil C02 efflux in douglas-fir terracosms. Global
Change Biology 5:157-168.
Johnson, M.G., and P. Meyer. 1998. Mechanical advancing handle that simplifies minirhizotron camera
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registration and image collection J Environ Qual 27(3)710-714
Johnson, M G , D T Tingey, M J Storm, L M Ganio, and D L Phillips 1997 Effects of elevated CO,
and N fertilization on the lifespan of Pwus ponderosa fine roots Pages 370-373 in H E Flores, J P
Lynch, and D Eissenstat, editors Radical Biology Advances and Perspectives on the Function of
Plant Roots Vol 18 Current Topics in Plant Physiolog} series American Societ) of Plant
Physiologists
Rygievvicz, P T , M G Johnson, L M Ganio, D T Tmgey, and M J Storm 1997 Lifetime and temporal
occurrence of ectomycorrhizae on ponderosa pine (Pwus ponderosa Laws ) seedlings grown under
varied atmospheric C02 and nitrogen levels Plant and Soil 189 275-287
Tingey, D T , D L Phillips, M G Johnson, M J Storm, and J T Ball 1997 Effects of elevated CO, and
N-fertilization on fine root dynamics and fungal growth in seedling Pwus ponderosa Environ E\d
Botany 37 73-83
Vose, J M , K J Elliot, D W Johnson, D T Tmgey, and M G Johnson 1997 Soil respiration response to
two years of elevated C02 and N in ponderosa pine (Pwus ponderosa Doug e\ Laws ) Plant and Soil
190 19-28
Tingey. DT.MG Johnson, D L Phillips, D W Johnson, and J T Ball 1996 Effects of elevated CO,
and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine Tree Ph>siolog\ 16 905-
Tingey, DT.MG Johnson, D L Phillips, and M J Storm 1996 Effects of elevated CO, and nitrogen on
ponderosa pine fine roots and associated fungal components Journal of Biogeography 22-281 -287
Tmgey, D T , B D McVeety, R Washmann, M G Johnson, D L Phillips, P T Rygiewicz, and D M
Olszyk 1996 A versatile sun-lit controllcd-environment facilitx for studying plant and soil processes
J Environ Qual 25-614-625
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James Emery Kaldy III
NHEERL Postdoctoral Fellow
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: Voice: 541-867-4026
Email: kaldy.jim@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Long Island Univ.-Southampton, Marine Science/Biology, 1989
M.S., Univ. of New Hampshire, Plant Biology, 1992
Ph .D.,Univ. of Texas-Austin, Marine Science, 1997
Previous Positions:
1998-2000 Post-doctoral Researcher, Texas A&M Univ., Oceanography
Dept.
1996-1997 Research Assistant, Marine Science Institute, Univ. of Texas
1993-1994 Research Assistant, Marine Science Institute, Univ. of Texas
Research Interests and Skills.
Ecology, physiology and reproduction in seagrasses and marine algae
Use of stable isotopes in estuarine ecology
Use of models to address process oriented questions in estuarine ecology
Influence of stressors on estuarine/marine macrophyte communities
Professional Societies:
Estuarine Research Federation
Gulf Estuarine Research Society
Tri-Beta National Biological Honors Society
Sigma Xi
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Appointments/Honors.
1997 Summer Tuition Fellowship
1994-1996 E.J. Lund Scholarship in Marine Science
1987 Provost Citizenship Award, LIU-Southampton
Selected Publications:
Kaldy, J.E. and K.H. Dunton. 2000. Above- and below-ground production, biomass and reproductive ecology
of Thalassia testudinum (Turtle grass) in a subtropical coastal lagoon. Marine Ecology Progress Series
193:271-283.
Kaldy, J.E. and K.H. Dunton. 1999. Ontogenetic photosynthetic changes, dispersal and survival of Thalassia
testudinum Banks ex Konig seedlings in a subtropical lagoon. J. Exp. Marine Biology & Ecol. 240:193-
212.
Kaldy, J.E. N. Fowler and K.H. Dunton. 1999. Critical Assessment of Thalassia testudinum (Turtle Grass)
Aging: Implications for Demographic Methods. Marine Ecology Progress Series 181:279-288.
Kaldy, J.E. 1996. Range extension oiHalimeda incrassata (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales): Occurrence in the
lower Laguna Madre of Texas. Southwestern Naturalist 41:419-423.
Kaldy, J.E., K H. Dunton and A.B. Czerny. 1995. Variation in macroalgal species composition and abundance
on a rock jetty in the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Botanica Marina 38:518-527.
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Short, FT, DM BurdickandJE Kald> 1995 Mesocosms quantify the effect of eutrophication on eelgrass,
Zostera marina L Limnology & Oceanography 40 740-749
Tettleback, S T , C F Smith, J E Kaldy, T W Arroll and M R Denson 1990 Burial of transplanted bay
scallops Argopecten irradians irradians (Lamark, 1819) in winter J Shellfish Research 9 127-134
Kaldy, J E 1990 An attempt to establish an eelgrass (Zostera marina L ) bed ecosystem in a microcosm Bios
60 2-11
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Philip R. Kaufmann
Research Physical Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone 541-754-4451
Email: kaufmann.phil@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Gonzaga University, Biology, 1!
M.S., Wash. State U., Environmental
Ph.D., Oregon State U., Forest Hydro
Previous Positions:
1991-1998 Research Associate Prof., Dept. Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon State Univ.
1990-1991 Research Associate Professor, Utah Water Research Lab, Utah State Univ.
1986-1990 Research Assistant Professor, Utah Water Research Lab, Utah State Univ.
1981-1986 Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. Forest Engr/Hydrology, Oregon State Univ.
1977-1981 Environ. Scientist/Project Manager, M.A Kennedy Consulting Engrs.. Spokane, WA.
Research Interests and Skills:
Stream channel morphology and hydraulics
Design/testing field methods for quantifying aquatic habitat and biota.
Natural and anthropogenic controls on aquatic habitat and biota at large regional scales.
Acidic deposition effects on aquatic ecosystems.
Professional Societies:
American Geophysical Union; North American Benthological Society; American Fisheries Society
Appointments/Honors:
Associate Professor (courtesy), Oregon State Univ., Dept. Fisheries & Wildlife, 1999-Present
Associate Professor (courtesy), Utah State Univ., Water Research Lab, 1991-1997
Certificate of Appreciation for participation on Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment Team, USEPA,
Region III, 2000
Special Act Award ($1,000) for exemplary accomplishments in leading completion of habitat
manual-USEPA, NHEERL-WED, 1999
Technical Director, NAPAP/EPA National Stream Survey 1987-1990
USEPA Environmental Research Lab award for best technical report, 1988 and 1991
Letter of Commendation from USEPA Administrator for contribution to design, implementation, and
interpretation of EPA's National Surface Water Survey, 1988
USEPA Environmental Research Laboratory, award for best published journal article, Q2-1988
USEPA Environmental Research Lab Director's Award for scientific achievement, 1987
Selected Publications:
Li, J., A. Herlihy, W. Gerth, P.R. Kaufmann, S. Gregory, S. Urquhart, and D.P. Larsen. 2001 Variability
in stream macroinvertebrates at multiple spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 46:87-97.
Hill, B.H., R.J. Sevenson, Y. Pan, A T. Herlihy, P R. Kaufmann, and C.B Johnson. 2001. Comparison of
correlations between environmental characteristics and stream diatom assemblages characterized at
genus and species levels. J. N. Am. Benthol Soc 20(2) 299-310.
Griffith, M.B., P.R Kaufmann, A. Herlihy, and B. Hill 2001. Analysis of macroinvertebrate assemblages
in relation to environmental gradients in Rocky Mountain streams Ecological Applic 11 (2) 489-505
Science-Limnology, 1977
logy, 1987
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Hill, B H , A T Herlihy, P R Kaufmann, R J Stevenson, F H McCormick, and C B Johnson 2000 The
use of penphyton assemblage data as an index of biotic integrity J N Am Benthol Soc 19(1)50-67
Kaufmann, PR, P Levine, E G Robison, C Seeliger, and D V Peck 1999 Quantifying Physical Habitat
in Wadeable Streams EPA 620/R-99/003 US EPA, Washington, DC
Allen, A , T Whittier, P R Kaufmann, D P Larsen, R O'Conner, R Hughes, R Stemberger, S Dixit, R
Bnnkhurst, A T Herlihy, and S G Paulsen 1999 Concordance of taxonomic richness patterns across
multiple assemblages in lakes of the northeastern United States Can J Fish Aquat Sci 56 739-747
Pan, Y , R Stevenson, B Hill, P R Kaufmann, and A Herlihy 1999 Spatial patterns and ecological
determinants of benthic algal assemblages in Mid-Atlantic streams, U S A J Phycology 35 460-468
Bryce, S , D P Larsen, R M Hughes, and PR Kaufmann 1999 Assessing relative risks to aquatic
ecosystems a Mid-Appalachian case study J Am Water Resource Assoc 35(1) 23-36
Kaufmann, P R 1998 Stream Discharge Pages 67-76 in J M Lazorchak, DJ Klemm and D V Peck,
editors EMAP - Surface Waters Field Operations and Methods for Measuring the Ecological
Condition of Wadeable Streams EPA/620/R-94/004F Office of Research and Develop , U S EPA,
Washington, D C
Hughes, R M,T M Kincaid, P R Kaufmann, A T Herlihy. L Reynolds, and D P Larsen 1998 A
process for developing and evaluating indices of fish assemblage integrit\ Can J Fish Aquat Sci
55 1618-1631
Hill, B H,A T Herlihy, P R Kaufmann, and R L Smsabaugh 1998 Sediment microbial respiration in
a synoptic survey of mid-Atlantic region streams Freshwater Bio 39 493-501
Kaufmann, P R and T R Whittier 1997 Habitat Assessment Pages 5-1 to 5-26 in J R Baker, D V
Peck, and D W Sutton editors EMAP-Surface Waters Field Operations Manual for Lakes
EPA/620/R-97/001 US EPA, Washington, D C
Herlihy, A T, P R Kaufmann, L Reynolds, J Li, and E G Robison 1997 Developing indicators of
Ecological Condition in the Willamette Basin Pages 275-282 in River Qualit\ Dynamics and
Restoration Lewis Publishers Boca Raton, FL
Robison, E G and P R Kaufmann 1994 Evaluating two objective techniques to define pools in small
streams Pages 659-668 in R A Marston and V R Hasfurther editors Effects of Human-Induced
Changes on Hydrologic Systems, Proc symposium, Jackson Hole, W>oming. June 26-29, 1994
American Water Resources Association, Bethesda MD
Herlihy, A T, P R Kaufmann, M R Church. P J Wigington, Jr, J R Webb, and M J Sale 1993 The
effects of acidic deposition on streams m the Appalachian Mountain and Piedmont region of the mid-
Atlantic United States Water Resources Research 29 2687-2703
Kaufmann, P R , A T Herlihy, and L A Baker 1992 Sources of acidit\ in lakes and streams of the United
States Environmental Pollution 77 115-122
Kaufrnann, P R, A T Herlihy, M E Mitch, J J Messer, andWS Overton 1991 Chemical characteristics
of streams in the eastern United States I Synoptic Survey Design, Acid Base Status, and Regional
Patterns Water Resources Res 27 611-627
Herlihy, A , P R Kaufrnann, and M Mitch 1991 Chemical characteristics of streams in the eastern United
States II Sources of Acidity in Acidic and Low ANC Streams Water Resources Res 27 629-642
Baker, L A , A T Herlihy, P R Kaufmann, and J M Eilers 1991 Acidic lakes and streams in the United
States the role of acidic deposition Science 252 1151-1154
Elwood, J W , M J Sale, P R Kaufmann, and G F Cada 1991 Southern Blue Ridge Province effects of
acid deposition on streams, lakes, and reservoirs Chapter 11 in D F Charles editor Acid Deposition
and Aquatic Ecosystems Regional Case Studies Spnnger-Verlag, New York
Herlihy, AT, P R Kaufmann, M E Mitch, and D D Broun 1990 Regional estimates of acid nunc
drainage impact on streams in the Mid-Atlantic and southeastern United States Water, Air, and Soil
Pollut 50 91-107
Eshleman, KN and P R Kaufmann 1987 Assessing the regional effects of sulfur deposition on surface
water chemistry the Southern Blue Ridge Environ Sci & Tech 22 685-690
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Mary E. Kentula
Wetland Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4478
Email: kentula.mary@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., St. Francis College, Loretto, PA; Biology, 1971
M.S., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis; Biology, 1973
Ph.D., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis; Botany and Aquatic Ecology,
1983
Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Biology, San Diego State Univ.,
San Diego, CA, 1984-1985
Previous Positions:
1985-1990: Technical Supervisor II, Wetlands Research Program, NSI Technology Services, Corp.
USEPA ERL, Corvallis, OR
1984-1985: Lecturer, Department of Biology. San Diego State University , San Diego. CA
1982-1984: Assistant Professor (non-tenure track), General Science Dept., Oregon State University,
Corvallis
1981-1982: Instructor, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology. Oregon State University. Corvallis
Research Interests and Skills:
Restoration ecology, especially as it applies to wetlands
Use of autecological and synecological theory to solve resource management problems involving aquatic
and wetland systems
Professional Societies:
Association of State Wetland Managers (Science Advisory Board, 1995-present)
Ecological Society of America (Corporate Award Subcommittee. 1992-1995; Reviewer for Ecological
Applications)
Estuarine Research Federation (Reviewer for Estuaries)
Society of Wetland Scientists (Treasurer, 1997-present; Reviewer for Wetlands)
Society for Ecological Restoration (Editorial Board of Restoration Ecology, 1993-present; Board of
Directors, 1989-1993, Committee on Standards and Monitoring, 1989-1992)
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Science Achievement Award in Biology/Ecology for achievements in wetland ecology, 1998
Member, US Delegation, Fifth Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties of the Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (also known as the Ramsar
Convention), 1993
Bronze Medal, ORD, USEPA, 1991
National Wetlands Technical Council, invited workshop participant, Pacific Regional Wetland Functions,
1985
International Waterfowl and Wetland Research Bureau, Specialist Group on Wetland Restoration
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Estuarine Habitat Program Technical Advisory
Committee
National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, Project Advisory Committees for Project
25-3, Guidelines for the Development of Wetland Replacement Areas
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Selected Publications:
Kentula, M E 2000 Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration Ecological
Engineering 15(3-4) 199-209
Shaffer, P W , C A Cole, M E Kentula, and R P Brooks 2000 Effects of measurement frequency on
water level summary statistics Wetlands 20(1) 148-161
Kentula, M E andTK Magee 1999 Foreword to Special Section Wetlands in an Urbanizing
Landscape Wetlands 19(3)475-6
Gwin, S E , M E Kentula, and P W Shaffer 1999 Evaluating the effects of wetland management
through hydrogcomorphic classification and landscape profiles Wetlands 19(3) 477-489
Shaffer, P W M E Kentula, and S E Gwin 1999 Characterization of wetland hydrology using
hydrogeomorphic classification Wetlands 19(3)490-504
Magee, T K , T L Ernst, M E Kentula, and K A Dwire 1999 Floristic comparison of freshwater
wetlands in an urbanizing environment Wetlands 19(3) 517-534
Kentula, M E 1997 A comparison of approaches to prioritizing sites for riparian restoration Restoration
Ecology 5(4S) 69-74
Holland, C C , J Honea, S E Gwin, and M E Kentula 1995 Wetland degradation and loss in the rapidly
urbanizing area of Portland, Oregon Wetlands 15(4) 336-345
Kentula, M E , R P Brooks, S E Gwin, C C Holland, A Sherman, and J C Sifneos, 1993 An Approach
to Improving Decision Making in Wetland Restoration and Creation Island Press. Washington. D C
Holland. C and M E Kentula 1992 Impacts of Section 404 permits requiring compensator}' mitigation
on wetlands in California (USA) Wetlands Ecology and Management 2(3) 157-169
Kentula, M E , J C Sifneos. J W Good. M Rylko, and K Kunz 1992 Trends and patterns in Section 404
permitting requiring compensator) mitigation in Oregon and Washington Environmental Management
16(1) 109-119
Sifneos, J C , E W Cake, Jr, and M E Kentula 1992 Impacts of Section 404 permitting on freshwater
wetlands in Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi Wetlands 12(1) 28-36
Kusler. J A , and M E Kentula, editors 1990 Wetland Creation and Restoration The Status of the
Science Island Press, Washington. D C
Kentula, M E , and C D Mclntire 1986 The autecology and production dynamics of eclgrass (Zostera
marina L ) in Netarts Bay, Oregon Estuaries 9 188-199
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Harold Kibby
Acting Director
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4488
Email: kibby.hal@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Washington State Univ., Pullman, Biology, Forestry 1964
M.S., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, Fisheries 1966
Ph.D. University of London, Zoology (Limnology) 1969
Previous Positions:
1995-1998 Senior Scientist, Global Climate Observing System, Geneva,
Switzerland
1991-1995 Associate Director/Inland Aquatics, USEPA, EMAP, Corvallis
1979-1991 Chief Ecotoxicology Branch, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis
1975-1979 Biologist, USEPA, ERL Corvallis
1972-1975 Biologist, USEPA, ORD, Washington DC
1970-1972 Assistant Professor of Biology, State University of New York, Brockport. NY
Professional Societies:
Freshwater Biological Association UK
Appointments/Honors:
NRC Postdoctoral Fellowship
EPA Bronze Medal 1990 and 1992
Selected Publications:
Gallagher, J.L., H.V. Kibby, and K W Skirvin. 1984. Detritus processing and marsh cycling in seagrass
(zosters) litter in an Oregon salt marsh. Aquatic Botany 20:97-108.
Gallagher, J.L., H.V. Kibby, and K.W Skirvin. 1984. Community respiration of decomposing plants in
Oregon estuarine marshes Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 18:421 -431
Gallagher, J.L., and H.V. Kibby. 1981 The streamside effect in a Carex lyngyei estuarine marsh
Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science 15:451-460.
Kibby, H.V., J.L. Gallagher, and W.S. Sanville 1980. Field guide to evaluate net primary production of
wetlands. Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory. EPA/600/8-80/037 ERL-COR-167.
Gallagher, J.L., and H.V. Kibby. 1980. Marsh Plants as vectors in trace metal dynamics of Pacific Coast
ecosystems. American Journal of Botany 67(7): 1065-1074
Kibby, H.V.: 1979. Effects ofWetlands on Water Quality Pages 289-298 in R. Johnson and J.F
McCormick, editors Strategies for protection and management of floodplain wetlands and other
riparian ecosystems. USDA Forest Service GTR-WO-12.
Kibby, H.V., and D.H. Hernandez 1978. Environmental impacts of advanced wastewater treatment at Ely,
Minnesota. EPA 600/3-76-092.
Tihansky, D.P., and H.V. Kibby. 1974. A cost risk benefit analysis of toxic substances Journal of
Environmental Systems 4:117-121.
Kibby, H.V., and F.H. Rigler. 1973 Feeding behavior of Limnocalanus in a high arctic lake Verh Internat
Verein. Limnol. 18:1457-1461.
Kirchner, W.B., and H.V. Kibby. 1972. The Arctic biome In White and Little, editors American
Reference Encyclopedia of Ecology and Pollution. North American Publishing Co.
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Kibby, H V 1972 Metabolism of Animals and effects of pollution In White and Little, editors American
Reference Encyclopedia of Ecolog\ and Pollution, North American Publishing Co
Kibby, H V 1971 Effect of temperature on feeding behavior of Daphnia rosea Limnology and
Oceanography 15 580-581,
Kibby, H V 1971 Energetics and population dynamics in Diaptomus gracilis Ecological Monographs
41 311-327
Kibby, HV,JR Donaldson, and C E Bond 1968 Temperature and current observations in Crater Lake,
Oregon Limnology and Oceanography 13 363-366
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Robert T. Lackey
Special Assistant for Salmon Research
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4607
Email: lackey.robert@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Humboldt State Univ., Areata, CA; Fisheries Science (with
high honor), 1967
M.S., Univ.of Maine, Orono, Zoology (Statistics Minor), 1968
Ph.D., Colorado State U., Ft. Collins; Fisheries and Wildlife Science
(Statistics Minor), 1971
Previous Positions:
1995-2000: Associate Director for Science, USEPA, WED. Corvallis
1989-1995: Deputy Director: USEPA, ERL, Corvallis
1987-1989: Chief, Terrestrial Branch, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis
1984-1987: Associate Chief, Air Branch, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis
1981-1984: Senior Ecologist, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis
1979-1981: Leader, National Water Resources Analvsis Group,
WV
1971-1979: Assistant/Associate Professor, Virginia Polytechnic
VA (promoted and tenured 1974)
Research Interests and Skills:
Salmon Science and Policy
Fisheries Management
Natural Resource Ecology
Ecosystem Management
Professional Societies:
American Fisheries Society (Certified Fisheries Scientist)
American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (Fellow)
International Association for Ecology
Ecological Society of America
Pacific Fishery Biologists
Appointments/Honors:
Professor (courtesy), Fisheries, Oregon State University, 1982-present
Professor (adjunct), Political Science, Oregon State University, 1995-present
Honor Alumnus, College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, 2001
Fulbright Scholar, University of Northern British Columbia, 1999-2000
Graduate Faculty, Oregon Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University, 1982-present
Associate Science Editor, Fisheries, American Fisheries Society, 2000-present
Associate Director, Center for Analysis of Environmental Change, Oregon State University, 1991-1997
Consulting Editor, Journal ofAquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, 1997-present
Editorial Board, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1995-present
Senior Advisor, National Biological Service, USDI, Washington, D C., Oct. 1993-Jan. 1994
Elected Fellow, American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, 1990
US Fish and Wildlife Service, Leetown,
Institute and State University, Blacksburg.
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ORD Management Excellence Award, EPA Office of Research and Development. 1987
Distinguished Alumnus, Humboldt State University, 1986
Program Coordinator, Environmental Protection Program, U S Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
DC, 1976-77 (sabbatical year)
Visiting Professor, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, Spring Semester, 1977
Visiting Distinguished Professor, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Winter, 1977
Selected Publications:
Lackey, R T (In press) Restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest framing the risk question Human
and Ecological Risk Assessment
Lackey, R T 2001 Defending reality Fisheries 26(6) 26-27
Lackey, RT 2001 Policy conundrum restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest In Proceedings of
the Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 2000,
Corvallis, Oregon
Lackey, RT 2001 Values, policy and ecosystem health Bioscience 51(6) 437-443
Lackey, R T 2000 Restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest chasing an illusion9 In P Koss and
M Katz, editors What We Don't Know about Pacific Northwest Fish Runs-An Inquiry into
Decision-Making Portland State University, Portland, pp 91-143
Lackey, R T 2000 Managing place scale problems ecosystem management Pages 16 11-16 20 in J H
Lehr, editor The Standard Handbook of Environmental Science, Health, and Technolog\
McGraw-Hill, New York, pp
Lackey, RT 1999 Salmon polic\ science, society, restoration, and realits Renewable Resources J
17(2)6-16
Clark, J R , K L Dickson, J P Giesy, RT Lackej,EM Mihaich, R G Stahl, and M G Zeeman 1999
Using reproductive and developmental effects data in ecological risk assessment for oviparous
vertebrates exposed to contaminants Pages 363-401 mRT Di Giulio and D E Tillitt, editors
Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Contaminants in Oviparous Vertebrates SETAC Press.
Pensacola, FL
Lackey, R T 1999 Radically contested assertions in ecosystem management J Sustainable Forestry
9(1-2)21-34
Lackey, R T 1999 The savvy salmon technocrat life's little rules Environmental Practice 1(3) 156-161
Lackey, RT 1998 Seven pillars of ecosystem management Landscape and Urban Planning
40(1/3)21-30
Lackey, RT 1998 Fisheries management integrating societal preference, decision analysis, and ecological
risk assessment Environmental Science and Policy 1(4) 329-335
Lackey, R T 1997 Is ecological risk assessment useful for resolving complex ecological problems' Pages
525-540 in D J Stouder, P A Bisson, and R J Naiman, editors
Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems Status and Future Options Chapman and Hall, Publishers
Lackey, R T 1996 Pacific salmon, ecological health, and public policy Ecosystem Health 2(1) 61-68
Hlohowskyj, Dior, Michael S Brody, and R T Lackey 1996 Methods for assessing the vulnerability of
African fisheries resources to climate change Climate Research 6(2) 97-106
Lackey, R T 1996 Pacific salmon and the Endangered Species Act Northwest Science 70(3) 281-284
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Janet O. Lamberson
Research Aquatic Biologist
Telephone: 541-867-4043
Email: lamberson.janet@.epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Upsala College, East Orange, NJ, Biology, 1967
M.S., College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA., Marine
Biology, 1973
Previous Positions:
1984-1992: Aquatic Biologist, USEPA, Newport, OR
1981-1984: Biological Laboratory Technician, USEPA, Newport, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Benthic ecology of Pacific Northwest estuaries
Sediment toxicology
Tropical ecology
Professional Societies:
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
American Society for Testing and Materials
Estuarine Research Federation
Western Society of Naturalists
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Scientific and Technical Award, 1996
American Fisheries Society/EPA Science Achievement
Award in Biology/Ecology, 1995
USEPA Award for the Advancement of Human Resources, 1993
USEPA Special Acts Award, 1991
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, Honorable Mention, 1991
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1989
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1987
Selected Publications:
Ozretich, R.J., S.P. Ferraro, J O. Lamberson, and F.A. Cole. 2000. A test of £ polvcyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon model at the creosote-contaminated site, Elliott Bay, Washington, USA Envir Toxicol
Chem 19(9)2378-2389.
Boese, B.L., R.J. Ozretich, J O. Lamberson, F.A. Cole, and R.C. Swartz. 2000. Phototoxic evaluation of
marine sediments collected from a PAH contaminated site. Arch Environ Contam. Toxicol 38 274-
282.
Cole, F.A., B.L. Boese, R.C. Schwartz, J. O. Lamberson and T H DeWitt 1999 Effect of sediment
storage on the toxicity of sediments spiked with fluorathene to the amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19(3):744-748.
Kravitz, M. J., J O. Lamberson, S.P. Ferraro. R.C. Swartz, B.L Boese and D.T. Specht 1999 Avoidance
response of the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius to PAH-contaminated field-collected
sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:(6)1232-1235.
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Boese. B L , R J Ozrctich, J 0 Lambcrson. R C Swartz, F A Cole. J Pclleticr. and J Jones 1999
Toxicity and phototoxicity of mixtures of highh lipophilic PAH compounds in marine sediment can
the I PAH model be extrapolated9 Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 36 270-280
Swartz, R C , S P Ferraro, J 0 Lamberson, F A Cole, R J Ozretich, B L Bocsc, D W Schultz. M
Behrenfeld, and G T Ankle} 1997 Photoactivation and toxicity of pol\c\clic aromatic hydrocarbon
compounds in manne sediment Environ Toxicol Chem 16(10) 2151-2157
Boese, B L , J 0 Lamberson, R C Swartz, and R J Ozretich 1997 Photoinduced toxicity of fluoranthenc
to seven manne benthic crustaceans Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 32 389-393
Swartz, R C , D W Schults, R J Ozretich, J 0 Lamberson, F A Cole, T H DeWitt, M S Redmond, and
SP Ferraro 1995 EPAH A model to predict the toxicity'of field-collected manne sediment
contaminated b\ polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1977-1987
Swartz, R C , F A Cole, J 0 Lamberson, S P Ferraro, D W Schultz, W A DeBen, H Lee II, and R J
Ozretich 1994 Sediment toxicity', contamination and amphipod abundance at the DDT- and Dieldnne-
contaminated site in San Francisco Bay Environ Toxicol Chem 13(6)949-962
Lamberson, J O , T H DeWitt, and R C Swartz 1992 Assessment of sediment toxicity to marine benthos
Pages 183-211 in G A Burton, editor Sediment Toxicity Assessment Lewis Publisher, Inc . Chelsea.
MI
DeWitt, T H , R J Ozretich, R C Swartz, J 0 Lamberson, D W Schults, G R Ditsworth, J K P Jones.
L Hoselton, and L M Smith 1992 The influence of organic matter quality on the toxicity and
partitioning of sediment-associated fluoranthene Environ Toxicol Chem 11 197-208
Swartz, R C , D W Schults, J O Lamberson. R J Ozretich, and J K Stull 1991 Vertical profiles of
toxicity, organic carbon, and chemical contaminants in sediment cores from the Palos Verdes Shelf and
Santa Monica Bay, California Marine Environmental Research 31 215-225
Lamberson, J 0 , T H DeWitt, M S Redmond, D J Reish, and R C Swartz 1991 ASTM E-1367-90
Standard guide for conducting 10-day static sediment toxicity tests with marine and estuarine
amphipods ASTM Standard Methods Series, Vol 11 04 The American Society of Testing and
Matenals, Philadelphia
Lamberson, J O , and R C Swartz 1989 Spiked-sediment toxicity test approach In Sediment
Classification Methods Compendium USEPA. Criteria and Standards Division. Washington, D C
Lamberson, J O and R C Swartz 1988 Use of bioassavs in determining the toxicity of sediment to
benthic organisms Pages 257-279 in M S Evans, editor Toxicolog> Contamination and Ecosystem
Health, A Great Lakes Focus. John Wilc\ and Sons, New York
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Dixon Hamilton Landers
Senior Research Environmental Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4427
Email: landers.dixon@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Kansas State University; Zoology, 1969
M.A.T., Indiana University; Biology, 1974
Ph.D., Indiana University; Zoology (Limnology), 1979
Previous Positions:
1990-1994: Leader, Aquatic Monitoring Program/Director, Arctic
Contaminants Research Program, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1989-1990: Aquatic Team Leader/ Director, Aquatic Effects Research Prog and Chairman, Interagency
Aquatic Effects Task Group for NAPAP, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1984-1989: Aquatic Team Leader/Research Director, National Lake Survey, SUNY (3yrs), USEPA (2
yrs)
1982-1984: Asst. Director/Research Associate/ Environ-mental Chemist, State University Research Center
at SUNY, Oswego, NY
1981-1983: Aquatic Ecology Consultant, Dept of the Interior, National Park Service, Everglades National
Park, FL
Research Interests and Skills:
Regional limnology and freshwater/landscape interaction
Application of interdisciplinary approaches to develop environmental management options
Professional Societies:
American Society of Limnology and Oceanoeraohy
International Limnological Society
Appointments/Honors:
Appointed as a member of the National Research Council Review Panel for the Young Investigator
Program on Ecological Concerns in the Development of the Arctic and Far Northern Regions (with
Russia), 1993
Invited to serve as a member of the Dahlem Conference Steering Committee for the Conference on
Acidification in Freshwater Ecosystems; Selected as Rapporteur for working group, 1992
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Award for Outstanding Contributions as Task Group Leader, 1990
EPA Silver Medal for Superior Service, 1988
EPA Bronze Medal for Commendable Service, 1987
Chancellor's Award from State University of New York for Outstanding Performance as scientific leader
for the design and implementation of the Eastern Lake Survey, 1986
Associate Professor (courtesy), Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University
Selected Publications:
Femald, A.G., P.J. Wigington, Jr., and D.H. Landers. 2001. Transient storage and hyporheic flow along the
Willamette River, Oregon: field measurements and model estimates. Water Resources Res 37:1681-1694
Landers, D.H., P.K. Haggerty, S. Cline, W. Carson, and F. Faure. 2000. The role of regionalization in
large river restoration. Verh. Int. Verein. Limnol. 27:344-351.
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Landers, DH,C Gubala, M Verta, M Lucotte, K Johansson, and W L Lockhart 1998 Using lake
sediment mercury flux ratios to evaluate regional and continental dimensions of mercury deposition in
arctic and boreal ecosystems Atmospheric Environment 32(5) 919-928
Landers, D H , R M Hughes, S G Paulsen, D P Larsen, and J M Omemik 1998 How can
regionalization and survey sampling make limnological research more relevant"? Verh Int Verein
Limnol 26 2428-2436
Landers, D H , C Gubala, J Ford, M Monetti, B K Lasora, and S Allen-Gil 1995 Mercury in
terrestrial and freshwater arctic ecosystems Water, Air and Soil Pollution 80 591-601
Allen-Gil, Susan M , C P Gubala, R Wilson, D H Landers, T L Wade, J L Sencano, and L R Curtis
1997 Organochlonne pesticides and pol>chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments and biota from
four U S Arctic lakes Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33 378-387
Allen-Gil, Susan M , C P Gubala, D H Landers, B K Lasorsa, E A Crecelius, and L R Curtis 1997
Heavy metal accumulation in sediment and freshwater fish in US Arctic lakes Environ Toxicol
Chem 16(4) 733-741
Landers, D H 1997 Riparian restoration current status and the reach to the future Restoration Ecologx
5(4S) 113-121
Landers, D H (Guest editor) 1995 Special Issue of the Science of the Total Environment 80 research
papers from The International Symposium on the Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne Contaminants
Vol 160-161
Landers, D H , J M Eilers, D F Brakke, and P E Kellar 1988 Characteristics of acid lakes in the eastern
United States Verh Int Verein Limnol 23 152-162
Landers, D H , and M J Mitchell 1988 Seasonality of sulfur incorporation and transformation in three
New York lakes Hydrobiologia 160 85-95
Landers, D H , W S Overton, R A Linthurst, D F Brakke, and J M Eilers 1988 Eastern Lake Survey
Regional Estimates of Lake Chemistry (feature article) Environ Sci Technol 22 128-135
Linthurst, R A , D H Landers, J M Eilers. P E Kellar, D F Brakke. W S Overton. R Crowe, E P Meier.
P Kanciruk, and D S Jeffenes 1986 Regional Chemical Characteristics of Lakes in North America
Part II Eastern United States Water. Air & Soil Pollution 31 577-591
Landers, D H 1982 Effects of naturally senescing aquatic macrophytes on nutrient chemistry and
chlorophyll of surrounding waters Limnol and Oceanogr 27 438-439
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Scott T. Larned
NHEERL Postdoctoral Fellow
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4042
Email: larned.scott(§;epa gov
Education:
B.S., Sonoma State University, California; Botany, 1987
M.S., Humboldt State U., California; Biological Sciences, 1991
Ph.D., Univ. of Hawaii, Manoa, Zoology (Ecology, Evolution and
Conservation Biology), 1997
Previous Positions:
1997-1998: Postdoctoral Fellow, National Science Foundation, University
of Hawaii
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecosystem-level effects non-native aquatic species
Nutrient dynamics in aquatic ecosystems
Primary productivity and organic matter in streams
Ecological and physiological effects of flow and turbulence
Professional Societies:
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Ecological Society of America
North American Benthological Society
Selected Publications:
Lamed, S T., R. A. Kinzie, A. P. Covich and C. T. Chong (In review). Leaf litter processing by endemic and
non-native Hawaii stream invertebrates: a microcosm study of species-specific effects. Oikos
Lamed, S T. (In press). Detrital fruit as a food resource in a tropical stream ecosystem. Biotropica.
Stimson, J., S T. Lamed and E. Conklin. 2001. Effects of herbivorv, nutrient levels and introduced algae on
the distribution and abundance of the invasive macroalga Dictyosphcieria cavernosa in Kaneohe Bay,
Hawaii Coral Reefs 19:343-357
Lamed, S.T., and S.R Santos. 2000. Light- and nutrient-limited periphyton in low order streams of Oahu,
Hawaii Hydrobiologia 432:101-111.
Lamed, ST. 2000. Dynamics of riparian detritus in a Hawaiian stream ecosystem: a comparison of drought
and post-drought conditions. J. N. Am Benthological Soc 19(2):215-234.
Stimson, J., and S.T. Lamed. 2000. Nitrogen efflux from the sediments of a subtropical bay and the potential
contribution of macroalgal nutrient requirements J. Exp. Marine Biology & Ecol 252:159-180
Lamed, Scott T. 1998. Nitrogen- versus phosphorus-limited growth and sources of nutrients for coral reef
macroalgae. Marine Biology 132:409-421.
Lamed, Scott T. and M.J. Atkinson. 1997. Effects of water velocity on NH4 and P04 uptake and
nutrient-limited growth in the macroalga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa. Marine Ecology Progress Series
1517:295-302.
Lamed, Scott T. and J. Stimson. 1996. Nitrogen-limited growth in the coral reef chlorophyte, Dictyosphaeria
cavernosa, and the effect of exposure to sediment-derived nitrogen on growth. Marine Ecology Progress
Series 143:95-108.
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Stimson, J, ST Lamed, and K McDemud 1996 Seasonal growth of the coral reef chlorophytc.
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, and the effects of nutrient availability, temperature, and herbivore on growth
rate Journal of Experimental Marine Biolog} and Ecologj 196 53-77
Larned, Scott T 1995 Effects of ultraviolet radiation and nitrogen enrichment on growth in the coral reef
chlorophyte Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, and Dictyosphaeria versluysu Pages 181 -191 in P Jokiel, editor
Ultraviolet Radiation and Coral Reefs Sea Grant
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David P. Larsen
Research Aquatic Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Voice: 541-754-4362
Email larsen david^epa.gov
Education:
B.A., Pomona College, Claremont, CA, Zoology, 1964
Ph.D., Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Biological
Oceanography, 1975
Previous Positions:
1981-1989: Team leader, Environmental Assessment Team, USEPA,
ERL, Corvallis, OR
1980-1981: Team leader, Microcosm Toxicology Team, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1972-1980: Research Aquatic Biologist, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of human disturbances on aquatic ecosystems; indicator development; sampling designs
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Appointments/Honors:
EPA Bronze Medal for research in support of EMAP-Surface Waters, 1993
EPA ORD Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1987
Reviewer for Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences; Transactions of American Fisheries
Society; Environmental Management; Ecological Applications
Selected Publications:
Cao, Y., D.D. Williams, and D P. Larsen. (Accepted). Comparison of ecological communities: the problem
of sample representativeness. Ecology.
Larsen, D P., T.M. Kincaid, S.E. Jacobs, and N.S. Urquhart. (Accepted). Evaluating local and regional
scale temporal trends Bioscience
Cao, Y, D P. Larsen, and R. St.-J. Thome. 2001. Rare species in multivariate analysis for bioassessment:
some considerations. J. North American Benthological Society. 20:144-153
McCormick, F.H., D.V. Peck, and DP. Larsen 2000. Comparison of geographic classification schemes
for Mid-Atlantic stream fish assemblages. Journal of the North American Benthological Society
19(3):385-404.
Waite, I.R., A.T. Herlihy, DP. Larsen, and D.J. Klemm. 2000. Comparing strengths of geographic and
nongeographic classifications of stream benthic macroinvertebrates in the Mid-Atlantic Highlands,
USA. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 19(3): 429-441
Herlihy, A T., D P. Larsen, S.G. Paulsen, N.S Urquhart, and B.J Rosenbaum. 2000. Designing a
spatially balanced, randomized site selection process for regional stream surveys: The EMAP Mid-
Atlantic Pilot Study. Environ. Monit. Assess. 63:95-113.
Brvce, S.A., D P. Larsen, R.M. Hughes, and P R. Kaufmann. 1999. Assessing relative risks to aquatic
ecosystems: a mid-Appalachian case study. J. Am. Water Resources Assn. 35( 1): 1-14.
Larsen, DP., and A.T. Herlihy. 1998. The dilemma of sampling streams for macroinvertebrate richness J.
N. Am. Benthological Soc. 17:359-366.
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Paulsen, S G , R M Hughes, and D P Larsen 1998 Critical elements in describing and understanding our
nation's aquatic resources J Am Water Resources Assn 34 995-1005
Urquhart, NS, SG Paulsen, and D P Larsen 1998 Monitoring for polic> -relevant regional trends over
time Ecological Applications 8 246-257
Larsen, D P 1997 Sample survey design issues for bioassessment of inland aquatic ecosystems Hum &
Ecol Risk Assess 3(6)979-991
Larsen, D P , N S Urquhart, and D L Kugler 1995 Regional scale trend monitoring of indicators of
trophic condition of lakes Water Resources Bulletin 31 117-140
Larsen, D P 1994 The role of ecological sample surveys in the implementation of biocntena Pages 287-
300 in W S Davis and T P Simon, editors Biological Assessment and Criteria Tools for Water
Resource Planning and Decision Making Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton
Larsen, D P , K W Thornton, N S Urquhart, and S G Paulsen 1994 The role of sample surveys for
monitoring the condition of the nation's lakes Environ Monit Assess 32 101-134
Nelson, R L , W S Platts, D P Larsen, and S E Jensen 1992 Trout distribution and habitat in relation to
geology and geomorphology in the North Fork Humbolt River Drainage, Northeastern Nevada Trans
Amer Fish Soc 121 405-426
Hughes, R M , T R Whittier, C M Rohm, and D P Larsen 1990 A regional framework for establishing
recovery criteria Environmental Management 14 673-683
Hughes. R M , and D P Larsen 1988 Ecoregions an approach to surface water protection J Water
Pollut Control Fed 60 486-493
Larsen, D P , D R Dudley, and R M Hughes 1988 A regional approach to assess attainable water
quality an Ohio case study J Soil Water Conserv 43 171-176
Whittier, T R , R M Hughes, and D P Larsen 1987 The correspondence between aquatic ecoregions and
spatial patterns in stream ecosystems in Oregon Can J Fish Aquat Sci 45 1264-1278
Larsen, D P , F deNoyelles, Jr , F S Stay, and T Shirojama 1986 Comparisons of single-species,
microcosm, and experimental pond responses to atrazine exposure Environ Toxicol Chem 5 179-
190
Larsen, D P , et al 1986 The correspondence between spatial patterns in fish assemblages in Ohio streams
and Aquatic ecoregions Environmental Management 10 815-828
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John A. Laurence
Research Plant Pathologist and
Acting Chief, Ecosystems Characterization Branch
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4503
Email: laurence.john@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Forest
Science, 1971
M.S., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Plant Pathology, 1973
Ph.D., University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Plant Pathology, 1976
Previous Positions:
1976-present: Plant Pathologist, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY
1991-1998 Program Director, Environmental Biology, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research.
Ithaca, NY
Research Interests and Skills:
Habitat response to environmental stress
Modeling tree and forest response to stress
Pathology and physiology of forest ecosvstems
Professional Societies:
American Phytopathological Society
International Society of Plant Pathology
Ecological Society of America
Appointments / Honors:
Sigma Xi
Gamma Sigma Delta
Board of Directors and Corporate Secretary , Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum, 1997-present
Adjunct Professor, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.,1982-present
Professor (courtesy) Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 1991-1993
Board of Editorial Advisors, New Phytologist, 1998- present
Editorial Board, Environmental Pollution, 2001-present
Editorial Board, Journal of Phytopathology, 2001-present
Reviewer for scientific journals including Science, Plant Disease, Environmental Pollution, Water, Air, and
Soil Pollution, Journal of Environmental Quality, Canadian Journal of Forest Science, Canadian Journal of
Botany, Phytopathology, Forest Science, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Plant Cell
and Environment and Trees, Structure and Function, The New Phytologist. American Journal of Botany.
Reviewer of grant proposals for NSF, USDA, the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, the
National Research Council of Canada, and the USEPA.
Peer Review Committee Appointments: Minnesota Environmental Quality Board (Minnesota Bioindicator
Program); USEPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), Agricultural Ecosystems
Selected Publications:
Laurence, J.A., W.A. RetzlafT, J.S, Kern, EH. Lee, W.E. Hogsett, and D A. Weinstein 2001 Predicting
the regional impact of ozone and precipitation on the growth of loblolly pine and yellow-poplar using
linked TREGRO and ZELIG models. For Ecol & Mgmt 146:247-263
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Tingey, D T , J Laurence, J A Weber, J Greene, W E Hogsett. S Brown, and E H Lee (In press)
Effects of Elevated C02 and Temperature on the Response of Ponderosa Pine to Ozone A Simulation
Analysis Ecological Applications
Laurence, J A and C P Andersen 2001 Ozone and Natural Systems Understanding exposure,
response, and risk Presented at Future Directions in Air Quality Research, Raleigh, NC, February
2001 Accepted for publication in conference proceedings
Madkour, S A and J A Laurence 2001 Egyptian Plant Species as New Bioindicators of Ozone
Accepted for Publication Environ Pollut
Laurence, J A , S V Ollinger, and P B Woodbury 2000 Regional impacts of ozone on forest
productivity Pages 425-453 in R A Mickler, R Birdse>,andJ Horn, editors Responses of Northern
Forests to Environmental Change Spnnger-Verlag Ecological Studies Series
Yun-S-C , E W Park, and J A Laurence 2000 Simulation of one-year old Populus tremuloides
response to ozone stress at Ithaca, USA and Suwon, Republic of Korea Environ Pollut 1 12 253-260
Yun, S-C and J A Laurence 1999 The response of clones of Populus tremuloides differing in
sensitivity to ozone in the field New Phjtologist 141 411 -421
Yun, S-C and J A Laurence 1999 The response of sensitive and tolerant clones of Populus tremuloides
to dynamic ozone exposure under controlled environmental conditions New Philologist 143 305-313
Yun, S-C , J A Laurence, and E W Park 1999 Ozone damage assessment of aspen at the five sites
in Seoul using a computer simulation model of individual tree growth. TREGRO Plant Path J
15 210-216
Laurence, J A 1998 Ecological Effects of Ozone Integrating exposure and response with ecos\ stem
dynamics and function Environmental Science and Policy 1 179-184
Woodbury, P B , J E Smith, D A Weinstein. and J A Laurence 1998 Assessing potential climate change
effects on loblolly pine growth a probabilistic regional modeling approach For Ecol & Mgmt
107 99-116
Laurence, J A , R J Kohut, R G Amundson, and D A Weinstein 1997 Growth and water use of red
spruce (Picea rtibens Sarg ) exposed to ozone and simulated acidic precipitation for four growing
seasons For Sci 43 355-361
Rubin. G , C E McCulloch, and J A Laurence 1996 A model for estimating daih ozone doses for plants
from atmospheric ozone concentration and vapor pressure deficit J Agric Biol Environ Stat I 1-16
Smith, J E,P B Woodbury, D A Weinstein, and J A Laurence 1996 Synthesizing effects of climate
change on Loblolly pine A probabilistic regional modeling approach pp 429-451 In Mickler, R A
And S Fox (eds ) The Productivity and Sustamability of Southern Forest Ecosystems in a Changing
Environment Springer Verlag Ecological Studies Series No 128
Hogsett, W E , J E Weber, D Tingey, A Herstrom, E H Lee, and J A Laurence 1996 An approach for
characterizing troposphenc ozone risk to forests Environmental Mgmt 21 105-120
RetzlafF W A , D A Weinstein, J A Laurence, and B Gollands 1996 Simulating the growth of a 160-
year-old sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh ) tree with and without ozone exposure using the
TREGRO model Can J For Res 27 783-789
Constable, J V H , G E Taylor, Jr, J A Laurence, and J A Weber 1995 Climatic change effects on the
physiology and growth of Pwus ponderosa Can J For Res 26 1315-1325
Amundson, R G , R J Kohut, and J A Laurence 1995 Influence of foliar N on foliar soluble sugars and
starch of red spruce saplings exposed to ambient and elevated ozone Tree Phys 15 167-174
Laurence, J A, R G Amundson, P J Temple, E J Pell, and A L Friend 1994 Allocation of Carbon in
Plants Under Stress An analysis of the ROPIS experiments J Environ Qual 23 412-417
Laurence, J A , R J Kohut, and R G Amundson 1993 Use of TREGRO to simulate the effects of ozone
on the growth of red spruce seedlings Forest Science 39 453-464
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E. Henry Lee
Statistician (Biology)
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4832
Email: lee.ehenry@epa.gov
Education:
B.Sc., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Statistics, 1976
M .Sc., Univ. of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Statistics, 1977
Ph.D., Iowa State University, Ames, IA; Statistics, 1981
Previous Positions:
1990-Present: Courtesy Faculty, Assistant Professor, Department of
Statistics, Oregon State University
1985-1997: Biostatistician, Dynamac International, Inc (1996-1997); Mantech Environmental Research
Services Corporation (1989-1996), NSI Technology Services Corporation - Environmental Services
(1985-1989), Corvallis, OR
1981-1985: Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University
1977-1981: Research Assistant, Statistical Laboratory Iowa State University
Research Interests and Skills:
Ozone and exposure indices
Exposure-response modeling
Ozone uptake and deposition
Risk assessment of forest oxidant damage
Professional Societies:
American Statistical Association
Appointments/Honors:
President, Oregon Chapter of the American Statistical Association, 1996-1997
Vice-President, Oregon Chapter of the American Statistical Association, 1995-1996
Secretary-Treasurer, Oregon Chapter of the American Statistical Association, 1994-1995
President, Mu Sigma Rho, Iowa State University Chapter, 1980
Selected Publications:
Lee. E.H., and WE. Hogsett. (Accepted). Interpolation of temperature and non-urban ozone exposure at
high spatial resolution over the western United States. Climate Research.
Neufeld, H.S., E.H. Lee, J R. Renfro, and W D. Hacker. 2000. Seedling insensitivity to ozone for three
conifer species native to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environmental Pollution 108:141-
151.
Lee, E.H., and W.E. Hogsett 1999. Role of concentration and time of day in developing ozone exposure
indices used in modeling crop loss. J. of Air & Waste Management Association 49:669-681.
Hogsett, W.E., J.E. Weber, D. Tingey, A. Herstrom, E.H. Lee, and J A Laurence 1997. An approach for
characterizing tropospheric ozone risk to forests. Environmental Management. 21:105-120.
Lee, E.H., W.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tingey. 1994. Attainment and effects issues regarding the secondary
ozone air quality standard. J. Environ. Qual. 23:1129-1140.
Lee, E.H., D.T. Tingey, and W.E. Hogsett 1988. Evaluation of ozone exposure indices in
exposure-response modeling. J. Environ. Pollut., 53:43-62.
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U S Environmental Protection Agency 1996 Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Other Photochemical
Oxidants Chapter 5 Environmental Effects of Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants
Co-authored Section 5 5 of Document with Dr Allen S Lefohn Research Triangle Park. NC National
Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, report no
EPA/600/P-93/004bF Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA, PB96-185590INZ
Hogsett, W E , A A Herstrom, J A Laurence, E H, Lee, J W Weber, and DT Tingey 1995 Risk
characterization of troposphenc ozone to forests Pages 119-145 in S D Lee and T Scheidcr, editors.
Comparative Risk Analysis and Priority Setting for Air Pollution Issues proceedings of the 4th
U S -Dutch international symposium June 1993, Keystone, CO Air & Waste Management
Association publication VIP-43, Pittsburgh
Lee, E H , W E Hogsett, and D T Tingey 1994 Alternative attainment criteria for a secondary federal
standard for ozone Pages 549-584 in J 0 Nnagu, and M S Simmons, editors, Environmental
Oxidants Advances in Environmental Sciences and Technology Series, v 28, John Wiley & Sons,
New York,
Tingey, D T , W E Hogsett, and E H Lee 1993 Effects of ozone on crops Pages 175-206 in D J
McKee, editor, Troposphenc Ozone Human Health and Agricultural Impacts Lewis Publishers. Boca
Raton, FL
Hogsett, W E , D T Tingey, and EH Lee 1988 Ozone exposure indices concepts for development and
evaluation of their use Pages 107-138 in W W Heck, 0 C Taylor, and D T Tinge). editors,
Assessment of Crop Loss from Air Pollutants, Proceedings of an International Conference. October
1987, Raleigh, NC Elsevier Applied Science, New York
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Henry Lee II
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-5001
Email: lee.henry@.epa gov
Education:
B.S., Rollins College, FL; 1970
M.S., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Marine Sciences,
1974
Ph.D., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Marine Sciences
1978
Previous Positions:
1997-1999: ORD Regional Scientist, USEPA Region 9
1979-1980: NRC Postdoctorate: USEPA, Newport, OR
1978: Postdoctorate, University of Maryland, Horn Point
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of nonindigenous species on aquatic ecosystems; Bioavailability and ecological effects of sediment
contaminants; Effects of multiple stressors on near-coastal ecosystems and relationship to watershed
management
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Bronze Metal, 1983, 1998, 2001
USEPA Special Achievement Award 1985, 1989, 1992
USEPA Scientific Achievement Award, Honorable Mention, 1991
USEPA Innovative Research Proposals, 1985, 1990
USEPA Science Achievement Award in Biology/Ecology, 1995
Member EPA's 301(h) National Task Force 1982-1986
Selected Publications:
Lee II, H., B. Thompson, and S. Lowe. (2001, submitted). Spatial patterns and associations of
nonindigenous benthos in the San Francisco Estuary. Bioinvasions
Lee II, H. and J. Chapman. 2001. A Landscape in Transition: Effects of Invasive Species on Ecosystems,
Human Health, and EPA Goals. Vol. 2 of Nonindigenous Species - An Emerging Issue for the EPA.
EPA rpt. 54 pages.
EMS and H. Lee II., editors. 2001. Region/ORD Nonindigenous Species Workshop Reports. Vol. 1 of
Nonindigenous Species - An Emerging Issue for the EPA. EPA rpt. Ill pages.
Young, D R., R.J. Ozretich, H. Lee II, S. Echols, and J. Frazier. 2001. Persistence of DDT residues and
dieldrin off a pesticide processing plant in San Francisco Bay, California. Chapter 15, pages 204-217
in R.L Lipnick, J.L.M. Hermens, K.C. Jones, and D.C.G. Muir, editors, Persistent Bioaccumulative
Toxic Chemicals I: Fate and Exposure, American Chemical Society, Wash. DC.
Landrum, P.F., J Kukkonen, M.J. Lydy, and H. Lee 11.1999. Measuring absorption efficiencies: Some
additional considerations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2403-2404.
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Young, D R , D T Specht, P J Clinton and Henry Lee II 1998 Use of color infrared aerial photograph}
to map distributions of eelgrass and green macroalgae in a non-urbanized estuary of the Pacific
Northwest, USA Vol II, pages 37-45 in B Petoskcy, editor Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, ERJM International, Inc Ann
Arbor, MI NHEERL-COR
Boese, B , H Lee II, and S Echols 1997 Evaluation of a first-order model for the prediction of
bioaccumulation of PCBs and DDTs from sediment into the marine deposit-feeding clam, Macoma
nasuta Environ Toxicol Chem 16 1545-1552
ASTM 1680-95 1996 Standard Guide for the Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment
Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates
Boese, B L , H Lee II, D T Specht, J Pelletier, and K Randall 1996 Evaluation of PCB and
hexachlorobenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors based on ingested sediment in a deposit-
feeding clam Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(9) 1584-1589
Boese, B L , M Winsor, H Lee II, S Echols, J Pelletier, and R Randall 1995 PCB congeners and
hexachlororbenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors for Macoma nasuta exposed to sediments
with different total organic carbon contents Environ Toxicol Chem 14 303-310
Behrenfcld, M J , Lean, D S , and Lee, II, H 1995 Ultraviolct-B radiation effects on inorganic nitrogen
uptake by natural assemblages of oceanic plankton Journal of Phycology 31 25-36
Behrenfeld, M , H Lee II, and L Small 1994 Interactions between nutritional status and long-term
responses to ultraviolet-B radiation stress in a marine diatom Mar Biol 118 523-530
Lee II, H , et al 1994 Ecological Risk Assessment of the Marine Sediments at the United Heckathom
Superfiind Site EPA Report 299 pages plus appendices
Lee II, H , et al 1993 Guidance Manual Bedded Sediment Bioaccumulation Tests EPA/600/R-93/I83
Landrum, P , H Lee II, and M Lydy 1992 Toxicokinetics in aquatic systems Model comparisons and
use in hazard assessment Environ Toxicol Chem 11 1709-1725
Lee II, H 1992 Models, Muddles, and Mud Predicting Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated
Pollutants In A Burton (Ed ) Contaminated Sediment Toxicity Assessment Lewis Pub!
Randall, R , Lee II, H , Ozretich, R , Lake, J, and Pruell, J Evaluation of lipid methods for normalizing
pollutant concentration Environ Toxicol Chem 10 1431-1436, 1991
Lee II, H 1991 A clam's eye view of the bioavailability of sediment-associated pollutants Pages 73-93 in
R Baker, editor Organic Substances and Sediments in Water, Vol III Biological Lewis Publ,
Chelsea, MI
Lee II, H , B Boese, R Randall, and J Pelletier 1990 A method for determining gut uptake efficiencies of
hydrophobic pollutants in a deposit-feeding clam Environ Toxicol Chem 9 215-219
Lee II, H , and W Ambrose 1989 Life after competitive exclusion An alternative strategy for a
competitive inferior Oikos 56 424-427
Davis, M and Lee, II, H 1983 Recolonization of sediment-associated microalgae and effects of estuarinc
xnfauna on microalgal production Marine Ecology Progress Series 1 1 227-232
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Scott G. Leibowitz
Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4508
Email: leibowitz.scott@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; Agriculture and Life Sciences,
1978
M.S., University of Florida, Gainesville; Environmental Engineering
Sciences, 1980
Ph.D., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA; Marine Sciences,
1989
Previous Positions:
1981 -1987: Research Assoc., Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
1987-1988: Research Associate, Remote Sensing and Image Processing Lab, LA State University, Baton
Rouge
1989-1998: Research Ecologist, Wetlands Research Program, NHEERL-WED, Corvallis
Research Interests and Skills:
Landscape ecology and wetland ecology
Keywords:
Discipline: Ecosystem Ecology, Landscape Ecology, Wetland Ecology
Stressor: Biological, Exotic/Introduced Species; Physical, Habitat Modification, Land Use, and Human
Activities/Demographics
Methods and Techniques: Ecological Modeling; Monitoring and Assessment, Methods Development;
Spatial Analysis, Geographic Information Systems and Statistical; Statistics, Generalized Estimating
Equations
Professional Societies:
International Association for Landscape Ecology
Society of Wetland Scientists
Appointments/Honors:
EPA Bronze Medal for Commendable Service, 1992
NASA Group Achievement Award, 1985
Reviewer for Conservation Biology, Ecological Applications, Journal of the American Water Resources
Association, and Wetlands
Selected Publications:
Schweiger, E.W., S.G. Leibowitz, J.B. Hyman, W.E. Foster, and M.C. Downing. (In press) Synoptic
assessment of wetland function: a planning tool for protection of wetland species biodiversity.
Biodiversity and Conservation.
Hyman, J.B., and S.G. Leibowitz. 2001. JSEM: A framework for identifying and evaluating indicators.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 66(3):207-232.
Leibowitz, S.G., C. Loehle, B.L. Li, and E.M. Preston. 2000. Modeling landscape functions and effects: a
network approach. Ecological Modelling 132(1-2):77-94.
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McAllister, L S , B E Peniston, S G Leibowitz, B Abbruzzese, and J B Hyman 2000 A synoptic
assessment for prioritizing wetland restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation Wetlands 20(1) 70-
83
Hyman, J B , and S G Leibowitz 2000 A general framework for prioritizing land units for ecological
protection and restoration Environmental Management 25(1) 23-25
Leibowitz, S G , and J B Hyman 1999 Use of scale invanance in evaluating judgement indicators
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 58 283-303
Abbruzzese, B , and S G Leibowitz 1997 A synoptic approach for assessing cumulative impacts to
wetlands Environmental Management 21(3) 457-475
Wigington, P J , Jr, J P Baker, D H Landers, S G Leibowitz, S G Paulsen, S A Peterson, and N E
Detenbeck 1994 An overview of selected U S Environmental Protection Agency ecological research in
the Praine Pothole and Pacific Northwest Regions Pages 57-61 in H Hemer and J Woled, editors
Proceedings of the Fifth Biennial Watershed Management Conference, Ashland, OR Water Resources
Center Report No 86, Univ of California Davis
Leibowitz, S G , E M Preston, L Y Amaut, N E Detenbeck, C A Hagley, M E Kentula, R K Olson,
W D Sanville, and R R Sumner 1992 Wetland research plan FY 92-96 An integrated risk-based
approach EPA/600/R-92/060, U S Environmental Protection Agenc\, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallis, OR
Leibowitz, S G , B Abbruzzese, P R Adamus, L E Hughes, and J T Irish 1992 A synoptic approach to
cumulative impact assessment A proposed methodology EPA/600/R-92/167, U S Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR
Leibowitz, S G , and J M Hill 1989 Spatial analysis of Louisiana coastal land loss Pages 331-355 in
R E Turner and D R Cahoon, editors Causes of Wetland Loss in the Coastal Central Gulf of Mexico,
Volume II Technical Narrative OCS Study MMS 87-0120, Minerals Management Service, U S
Department of the Interior, New Orleans
Leibowitz, S G , F H Sklar, and R Costanza 1989 Perspectives on Louisiana land loss modeling Pages
729-753 in R R Shantz and J W Gibbons, editors Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Perspectives on
Natural, Managed and Degraded Ecosystems CONF-8603101, DOE Symposium Series No 61, Office
of Scientific and Technical Information, U S Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN
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Craig McFarlane
Quality Assurance Officer
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4670
Email: mcfarlane.craig@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Botany, 1964
M.S., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Plant Physiology, 1966
Ph.D., Univ. Of California, Riverside; Plant Physiology, 1971
Previous Positions:
1991-1993: EPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR, Project leader, Global program,
Terrestrial Branch
1990-1991: Guest scientist, GSF, Munich, Germany
1980-1990: EPA, ERL-C Corvallis, OR Team leader, Plant contamination research
1970-1980: EPA, EMSL-Las Vegas, NV Team Leader, Plant toxicology monitoring research; Branch
Chief (acting 2 years)
Professional Societies:
American Society of Horticulture
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Appointments/Honors:
Scientific Steering Committee, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland Committee
co-sponsored by US Dept. of Energy, 1995-present
Consultant to the EPA of Kuwait for the development of an oil reclamation and plant contamination
research plan, 1992
Science Advisory Committee: Hazardous Substance Research Center, Univ. of Kansas, Manhattan, KS,
1991-present
Science Advisory Committee, CELSS Program, NASA, Kennedy Spacecraft Center, FL, 1985-1990
Editorial boards: SETAC, 1989-1993; ASHS, 1979-1984
Selected Publications (career total of 93 peer-reviewed publications in 36 years):
McFarlane, C. 1997. Lighting, and Special use chambers, Chapters 1 and 11 in R W. Langhans and T.W.
Tibbitts, editors. Growth Chamber Manual: Environmental Control for Plants. SR-99, Iowa
Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station.
McFarlane, C., and S. Trapp, editors. 1995. Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of Organic
Chemical Processes., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Paterson, S., D. Mackay, and C. McFarlane. 1995. A model of organic chemical uptake by plants from soil
and the atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28:2259-2266.
McFarlane, C. 1994. Anatomy and physiology of plant conductive systems. In S. Trapp and C. McFarlane,
editors. Plant Contamination: Modeling and Simulation of Organic Chemical Processes. Lewis
Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
Trapp, S., McFarlane, C., and Matthies, M.: 1994. Model for uptake of xenobiotics into plants: Validation
with bromacil experiments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 13(3):413-422.
McFarlane, C., J. Fletcher, M. Matthies, S. Bressler, and R. Owens. 1994. Phvtotox Interactive Query
Program, A User's Manual.
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McFarlane, C 1992 Uptake of organic contaminants by plants Pages 151-164 in C C Travis, editor
Municipal Waste Incineration Risk Assessment Deposition, Food Chain, Impacts, Uncertainty, and
Research Needs Plenum Press New York
Boersma, L , C McFarlane, and T Lindstrom 1991 Mathematical model of plant uptake of organic
chemicals Application to experiments J Environ Qual 20 (1)137-146
McFarlane, C , T Pfleeger, and J Fletcher 1990 Nitrobenzene uptake, translocation, and metabolism in
several terrestrial plants Environ Toxicol Chem 9 513-520
Fletcher, J S , F L Johnson, and C McFarlane 1990 The influence of greenhouse versus field testing and
taxonomic differences on plant sensitivit) to chemical treatment Environ Toxicol Chem 9 769-776
McCrady, J K , C McFarlane, and L K Gander 1990 The transport and fate of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in
soybean and corn Chemosphere 21 (3) 359-376
McFarlane, C , and T Pfleeger 1987 Plant exposure chambers for study of toxic chemical/plant
interactions J Environ Qual 16(4) 361-371
McFarlane, C , T Pfleeger, and J Fletcher 1987 Transpiration effect on the uptake and distribution of
bromacil, nitrobenzene, and phenol in so\bean plants J Environ Qual 16(4) 372-376
McFarlane, C , A Cross, and R D Rogers 1981 Atmospheric benzene depletion b\ soil microorganisms
Environ Monitoring and Assessment 1 75-81
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Robert B. McKane
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4631
Email: mckane.bob@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Univ. of Minnesota, St Paul, M
M.S., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, V
Ph.D., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, I
1991
Previous Positions:
1995-1997: National Research Council Associate, Western Ecology Division, NHEERL, Corvallis, OR
1990-1995: Research Associate, The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA
1987-1989: Research Technician, Dept. of Ecology'and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Minnesota,
Minneapolis
1984-1987: Research Assistant, Dept of Soil Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul
1984-1986: Teaching Assistant (Advanced Forest Soils), Dept. of Soil Science, University of Minnesota,
St Paul
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecosystem ecology, Biogeochemistry, Plant Community Ecology, Modeling, Stable Isotope Techniques
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Soil Science Society of America
Organization for Tropical Studies
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Appointments/Honors:
EPA Special Accomplishment Recognition Awards, 2000, 2001.
Consultant for the Japanese Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Project, "Carbon budget in
forest ecosystem of Japan," 1999
National Research Council Fellowship, 1995 - 1998
Sigma Xi
Reviewer of manuscripts for Ecology, Oecologia. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Global
Change Biology, Annals of Botany, and Journal of Environmental Quality
Reviewer of proposals for NSF Ecosystems and Ecology programs; USDA Forest/Range/Crop
Ecosystems, Soil and Soil Biology programs
Selected Publications:
Norris, M., J. Blair, L. Johnson and R. McKane. 2001. Assessing changes in biomass, productivity, and
C and N stores following Juniperus virginiana forest expansion into tallgrass prairie. Canadian Journal
of Forest Research. In press.
Lewis, J.D., R.B. McKane, D.T. Tingey and P.A. Beedlow 2000. Vertical gradients in photosynthetic light
response within an old-growth Douglas-fir and western hemlock canopy. Tree Physiology 20:447-456.
Homann, P.S., R.B. McKane, P. Sollins. 2000. Belowground processes in forest-ecosystem
biogeochemical simulation models. Forest Ecology and Mangagement 138:3-18.
IN; Forest Resources, 1976
VA; Forest Soils, 1983
VfN; Soil Science/Ecosystem Ecology,
t;;W|r /
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McKane, R B , E B Rastetter, G R Shaver, K J Nadelhoffer, A E Giblin, J A Laundre, and F S Chapin
III 1997 Climatic effects on tundra carbon storage inferred from experimental data and a model
Ecology 78 1170-1187
McKane, R B , E B Rastetter, G R Shaver, K J Nadelhoffer, A E Giblin, J A Laundre, and F S Chapin
III 1997 Reconstruction and analysis of historical changes in carbon storage in arctic tundra Ecology
78 1188-1198
Rastetter, E B , R B McKane, G R Shaver, K J Nadelhoffer, and A E Giblin 1997 Analysis of C02,
temperature and moisture effects on C storage in Alaskan arctic tundra using a general ecosystem
model Pages 437-451 in W Oechel, T Callaghan, T Giomanov, J Holten, B Maxwell, 0 Molau,
and B Sveingjornsson, editors Global Change and Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Springer, New
York
Hobbie J E,BL Kwiatkowski, E B Rastetter, D A Walker, and RB McKane 1998 Carbon cycling
in the Kuparuk Basin plant production, carbon storage, and sensitivity to future changes Journal of
Geophysical Research Vol 103 D22, pages 29,065-29,073
Nadelhoffer, K , G Shaver, B Fry, A Giblin, L Johnson, and R McKane 1996 15N natural abundances
and N use by tundra plants Oecologia 107 386-394
McKane, R B , E B Rastetter, J M Melillo, G R Shaver, C S Hopkinson, D N Femandes, D L Skolc,
and W H Chomentowski 1995 Effects of global change on carbon storage in tropical forests of South
America Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9 329-350
Fry, B ,D E Jones, G W Klmg, R B McKane, K J Nadelhoffer, and B J Peterson 1995 Adding 15N
tracers to ecosystem experiments Pages 171-192 in E Wada, T Yone\ama, M Minagawa, T Ando.
and B Fry, editors, Stable Isotopes in the Biosphere Kyoto University Press, Japan
Rastetter, E B , R B McKane, G R Shaver, and J M Melillo 1992 Changes in C storage by terrestrial
ecosystems How carbon-nitrogen interactions restrict responses to CO: temperature Water, Air. and
Soil Pollution 64 327-344
McKane, R B , D F Gngal, and M P Russellc 1990 Spatiotemporal differences in l5N uptake and the
organization of an old-field plant community Ecologj 71 1126-1132
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Daniel H. McKenzie
Interagency Assignment, Research and Monitoring Committee
Regional Ecosystem Office for Northwest Forest Plan
P.O. Box 3623, 333 SW First Avenue
Portland OR 97208-3623
Telephone: 503-326-6250 FAX: 503-326-6282
Email: mckenzie.dan@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Washington, Seattle; Marine Fisheries, 1965
Ph D., University of Washington, Seattle, Fisheries, 1975
Previous Positions:
1991-1994: Deputy Director, USEPA, EMAP, ORD, Corvallis, OR
1989-1991: Associate Director Inland Aquatics, EMAP, ORD, Corvallis, OR
1989-1991: Watershed Branch Chief, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1986-1989: Watershed Team Leader, USEPA. ERL, Corvallis, OR
1976-1986: Senior Research Scientist, Ecological Sciences Div., Battelle Northwest Laboratories,
Richland, WA
Appointments/Honors:
Interagency Implementation Task Force on Research and Monitoring, Northwest Forest Plan, 1993-1994
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, USEPA and USGS, 1991-1993
Director, Task Group 6: Aquatic Effects Research Program, NAPAP, 1988-1989
Reviewer for NSF, EPRI, Journal of Environmental Management
Selected Publications:
McKenzie, D.H., D.E. Hyatt, and V.J. McDonald, editors 1992. Ecological Indicators 1,561 pages in two
volumes. Elsevier Applied Science, London
Skalski, J.R., and D.H. McKenzie. 1982. A design for aquatic monitoring programs Journal of
Environmental Management 14(3):237-251
Thomas, J.M., and D.H. McKenzie. 1979. A procedure for assessing biological effects of power plants on
fish Fisheries, Bulletin of American Fisheries Society 4(6) 23-27
Taub, F.B., and D.H. McKenzie. 1973. Continuous cultures of an alga and its grazer (Chlamydomonas
reinhardi), Bulletin of Ecological Research Committee, Swedish National Science Research Council
17:371-377.
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Alan V. Nebeker
Research Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4884
Email: nebeker.alan@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Zoology and Entomology,
1961
M.S., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Zoology and
Entomology, 1963
Ph.D., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Water Pollution Biology,
1966
Previous Positions:
1988-1993: Research Biologist, Wildlife Program, ERL, USEPA, Corvallis, OR
1976-1988: Research Aquatic Biologist, ERL, USEPA, Corvallis, OR
1971-1976: Research Aquatic Biologist, NERC, USEPA, Corvallis, OR
1966-1971: Research Aquatic Biologist, National Water Quality Laboratory, FWPCA, USD1, Duluth, MN
Professional Societies:
American Fisheries Society
Entomological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Cert. Professional Fisheries Scientist
Cert Professional Entomologist
EPA Gold Medal for Exceptional Service
Selected Publications
Nebeker, A.V. and R.B. Bury. 2000. Temperature selection by hatchling and yearling Florida red-bellied
turtles (Pseudemys nelsoni) in thermal gradients. J. Herpetology 34(3) 465-469.
Nebeker, A.V. and G.S. Schuytema. 2000. Effects of ammonium sulfate on growth of larval Northwestern
salamanders, red-legged frog and Pacific treefrog tadpoles, and juvenile fathead minnows. Bui Environ
Contam. Toxicol. 64(2):271-278.
Nebeker, A.V. and G.S. Schuytema. 1998. Chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on freshwater
cladocerans, amphipods, midges, minnows, worms, and snails. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
35:441-446.
Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema, W.L Griffis, and A. Cataldo. 1998 Impact of guthion on growth of the
frog Pseudacris regilla and the salamanders Ambystoma gracile and Ambystoma maculatum. Arch
Environ. Contam Toxicol. 35:48-51.
Nebeker, A.V., S.T. Onjukka, D.G. Stevens, and G.A. Chapman. 1996. Effect of low dissolved oxygen on
aquatic life stages of the caddisfly Clistoronia magnified (Limnephilidae). Arch Environ. Contam
Toxicol. 31:453-458.
Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema,, and S.L. Ott. 1995. Effects of cadmium on growth and bioaccumulation
in the Northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29:492-499.
Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema, and S. Ott. 1994. Effects of cadmium on limb regeneration in the
salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:318-322.
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Nebeker, A V , K D Dunn, W L GnfFis, G S Schuytema 1994 Effects of dieldnn in food on growth and
bioaccumulation in mallard ducklings Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 26(1) 29-32
Nebeker, A V , W L Gnffis, TW Stutzman. G S Schuytema, L A Carey, and S M Scherer 1992
Effects of aqueous and dietary exposure of dieldnn on survival, growth and bioconcentration in mallard
ducklings Environ Toxicol Chem 11 687-699
Nebeker, A V , S T Onjukka, D G Stevens, G A Chapman, and S E Dominguez 1992 Effects of low
dissolved oxygen on survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia, Hyalella, and Gammariis Environ
Toxicol Chem 11 373-379
Nebeker, A V , G S Schuytema, W L GnfFis, J A Barbitta, and L A Carey 1989 Effect of sediment
organic carbon on survival of Hyalella azieca exposed to DDT and endrin Environ Toxicol Chem
8 705-718
Nebeker AV,andCE Miller 1988 Use of the amphipod crustacean Hyalella azieca in freshwater and
estuanne sediment toxicity tests Environ Toxicol Chem 7 1027-1033
Nebeker, A V , C Savonen, and D G Stevens 1985 Sensitivity of rainbow trout early life stages to nickel
chloride Environ Toxicol Chem 4 233-239
Nebeker, A V , C Savonen, R J Baker, and J K McCrady 1984 Effects of copper, nickel, and zinc on
the life cycle of the caddisfly Clistoronia magmfica (Limnephilidae) Environ Toxicol Chem 3 645-
649
Nebeker, A V , M A Cairns, J H Gakstatter KW Malueg. G S Schuytema, and D F Krawczvk 1984
Biological methods for determining toxicity of contaminated freshwater sediments to invertebrates
Environ Toxicol Chem 3 617-630
Nebeker, A V , M A Caims, and C M Wise 1984 Relative sensitivity of Chironomus tentans life stages
to copper Environ Toxicol Chem 3 151-158
Nebeker, A V , C K McAuliffe, R Mshar, and D G Stevens 1983 Toxicity of silver to steelhead and
rainbow trout, fathead minnows, and Daphnia magna Environ Toxicol Chem 2 95-104
Nebeker, A V,P McKinney, and M A Caims 1983 Acute and chronic effects of diflubenzuron (dimilin)
on freshwater fish and invertebrates Environ Toxicol Chem 2 329-336
Nebeker, A V , J D Andros, J K McCrady, and D G Stevens 1978 Survival of steelhead trout (Salmo
gairdnen) eggs, embryos, and fn in air-supersaturated water J Fis Res Board Can 35 261-264
Nebeker, A V , and J R Brett 1976 Effects of air- supersaturated water on survival of Pacific salmon and
steelhead smolts Trans Amer Fish Soc 105(2) 338-342
Nebeker, A V , A K Hauck, and F D Baker 1979 Temperature and oxygen-nitrogen gas ratios affect fish
survival in air-supersaturated water Water Research 13 299-303
Nebeker, A V , D G Stevens, and R K Stroud 1976 Effects of air-supersaturated water on adult sockcye
salmon J Fish Res Bd Canada, 33(11) 2629-2633
Nebeker, A V , F A Puglisi, and D L DeFoe 1974 Effect of polychlonnated biphenyl compounds on
survival and reproduction of the fathead minnow and flagfish Trans Amer Fish Soc 103(3) 562-568
Nebeker, A V 1973 Temperature requirements and life cycle of the midge Tanytarsus dissimilis J
Kansas Entom Soc 46(2) 160-165
Nebeker, A V 1972 Effect of low oxygen concentration on survival and emergence of aquatic insects
Trans Amer Fish Soc 101 675-679
Nebeker, A V 1971 Effect of temperature at different altitudes on the emergence of aquatic insects from a
single stream J Kansas Ent Soc 44(1) 26-35
Nebeker, A V and A E Lemke 1968 Preliminary studies on the tolerance of aquatic insects to heated
waters J Kansas Ent Soc 41(3)413-418
Nebeker, A V andAR Gaufin 1964 Bioassays to determine pesticide toxicity to the amphipod
crustacean Gammarus lacustns Utah Academy Proc 41(1)64-67
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Walter G. Nelson
Chief, Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch
Western Ecology' Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4041
Email: nelson.walt@epa.gov
Education:
A.B., Duke Univeresity, Durham, NC; Zoology and Chemistry (cum
laude), 1972
Ph.D., Duke Univ., Durham, NC; Zoology (Oceanography minor), 1978
Postdoctoral Fellow, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Fort
Pierce, FL, 1978-1979
Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Marine Biology, University of Bergen,
Bergen, Norway, 1979-80
Previous Positions:
1989-1997: Professor, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL
1987-1997: Director, Indian River Marine Science Research Center, Florida Institute of Technology, Vero
Beach, FL
1985-1987: Assistant Director, IRMSRC, Vero Beach, FL
1984-1989: Associate Professor, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL
1981-1984: Assistant Professor, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL
1980-1981: Research Associate, National Research Council, USEPA, Newport, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Marine impacts of anthropogenic stressors, including watershed development, dredging, aquaculture, and
sewage discharge
Seagrass community ecology and habitat restoration
Development of impact assessment metrics for marine benthos
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Ecological Society of America, Estuarine Research
Federation, Sigma Xi
Appointments/Honors:
College of Engineering Excellence Award for University Service, Florida Institute of Technology, 1997
National Research Council Senior Research Fellowship, 1994
Faculty Senate Excellence Award for Research, Florida Institute of Technology, 1994
College of Engineering Excellence Award for Research, Florida Institute of Technology, 1994
Visiting Professor, Akademi University, Turku, Finland, 1991
Fulbright Fellowship, 2 months, Finland, 1988
American Scandinavian Foundation, Carl G. and Rikke Frederiksen Barth Fund, for Study and Research in
Finland, 1988
Selected Publications:
Zupo, V., W.G. Nelson and M.C. Gambi. 2001. Measuring invertebrate grazing on seagrasses and
epiphytes. In: F. Short and R. Coles, ed. Global Seagrass Research Methods. Elsevier.
Tunberg, B. and W.G. Nelson. 1998. Do climatic oscillations influence cyclical patterns of soft bottom
microbenthic communities on the Swedish west coast? Marine Ecology Progress Series 170:85-94.
Vose, F.W. and W.G. Nelson. 1998. An assessment of the use of stabilized oil ash (SOA) for construction
of artificial fishing reefs: comparisons of fish colonization on SOA reefs and concrete reefs. Marine
Pollution Bulletin 36:980-988.
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Swain, G W , W G Nelson, and S Preedeekanit 1998 The influence of biofouling adhesion and biotic
disturbance on the development of fouling communities on non-to\ic surfaces Biofouling 12 257-269
Heidelbaugh, S E, and W G Nelson 1996 An evaluation of core and quadrat methods for assessing
spatial and temporal changes in seagrass cover Aquatic Botany 53 227-233
Bonsdorff, E and W G Nelson 1996 The use of macroalgae in measuring environmental impacts limited
utility of blade length measurements of Fucus vesiculosus L Botanica Manna 39 129-132
Nelson, W G , and R W Vimstein 1995 Long-term dynamics of seagrass macrobenthos Asynchronous
population variability in space and time Pages 185-190 in A Eleftheriou, editor Proceedings of the
28th European Marine Biology Symposium Olsen and Olsen, Fredensborg, Denmark
Nelson, W G 1995 Amphipod crustaceans of the Indian River Lagoon Current status and threats to
biodiversity Bulletin of Marine Science 57 143-152
Kensley, B , and W G Nelson, and M Schotte 1995 Marine isopod biodiversity of the Indian River,
Florida Bulletin of Marine Science 57 136-142
Nelson, W G , D M Savercool, T Neth, and J L Rodda 1994 Comparative development of the fouling
communities on stabilized oil-ash versus concrete reefs Bulletin of Marine Science 55 1303-1315
Tunberg, B G , and W G Nelson 1994 Population ecology of Pagunts maclaughhncie Garcia-Gomez
(Decapoda, Anomura, Pagundae) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Journal of Crustacean Biology
14 686-699
Vose, F E and W G Nelson 1994 Gray triggerfish (Bahstes capnscus Gmelin) feeding from artificial
and natural substrate in shallow Atlantic waters of Florida Bulletin of Marine Science 55 1316-1325
Nelson, W G , E Bonsdorff, and L Adamkevicz 1993 Ecological, morphological and genetic differences
between the sympatric bivalves Donax variabilis Sa> 1822 and Donax parvula Philippi 1849 The
Veliger 36 317-322
Nelson, W G 1993 Beach-inlet ecosystems of southeastern Florida A review of ecological research needs
and management issues Journal of Coastal Research (Special Issue) 18 257-266
Hamilton, K L , W G Nelson, and J L Curley 1993 Toxicological evaluation of the effects of waste-to-
energy ash-concrete on two marine species Ecological Toxicology and Chemistry 12 1919-1930
Mojica, R , Jr, and W G Nelson 1993 Environmental effects of a hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria)
aquaculture site in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Aquaculture 113 313-329
Bonsdorff, E and W G Nelson 1992 Some observations on the ecology of the coquina clams Donax
variabilis Say 1822 and Donax parvula Philippi 1849 on the east coast of Florida The Veliger 35 358-
365
Nelson, WG 1992 Beach restoration in the south-eastern United States environmental effects and
biological monitoring Ocean and Coastal Management 18 1-26
Nelson, W G and L Demetnades 1992 Peracand crustaceans associated with sabel Ian id
(Phragmatapoma lapidosa Kinberg) worm rock at Sebastian Inlet, Florida Journal of Crustacean
Biology 12 647-654
Nelson, W G , D Charvat, and T Allenbaugh 1990 Community dynamics of surf zone amphipod
assemblages from the central Florida East Coast Journal of Crustacean Biology 10 446-454
Nelson, W G 1990 Prospects for development of an index of biotic integrity for evaluating habitat
degradation in estuanne and coastal systems Chemistry and Ecology' 4 197-210
Nelson, WG and E Bonsdorff 1990 Fish predation and habitat complexity are complexity thresholds
reaP Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 141 183-194
Nelson, W G and M A Capone 1990 Experimental studies of predation on polychaetes associated with
seagrass beds Estuaries 13.51-58
Nelson, WG,PM Navratil, D M Savercool, and F E Vose 1988 Short-term effects of stabilized oil
ash reefs on the marine benthos Marine Pollution Bulletin 19 623-627
Lowery, W andWG Nelson 1988 Aspects of the biology of the hermit crab Clibmarius vittatus at
Sebastian Inlet, Florida Journal of Crustacean Biology 8 548-556
Ronn, C , E Bonsdorff, and W G Nelson 1988 Predation as a mechanism of interference within infauna
in shallow brackish water soft-bottoms experiments with an infaunal predator. Nereis diversicolor O
F Muller Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 116 143-157
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Anthony R. Olsen
Environmental Statistician
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4790
Email: olsen.tony@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Wyoming, Laramie; Statistics, 1966
M.S., University of Wyoming, Laramie; Statistics, 1969
Ph.D., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis; Statistics, 1973
Previous Positions:
1984-1990: Adjunct Associate Professor of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman
1979-1985: Mathematics & Statistics Chair, Joint Ctr.for Grad Study, Washington State Univ., Richland
1974-1990: Research Statistician, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA
1972-1974: Mathematical Statistician, Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, NOAA, Coral Gables, FL
Professional Societies:
The International Biometric Society, Western North American Region
American Statistical Association
The International Environmetrics Society
International Statistics Institute (elected member)
Appointments / Honors:
2000 Fellow of the American Statistical Association
1998 Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award, International Association for Ecology
1994 Distinguished Achievement Medal, Section on Statistics and the Environment, American Statistical
Association
Selected Publications:
Handcock, M.S., J. Sedransk, and A.R.Olsen. (In press). Statistical methods for ecological assessment of
riverine systems by combining information from multiple sources In Proceedings Section on Statistics
and the Environment. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, VA.
Hall, R.K., A R Olsen, D. Stevens, B. Rosenbaum, P. Husby, et al. 2000. EMAP Design and River
Reach File 3 (RF3) as an EMAP sample frame in the Central Valley, California Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment, 64: 69-80.
Pitchford, A.M., J.M. Denver, A.R. Olsen, S.W. Ator, S. Cormier, et al. 2000. Testing landscape
indicators for stream condition related to pesticides and nutrients: Landscape indicators for pesticides
study for Mid-Atlantic coastal streams (LIPS-MACS). Rep. EPA/600/R-00/087, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D C.
Stevens, D.L., Jr. and A.R. Olsen, 2000. Spatially-restricted random sampling designs for design-based
and model-based estimation. Pages 609-16 in G.B.M. Heuvelink and M.J.P.M. Lemmens editors.
Accuracy 2000: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in
Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Amsterdam, July 2000. Delft University Press, Delft,
The Netherlands.
Carr, D.B , A.R. Olsen, S.M. Pierson, and J-Y.P Coubois. 2000. Using linked micromap plots to
characterize Omernik ecoregions. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 4:43:67.
Stevens, D.L., Jr. and A.R. Olsen. 1999. Spatially restricted surveys over time for aquatic resources J
Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 4(4) 415-428
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Olsen, A R , and E P Smith 1999 Introduction to special issue on surveys over time J Agricultural.
Biological, and Environmental Statistics 4(4) 328-330
Olsen, A R , J Sedransk, D Edwards, C A Gotway, W Liggett. S L Rathbun, K H Reckhow. and L J
Young 1999 Statistical issues for monitoring ecological and natural resources in the United States
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 54(1) 1-45
Mulder, B S , BR Noon, T A Spies, MG Raphael, C J Palmer, A R Olsen, et al 1999 The strategy
and design of the Effectiveness Monitoring Program for the Northwest Forest Plan Rep PNW-GTR-
437, USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR
Olsen, A R 1999 Going against the current Expanding the inland aquatic monitoring culture of Federal
and State agencies Presented at 1999 Proceeding of the Biometrics Section, Washington, D C
Olsen, AR,DL Stevens, Jr, and D White 1998 Application of global grids in environmental sampling
Computing Science and Statistics 30 279-284
House, C , J Goebel, H Schreuder, P Geissler, B Williams, and A R Olsen 1998 Prototyping a vision
for inter-agency terrestrial inventory and monitoring a statistical perspective Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 51 451-463
Carr, D B , A R Olsen, J -Y P Courbois, S M Pierson, and D A Carr 1998 Linked micromap plots
Named and described Statistical Computing & Graphics Newsletter 9 24-32
Dixon, P M , A R Olsen, and B Kahn 1998 Invited Feature Measuring trends in ecological resources
Ecological Applications 8 225-7
Goebel, J H Schreuder, C House, T Olsen, and B Williams 1998 Integrating surveys of terrestrial
natural resources The Oregon Demonstration Study Rep Inventory and Monitoring Report No 2,
U S Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO
Hoeting, J A , and A R Olsen 1998 Are the fish safe to eat7 Assessing mercury levels in fish in Maine
lakes Chapter 1, pages 1-6 in R Peck, L D HaughandA Goodman editors Statistical Case Studies
A Collaboration Between Academe and Industn. S1AM, Philadelphia
Olsen. A R , and H T Schreuder 1997 Perspectives on large-scale resource surveys when cause-effect is
a potential issue Environmental and Ecological Statistics 4(2) 167-180
Carr, D B and A R Olsen, 1996 Simplifying visual appearance by sorting an example using 159
AVHRR classes Statistical Computing & Graphics Newsletter 7 10-6
Sisterson, D L , V C Bowersox, and A R Olsen 1994 A Review of Spatial and Temporal Trends of
Precipitation Composition for North America for the Period 1979-1987 Pages 157-201 in J Rose,
editor Acid Ram Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
Carr, D B , A R Olsen, and D White 1992 Hexagon mosaic maps for display of univariate and bivanate
geographical data Cartography & Geographic Information Systems 19 228-236,271
Davis, WE, A R Olsen, and B T Didier 1989 MLAM Assessment of radionuclide air concentration and
deposition for the Chernobyl reactor accident Pages 123-136 in H Van Dop, editor Air Pollution
Modelling and Its Applications VII Plenum Publishing Company
Tolley, H D , and A R Olsen 1985 A note on homogeneity tests when combining 2x2 tables
Communication in Statistics Theory & Methods 14 2857-2871
Onishi, Y , A R Olsen, M A Parkhurst, and G Whelan 1985 Computer-based environmental exposure
and risk assessment methodology for hazardous materials J Hazardous Materials 10 389-417
Manni, M M , AR Olsen, and D B Rubin 1979 Maximum likelihood estimation in panel studies with
missing data Pages 313-355 in Karl F Schuessler, editor Sociological Methodology 1980 Jossey-
Bass Publishers, San Francisco
Olsen, A R, J Seely, and D Birkes 1976 Invariant quadratic unbiased estimation for two variance
components The Annals of Statistics 4(5) 878-890
Olsen, A R, J Simpson, and J C Eden 1975 A Bayesian anaKsis of a multiplicative treatment effect in
weather modification Technometncs 17 161-166
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David M. Olszyk
Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4397
Email: olszyk.david@epa.gov
Education:
B.S , University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Zoology, 1973
M.S., University ofWisconsin, Madison; Horticulture, 1975
Ph.D., University ofWisconsin, Madison; Horticulture and Botany
1979
Postdoctoral Fellowship, National Research Council, USEPA, ERL,
Corvallis, OR, 1981-1983
Previous Positions:
1989: Associate Research Plant Physiologist, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Univ. of CA,
Riverside
1983-1989: Asst. Research Plant Physiologist, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Univ of CA,
Riverside
1985-1988: Head of Plant Sciences Section; Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, Univ. of CA,
Riverside
1981: Instructor, Department of Biology, Edgewood College, Madison, WI
1979-1981: Planning Analyst, Wisconsin Public Service Commission, Bureau of Environmental Review,
Madison, WI
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecophysiological effects of environmental stress on plants and terrestrial ecosystems
Plant gas exchange, water relations, growth and productivity, chemistry
Professional Societies:
American Society of Agronomy
American Society of Plant Physiologists
American Society for the Advancement of Science Science
Appointments / Honors:
Courtesy Faculty Member and member of Graduate Faculty, Crop and Soil Science Dept, Oregon State
Univ., 1989-present
Adjunct Faculty Member, Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Portland (Oregon), August, 1996-present Foreign
Editor, Japanese Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 2001-present
Associate Editor, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 1998-present
Associate Editor, Journal of Environmental Quality, 1986-91, 1995-1997
Selected Publications:
Olszyk, D M., M. G. Johnson, D. L. Phillips, R. J. Seidler, D. T. Tingey, and L. S. Watrud. (In press).
Interactive effects of C02 and 03 on a ponderosa pine plant/litter/soil mesocosm. Environ. Pollut.
Hobbie, E.A., D.M. Olszyk, P T Rygiewicz, M.G.Johnson, and D.T Tingey. (In press). Foliar Nitrogen
Levels and Natural Abundance l5N Reveal Mycorrhizal-Plant Patitioning and Recycling of N During
Development Under Climate Change. Tree Physiol.
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Lewis, J D , M Lucash, D Olszyk, and D T Tingey 2001 Seasonal patterns of photosynthesis in
Douglas-fir seedlings during the third and fourth year of exposure to elevated carbon dioxide and
temperature Plant Cell Environ 24 539-548
Olszyk, D M , D T Tingey, Lidia Watrud, R Seidler, and C Andersen 2000 Interactive effects of 03 and
C02 implications for terrestrial ecosystems Pages 97-136 in S N Singh, editor Trace Gas Emissions
and Plants Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam
Apple, M E , D M Olszyk, D P Ormrod, J Lewis, D Southworth, and D T Tingey 2000 Morphology
and stomatal function of Douglas fir needles exposed to climate change elevated CO; and temperature
lntemat J Plant Scientists 16(1) 127-132
Tingey, DT,RS Waschmann, D L Phillips, and D M Olszyk 2000 The use of sulfur hexafluonde to
measure the carbon dioxide leakage rate of sun-lit controlled environment chambers Environ Exp
Bot 43 101-110
Olszyk, DM,HGS Centano, L H Ziska, J S Kern, and R B Matthews 1999 Global Change, Rice
Productivity and Methane Emissions Comparison of Predicted and Experimental Results Agnc For
Meteorology 9 87-101
Lewis, J D , D Olszyk, and D T Tingey 1999 Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic light response in
Douglas-fir seedlings subjected to elevated atmospheric CO; and temperature Tree Physiol
19 243-252
Wecrakoon, W M , D M Olszyk, and DN Moss 1999 Effects of nitrogen nutrition on responses of rice
seedlings to carbon dioxide Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 72 1-8
Apple, M E , M S Lucash, D L Phillips, D M Olszyk, and D T Tingey 1999 Internal temperature of
Douglas-fir buds is altered at elevated temperature Environ Exp Bot 4125-30
Ormrod, D P , V M Lesser, D M Olszyk, and D T Tingey 1999 Douglas-fir needle pigment responses
to elevated C02 and/or temperature and correlations with needle weight and seedling growth Intl J
Plant Sci 160 529-534
Olszyk, D M , C Wise, E VanEss, M Apple, and D T Tingey 1999 Phenolog\ and growth of shoots,
needles, and buds of Douglas-fir seedlings with elevated CO; and/or temperature Can J of Bot
76 1991-2001
Olszyk, D M , C Wise, E VanEss, and D Tinge\. 1998 Elevated temperature but not elevated CO:
affects stem diameter and height of Douglas-fir seedlings results over three growing seasons Can J
For Res 28 1046-1054
Guak, S -H , D M Olszyk, L H Fuchigann, and D T Tingey 1998 Effects of elevated CO; and
temperature on cold hardiness and bud burst in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesn) Tree Physiol
18 671-679
Moya, T, O S Namuco, L H Ziska, and D Olszyk 1998 Growth dynamics and genotypic variation in
tropical, field-grown paddy rice (Oryza sahva L ) with increasing carbon dioxide and temperature
Global Change Biol 4 645-656
Ziska, L H , Moya, T , Wassmann, P , Namuco, O S , Lanin, R S , Aduna, J B , Bronson, KR,HU
Neue, and D M Olszyk 1998 Long-term growth at elevated carbon dioxide stimulates methane
emission in tropical paddy nee Global Change Biol 4 657-665
Olszyk, D M and C W Wise 1997 Interactive effects of elevated C02 and 03 on nee and flacca tomato
Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 66 1-10
Dai, Q , S Peng, A Q Chavez, Ma L Miranda, B S Vergara, and D M Olszyk 1997 Supplemental
Ultraviolet-B radiation does not reduce growth or grain yield in rice Results from a 7-season field
study Agronomy J 89 793-799
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James M. Omernik
Research Geographer
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone. 541-754-4458
Email: omernik.james@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Wisconsin at Eau Claire; Geography, 1960
Graduate studies, University of Kansas; Geography and Cartography,
1960-61
Previous Positions:
1963-1972: Intelligence Research Specialist (Military Geographer),
Defense Intelligence Agency, Arlington, VA
Professional Societies:
Association of American Geographers
Soil and Water Conservation Society
North American Lake Management Society
Appointments / Honors:
EPA Special Service Award, 1997
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award (Level II), 1996
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1988
EPA Silver Medal for Superior Service, 1988
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award. 1987
EPA Bronze Medal for Commendable Service, 1987
EPA Bronze Medal For Commendable Service, 1984
Selected Publications:
Omernik, J.M., S.S. Chapman, R.A. Lillie, and R T. Dumke 2000. Ecoregions of Wisconsin Transactions
of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 88:77-103.
Bryce, S.A , J.M Omernik, and D P Larsen 1999 Ecoregions: A geographic framework to guide risk
characterization and ecosystem management Environmental Practice, Journal of the National
Association of Environmental Professionals 1(3): 142-155.
Griffith, G., J.M. Omernik, and A. Woods. 1999. Ecoregions, watersheds, basins, and HUC's: how state
and federal agencies frame water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 54(4):666-677.
Omernik, J.M., and R.G. Bailey. 1997. Distinguishing between watersheds and ecoregions. Journal of the
American Water Resources Association 33(5): 1-15.
Omernik, J.M. 1995. Ecoregions: A framework for managing ecosystems. The George Wright Forum
12(1)35-50
Omernik, J.M. 1995. Ecoregions: A spatial framework for environmental management. Chapter 5, pages
49-62 in W. Davis and T. Simon, editors Biological Assessment and Criteria: Tools for Water
Resource Planning and Decision Making Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
Omernik, J.M., and G.E. Griffith. 1991. Ecological regions vs. hydrologic units: Frameworks for managing
water quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(5):334-340.
Omernik, J.M., C M. Rohm, R.A. Lillie, and N. Mesner. 1991. The usefulness of natural regions for lake
management: An analysis of variation among lakes in northwestern Wisconsin, USA Environmental
Management 15(2):281-293.
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Omernjk, J M , C M Rohm, S E Clarke, and D P Larson 1988 Summer total phosphorus in lakes A
map of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, USA Map scale 1 2,500,000 Environmental
Management 12(6) 815-825
Omemik, J M 1987 Ecoregions of the conterminous United States Map scale 1 7.500,000 Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 77(1) 118-125
Omemik, J M , and G E Griffith 1986 Total alkalinity of surface waters A map of the western region
Map scale 1 2,500,000 Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 41(6) 374-378
Omemik , J M , and A Kinney 1983 An improved technique for estimating mean depth of lakes Water
Research 17(11) 1603-1607
Omemik, J M , and C Powers 1983 Total alkalinit\ of surface waters A national map Map scale
1,750,000 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73(1) 133-136
Omemik, J M , A R Abemathy, and L M Male 1981 Stream nutrient levels and proximity of agricultural
and forest lands to streams Some relationships Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
36(4)227-231
Omemik, J M 1977 Nonpoint source-stream nutrient level relationships A nationwide study (151 pp )
Map scale 1 7,500,000 EPA/600/2-77/105 US Environmental Protection Agcnc). Corvallis. OR
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Jennifer Orme Zavaleta
Associate Director for Science
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4602
Email: Orme-Zavaleta. Jennifer@epa gov
Education:
BA., Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 1980
MS., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, 1983
Previous Positions:
1996-2000: Assistant Laboratory Director for Multimedia, Water
Quality and Global Programs, Research Planning & Coordination
Staff, USEPA, NHEERL, Research Triangle Park, NC.
1994-1996: Assoc. Director, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Office of Science and Technology,
Office of Water, Washington, DC.
1989-1994: Chief, Drinking Water Section, Human Risk Assessment Br., HECD/OST/OW, Washington,
DC.
1985-1989: Toxicologist, Health Effects Branch, Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Drinking
Water/OW, Washington, D C.
1985: Biologist, Test Rules Development Branch, Existing Chemical Assessment Division, Office of Toxic
Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, D C.
1984-1985: Biologist, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio
1981-1984: Research Biologist, Target Organ Toxicity Branch, Toxicology and Microbiology Division,
Health Effects Research Lab, ORD, Cincinnati, Ohio
Research Interests and Skills
Human health and ecological risk assessment. Drinking water and water quality risk assessment;
Reproductive and developmental toxicity; Neurobehavioral toxicity; population ecology
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Society of Toxicology
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
National Environmental Health Association
Society for Risk Analysis
American Water Works Association
Appointments/Honors:
Corporate member, Underwriters' Laboratories, 1999-2003
Member, Board of Trustees, Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment, 1997-present
USEPA Gold Medal for Exceptional Service, 1996
Member, Environment and Public Health Council, Underwriters Laboratories, 1996-present
Member, Health Advisory Board, Drinking Water Additives Program, National Sanitation Foundation,
1986-present
USEPA Bronze Medals for Commendable Service 1988, 2 in 1992, 1994, 1997.
Reviewer for Reproductive Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, J Am. Water Works
Assoc.
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Councilor, Triangle Chapter, Society for Risk Analysis, 1997-1999
Chair, Health Research Committee, AWWA, 1995-1998
USEPA Risk Assessment Forum, 1995-1998
USEPA Science Policy Council Steering Committee, 1997-present
Temporary Advisor, International Agency for Research on Cancer, (IARC), Lyon, France, 1994
Temporary Advisor, World Health Organization's International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS),
Geneva, 1992, 1995
Sigma Xi student research award, 1980 Ohio Wesleyan Univ Chapter
Selected Publications:
Abernathy, C 0 ,1 S Dooley, J Taft, and J Orme Zavaleta 2000 Arsenic moving toward a regulation
Chapter 16, pages 211-222 in Salam and Olajos, editors Toxicology in Risk Assessment Taylor &
Francis Publishers
Stahl, R G , J Orme Zavaleta, K Austin, W Berry, J Clark, S Cormier, W Fisher, J Gardner, R Hoke,
L Jackson, G L Kreamer, C Muslea, and M B Sierzen 2000 Use of ecological indicators in
ecological risk assessment of aquatic systems proceedings of workshop, Human and Ecological Risk
Assessment, August, 2000
Orme Zavaleta, J , F Hauchman, and M Co\ 1999 Epidemiology and toxicology of disinfection by-
products Pages 95-118 in Phil Singer, editor Formation and Control of Disinfection B>-Products
American Water Works Assn
Gibson M , S deMonsabert, and J Orme 1997 Comparison of noncanccr risk assessment approaches for
use in deriving drinking water criteria Reg To\ and Pharm 26 243-256
Chiu, N , J Orme, A Chiu, C Chen, A DeAngelo, W Brattin, and J Blancato 1996 Characterization of
cancer risk associated with exposure to chloroform Env Carcinogenesis & Ecotox Reviews, Part C J
Env Sci and Health, C14 81-104
Orme, J 1992 Toxicological basis for drinking water unreasonable risk to health values Am Coll of
Toxicology 11 325-329
Orme, J, and EV Ohanian 1991 Health advisories for pesticides Pages 429-443 in M L Richardson,
editor Chemistry, Agriculture and the Environment Ro>al Societ) of Chemistr\ Cambridge
Vanderslice, R R , E V Ohanian, J Orme, and C Sonich Mullin 1989 Risk assessment of complex
mixtures in drinking water Tox and Indus Health 5 747-756
Orme, J , D H Taylor, R D Laurie, and R J Bull 1985 Effects of chlorine dioxide on th> roid function in
neonatal rats J Toxicol and Environ Health, 15 315-322
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Robert J. Ozretich
Research Oceanographer
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4036
Email: ozretich robert@epa.gov
Education:
B S., Seattle University, Seattle, WA; Chemistry, 1969
M.S., Univ. of Washington, Seattle; Oceanography, 1971
Ph.D., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Oceanography, 1976
Postdoctoral Research Associate, Dept. of Oceanography, Univ. of
Washington, Seattle, 1977-78
Previous Positions:
1978-1980: Instructor, Department of Oceanography, Univ. of Washington, Seattle
1978-1980: Instructor, Chemistry Department, North Seattle Community College, Seattle, WA
Research Interests and Skills:
Drivers and consequences of time and space varying submarine light fields in estuaries.
Use of molecular biomarkers in ecosystem studies
Geochemistry of contaminated sediments
Professional Societies:
Estuarine Research Federation
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Science Achievement Award in Biology/Ecology, 1995
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1992
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, Honorable Mention, 1991
Selected Publications:
Ozretich, R.J., DR. Young, and D B Chadwick. (In press) Development and application of equilibrium
partitioning sediment guidelines (ESGs) in the assessment of sediment PAH contamination. Chapter in
American Chemical Society Book, Fate and Transport of Chemicals in the Environment Impacts
Monitoring, and Remediation.
Ozretich, R.J., S.P. Ferraro, J.O. Lamberson, and F A. Cole. 2000. A test of polvcyclic aromatic
CkrTl9^)2,378e23t89ie CreOSOte"COntaminated site' Elliott Washington, USA. Envir. Toxicol.
Boese, B L., R.J. Ozretich, J.O. Lamberson, R C. Swartz, F A. Cole, J. Pelletier, and J Jones 1999
Toxicity and phototoxicity of mixtures of highly lipophilic PAH compounds in marine sediment can
the PAH model be extrapolated? Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36:270-280.
Young D R., R.J. Ozretich, F A. Roberts, O A. Bnnken, and I.N Taganov 1999 Evaluation of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of Lake Baikal and Angara River surface
waters Journal of the Russian Academy of Science, Russian Geographical Society 131(1)65-69.
Ozretich, R.J., and D W. Schults. 1998. A comparison of interstitial water isolation methods demonstrates
centnfugation with aspiration yields reduced losses of organic constituents. Chemosphere 36:603-615
Ozretich, R.J., L.M. Smith, and FA. Roberts 1995. Reversed-phase separation of estuarine interstitial
water fractions and the consequences of C18 retention of organic matter Environ Toxicol Chem
14:1261-1272.
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Swartz, R C , D W Schults, R J Ozretich, J 0 Lamberson, F A Cole. T H DeWitt. M S Redmond, and
SP Ferraro 1995 PAH A model to predict the toxicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
mixtures in field-collected sediments Environ Toxicol Chem 14 1977-1987
Lee II, H , A Lincoff, B L Boese, F A Cole. S P Ferraro, J 0 Lamberson, R J Ozretich, R C Randall,
K R Rukavina, D W Schults, K A Sercu, D T Specht, R C Swartz, and D R Young 1994
Ecological Risk Assessment of the Marine Sediments at the United Heckathorn Superfund Site
USEPA, ERL-N-269 Final Report to Region IX, Pacific Ecosystems Branch, ERL-N, USEPA,
Newport, OR 97365 EPA-600/X-94/029
DeWitt, T H , R J Ozretich, R C Swartz, J O Lamberson, D W Schults, G R Ditsworth. J K P Jones.
L Hoseiton, and L W Smith 1992 The influence of organic matter quality on the toxicity and
partitioning of sediment-associated fluoranthene Environ Toxicol Chem 11 197-208
Randall, R C , H Lee II, R J Ozretich, J L Lake, and R J Pruell 1991 Evaluation of selected lipid
methods for normalizing pollutant bioaccumulation Environ Toxicol Chem 10 1431-1436
Ozretich, R J and D J Baumgartner 1990 The utility of buoyant plume models in predicting the initial
dilution of drilling fluids Ocean Processes in Marine Pollution 6 151-168
Ozretich, R J , and W P Schroeder 1986 Determination of selected neutral priority organic pollutants in
marine sediment, tissue, and reference materials utilizing bonded-phase sorbents Analytical Chemistr\
58 2041-2048
Ozretich, R J , R Randall, B Boese, W Schroeder, and J Smith 1983 Acute toxicity of butylbenzyl
phthalate to shiner perch (Cymatogaster aggregata) Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 12 655-660
Ozretich. R J 1981 Increased oxygen demand and microbial biomass Marine Mining 3 108-119
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Steven G. Paulsen
Chief, Regional Ecology Branch
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4428 FAX: 541-754-4716
Email: paulsen.steve@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., The Colorado College, Biology, 1974
University of Northern Colorado; Secondary Teaching Certificate
(Science), 1977
M.S., Iowa State University; Animal Ecology (Limnology), 1982
Ph.D., Univ. of California, Davis; Ecology (Limnology), 1987
Previous Positions:
1996-1998: Director, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, USEPA, WED, Corvallis, OR
1989-1995: Technical Director, EMAP-Surface Waters, USEPA, WED, Corvallis, OR
1987-1994 Associate Research Professor, Limnologist, Environmental Research Center, University of
Nevada at Las Vegas
1986-1987: Postdoctoral Research Assistant, University of California. Davis
Research Interests and Skills:
Regional Aquatic Ecology
Aquatic Nutrient Cycling
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Ecological Society of America (ESA)
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ALSO)
Appointments/Honors:
USEPA Bronze Medal, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2001
USEPA Award for Exceptional ORD Technical Assistance to the Regions and Program Offices, 2001
USEPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1996
USEPA Honor Award, 1999
National Academy of Science Delegate to Romanian Academy of Science
National Academy of Science Twinning Partnership with University of Bucharest
Senior Advisor to National Academy of Science Young Scientist Exchange with Romania
Selected Publications:
Herlihy, A T., D P. Larsen, S.G. Paulsen, N.S. Urquhart, B J Rosenbaum 2000 Designing a spatially
balanced, randomized site selection process for regional stream surveys: the EMAP mid-Atlantic pilot
study. Environ. Mont. Assess. 63:95-113.
Hughes, R.M., S.G. Paulsen, and J.L. Stoddard. 2000. EMAP-Surface Waters: a multiassemblage
probability survey of ecological integrity. Hydrobiologia. 442/443:429-443.
Allen, A.P., T.R. Whittier, P. R. Kaufmann, D. P. Larsen, R.J. O'Connor, R.M Hughes, R S Stemberger,
S.S Dixit, R O Brinkhurst, A T Herlihy, and S. G. Paulsen 1999. Concordance oftaxonomic
richness patterns across five assemblages in lakes of the northeastern USA, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
56(5)739-747.
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Dixit, S S , J P Smol, D F Charles, R M Hughes, S G Paulsen, and G B Collins 1999 Assessing water
quality changes in the lakes of the northeastern United States using sediment diatoms Can J Fish
Aquat Sci 56 131-152
Landers, D H , R M Hughes, S G Paulsen, D P Larsen, andJM Omemik 1998 How can
regionahzation and survey sampling make limnological research more relevant? Verh lnt Verein
Limnol 26 2428-2436
Paulsen, S G , R M Hughes, and D P Larsen 1998 Critical elements in describing and understanding our
nation's aquatic resources J Am Water Res Assn 34(5) 995-1005
Peterson, S A , D P Larsen, S G Paulsen, N S Urquhart 1998 Regional lake trophic patterns in the
Northeastern United States Three approaches Environ Mgt 22(5) 789-801
Thornton, K W , and S G Paulsen 1998 Can anything significant come out of monitoring'' Hum & Ecol
Risk Assess 4 797-805
Urquhart, N S,SG Paulsen, and D P Larsen 1998 Monitoring for policy-relevant regional trends over
time Ecological Applications 8 246-257
Whittier, T R , D B Halliwell, and S G Paulsen 1997 Cyprimd distributions in Northeast USA lakes
evidence of regional-scale minnow biodiversih losses Can J Fish Aquat Sci 54 1593-1607
Stemberger, R S , A T Herlihy, D L Kugler. S G Paulsen 1996 Climatic Forcing on Zooplankton
Richness in Lakes of the Northeastern United States Limnology and Oceanography 41 1093-1101
Williamson, C T , R S Stemberger, D P Morns, T M Frost, and S G Paulsen 1996 Attenuation of UV
radiation in North American lakes estimates from DOC measurements and implications for plankton
communities Limnology and Oceanographj 41 1024-1034
Larsen, D P , K W Thornton, N S Urquhart. and S G Paulsen 1994 The role of probability-based
surveys for monitoring the condition of the nation's lakes Environ Mont Assess 32(2)101-134.
Paulsen, S G , and R A Linthurst 1994 Biological monitoring in the Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program Pages 297-322 in S L Loeb and A Spacie, editors Biological Monitoring of
Aquatic Systems Lewis Publishers. Ann Arbor
Whittier, T R , and S G Paulsen 1992 The surface waters component of the Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment Program (EMAP) an overview J Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1 119-126
Larsen, D P , D L Stevens. A R Selle, and S G Paulsen 1991 Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment Program. EMAP-Surface Waters A northeast lakes pilot Lake and Res Mgt 7(1) I -11
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Spencer A. Peterson
Research Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4457
Email: peterson.spencer@epa.gov
Education:
B S., Sioux Falls College, Sioux Falls, SD; Biology, 1965
M.S., Univ. of ND, Grand Forks, Fisheries Biology, 1967
Ph D., Univ ofND, Grand Forks; Limnology, 1971
Previous Positions:
1988-1990: ORD Regional Scientist, USEPA, Region 10, Seattle, WA
1987-1988: Branch Chief, USEPA, Watershed Branch
1983-1987: Branch Chief, USEPA, Hazardous Waste and Water Branch
1979-1983: Team Leader, USEPA, Hazardous Materials Assessment Team
1974-1979: Team Leader, USEPA, National Lake Restoration Research
loiMn™ *cscarch Aquatic Biol°g'st, USEPA, National Eutrophication Research Program
1-1972 Project Director, Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Houghton Lake Water Quality
Project
Professional Societies:
North American Lake Management Society (Board Dir. 1981-1983; Sci. Adv Bd 1994-present)
Oregon Lakes Association
Sigma Xi
Appointments/Honors:
Affiliate Professor 1988-present, Univ ofWashinglon, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering
rA Bronze Medal for outstanding contributions to environmental protection, Region 10. 1990
North American Lake Management Society Technical Excellence Award 1990
EPA Special Achievement Award, 1989
EPA Technical Achievement Awards, 1974, 1985, 1988, 1989
Recipient of three graduate fellowships: 2 at Univ. N. Dakota, 1 at Stanford Univ
Environment International Journal (Guest Editor) Vol. 7, No. 2, Special Issue: Management of Bottom
bediments Containing Toxic Substances, 1982
Selected Publications
Peterson, S A., and N.S. Urquhart. 2000. Estimating Trophic State Proportions of a Regional Lake
Population: Are Larger Samples Always Better? Environ Mont Assess. 62:71-89
Peterson, S.A., N.S. Urquhart, and E B Welch. 1999. Sample representativeness: a must for reliable
regional lake condition estimates Environ. Sci & Tech. 33(10): 1559-1565.
Peterson, S.A., D P. Larsen, S.G. Paulsen, and N.S. Urquhart 1998 Regional lake trophic patterns in the
northeastern United States: Three approaches Environ. Mgt. 22(5):789-801
Cowardin, L.M., and S.A. Peterson. 1997 Introduction (pages 1-9) in S.A Peterson, L Carpenter G
Guntenspergen, and L.M. Cowardin, editors. Pilot Test of Wetland Condition Indicators in the Prairie
Pothole Region of the United States, EPA/620/R-97/002
Peterson, S.A., R.M Hughes, DP. Larsen, S.G. Paulsen, and J.M. Omernik. 1995. Regional lake quality
patterns: Their relationship to lake conservation and management decisions Lakes and Reservoirs
Res & Mgt. 1(3): 163-167.
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Peterson, S A , R M Hughes, D P Larsen, S G Paulsen, and J M Omemik 1995 The significance of
regional lake quality patterns to management/restoration of specific lakes Proceedings of 6th
International Conference on the Management of Lakes Kasumigaura '95 Tsukuba, Japan
Peterson, S A 1994 The Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) Its objectives,
approach, and status relative to wetlands Pages 181-195 in G Aubrecht, G Dick and C Prentice,
editors Monitoring of ecological change in wetlands of Middle Europe Proc International Workshop,
Linz, Austria, 1993 Joint Publication Numbers StapfiaNo 31, Linz, Austria, and IWRB No 30,
Slimbndge, U K
Cooke, G D , E B Welch, S A Peterson, and P R Newroth 1993 Restoration and Management of Lakes
and Reservoirs Second Edition (548 pages) Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
Peterson, S A , J C Greene, and WE Miller 1990 Toxicological assessment of hazardous waste samples
extracted with deiomzed water or sodium acetate (TCLP) leaching media Pages 107-129 in D
Friedman, editor Waste Testing and Quality Assurance Vol II ASTM Press, Philadelphia
Cooke, G D , E B Welch, S A Peterson, and P R Newroth 1986 Lake and Reservoir Restoration
Butterworth Press, Boston
Miller, W E , S A Peterson, J C Greene, and C A Callahan 1985 Comparative to\icolog\ of laboratory
organisms for assessing hazardous waste sites J Environ Qual 14(4) 569-574
Peterson, S A 1982 Lake restoration by sediment removal Water Resources Bull 18 423-435
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Thomas G. Pfleeger
Research Plant Physiologist
Telephone: 541-754-4374
Email: pfleeger.thomas@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., SUNY Syracuse; Biological Sciences, 1974.
M S., Oregon State Univ.; Plant Ecology, 1991.
Ph.D., Oregon State Univ.; Plant Ecology, 1998.
Previous Positions:
1985-1990: Plant Physiologist, USEPA, Corvallis
Research Laboratory
1979-1985: Biological Technician, USEPA, Corvj
Research Laboratory
Research Interests and Skills:
Plant and plant community response to biotic and abiotic stress
Plant ecotoxicology
Professional Societies:
British Ecological Society
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Steering Committee on Issues of Nontarget Plant Toxicity (1998-present)
Curriculum development on vegetation for the Corvallis School District, Outdoor School (1997- present)
EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1996 Level 1
Environmental Protection Agency Scientific and Technological Achievement Award, 1988 Level III
Selected Publications:
Pfleeger, T.G., M.A. da Luz, and C.C. Mundt. 1999 Lack of synergistic interaction between ozone and
wheat leaf rust in wheat swards. Environ & Exp. Bot. 41(3): 195-207.
Pfleeger, T.G., C.C. Mundt, and Michelle A da Luz. 1999. Effects of wheat leaf rust on interactions
between wheat and wild oats planted at various densities and proportions Can J Bot 77:1669-1683
Pfleeger, T.G. and C.C. Mundt 1998. Wheat leaf rust severity as affected by plant density and species
proportion in simple communities of wheat and wild oats. Phytopathology 88:708-714
Pfleeger, T.G., A. Fong,, R. Hayes, H. Ratsch, and C. Wickliff 1996. Field evaluation of the EPA
(Kenaga) nomogram, A method for estimating wildlife exposure to pesticide residues on plants
Environ. Tox. & Chem. 15:534-543.
Fletcher, J.S., T.G. Pfleeger, H.C, Ratsch, and R. Hayes. 1996. Potential impact of low levels of
chlorsulfiiron and other herbicides on growth and yield of nontarget plants Environ Tox & Chem
15:1189-1196
Pfleeger, T. and D. Zobel. 1995. Organic pesticide modification of species interactions in annual plant
communities. Ecotoxicology 4:15-37.
Fletcher, J.S., T.G. Pfleeger, and H.C. Ratsch.1995 Chlorsulfiiron influence on garden pea reproduction.
Physiologia Plantarum 94:261-267.
Environmental
Environmental
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Fletcher, J S , J E Nellessen, and T G Pfleeger 1994 Literature review and evaluation of the EPA food-
chain (Kenaga) nomogram, an instrument for estimating pesticide residues on plants Environ Tox &
Chem 13 1383-1391
Pfleeger, T , H Ratsch, and R Shimabuku 1993 A review of terrestrial plants as biomonitors Pages 317-
330 in J Gorsuch, J Dwyer, C Ingersoll and T La Point, editors Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment, 2nd Vol ASTM STP 1216 ASTM, Philadelphia
Fletcher, J S , T G Pfleeger, and H C Ratsch 1993 Potential environmental risks associated with the new
sulfonylurea herbicides Environ Sci Technol 27 2250-2252
Pfleeger, T , J Fletcher, and H Ratsch 1992 Effects of Glean, a sulfonylurea herbicide, on the
reproductive biology and fruit set in cherry trees U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA/600/R-
92/020
Pfleeger, T G , J C McFarlane, R Sherman, and G Volk 1991 A short-term bioassay for whole plant
toxicity Pages 355-364 in J W Gorsuch, W R Lower, M A Lewis and W Wang, editors, Plants for
Toxicity Assessment 2nd vol ASTM STP 1115 ASTM, Philadelphia
McFarlane, C , T Pfleeger, and J Fletcher 1990 Effect, uptake and disposition of nitrobenzene in several
terrestrial plants Environ Tox & Chem 9 512-520
Fletcher, J S , J C McFarlane, T Pfleeger, and C Wickliff 1990 Influence of root exposure concentration
on the fate of nitrobenzene in soybean Chemosphere 20 513-523
McFarlane, C , and T Pfleeger 1987 Plant exposure chambers for the study of toxic/plant interactions J
Environ Qual 16(4) 361-371
McFarlane, C , T Pfleeger, and J Fletcher 1987 Transpiration effect on the uptake and distribution of
bromacil, nitrobenzene, and phenol in so> bean plants J Environ Qual 16(4) 372-376
McFarlane, J C , C Nolt, C Wickliff, T Pfleeger, R Shimabuku, and M McDowell 1987 The uptake,
distribution and metabolism of four organic chemicals by so\bean plants and barley roots Environ
Tox Chem 6 847-856
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Donald L. Phillips
Research Biologist
Western Ecology- Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4485
Email: phillips.donald@epa.gov
Education:
B.S. (With High Honor), Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI
Zoology, 1974
M.S., Utah State University, Logan, UT; Biology, 1977
Ph.D., Utah State University, Logan, UT; Biology (Statistics minor)
1978
Previous Positions:
1983-1988. Supervisory Mathematical Statistician, Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease
Control, Atlanta, GA
1983-1988: Adjunct Asst and Assoc. Professor, Biology Dept., Emory University-, Atlanta, GA
1978-1983: Asst. Professor, Biology Dept., Emory University, Atlanta, GA
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of elevated C02 and climate change on terrestrial ecosystems
Statistical ecology-uncertainty analysis, mixing models, geostatistics
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Principal Investigator, Effects of Elevated C02 on Root Dynamics and Root Function in a Mojave Desert
Ecosystem, funded by NSF/DOE/NASA/USDA
Terrestrial Ecology and Global Change Program, 1996-2002
Secretary, Statistical Ecology Section, Ecological Society of America, 1996-2000
U.S. EPA/ORD Scientific and Technical Achievement Award, 1993, 1996, 1998; Honorable Mention
1994, 1997
U.S. EPA, Special Act or Service Award, 1992, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
U.S. EPA, Superior Work Performance Award, 1991, 1992, 1993
U.S. EPA, Quality Step Increase Award, 1994, 1996, 1997
Secretary of U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services Recognition Award, 1987
U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Special Act or Service Award, 1988
U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Superior Work Performance Award, 1986, 1987, 1988 Certified Senior
Ecologist, Ecological Society of America. 1982
Grants from National Science Foundation (1980-1984) and U.S. Forest Service (1981-1984) for forest
ecology research
Trustee, Highlands Biological Foundation, 1980-1988
Reviewer for National Science Foundation, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Reviewer for John Wiley Publishing Co., Bioscience, Ecological Applications, Ecological Monographs.
Ecology, Environmetrics, Forest Science, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Journal of Environmental
Quality, Journal of Hydrology, Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, Oecologia, and 20 other
journals.
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Project Officer for Interagency Agreements with NOAA. DOE, and NASA, and Cooperative Agreements
with several universities for global climate change research
Selected Publications (within last S years):
Phillips, D L and P L Koch (In press) Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing
models Oecologia
Olszyk, D M , M G Johnson, D L Phillips, R J Seidler, D T Tingey, and L Watrud 2001 Interactive
effects of C02 and 03 on a ponderosa pine plant/litter/soil mesocosm Environmental Pollution (in
press)
Phillips, D L 2001 Mixing models in analyses of diet using multiple stable isotopes a critique Oecologia
127 166-170
Phillips, D L and J W Gregg 2001 Uncertainty in source partitioning using stable isotopes Oecologia
127 171-179
Johnson, M G , D T Tingey, D L Phillips, and M J Storm 2001 Advancing fine root research with
minirhizotrons Environ Exp Botany 45 263-289
Phillips, D L , M G Johnson, D T Tingey, C Biggart, R S Nowak, and J Newsom 2000 Minirhizotron
installation in sandy, rocky soils with minimal soil disturbance Soil Science Soc Am J 64 761-764
Phillips, D L , S L Brown, P E Schroeder, and R A Birdsey 2000 Toward error anal\sis of large-scale
forest carbon budgets Global Ecolog\ and Biogeograph) 9 305-313
Tingey, DT.DL Phillips, and M G Johnson 2000 Elevated C02 and conifer roots Effects on growth,
life span and turnover New Phytologist 147 87-103
Johnson. M G , D L Phillips, D T Tinge>,andMJ Storm 2000 Effects of elevated C02, N-fertihzation
and season on survival of ponderosa pine fine roots Can J For Res 30(2) 220-228
Lee, J J , D L Phillips, and V W Benson 1999 Soil erosion and climate change assessing potential
impacts and adaptation practices J Soil and Water Cons 54(3) 529-536
Apple, M E , M S Lucash, D L Phillips, D M Olszyk, and D T Tingey 1999 Internal temperature of
Douglas-fir buds is altered at elevated temperature Environ Exp Botany 41 25-30
Murtaugh, P A , and D L Phillips 1998 Temporal correlation of classifications in remote sensing J Agr .
Biol, and Environ Statistics 3(1) 99-110 Riley. R H , D L Phillips, M J Schuft, and M C Garcia
1997 Resolution and error in measuring land-cover change effects on estimating net carbon release
from Mexican terrestrial ecosystems Intematl J Remote Sensing 18(1) 121-137
Phillips, D L , E H Lee, A A Herstrom, W E Hogsett, and D T Tingey 1997 Use of auxiliary data for
spatial interpolation of ozone exposure in southeastern forests Environmetncs 8 43-61
Cairns, M A , J K Winjum, D L Phillips, T P Kolchugina, and T S Vinson 1997 Terrestrial carbon
dynamics case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico, and
Brazil Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 1 363-383
Phillips, D L , and D G Marks 1996 Spatial uncertainty analysis Propagation of interpolation errors in
spatially distributed models Ecological Modelling 91 213-229
Phillips, D L , J J Lee, and R F Dodson 1996 Sensitivity of the U S Com Belt to climate change and
elevated C02 I Corn and soybean yields Agricultural Systems 52 481-502
Lee, J J , D L Phillips, and R F Dodson 1996 Sensitivity of the U S Corn Belt to climate change and
elevated C02 II Soil erosion and organic carbon Agricultural Systems 52 503-521
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James H. Power
Research Fishery Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4027
Email: power.jim@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA; Biology,
1975
M.S., The University of Maine, Orono, ME, Zoology, 1978
Ph.D.,The University of Maine, Orono, ME; Zoology, 1982
Previous Positions:
1991-1997: Associate Professor, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, LA
1985-1991: Assistant Professor, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
1984-1985: CIMAS Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Miami, Miami, FL
1982-1983: National Research Council Research Associate, National Marine Fisheries Service, La Jolla,
CA
Research Interests and Skills.
Marine larval ecology
Quantitative marine ecology and modeling
Fisheries oceanography
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Geophysical Union
Estuarine Research Federation
Sigma Xi
Selected Publications:
Power, J.H. and E.B. Moser. 1999. Linear model analysis of net catch data using the negative binomial
distribution. Can J. Fisheries & Aquatic Sci. 56:191-200.
Power, J.H. 1997. Time and tide wait for no animal: Seasonal and regional opportunities for tidal and
stream transport or retention. Estuaries 20:312-318. (See also
http://www. Isu. edn/guests/jpower/tidetran. html)
Power, J.H. 1996. Simulations of the effect of advective-diffusive processes on observations of plankton
abundance and population rates. J. Plankton Res. 18:1881-1896.
Power, J.H. 1996. Errors associated with using Archimedes' principle to determine mass and volume of
small aquatic organisms. Hydrobiologia 335:141-145.
Power, J.H., and Walsh, P.J. 1992. Metabolic scaling, buoyancy, and growth in larval Atlantic menhaden,
Brevoortia tyrannus. Marine Biology 112:17-22.
Power, J.H., W.L. Morrison, and J. Zeringue 1991. Determining the mass, volume, density, and weight in
water of small zooplankters. Marine Biology 110:267-271.
Power, J.H., and L.N. May, Jr. 1991. Frontal zones, thermal variability, and vellowfin tuna catch and
effort in the Gulf of Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 89:429-439.
Wiseman, W.J. Jr., E.M. Swenson, and J.H. Power. 1990. Salinity trends in Louisiana estuaries. Estuaries
13:265-271.
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Power, J H 1989 Sink or swim Growth dynamics and zooplankton hydromechanics The Am Naturalist
133 706-721
Power, J H 1986 A model of the drift of northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) larvae in the California
Current Fishery Bulletin, U S 84 585-603
Power, J H 1984 A numerical method for simulating plankton transport Ecological Modelling 23 53-66
Power, J H 1984 Advection, diffusion, and drift migrations of larval fish Pages 27-37 in J D McCleave,
GP Arnold, J J Dodson.andWH Neill, editors Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes Plenum Press,
New York
Power, J H , and J D McCleave 1983 Simulation of the North Atlantic Ocean drift of Anguilla
leptocephalx Fishery Bulletin, U S 81 483-500
Power, J H , and J D McCleave 1980 Riverine movements of hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon {Salmo
salar) upon return as adults Environmental Biology of Fishes 5 3-13
McCleave, J D , and J H Power 1978 Influence of weak electric and magnetic fields on turning behavior
in elvers of the American eel Angutlla rostrata Marine Biology 6 29-34
McCleave, J D , J H Power, and S A Rommel, Jr 1978 Use of radio telemetry for studung upriver
migration of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Journal of Fish Biolog> 12 549-558
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Paul L. Ringold
Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4565
Email: ringold.paul@epa.gov
Education:
B .A ., Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Biology, 1973
Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Marine Ecology,
1980
Previous Positions:
1988-1994: Ecologist, Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
Research, Office of Research and Development, USEPA,
Washington, D.C.
1984-1988: Senior Ecologist, Acting Executive Director, or Associate Director, National Acid
Precipitation and Assessment Program, Washington, D C., on assignment from the Brookhaven
National Laboratory
1983-1984: Manager, Ocean Discharge Project, National Wildlife Federation, Washington, D C.
1980-1983: Ecologist, Office of Ecology and Conservation, Office of Policy and Planning, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D C., on IPA assignment from The Johns
Hopkins University.
Research Interests and Skills:
Integrated risk assessments
Ecological responses to stressors at large scales
Monitoring system design
Riparian monitoring
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Appointments/Honors:
Chair (Elected), Applied Ecology Section, Ecological Society of America, 1997-1999
Vice-Chair (Elected), Work Group on Effects, Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention UN
Economic Commission for Europe, 1990-1992
Member, United Nations Task Force on Mapping Critical Loads, 1989-1992
USEPA Bronze Medal 1995
Member, Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force: Working Group, 1992-1994
Co-Chair, US Interagency Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Work Group, 1992-1994
Chair, Riparian and Aquatic Monitoring Work Group, Research and Monitoring Committee for the
Implementation of the Pacific Northwest Forest Plan, 1995
Ecological Society of America, Sustainable Biosphere Initiative, Steering Committee 1995-1999
Selected Publications
Barker, J ., J. Bollman, and P. Ringold. In Press. Evaluation of metric precision for a Riparian Forest
Survey. Environ. Mont. Assess.
Barker, J. R, P. Ringold, and M. Bollman. In Press Patterns of Tree Dominance in coniferous riparian
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forests Forest Ecology and Management
Ringold, P L , M Bollman, J Van Sickle, J Barker, and J Welty 2000 Predictions of stream wood
recruitment from riparian forests Effects of data resolution Pages 505-510 in P J Wigington, Jr, and
R L Beschta, editors, Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds, Proc
AWRA Specialty Conference, Portland, OR, Aug 28-31, 2000
Ringold, P L , B Mulder, J Alegna, RL Czaplewski, T Tolle and K Burnett 1999 Establishing a
regional monitoring strategy The Pacific Northwest Forest Plan Environmental Management
23(2) 179-192
Haeuber, R and P L Ringold 1998 Ecology, the social sciences, and environmental policy Ecological
Applications 8(2) 330-331
Ringold, P L , and P M Groffinan 1997 Inferential studies of climate change Ecological Applications
7(3) 751-752
Ellis, J H , P L Ringold, etal 1996 Emission reductions and ecological response Management models for
acid rain control Socio-Economic Planning Sciences
Strickland, T , G Holdren, P Ringold, D Bernard, K Smythe, and W Fallon 1993 A national critical
loads framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment I Method summan Environ
Management 17(3) 329-334
Hunsaker, C , R Graham, P Ringold, G Holdren, and T Strickland 1993 A national critical loads
framework for atmospheric deposition effects assessment II Defining regulatory endpoints, indicators,
and functional subregions Environ Management 17 (3)335-341
Holdren, G R , T C Strickland, PW Shaffer, P F Ryan, P L Ringold, and R S Turner 1993 Sensitivity
of critical loads estimates for surface waters to model selection and regionalization schemes J
Environ Quality 22 279-289
Ringold, P 1991 Ecosystem services valuation Nitrogen retention capacity in waterbasins Presentation to
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Contamination
Ringold, P L , and J Clark 1980 The Coastal Almanac WH Freeman. San Francisco
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Paul T. Rygiewicz
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4702
Email: rygiewicz.paul@epa.gov
Education:
B S., Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Forest Science (cum laude), 1974
M.S., Univ California, Berkeley, Forest Biology & Wood Science, 1976
Ph.D., Univ. Washington; Tree & Rhizosphere Physiology, 1983
Previous Positions:
1984-1985: Assistant Research Soil Microbiologist, Plant & Soil Biology, Univ. California, Berkeley
1983-1984: Microbiologist, Centre National de Recherches Forestieres, Champenoux, France
1979-1983: Research Associate, Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle
1978-1979, and 1974-1976: Research Assistant, Forestry & Forest Products, Univ California, Berkeley
1977: Research Wood Technologist, ITT Rayonier Inc., Shelton, WA
Research Interests and Skills:
Ecological physiology of woody plants and associated soil microorganisms
Carbon, Nitrogen, Molecular Ecology, Rhizosphere Ecology, Stable Isotopes
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Soil Ecological Society
Appointments/Honors:
Courtesy Faculty, Forest Science, Oregon State University
Sigma Xi, Xi Sigma Pi, Gamma Sigma Delta
Societal Committees: Student Presentation Awards, Ecological Society of America, 1994 & 1995
Journal Editor - Editorial Review Board, Tree Physiology, 1997 and 2001
Consulting Technical Editor, Plant and Soil, 1997 to present
Reviewer of manuscripts for Annates des Sciences Forestieres, Arctic and Alpine Research,
Biogeochemistry, Canadian Journal of Botany, Ecological Monographs, International Union of
Forestry Research Organizations, Forest Science, Journal of Tropical Forest Science, Molecular
Ecology, Mycology, Mycorrhiza, Physiologia Plantarum, Plant and Soil, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, The New Phytologist, Tree Physiology, Trees, Water Air and Soil Pollution
Reviewer of proposals for NSF International Science, Ecosystems, and Ecology programs; USDA Forest
Biology, Innovative Business Research, Forest/Range/Crop Ecosystems, Soil and Soil Biology, and
Plant Responses to the Environment programs; UK Natural Environment Research Council, US
National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC)
Panel Member: USDA Competitive Grants - Forest, Crop & Rangeland Ecosystems, 1992; and Soils &
Soil Biology, 1994
Co-Founder and Co-Organizer, First International Symposium, Dynamics of physiological processes in
woody roots, Ithaca, NY, 1995
Physiology Session Organizer, First International Conference on Mycorrhizae, Berkeley, CA, 1996
International Steering Committee, Second International Symposium, Dynamics of physiological processes
in woody roots, Nancy, France, 1999
Advisor, CNPq (Brazilian National Science Foundation), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Graduate
Biotechnology Program, 1990-99
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Visiting Instructor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catanna Graduate Biotechnology Program, 1992-99
Taught short courses on molecular ecology of plants and soil microorganisms, and the graduate course
Biodiversity, Complexity and Ecosystem Sustamabihty Advised on graduate student research
Visiting Lecturer, Graduate Agronomy Program, 1995, Universidad de la Republica, Facultad de
Agronomia, Montevideo, Uruguay Taught short course Molecular Ecology and Identification of Sod
Fungi
Fellowships Republique Fran?aise & French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1983, French Scientific Mission,
1983, Weyerhaeuser Company, 1978, University Regents, University of California, Berkeley, 1974
Best Scientific Paper, U S EPA, Corvallis, 1989, EPA Scientific and Technological Achievement Awards
1990, 1992, 1994, 1997 (2)
Selected Publications:
Entry, J A , P T Rygiewicz, L S WatrudandPK Donnelly (In press) Influence of adverse soil
conditions on the formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizae Advances in Environ Res
Hobbie, E A, DM Olszyk, P T Rygiewicz, M G Johnson and DT Tingey (In press) Foliar nitrogen
concentrations and natural abundance ,5N suggest nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir and
mycorrhizal fungi differ in their response to climate change Tree Physiology
Cordoba, A S , M M de Mendon^a., S L Stunner and P T Rygiewicz (In press) Diversity of arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi along a sand dune stabilization gradient A case stud} at Joaquma Beach on the
Island of Santa Catanna. South Brazil Mycoscience
Dong, S , C F Scagel, L Cheng, L H Fuchigarrn, and P T Rygiewicz 2001 Soil temperature and plant
growth stage influence nitrogen uptake and amino acid content of apple during earls spring growth Tree
Physiology 21, 541-547
Lin, G , P T Rygiewicz, J R Ehlenngcr, M G Johnson and D T Tingey 2001 Time-dependent responses
of soil COi efflux to elevated atmospheric [CO?] and temperature treatments in experimental forest
mesocosms Plant and Soil 229(2) 259-270
Botton, B , M Chalot, P Dizengremcl, F LeTacon, P Rygiewicz and M Topa, editors 2001 Dynamics
of Physiological Processes in Woody Roots Second Symposium Tree Physiology Vol 21, No 2 & 3
Rygiewicz, P T ,KJ Martin and A R Tuininga 2000 Morphotype community structure of
ectomycorrhizas on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesu Mirb Franco) seedlings grown under elevated
atmospheric CO;and temperature Oecologia 124(2)299-308
Rygiewicz, PT and E R Ingham 1999 Soil biology and ecology Pages 564-567 in R W Fairbridge and
D E Alexander, editors Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Andersen, C P and P T Rygiewicz 1999 Understanding plant-soil relationships using controlled
environment facilities Advances in Space Research 24(3) 309-318
Lin, G , J R Ehlennger, P T Rygiewicz, M G Johnson and D T Tingey 1999 Elevated C02 and
temperature impacts on different components of soil C02 efflux in Douglas-fir terracosms Global
Change Biology 5 157-168
Rygiewicz, P T , M G Johnson, L Ganio, D T Tingey and M Storm 1997 Lifetime and temporal
occurrence of Pmus ponderosa seedling ectomycorrhizae grown under varying atmospheric C02 and
nitrogen levels Plant and Soil 189 275-287
Rygiewicz, P T , K J Martin and A R Tuininga 1997 Global climate change and diversity of
mycorrhizae Pages 91-98 in M T Martins, M I Z Sato, J M Tiedje, L C N Hagler, J D Bereincr
and P S Sanchez, editors Progress in Microbial Ecology International Symposium on Microbial
Ecology Published by Brazilian Society for Microbiology
Topa, M A , P T Rygiewicz and J R Cumming, editors 1996 Dynamics of Physiological Processes in
Woody Roots First symposium Tree Physiology (special double issue), Vol 16, No 11 & 12
Andersen, C P and P T Rygiewicz 1995 Allocation of carbon in mycorrhizal Pmus ponderosa seedlings
exposed to ozone The New Phytologist 131 471-480
Rygiewicz, PT and C P Andersen 1994 Mycorrhizae alter quality and quantity of carbon allocated
belowground Nature 369 58-60
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Nathan H. Schumaker
Research Ecologist
Voice: 541-754-4658
Email: schumaker.nathan@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., University of Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA; Physics, 1985
B.S., University of Santa Cruz,; Mathematics, 1985
M.S., University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Applied Mathematics,
1989
Ph.D., University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Forest Ecosystem
Analysis, 1995
Previous Positions:
1996-1997: Assistant Professor, Dept of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
1995-1996 Project Scientist, ManTech Environmental Technologies, Inc , Corvallis, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Landscape ecology
Simulation modeling
Population viability analysis
Professional Societies:
Ecological Society of America
Society for Conservation Biology
Appointments / Honors:
State of Oregon, Governor's 4(d) Scientific Review Team, 1997
1AI-AMIG0 Workshop on Landscape Fragmentation Effects on Faunal Biodiversity in the Americas:
Maitencillo, Chile, 1996
Consultant to U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, 1996-1997
Workshop on Patch Dynamics in Terrestrial, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, Cornell University. 1991
Undergraduate Thesis Honors, University of California at Santa Cruz, Physics Department
Selected Publications:
Carroll, C., R.F. Noss, N.H. Schumaker, and PC Paquet. (In press). Is the return of the wolf, wolverine,
and grizzly bear to Oregon and California biologically feasible? In D Maehr, R. Noss, and J. Larkin,
editors. Large Mammal Restoration: Ecological and Sociological Implications. Island Press,
Washington, D.C.
Wilhere, G., and N.H. Schumaker. 2001. A spatially realistic population model for informing forest
management decisions. Pages 538-544 in D. H. Johnson, and T. A. O'Neil (eds), Wildlife-habitat
relationships in Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
Calkin, D., C.A. Montgomery, N. H. Schumaker, S. Polasky, J. A. Arthur, and D J. Nalle Modeling the
compatibility of biological and economic objectives on a forested landscape. In CD-ROM, Proceedings
of the Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, July 10-14,
2000, Corvallis, Oregon.
Schumaker, N.H. 1998. A users guide to the PATCH model. EPA/600/R-98/135, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology
Division, Corvallis, OR.
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Schumaker, N H 1996 Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity Ecology 77 1210-1225
Schumaker, N H 1995 Habitat connectivity and spotted owl population dynamics PhD dissertation.
University of Washington, Seattle
Groom, M J, and N H Schumaker 1993 E\aluating landscape change Patterns of worldwide
deforestation and local fragmentation Pages 24-44 in P M Kareiva, J G Kingsolver, and R B Hucy,
editors Biotic Interactions and Global Change Sinauer Assoc , Sunderland, MA
Deutschman, D H , G A Bradshaw, W M Childress, K L Daly, D Gruunbaum, M Pascual, N H
Schumaker, and J Wu 1993 Mechanisms of patch formation Pages 184-209 in S A Levin, T M
Powell, and J H Steele, editors Patch Dynamics Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 96 Spnnger-
Verlag New York
Lee, R G , R Flamm, M G Turner, C Bledsoe, P Chamdler, C DeFerran, R Gottfried, R J Naiman.
N H Schumaker, and D Wear 1992 Integrating sustainable development and environmental vitality
A landscape ecology approach Pages 497-519 in R H Naiman, editor Watershed Management
Balancing Sustainability and Environmental Change Springer-Verlag New York
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M. A. Shirazi
Environmental Research Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4656
Email: shirazi.mostafa@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., California State Univ.; Mechanical Engineering, 1959
M.S., Univ. of Washington, Mechanical Engineering, 1960
Ph.D., Univ. of Illinois, Mechanical Engineering, 1966
Previous Positions:
1966-1969: Research Engineer, Hercules Inc.
1960-1961: Research Engineer, Boeing Company
Professional Societies:
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society of Agronomy
American Geophysical Union
Selected Publications:
St"rS M A\L "fT a"dC B ,ohnson 2001 Parede distributions companng texture systems
adding rock, and predicting soil properties Soil Sci Soc of Am J 65:300-310
Shirazi, M A., L. Boersma, P.K. Haggerty and C B. Johnson. 2001. Spatial extrapolation of soil
characteristics using whole soil particle size distributions. J. Environ Qual 30 101-111
Shirazi M.A., L. Boersma, C.B. Johnson and P.K. Haggerty 2001. Predicting physical and chemical
J™1 relatlonshiPS with watershed soil charactenstics. J. Environ. Qual 30 112-120
Shirazi, M.A., P. K. Haggerty, C.W. Hendncks, and M. Reporter. 1998 The role of thermal regime in
tundra plant community restoration Restoration Ecology 6(1) 111-117
Callahan, C.A, MA Shirazi, E.F NeuKauser 1994. Comparative toxicity of chemicals to earthwotms
Environ. Toxicol and Chem 13:291-298
Shirazi, M.A., R S. Bennett, and R K Rmge, 1994. An interpretatton of toxic, ty response of bobwhite
quail with response to duration of exposure Arch. Environ Contam Toxicol. 26:417-424
irazi, M.A M. Robideaue, L Kapustka, J. Wagner, and M. Reporter. 1994 Cell growth in plant
culture: An interpretation of the influence of initial weight on Cadmium and Copper toxicity tests
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:331-337.
Shirazi M.A., H.C. Ratsch and BE. Pemston. 1992. The distribution of relative error of toxicity of
herbicides and metals to Arabidopsis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11:237-243
Shirazi M.A. and DA. Dawson. 1991. Developmental malformation of frog embryos: An analysis of
teratogenicity of chemical mixtures. Arch. Environ Contam. Toxicol. 21:177-182
Shirazi, M A. and G. Linder 1991 An analy sis of biological response to chemical mixtures Arch
Environ. Contam. Toxicol 21:183-189.
Shirazi, MA, B.J. Erickson, R.J. Hinsdill, and J. A. Wyman. 1990. An analysis of risk from exposure to
19 447^5S6in8 immUne reSP°nSe of nonuniform Populations of mice. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
Shirazi, M.A., and Lowrie, L.N. 1990. A probabilistic statement of the structure activity relationship for
environmental risk analysis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:597-602.
Shirazi, M A, R.S. Bennett, and L.N. Lowrie. 1988. An approach to environmental risk assessment using
avian toxicity tests. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 16:263-271.
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Shirazi, M A , and L N Loxvne 1988 Comparative toxicity based on similar asymptotic endpoints Arch
Environ Contam Toxicol 16 273-280
Shirazi, M A , L BoersmaandJW Hart 1988 A unifying quantitative analysis of soil texture
improvement of precision and extension of scale Soil Sci Soc of Am J 52(1)181-190
Shirazi, M A , S A Peterson, L LowneandJW Hart 1986 Computer-based land classification for
management of hazardous wastes Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 3(1) 77-100
Shirazi, MA 1984 Land classification used to select abandoned hazardous waste sites Environ Mgt
8(3) 1-6
Shirazi, MA and L Boersma 1984 A unify ing quantitative analvsis of soil texture Soil Sci Soc of Am J
48(1) 142-147
Shirazi, M A , B Lighthart, and J Gillett 1984 A method for scaling biological response of soil
microcosms Ecological Modeling 23 203-226
Shirazi, M A and W K Seim 1981 Stream system evaluation with emphasis on spawning habitat of
salmomds Water Resources Res 17 592-594
Shirazi, M A , and R T Riley 1981 Estimation of molecular diffusivity in isolated animal tissue J of
Theoretical Biology 93 1033-1036
Riley, RT, MA Shirazi, and R C Swartz 1981 Transport of Naphalcne in the ovstcr Ostreci epulis J
of Marine Biology 63(3) 325-330
Shirazi, M A and L R Davis 1976 Analysis of buoyant surface jets Journal of Heat Transfer,
Transactions of the ASME 98(3) 367-372
Shirazi, M A and L R Davis 1974 Workbook of thermal plume prediction, vol 2, Surface Discharge
Environmental Protection Agency Corvallis Oregon EPA-R2-72-005b NT1S PB 235 841(511 75)
Shirazi, M A , R S McQuivey, and T H Kecfer 1974 Heated water jet in a co-flowing turbulent stream
Am Soc Of Civil Engineers, Hydraulic Division Journal HY7 919 934
Shirazi, M A 1972 Dry cooling towers for steam electric power plants in and regions Water Research
6 1309-1319
Shirazi, MA and L R Davis 1972 Workbook of thermal plume prediction, vol I, Submerged Discharge
Environmental Protection Agency Corvallis Oregon EPA-R2-72-005a NTIS PB 228 293($7 50)
Shirazi, M A 1968 The effects of closure ejection of sprint nozzle structural integrity Third International
Congress for Rocket Propulsion and Guidance American Institute of Aeronautics 1 31
Shirazi, M A , B T Chao, and B G Jones 1967 On the motion of small particles in a turbulent fluid field
Developments in Mechanics, Proceedings of the Tenth Midwestern Mechanics Conference 4 1179
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Anne C. Sigleo
Research Environmental Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-5022
Email: sigleo.anne@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Anthropology,
1966
M.S., University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Geology, 1970
Ph.D., University of Arizona, Tucson; Geosciences, 1977
Postdoctoral Fellowship, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Maryland,
College Park, 1977-1979
Previous Positions:
1987-1990: Hydrologist, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO
1980-1987: Geologist, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA
Research Interests and Skills:
Biogeochemical cycles in coastal ecosystems, and the transport and fate of toxicants by natural products
Professional Societies:
The Geochemical Society
The American Chemical Society
American Geophysical Union
Estuarine Research Federation
Appointments/Hono rs:
Associate Professor (Courtesy), Oceanic and Atmospheric Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), reviewer 1994-1995
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), U. N. Environment Programme (UNEP),
Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Global Ecosystems, October 1992
Chair and organizer, Symposium on Marine and Estuarine Geochemistry, American Chemical Society,
1984
Chair, Symposium on Geochemistry of Stream Waters, American Chemical Society, 1982
Chair, Symposium on Marine Chemistry, American Chemical Society, 1981
Selected Publications:
Sigleo, A.C., P.J. Neale, and A. Spector. Phytoplankton pigments at the Weddell-Scotia confluence during
the 1993 austral spring. 2000. Journal of Plankton Research 22( 10): 1426-1441.
Hannach, G, and A C. Sigleo. 1998. Photoinduction of UV- absorbing compounds in six species of marine
phytoplankton. Marine Ecology, Progress Series 174:207-222.
Sigleo, A C. 1996. Biochemical components in suspended particles and colloids: Carbohydrates in the
Potomac and Patuxent estuaries. Organic Geochemistry 24:83-93.
Sigleo, A.C., and P.J. Neale, 1995. Phytoplankton pigment profiles at the Weddell-Scotia Confluence
during the 1993 austral spring. Antarctic Journal of the U.S. 29(5): 147-148.
Sikorski, R.J, AC. Sigleo, and P.J. Neale, 1995. Spectral measurements of ultraviolet and visible solar
irradiance at the Weddell-Scotia Confluence during the 1993 austral spring. Antarctic Journal of the
U.S. 29(5):272-274.
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Sigleo, A C , and D J Shultz 1993 Amino acid composition of suspended particles, sediment trap material
and benthic sediment in the Potomac Estuary, USA Estuaries 16 405-415
Sigleo, A C , and J C Means 1990 Organic and inorganic composition of estuanne colloids Implications
for sorption and transport of pollutants Rev Environmental Contamination and Toxicolog\
112 123-147
Sigleo, A C , K M Cunningham, M C Goldberg, and B A Kimball 1989 Hydroxyl radical formation in
St Kevin Gulch, an iron-rich stream in Colorado U S Geological Survey Toxic Substances
Hydrology Program Proceedings of the Technical Mtg , Phoenix, AZ, USGS Water Investigations
Report 88-4220 125-129
Sigleo, A C , and A Hatton, editors 1985 Marine and Estuanne Geochemistry, 331 pages Lewis
Publishers, Chelsea, MI
Sigleo, A C , and S A Macko 1985 Stable isotope and amino acid composition of estuanne dissolved
colloidal matenal Pages 29-46 in A C Sigleo and A Hatton, editors Marine and Estuanne
Geochemistry Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI
Helz, G R , R Sugam, and A C Sigleo 1984 Chemical modification of estuanne water by a continuousl)
chlorinating power plant Environmental Science and Technology 18 192-199
Sigleo, AC, PE Hare, and GR Helz 1983 Ammo acid composition of estuanne colloidal material
Estuanne Coastal and Shelf Science 17 87-96
Sigleo, A C , and G R Helz 1981 Composition of estuanne colloidal material Major and trace elements
Geochemical and Cosmochimica Acta 45 2501-2509
Sigleo, A C , G R Helz, and W H Zoller 1980 Organic-rich colloidal material in estuaries and its
alteration by chlonnation Environmental Science and Technology 14 673-679
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Allen M. Solomon
Senior Research Global Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4772
Email: solomon.allen@epagov
Education:
B.A., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Biology, 1965
Ph.D., Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ; Botany (Plant Ecology),
1970
Previous Positions:
1999-2001, Senior Policy Analyst, Office of Science and Technology
Policy, Executive Office of the President, Washington DC.
1990-1992: Co-Director, Lake Superior Ecosystems Research (LaSER) Center, Michigan Technological
Univ., Houghton, MI
1989-1992: Professor (tenured), Forest Ecology, School of Forestry & Wood Products, Michigan
Technological Univ , Houghton, MI
1987-1990: Leader, Biosphere Dynamics Project, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,
Laxenburg, Austria
1976-1987: Staff Ecologist, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge,
TN
1970-1976: Assistant Professor of Paleoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ
Research Interests and Skills:
Global change, Global ecology, Plant ecology (measures, models, and predictions of regional-to-global
responses to environmental change)
Paleoecology (pollen analysis and tree rings in reconstruction of past ecological responses to environmental
change)
Professional Societies:
American Assn for the Advancement of Science, 1966-present
American Quaternary Association, 1970-present; Editor, The Quaternary Times, 1979-1985
American Institute for Biological Sciences
Ecological Society of America, 1967-present; Life member; ESA Bulletin, Editor-in-Chief, 1992-present
International Association for Vegetation Science (1985-present)
International Tree Ring Society
Appointments/Honors:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC): Convening lead author, 1993-1996; Lead author,
1998-2000; member, US delegation, Working Group II Plenary, Third Assessment Report, 2001.
Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, Advisory Panel on IMAGE
Model Development, 1993-1999.
United Nations Environmental Program, Ad Hoc Scientific and Technical Planning Group for a Global
Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS), and Joint Panel for a GTOS/GCOS, 1993-present
Professor (courtesy), Forest Science, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Professor (courtesy), Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene
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Reviewed for American J of Botany, American Naturalist, Bioscience. Climate Research, Climatic
Change, Ecology-Monographs, Ecological Modeling, Global Biogeochenucal Cycles, J of
Vegetation Science, Nature, Palynology, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences, Quaternary
Research, Science, Vegetatio, and others
Selected Publications (total, 77):
Hostetler, S W , P J Bartlein, P U Clark, E E Small and A M Solomon 2000 Simulated influences of
Lake Agassiz on the climate of central North America 11,000 years ago Nature 405 334-337
Bugmann, H K M , and A M Solomon 2000 Explaining forest composition and biomass across multiple
biogeographical regions Ecological Applications 10(1) 95-114
Kinlenko, A P , and A M Solomon 1998 Modeling dynamic vegetation response to rapid climate change
using bioclimatic classifications Climatic Change 38 15-49
Solomon, A M , and A P Kinlenko 1997 Climate change and terrestrial biomass What if trees do not
migrate*? Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6 139-148
Solomon, A M 1997 Natural migration rates of trees Global terrestrial carbon cycle implications Pages
455-468 in B Huntley, W P Cramer, A V Morgan, H C Prentice and J R M Allen, editors Past and
future rapid environmental changes The spatial and evolutionary responses of terrestrial biota
Spnnger-Verlag, New York
Solomon, A M , and R Leemans 1997 Boreal forest carbon stocks and wood suppK past, present and
future responses to changing climate, agriculture and species availability J Agr Forestr\ Meteor
86 137-151
Solomon, A M , N H Ravindranath, R Stewart, M Weber, and S Nilsson 1996 Wood production under
changing climate and land use Chapter 15 in Second Assessment Report. IPCC Working Group II,
Cambridge U Press, Cambridge, UK
Bugmann, H K M , and A M Solomon 1995 The use of a European forest model in North America A
study of ecosystem response to climate gradients J Biogeography 22 477-484
Solomon, A M , and H H Shugart, Jr, editors 1993 Vegetation Dynamics and Global Change 338
pages Chapman and Hall, New York
Solomon, A M 1996 Potential responses of global forest growing stocks to changing climate, land use and
wood consumption Commonw For Rev 75 65-75
Dixon, R K,S Brown, R A Houghton, A M Solomon, M C TrexlerandJ Wisneiwski 1994 Carbon
pools and flux of global forest ecosystems Science 263 185-190
Solomon, A M,I C Prentice, R Leemans and W P Cramer 1993 The interaction of climate and land
use in future terrestrial carbon storage and release Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 70 595-614
Solomon, A M and D C West 1993 Evaluation of stand growth models for predicting afforestation
success during climatic warming at the northern limit of forests p 167-188 IN R Wheelon, ed Forest
Development in Cold Regions Proceedings, NATO Advanced Research Workshop Plenum Publ
Corp, NY, NY
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David T. Specht
Research Aquatic Biologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4037
Email: specht.david@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., Western State College of Colorado; Biology, 1965
M.A., Western State College of Colorado; Science, Botany, 1967
Post-graduate studies: Oregon State University, Dept. of Botany and
Plant Pathology, 1967-1970.
Previous Positions:
1970-1980 Aquatic Biologist, U.S. EPA, Corvallis, OR.
1980-1995 Research Aquatic Biologist, Marine Division, U.S. EPA, ERL-Narragansett, Newport, OR
Research Interests and Skills:
Environmental factors affecting distribution of Zostera (eelgrass) species in Pacific Northwest estuaries;
Ecology and pollutant impacts on marine clam Macoma nasuta
Effects of chlorinated organic pollutants on estuarine species
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
Estuarine Research Federation
Pacific Estuarine Research Society
Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory
Appointments/Honors:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Science Achievement Award in Biology /Ecology (Joint
EPA-American Fisheries Society Award), 1995
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Special Achievement Award, 1992
Nominated for EPA Gold Medal for Exceptional Service, as member of Algal Assay Team, National
Eutrophication Research Program, 1974
Selected Publications:
Young, D.R., D.T. Specht and R.J. Ozretich. 2001. Early Warning Marine Water Supply Protection
Strategy: The Threat of Oil Spill (Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Contamination Platform co-presentation.
Pacific Estuarine Research Society Meeting, 17-19 May, Tacoma, WA.
Specht, D.T., D R. Young, and P.J. Clinton. 2000. Near infrared aerial photo-detection of Zostera
japonica communities in Pacific Northwest estuarine intertidal habitats. Pages 161-167, Vol 2, in
Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal
Environments, Charleston, South Carolina, May 2000, Veridian ERIM International, Ann Arbor.
Clinton, P.J., D R. Young, B.D. Robbins, and D T. Specht. 2000. Issues in digital image processing of
aerial photography for mapping submersed aquatic vegetation. Pages 292-298, Vol. 2, in Proceedings
Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal Environments,
Charleston, South Carolina, May 2000, Veridian ERIM International, Ann Arbor.
Young, D R., S.P. Cline, D.T. Specht, P.J. Clinton, B D. Robbins, and J O. Lamberson. 2000 Mapping
spatial/temporal distributions of green macroalgae in a Pacific Northwest coastal estuary via small
format color infrared aerial photography. Pages 285-286, Vol. 2, in Proceedings Sixth International
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Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal Environments, Charleston, South Carolina,
May 2000, Vendian ERJM International, Ann Arbor
Young. DR,DT Specht, P J Clinton, and H Lee II 1998 Use of Color Infrared Aerial Photograph) to
Map Distributions of Eelgrass and Green Macroalgae in a Non-urbanized Estuary of the Pacific
Northwest, USA Vol II, pages 37-45 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Remote
Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, October 1998, San Diego, USA ERIM International,
Ann Arbor
Specht, D T 1997 Risk Evaluation Through Estuanne Modeling Pages 68-70 in K Patten, editor
Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia, WA , Washington State
University - Cooperative Extension, Long Beach, WA
Boese, B L , H Lee II, D T Specht, J Pelletier, and R C Randall 1996 Evaluation of PCB and
Hexachlorobenzene biota-sediment accumulation factors based on ingested sediment in a
deposit-feeding clam Environ Toxicol Chem 15(9) 1584-1589
Winsor, M , B L Boese, H Lee II, R C Randall, and D T Specht 1990 Determination of the ventilation
rates of interstitial and overlying water by the clam Macoma ncisuta Environ Toxicol Chem
9 209-213
Specht, D T , and H Lee II 1989 Direct measurement technique for determining ventilation rate in the
deposit feeding clam Macoma nasuta (Bivalvia, Tellinaceae) Marine Biolog), 101(2) 211-218
Callaway, R J , D T Specht, and G R Ditsuorth 1988 Manganese and suspended matter in the Yaquina
Estuary, Oregon Estuaries 11(4) 217-225
Callaway, R J and D T Specht 1982 Dissolved Silicon in the Yaquina Estuan,, Oregon Estuanne and
Coast Shelf Science 15 561-567
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John L. Stoddard
EMAP Team Leader
Research Life Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4441
Email: stoddard.john@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1979.
M.A., Biological Sciences, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, 1982
Ph.D., Biological Sciences, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, 1986
Previous Positions:
1989-1997: Project Scientist, Long-Term Monitoring and Temporally
Integrated Monitoring of Ecosystems Projects, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1985-1989: Director of Research and Methods Development, New York City Department of Environmental
Protection: Limnological Research and Methods Development
1988-1989: Adjunct Professor, Biology Department, Fordham University: Graduate Limnology
1985: Post-doctoral Research Biologist, U C Santa Barbara: Sierra Nevada Paleolimnological Research
Research Interests and Skills:
Effects of human disturbances on aquatic ecosystems
Air pollution effects in forested watersheds
Professional Societies:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Geophysical Union
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
U.S. representative to the International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of
Acidification of Rivers and Lakes, and the International Cooperative Programme on Integrated
Monitoring on Air Pollution Effects.
Regular peer reviewer for: Water Resources Research, Ambio, Water, Air and Soil Pollution;
Environmental Science and Technology; Biogeochemistry.
Selected Publications:
Stoddard, J. L., T. S. Traaen, B. L. Skjelkv&le, and M. Johannessen (In press). Assessment of nitrogen
leaching at UN/ECE ICP-Waters sites. Water Air Soil Pollut.
McCornuck, F. H., R. M. Hughes, P. R. Kauftnann, A. T Herlihy, J. L. Stoddard, W. Davis, and D V.
Peck. (In press).. Development of an index of biotic integrity for the Mid-Atlantic Highlands region.
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc..
Sickman, J. 0., A. Leyedecker, C. C Y. Chang, C. Kendall, J. Schimel, and J. L. Stoddard (In press).
Seasonal export of N from high-elevation catchments of the Sierra Nevada, California Water
Resources Res.
Sickman, J. 0., J. M. Melack, and J. L. Stoddard. (In press). Regional analysis of inorganic-nitrogen yield
and retention in high-elevation ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains
Biogeochemistry
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Skjelkvale, B L , J L Stoddard, and T Andersen (In press) Trends in surface water acidification in
Europe and North America (1989-1998) Water Air Soil Pollut
Dnscoll, C T, G B Lawrence, A J Bulger, T J Butler, C S Cronan, C Eagar, K F Lambert, G E
Likens, J L Stoddard, and K E Weathers 2001 Acidic deposition in the northeastern U S Sources
and inputs, ecosystem effects, and management strategies Bioscience 51 180-198
Stoddard, J L , D S Jeffries, A Lukewille, M Forsius, J Mannio, and A Wilander 2000
Environmental chemistry Is acidification still an ecological threat7 Reply Nature 407 857-858
Hughes, R M , J L Stoddard, and S G Paulsen 2000 A national, multiasseblage, probability survey of
ecological integrity Hydrobiologia 422/423 429-443
Stoddard, J L,D S Jeffries, A Lukewille, T A Clair, P J Dillon, C T Dnscoll, M Forsius, M
Johannessen, J S Kahl, J H Kellogg, A Kemp, J Mannio, D Monteith, P S Murdoch, S Patrick,
A Rebsdorf, B L Skjelkvale, M Stainton, T Traaen, H van Dam, K E Webster, J Wieting, and A
Wilander 1999 Regional trends in aquatic recover}' from acidification in North America and Europe
Nature 401 575-578
Lawrence, G B, M B David, G M Lovett, P S Murdoch, D A Bums, J L Stoddard. B P Baldigo,
J H Porter, and A W Thompson 1999 Soil calcium status and the response of stream chemistry to
changing acidic deposition rates Ecological Applic 9 1059-1072
Herlihy, A T,J L Stoddard, and C B Johnson 1998 The relationship between stream chemistr\ and
watershed land use data in the mid-Atlantic region, U S Water Air Soil Pollut 105 377-386
Stoddard, J L,C T Dnscoll, J S Kahl, and J Kellogg 1998 A regional analysis of lake acidification
trends for the northeastern U S , 1982-1994 Environ Mont Assess 51 399-413
Stoddard, J L,C T Driscoll, S Kahl, and J Kellogg 1998 Can site-specific trends be extrapolated to a
region' An acidification example for the Northeast Ecological Applic 8 288-299
Stoddard, J L,A D Newell, N S Urquhart, and D Kugler 1996 The TIME project design II
Detection of regional acidification trends Water Resources Res 32 2529-2538
Young, T C , and J L Stoddard 1996 The TIME project design I Classification of Northeast lakes
using a combination of geographic, hydrogeochemical, and multivanate techniques Water Resources
Res 32 2517-2528
Stoddard, J L 1995 Episodic acidification during snowmelt of high elevation lakes in the Sierra Nevada
Mountains of California Water Air Soil Pollut 85 353-358 Stoddard, J L , and T S Traaen 1995
The stages of nitrogen saturation Classification of catchments included in "ICP on waters" Pages 69-
76 in M Homung, M A Sutton, and R B Wilson, editors Mapping and modelling of critical loads
for nitrogen - a workshop report U K Department of the Environment, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria,
UK
Stoddard, J L 1994 Long-term changes in watershed retention of nitrogen its causes and aquatic
consequences Pages 223-284 m LA Baker, editor Environmental Chemistry of Lakes and
Reservoirs Amencan Chemical Society, Washington, D C
Stoddard, J L,andJ H Kellogg 1993 Trends and patterns in lake acidification in the state of Vermont
evidence from the Long-Term Monitoring project Water Air Soil Pollut 67 301-317
Murdoch, P S,andJ L Stoddard 1993 Chemical charactenstics and temporal trends in eight streams of
the Catskill Mountains, New York Water Air and Soil Pollution 67 367-395
Murdoch, P S , and J L Stoddard 1992 The role of nitrate in the acidification of streams in the Catskill
Mountain of New York Water Resources Res 28 2707-2720
Stoddard, J L , and P S Murdoch 1991 Catskill Mountains Pages 237-271 in D F Charles, editor
Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems Regional Case Studies Spnnger-Verlag, New York
Stoddard, J L 1991 Trends in Catskill stream water quality evidence from historical data Water
Resources Res 27 2855-2864
Melack, J M , and J L Stoddard 1991 Sierra Nevada Pages 503-530 in D F Charles, editor Acidic
Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems Regional Case Studies Spnnger-Verlag, New York, NY
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David T. Tingey
Senior Research Plant Physiologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4621
Email: tingey.dave@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City; Biology Education, 1966
M.A., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City; Botany (minor Air Pollution
Science), 1968
Ph.D., North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh; Plant Physiology (minor
Cell Biology), 1972
Previous Positions:
1991-1999: Plant and Rhizosphere Ecology Team Leader, USEPA, ERL,
1984-1990: Ozone Team Leader, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1973-1983: Plant Physiologist, USEPA, ERL, Corvallis, OR
1969-1973. Plant Physiologist, USEPA, ERC, RTP, NC
1968-1969 Botanist, DHEW, Air Pollution Control Office, Cincinnati, OH
Research Interest and Skills:
Effects of environmental factors on plant physiological processes and carbon allocation
In vivo monitoring of plant root processes and root dynamics.
Using models to determine the effects of anthropogenic stressors on terrestrial ecosystems.
Professional Societies:
American Society of Plant Physiologists
Societas Physiologiae Plantarum Scandanavica
Phi Sigma
Phi Kappa Phi
Sigma Xi
Listed in American Men and Women of Science
Listed in Who's Who in Technology Today
Appointments/Honors:
Associate Editor for Atmospheric Environment, 1978-1995
Editorial Board, Environmental and Experimental Botany, 1990-present
Editorial Board, Tree Physiology, 1994-present
Editorial Board, Plant Physiology, 1989-1992
Professor of Plant Physiology (courtesy) and member interdepartmental Plant Physiology faculty, Oregon
State University, 1973-present
Member, DOE Advisory Committee for Aspen FACE Site (Rhinelander, WI), 1996-present
Selected Publications.
Tingey, D.T., J. Laurence, J.A. Weber, J. Greene, W.E. Hogsett, S. Brown and E.H. Lee. (In press).
Elevated C02 and temperature alter the response of Pinus ponderosa to ozone: A simulation analysis.
Ecological Applications
Lin, G, P.T. Rygiewicz, J R. Ehleringer, M.G. Johnson and D.T. Tingey. 2001 Time-dependent responses
of soil CO; efflux components to elevated atmospheric [CO:] and temperature treatments in
experimental forest mesocosms. Plant and Soil 229:259-270.
Corvallis, OR
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Johnson, M J, D T Tingey, D L Phillips and M J Storm 2001 Advancing fine root research with
minirhizotrons Environmental and Experimental Botam 45 263-289
Tingey, D T, R S Waschmann, D L Phillips, and D M Olszyk 2000 The carbon dioxide leakage from
chambers measured using sulfur hexafluondc Environ and Exp Bot 43 101-110
Lewis, J D , D Olszyk, and D T Tingey 1999 Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic light response in
Douglas-fir seedlings subjected to elevated atmospheric C02 and temperature Tree Physiologv
19 243-252
Tingey, DT,DL Phillips, M G J ohnson, M J Storm, and J T Ball 1997 Effects of elevated CO, and
N-fertilization on fine root dynamics and fungal growth in seedling Pimis ponderosa Environ Exp
Botany 37 73-83
Tingey, DT,MG Johnson, D L Phillips, D W Johnson, and J T Ball 1996 Effects of elevated C02
and nitrogen on the synchrony of shoot and root growth in ponderosa pine Tree Physiology 16 905-
914
Tingey, D T , B D McVeety, R Waschmann, M G Johnson, D L Phillips, P T Rvgiewicz, and D M
Olszyk 1996 A versatile sun-lit controllcd-environment facility for studying plant and soil processes
J Environmental Quality 25 615-625
Tinge}, DT,MG Johnson, D L Phillips, and M J Storm 1996 Effects of elevated CO-> and nitrogen on
ponderosa pine fine roots and associated fungal components Journal Biogeography 22 281-287
Tingey, D T, W E Hogsett, K D Rodecap, E H Lee, and T J Moser 1994 The impact of 03 on leaf
construction cost and carbon isotope discrimination Essener Okologische Schriften 4 195-206
Tingey, D T, D M Olszyk, A H Herstrom, and E H Lee 1994 Effects of ozone on crops Pages
175-206 in D J McKee, editor Tropospheric Ozone Human Health and Agricultural Impacts Lewis
Publishers, Ann Arbor
Tingev, D T and C P Andersen 1991 The physiological basis of differential plant sensitivitj to changes
in atmospheric quaht} Pages 209-235 in G E Taylor Jr, L F Pitclka and M T Clegg, editors
Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Tingey, DT, WE Hogsett, E H Lee, A A Herstrom, and S H Azcvcdo 1991 An evaluation of various
alternative ambient ozone standards based on crop yield loss data Pages 272-288 in R L Berglund,
DR LawsonandDJ McKee, editors Tropospheric Ozone and the Environment Air & Waste
Management Association, Pittsburgh
Tingey, D T , D P Turner, and J A Weber 1991 Factors controlling the emissions of monoterpenes and
other volatile organics Pages 93-119 in T D Sharkej.EA Holland and H A Moone\. editors Trace
Gas Emissions by Plants Academic Press. San Diego
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John Van Sickle
Environmental Statistician
Western Ecology' Division, NHEERL
Telephone 541-754-4314
Email: vansickle.john@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Michigan State University, Mathematics, 1969
M.S., Michigan State University, Mathematics, 1972
Ph.D., Michigan State University, Systems Science/ Electrical
Engineering, 1975
M.S., Oregon State University, Statistics, 1991
Previous Positions:
1992-1998: Environmental statistician, Dynamac Inc and ManTech Environmental Technology,
NHEERL, WED, Corvallis, OR
1990-1991: Research Assistant, Global Climate Research Group, USEPA Corvallis, OR
1988-Present: Statistical and modeling consultant
1984-1988: Assistant Professor, Dept. Biological Sciences, University of Zimbabwe
1983-1984: Assistant Professor, Dept. Mathematics, Oregon State University, 1983-84
1982-1983 and 1990: Research Associate, School of Oceanography, Oregon State University
1978-1981: Assistant Professor, Dept. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oregon State University
1975-1977: Operations Research Analyst, USEPA, Corvallis ERL
1970-1975 Graduate Assistant, Departments of Mathematics and of Electrical Engineering and Systems
Science, Michigan State University
Research Interests and Skills:
Environmental Statistics
Stream ecosystem modeling
Professional Societies:
Member, American Statistical Association (ASA)
Appointments/Honors
Courtesy faculty, Dept. of Statistics, Oregon State Univ.
Selected Publications:
Van Sickle, J. and R.M. Hughes. 2000. Classification strengths of ecoregions, catchments, and geographic
clusters for aquatic vertebrates in Oregon. J. N. Am. Benthological Soc.l9(3):370-384.
Van Sickle, J. 2000. Modeling variable-width riparian buffers, with an application to woody debris
recruitment. Pages 107-112, in P.J. Wigington, Jr., and R.L. Beschta, editors, Riparian Ecology and
Management in Multi-Land Use Watersheds, Proc. AWRA Specialty Conference, Portland, OR, Aug.
28-31,2000.
Church, M. R. and J. Van Sickle. 1999 Potential relative fixture effects of sulfur and nitrogen deposition
on lake chemistry in the Adirondack Mountains, United States. Water Resource. Res. 35:2199-2211.
Van Sickle, J. 1997. Using mean similarity dendrograms to evaluate classifications. J Agricultural,
Biological, Environmental Statistics 2:370-388.
Van Sickle, J., P.J. Wigington, Jr., and M R. Church. 1997. Estimation of episodic acidification based on
monthly or annual sampling. J. Am. Water Resources Assn. 33:1-8.
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Van Sickle, J , J P Baker, H A Simonin, B P Baldigo, W A Kretser, W E Sharpe 1996 Episodic
acidification of small streams in the Northeast United States III Effects on fish mortality during
bioassays Ecological Applications 6 408-421
Baker, J P , J Van Sickle, C J Gagen, D R DeWalle, W E Sharpe, R F Carline, B P Baldigo, P S
Murdoch, D W Bath, W A Kretser, H A Simonin, and P J Wigington, Jr 1996 Episodic
acidification of small streams in the Northeast United States IV Effects on fish populations
Ecological Applications 6 422-437
Van Sickle, J 1990 Dynamics of African ungulate populations with fluctuating, density-independent calf
survival Theor Pop Biol 37 424-437
Van Sickle, J , and S V Gregory 1990 Modeling inputs of large woody debris to streams from falling
trees Can J For Res 20 1593-1601
Feresu, S B and J Van Sickle 1990 A study of coliform bacteria levels in a sewage contaminated river
system in Zimbabwe J Appl Bactenol 68 397-403
Van Sickle, J , and R J Phelps 1988 Age distributions and reproductive status of declining and stationary
populations of Glossmci pcilhpides Austen (Dipiera Glossmidae) in Zimbabwe Bull Ent Res
78 51-61
Van Sickle, J , C A M Attwell, and G C Craig 1987 Estimating population growth rate from an age
distribution of natural deaths J Wildl Manage 51 941-948
Van Sickle, J and R L Beschta 1983 Supply-based models of suspended sediment transport in streams
Water Resource Res 19 768-778
Van Sickle, J , W W Weimer, and D P Larson 1983 Mixing rates in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota,
sediments as determined from l06Ru profiles Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 47 2189-2197
Van Sickle, J 1982 Stochastic predictions of sediment yields from small coastal watersheds in Oregon,
USA J Hydrol 56 309-323
Van Sickle, J 1981 Long-term distributions of annual sediment yields from small watersheds Water
Resource Res 17 659-663
Van Sickle, J 1977 Mortality rates from size distributions the application of a conservation law
Oecologia 27 311-318
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Lidia S. Watrud
Research Ecologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4874
Email: watrud.lidia@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., City College of New York, NY; Biology, 1963
M.S., Michigan State University, East Lansing; Mycology/ Genetics,
1965
Ph.D., Michigan State University, East Lansing; Mycology/ Genetics,
1972
Previous Positions:
1986-1990: Manager, Commercial Development of New Technologies, Plant Sciences Dept., Monsanto
Co., St. Louis, MO
1984-1986: Manager, Environmental Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Monsanto Co., St Louis, MO
1982-1984: Senior Research Group Leader, Crop Protection Dept., Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO
1977-1982: Senior Research Specialist and Group Leader, Cell Biology Group and Crop Protection Dept.,
Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO
1973-1975: Post-Doctoral Fellow, Dept of Agronomy, and Visiting Assistant Professor, Dept of
Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana
Research Interests and Skills:
Development and use of molecular ecology methods to study efforts of biotic and abiotic stressors on
plant/microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and on plant community composition, health and
sustainability
Professional Societies:
Sigma Xi Research Honorary
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Society for Microbiology
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Member, Institutional Biosafety Committee, Oregon State University, 1995-present
Member, Editorial Board, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000-present
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Molecular Ecology, 1992-1997
Adjunct Professor of Botany and Member of Graduate Faculty, Oregon State University, 1992-present
Advisor, USEPA Research Associateship Program, National Research Council, 1993-present
Member, USEPA Workgroups for Proposed/Final Rules on Microbial Pesticides and Pesticidal Plants,
1993-1994
Member, Research Subcommittee on Biotechnology for the 21st Century, National Science and Technology
Council, 1994-95
Reviewer, USDA Competitive Grants Program for Risk Assessment of Biotechnology Products, 1993-94
Reviewer, NSF research proposals, 1987-90, 1997
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Selected Publications:
Winton, L M,J K Stone, L S Watrud, and E M Hansen (In press) Simultaneous one-tube
quantification of host and pathogen DNA using Taq-man real-time PCR Phytopathology
Donegan, K K , L S Watrud, R J Seidler, S P Maggard. T Shiroyama. L A Porteous. and G Di
Giovanni 2001 Soil and litter organisms in Pacific northwest forests under different management
practices Appl Soil Ecol 535 1-17
Olszyk, D M , D T Tingey, L Watrud, R Seidler and C Andersen 2000 Interactive effects of 03 and
C02 implications for terrestrial ecosystems Pages 97-136 m S N Singh, editor Trace Gas
Emissions and Plants, Klower Academic Publishers, Netherlands
Watrud, L S , 2000 Genetically Engineered Plants in the Environment-Applications and Issues, Pages 59-
79 in N S Subbarao and Y R Dommergues (eds ), Microbial Interactions in Agriculture and Forestry,
Vol 2 Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New Delhi
Di Giovanni, G D , L S Watrud, R J Seidler, and F Widmer 1999 Comparison of parental and
transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere communities using Biolog GN metabolic fingerprinting and
enterobacterial repetitive intergenenc consensus sequence-PCR (ERIC-PCR) Microbial Ecol 37 129-
139
Widmer, F , R J Seidler, P M Gillevet, L S Watrud, and G D Di Giovanni 1998 A highly selective
PCR protocol for detecting 16S rRNA genes of the genus Pseudomoncts (sensu stneto) in
environmental samples Appl Environ Microbiol 64(7) 2545-2553.
Entry, J A , L S Watrud, and M Reeves 1998 Accumulation of U7Cs and ^Cs by three grass species
inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi Environ Pollution 100 1-9
Porteous, L A , R J Seidler, and L S Watrud 1997 An improved method for purifying DNA from soil for
polymerase chain reaction amplification and molecular ecology applications Molec Ecol 6 787-791
Widmer, F,R J Seidler. and L S Watrud 1996 Sensitive detection of transgenic plant marker gene
persistence in soil microcosms Molec Ecol 5 603-613
Watrud, L S , and R J Seidler 1996 Ecological effects of plant, microbial and chemical introductions to
terrestrial systems Pages 313-340 in P M Huang, editor Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health
Special Publication No 52, Soil Science Society of America, SSSA, ASA. Madison. Wl
Kim, Y , L S Watrud,, and A Matin, 1995 A carbon starvation survival gene of Psendonioncis putida is
regulated by &54 J Bacterid 177(7) 1850-1859
Pfender, W F , S P Maggard, and L S Watrud 1995 Soil microbial activity and plant/microbe symbioses
as indicators for ecological effects of bioremediation technology Pages 269-279 in Publication #1001
Univ of Maryland Biotechnology Institute #TP9501
Obukowicz, M G , FJ Perlak, and L S Watrud 1993 Combating plant insect pests with plant-colonizing
microorganisms containing the toxin gene of B thunngiensis as a chromosomal insertion U S Patent
No 5,229, 112 Issued July 20, 1993 Assignee Monsanto Co . St Louis
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Denis White
Geographer
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754-4476
Email: white.denis@epa.gov
home page: http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/stafCwhite/
Education:
B.A., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Computer Science (with
distinction), 1969
M.A., Department of Geography, Boston University, Boston, MA, 1984
Previous Positions:
1993 - 1998: Faculty Research Assistant, Department of Geosciences,
Oregon State University, Corvallis.
1988 - 1992: Research Scientist, ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Corvallis, OR.
1985 - 1988: Associate Director and Senior Research Associate, Laboratory for Computer Graphics and
Spatial Analysis, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
1975 - 1985: Research Associate, Lead Programmer, Senior Programmer, and Applications Programmer,
Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, Graduate School of Design, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA.
1982 - 1988: Lecturer, Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School of Design, Harvard
University, Cambridge, MA.
1972 - 1975: Scientific Programmer, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
Professional Societies:
Association of American Geographers
Society for Conservation Biology
Appointments/Honors:
Andrew McNally Award for best paper on cartography published in 1992 by the American Congress on
Surveying and Mapping (shared with A. J. Kimerling and W. S. Overton)
Jury committee for awards by the Applied Geography Speciality Group, Association of American
Geographers, 1992-1993
Presidential Citation for Meritorious Service, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,
1991.
Selected Publications:
White, D., and J.C. Sifiieos. (Accepted). Regression tree cartography. J. Computational and Graphical
Statistics.
Santelmann, M, K. Freemark, D. White, J. Nassauer, M. Clark, B. Danielson, J. Eilers, R. Cruse, S.
Galatowitsch, S. Polasky, and J. Wu. 2001. Applying ecological principles to land-use
decision-making in agricultural watersheds. Pages 226-252 in V.H. Dale and R. Haeuber, editors
Ecological Principles in Land Use Planning Springer-Verlag, New York
White D. 2000. Global grids from recursive diamond subdivisions of the surface of an octahedron or
icosahedron Environ Mont. Assess. 64(1) 93-103.
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Hulse D , J E Eilers, K E Freemark, D White, and C Hummon 2000 Planning alternative future
landscapes in Oregon evaluating effects on water quality and biodiversit\ Landscape Journal
19(2) 1-19
Polasky S , J D Camm, A R Solow, B Csuti, D White, and R Ding 2000 Choosing reserve networks
with incomplete species information Biological Conservation 94(1) 1-10
White, D , E M Preston, KEFreemark, and A R Kiester 1999 A hierarchical framework for conserving
biodiversity Pages 127-153 in J M KJopatek and R H Gardner, editors, Landscape Ecological
Analysis Issues and Applications Spnnger-Verlag, New York
Montgomery, C A , R A Pollak, K E Freemark, and D White 1999 Pricing biodiversity J Environ
Econ & Mgt 38 1-19
Rathert D , D White, J Sifheos, and R M Hughes 1999 Environmental associations of species richness
in Oregon freshwater fishes J Biogeography 26(2) 257-274
White, D , A J Kimerling, K Shar, and L Song 1998 Comparing area and shape distortion on
polyhedral-based recursive partitions of the sphere Internat J Geographical Info Sys 12(8) 805-827
White D , P G Minotti, M J Barczak, J C Sifheos. K E Freemark, M V Santelmann, C F Steinitz. A R
Kiester, and E M Preston 1997 Assessing risks to biodiversity from future landscape change
Conservation Biology 11(2) 349-360
White D , A J Kimerling, and W S Overton 1992 Cartographic and geometric components of a global
sampling design for environmental monitoring Cartography & Geog Info Sys 19(1)5-22
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Parker J. Wigington, Jr.
Research Hydrologist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-754 4341
Email: wigington.jim@epa.gov
Education:
B.S., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Forestry and Wildlife, 1974
M.S., Utah State Univ., Logan; Watershed Science, 1977
Ph.D., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg; Environmental Sciences and
Engineering, 1981
Previous Positions:
1981-1985: Assistant Professor, Forest Hydrology, Dept. of Forestry,
Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
Research Interests and Skills:
Watershed influences of salmon and native fish
Riparian hydrology, ecology and biogeochemistrv
Stream hydrochemistry
Professional Societies:
American Geophysical Union
American Water Resources Association
Ecological Society of America
Appointments/Honors:
Professor (courtesy appointment), Dept. of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Member of Board of Directors, American Water Resources Association
Selected Publications:
Fernald, A G., P.J. Wigington, Jr., and D H Landers. 2001 Transient storage and hyporheic flow along
the Willamette River, Oregon: field measurements and model estimates. Water Resources Res.
37:1681-1694.
Wigington, P.J. Jr., and R.L. Beschta, editors. 2000. Riparian Ecology and Management in Multi-Land
Use Watersheds, Proc. AWRA Specialty Conference, Portland, OR, Aug. 28-31, 2000
Dykaar, B.B., and P.J. Wigington, Jr. 2000. Floodplain formation and Cottonwood colonization patterns on
the Willamette River, Oregon, USA. Environ. Mgt. 25(1):87-104.
Schuft, M.J., T.J. Moser, P.J. Wigington, Jr., D.L. Stevens, Jr., L.S. McAllister, S.S. Chapman, and T.L.
Ernst. 1999. Development of landscape metrics for characterizing riparian-stream networks.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 65:1157-1167.
Davies, T.D., M. Tranter, P.J. Wigington, Jr, K.N. Eshleman, N.E. Peters, J. Van Sickle, D R. DeWalle,
and P. Murdoch. 1999. Prediction of episodic acidification with an empirical/mechanistic approach.
Hydrological Processes 13:1181 -1195.
Wigington, P.J., Jr., M R. Church, T.C. Strickland, K.N. Esheleman, and J. Van Sickle. 1998. Autumn
chemistry of Oregon Coast Range streams. J. Am. Water Resources Assn 34:1035-1049.
Van Sickle, J., P.J. Wigington, Jr., and M R. Church. 1997. Estimation of episodic acidification based on
monthly or annual sampling. J. Am. Water Resources Assn. 33(2):359-366.
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Griffith, S M , J S Owen, W R Horwath, P J Wigington, Jr, J E Baham, and L F Elliott 1997
Nitrogen movement and water quality at a poorly drained agricultural and riparian site in the Pacific
Northwest Plant and Soil 195 521-526
Evans, C , T D Davies, P J Wigington, Jr, M Tranter, and W A Kretser 1996 Use of factor analysis to
investigate processes controlling the chemical composition of four streams in the Adirondack
Mountains, New York J Hydrol 185 297-316
Wigington, P J Jr, J P Baker, D R DeWalle, W A Kretser, P S Murdoch, H A Simonin, J Van Sickle,
DV Peck, and W R Barchet 1996 Episodic acidification of small streams in the Northeast United
States I Episodic Response Project Ecological Applic 6 374-388
Wigington, P J Jr , D R DeWalle, P S Murdoch, W A Kretser, H A Simonin, J Van Sickle, and J P
Baker 1996 Episodic acidification of small streams in the Northeast United States Ionic controls of
episodes Ecological Applic 6 689-407
Wigington, P J Jr.TD Davies, M Tranter, and K N Eshleman 1990 Episodic acidification of surface
waters due to acidic deposition In Acidic Deposition State of Science and Technology, National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program, Volume II, NAPAP SOS/T Report 12 Washington, D C
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David R. Young
Research Environmental Scientist
Western Ecology Division, NHEERL
Telephone: 541-867-4038
Email: young.david@epa.gov
Education:
B.A., Pomona College; Physics, 1960
Ph.D., Scripps Institute of Oceanography; Chemical and Biological
Oceanography, 1970
Previous Positions:
1984-1986: Associate Professor of Oceanography, State University of
New York, Stony Brook, NY
1980-1984: Oceanographer, Dames and Moore, Los Angeles, CA
1970-1980: Oceanographer, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Los Angeles, CA
1961-1970: Research Assistant, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, San Diego, CA
Research Interests and Skills:
Remote sensing
Estuarine Sedimentation
Bioaccumulation/Biomagnification
Professional Societies:
Estuarine Research Federation
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Appointments/Honors:
Adjunct Professor of Oceanography, Oregon State University, 1986-present
Selected Publications:
Young, D R., R.J. Ozretich, H. Lee II, S. Echols, and J. Frazier. 2001. Persistence of DDT residues and
dieldrin off a pesticide processing plant in San Francisco Bay, California. Chapter 15, pages 204-217
in R.L Lipnick, J.L.M. Hermens, K.C. Jones, and D.C.G. Muir, editors, Persistent Bioaccumulative
Toxic Chemicals I: Fate and Exposure, American Chemical Society, Washington DC.
Young, D.R., S.P. Cline, D.T. Specht, P.J. Clinton, B.D. Robbins, and J O. Lamberson. 2000 Mapping
spatial/temporal distributions of green macroalgae in a Pacific Northwest coastal estuary via small
format color infrared aerial photography. Pages 285-286, Vol. 2, in Proceedings Sixth International
Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal Environments, Charleston, South Carolina,
May 2000, Veridian ERIM International, Ann Arbor.
Clinton, P.J., D.R. Young, B.D. Robbins, and D.T. Specht. 2000. Issues in digital image processing of
aerial photography for mapping submersed aquatic vegetation. Pages 292-298, Vol. 2, in Proceedings
Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal Environments,
Charleston, South Carolina, May 2000, Veridian ERIM International, Ann Arbor.
Specht, D.T., D.R. Young, and P.J. Clinton. 2000. Near infrared aerial photo-detection of zostera japonica
communities in Pacific Northwest estuarine intertidal habitats. Pages 161-167, Vol. 2, in Proceedings
Sixth International Conference on Remote Sensing for the Marine and Coastal Environments,
Charleston, South Carolina, May 2000, Veridian ERIM International, Ann Arbor.
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Young, DR,RJ Ozretich, F A Roberts, 0 A Brinken, and I N Taganov 1999 Evaluation of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of Lake Baikal and Angara River surface
waters J Rus Acad Science, Russian Geographical Society'131(1)65-69
Young, DR,DT Specht, B D Robbins and P J Clinton 1999 Delineation of Pacific Northwest SAVs
from aerial photography Natural color or color infrared film9 Pages 1 173-1 178 in Proceedings of the
1999 ASPRS Annual Conference, American Society of Photogrammertry and Remote Sensing,
Bethesda, MD
Young, D R , D T Specht, P J Clinton and Henry Lee II 1998 Use of color infrared aerial photography
to map distributions of eelgrass and green macroalgae in a non-urbanized estuary of the Pacific
Northwest, USA Vol II, pages 37-45 in B Petoskey, editor Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, ERIM International, Inc Ann
Arbor, MI NHEERL-COR-2272
Young, DR,M Becerra, D Kopec, and S Echols 1998 GC/MS analysis of PCB congeners in blood of
the harbor seal Phoca vitahna from San Francisco Bay Chemosphere 37(4)711-733
Randall, R C , D R Young, H Lee II, and S F Echols 1998 Lipid methodolog\ and normalization
relationships for neutral non-polar organic pollutants Environ Toxicol Chem 17(5) 788-79
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Goal I Publications
Andersen, C.P., and C S Scagel 1997 Nutrient availability alters below-ground respiration of
ozone-exposed Ponderosa pine. Tree Physiology 17.377-387 NHEERL-COR-1948J
Andersen, C.P. 2000 Ozone stress and changes below-ground Linking root and soil process
Phyton, (Austria), special issue Root-soil interactions 40:7-12 WED-00-026
Andersen, C.P., W.E. Hogsett, M. Plocher, K Rodecap, and E. H. Lee, 2001. Blue wild-rye grass
competition increases the effect of ozone on ponderosa pine seedlings Tree Physiology
21 319-327. WED-00-008
Andersen, C.P., B.E Law, and D.M. Olszyk, editors 2001. Ponderosa Pine Ecosystem and
Environmental Stress- Past, Present and Future, Special issue of Tree Physiology, Vol 21
WED-01-139
Andersen, C.P., R Wilson, M Plocher, and W.E. Hogsett 1997 Carry-over effects of ozone on
ponderosa pine root growth and carbohydrate concentrations Tree Physiology 17 805-811
NHEERL-COR-2059J
Hogsett, W.E., A Herstrom, J.A. Laurence**, J.E. WeberO-, E.H. Lee, and D.T. Tingey 1997.
An approach for characterizing tropospheric ozone risk to forests Environmental
Management 21 (1). 105-120 NHEERL-COR-1963J
Hogsett, W.E., and C.P. Andersen. 1998 Ecological effects of tropospheric ozone aUS
perspective - past, present, and future Pages 419-437 in T. Schneider, editor. Air Pollution
in the 21s1 Century, Priority issues and Policy Studies in Environmental Science. Elsevier
Publishers NHEERL-COR-2166A
Krupa, S , M T McGrath, C.P. Andersen. F L Booker, K O Burkey, A H Chappelka, B 1
Chevone, E.J Pell and B A Zilinskas 2000. Ambient Ozone and Plant Health Plant Disease
85(1)4-12 WED-00-113
Laurence, J.A., W A Retzlaff, J S, Kern, E.H. Lee, W.E. Hogsett, and D A Weinstein 2001
Predicting the regional impact of ozone and precipitation on the growth of loblolly pine and
yellow-poplar using linked TREGRO and ZEL1G models Forest Ecology and Management
146 247-263 WED-00-018
Lee, E.H., and W.E. Hogsett 1999 Role of concentration and time of day in developing ozone
exposure indices used in modeling crop loss J of Air & Waste Management Association
49:669-681. NHEERL-COR-1821J
McCrady, J.K.* and C.P. Andersen 2000. The effect of ozone on below-ground carbon allocation
in wheat. Environmental Pollution 107:(3>465-472. NHEERL-COR-2221 J.
Neufeld, H S , E.H. Lee, J.R. Renfro, and W D. Hacker (accepted). Insensitivity of seedlings of
several conifer species to ozone in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Environmental
Pollution. NHEERL-COR-2312J
Pfleeger, T.G., M.A da Luz, and C.C. Mundt. 1999. Lack of synergistic interaction between ozone
and wheat leaf rust in wheat swards Environmental and Experimental Botany 41(3)-195-207
NHEERL-COR-2222J
1
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Phillips, D.L., E. H. Lee, A A Herstrom, W.E. Hogsett, and D.T. Tingey. 1997 Use of auxiliary
data for spatial interpolation of ozone exposure in southeastern forests Environmetrics
8 43-61. NHEERL-COR-1892J
Scagel, C F , and C.P. Andersen. 1997 Seasonal changes in root and soil respiration of ozone
exposed ponderosa pine grown in different substrates New Phytologist 136 627-643
NHEERL-COR-2054J
WED authors listed in bold
* Retired WED Author
"At WED through Intergovernmental Personnel Act
H National Research Councl post doc
~ Deceased WED author
2
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Goal 2 Publications
Abbruzzese, B., and S.G. Leibowitz 1997. A synoptic approach for assessing cumulative impacts to
wetlands Environmental Management 21(3) 457-475 NHEERL-COR-1676J
Boese, B.L., J.O. Lamberson, R.C. Swartz*, R.J. Ozretich, and F.C. Cole. 1998. Photoinduced
toxicity of PAHs and alkylated PAHs to a marine infaunal amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius
Arch ofEnvir Contam Tox 34 235-240 NHEERL-COR-2125
Boese, B.L, J.O. Lamberson, R. C. Swartz, and R.J. Ozretich 1997. Photoinduced toxicity of
fluoranthene to seven marine benthic crustaceans. Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology 32 389-393 NHEERL-COR-1967J
Boese, B.L., H. Lee n, and S Echols 1997. Evaluation of a first-order model for the prediction of
the bioaccumulation of PVBs and DDTs from sediment into the marine deposit-feeding clam,
macoma nasuta Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16.1545-1552
NHEERL-COR-1985J
Boese, B.L . R.J. Ozretich, J.O. Lamberson, F.A. Cole, and R.C. Swartz* 2000 Phototoxic
evaluation of marine sediments collected from a PAH contaminated site Arch ofEnvir
Contam Tox 38 274-282 NHEERL-COR-2344J
Boese, B.L., R.J. Ozretich, J.O. Lamberson, R.C. Swartz*, F.A. Cole, J Pelletier, and J. Jones
1999 Toxicity and phototoxicity of mixtures of highly lipophilic PAH compounds in marine
sediment can the SPAH model be extrapolated? Arch ofEnvir Contam. Tox 36 270-280
NHEERL-COR-2218J
Chapman, P.M. and R.C. Swartz* 1997. General guidelines for using the sediment quality triad
Marine Pollution Bulletin 34 368-372 NHEERL-COR-2091J
Cifuentes, L A , R B Coffin, J Morin, and P.M. Eldridge 1998 Particulate organic matter in the
Gulf of Mexico estuaries - implications for net heterotrophy Pages 239-268 in T S Bianchi,
JR Pennock and R R Twilley, editors Biogeochemistry of Gulf of Mexico Estuaries John
Wiley & Sons
Cole, F.A , B.L. Boese, R.C. Swartz*, J.O. Lamberson and T.H. DeWitt 1999 Effect of sediment
storage on the toxicity of sediments spiked with fluorathene to the amphipod Rhepoxynius
abronius Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(3) 744-748 NHEERL-COR-2304J
DeWitt, T.H., C W. Hickey, D. J. Morrisey, R B. Williamson, L. Van Dam, E.K. Williams, M.G
Nipper, and D S Roper 1999. Do amphipods have the same concentration-response to
contaminated sediment in situ versus in vitro7 Environ Toxicol. Chem 18(5). 1026-1037
NHEERL-COR-2256J
Eldridge, P.M., and J W. Morse. 2000. A diagenetic model for sediment-seagrass interactions.
Marine Chemistry 70.89-103 WED-00-002
Ferraro, L.S., and F.A. Cole. 1997. Effects of DDT sediment-contamination on macrofaunal
community structure and composition in San Francisco Bay Marine Biology 130- 323-334.
NHEERL-COR- 1969J
3
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Gwin, S E., M.E. Kentula, and P W. Shaffer. 1999 Evaluating the effects of wetland management
through hydrogeomorpic classification and landscape profiles Wetlands 19(3) 477-489
NHEERL-COR 2245J
Hoeting. J A , and A.R. Olsen 1998 Are the fish safe to eat7 Assessing mercury levels in fish in
Maine lakes Chapter 1 in Case Studies a Collaboration Between Academe and Industry
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the American Statistical Association
NHEERL-COR-2130A
Hulse, D , L Goorjian, D Richey, M. Flaxman, C. Hummon, D. White, K Freemark, J Eilers, J
Bemert, K Vache, J. K.aytes, and D. Diethelm 1997. Possible Futures for the Muddy Creek
Watershed, Benton County, Oregon 90 pp Institute for Sustainable Environment, University
of Oregon, Eugene NHEERL-COR-872R
Hulse D , J E Eilers, K..E Freemark, D. White, and C. Hummon 2000. Planning alternative future
landscapes in Oregon evaluating effects on water quality and biodiversity Landscape
Journal 19(2) 1-19 NHEERL-COR-2354J
Ingersoll, C , G T Ankley, R Baudo, G Burton, W Lick, S Luoma, D MacDonald, T Reynolds, K
Solomon, R.C. Swartz*, and W W Hicks 1997 Workgroup summary report on an
uncertaint) evaluation of measurement endpoints used in sediment ecological risk
assessments Pages 297-352 in G T. Biddinger, T Dillon, and C Ingersoll, editors
Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments SETAC Special Publication Series
NHEERL- COR- 2013J
Kentula, M.E. 2000 Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland restoration Ecological
Engineering 15(3-4) 199-209. NHEERL-COR-2247J
Kravitz, M J, J.O. Lamberson, S.P. Ferraro, R.C. Swartz*, B.L. Boese and D.T. Specht 1999
Avoidance response of the estuarine amphipod Eohaustorius estuarius to PAH-contaminated
field-collected sediments Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (6)1232-1235
NHEERL-COR-2296J
Lackey, R.T. 1997 Restoration of Pacific salmon the role of science and scientists In Sari
Sommarstrom, editor What is Watershed Stability9 University of California 92 35-40
NHEERL-COR-2061J
Lacke>, R.T. 1999 Salmon policy science, society, restoration, and reality Renewable Resources
Journal 17(2)'6-16 Reprinted in Environmental Science and Policy 2 369-379 NHEERL-
COR-2311J
Lackey, R.T. 2000. Restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest: chasing an illusion? Pages 91-
143 in P Koss and M. Katz, editors. What We Don't Know about Pacific Northwest Fish
Runs- An Inquiry into Decision-Making Portland State University, Portland. WED-00-083
Lackey, R.T. (In press). Restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest. Framing the risk question.
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment WED-01-015
Lackey, R.T. 2000. Policy conundrum, restoring wild salmon to the Pacific Northwest In CD-ROM,
Proceedings of the Biennial Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics
and Trade, July 10-14, 2000, Corvallis, Oregon. WED-00-073
4
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Lackey, R.T. 1997 Pacific salmon and the Endangered Species Act Northwest Science
70(3)281-284 NHEERL-COR-1955J
Lackey, R.T. 1999 The savvy salmon technocrat life's little rules Environmental Practice
1(3) 156-161 NHEERL-COR-2299J
Larned, S.T., and S R Santos 2000. Light- and nutrient-limited periphyton in low order streams of
Ohau, Hawaii. Hydrobiologia 432 101-111 NHEERL-COR 2340J
Larned, S.T. 1998 Nitrogen- versus phosphorus-limited growth and sources of nutrients for coral
reef macroalgae Marine Biology 132 409-421.
Magee, T K., T.L Ernst, K. A Dwire, and M.E. Kentula 1999 Floristic comparison of freshwater
wetlands in an urbanizing environment Wetlands 19(3) 517-524. NHEERL-COR-2185J
McAllister, L S , B E Pemston, S.G. Leibowitz, B Abbruzzese, and J.B Hyman. 2000 A synoptic
assessment for prioritizing wetland restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation
Wetlands 20(1) 70-83 NHEERL-COR-2263J
Nebeker, A.V., and G.S. Schuytema* 1998 Chronic effects of the herbicide diuron on freshwater
cladocerans. amphipods, midges, minnows, worms, and snails Arch ofEnvir Contam Tox
35-441-446 NHEERL-COR-2170J
Nebeker, A.V. and G.S. Schuytema* 2000 Effects of ammonium sulfate on growth of larval
Northwestern salamanders, red-legged frog and Pacific treefrog tadpoles, and juvenile
fathead minnows Bui of Environ Contam Toxicol 64 (2)271-278 NHEERL-COR-2286J
Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema,* W.L. Griffis, and A Cataldo 1998 Impact of guthion on growth
of the frog Pseudacris regilla and the salamanders Ambysloma gracile and Ambystoma
maculatum Arch ofEnvir Contam Tox 35 48-51 NHEERL-COR-2132J
Nebeker, A.V. and R B Bur> 2000 Temperature selection by hatchling and yearling Florida red-
bellied turtles (Pseudemvs nelsoni) in thermal gradients J. Herpetology 34(3)465-469
NHEERL-COR-2302
Okada, M and S.A. Peterson 2000 Preface in Water Pollution Control Policy and Management
The Japanese Experience. M Okada and S.A. Peterson, editors 287 pp. Gyosei Publishers,
Tokyo, Japan WED-00-075
Ozretich, R.J., and D W Schults 1998 A comparison of interstitial water isolation methods
demonstrates centrifugation with aspiration yields reduced losses of organic constituents
Chemosphere 36 603-615 NHEERL-COR-2124J
Ozretich, R.J., S.P. Ferraro, J.O. Lamberson, and F.A. Cole. 2000. A test of E polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbon model at the creosote-contaminated site, Elliott Bay, Washington,
USA Envir. Toxicol Chem. 19(9)2378-2389 NHEERL-COR-2346J
Ozretich, R.J., D.R. Young, and D.B Chadwick (In press). Development and application of
equilibrium partitioning sediment guidelines (ESGs) in the assessment of sediment PAH
contamination Chapter in American Chemical Society Book, Fate and Transport of
Chemicals in the Environment: Impacts, Monitoring, and Remediation. WED-01-084
5
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Schutema, G.S.*, A.V. Nebeker, and T W. Stutzman 1997 Salinity tolerance of Daphnia magna
and potential use for estuarine sediment toxicity tests Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 33:194-198 NHEERL-COR-2033J
Schweiger, E W , S.G. Leibowitz, J B Hyman, W E Foster, and M C Downing (In press)
Synoptic assessment of wetland function, a planning tool for protection of wetland species
biodiversity Biodiversity and Conservation WED-00-031
Shaffer, P.W., M.E. Kentula, and S E. Gwin. 1999. Characterization of wetland hydrology using
hydrogeomorphic classification Wetlands 19(3) 490-504 NHEERL-COR-2246J
Solomon, K , G Ankley, R Baudo, C Ingersoll, W. Lick, S Luoma, D. MacDonald, T Reynolds,
R.C. Swartz*, and W W Hicks. 1997. Workgroup summary report on methodological
uncertainty Pages 271-296 in G.T. Biddinger, T Dillon, and C. Ingersoll, editors.
Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments SETAC Special Publication Series
NHEERL-COR-2012A
Stimson, J., and S.T. Larned 2000. Nitrogen efflux from the sediments of a subtropical bay and the
potential contribution of macroalgal nutrient requirements J Exp Marine Biology & Ecol
252 159-180 NHEERL-COR-2359J
Swartz, R.C.*, S.P. Ferraro, J.O. Lamberson, F.A. Cole, R.J. Ozretich, B.L. Boese, D.W.
Schults*, M Behrenfeld, and G T. Ankley 1997. Photoactivation and toxicity of mixtures
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds in marine sediment. Environ Toxicol.
Chem 16(10)2151-2157. NHEERL-COR-2056J
Swartz, R.C.* and D M DiToro 1997 Sediments as complex mixtures An overview of methods to
assess ecotoxicological signifance Pages 255-269 in C G Ingersoll, P. Dillon and G R
Biddinger, editors Ecological Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sediments SETAC Special
Publication Series NHEERL-COR-1902J
Swartz, R.C.* 1999 Consensus sediment quality guidelines for PAH mixtures Journal of
Environmental Toxicol And Chemistry 18(4) 780-787 NHEERL-COR-2165J
Young, D.R., R.J. Ozretich, F. A. Roberts*, O.A. Bnnken, and I N Taganov. 1999 Evaluation of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of Lake Baikal and Angara River
surface waters Journal of the Russian Academy of Science, Russian Geographical Society
131(1 )65-69. NHEERL-COR-2254J
Young, D.R., R.J. Ozretich, H. Lee II, S Echols, and J Frazier. 2001 Persistence of DDT residues
and dieldrin off a pesticide processing plant in San Francisco Bay, California Chapter 15,
pages 204-217 in R L Lipnick, J.L.M Hermens, K C Jones, and DC G Muir, editors
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic Chemicals 1: Fate and Exposure, American Chemical
Society, Washington DC.
NHEERL-COR-2378A
WED authors listed in bold
* Retired WED Author
"At WED through Intergovernmental Personnel Act
National Research Council post doc
~ Deceased WED author
6
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Goal 6 Publications
Allen, L H , Jr, M.B Kirkham, D.M. Olszyk, and C E Whitman, editors. 1997. Recent Advances in
CO, Effects Research ASA Special Publication No 61 American Society of Agronomy,
Madison, WI
Andersen, C.P., and P.T. Rygiewicz 1999 Understanding plant-soil relationships using controlled
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