NOVICE BOOK: A USER MANUAL FOR THE PDP 11/70
COMPUTER
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NOVICE BOOK: A USER MANUAL FDR THE PDP 11/70 COPPUTER
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH l_AB, AUGUST 1D80
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM: JO OSHIRO, LISA MERSEREAU, KAREN f*EYER, WELLS MATTHEWS,
BILL TIFFANY, HOWARD NERCIER, BILL FAUS, MSX SOFTWARE
EXCHANGE, VARIOUS TECHNICAL LITERATURE
I. INTRODUCTION
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATING WITH THE COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
II. OPERATIONS
OPERATION DCWN TIME SCHEDULE
CARDS
TAPES
KEYPINCH
FORMS {FOR LINE PRINTER)
III. USE OF TERMINAL
HELP
ETIQUETTE FOR COMPUTER USERS
TERMINAL FEATURES, VT 100 MANUAL EXCERPT
IV. FILE MANIPULATION
FILE SPECIFICATIONS AND STORAGE ORGANIZATION
MAJOR PDS COMMANDS (SYNTAX)
PDS FILE COMMANDS SUMMARY
EPA/PDS ENHANCEI^NTS
USE OF THE EDITOR, EDI
EDI COMMANDS SUW\RY
V. FORTRAN
COMMON SYNTACTICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OSU AND PDP
EXAMPLE PROGRAMS
FORTRAN STATEMENT SUMMARY
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Introduction
Computers execute instructions formulated by humans. These instructions,
stated in a programming language of defined syntax and vocabulary, are filtered
through further sets of human-written instructions to be translated into binary
code, the machine language. Complex operations are translated into a basic
instruction set which is particular to each machine and generally is not
transferable between machines.
This man-made hierarchy of translation implies the existence of inconsis-
tencies, loopholes, glitsches, eccentricities, and errors. The basic stuDidity
of the machine itself, unless compensated for within instruction sets, stipulates
an unforgiving attitude toward anything non-standard.
Instruction sets are called programs, certain types of programs which
perform special functions have more specific names. For example, a compi1er
translates programs written in a specific language (FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC,
PASCAL) into machine language--the compilers themselves are written in
Assembler, which must be compiled into machine language by a compiler written
in macmne language1 3ecause the path from program to product is so indirect,
two programs oerforming the same function may differ in accuracy, difficulty,
transportability between systems, and efficiency of use of both the computer's
and the user's time. Programs are in many ways analagous to mathematical proofs-
some are more elegant than others--some are so elegant that it takes a genius
to understand then, and some r.ierely get the job done.
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NOVICE BOOK
Language
Level
/S
High
^ FORTRAN PASCAL BASIC
compiler compiler compiler
8MDP *EPAPLOT
ED
Libraries ^ ASSEMBLER
machine specific
RUCTION SET
Low
BASIC INSTRUCTION SET
binary code
Figure 1. Schematic of hierarchy of programming languages.
Components of a Computer system
A computer system consists of hardware, the physical pieces of electronic
machinery, and software, the sets of instructions or programs which, to some
extent, control the machinery.
There are four basic types of hardware: the central processing unit
(CPU); the memory (often expressed in units of K=1024--the PDP 11/70 has
32 K words of memory, 1 word=2bytes=16 bits = 16 pieces of information stated
as "1" or "0", available to users); input peripheral devices, and output
peripheral devices.
Central
Processing
Unit (CPU)
Input
Peripherals
¦» MEMORY » Output
Periphera1s
Figure 2 Four basic units of hardware Arrows indicate direction
of information flow
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NOVICE BOOK
Actual data processing, manipulation, and calculation take place only
within the CPU. Memory can store instuctions or data for future (next nano-
second, next week, next year) manipulation or output. An input peripheral
may be a card reader, a terminal, or a tape drive. Output peripherals
include the line printers, plotter, and terminals. Many peripherals are
both input and output devices.
System software is the collective set of programs that tell the computer
how to allocate system resources such as space in memory, time in the CPU,
or a place in line (the Executive); how to format, maintain, and re-access
files (the Files-11 Ancillary Control Processor); how to communicate with
and operate peripheral devices such as tape drives, terminals, plotters,
and line printers (device handlers); how to translate a program into machine
language while checking syntactical errors (compilers); how to communicate
with and perform operations for users (PDS, EDI). Most systems software is,
to a certain extent, hardware dependent because of close interaction with
the machinery.
Anotner subset of system software consists of subprograms or subroutines
available to the user. These subroutines can be called from any program on
the system in order to perform certain functions such as square roots,
graphine, or properly terminating the execution of a FORTRAN program. Some
subprograms are kept in 1ibranes on the system, and special procedures
or privileges may be needed to use them. The graphics routines are kept in
several libraries.
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NOVICE BOOK
Communicating with the Computer
Because a computer can perform operations much more quickly than can
humans, the system software provides timesharing. Each of several users,
including batch jobs and system functionsm is allotted a time slice (a frac-
tional second of CPU time) in turn, according to priority of the user's
task. Only when there are many users or tasks requiring large amounts of
system resources does a large lag in response time ( the time between the
user's entering a carnage return and the computer's prompt for the next
entry) become evident. Tasks which have much input and output (I/O) such
as searches, reads, writes of large files, libraries, or directories, and
graphing on either the Calcomp plotter or the Tektronix terminals slow
down the response time. It should also be noted that certain commands
have longer response time than others.
At a terminal, the user makes his wants known to the computer through
PDS, the Program Development System. PDS is a command language interpreter,
a type of interactive program which responds to user requests. These re-
quests must be stated in a given format and selected from a vocabulary of
limited scope. The user should have some knowledge of the allowed commands,
their functions, and what he wants to do in order to effectively use a
command language interpreter. The EDI editing program is also a command
language interpreter, as is SIPS, and to a certain extent, BMDP.
In contrast, many other programs are written conversationally, verbally
prompting the user for input, often in a multiple choice format. Examples of
conversational programs are *EPAPLGT and *MAZE from OS-3 This type of
program requires less knowledge on the part of the user.
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NOVICE BOOK
A batch job or task is created by a punched card deck or a file of card
images and is run without the user's supervision, observation, or on-line
interaction. The System Executive program allocates time slices to batch
jobs at a lower priority than it does to interactive users. However, batch
jobs generally make more efficient use of human and computer time for larae
scale, production-type tasks.
On the other hand, batch mode does not permit one to effect instantaneous,
on-line, interactive changes in a file, a task, or its execution--a highly
desirable, timesaving procedure during the process of program development and
debugging(correction and verification).
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NOVICE BOOK
Applications--Problen Solving with a Computer
When used correctly, computers can be an extremely efficient aid to problem
solving. Used incorrectly, they produce masses of non-synthesizable output which
confuses the issue. Creation of a new program for each problem to be solved is
not efficient, and may lead to duplication of effort, not to mention piles of
soon-to-be extraneous card-decks and printouts.
Applications packages are programs or sets of programs that enable
people with little background in computer use and no background in computer
programming to use the computer for data analysis. In most cases, with or
without a little thoughtful manipulation of the data, available analysis
packages such as BMDP Statistical Package are appropriate and easy to use.
Many such packages are extrememly well documented, allowing the researcher
a better understanding of the manipulations being performed upon his data
than may be the case if a specific new program is written. Another advantage
is that widespread use of these packages allow consistently reproducible
results.
Information on Available Packages and Programs
Jo Oshiro, Freshwater Ecology x4745
Bill Tiffany, Data Processing x465l
Howard Mercier, CSC x4685
3111 Faus, CSC x4685
Wells Matthews, CSC x4685
Larry Male, Office of the Director x4753
In addition, persons doing similar types of research or involved with similar
analyses may have information on, or access to other programs.
Acquiring new applications packages from outside sources, such as
Universities or other researcn facilities, is possible, especially -/hen
the programs are in tne Dublic domain.
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NOVICE BOOK
Applications -- Development of New Programs
If the development of a new analysis program is to be as cost-effective
as possible, the program must be as versatile as possible — that is, the program
should be designed for general use as well as for application to the specific
case of the problem at hand.
The statement of a problem in terms suitable for computer solution is
called an algorithm. When requesting the development of a new program, it
is the responsibi1ity of the researcher, not of the programmer, to specify
the problem, and in general terms, how to solve it. It also is useful to
know what sorts of options would make the program the most useful to the
largest number of people — do the formulas used in calculations have rates,
constants, or coefficients that may change for another set of data7 How
large is the data set? Is it unusually large or small for this type of
analysis? What types of values are reasonable for input data? For output
data7 What is the most useful form for the results? This information will
help the programmer to make the program as versatile as possible.
In order to make the programmer's task easier, a conceptual explanation
of the problem the program should solve is often useful.
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NOVICE 300K
Applications--Problem Solving with a Computer
Problem and Goal
Identification;
Appropriate analysis
Techniques for data
4r
Analysis Package Available7
l
Yes
identify special
parameters, other
necessary input
format, prepare
and quallty control
of data for input
to package
Computer Analysis3
Production use of
analysis package
I
Computer output
I nterpretati on
i
Answers, hopefully
a-
Mo
development or acquisition
of new analysis package
cost-effective?
Yes
Package available
for acquisition at
reasonable price?
( —
No-
r
Yes —^Purchase and
lnstal1
Mo
vk
Resource available for
in-house development7 r-> No
r
Yes
>1
Formulate algorithm,
specify and explain
problem
4
Decide on optimal I/O,
data arrays, inputs
I
Codinq and documentation
"1
Debugging
i
Double-checking by requestor
Finished package
Figure 3. Flow Chart of steps in using the computer to solve problems
Most steos, other than coding and debugging, require a large
degree of involvement on the part of the researcher, who is
familiar with the how's and why's of the data and the analysis
techniques.
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NOVICE BOOK
Use of a Computer Terminal for PDP 11/70
Because most of the terminals available in the facility will eventually
be hard-wired into the POP 11/70, this discussion does not include use of a
modem (telephone hookup).
1. Power on. The power switch of a VT-100, the type of terminal in
the terminal room at the Computer Center (Rm 100) is located at the left rear
of the machine, about 6 inches above the counter and 2 inches from the side of
the terminal. It is a toggle switch. A red light at the top of the keyboard
indicates that the power is on. The terminal should be allowed to warm up for
15-30 seconds. A cursor character should ba visible on the screen.
2. Getting the computer's attention. Simultaneous depression of the
"Control" (mid-left side of keyboard, near "Shift" key) and the "C" keys
The computer responds with a greeting header and a "PDS>" prompt
PDS stands for Program Development System. It is a program wmch allows
the user to create files, call the editor (EDI or EDIT), compile, link, and
run programs, submit batch jobs, scan his directory, and other useful operations.
3. Logging in. In response to the "PDS " prompt, the user types
"LOGI.'i" .
ALL PDS COMMANDS MAY BE SHORTENED TO THEIR SHORTEST UNIQUE ABBREVIATION
The shortest unique abbreviation for "LOGIN" is "LOGI". PDS then prompts for
"USER.'iAME", unless forestalled by entry of the USERHAME after the command
LOGI
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NOVICE 300K
3. Logging in, continued.
MOST PDS COMMANDS WILL PROMPT FOR THE MINIMUM NECESSARY INPUT WITH NO
SPECIAL OPTIONS OR PARAMETERS.
The username is an identification code assigned to a particular user
or group of users by the System Manager, Bill Tiffany.
After the USERNAME is entered, PDS will prompt "PASSWORD7", which,
if entered after the prompt, will not be printed on the screen. The prompting
feature in PDS may be circumvented by typing all of the desired command and
its necessary parameters, with optional qualifiers, on a single line
Examples of logging in, underlines indicate what the
computer prints on the screen, cr=carriage return.
PDS > LOG I USERNAME cr
PASSWORD? xxxxxxxx(not printed on the screen)c.r
PDS> LOGIN cr
USERNAME7 USERNAME cr
PASSWORD7 xxxxx(not printed on the screen) cr
PDS > LOG I USER"! AM E PASSWORD (printed on screen) cr
The system responds with more greeting headers and a "thought" for the
day
d ERASURES To erase a character, or several characters on a line,
use the "DELtTE" key (right-hand side of keyboard, near the "RETUPJ" key).
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NOVICE BOOK
4. ERASURES, continued.
ALTHOUGH BOTH "BACKSPACE" AND "CONTROL H" MAY GIVE YOU THE DESIRED
RESULTS ON THE TERMINAL SCREEN, WHAT YOU SEE IS NOT IJHAT THE COMPUTER GETS!!1
If you wish to give up and start a line over, "CONTROL C" acts like a
"BREAK" key. If a PDS command was in the process of executing a task, such as
editing a file, when "CONTROL C" was hit, a "TASK SUSPENDED" message will
appear on the screen. The only PDS commands that will work while there is a
suspended task are "LOGOFF" ("LOGO") and "MESSAGE" ("MES" -- sends a message
to the operator's console in the terminal room).
5. SUSPENDED TASKS. To continue a task that was suspended, type
the PDS command "CONTINUE" ("CON"). To abort the task, type "A30RT" ("A3").
6. HELP. 3y typing "HELP" ("H") in response to the PDS promot, the
user can see a list of all available PDS commands, as well as some that are
not available or which the user does not have the privilege to use Privileges
are set by the System Manager for the protection of the system and its resources.
To receive HELP concerning a certain command, that is, a diagram of
its syntax and appropriate qualifiers, options, and parameters, type "HELP
command" For example:
PDS> HELP ABORT
PDS> HELP LOGI
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NOVICE BOOK
7. Other types of help. There are many manuals and documentation
files of varying levels of difficulty to help you with the computer. A list
of some of them is available by typing, in response to the PDS prompt,
"TYPE (320,l] Manua1s.txt.
Karen Meyer, x4635, the computer operations supervisor for CSC, in
Room 100, also has current information on available documentation for the
system and for applications packages.
8. Logging off. To end a session, type "LOGOUT" ("LOGO"} in response
to a PDS prompt.
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MOV ICE BOOK
ETIQUETTE FOR COMPUTER USERS
1. Keep your directory clean of extraneous files (old versions, already
processed data, out-of-date command files, etc.)- If you have files that you
would like to keep, but do not need to access frequently, talk to either Karen
or Lisa in Operations about archiving it. Archiving involves storing the file
on tape, where it is not using up part of the on-line resource. Too many on-
line files bog down the computer's response time on file-handling operations.
2. Identify your files. If you are a user assigned to a general user name,
such as FOECO (Freshwater Ecology) or TDTOX (Terrestrial Toxicology) identify all
of your files by starting filenames with a unique identifier such as your initials.
If there is a problem with your files, the System Manager and the operator will
know whom to contact. This also makes for easier reading of a large directory.
3. Under normal circumstances, allow 15-20 minutes for card input to
show up on your directory, if you are creating a file. Allow 15-20 minutes
for line printer output to be printed, taken off the printer, and put into
the appropriate box. Do not get your own output off the line printer without
Karen's permission.
4. 00 NOT REMOVE ANY OF THE TERMINAL ROOM MANUALS ASK KAREN OR LISA IF
YOU NEED A PERSONAL COPY ALWAYS RETURN BORROWED MANUALS. Tiff, Bill and
Wells, Jo and others maintain small "manual 1 ibraries"--they cannot continue
to do so if manuals disapoear
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NOVICE BOOK
Use of a Computer Term rial--Keyboa rd Control, VT-100 Features
CONTROL C
CONTROL Z
CONTROL G
10 SCROLL
1. Invokes PDS
2. Cancels PDS command if entered before carriage return.
3. Terminates DIRectory, DELete commands.
4. Suspends user's active task. Then can.
a. AOort
b. Continue
c. SHOW STATUS
d. MESsaqe
e. LOGOut
1. Terminates file input (input mode) from a terminal,
signals end-of-file. Used to exit many systems grace-
fully (ex: EDIt, PDS CREATE)
1. 3el1 , useful to signal operator that a message has been
sent
1. Suspends printing of current terminal output until
the "NO SCROLL" key is pressed again.
HARDWARE FUNCTIONS
To clear the screen
1. Press "SET UP"
2. Press "RESET" (top row, middle,
on the left of the rou of lights,
with other SET UP toggle switches
wmch are normally regular keys).
To change the contrast:
1. Press "SET UP"
2. Press "UP ARROW" or "DOWN ARROW"
to increase or decrease contrast.
3 Press "SET UP"
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NOVICE BOOK
File Manipulation of the PDP 11/70
On the PDP 11/70, users and their files are divided into groups.
User access to files within and between groups is limited according to
a system of privileges based on the user identification code (UIC) the user
file directory (UFD) where the file in question resides, and the prerogatv
of the owner of the file and the system manager.
Complete File Specifications
Complete file specifications are rarely necessary, the parameters
default to those specifications most users want.
The file specification syntax is-
UFD
device group no .member no. fi1ename.fi1etype,version no.
For example:
In most instances, name, type, and sometimes version number are all that is
required.
Description of file specification fields, defaults
D30 . [321,2] FRESHWET DAT,23
DBO [l,l] SYSINFO.TXT, 12
device
the system device on which the file is located, for
this installation, the device is DBO , the system dis
Default=DB0.
UFD
the location, specified by grouo and member numbers,
where the file resides.
L)efault=UFD associated with UIC of Username used wnen
logging in
fi1ename
the n?me of the desired file — from one to nine aloha-
nurr.eric characters
"iO DEFAULT
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NOVICE BOOK
Description and defaults of file specification fields, cont
file type a file descriptor of 3 alpha characters, set by con-
vention, in certain contexts, the file type defaults
to an appropriate type.
version an octal version number, editing and recreation of files
(for examole, reading in a new card deck under the same
file name) does not overwrite old versions of the file,
but creates new ones Each new version is specified
with a higher octal number.
Default=fcr input, the most current version(hiohest
version number), for output, the most current
version + 1 (1 if no current version exists).
Some Useful Standard File Types (for complete list, see Table 6-2,
IAS User's Guide)
.BIS "Batch Input Stream"-a batch command and/or data file
CMO "Indirect Command File"-a file of commands, analagous to
a do-fi1e or macro.
.DAT data file
. FTN A FORTRAN source file
.1ST a listing file, most commonly a compiler listing of a
source file.
OBJ a file in object (machine language) code, created by a
compi1er
.001 an overlay descriptor file, for preparing large tasks
for execution
0L3 a library file
S?R a spooled output file (file has soent time waiting in line
to come off of a spooled device such as the line nrinter).
.TMP a temporary file
,$;< a task file produced by the Task 3ui 1 dev"(Li nker) and
ready for execution—a "runnable" file
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NOVICE BOOK
The User identification code (UIC) is a set of octal numbers which
uniquely identify a Username and cannot be changed or reset without the consent
of the System manager These numbers are enclosed in brackets. For example
iMj
^21,2]
The first number is the group number, the second is the member number In this
way, users working on common data bases or vn th common needs can be grouped
while no single directory is overwhelmed with massive numbers of files.
A User File Directory (UFD) is a location where files are stored and
is designated the same way as a UIC. However, the user, if he has the privi-
lege, can "move" from one UFD to another for purposes of copying, reading,
writing, extension, and deletion. In general, only the System and the owner
of a file have deletion privileges.
A UFD is not the same as a UIC, however, the system will default to
the UFD that has the same number as your UIC unless told otherwise
The default privileges and protections set by the system are
SYSTEM can do anything it wants to--read, write, extend, delete
Group can read, write, extend
Owner can read, write, extend, delete
World can read the file.
(Group-all those UIC's having the same group number, Owner--the UIC of the
creator of the file, not the UFD in wnich the file was created, World--non-
system users not naving the same group number as the owner of the file)
For a more thorough explanation of pnvi lieges and protections, see the
[AS User's Guide. '-El? SET PROTECTION. QIR/FULL
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MOV ICE BOOK
PDS File Commands
Comnand
Example
cr=carriage return
indicate commands which prompt for
minimum necessary input.
Cormand function and description
DI Rectory
PDS) 01R cr
PDS> DIRECTORY [321,2] cr
*Type (filespec)
PDS> T FRESHWET.DAT cr
PDS> TYPE FRESHWET.DAT cr
lists all files on the default UFQ,
with size, date and time of creation
Files listed in the order they are
found on the disk
(Gives directory listing of the UFD
1321,2] )
lists the specified file at the terminal
(most current version of FRESHWET DAT listed)
PDS> TYPE 321,102 FUNFILE.TXT lists the file from the UFD [321,102]
*PRInt (filespec) prints the file on the line printer,
automatically labelled to the Username
PDS*> PRI FRESHWET.DAT cr used when logging in.
pDS> PRINT FRESHWET DAT,1 Cr (earliest version of FRESHWET DAT printed)
PDS) PRINT [321,10£J FUNFILE.TXT cr
*C0Py (filespec) creates another copy of the given file,
new copy may be in another UFD, filename
PDS> COPY FRESHWET DAT TOO'/ET DAT Cr
PDS> COP [321,102] FU\'FILE TXT HISFJN TXT (copies from FUTILE on the
UFD [321,102] to H ISFUN.TXT
on the default UFD)
"COPy/CW,N useci to copy a file f*-om another UFD to
the default UFD ano transfer ownership
CuP
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NOVICE BOOK
PDS File Commands, cont
*APPend (filespec 1) (filespec2) adds one file (f11 spec 1) to another (filespec2)
The new file name is (filesoec2).
PDS) APR FRESHWET.DAT DRY.OAT cr
PDS> APPEND TOOWET.DAT DRY.DAT cr
rDELete (filespecl)
PDS> DEL DRY DAT, 34 cr
PDS> DELETE TOOWET.DAT,! cr
deletes the file. Version numDer must be
specified in some fashion. (SEE IAS MANUAL-
WILDCARDS)
cDELete/KEEP (filespec)
PDS> DEL/KEEP FRESHWET.DAT cr
deletes all the versions of the file except
the most current. Version number not needed
*REName (oldfi 1 espec) (ne.vfi 1 espec) changes the name of (oldfi 1 espec) to
(newfilespec)
PDS> RE.'I FRESHWET DAT 0NLvDAT. DAT cr
PDS) RENAME ONLYDAT.DAT MYDAT.DAT cr
*CReate (filespec)
PDS) CR NEWFILE.TXT cr
Ready for input
This is a new file
to show. a little,
the create conmand
(Ctrl Z)
Exi t
cr
how to use
in PDS. cr
accepts input into a file. Unlike making
a file in the editor, once a line is entered,
mistakes cannot be corrected To correct
mistakes, the editor must be used after
input is completed.
(each line of input is terminated
cr with a carriage return. To get
out of mout mode, type "CCxjfROL
Z" and a DDS prompt will aocear)
PDS>
¦""command .•/ill orompt fo~ minnum necessary input
cr-carr: age return--mus t be oressed to tell t:ie ccmouter znaz this Tine is ready
for i n d u t
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NOVICE BOOK
Use of the Editor, EDI
The editor, called EDI, is called from PDS. The prompt for the editor
is an asterisk -- 1+1. Input mode, for entering lines of code or data, has
no prompt. j0 input mode, type a line with nothing but a carriage return
EDI is a line-oriented editor, but it does not have line numbers Ima-
gine that the editor has a line pointer which sits at the beginning of the
current line. Various commands move the line pointer to tne beginnings of
other lines; some commands perform operations upon the current line.
As with PDS, EDI accepts the minimum unique abbreviation of a command
as well as the full command.
The editor, when reading in lonq files, breaks them up into blocks
or pages so that the file is not using up excessive amounts of scratch file
space. Switching from one block to another may cause creation of new versions
of the file -- it is possible to invoke the editor with version one, and leave
the editor with version 13
EOI commands
Certain commands may be performed more than once by placing a multiolier
in the command string. The multiplier is denoted by 'n' in the following list.
PDS> EDI (newf11esDec) creates a new file, prepares tne editor
for rnout
cr (ends input mode, qives *)
?DS> EDIT (newfi1espec)" as above
PDS> EDIT (oldfilesoec) reads in the first page of the old file
(olrifilespec) and orepares for editing
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MOV ICE 300K
EDI commands, cont
Command
HP
**M0VING THE LINE POINTER**
.'JP n
(Carriage return)
NP-n
(Escape)
TOF
L (string)
nL (string)
PL (string)
nPL (string)
TOP
SOT torn
RE'lew
mnemon1c
next
next&pri n t
top of file
1 ocate
page locate
top of page
bottom of oage
renew
Function" and Description
Moves line pointer to next line
Moves line pointer to next line, prints
next line (now the current line)
Moves pointer ahead n lines, prints
Moves line pointer to next line, prints it
Moves the line pointer pack n lines.
Moves the line pointer back one line, prints
Moves the line pointer to the top of the
fi 1 e
Moves the line pointer to the first line
on the current page which has (string)
M3--(string) does not mean enclose the
string in parentheses' Put a space after
the L, and then type exactly, down to the
number of blanks, etc., the string you
want the editor to search for
Locates the nth occurrence of (string)
Searches all pages for the occurence of
(string), moves the pointer in front of
the line with the first occurrence of
(string)
Searches, moves line pointer to line with
nth occurrence of (string)
Moves line pointer to too of the current
page
Moves line pointer to last line of current
page, prints it
'¦loves line pointer to first line of next
oace in file
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NOVICE BOOK
**STRING REPLACEMENT**
Command
mnemonic
PASTE/(olds tring)/(news tring)
Change/(ol ds t>~i ng) / (news tri ng)
n C/ (o 1 ds t r i n g) / (ne ws t r i n g}
function and description
Changes al1 occurrences of (oldstring)
to (newstring), moves the line pointer
to the top of the current page
(dot:-, J -j
Changes the first occurrence on the current
line of (oldstrinq) to (newstring).
Changes the first n occurrences on the current
line of (oldstrinq) to (newstring)
SC/(olds tring)/(newstring)
search and change Searches all pages of the file for the first
occurrence of (oldstring), changes it to
(newstring), and leaves the line pointer
at the beginning of that line
STRING DELINEATORS
In the above list, a '/' is shown as the string delineator, but most
special characters will work. The editor expects the character after the
command to be a delineator
For example.
SC»(olas tring)%(news trinq)
C%A/8ETA**2%ALPHA/BETA*2
**IilSERT[QMS Ai'lD DELETIONS**
I cr insert Inserts text after the current line,
(string) may be followed either by a carriage
I (string) return with input on the next line, or
by a space followed directly with the
cr (ends input moae, gives T) text to be inserted
0 delete Deletes the current line.
D n Deletes the current line and the next
n-1 lines
DP delete h onnt Deletes the current line, prints the new
c j r re n t line
A (string) add Add (string) at the ena of the current line
r? (string) aca 'j princ Add (string), print new current line
(Line oomter does not no/e)
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~~LISTING**
command
P
P n
LIST
mnemonic
pri nt
function and description
Prints the current line
prints the next n lines, including the
current line
Lists the file from the current line down,
moves the line pointer to the too of the
current page.
For further information on the use of EDI, see the IAS
USER'S MANUAL, and the EDI USER'S MANUAL.
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Running Tasks on the PDP 11/70
Once you have a FORTRAN source file, there are three steps involved in
making it a task-image file that is ready to run:
1. Invoke the FORTRAN compiler
2. Link the object(machine language) file created
by the compiler with the necessary system soft-
ware (libraries, floating point processor, etc).
3. Run the task with the task-image file created by
the Linker (aka Task Builder) in step 2.
For more information, see the IAS USER"S MANUAL, and other documentation from
Digital, the manufacturer of the PDP 11/70.
A quick review of the necessary commands and some useful options in comDilina,
linking, and running a FORTRAN program:
Command
FOrtran (filespec)
F0/N0O3J (filespec)
F0/N00BJ/LIST (filespec)
FO/LIST TI (filespec)
FO/LIST (f11s pec I) (filespec)
r0/LiST/SW (/TR AlL) (filesoec)
Function and Description
compile the file (filetype defaults to .FTN)
and send an error count(not listing) to
the terminal
Compile the sourcefile, make no object file,
and send an error count to the terminal.
Compile the sourcefile, make no object file,
and send an error diagnostic listing to the
line printer--an error count is sent to the
terminal.
Compile the sourcefile, make an object file,
send the error diagnostic listing to the
term nal .
Compile the sourcefile, make an object file,
send tne error diagnostic listing to a file
designated in (filspecl).
Compile tne sourcefi1e, make an object file,
send the error diagnostic listinc to the
line printer, nave tracers for pinpointing
of link- and run-time errors
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LINK (filespec) Links the program--fi1etype defaults to .OBJ
Many options are available—see HELP LINK
and documentation.
RUN (filespec) Runs the program--fi1etype defaults to .TSK
For options, see HELP RUM and documentation.
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