QUARTERLY REPORT OF RESEARCH
APRIL - JUNE 1971
NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND
Dr. C.M. TARZWELL. DIRECTOR

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QUARTERLY REPORT OF RESEARCH
APRIL - JUNE 1971
NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
WEST KINGSTON, RHODE ISLAND
Dr. C.M. TARZWELL, DIRECTOR
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Quality Office
Office o£ Research and Monitoring
This report does not constitute publication but is for
information only. All data must He considered provisional.

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1.00 GENERAL
As a member of the National Temperature Committee, the Director has
attended several meetings with state representatives to discuss temp-
erature requirements and the setting of temperature criteria. On
April 5-6, he .was in Montgomery, Alabama, to participate in the hear-
ings on temperature and oxygen criteria for both marine and fresh
waters in the state of Alabama. He presented a paper on water quality
requirements for the record of the hearings. On April 18-20, he was in
San Francisco for a meeting in the Regional Office and with state repre-
sentatives for the discussion of water quality criteria for fresh,
estuarine and marine waters of the State of California. Recommenda-
tions were made for criteria for each type of water as to allowable
temperature increases and allowable maximum temperatures.
On April 21-23, he was in Atlanta, Georgia, to attend the meeting on
Pesticides which was called for reaching some decision on pesticides
to be used in research studies and the coordination of work on pesti-
cides .
On April 29, the Director attended a meeting in New York City for the
discussion of water quality criteria for the State of New York. Members
of the Regional Office, Washington Office, and the National Temperature
Committee and representatives of the State of New York participated in
this meeting. All but a few items were resolved.
On June 16 he participated in a meeting of Regional Corp of Engineers
and EPA representatives for a discussion of thermal problems in Nar-
ragansett Bay. On June 18 the Director participated in a meeting of
Regional representatives of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Corp of En-
gineers and EPA with representatives of the New England Power Company
to discuss temperature conditions and requirements for Mount Hope Bay.
On July 2, members of the Regional Office and the New England Power
Company met at the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory to discuss
methods of determining natural temperatures in Mt. Hope Bay. No agree-
ment was reached due to the fact that very little data is available to
indicate temperatures in Mt. Hope Bay before the Brayton Point plant
was put into operation.
An agreement for the use of the continuous flow seawater "wet Labora-
tory" at the Northeast Water Hygiene Laboratory, EPA, Narragansett, R.I.
has been made. This expands the continuous flow aquaria facilities from
1500 to 3000 square feet for both ecological requirements and toxicolo-
gical studies carried on in the Rhode Island area. Extensive work has
been accomplished in re-vitalizing the area including pump repair, re-
placement of storage tanks and addition of a new glass lined aquaria to
increase the capacity of the system. This expansion has been identified
primarily for studies of safe levels of pesticides in estuarine and coas-
tal waters, the program for which was established during this quarter.

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Additional laboratory space has also been made available, in NEWHL,
for the newly purchased Finnigan 1015 Mass Spectrometer-gas Chrom-
atograph with data reduction system. The unit is a low resolution
mass spectrometer capable of identifying many of the potential organic
chemical pollutants. It's primary program will be that of pesticide
identity, both in the seawater aquaria system as well as in biological
tissue for body burden. This capability has been sorely needed for
some time.
The research barge houseboat was launched in the Pettaquamscutt River on
June 16th. Marine electrical cable has been installed; the dissolved
oxygen and temperature control and monitoring system is under contract
and is expected to be completed in early July. Full scale studies
will commence at that time.
A contract has been awarded for hull inspection, painting and neces-
sary repairs to the Research Barge. This work is scheduled for
October or November 1971 during a period of minimum disruption of
the research program.
Research programs at the Bears Bluff Field Station have been continu-
ing on a regular basis. Following the resignation of Dr. Richard Wade,
Chief of the Station, Mr. Alston Badger has been named as Acting Chief
until a permanent Chief can be appointed. Dr. James O'Hara has re-
signed and Dr. Don C. Miller, Assistant Professor Biological Sciences,
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y. has been appointed as his replacement.
The demand for library services for both the principal laboratory and
the field station have necessitated the addition of a library assis-
tant. Current awareness searches in Biological Abstracts and Bio-
research Index on toxicity of heavy metals to marine and estuarine
organisms will be continued by the University of Georgia Computer
Center. A extensive literature search for information on the toxicity
of "water" soluble fractions of crude oils and petrochemicals by-
products to marine organisms is in process.
At the request of the University of Rhode Island's Chapter of HEED
(Humans to End Environmental Deterioration), Dr. Prager organized
an April 21 panel discussion on Ecology for URl'S Earth Week activi-
ties. Panelists were Barbara Reynolds, ecologist, of Brown University;
Jay Cronin, Biologist, of R. I. Department of Fish and Game; Milt
Anderson, ecologist, of New England Electric Company, and Dr. Prager
as a panel moderator. Students participated actively in the discussion
which ran an hour ove schedule. We received a very gratifying letter
of thanks from HEED.
Personnel assisted in a NEBO investigation of a fish kill in the
Lees River, a tidal arm of Mt. Hope Bay during the week of April 19.
According to later newspaper accounts, the fish kill was traced to
overchlorination of industrial cooling waters pumped into the Lees
River and the responsible company was fined by Massachusetts courts
for violating water quality standards.
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At the request of Mr. John Rademacher, Director of Region VII, Dr.
Prager evaluated Union Electric Company's Thermal discharge reports
and their proposal to site a generating plant at Rush Island. Numer-
ous deficiencies in the reports such as a lack of summer data, incom-
plete knowledge of thermal requirements of resident species, and
environmentally undesirable features of plant design were pointed
out, and recommendations were to insist upon "Green Book" thermal
standards if closed system cooling towers could not be negotiated
as a first choice.
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2.00 RESEARCH
2.10 Ecological Requirements for Plankton
2.11 Need 18080 OUE, Plan GJZ, "Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature
Requirements of Marine Plankton."
The Brayton Point project has continued and intensified
during the last part of spring. Many developments have been
recorded on colored slides. Racks of asbestos plates were
located at different points at the intake, effluent, and in
Lees River to assess the effect of heated water on settling
of organisms. Plates are removed every two weeks to measure
the extent of settling of organisms. The settling has follow-
ed a typical succession pattern. First there was a slimy
filamentous diatom that formed a "jungle" for harpacticoid
copepods. Barnacles settled at a high rate with larger
numbers in the effluent canal, possibly an effect of current
rather than temperature. The settling was similar in both
intake and effluent canals at the very beginning. However,
the effluent plates became covered with hydroids at a faster
rate, so that it is now nearly impossible to separate the
plates. The intake rack is still mildly covered.
The growth rate of Mytilus edulis, a mussel, that set in the
effluent canal during the winter months (perhaps late fall)
has been followed biweekly. Growth was fast (over 2 mm/week
in May). However, it has virtually stopped as temperatures
in the effluent canal have approached their tolerance limit.
Microscopic examination (fixing jji situ, sectioning and
staining) reveals that they have reached spawning stage
(state). A new set (spat) of this mussel occurred in May,
probably as the result of the spring spawn in other parts
of the bay. Growth of this set has been followed also. The
purpose of this study is to verify the effect of the heated
effluent on the fluctuations in populations of this animal.
Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) is invading the effluent
canal, preying on Mytilus.
Temperature tolerance experiments have been run on Acartia
clausi, the dominant copepod in Narragnasett Bay at this time
of the year. Critical thermal maxima and upper lethal tem-
perature have been determined for animals held at various
temperatures. There appears to be some correlation between
the temperature at which they are held and their CTM and ULT.
It

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Salinity-temperature interactions are also being studied with
this animal. Long exposure to different temperatures indica-
tes that A. clausi cannot live long at temperatures above 25°C.
High mortality (50£) was observed in the field when the tem-
perature of the effluent canal was 30°C.
Plans, drawings, and specifications have been prepared for
a mobile laboratory facility which would greatly facilitate
field work of this sort and also support regional and enforce-
ment activities.
Most emphasis in the area of marine macrophyte ecology was
placed on constructing facilities at the Water Hygiene
Laboratory for the culture of marine algae in continuously
running seawater. Progress to date has been very slow
because of delays in receiving and assembling equipment.
We have about 15 species of algae in one tank awaiting clean-
ing and begining of culturing.
Some laboratory studies have been carried out on the green
alga, Enteromorpha clathrata. E. clathrata was collected at
Charlestown beach during March and was isolated free of other
organisms. We have tested it against a series of salinities
ranging from 0 - 60°/oo. Growth occurs most rapidly at 5-
20°/oo and drops off very rapidly above 40°/oo. The ability
E- clathrata to sporulate was examined as a function of sal-
inity. Sporulation occurs at the same salinities that growth
is best, between 5 - 20 /oo- To date, this organism has gone
through two complete asexual cycles in the laboratory.
Thermal exposures to Skeletonema costaturn and Cyclotella nana
acclimated to 20°C have been completed. After 180 minutes
exposure to 30°C, C. nana showed only a 157. reduction in
growth rate during the subsequent 24 hr. At 35°C for 90
minutes there was a 777„ reduction in growth rate during the
subsequent 24 hr. with a resumption of normal growth rate
after 48 hr. At 35°C for 180 minutes a 72 hr. lag occurred
before resumption of normal growth rate resulted, and after
168 hr. Skeletonema was considerably more sensitive to thermal
shock. At 30°C for 60 minutes there was a 33% reduction in
growth rate during the subsequent 24 hr.; at 40°C a 5 minute
exposure was completely inhibitory to growth. Future studies
will involve evaluating thermal stress to Thalassiosira.
Detonula, and chaetoceros.
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In addition thermal stress to C. nana and Skeletonema will
be re-evaulated at 25°C acclimation temperatures.
2.12 Need 18080 OUA, Contract 14-12-856, "Collection and
Establishment in Culture of Species and Strains of Marine
Phytoplanktonic Organisms, "University of Rhode Island,
Graduate School of Oceanography. Contract Officer - Dr.
R. L. Steele.
An unusual organism has been isolated and placed in the
culture collection. We have isolated a cryptomonad,
Cyanomonis, which is interesting because it contains the
pigment phycocyanin. Normally this pigment is found only
in the red algae or the blue green algae.
As of the last quarterly report, the culture collection con-
tained 250 clones. The contractor is also continuously sup-
plying Isochrysis galbana for raising clam larvae.
2.20 Plankton Toxicological Studies
2.21 Need 18080 0WA, Plan ETR, "Toxicity of Oils and Petro-
chemicals to Plankton."
Examination of cellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a
measure of biomass or of stress response has continued.
An indirect measure of this sort is needed for studies of
the effects of oil or other adsorbed materials on micro-
organisms in sediments. ATP/cell and ATP per unit cell
volume were determined for Cyclotella nana, Skeletonema
costatum, Rhodomonas baltica, Detonula confervacea, and
Thalassiosira nordenskioldn. The value for ATP per unit
cell volume are very similar for all species. These
values vary slightly with stage of growth and nutritional
history but are independent of stage of light-dark cycle.
We are presently evaluating the relationship of ATP/
in stress situations (i.e., Cu, Cl, etc.). The ATP content
of a variety of neritic copepods is similarly being deter-
mined in relation to total carbon and dry weight measure-
ments. Investigations are also being made to determine the
ATP content of these zooplankters under various stress
conditions, such as exposure to copper or chlorine.
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The measurement of grazing rates may prove to be a useful
parameter in assessing the sublethal effects of toxic sub-
stances such as oil. Accordingly, preliminary experiments
were undertaken to attempt to determine the filtration rates
of various zooplankton taken both from natural environmental
and laboratory culture. Results were somewhat inconclusive
indicating need for further study and improvement of techni-
ques.
2.22 Need 18080 OWB, Plan ETM, "A Measure of the Toxicity
of Heavy Metals to Estuarine Plankton".
Laboratory screening studies have been initiated with chromium
and mercury. Copper toxicity was investigated in a variety
of unenriched natural seawater and in a minimally enriched
waters. The test species were Cyclotella nana and Skeletonema
costatum.
The effect of initial cell density was also investigated.
There was a distinct decrease in degree of growth inhibi-
tion when cell density exceeded 2 X loVml.
A field study has been planned to validate laboratory results
and to determine the extent of the natural variability in
copper toxicity. The field study will include a bioassay
procedure (now undergoing laboratory testing) for deter-
mining the copper complexation capacity of natural waters.
Water masses sampled will be characterized as to biological
and chemical content.
Chitosan was prepared from lobster carapaces according to
the method of Muzzarelli (1970) and tested as a possible
alternative to Chelex-100 for the removal of trace metals
from marine culture media. It was confirmed that chitosan
could be used to remove trace metals from seawater but
chitosan had only 10 to 207, of the capacity to take up
Zn as Chelex-100. Other trace metals such as silver,
a metal not effectively taken up by Chelex-100, have yet
to be tested. Copper-chitosan was also tested and found
not to take up amino acids from seawater as efficiently as
copper-chelex.
Grant 18050 DUI, "Toxicity of Metals to Marine Plankton,"
Texas A & M University, Dr. W.B. Wilson, Principal investi-
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gator, Dr. C. S. Hegre, Project Officer.
Progress on this grant has been satisfactory. A continuation
proposal has been received and reviewed favorably.
2.23 Need 18080 OSK, Preliminary investigations, "Toxicity
to Marine Organisms of Free Chlorine and Chlorinated
Compounds in Seawater."
The Chlorine demand of Brayton Point natural seawater and
of synthetic TM-6 was investigated. After 24 hr. the
titratable chlorine had decreased from 4.9 ppm to 1.1 ppm
in natural seawater and 4.9 to 4.25 in synthetic. In a
second series the values went from 10.21 mg/1 to 5.75 mg/1
in 24 hr. in Brayton Point water. It is probable that the
chlorine is interacting with organic compounds. We found
that Brayton Point water which was treated with 10 mg Cl/1
had no detectable chlorine after 500 hr. Bioassays (enriched
and unenriched) of this water indicated the presence of some
inhibitory compounds not present in untreated water. Further
studies of this nature are in progress and it is hoped that
chemical analysis of treated water will help in character-
izing possible toxic chlorinated organics.
Acute chlorine toxicities have been established for> several
algae. 24 hr. IL50's are: Skeletonema 95 ug/l} Rhocononas
120 ug/1. Detonula 250 ug/1, Cyclotella 130 ug/1. Another
series of experiments with Cyclote11a is in progress which
relates exposure time and chlorine concentration. Chlorine
is removed at specific time intervals by thiosulfate titration.
At 1.0 and 0.5 ppm, chlorine exposure for 30 seconds resulted
in partial kill with growth resurgence after 48 hr., at 60
seconds exposure complete kill was observed. At 0.3 ppm
an exposure of 60 seconds produced partial kill and subsequent
regrowth after 48 hr. At 5 minute exposure inhibition was
total and permanent. At 0.150 ppm slight inhibition was
evident after 5 minutes exposure and only partial inhibition
after 24 hr. exposure. Research is continuing on this
study using different combinations of time and concentration.
Bioassays were conducted to determine the toxic effects of
chlorine (as Hypochlorite) to select zooplankton species
(Acartia clausi, Tigriopus laponicus, Pseudodiaptimus
coronatus). Results show resistance of species tested to
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levels of 7.5 ppm chlorine for 5 minutes time exposure.
Tests have not yet been conducted to determine the effect of
chlorine exposure in combination with temperature increase
as is encountered in electric power plants.
2.24 Special Project, "Toxicity of Waste from Antibiotic
Production."
At the request of the New England Basins Office, sludge from
antibiotic production was tested for toxicity to phytoplankton,
zooplankton, and an amphipod. Acute toxicity of sludge to
C. nana and R. Baltica was not evident at concentrations up
to 1000 mg dry weight/liter. Extracts of sludge (72 hr.
at 15°C in synthetic seawater) were found inhibitory to
algal growth at 10% (v/v) concentration. The initial samples
when added to enriched and unenriched seawater produced de-
finite fungal growth; autoclaved samples did not.
Subsequent "aseptic" samples didn't manifest any fungal
growth. ATP analyses of initial sludge samples revealed
definite presence of ATP indicating the presence of living
organisms. In tests with a number of zooplankton species
no mortality was observed in any of the bioassays using
either the method of undiluted extract or of suspended
sludge at levels as high as 500 mg dry weight/liter. Tests
were also made with the amphipod Corophium sp. using the
suspension only. No mortality was observed after 72 hr. ex-
posure at 500 mg dry weight/liter. Amphipods have yet to
be tested with the extract. Our determinations have shown
the sludge to be 20% carbon on a dry weight basis.
2.30 Ecological Requirements for Fish and Invertebrates
2.31 Need 18080 0QA,Plan ETI, "Dissolved Oxygen, temperature
and salinity requirements for selected marine fish and
invertebrates."
Studies of temperature increments above ambient on adult
and larvae and eggs of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronects
americanus were essentially completed for the season during
this quarter. Results indicated that eggs are more sensitive
to thermal stress than are larvae or adults. Egg mortality
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became significant at 13°C while larvae as well as adult
flounder started to succumb at 17°C.
A breakdown of thermal tolerance at 17°C for both adult and
larval flounder is suspect however. In the case of the larvae,
difficulty was encountered in identifying and supplying an
adequate food supply. Some success was realized by providing
larvae of the hard shell clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, however,
limited supplies of clam larvae dictated the continued use of
wild plankton collections as the primary food source.
Adult flounder died from an infection that was an indirect
effect of thermal load. The upper thermal limit for adult
flounder is 26.5°C for individuals acclimated at 20°C
(McCracken, 1963, Seasonal movements of the winter flounder,
P. americanus, on the Atlantic coast. Fish Res. Bd. Can.
20(2):557-586). Barge flounder acclimated at 12, 9 and
5°C died consistently at 5 or 6°C below values extrapolated from
McCracken's data. The difference is most likely due to the
bacterial disease which is of itself related to temperature
level.
Drs. Cabelli and Levine of the Water Hygiene Laboratory
and Dr. Wolke of the Sea Grant experimental station,
University of Rhode Island, isolated the bacteria and
carried out pathological examinations of diseased flounder.
They reported on their work as follows:
Piscine Vibriosis is best described as an
acute bacterial disease of marine fish characterized by der-
mal ulceration. Descriptions of histopathological examin-
ations have been made. The vast majority of such descrip-
tions have been associated with Vibria auquillarum infec-
tions .
The following brief report describes lesions associated with
an outbreak of Vibrio ichthyodermis among Pseudopleuromectes
americanus under aquaculture conditions, and subsequently
observed and verified in natural populations.
Pathology:
Gross lesions: Gross lesions were confined to the skin
and musculature of affected fish. These lesions in their
acute phase were characterized by petechiae and ecchymoses
which in their most chronic manifestations became frank
ulcerations. They occurred with equal frequency on both
pigmented and non-pigmented surfaces and often involved
the fins, especially the anal fin.
Microscopic lesions: Histological changes were present in
the skin, musculature and kidney.
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Dermal lesions included acute necrosis of the epidermis,
dermal endema and a lymphocytic infiltration. Brown-Bien
and Giemsa stains revealed numerous gram-negative rods
scattered throughout the dermis and about the edges of
ulcers.
The lesion observed in the skeletal muscle was one of classi-
cal ZENKER's necrosis with little or no inflammatory response.
Congestion of vessels was common and perivascular accumu-
lations of bacteria were also present.
Kidney lesions were of two types. Firstly, a relatively
consistent increase in the numbers of primitive HEMATOPOIETIC
CELLS (Hemocytoblasts) both in cut section and in WRIGHT's
stained impression smears were observed in affected fish.
Secondly, focal interstitial necrosis and some tubular necro-
sis were noted.
In addition, histological examination revealed a gran-
negative organism in the tissue. An organism biochemically
identified as Vibrio ichthyodermis was consistently isolated
from the lesions from fish which had been exposed to increased
temperature. Lesions in fish cultures of the organisms when
injected into the fish produced identical lesions. Vibrio
ichthyodermis was reisolated from the lesions. This is the
first report of mortality in Pseudopleuronectes americanus
caused by Vibrio ichthyodermis.
Fish with lesions were observed in relatively high numbers
by an experienced collector for the Graduate School of
Oceanography , URI. His observation was that this year there
were many more fish with lesions than he had ever previously
noted.
The development of pigment changes for protective coloration
characteristic of the winter flounder was assessed as a measure
of stress. While pigment change to a uniform background took
10-12 minutes at ambient temperature, intensity failed to develop
after half an hour in fish exposed to plus 5 and 10°C. This work
was carried out by two high school students from a National
Science Foundation special studies group.
The black fish, Tautogus onitus, a summer migrant into local
waters, has been introduced into our temperature control system.
Work this summer will be limited to temperature effects on adult
fish. The scup, Stenotomus chrysops, another summer migrant, is
currently being acclimated to our holding system for future
exper imenta tion.
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A study of the effects of depressed levels of dissolved oxygen
on eggs of the winter flounder indicated that 1.0 ppm D.O. is
lethal and low oxygen concentrations generally retard egg develop-
ment. Limited test facilities prevented extensive investigations
in this area.
Studies have been initiated to evaluate use of static vs.
fluctuating systems in assessing relationships between temperature
and growth for developing larvae of the quahog, Mercenaria
mercenaria. Experiments continue on the determination of effects
from depressed levels of dissolved oxygen on the growth of larval
Mercenaria mercenaria. Larvae of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica,
are being introduced into the dissolved oxygen experimental system.
The first run of a series of comparative studies to check for
biological artifacts resulting from the mechanical removal of
dissolved oxygen by sparging with nitrogen has been completed.
Preliminary results indicate that similar levels of D.O. have
identical effects on survival of the shrimp, Crangon septim-
spinosa. whether or not the levels of D.O. are depressed by
nitrogen sparging, biological reduction through the green algae,
Codium fragile, or by respiring blue mussels, Mytilus edulis.
A future series will be run to verify these results. The data
base generated through this study will then be used to compare
similar studies which will be run on a houseboat located on the
Pettaquamscutt River. The latter facility will utilize water
of low oxygen content from a reservoir of oxygen deficient
water created through natural processes.
Studies to determine preference of settling M. mercenaria larvae
along a gradient of dissolved oxygen have been temporarily suspen-
ded pending re-design of the experimental apparatus.
Comparative studies of dissolved oxygen requirements between larvae
of M. mercenaria and the coot clam, Mulinea lateralis, continue
but are limited by the availability of sexually ripe coot clams.
A "live car" design is being tested for in situ bioassays using
oyster larvae. Larvae will be distributed in cars located at
various sites in the upper portions of Narragansett Bay. Growth
and survival to the straight-hinge stage will be observed.
Ecological requirements far dominant members of the ubiquitously
distributed soft-bottom community, which are important food items
in the diet of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus,
continue to be studied. The natural cycle of gametogenesis for the
polychaete, Nephtys incisa is being documented. Studies of effects
of environmental stress on reproduction require knowledge of
"normal" gamete formation in the natural environment. Monthly
histological examinations continue.
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Preliminary factorial studies leading toward a determination of
the long term effects of combining temperature and dissolved oxy-
gen stress have been completed for the polychaete, N. incisa and
the clams Yoldia limatula and Nucula proxima. A nitrogen bubble
problem required modification of system design.
A factorial study of short - term effects of temperature and dis-
solved oxygen stress on the shrimp, Crangon septimspinosa, has
been completed. The D. 0. level at which 1007» mortality occurred
in spite of temperature was 0.72 ppm. The upper temperature level
at which 100% mortality occurred, regardless of D. 0. level was
29.5°C. Fifty per cent mortality occurred at 16°, 19.8°, 23.1°,
24.5°, 25.5°, and 27°C for dissolved oxygen levels of 1.52, 2.29,
3.37, 3.82, 4.2, and 4.8 ppm respectively. One hundred per cent
mortality occurred at 1.52, 2.29, 3.37, 3.82, 4.2, and 4.8 ppm dis-
solved oxygen at 18.5°, 25°, 26.5°, 28.5°, 29°, and 29.5°C res-
pectively. Survival was complete at 14.2°, 17.8°, 21.2°, 22.6°,
and 23.8°C when dissolved oxygen levels were 2.29,3.37, 3.82, 4.2,
and 4.8 respectively.
A report of the total body burden of Fe, Zn, Co, and Sc in a
marine worm, Nephtys incisa, and a clam, Yoldia limatula, has
been developed. Both are organisms which are important as
food for the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus.
Levels of the metals were found to be different between points
on a relatively short transect of stations during the summer in
Narragansett Bay, However, such spatial differences essentially
disappeared during the winter months primarily due to a great
increase in variability of metal levels.
The greatest differences in total body burden were related to
seasonal change. All species at all locations reflected increas-
ed metal levels during the winter. An explanation for enhanced
winter levels postulates a biological control system during
summer changing to a physical chemical control system during
winter. Metabolic and physical activities peak in the organisms
during summer and are greatly retarded at temperatures below 10°C
during the winter.
If further analyses substantiate the postulated dual seasonal
control systems for heavy metals in the body of these organisms
several pertinent questions arise:
1.	How do levels of these metals in interstitial water
compare to levels in associated aediments?
2.	May there not be a "biological pump" that operates on a
seasonal basis indicated? (such recycling from a resevoir
of concentration should be taken into consideration in
the establishment of water quality standards for heavy
metals.)
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3- Many not these organisms be most susceptible to heavy
metal intoxication during winter (below 10°C) when bio-
logical regulation is least efficient, and body burdens
of metals are highest?
These results were presented in a paper at the Third National Sym-
posium on Radioecology held at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, May 13, 1971.
Lobster metabolism research continued during this quarter using
salinity as the stress factor. High rates of mortality were ob-
served at salinities of 15 and 40°/oo- Metabolic rates at 20,
25, 30, and 35°/00 are being computed.
Temperature tolerance studies are continuing at the Bears Bluff
Field Station on juvenile Mugil cephalus and on Uca pugllator.
Conclusions cannot be reached at this time.
2.40 Invertebrate and Fish Toxicological Studies
2.41 Need 18080 0SF, Plan GJY - "Effects of Sodium Nitrilotriacetate
on Marine and Estuarine Organisms."
Flounder, scallop, oyster, and lobster chronically exposed to
10 ppm of NTA were examined for any changes in aminolevulinic
dehydrase activity, 14c leucine uptake and RNA:DNA ratios.
The only apparent difference was in the flounder muscle and
liver nucleic acid ratio. Five NTA exposed and 4 control fish
produced an average ratio of 8.0 and 5.6, respectively. The
sample size was too small to test the differerence for statis-
tical significance. More NTA exposed animals will be tested to
determine the reproducability of the changes.
The study of the effects of NTA on the respiration rates of
lobsters was resumed.
Histopathological studies were conducted on lobsters, scallops,
and oysetrs exposed to NTA (lOppm) for 9 months. Sand shrimp
were exposed for 6 months at the same concentration. Microsco-
pic examination of the animals revealed no observable changes.
Animals were taken frcm the chronic exposure study on the barge
after 9 months exposure to 10 ppm NTA. The water temperature
during winter months just prior to sampling was -1 to 3°C. At
these temperatures, electrophoresis of tissue homogenates showed
that the metabolic activity is low, reflecting by lower enzyme
levels. The water temperature now is 15-16°C and the animals
are feeding better and are more active. This will be reflected
in higher enzyme levels. Differences were obtained in the
zymograms obtained from tissues of control and treated oysters
when the enzymes malate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase
were detected. These differences occurred in the mantle, gill
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and muscle tissue in case of malate dehydrogenase and in the
mantle and gill in the case of alcohol dehydrogenase. These
differences definitely suggest the NTA is being metabolized in
at least oyster tissue.
Acute toxicity of 29 household synthetic detergents (purchased
at local supermarkets) to the marine fish Fundulus heteroclitus
was determined at 20 /„„ salinity and 20°C. A summary table is
presented below:
TL-50, in Number of detergents of 29 in each of the
m8/1 TL-50 toxicity range at 3 time intervals
total product	24hrs	96hrs	168hrs
1.0	0	0	0
1.0-5.0	2	if
5.1-10.0	9	6	6
10.1-20.0	7	77
20.1-40.0	7	55
40.1-100.0	2	2 2
100.1	2	2	2
Of the 29 syndets, 13 produced 168 h TL-50 values in the range
1.0-10.0 mg/1 total product. It is probable that the toxicant
in each case is surface active component, linear alkylate sul-
fonate (=LAS). On the basis of estimated LAS content the 168
hour TL-50 values would be in the range of 0.2-2.0 nig/11. We
consider these levels hazardous to marine fishes. Acute toxicity
screening of the 29 syndets to the other species of marine
organisms will be evaluated during the next quarter.
2.42 Need 18080 OSB, Plan ETL - "Toxicity of Petroleum Oils,
Dispersants and Petrochemical Wastes to Marine Fish and In-
vertebrates .11
Preliminary studies are being carried out with an oil emulsi-
fication system designed to determine the toxicity of petroleum
products to fishes. Earlier problems in design have been cor-
rected, and toxicity assays are expected to proceed during the
coming quarter.
Acute exposure studies were conducted on oysters, scallops,
quahaugs and lobsters exposed to various concentrations of
crude oil. Preliminary histopathologic studies of these ani-
mals, ranging in concentration from 30 - 550ppm, showed changes
in the circulatory system of the oysters.
15

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Acute exposure studies have been started on lobsters, oysters,
scallops and quahaugs which are being exposed to water soluble
oil fractions.
2,43 Need 18080 OSC, Plan ETO - "Toxicity of Heavy Metals to
Marine Fish and Invertebrates."
168 hr. TL-50 values for chloride salts of mercury, zinc,
cadmium, nickel, and chromium (as CrO.) were determined for
Fundulus heteroclitus. Additional assays are in progress with
these compounds with sandworm, Nereis virens; muc snail, Nassa
obsoletus, hermit crab, Pagurus lonqicarpus; and sand shrimp
Crangon septemspinosa. Greater availability of animals during
the summer months is anticipated.
Radiocadmium uptake studies with Fundulus heteroclitus under
varying conditions of stable Cd in the medium containued during
this quarter. Preliminary results indicate that fish will con-
tinue to accumulate Cdil;>m from the medium over a three week
period, that radiocadmium uptake rate is inhibited by increasing
stable Cd2+ in the medium, that gill is the initial site of cadmium
concentration with eventual translocation to viscera and that loss
rate of radiocadmium is slow. These studies will continue during
the next quarter.
Progress was accomplished on the annotated bibliography of heavy
metal effects on aquatic organisms. These abstracts (n=567)
have been indexed by metal and cross - indexed by organisms.
Final typing is in progress.
Studies on the effects of copper on the lateral-line system of
Fundulus heteroclitus continued during the quarter. Intraperiton-
eal injections of copper did not induce pathological changes in the
lateral-line systemof Fundulus comparable to those observed follow-
ing exposure to the metal solution. Experiments are being designed
and implemented to determine the effects of copper on larval forms
of Fundulus.
A second study was begun to elucidate the relative sensitivity
of selected life stages of the common mummichog, Fundulus
heteroclitus, to heavy metals. Study of the toxicity of cad-
mium to selected embryological stages has begun. Preparations
are being made to culture embryos in order that the fry stage
may also be studied. A histological examination of specimens
is planned in conjunction with the survival phase of the study.
Fishes exposed to copper in the wild have been examined for his-
topathology. Preliminary investigation indicated that copper may
be inducing a lesion under these conditions. The study will
continue during the next quarter.
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Amino-levulinic dehydrase inhibition was determined as a func-
tion of lead and other heavy metal exposure in killifish and
winter flounder. Lead in sublethal concentrations inhibited
this enzyme more than any other heavy metal tested. It was
also observed that silver, zinc and to a lesser extent cadmium
increased activity of this enzyme. A manuscript describing
this work has been completed and will soon be submitted for
publication. This enzyme will be studied in fish from lead
contaminated waters and compared to that from uncontaminated
areas. Ribonuclease inhibition will also be looked at using
new simplified assay techniques.
Studies of heavy metal toxicity have continued at the Bears
Bluff Field Station from the previous quarter.
The uptake, retention and TL-50 values were determined using
Phenyl mercuric nitrate (PMN) and mercuric chloride (MC) in
studies on Fundulus heteroclitus; Mugil cephalus, a common
pompano; and Uca pugilator, the fiddler crab. All acute bio-
assays were carried out in one gallon glass jars containing
3 liters of seawater. A temperature of 20°C, ph of 7.7 -
8.0 and dissolved oxygen of 5.0 - 6.0 ppm were maintained
except at 10% salinity where the ph value was 6.6.
Prelininary estimates of the 96 hour TL - 50 at 10°/oo,
20°/oo a"d 30°/oo salinity are shown in Table 1. Further
replication of the experiments are in process for confir-
mation of the results reported.
Juvenile mullet and pompano had TL - 50 values which ap-
proximated each other for each toxicant. However, the
Phenyl mercuric nitrate proved to be approximately ten
times more toxic than mercuric chloride. In general the
toxicity with respect to fiddler crabs was comparable at
the three salinities for each of the toxicants with PMN
being approximately twice as toxic as MC.
Tissue mercury concentrations were determined for Fundulus
heteroclitis at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours exposure for the
several dosages of both PMN and MC as used in the acute
bioassay tests. Although the data are incomplete, it appears
that mercuric chloride exposed fish died with whole fish
mercury loads of 150 - 170 ppb. Those having a body burden
of.70 ppb or less survived the 96 hour test. Those fish
exposed to phenyl mercuric nitrate died with a whole fish
body burden ranging from 20 to 70 ppb. Survivors, after
mercury levels lower than fish dying from mercuric chloride
exposure.
17

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Table 1. Estimated TL-50 values for Phenyl Mercuric
Nitrate (PMN) and Mercuric Chloride (MC).
7o	Ave. wt Estimated 96hr.
Species	Salinity Toxicant (gm) TL-50 (ppm)
F. heteroclitis
10
MC
3.5
0.90
F. heteroclitis
10
PMN
3.5
0.21
F. heteroclitis
20
MC
3.5
1.2
F. heteroclitis
20
PMN
1.2
0.06
F. heteroclitis
20
MC
1.5
0.49
F. heteroclitis
30
PMN
3.5
0.14
F. heteroclitis
30
MC
3.5
0.87
U. pugilater
10
MC
3.5
0.39
U. pu&ilater
10
PMN
3.5
0.87
U. pugilater
20
MC
3.5
0.28
U. pugilater
20
PMN
3.5
0.52
U. pugilater
30
MC
3.5
0.31
U. pugilater
30
PMN
3.5
0.88
M. aphelus
20
MC
3.5
0.30
M. aphelus
20
PMN
3.5
0.02
T. carolinas
30
MC
3.5
0.45
T. carolinas
30
PMN
3.5
0.03
18

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3.00 Project Support
3.10 Fundamental Studies
Mya arenaria were collected and sent live to Roland Walker
at the Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, for electron
microscopy examination in an effort to substantiate our find-
ings on morphological changes associated with a typical
hyperplasia in the soft shell clam.
Futher studies have continued, where time permits, on the
incidence of gonadal cancer in quahaugs from Rose Island.
Methods for tissue homogenization and gel electrophoresis
for scallop gill, mantle and muscle; oyster gill, mantle
and muscle; lobster gill and muscle; and sand shrimp (whole
animal) have been d.evised and tested successfully. A few
slight modifications are necessary to increase the resolution
of certain enzyme bands.
Zymograms for the following specific enzymes were produced
with success from the electrophoregrams of the above tissue
homogenates: monoamine oxidase, DOPAoxidase, alcohol de-
hydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, clucose-6-phosphatase,
cytochrome oxidase, lactic dehydrogenase, esterase, malate
dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase and glutamic
dehydrogenase.
A study of bay scallops, Aquipecten irradians, was begun
to: (1) determine the respiration response of scallops to
various DO-temperature regimes; (2) establish respiratory
baseline values for this species for use in future toxicity
studies. Data have been collected which indicate the respir-
ation rates of scallops of various sizes exposed to three DO
ranges at 10°C. Similar experiments are now being conducted
at 20°C. Others are planned for 30°C.
Population genetics of the quahaug, Mercenaria mercenaria
Four populations of M. mercenaria were sampled: one each
from the Bideford River, Prince Edward Island, Canada;
Boothbay Harbor, Maine; Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island; and
Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina. For comparison, Two
populations of M. campechiensis, a southern congener, were
sampled; one from Shackelford Banks, Beaufort, North Caro-
lina, and one from Tampa Bay on Florida's Gulf Coast.
19

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Disc-gel electrophoresis and histochemical staining techniques are being
used to survey the isozyme patterns of various enzymes in Mercenaria.
Since protein structure is closely controlled by DNA structure, genetic
comparisons are inferred from comparisons of protein differences found
within and among the six populations studied.
Work continued in two areas: one, the surveying of isozyme patterns in
the six populations under study, and two, expanding the repertoire of ana-
lytical methods used in this sort of research.
The genetics of two enzymes, malate dehydrogenase and an exterase, were
surveyed in 350 animals representing the six populations being considered.
These results, along with previous work on the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase
and tetrazolium oxidase, complete this phase of the Mercenaria population
genetic study.
Histochemical and electrophoretic methods were developed, checked or modi-
fied for the following enzymes:
Lactate dehydrogenase: Methods currently used in this laboratory were
checked by assaying a variety of tissues from rat and horseshoe crab. The
isozyme patterns produced by our method agreed well with those reported in
the literature for these two species.
Esterase: Four different electrophoretic systems were tried. A modifi-
cation of a method reported by Ornstein and Davis works well and was used
to survey the isozymes of this enzyme in 350 quahaugs.
Malate dehydrogenase: Two electrophoretic and two histochemical staining
techniques were tried. Modifications of Ornstein and Davis's electrophore-
tic system and of Latmer's histochemical technique worked well and were
used to survey the isozymes of this enzyme in 350 quahaugs.
Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome
reductase, succinate dehydrogenase and dopamine oxidase were all considered
during this quarter. Attempts to develop analytical techniques for these
enzymes are continuing.
3.20 Procurement of test Organisms (NMWQL)
RV/Billie II operated by URI made benthic collection trips each month to
maintain a continuing supply of test organisms. During this quarter
eight trips were made.
Species Collected	Number
Homarus americanus	96
Homarus americanus larvae	1000
Crassostrea virginicus	5 1/2 bushel
Pseudopleuronectes americanus	50
Artica islandica	150
Palaemonetes puguio	400
Crangon septimspinosa	1275
Fundulus heteroclitus	1850
Tautogus onitus	50
Mya Arenaria	5 bushel
Mercenaria mercenaria	5 bushel
Aquipecten irradians	3/4 bushel
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Species Collected
Spisula solidissima
Nassarius
Paguiris sp.
Stenotomas chrysops
Paralichthys denatus
Numbe r
1 1/2 bushel
1000
1000
57
3
Special collection trips were made to New York for scallops, to Maryland
and Virginia for quahaugs, oysters, and scallops and Massachusetts for
lobster larvae.
Procurement of Test Organisms (BBFS)
Fifty two field trips were made during this quarter in order to collect
various animals for pond stocking and for the Toxicology section. Methods
of capture included otter trawls, hand seines, cast nets and minnow traps.
These fifty two trips resulted in the capture of the following organisms:
Species
Penaeus setiferus
Penaeus aztecus
Leistomus xanthrus
Micropogon undulatus
Paralichthys dentatus
Symphurus plagiusa
Callinectes sapidus
Mugil cephalus
Mugil cephalus
Bairde11a chrysura
Menid ia menidja
Uca pugilator
Trachinotus carolinus
Menticirrhus americanus
Menticirrhus littoralis
Palemonetes vulgaris
Brevoortia tyrannus
Cyprinodon varigatus
Trinectes maculatus
No. Captured
Size

311
5"
to
7"
155
2"
to
3"
856
2"
to
4"
2,479
2"
to
4"
62
5"
to
7"
228
4"
to
5"
756
4"
to
5"
7,500(Imm)
1"
to
2"
175(Mat)
6"
to
7"
68
3"
to
5"
5,000
1"
to
2 1/2"
1,225
3/4"
to
1 1/2"
415
1"
to
2 1/2"
31
5"
to
6"
49
1 1/2"
to
3"
8,500
3/4"
to
1 1/4"
97
4"
to
5"
390
1 1/2"
to
2"
51
3"
to
4"
3.30 Technical Advances
Five groups of weighed flounder were held at the barge on
different diets for two weeks. At the end of this period
21

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fish weight changes were correlated with C leucine uptake
and nucleic acid ratios. Since all fish lost weight for
unexplained reasons, the experiment will have to be repeated.
A start was made in collecting background information on
nucleic acid ratios of freshly caught fish from local waters.
Leucine uptake and nucleic acid ratios with respect to
growth will continue to be investigated.
3.50 Facilities Improvements - Research Houseboat and Sarge
An emergency warning radio communication system similar to
that installed on the barge, is to be provided for the
research houseboat and tied into the existing network.
Water and electrical service will be monitored. Equipment
has been ordered and installation started.
A new deck coating system for the research barge interior
deck is being evaluated. The coating is 1/4 inch thich and
composed of a natural aggregate bonded with epoxy resin. It
provides a seamless imperious surface tightly bonded to the
steel deck. If the system proves effective it could virtually
eliminate deck maintenance on the barge.
Facilities Improvements - Northeastern Water Hygiene Laboratory
The water system and troughs at the Northeastern Water Hygiene
Laboratory have been completely cleaned and reconstructed
so as to give a constant water flow. Animals have been added
to the troughs and are awaiting additional numbers. To date
winter flounder, sand shrimp, lobster, oyster, and bay
scallop are being acclimated.
3.60 Grants and Contracts
3.61 Grants
18050 DBT "Pesticide Residue Effects on Larval Marine Fishes."
University of Massachusetts; Dr. C.F. Cole, Principal Inves-
tigator; Dr. G. LaRoche, Project Officer.
A renewel application and expansion of this grant has been
reviewed.
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18050 DRJ "Physiological Adaptation of Two Species of Fish,
Fundulus heteroclitus and Salmo gairdneri, to Altered Water
Quality Parameters"; University of New York at Buffalo;
Dr. E.J. Massaro, Principal Investigator; Dr. G. LaRoche,
Project Officer.
Studies on the concentration and storage of mercury in the
rainbow trout were continued. Tissue concentrations of radio
mercury were made following injections.
18050 DTX "Chemical Responses by Marine Organisms to Stress II"
University of Rhode Island; Dr. H.P. Jeffries, Principal
Investigator; Dr. G. LaRoche, Project Officer.
Fatty acid distributions in a marsh ecosystem has been
studied at various times of the year. Distinct seasonal
variations were observed.
18050 DDN "Thermal Loading Effects on the Hawaiian Marine
Biota." University of Hawaii; Sidney J. Townsley, Principal
Investigator; Dr. D.K. Phelps, Project Officer.
Renewal application has been made for the third and final year.
18080 DFP "Environmental Biology of Tomales Bay." University
of the Pacific; Dr. Edmund Smith, Principal Investigator; Dr.
D.K. Phelps, Project Officer.
Final report being prepared.
18080 DNV "Marine Waste Disposal and Sea Urchin Ecology."
California Institute of Technology; Dr. W.J. North,
Principal Investigator; Dr. D.K. Phelps, Project Officer.
Final report submitted for publication.
18080 DOJ "Development of an in situ Marine Bioassay with
Clams." State of Washington, Dr. C.E. Woelke, Principal
Investigator; Dr. D.K. Phelps, Project Officer.
23

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Contract in third and final year. Additional funding has been
requested by the Pacific NW region, and approved for additional
field bioassays to support enforcement efforts.
18080 DHM "Estuarine Ecology Research." University of Washington;
Dr. E. 0. Salo, Principal Investigator; Dr. D. K. Phelps, Project
Officer.
Final report in preparation.
18050 EFV "Effects of Oil Pollution on the Ecology of a Tropical
Shore - Galeta Island, Panama Canal Zone." Smithsonian Institu-
tion; Peter W. Glynn, Principal Investigator; Dr. D. K. Phelps,
Project Officer.
Currently functioning under a funded extension in order to eva-
luate data collected to date.
Grant 16020 EIB "Assays of Toxic Pollutants by Fish Blood Aber-
ration. " Sias Research Laboratories, Brookline, Mass. W.A. Curry,
Principal Investigator; Dr. W. S. Hodgkiss, Project Officer.
The program has been funded for an additional year. Further stu-
dies will attempt to equate changes seen electrically on a Biolo-
gical Multi-Channel Analyzer with microscopic and photomicro-
graphic observations on fish blood samples taken simultaneously.
Grant 16020 EGG "Development of Sample Preparation Methods for
Analysis of Marine Organisms." Southwest Research Inst.; Dr. H.
C. Mc Kee, Principal Investigator; Dr. W. S. Hodgkiss, Project
Officer.
A renewal of this grant has been approved. Reviews of reports
show satisfactory progress.
Grant 16020 DXT "Development of a Membrane Salinometer for Moni-
toring Estuaries." Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.; Dr. T.R.S.
Wilson, Principal Investigator; Dr. W.S. Hodgkiss, Project Officer.
The grant has been continued. The objective is to develop a mem-
brane salinameter which will produce a continuous record of in
situ salinity change with depth or time.
Grant 18050 FBW "Environmental Requirements of Selected Estuarine
Ciliated Protozoa." University of New Hampshire; Dr. A. C. Borror,
Principal Investigator; Juan Gonzalez, Project Officer.
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3.62 Contracts
14-12-836 "Planning & Design of Narragansett Bay Synoptic
Monitoring System." Nereus Corp.; Dr. Richard Hill was Princi-
pal Investigator; Dr. D. K. Phelps was Project Officer.
Final report has been submitted for publication.
14-12-872 "Remote Water Quality Monitoring System." Ocean Data
Equipment Corporation; Mr. A. Petteruti, Principal Investiga-
tor; Dr. D. K. Phelps, Project Officer.
The evaluation period fro sensor reliability and accuracy over
time has been extended to February 4, 1972, without additional
funding.
68-01-0122 "Services for the Quantitative Analysis of Pesticides
in Seawater and in Biological Samples." Analytical Biochemistry
Laboratories. Mr. James Ussary, Principal Investigator; Dr. W.
S. Hodgkiss, Project Officer.
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4.00 PRESENTATIONS
Dr. D.K. Phelps attended the Third National Symposium on
Radioecology May 10-12, 1971 at Oak Ridge, Tenn., where he
presented a paper co-authored by Gregory Telek entitled
"Distributions of zinc, iron, cobalt and scandium in
Nephtys incisa and Yoldia limatula."
Dr.' D.K. Phelps presented a senimat on "Monitoring Water
Pollution" at the Northeastern University Center for
Continuing Education on May 5, 1971.
Dr. Ronald Eisler attended the Northeast Division meeting
of the American Fisheries Society in Portland, Maine, on
May 23-26, 1971, at which time he spoke on "Cadmium
poisoning in marine organisms."
Allan Beck spoke to a group of 50 technical personnel on
June 16th at Owens-Corning Fiberglass in Ashton, Rhode Island.
Subject was "Effects of Pollution on the use and Development
of Narragansett Bay."
5.00 Papers Submitted for Clearance
Eisler, R., G. R. Gardner, R. J. Hennekey, G. J. LaRoche,
D. F. Walsh and P. P. Yevich. "Acute toxicology of sodium
Nitrilotriacetic acid (=NTA) and NTA-containing detergents
to marine organisms." For publication in Water Research
(The International Journal of the Association on Water
Pollution Research).
Eisler, R. and G. J. LaRoche. "Elemental composition of the
mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae)
(Linnaeus)". For publication in Copeia Journal of the
American Society of Ichthyologist and Herpetologists.
Barry, M.M. and P.P. Yevich. "Incidence of Cancer in the
quahaug Mercenaria mercenaria." For publication in ONCOLOGY.
26

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Voyer, R.A. and G.E. Morrison. "Factors affecting respira-
tion rate of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus
(Walbaum)." For publication in the Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada.
6.00 Publications
George Morrison, NMWQL, "Dissolved Oxygen Requirements for
Embryonic and Larval Development of the Hardshell Clam,
Mercenaria mercenaria". Journal Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1971
27

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7.00 VISITORS
7.10 Narragansett
During this quarter 326 visits were recorded at the West
Kingston Laboratory. Of these the distribution was as
follows: Sales representative 95, employment interviews
51, technical discussions with professional staff 128,
two group tours 46, and miscellaneous.
APRIL
Dr. Eugene Coan, The Sierra Club, San Francisco visited
Dr. Hegre and was given a tour of the facilities.
Dr. W. Pearcy, Professor of Oceanography, Oregon State
College visited the laboratory.
Dr. John W. SteeBis, Patuxent Wildlife Center, USDI Fish
and Wildlife Service met with the scientific personnel and
presented a seminar discussion on pesticides.
Mr. David Mills, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda
visited the laboratory to discuss the toxicology program
and availability of reference materials.
Mr. Roy Levine, Lamont - Doherty Geological Observatory
of Columbia University visited Mr. Gangaley to discuss
copepod culture.
Dr. Walter Whitworth, University of Connecticut and
sixteen of his students visited the laboratory and
were given a discussion on the research aims of the
laboratory by Dr. Hodgkiss and a tour of the principal
laboratory. Dr. Phelps described the programs at the
Research Barge during a tour at that facility.
Mr. Charles Wallker, Chief, Branch of Pesticide Control,
Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife visited the
laboratory, presented a seminar and discussed herbicide
research activities and related problems of mutual interest.
Mr. Milton Anderson, New England Power Co. and Mr. G. C.
Matthiersen, Marine Research, Inc. visited Dr. Tarzwell
to discuss thermal electric plants.
28

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Mr. John Roper, Fish Research Biologist, NOAA, National
Marine Fisheries Service, Oxford, Md. visited the library
on sources of literature and Dr. Phelps on research
approaches by this laboratory.
Dr. Philip Howard, Syracuse University Research Corp.,
visited Dr. Tarzwell as a portion of a National Science
Foundation study of environmental laboratories.
MAY
Dr. E. Zuraw, General Dynamics, Groton, Conn., visited
Dr. Gentile for a discussion on copepods.
Dr. Tom Siccana, Yale University Forestry School, visited
Dr. Tarzwell to discuss heavy metals in salt marshes.
Dr. Peter Franls, Plant Physiologist, Plant Science
Division, USDA Beltsville, visited the laboratory,
presented a seminar discussing pesticide research
problems of mutual interest.
Dr. Tom Malcney, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
visited with Dr. Prager and the staff in regard to
plankton research programs.
Capt. Vining Sherman, Ass't Director, Batelle Laboratory
Duxbury, Mass.; Mrs. Marilynn Necet, Marine Biologist
and Dr. R. Engel, Marine Biologist visited the laboratory
to see and discuss the continuous flow bioassay system.
Dr. Gunter Zweig, Director, Life Sciences Division,
Syracuse University Research Corporative visited the
laboratory to discuss possible contract funding.
Dr. Richard Jagels, Research Associate, University of
Vermont visited Dr. Prager to discuss a research proposal
to EPA.
JUNE
Mr. Robert Delguidice, Teacher of an Ecology Class in
the Gorton Junior H. S., Warwick, R. I. and thirty
students visited the research barge. The research
program there was described by Dr. Phelps and staff.
29

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Richard C. Hamston and Philip Richardson from the Provi-
dence Country Day School assisted the the functions of the
Research Barge for part of their senior year science
studies. This is the second year that they have sent
students to participate in our program.
Mr. Daniel A. Mills, Chief, Toxicology Information Program,
National Library of Medicine, visited the library and
informed us of the specialized information services
available from their center.
7.20 Bears Bluff Field Station
Mr. Paul Ramsey, S. R. E. L., Aiken, South Carolina
Miss Virginia L. Shelton and Family, Columbia, South
Carolina.
Mrs. A. G. DeLones, Key West, Florida.
Dr. J. Barrier and Biology Class from the Baptist College
of Charleston to collect marine organisms.
Mr. Jim Henderson, Charleston, South Carolina
Mr. Henry Gaud, Charleston, South Carolina.
Mr. R. M. Halcombe and Mr. E. J. King, South Carolina
National Bank, Charleston, South Carolina.
30

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