SA/TIB-34
P
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
December, 1977
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W riB-34
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
UTAH
MARCH, 1976
ROBERT L. FOX
and
RONALD M. EDDY
TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS BRANCH
SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
December, 1977
Document 1s available to the public from the National Technical Information Service,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
1
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Surveillance and Analysis Division,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, and approved for publica-
tion. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was conducted under the direction of C. E. Runas, Chief,
Water Quality Investigations Section, EPA, Region VIII. Many additional
staff members from the Technical Investigations Branch were involved in the
collection and analysis of samples from the study area. Acknowledgement
is due each participant for his contribution toward the completion of this
report.
iii
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1V
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
CONVERSION FACTORS ix
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 3
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA 5
METHODS AND MATERIALS 7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 13
REFERENCES 49
APPENDIX A PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY DATA. . . 51
APPENDIX B BENTHIC DATA 75
v
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ABSTRACT
The Technical Investigations Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Region VIII, conducted an intensive water quality study in the
Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages in Southwestern Utah in March, 1976.
The study was requested by the Five County Association of Governments, the
local "208" water quality management planning agency. Water, sediment, and
benthic samples were collected at selected locations throughout a total
stream reach of 174 km (108 mi). Study results indicated a gradual degrada-
tion of water quality downstream from Zion National Park. Violations of
recommended criteria/standard levels were most common for the salinity para-
meters, but concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese, and mercury also
exceeded recommended levels. In addition, high concentrations of suspended
solids impaired the quality of water throughout much of the study area.
vi
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. Sampling station locations in the Virgin River, and Kanab 6
Creek drainages, Utah.
2. Flow profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 17
3. Temperature profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 20
4. pH profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 21
5. Dissolved oxygen profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 22
6. TSS profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 23
7. TDS profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 25
8. Chloride profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 26
9. Sulfate profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 27
10. Fluoride profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 29
11. Total Arsenic profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 30
12. Total iron profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 31
13. Total manganese profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 33
14. Total mercury profiles, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah. 34
15. Total and mean number of genera recorded at each Virgin River 41
sampling station, Alton to St. George, Utah.
16. Total and mean number of genera recorded at each Virgin River 42
tributary sampling station, Alton to St. George, Utah.
17. Mean number of organisms per square meter and range at main- 43
stem Virgin River sampling stations, Alton to St. George,
Utah.
18. Mean number of organisms per square meter and range at Virgin 44
River tributary sampling stations, Alton to St. George, Utah.
19. Mean diversity of benthic Invertebrates collected at sampling 45
stations on the Virgin River, Alton to St. George, Utah.
20. Mean diversity of benthic invertebrates collected at sampling 46
stations on tributaries to the Virgin River, Alton to St.
George, Utah.
vli
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Water quality sampling station descriptions, Virgin River and 8
Kanab Creek drainages, Utah.
2 Water quality parameters measured during Virgin River, Utah 10
study.
3 Summary of physical and chemical data, Virgin River, Utah 14
study.
4 Stream standards and recommended water quality criteria. 16
5 A comparison of streamflows in the Virgin River drainage. 18
6 Sediment analyses, Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages, 36
March 12-13, 1976.
7 Trace organic analyses of water samples from the Virgin River 37
drainage, March 12-13, 1976.
8 A compilation of results from the benthic macroinvertebrate 38
survey, Virgin River, Utah, 1976.
9 A comparison of results from benthic macroinvertebrate surveys 47
on the Virgin River conducted by the Utah Water Research
Laboratory and EPA, Region VIII.
viii
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CONVERSION FACTORS
Kilometers X 0.6214 =
Meters X 3.281
Liters X 0.946 =
Cubic meters/sec (m3/s) X 35.315
Kilograms X 2.205 =
Metric Tons X 2205 =
miles
feet
quarts
cubic feet/sec (cfs)
pounds
pounds
ix
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X
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INTRODUCTION
The increasing popularity of the lower Virgin River basin as a retire-
ment setting and the proposed development of large power production facilities
requiring water from the Virgin River are two of the factors which led to the
designation of the Five County Association of Governments as a water quality
management planning "208" agency in Southwestern Utah in 1975. One of the
primary responsibilities of the planning agency was to obtain adequate base-
line water quality information for use in future planning and management
activities. In order to supplement its own efforts, the "208" planning agency
requested that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region VIII, conduct
an intensive baseline water quality study. The study involved the collection
of water, sediment, and benthic samples from the Virgin River between Alton
and St. George, Utah and from Kanab Creek between Alton and Kanab, Utah.
Results of that study are presented in this report.
1
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2
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The Five County Association of Governments in Southwestern Utah, a
designated "208" area, requested technical assistance from the EPA, Region
VIII, in collecting baseline water quality information to be used in future
planning and management activities in the area. EPA subsequently conducted
an intensive stream survey, including chemical and biological sampling, in
the Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages during March 10-15, 1976.
Stream flows during the study period were generally close to the average
flow rates recorded for the month of March during the five year period of
1970-1974. Exceptions to this average condition were noted in the Virgin
River at Hurricane, Utah and Littlefield, Arizona where flow rates during
the study period averaged approximately 50# below normal.
The chemical data collected during this study has been compared to
stream standards developed by the State of Utah and to water quality criteria
recommended by EPA. Numerous violations of the standard/criteria concentra-
tions were found in the study area, as outlined below.
1. Salinity is a major water quality problem in the lower Virgin
River basin. The La Verkin Hot Springs contribute large quanti-
ties of TDS, as reflected by measurements in the Virgin River of
641 mg/1 several miles upstream from the springs and 1830 mg/1
immediately downstream. Kanab Creek (1188 mg/1) and the Santa
Clara River (2050 mg/1) also contained substantial concentrations
of TDS. The recommended standard/criteria limit of 500 mg/1 for
TDS and 250 mg/1 for chloride and sulfate was exceeded in the
Virgin River at all locations downstream from the La Verkin Hot
Springs.
2. The highest average suspended solids concentrations were recorded
in Muddy Creek (591 mg/1) and in Kanab Creek (6340 mg/1). All
mainstem Virgin River stations downstream from the confluence with
Muddy Creek averaged greater than 100 mg/1. Kanab Creek carried
three times as much sediment (185 metric tons per day) as the
Virgin River carried at St. George.
3. Concentrations of several metals (arsenic, iron, manganese, and
mercury) exceeded the standard/criteria levels, particularly in
the lower Virgin River drainage. All arsenic concentrations
measured downstream from the La Verkin Hot Springs exceeded the
EPA criteria limit of 10 ug/1 but not the Utah standard of 50yg/l.
Kanab Creek contained the highest arsenic concentration (108ug/l).
The recommended total Iron criteria of 1000ng/1 was exceeded at
80% of the sampling locations in the Virgin River drainage. The
highest total iron concentration was measured in Kanab Creek (115,100
w g/1). Dissolved iron concentrations all averaged less than lOOyg/1.
3
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Total manganese concentrations at four sampling stations averaged
above the recommended criteria limit of 200 ug/l. These four stations
were the Virgin River downstream from the La Verkin Hot Springs
(225 yg/l), Muddy Creek (275 pg/l), Kanab Creek (2130 yg/1), and the
Santa Clara River (695 yg/l). The Santa Clara River also contained
235 u9/1 dissolved manganese, which greatly exceeds the recommended
Utah standard of 50ug/l.
The recommended criteria for total mercury in drinking water (2.0pg/1)
was exceeded in the North Fork Virgin River (2.4pg/l), La Verkin
Creek (<4.8 u g/1) and the mainstem Virgin River (2.3 and 4.1ug/l,
respectively, at stations VR-7 and VR-12). The effluent ditch from
the St. George STP also contained a high mercury concentration (7vig/1)>
The recommended mercury criteria for protection of freshwater aquatic
life and wildlife (0.05 ug/1) was exceeded at most sampling locations.
Total lead concentrations averaged nearly twice as high as the mandatory
Utah limit of 50ug/l in Kanab Creek near Kanab, Utah (95 ug/1). Most
other lead concentrations averaged less than lOyg/1,
4. Analysis of four water samples for 14- pesticides plus PCB's did not
reveal any concentrations in excess of the analytical detection limit
of 100 ppt for organochlorides and 500 ppt for organophosphates.
5. Analysis of ten sediment samples for selected metals and PCB's revealed ,
generally low concentrations of trace metals (<20 ppb) and PCB's (13 ppbi
at all locations except the St. George STP effluent ditch (24.3 ppb Pb
and 73 ppb PCB 1254).
6. Macro-invertebrate benthic samples were collected from 13 mainstem
stations and 9 tributary stations. The greatest mean diversity (d)
for samples collected on the mainstem of the Virgin River was recorded
at the upstream station (VR-2, 2.63). Mean diversity and number of
organisms/m2 was generally low at ail mainstem stations. Diversity
was usually less than 2.00, while number of organisms/m2 was often
less than 1076/nr (100/ft'j. Mean diversity of samples taken from
tributary locations was slightly higher than values recorded for
mainstem stations.
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The two main forks of the Virgin River originate in the high plateau
country of Southwestern Utah.
The East Fork (considered to be part of the mainstem Virgin River for
purposes of this report) originates in mountainous terrain just west of the
Paunsaugunt Plateau, the location of Bryce Canyon National Park. It flows
southward through lightly-cultivated agricultural land in Long Valley before
turning westward at Mt. Carmel Junction to flow through wild and rough country,
including a portion of Zion National Park. The confluence with the North
Fork Virgin River occurs immediately downstream from Zion National Park and
approximately 68 km (42 mi) from the East Fork headwaters (Figure 1).
The headwaters of the North Fork lie on the Kolob Terrace, located just
south of Cedar Breaks National Monument, in a wild area containing only a
few Isolated ranches. For 42 km (25mi) the North Fork flows southward through
spectacular canyons it has cut in the predominately limestone formations of
Zion National Park.
Downstream from the confluence of the North and East Forks, the Virgin
River continues to accumulate more sediment via irrigation return flows and
natural stream erosion as it flows westward through arid benches and valleys.
A severe source of salinity in this reach is the La Verkin Hot Springs,
located near Hurricane, Utah (Utah Water Research Laboratory, 1974). Several
small streams enter the Virgin River between Hurricane and St. George and
agricultural return flows and diversions are common, particularly in the
stream reach near St. George. The Santa Clara River, a small 66 km (41mi)
stream draining arid, mountainous terrain west of St. George, enters the
Virgin River approximately 1.6 km (lm1) downstream from St. George and 21 km
(13mi) from the Arizona border.
The study area also included a portion of the Kanab Creek drainage ex-
tending for approximately 37 km (23mi) from Alton to Kanab, Utah. Kanab
Creek originates on the Paunsaugunt Plateau just east of the East Fork of
the Virgin River and flows southward through rough hills and benches which
are thought to contain large quantities of coal. The stream bed is composed
of highly erodable silt and sand, resulting in very turbid stream flow near
Kanab, which is less than 8 km (5mi) from the Arizona border.
5
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I—1
tn
4
ALTO*
sruor
AREA
ZION
NATIONAL
PARK
VR-4JQMT. CARMEL
JUNCTION
~ ' VIRGM
LA VERKIN
HURRICANE hqt SPRINGS
ST. GEORGE
~
vR-12
¦o miles
15 KILOMETERS
KANAE
ARIZONA
ARIZONA
Figure 1. Sampling station locations in the Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages, Utah.
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METHODS AND MATERIALS
Chemical Methods - Field
Water quality samples were collected from 21 stations in the Virgin
River and Kanab Creek drainages, covering a total stream reach of approxi-
mately 174 km (108mi). Sampling was conducted during two consecutive three-
day periods. The first sampling period of March 10-12, 1976 included nine
stations on the East Fork Virgin River and its tributaries upstream from
Zion National Park and two stations on Kanab Creek. The second sampling
period extended from March 13-15, 1976, and included 12 stations in the
Virgin River drainage downstream from Zion National Park (Figure 1 and
Table 1).
At each sampling site, field measurements were made for temperature,
pH, specific conductance (conductivity), and, occasionally, flow (Table 2).
Whenever possible USGS stream gaging sites were utilized as water quality
sampling sites. Mean daily flow rates at these stations were obtained from
the USGS. Until published by the USGS, these values are considered pre-
liminary. The instantaneous flow rates determined by EPA at non-USGS gaging
sites were determined by standard stream gaging techniques utilizing a Marsh-
McBirney electromagnetic current meter with direct velocity readout.
Water samples for dissolved oxygen (D.O.) and turbidity determinations
were collected and analyzed within six hours in the temporary field laboratory.
The D.O. samples were "fixed" with appropriate powder reagents in the field
and then titrated according to the modified Winkler method. Turbidity measure-
ments were obtained with a Hach Turbidimeter utilizing formazin liquid standards.
Additional water samples were collected in polyethylene cubitainers for
analysis for chloride, sulfate, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended
solids (TSS), and fluoride. These samples were kept refrigerated in ice
chests until delivered to the EPA, Region VIII, laboratory in Denver, Colorado.
Samples for total metals analysis were also collected in polyethylene cubi-
tainers, preserved with 5mls per liter concentrated HNO3 and held for analysis
following completion of the study. At selected locations samples for dissolved
metals analysis were obtained by filtering water through 0.45 micron membrane
filter and then preserving with HNO3.
Water samples for trace organics analysis and sediment samples for metals
and PCB analysis were also collected at selected locations. The water samples
were collected in 3.8 1 (1 gal.) hexane-rinsed glass bottles. Sediment samples
were collected from the top several centimeters of stream-side deposits in
0.48 1 (1 pt.) glass jars and held without preservation until analysis.
Chemical Methods - Laboratory
All inorganic chemical analyses were conducted in accordance with pro-
cedures outlined 1n the EPA Methods Manual (1974), with the following exceptions:
7
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Table 1. Water quality sampling station descriptions - Virgin River
and Kanab Creek drainages, Utah.
River River
Station Kilometer Mile Description
KC-1 53.4 33.3 Upstream control station on Kanab Creek at bridge
on dirt road approx. 2.41cm (1.5 mi) southeast of
Alton, Utah.
KC-3 18.7 11.6 Kanab Creek at bridge on Highway 89 approx. 4.8km
(3 mi) upstream from Kanab, Utah.
VR-1 307.3 190.9 Upstream control station on the E. Fork Virgin River
at the Alton Turnoff from Highway 89.
StC-1 298.6 185.5 Stout Canyon Creek, approx. 30m (100 ft) downstream
from the bridge on Highway 89.
LyC-1 294.0 182.6 Lydias Canyon Creek, approx. 30m (100 ft) downstream
from the bridge on Highway 89.
VR-2 293.3 182.2 E. Fork Virgin River at the bridge located immediately
upstream from Glendale, Utah on Highway 89.
VR-3 284.3 176.6 E. Fork Virgin River at the bridge on Highway 89 in
Orderville, Utah.
MC-1 280.5 174.2 Muddy Creek at the bridge on Highway 89.
VR-4 278.8 173.2 E. Fork Virgin River at the Highway 89 bridge crossi^
located approx. 0.8km (0.5 mi) downstream from Mt.
Carmel Junction.
NFVR-1 244.4 151.8 N. Fork Virgin River, approx. 1.6km (1 mi) upstream
from confluence with the E. Fork Virgin River. Cherub
samples were collected approx. 61m(200 ft) upstream
from confluence with the E. Fork Virgin River.
NFVR-2 - N. Fork Virgin River approx. 30m (100 ft) downstream
of Zion Lodge foot bridge.
NFVR-3 - N. Fork Virgin River - end point Narrow Trail.
VR-5 244.4 151.8 E. Fork Virgin River, approx. 30m (100 ft) upstream
from confluence with the N. Fork Virgin River.
VR-6 244.4 151.8 Virgin River, approx. 30m (100 ft) downstream from
confluence with the N. & E. Forks Virgin River.
NC-1 223.0 138.5 North Creek at Highway 15 bridge crossing.
8
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Table 1 (continued)
River River
Station Kilometer M11e Description
VR-7 222.5 138.2 Virgin River; North bank, approx. 0.4km (0.25 mi)
upstream from Virgin, Utah.
VR-8 212.7 132.1 Virgin River, approx. 150m (500 ft) downstream from
"Pah Tempe" (La Verkin) Hot Springs bridge crossing
(0.4km (25 mi) upstream from Highway 15 bridge crossing).
LVC-1 210.9 131.0 La Verkin Creek, approx. 0.4km (0.25 mi) upstream
from Highway 17 bridge crossing.
AC-1 211.1 131.1 Ash Creek at the concrete "ford" located approx. 0.4
km (0.25 mi) southwest of Toquerville, Utah.
VR-9 211.1 131.1 Virgin River, approx. 60m (200 ft) downstream confluence
Ash Creek and Virgin River.
LC-1 198.0 123.0 Leads Creek at the frontage road bridge crossing
located approx. 8.0km (5 mi) northeast from the
junction of Highway 15 and 1-15.
VR-10 195.9 121.7 Virgin River, approx. 60km (200 ft) upstream from
the Highway 15 bridge crossing near Harrisburg Junction.
VR-11 181.4 112.7 Virgin River at the new bridge construction site
located approx. 0.8km (0.5 mi) south of Washington,
Utah.
VR-12 174.2 108.2 Virgin River at the bridge crossing located approx.
1.6km (1 mi) southeast of St. George, Utah.
SC-1 171.0 106.2 Santa Clara River at the old bridge crossing located
immediately downstream from the 1-15 bridge crossing
(upstream from St. George STP effluent ditch).
SC-2 - - Effluent from the St. George, Utah STP: sampled approx.
6m (20 ft) upstream from confluence of effluent ditch
with the Santa Clara River.
VR-13 167.8 104.2 Virgin River at City of Bloomington, approx. 32m
(108 ft) upstream from bridge connecting Bloomington
to 1-15.
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Table 2. Water quality parameters measured during Virgin River,
Utah study.
General Parameters
Flow Turbidity
Temperature Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen Total Suspended Solids
Salinity Parameters
Chloride Total Dissolved Solids
Sulfate
Non-Metals
Fluoride
Metals and Related Elements (Total and Dissolved)
Arsenic Mercury
Iron Molybdenum
Lead Selenium
Manganese
Sediments
Trace Organics
Aldrin Heptachlor
Chlordane Heptachlor Epoxide
PP' DDE Lindane
PP1 DDD Malathion
PP' DDT Methyl Parathion
Dleldrin Parathion (Ethyl)
Endrin PCB's
Toxaphene
10
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arsenic and selenium were determined using the graphite furnace technique
with the nickel matrix modification as outlined by Ediger (1975); lead was
determined in the graphite furnace with the use of ammonium nitrate to volatilize
excess sodium chloride (Ediger, 1975); and molyldenum was determined in the
graphite furnace with no modifications. Sediment samples underwent hot nitric
acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion prior to analysis for metals as indicated
above.
The method employed in analyzing water samples for trace organics in-
volved extracting the acidified samples with three 50 ml portions of 80%
methylene chloride + 20% hexane. The extract was then concentrated with
Kuderna-Danish apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Several
"spiked" samples were also carried through the analysis to determine re-
covery percentages.
The analytical procedures employed for the analysis of PCB's in the
sediment samples involved extracting the air-dried sediments with 100 ml
of 98% petroleum ether + 2% acetone. The extracts were filtered, concentrated,
and elemental mercury was added to precipitate elemental sulfur. The extracts
were cleaned-up on a florisil column; 200 ml of petroleum ether were used to
elute the PCB's. The solvent was removed and the residues were dissolved in
hexane for GC analysis. More mercury was added as needed. Confirmation of
the PCB identities was made on GC columns containing 5% 0V-210 and 4% SE-30/6%
0V-210 stationary phases. Several "spiked" samples were also analyzed.
Biological Methods
Befithic invertebrate samples were collected using Surber samplers. The
Surber samplers were modified by replacing the standard mesh bag with a
1.2m long bag constructed with 207 micrometer mesh Nitex net. A large piece
of naugahyde was sewn to the bottom of the bag to prevent abrasion by the
substrate. The longer length of the bag effectively reduced any backwash
incurred due to the smaller mesh size. All quantitative benthlc samples
were collected from riffle areas.
At the time of sampling, the substrate enclosed within the square foot
bottom of the Surber frame was removed from the stream and placed In a
large bucket partially filled with water. Each rock was then cleaned using
a soft bristle brush and the bag of the Surber sampler inverted and cleaned
1n the bucket. The contents of the bucket were then poured into a 250
micrometer (#60 mesh) sieve. The collected samples were then placed in
pint jars, preserved with 80% formalin, and returned to the laboratory for
sorting and identification.
Four Surber samples were collected at each sampling station. The contents
of each sample were Individually processed and the results from each sample
reported separately.
All samples were sorted following procedures outlined by EPA Biological
Field and Laboratory Methods (1973). All organisms were identified to the
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lowest taxonomic level possible using available taxonomic texts (Traver
and Hsu, 1935; Ross, 1944; Pennak, 1953; Usinger, 1968; Johannsen, 1969;
Gaufin, et al, 1972; EPA, 1973a; Hilsenhoff, 1975).
Mean diversity of collected benthic invertebrates was computed using
the machine formula of the Shannon-Weaver function (Lloyd, Zar, and Karr,
1968) as outlined in the EPA Biological and Laboratory Methods Manual (1973).
The formula used for computation of mean diversity is as follows:
3" * £ (N log10 N - I n. log1Q n.)
where:
N
ni
c
s
mean diversity
3.32128 (converts base 10 log to base 2)
total number of individuals .
total number of individuals in the itri species
total number of taxa
th
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
!• Physical and Chemical Data
A complete tabulation of the physical and chemical data collected in
the Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages is presented in Appendix A. The
data has been summarized in Table 3 in the form of three-day average values.
Many of these values have been plotted on profile maps for the various para-
meters, as shown on the following pages. River miles are plotted as the
horizontal "x" axis while parameter concentration serves as the vertical "y"
axis. Scale values may change from one profile to the next, giving the
impression of values of greater magnitude upon first viewing than is actually
the case. Solid lines connecting the average values should not be inter-
preted as indicating the parameter concentration at any intermediate point
between sampling stations.
In order to evaluate the water quality data collected during this study,
it has been compared to Utah stream standards (Utah State Division of Health,
1972) and EPA water quality criteria (NAS, 1973; EPA, 1976) as shown in
Table 4. Although the terms "standard" and "criteria" are often used inter-
changeably, there is an important distinction. "Standards" are legally -
enforceable parameter limits adopted to protect unique features of specific
water bodies, whereas "criteria" are recommended parameter concentrations
which, if not exceeded, will afford reasonable protection to aquatic life
or designated uses. A more detailed discussion is presented in Quality Criteria
for Water (EPA, 1976). The more restrictive of the stream standards and re-
commended criteria are shown, where applicable, on the water quality profile
naps 1n the following section. Inclusion of these numerical limits assisted
in identifying existing or potential water quality problems in the Virgin
River and Kanab Creek drainages.
Flow
The flow profile observed 1n the Virgin River during March, 1976 1s
shown in Figure 2. Flow increased from 0.031 m3/s (1.1 cfs) at the East
Fork headwaters to 3.65m3/s (129 cfs) near St. George, a distance of nearly
134 km (83 mi). Except for the North Fork Virgin River, which contributed
a flow nearly equal to the East Fork flow, the tributary streams contained
only minor flows (<0.283 m3/s or <10 cfs). The flow in Kanab Creek actually
decreased slightly 1n the 34.8 km (21.6 ml) reach between Alton and Kanab,
Utah as shown 1n Figure 2. In order to compare measured stream flows with
historical flows, Table 5 was prepared for selected stream gaging stations
operated by the USGS. This table compares flows measured during this study
with 5-year average monthly and annual flows. In general, the stream flows
for the different time periods were 1n fairly close agreement, except for
the Virgin River near Hurricane, Utah and at Llttlefleld, Arizona. During
this study, flow at both of these stations averaged only about 50$ of the
5-year average flow. There 1s Insufficient data to determine whether this
"low flow" condition was present throughout the lower reaches of the Virgin
River (from Hurricane to St. George) or to determine the possible causes of
the lower flow (Irrigation diversions, seepage, etc.).
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Table 3. Sumary of physical and chemical data! Virgin River. Utah study.
Stations
Parameter
Units
VR-1
Stc-l
LvC-1
VR-2
VR-3
MC-1
VR-4
VR-5
NFVR-1
NC-13
VR-7
Temp
C
4.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
3.5
8.0
6.5
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
pH2
SU
7.6
7.9
7.8
8.0
8.1
8.0
8.2
7.9
8.0
7.7
7.8
Flow
cms
0.031
0.229
0.079
0.507
0.498
0.031
0.5K6
1.76
1.53
0.130
00
mg/1
9.4
10.5
10.4
10.6
9.2
9.1
9.6
11.2
11.6
11.6
11.5
Cond.
u mhos/cm
540
540
680
570
650
1750
720
630
900
1050
930
Turbidity
FTU
2.5
2.2
25
5.1
12.4
183
53
55
86
25
55
TOS
mg/1
237
339
403
357
378
1320
490
406
476
718
641
TJS Metric
Tons/day
0.8
6.7
2.8
15.6
16.3
3.5
24.8
61.7
62.9
8.1
_
TSS
mg/1
4.6
4.2
41
12.5
33
591
130
117
176
76
124
TSS Metric
Tons/day
0.01
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.4
1.6
6.6
17.8
23.3
0.8
-
Chloride
rag/1
8
5
9
9
10
13
9
23
79
48
71
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.52
0.32
0.60
0.47
0.48
0.33
0.47
0.28
0.18
0.20
0.23
Sulfate
mg/1
4.2
23
52
23
47
679
97
92
100
308
174
Tot. Arsenic
ug/1
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
S8
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Piss. Arsenic4
ug/1
<5
-
-
*5
-
-
<5
<5
<5
-
-
Tot. Iron
ug/1
300
300
1800
700
1100
12100
2800
2700
3400
1400
2500
Jiss. Iron4
ug/l
10
-
-
20
-
-
10
<10
20
-
-
Tot. Lead
ug/1
<5
s10
*10
<5
<5
10
*10
*5
<5
5
<5
t)iss. Leac^
ug/1
<5
-
-
<5
-
-
<5
<5
<5
-
-
Tot. Manganese
ug/1
30
15
185
50
60
275
90
90
95
105
95
Jiss. Manganese4
ug/1
25
-
-
35
-
-
15
<5
15
-
-
Tot. Mercury
ug/1
0.5
<0.5
0.6
0.6
0.3
1.0
0.4
1.6
2.4
1.9
2.3
jiss. Mercury4
ug/l
0.3
-
-
<0.2
-
-
0.3
<0.2
<0.2
-
-
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/1
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
Jiss. Molybdenum4
ug/1
<10
-
-
<10
-
-
<10
<10
<10
-
-
Tot. Selenium
ug/1
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Jiss. Selenium4
ug/1
<5
-
-
<5
-
-
<5
<5
<5
-
-
1 All values are three-day arittaetic averages unless otherwise nottd.
2 pH values are median values.
3 Includes irrigation return flow on 3/14/76 (NC-1).
4 Dissolved metals were sampled one time only at selected stations as shown.
-------
Table 3. - continued
Stations
Parameter
Units
VR-8
LVC-1
AC-15
LC-1
VR-10
VR-11
VR-12
SC-1
SC-26
KC-1
KC-3
Temp
pH2
C
7.0
2.5
9.0
7.5
8.0
6.5
9.5
11.0
15
-3.0
7.5
SU
7.0
7.8
8.0
8.1
7.8_
8.0
7.9
7.8
7.7
7.6
8.1
Flow
cms
1.98
0.158
0.031
0.023
. 7
-
3.65
0.082
_
0.108
0.337
00
mg/1
9.7
11.7
10.2
10.6
10.1
10.5
10.0
12.4
6.4
11.2
9.1
Cond.
umhos/cm
2750
1180
760
1420
2500
2400
2500
2700
3000
980
970
Turbidity
FTU
95
118
1.0
4.9
108
105
96
6.8
32
159
1290
IDS
mg/1
1830
792
526
928
1670
1069
1311
2050
2120
695
1188
TDS Metric
Tons/day
313
10.8
1.4
1.8
-
-
413
14.5
_
6.5
34.6
TSS
mg/1
213
214
3.2
16.3
246
225
194
39
48
499
6340
TSS Metric
Tons/day
36.4
2.9
0.01
0.03
-
-
61.2
0.3
_
4.6
185
Chloride
mg/1
403
18
22
25
329
329
320
84
168
13
18
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.53
0.22
0.16
0.44
0.47
0.45
0.47
0.40
1.60
0.25
0.31
Sulfate
mg/1
385
436
164
372
367
392
488
900
963
207
325
Tot. Arsenic
u9/l
28
<5
<5
<6
19
20
15
5
27
S7
108
Diss. Arsenic*
yg/i
26
-
-
-
-
-
14
5
-
*5
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/i
4500
3400
no
300
5200
4500
3800
900
1400
10000
115100
Diss. Iron*
ug/i
70
-
-
-
-
-
<10
20
-
20
10
Tot. Lead
ug/i
<5
r>*
V 1
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
12
95
Diss. Lead4
ug/1
<5
-
-
-
-
-
<5
<5
.
<5
<5
Tot. Manganese
u g/l
225
85
5
50
130
135
205
695
85
185
2130
Diss. Manganese*
ug/l
45
-
-
-
-
-
55
535
-
50
5
Tot. Mercury
ug/l
1.6
<4.8
CO
o
1.4
2.0
1.8
4.1
1.6
7.0
0.7
0.9
Diss. Mercury*
yg/i
<0.2
-
-
-
-
-
<0.2
<0.2
-
<0.2
0.3
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/i
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum*
ug/i
<10
-
-
-
-
-
<10
10
-
<10
<10
Tot. Selenium
ug/l
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Selenium*
ug/l
<5
-
-
-
-
<5
<5
-
<5
<5
2 pH values are median values.
4 Dissolved metals were sampled one time only at selected stations as shown.
5 Flow was present in Ash Creek on only two sampling days.
® Only one sample was collected from the St. George STP effluent ditch (SC-2).
7 No USGS flow data at VR-10 because flow measuring equipment and records were stolen from site.
-------
Table 4. Stream standards and recommended water quality criteria.
Parameter
Units
Temperature
C
20,
26.6,
pH
s.u.
-
D.0.
mg/1
5.
TDS
mg/1
500
Chloride
mg/1
250
Fluoride'3
mg/1
1.
Sulfate
mg/1
250
Arsenic
ug/1
10
Iron
ug/1
300c
Lead
Mg/l
-
Manganese
ug/i
50°
Mercury
ng/i
-
Molydenum
ug/l
-
Selenium
ug/l
-
Utah Class "C"
Stream Standards3
Recommended Mandatory
6.5-8.5
5.5
2.0
50
50
Recommended EPA
Criteria (EPA, 1977
10
6.5-9.0
500
250
2.0 (NAS.1S
250
50
300c. 1000
50d
50c
0.05e, 2.0
10 (NAS, 197
10d
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
These standards are contained in the document referenced as Utah, 1968
which utilizes the chemical standards prescribed for drinking water by
"Public Health Drinking Water Standards, 1962."
Actual fluoride standards and criteria are dependent upon ambient air
temperatures at the monitoring site.
Dissolved metal.
It is recommended that a 96-hour LC50 bioassay test be conducted to establish
a limit for the particular water body in question.
Criteria for freshwater aquatic life and wildlife.
Criteria for drinking waters.
16
-------
4
jJL
90
100
110
120
130
'
140
River Miles
A - Tributary Measurements
Figure 2. Flow profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
Stream Hiles - ICanab Creek
Miles
Ki lometers
-------
Table 5. A comparison of streamflowslin the Virgin River drainage.
Station Number
Location
Mean Flow During
March, 1976 Study2
5-Yr. Ave. of Mean
Flow for March3
5-Yr. Ave. of
Mean Annual Flow^
9404450
East Fork Virgin River
near Glendale
0.501
0.524
0.462
9405500
North Fork Virgin River
near Springdale
2.39
2.16
2.51
9406700
South Ash Cr. near
Pintura
0.122
0.105
0.153
9408000
Leeds Cr. near Leeds
0.105
0.133
0.150
9408150
Virgin River near
Hurricane
2.174
5.92 (4.765)
5.24 (4.055)
9410100
Santa Clara River below
Winsor Dam
0.187
0.2326
0.4306
9415000
Virgin River at Little-
field, Arizona
2.38
6.51 (4.255)
5.72 (4.165)
1 All flows are in cubic meters per second (m3/s) as converted from USGS flow records.
2 All flows for March, 1976 are provisional and subject to revision by the USGS prior to publication.
3 The 5-year average includes the years 1970-1974 inclusive.
4 The March, 1976 flow in the Virgin River near Hurricane is the sum of flow in the Virgin River at VR-8
(500 feet downstream from the Hot Springs near Hurricane), and flows in Ash Cr., LaVerkin Cr., and Leeds/
Quail Cr., all measured by EPA. The difference in flow may be partly due to unidentified irrigation diversior
5 These values represent 4-year averages, omitting high flows from 1973.
6 These values are based on only three years data.
-------
Temperature
As shown in Figure 3 water temperatures fluctuated widely in the
Virgin River basin during this study. The snow-melt runoff entering the
upper Virgin River from Stout Canyon Creek and Lydias Canyon Creek caused
temperatures to drop from 4C near the East Fork Virgin River headwaters
to 0.5C near Glendale. Rapid warming occurred during the next 10 miles,
resulting in an average water temperature of 6.5C at Mt. Carmel Junction.
Measurements at the confluence of the North and East Forks of the Virgin
River, immediately downstream from Zion National Park, indicated the water
temperature had again decreased to 2C. Stream temperatures remained at
this level until warmed by the discharge from the La Verkin Hot Springs
located near Hurricane, Utah. This discharge, plus tributary impacts
from Ask Creek and Leeds Creek and warmer air temperatures associated with
lower elevations, contributed to the higher temperatures observed in the
Virgin River near Harrisburg Junction (8C). A general upward trend in
water temperatures continued downstream to the lower boundary of the study
area below St. George, Utah.
Kanab Creek exhibited the same general trend of coldest water in the
upstream reach near Alton (minus 3C-extensive anchor ice) with higher
temperatures recorded 34.8 km (21.6 mi) downstream near Kanab (7.5C).
PH
As can be seen from Figure 4, median pH values ranged from 7.0 to
8.2 standard units (S.U.). The lowest median pH value was recorded at
station VR-8 (7.0 S.U.), located immediately downstream from the La Verkin
Hot Springs near Hurricane, Utah. During this study, no pH measurements exceeded
the State limits of 6.5-8.5 S.U.
Dissolved Oxygen
There were no problems with low dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations
in the study area, as can be seen from the D.O. profile in Figure 5. Dis-
solved oxygen concentrations generally averaged between 9 and 12 mg/1 at all
locations, with the highest concentrations measured 1n the mid-reach of
the Virgin River downstream from Z1on National Park, The Santa Clara River
contained the highest D.O. concentration of any tributary stream (12.4 mg/1).
Total Suspended Solids
The profile for total suspended solids (TSS) 1n the Virgin River (Figure 6)
indicates several incremental increases 1n concentration in the downstream
direction. The first increase was a result of the impact of Muddy Creek
(591 mg/1), which more than doubled the suspended sol Ids load carried by the
Virgin River at station VR-3 (1.4 metric tons per day). The second sharp
Increase in TSS concentrations occurred in the 9.7 km (6 mi) reach of the
Virgin River between stations VR-7 and VR-8. Although TSS concentrations
increased by 86£ in this stream reach, the TSS load at VR-8 (36.4 metric tons
per day) remained at approximately the same level as the combined load
measured 1n the North Fork and East Fork (41.1 metric tons per day) approxi-
mately 32.2 km (20 ml) further upstream. Irrigation diversions and return
19
-------
ro
o
10 20 30
Stream Miles - Kanab Creek
130 140 150 160
River Miles - Virgin River
A - Tributary measurements
Miles °
Kilometers „
10
¦i—1-r
10
20
20
30
Figure 3. Temperature profile. Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
-------
Stream Miles - Kanab Creek
River Miles - Virgin River
Hiles
Kil (Meters
A - Tributary measurements
Figure 4. pH profile. Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah
-------
13
12
10 20 30
Stream Miles - Kanab Cr.
ro
ro
11
10
12
11
10
JL.
Jm
90
100
no
120 130 140 150 160
River Miles - Virgin River
170
A - Tributary concentrations
Kilometers
180
Miles
no
10
-1-
10
200
20
-I
20
30
Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
-------
250)
ro
CO
140
River Miles
A - Tributary concentrations
Figure 6. T5S profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah
Stream Miles - Kanab Creek
River
Mites
Kilometers
-------
flows, as well as the presence of highly erodable soils throughout the
region, contributed to the variability of TSS concentrations in the Virgin
River drainage.
In Kanab Creek, TSS concentrations showed a tremendous increase,
ranging from 499 mg/1 near Alton to 6340 mg/1 near Kanab. The solids
load in Kanab Creek at Kanab (185 metric tons per day) was three times
greater than the maximum load carried by the Virgin River at St. George
(61.2 metric tons per day) during this study. As would be expected, a
very good correlation existed between TSS concentrations and turbidity
measurements (r = 0.99).
Sal irri ty
For purposes of this report, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride,
and sulfate are discussed under the general heading of "salinity". Profiles
for these three parameters are shown in Figures 7 through 9. From the TDS
profile (Figure 7), it is readily apparent that excessive TDS concentrations
pose a severe problem in the lower Virgin River basin downstream from Zion
National Park. The recommended Utah maximum limit of 500 mg/1 TDS was
exceeded at all main stem and tributary sampling locations downstream from
the confluence of the North and East Forks of the Virgin River. It appears
that one of the most significant sources of TDS in this stream reach is the
La Verkin Hot Springs located near the town of Hurricane. TDS concentrations
in the Virgin River nearly tripled in the 9-7 km (6 mi) stream reach between
Virgin (VR-7, 641 mg/1) and Hurricane (VR-8, 1830 mg/1), Utah. TDS loads
could not be computed at VR-7 because no flow measurement was possible, but
comparison of the TDS load at VR-8 with the combined load measured upstream
in the North Fork (NFVR-1) and East Fork (VR-5) Virgin River indicated a
250% increase in this 32.2 km (20mi) stream reach. Although no TDS measure-
ments were made on the hot springs discharge itself, previous investigations
have reported concentrations in excess of 9000 mg/1 (Utah Water Research
Laboratory, 1974). Another significant source of salinity in the lower
Virgin River drainage is the Santa Clara River which enters the Virgin
River approximately 2 km (1.2 mi) downstream from George, Utah. Figure 7
shows that the average TDS concentration of 2050 mg/1, measured at the mouth
of the Santa Clara River, was the highest value observed in the entire Virgin
River drainage. Although containing very high concentrations of TDS, flow
from the Santa Clara River increased the salinity load in the Virgin River
by only approximately 3%. Figure 7 also shows that the Kanab Creek drainage
exhibited the same pattern of increasing TDS concentrations in the downstream
direction (695 mg/1 near Alton to 1188 mg/1 near Kanab). TDS loads likewise
increased in the same direction from 6.5 to 34.6 metric tons per day, respec-
tively (Table 3).
Average concentrations of chloride and sulfate exceeded the recommended
limit of 250 mg/1 throughout the lower Virgin River drainage (Figures 8 and 9).
As noted previously in the discussion of TDS, the major source of the high
chloride and sulfate concentrations appeared to be La Verkin Hot Springs.
Chloride concentrations increased by more than 400% in the Virgin River
24
-------
1500
1000
500
2000
o>
c
_i
O)
-------
400
OJ
CP
i-
o
90 100 110 120 130 140
River ^il
A - Tributary concentrations
Figure 8. Chloride profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
Stream Miles - Kanab Creek
Reconmended Limit
300
200
100
¦J.
0
200
150 160
Virgin River
170
180
Miles ,°
Ki1ometers
190
10
20
20
H
30
-------
ro
Recommended
Limit
10 20
Stream Miles
30
Kanab Creek
Recomnended Limit
River Miles - Virgin River
A - Tributary concentrations
Miles
Ki lometers
10
i_
10
20
20
-H
30
Figure 9. Sulfate profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
-------
between Virgin (VR-7) and Hurricane (VR-8), Utah, while sulfate concentra-
tions increased by 121% in the same stream reach. Although the Santa Clara
River contained relatively little chloride (84 mg/1), it was extremely high
in sulfate (900 mg/1). The lower Kanab Creek station (KC-3) also contained
high concentrations of sulfate (325 mg/1).
Fluoride
Concentrations of fluoride ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 mg/1 at all sampling
stations in the Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages. As shown in the
profile in Figure 10, fluoride concentrations decreased from the headwaters
downstream to the La Verkin Hot Springs. Downstream from the Hot Springs,
the fluoride concentration in the Virgin River increased by approximately
100*, as measured at the Hurricane sampling station (VR-8). Concentrations
remained near the same level (0.5 mg/1) from this point downstream to St. George
Based on this data, fluoride was not a problem in either drainages at the time
of this study.
Metals
A total of seven different metals were measured during this study, in-
cluding arsenic, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum and selenium.
Table 3 lists the average total metal concentrations obtained from three
samples collected at each location. The table also shows the dissolved metal
concentrations obtained from a single sample collected at selected locations
as shown on the data sheets in Appendix A.
As shown in Table 3 and Figure 11 concentrations of total arsenic averaged
less than 5 ug/1 at all sampling locations on the Virgin River upstream from
the La Verkin Hot Springs. However, below the Hot Springs, average total
arsenic concentrations ranged from 15 to 28 \i g/1. Although these concentrations
do not exceed the mandatory Utah limit of 50 mg/1, they do exceed the recom-
mended Utah limit of 10 \i g/1. The most significant arsenic problem was found
in Kanab Creek, where the average total concentration near Kanab was 108 ug/1.
Although 80% of the dissolved arsenic measurements were below the analytical
detection limit (reported in Table 3 as <5ug/l), two measurements were above
the recommended Utah limit of 10 y g/1 (VR-8, 26mg/1 and VR-12, 14 ng/1).
The profile of total iron concentrations shown in Figure 12 indicates
the highly variable but generally upward trend of iron concentrations in the
downstream direction. Total iron concentrations, as might be expected, were
directly related to TSS concentrations (correlation coefficient, r = 0.99),
Average total iron concentrations ranged as high as 5200yg/1 in the main stem
Virgin River (VR-10), 12,100yg/1 in one of its tributaries (Muddy Creek-MC-1),
and 115, 100 n g/1 in Kanab Creek near Kanab (KC-3). Although there is no appli-
cable Utah stream standard for total iron, the recommended EPA criterion of loot
y g/1 was greatly exceeded at many locations. However, the recommended Utah
standard of 300pg/1 for dissolved iron was not exceeded at any location. The
highest average dissolved iron concentration measured was 70 ng/1 at VR-8,
located immediately downstream from the La Verkin Hot Springs (Table 3).
28
-------
Stream Miles - Kanab Creek
Miles
Kilometers
A - Tritutary concentrations
Figure 10. Fluoride profile. Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
-------
30,-
25
OJ
O
20
15
10
90
100
_l__
no
_L_
120
_l
130
140
River "iles
A - Tributary concentrations
Tt - "Less than" values
Figure 11. Total arseric profile, Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah
-------
6000
5000
150,000
100,000 -
50,000
-.150,000
oo
4000
3000
2000
1000
- 100,000
50.000
12100
A
4000
3000
2000
1000
-L
¦ A
_L
_L
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
River Miles - Virgin River
A - Tributary concentrations
Figure 12. Total iron profile. Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
Miles 0
Kilometers •"
190
10
To 2b
200
20
It
-------
Total lead concentrations averaged less than 10 u g/1 throughout the
Virgin River drainage and were, therefore, not plotted graphically in a
concentration profile. However, the Kanab Creek drainage exhibited much
higher total lead concentrations, ranging from 12ug/1 near the headwaters
(KC-1) to 95 yg/1 near Kanab. The concentration of 95 yg/1 exceeds the
mandatory Utah limit of 50 p g/1 as well as the recommended EPA criterion of
30 yg/1 (EPA, 1973). Dissolved lead concentrations averaged less than 5yg/1
at all locations.
The profile of total manganese concentrations measured in the Virgin
River basin is shown in Figure 13. The highest concentrations were measured
at station VR-8, located immediately downstream from the La Verkin Hot Springs
(225 yg/1), Muddy Creek at MC-1 (275 yg/1), Kanab Creek at KC-3 (2130yg/1),
and the Santa Clara River at SC-1 (695yg/1). All of these concentrations
exceed the recommended EPA criterion for total manganese of 200 yg/1 (Table 4).
Dissolved manganese concentrations were generally less than 50% of the total
concentrations except for the upper Virgin River at VR-1 and VR-2 and the
Santa Clara River near the mount (SC-1). The Santa Clara River contained the
highest concentration of dissolved manganese (535 yg/1), far exceeding the
recommended Utah limit of 50 yg/1. The Virgin River near St. George (VR-12,
55 n g/1) also contained dissolved manganese concentrations slightly in excess
of the recommended Utah limit.
Total mercury concentrations at most sampling locations in the Virgin
River and Kanab Creek Drainages exceeded the recommended EPA criterion of 0.05
yg/1 for the protection of freshwater aquatic life and wildlife. As shown
in Figure 14, even the more liberal criterion of 2.0yg/1 for drinking water
supplies was exceeded at four locations: NFVR-1 (2.4yg/l), VR-7 (2.3 yg/1),
LVC-1 (< 4.8 yg/1), and VR-12 (4.1 yg/1). The mercury concentrations in
La VerkTn Creek (LVC-1) showed considerable variation, ranging from <0.2 to 11
yg/1 over the three-day sampling period. In North Creek (NC-1) an increase
in stream flow of 63% due to irrigation return flow on 3/14/76 produced an
increase in total mercury concentrations of 680% or 3.4 yg/1. Another high
concentration of total mercury was found in the single grab sample collected
from the St. George wastewater treatment plant effluent ditch at SC-2 (7.0
yg/1, Table 3). Also of interest is the fact that, for some unknown reason,
all sampling locations downstream from Zion National Park exhibited signi-
ficantly higher concentrations of total mercury (by a factor of from 3 to 10)
on the second two days of sampling (3/14-15/76) than on the first day (3/13/76)
This phenomenon could not be related to changes in flow or any other measured
or observed stream characteristic. Of the dissolved mercury measurements, 70%
were less than the detection limit of 0.2 yg/1. While these dissolved mercury
concentration may or may not have exceeded the recommended EPA criterion of
0.05 yg/1 for the protection of freshwater aquatic life and wildlife, the re-
maining 30% (three samples) of the samples did exceed the recommended criterion
All concentrations of molybdenum, both total and dissolved, were reported
as less than or equal to 10 yg/1 - the minimum detection limit achieved during
this study. These values are less than the recommended criterion of 10yg/1
for total molybdenum in irrigation water (NAS, 1973).
32
-------
695
£ - Tributary concentrations
igure 13.
Total n&nganese nrofile, Vircin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
:ooo
2000
1530
1500
1000
1000
500
500
L
Strear. Miles - Kanab Creek
Miles 0
Kilometers f-
-------
2^.
u
* 2
10
20
30
40
4
90
100
110
120
130 140 150
River Miles - Viroin River
160
170
180
- Tributary concentrations
-"Less than" value
FilesO
Kilometers •"
190
JL
200
20
—J
10
20
30
Figure 14. Total mercury profile. Virgin River and Kanab Creek, Utah.
-------
Selenium concentrations at all sampling locations were reported as
<5ug/l, the minimum detection limit (Table 3). No differences were observed
between total and dissolved selenium concentrations, and all concentrations
were less than the mandatory Utah limit (10ug/l) and the recommended EPA
criterion (lOyg/l).
Sediments
A total of ten sediment samples from the Virgin River and Kanab Creek
drainages were analyzed for seven different metals and PBC's. The results
are shown in Table 6. Maximum concentrations of each metal parameter were
found in sediments in the following areas: arsenic - 12.7ug/gm in the East
Fork Virgin River headwaters near Alton (VR-1); iron - 5800yg/gm in the
East Fork Virgin River near Glendale (VR-2); lead - 19.1 yg/gm and manganese
- 670pg/gm in the Santa Clara River near St. George (SC-1); mercury and
molybdenum concentrations were below the detection limits of 0.1 and 1.0
ug/gm, respectively, at all stream locations, while selenium was found above
the detection limit of 5 yg/gm only in the East Fork Virgin River near Mt.
Carmel Junction (5.7 y«j/gm). The only stream sampling location which ex-
hibited measurable concentrations of PCB's was Kanab Creek near Kanab (KC-3),
which contained 13 parts per billion (ppb) PCB 1260. Of the ten sediment
samples collected, the sample from the St. George STP effluent ditch (SC-2)
contained the highest concentrations of lead (24.3 y g/gm), mercury (1.1 yg/gm)
and PCB's (73 ppb PCB 1254).
The concentrations shown in Table 6 basically represent baseline sediment
characteristics existing at the time of this study. The sediment concentra-
tions do not appear to be related to any existing water quality problems in
the study area except for manganese in the Santa Clara River (SC-1).
Trace Organics
As a part of the intensive baseline stream survey, water samples were
collected from several locations in the Virgin River basin for trace organics
analysis. Table 7 lists 14 commonly occurring pesticides which, along with
PCB's, were measured at three locations on the Virgin River (VR-1, VR-4,
VR-12) and one location on the Santa Clara River (SC-1). The reported con-
centrations, 1n parts per trillion (ppt), ranged from <10 to <500. In each
case these values are the limits of detection for each organic parameter.
This trace organics data will serve as reference values against which future
concentrations may be compared.
*1. Biological Data
The complete tabulation of kinds and number of benthic macroinvertebrate
collected 1n each sample at each station is given in Appendix B. Table 8 is
a summary of the data presented in Appendix B.
As expected, in view of the high sediment load 1n the Virgin River the
macroinvertebrate population was poor throughout most of the malnstem of the
Virgin River. Aside from station VR-1, which averaged 17,665 organisms/nr
35
-------
Table 6. Sediment analysis, Virgin River and Kanab Creek drainages, March 12-13, 1976
Station Total Metals,ygm/gm (ppb) Dry Weight
As
Fe
Pb
Mn
Hg
Mo
Se
PCB's
VR-1
12.7
4760
13.5
216
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
VR-2
4.2
5800
8.5
143
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
VR-4
1.2
4000
7.1
122
<0.1
<1.0
5.7
<8
NFVR-1
1.3
1940
3.7
64
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
VR-5
0.86
2180
5.8
66
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
VR-8
1.7
2230
3.9
64
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
VR-12
4.6
3.42
5.1
78
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
KC-3
0.95
1740
2.4
79
<0.1
<1.0
<5
13(PCB 1260]
SC-1
10.8
9.72
19.1
670
<0.1
<1.0
<5
<8
SC-2
5.9
6.27
24.3
217
1.1
<1.0
<5
73 (PCB 125'
* ppb, calculated as PCB 1254. Recovery was >_ 92%.
-------
Table 7. Trace organic analysis of water samples from the Virgin River
drainage - March 12-13, 1976
Parameter Concentration, ppt1 Recovery (ppt)2
Aldrin <10
Chlordane <100
PP' DDE <23
PP' DDD <10
PP' DDT <60 480
Dieldrin <20 240
Endrin <53
Heptachlor <25
Heptachlor Epoxide <25
Lindane <25
Malathion <500 1200
Methyl Parathion <500
Parathion (Ethyl) <500
Toxaphene <100
PCB's <100
1 Each of the four water samples (VR-1, VR-4, VR-12, SC-1) contained pesticide
and PCB concentrations as shown.
2 Recovery was >89% for sample VR-1 which was spiked with three different
pesticides as indicated above.
37
-------
CO
Co
able 8.
A compilation of results of the benthic macroinvertebrate
survey, Virgin River,
Utah 1976.
Diversity (d)
Mean
Range
No/ft2
Taxa/
Station
Range
Taxa/Sample
No. Taxa/
Sample
Mean
Sample
Ave.
Station
No/ft2/Sample
No/ft2
St. Dev.
No/n^/Sanple
No/m2
1
2
3
4
d
/R-l
1105/1225
2214/2021
1641.25
557.70
1105-
2214
35
17-
24
17-24-
21-23
11893-13185
23829-21752
17665
1.977
1.539
1.967
1.820
1.83
JR-2
248/ 82
164/ 493
246.75
177.61
82-
493
30
11-
20
16-11-
17-20
2669- 883
1765-: 5306
2656
2.895
2.362
2.720
2.553
2.63
VR-3
179/ 242
103/ 239
190.75
65.3
103-
242
18
5-
12
12- 5-
9- 9
1927-2605
1109-2572
2053
1.260
1.427
0.997
1.214
1.22
VR-4
52/ 28
12/ 12
26.00
18.90
12-
52
11
2-
7
7- 5-
2- 5
560- 301
129- 129
280
1.637
1.370
0.413
1.950
1.34
VR-5
149/ 179
181/ 131
160.00
24.25
131-
181
17
8-
9
8- 8-
9- 8
1604-1927
1948-1410
1722
0.771
0.796
0.616
0.730
0.73
VR-6
107/ 12
98/ 300
129.25
121.62
12-
300
19
2-
12
9- 2-
9-12
1152- 129
1055-3229
1391
1.146
0.650
0.976
1.205
0.99
VR-7
307/ 126
159/ 389
245.25
124.01
126-
389
23
6-
16
6- 6-
16- 9
3304-1356
1711-4187
2640
0.810
0.518
1.607
0.668
0.90
VR-8
151/ 312
86/ 142
172.75
97.18
86-
312
16
8-
11
11-10-
8-10
1625-3358
926-1528
1859
2.460
1.623
2.138
2.082
2.08
VR-9
542/ 42
153/ 128
216.25
222.31
42-
542
20
7-
10
7-10-
10-10
5834- 452
1647-1378
2328
0.191
1.726
1.056
1.060
1.01
VR-10
27/ 31
144/ 326
132.00
140.25
27-
326
17
5-
10
6- 5-
10- 8
291- 334
1550-3509
1421
1.708
0.812
1.540
1.016
1.27
vr-ii
93/ 335
82/ 204
178.50
117.99
82-
335
19
5-
11
5-10-
9-11
1001-3606
883-2196
1922
1.155
1.369
1.570
1.611
1.43
VR-12
40/ 41
66/ 48
48.75
12.04
40-
66
11*
4-
7
4- 5-
7- 6
431- 441
710- 517
525
0.934
1.572
1.333
1.719
1.39
-------
Table 8. continued
Station
No/ft2/Samp1e
Mean
No/ft*
St. Dev.
Range
No/ft2
Taxa /
Station
Range
Taxa/Sample
No. Taxa/
Sample
No/m2/Sample
Mean
No/m2
1
Diversity (d)
Sample
2 3
4
Ave.
d
VR-13
Qual. Sample
Only -
StC-1
285/ 712
567.00
200.37
285-
41
19-
29-24-
3067-7664
6103
3.632
3.363
3.710
3.522
3.56
563/ 708
712
29
26-19
6060-7620
HC-l
27/ 1
10.50
11.82
1-
8
1-
4- 1-
291- 11
113
1.293
0.000
0.918
1.789
1.00
3/ 11
27
4
2- 4
32- 118
NFVR-1
62/ 78
163.25
166.60
62-
20
9-
9-10-
667- 840
1757
2.656
2.304
1.659
1.361
2.00
101/ 412
412
14
11-14
1087-4434
NFVR-2
1303/1083
1201.00
196.68
995-
33
19-
21-19-
14024-11656
12926
2.768
1.950
2.783
2.896
2.60
995/1423
1423
22
19-22
10709-15316
NFVR-3
Qual. Sample
Only -
HC-l
66/ 22
47.25
20.61
22-
19
5-
11- 8-
710- 237
509
2.735
2.460
1.398
1.789
2.10
66
11
5- 6
420- 667
LVC-1
50/ 71
81.50
28.31
50-
21
8-
8- 9-
538- 764
877
1.621
1.486
1.772
1.138
1.50
88/ 117
117
13
13-11
947- 1259
AC-1
2045/1304
2497.25
1634.97
1304-
40
14-
23-14
22010-14035
26878
2.019
1.670
2.003
1.760
1.86
4907/1733
4907
32
32-10
52814-18652
LC-1
362/ 614
561.50
159.88
362-
33
14-
14-26
3896-6608
6043
2.358
3.261
3.519
3.062
3.05
527/ 743
743
28
28-23
5672-7997
SC-1
542/ 426
610.50
230.78
426-
26
13-
13-15-
5834-4586
6572
1.383
1.445
1.778
2.158
1.69
526/ 948
948
20
15-20
5662-10204
* Does not Include qualitative sanple collected.
-------
(558/ft ), total number of organisms was generally lessthan 3230/n;2 (300.ft2)
with samples frequently containing less than 1076 organisms/m*- (100/ft2). The
greatest number of genera noted during the survey was at station VR-1, Figure
15. No apparent trends were observed for either number of organisms/mz or
total number of genera versus river mile. The extremely low number of organisms
and genera reported at VR-4 is thought to be due to lack of suitable sampling
substrate rather than any marked changes in the water quality.
Figures 15-18 show the reported number of organisms/m2 and the total
number of genera per station recorded for sampling locations on tributaries
to the Virgin River. Total number of organisms per m2 varied from 113 at
Station MC-1 to 26,878 at AC-1, while total number of genera per sample varied
from 8 at Station MC-1 to 41 at Station StC-1.
Although tne value of mean diversities vd) computed for samples contain-
ing less than 1076 organisms/nr (100/ft2) is questionable, mean diversity was
calculated for all samples, regardless of total number, for means of comparison.
As can be seen from Figure 19, the highest mean diversities were reported for
the upstregm Stations VR-1 (1.83) and VR-2 (2.63), while the lowest mean
diversity d was noted at VR-5 (0.73). Recorded mean diversities were generally
higher in the tributaries than in the mainstem of the Virgin River (Fig. 20).
The highest mean diversity (3.56) was recorded at Station StC-1 while the
lowest (1.00) was recorded at MC-1. Recorded mean diversities were, in general
less than 2.00 throughout the sampling area.
Although numerous taxa were often recorded at various sampling stations,
usually one taxa was markedly dominant. At all stations sampled, with the
exception of VR-8, the Ephemoptera (mayflies) were the dominant benthic macro-
invertebrates, the dominant genera being Baetis sp. At Station VR-8, located
immediately downstream from the La Verkin Hot Springs (Figure 1 and Table 1)4
the Chironomidae (midges) were the dominant organisms. The Ephemoptera, which
averaged 1862/m2 (173/ft^) at VR-7, averaged only 118/nr (11/ft2), at VR-8,
while the Chironimidae increased from an average of 54/m2 (5/ft2) at VR-7
to 1604/m2 (149/m2) at VR-8. At Station VR-9, the next downstream station,
the Ephemoptera were, once again, the dominant macroinvertebrates, averaging
2153/m2 (200/ft2). A discussion of the significant physical and chemical
effects of the La Verkin Hot Springs on the Virgin River water quality
appeared in a previous section of the report.
Table 9 shows the comparison of results from this study with reported
findings of the Utah Water Research Laboratory (1974). An attempt was made
to match stations reported in the previous study with EPA stations in as close
proximity as possible. In general, the results of the benthic invertebrate
surveys for the two studies are similar. A breakdown of percent of various
taxa recorded per station is not given in the UWRL report. However, both
studies show a benthic population low in number and diversity throughout much
of the drainage. The highest number of organisms per unit area and the highest
mean diversity were recorded, for both studies, at the furthest upstream
stations.
40
-------
1 4 5 I 7 t 9 19 11 12
Virgin Rivar Sampling Stations
i i i u i U
u
«/>
o S o
S o 5 m u
-------
30
25
(0
Q 20
C
0)
a
o
_ 15
a>
X>
E
3
2 io
n41
33
p40
llllil Mean
~ Total
33
1
«/»
u
Tributary Sampling Stations
J L±
I i
J L-L
i
ii i i
J
Fig.
1 2 3 4 5 fi 7 8 9 10)112 13
Virgin River Sampling Stations
Total and mean number of genera recorded at each Virgin River
tributary sampling station, Alton to St. George, Utah.
42
16
-------
10
10
CJ
k
O
O 103
w
A
£
10
11
Mean
legend
i
r
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 11 j2
Virgin River Sampling Stations
l
±
J L
J_J L
jU
o o
Tributaries
Pi 9- 17 Mean number of organisms per square meter and range at mainstem
Virgin River sampling locations, Alton to St. George, Utah.
43
-------
c-:
E
m
"c
m
O
««-»
©
Ihw
E
3
3K
10'
< A
ii!
« Mean
Legend
I
1C"
10
10
I
I
CO
_* fM
¦I °*
e *
u
VI
Tributary Sampling Stations
L~J_
_U LJ_
J—L
J_JLJ J I
2 3 4 5
»
10 1112 13
g.
18
Virgin River Sampling Stations
Mean number of organisms per square meter and range at Virgin
River tributary sampling stations, Alton to St. George, Utah.
44
-------
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Virgin River Sampling Stations
« m £ *
J I I 1 1—L
w
M
Tributaries
Fig. 19 Mean diversity of benthic invertebrates collected at sampling
stations on the Virgin River, Alton to St. George, Utah.
-------
3.00
_e*
o\
"T3
CO
9
>
2.10
o LM
S3
u
c/>
S£
S
Tributary Sampling Station
i
-I
2 3
J L
4 5
Virgin ftiver Sampling Stations
Fig. 20 Mean diversity of benthic invertebrates collected at sampling stations
on tributaries to the Virgin River, Mton to St. Cieorqe, Utah.
-------
Table 9 A comparison of the results of benthic macroinvertebrate surveys on the
Virgin River conducted by the Utah Water Research Laboratory and
EPA, Region VIII
Comparative^
Stations # Organisms/ft* Pi versi t.y # Taxa
EPA
Utah
EPA
Utah
EPA
Utah
EPA
Utah
VR1/VR2
201
1630/246
1365
1.83/2.65
2.47
35/30
32
NFVR-1
204
163
313
2.00
1.91
19
11
NFVR-2
206
1201
287
2.60
1.17
32
12
VR-5
206B
160
421
0.73
0.96
17
13
VR-8
209
173
30
2.08
0.84
16
4
VR-7
209A
245
9
0.90
1.28
24
4
VR-10
210
132
105
1.27
1.60
18
14
VR-132
212
Q
1128
Q
1.32
6
23
1 EPA Station VR-7 and Utah WRL Station 209A are not as close in geographical
proximity as desired but represent best match available. Also, EPA/VR-13
is approximately 4-5 miles downstream from corresponding Station Utah/212.
2 Only qualitative samples were collected at station VR-13.
47
-------
48
-------
REFERENCES
Ediger, R. D. 1975. Atomic absorption analysis with the graphite furnace
using matrix modification. Atomic Absorption Newsletter. 14(5): 127.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1973(a). An introduction to the identi-
fication of Chironomid Larvae. Cincinnati, Ohio.
1973(b). Biological field and laboratory
methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents.
EPA-670/4-73-001.
1974. Methods for chemical analysis of
water and wastes. EPA-625/6-74-003. Cincinnati, Ohio.
. 1976. Quality criteria for water. Wash-
ington, D.C.
Gaufin, A. R., W. E. Ricker, M. Miner, P. Milam, and R. A. Haus. 1972.
the Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Montana. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol.
98:1-161.
Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1975. Aquatic insects of Wisconsin. Technical Bulletin
No. 89. Dept. of Nat. Res. Madison, Wisconsin.
Johannsen, O.A. 1969. Aquatic Diptera: eggs, larvae, pupae of aquatic flies.
Entomological Reprint Specialists. Los Angeles, California.
Lloyd, M., J. H. Zar, and J. R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of informa-
tion - theoretical measures of diversity. Am. Mid. Nat. 79(2): 257-272.
National Academy of Sciences - National Academy of Engineering. 1973. Water
quality criteria-1972. EPA-R-73-033. Washington, D.C.
Needham, J. G., J. R. Traver, and Yin-chi Hsu. 1935. The biology of Mayflies.
Entomological Reprint Specialists. Los Angeles, California.
Pennak, R. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald
Press Co. New York. 769pp.
Ross, H. H. 1944. The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. Entomolgical
Reprint Specialists. Los Angeles, California.
Usinger, R. L. 1971. Aquatic insects of California. University of California
Press. Berkeley, California.
Utah State Division of Health. 1968. Code of waste disposal regulations,
part II, standards of quality for waters of the state. Salt Lake City,
Utah.
49
-------
Utah Water Research Laboratory. 1974(a). Comprehensive water quality
management plan for the Virgin River system in the state of Utah. Vol. 1
Utah State University. Logan, Utah.
. 1974(b). Planning for water quality in the
Virgin River system in the state of Utah. Utah State University. Logan,
Utah. PRWG-142-2.
50
-------
Appendix A
Physical and Chemical Water Quality Data
51
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. KC-1
3/10/76
3/11/76
3/12/76
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
0950
0940
Temperature
Cent
-3
-3.0
pH
SU
7.6
7.6
Flow
cms
*
C. 108
DO
mg/1
11.1
11.0
Conductivi ty
umhos/cm
900
850
Turbidity
FTU
175
230
TDS
mg/1
596
616
TSS
mg/1
650
662
Chloride
mg/1
15
10
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.24
0.26
Sulfate
mg/1
163
188
Tot. Arsenic
ug/1
5
10
Diss. Arsenic
ug/i
-
-
Tot. Iron
ug/i
11400
15300
Diss. Iron
ug/l
-
-
Tot. Lead
pg/i
15
15
Diss. Lead
ug/i
-
-
Tot. Manganese
ug/i
205
255
Diss. Manganese
ug/i
-
—
Tot. Mercury
ug/l
1.6
0.4
Diss. Mercury
ug/i
-
Tot. Molydenum
ug/l
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
ug/l
-
-
Tot. Selenium
ug/i
<5
5
Diss. Selenium
ug/l
-
—
26
0930
-4
7.85
**
11.4
1200
71
874
186
14
0
269
<5
<5
3200
20
5
<5
90
50
0.2
<0.2
<10
<10
<5
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
** Flow measurement impossible due to ice condition.
52
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. KC-3
3/10/76 3/11/76 3/12/76
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
1425
1450
1410
Temperature
Cent
7.0
8.0
8
pH
SU
8.3
8.1
8.05
Flow
cms
*
0.388
0.238
DO
mg/1
9.7
8.7
9.0
Conductivity
mmhos/cm
1000
1050
860
Turbidity
FTU
1480
1440
960
TDS
mg/1
708
766
2090
TSS
mg/1
8820
8270
1920
Chloride
mg/1
28
14
12
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.33
0.31
0.30
Sulfate
mg/1
338
400
238
Tot. Arsenic
ug/l
160
120
45
Diss. Arsenic
ug/l
-
-
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/l
149000
145000
51300
Diss. Iron
yg/l
-
-
10
Tot. Lead
ug/i
125
110
50
Diss. Lead
ug/l
-
-
<5
Tot. Manganese
yg/l
2700
2700
980
Diss. Manganese
ug/l
-
-
5
Tot. Mercury
yg/1
0.9
0.8
1.0
Diss. Mercury
ug/l
-
-
0.3
Tot. Molydenum
ug/l
10
10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
ug/l
-
-
<10
Tot. Selenium
ug/l
<5
5
<5
Diss. Selenium
ug/l
-
-
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
53
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-1
3/10/76
3/11/76
3/12/76
Parameter
Uni ts
Time
Mtly
Temperature
Cent
pH
SU
Flow
cms
DO
mg/1
Conductivity
u mhos/cm
Turbidity
FTU
TDS
mg/1
TSS
mg/1
Chloride
mg/1
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
Sulfate
mg/1
Tot. Arsenic
ug/i
Diss. Arsenic
yg/1
Tot. Iron
ug/1
Diss. Iron
ng/l
Tot. Lead
yg/i
Diss. Lead
yg/l
Tot. Manganese
ug/l
Diss. Manganese
vg/i
Tot. Mercury
yg/l
Diss. Mercury
ug/1
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/l
Diss. Molybdenum
ug/1
Tot. Selenium
ug/1
Diss. Selenium
yg/l
1017
5.5
7.6
*
9.5
540
1.9
274
4.0
9
0.50
5
<5
200
5
30
0.7
<10
<5
1025
3
7.3
0.034
9.3
530
2.0
282
2.5
8
0.53
2.5
6
300
<5
30
0.5
<10
<5
1010
4
7.65
0.02a
9.4
540
3.5
306
5.6
7
0.53
5
5
<5
400
10
<5
<5
30 (25)**
30 (20)**
0.3
0.3
<10
<10
<5
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
** Duplicate analysis
54
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. StC-1
3/10/76 3/11/76 3/12/76
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
1035
1055
1050
Temperature
Cent
2.0
-0.5
0.5
pH
SU
7.85
7.8
8.0
Flow
cms
*
0.258
0.173
DO
mg/1
10.4
10.4
10.8
Conductivity
umhos/cm
550
530
530
Turbidity
FTU
2.2
2.6
1.9
TDS
mg/1
314
336
368
TSS
mg/1
1.5
4.5
6.5
Chloride
mg/1
7
6
4
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.28
0.35
0.32
Sulfate
mg/1
20
23
25
Tot. Arsenic
ug/l
<5
5
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/l
200
300
300
Tot. Lead
ug/l
10
10
<5
Tot. Manganes
ug/l
15
15
10
Tot. Mercury
ug/l
0.5
0.7
<0.2
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/l
<10
<10
10
Tot. Selenium
ug/l
<5
<5
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
55
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. LyC-1
Parameter
Units
Time
Temperature
pH
Flow
DO
Conductivity
Turbidi ty
TDS
TSS
Chloride
Tot. Fluoride
Sulfate
Tot. Arsenic
Tot. Iron
Tot. Lead
Tot. Manganese
Tot. Mercury
Tot. Molybdenum
Tot. Selenium
Mtly
Cent
SU
cms
mg/1
ymhos/cm
FTU
mg/
mg/
mg/
mg/
mg/
yg/
ug/
ug /
ug/
ug /
ug/
ug/
3/10/76
1055
2.0
7.85
*
10.0
700
26
384
46
11
0
51
<5
2000
<5
175
0.6
<10
<5
62
3/11/76
3/12/76
1120
0.0
7.7
0.093
10.6
640
26
416
42
6
0.52
50
<5
1800
15
160
1.0
<10
<5
1110
1.0
7.85
0.048
10.5
710
22
408
35
11
0.67
55
<5
1600
<5
225
0.3
<10
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
56
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No, VR-2
3/10/76 3/11/76 3/12/76
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
1110
1150
1125
Temperature
Cent
2.0
1.0
0
pH
SU
8.1
7.8
8.0
Flow
cms
*
0.549
0.419
DO
mg/1
10.3
10.5
10.9
Conductivity
umhos/cm
580
560
580
Turbidity
FTU
5.2
5.7
4.4
TDS
mg/1
318
378
376
TSS
mg/1
12
16
9.5
Chloride
mg/1
8
9
9
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.46
0.47
0.49
Sulfate
mg/1
24
25
21
Tot. Arsenic
ug/l
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Arsenic
Mg/1
m
-
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/l
700
700
600
Diss. Iron
ug/l
-
-
20
Tot. Lead
ug/l
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Lead
ug/l
-
-
<5
Tot. Manganese
ug/l
45
45
60
Diss. Manganese
ug/l
-
-
35
Tot. Mercury
ug/l
0.4
1.3
0.2
Diss. Mercury
ug/l
-
-
<0.2
Tot. Molydenum
ug/l
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
ug/l
-
-
<10
Tot. Selenium
ug/l
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Selenium
ug/l
-
-
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurement.
57
-------
Station No. VR-3
yiRGIN RIVER STUDY
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
Temperature
Cent
pH
SU
Flow
cms
DO
mg/1
Conductivity
\i mhos/cm
Turbidity
FTU
TDS
mg/1
TSS
mg/1
Chloride
mg/1
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
Sulfate
mg/1
Tot. Arsenic
yg/1
Tot. Iron
ug/1
Tot. Lead
ug/l
Tot. Manganese
pg/i
Tot. Mercury
ug/l
Tot. Molybdenum
»g/i
Tot. Selenium
yg/l
3/10/76
3/11/76
3/12/76
1205
1315
1245
4.5
2.5
3
8.15
8.1
8
*
0.538
0.42
10.0
10.4
7.3
650
625
680
18
9.5
9.6
308
394
432
30
28
41
9
6
14
0.50
0.46
0.49
45
40
56
<5
<5
<5
1000
1200
1200
<5
<5
<5
60
60
60
0.3
0.3
0.2
<10
<10
<10
<5
5
<5
* Similar to flow on 3/11/76 as determined by water level measurements.
58
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. MC-1
3/10/76
3/11/76
3/12/76
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
1255
Temperature
Cent
10.0
pH
SU
8.1
Flow
cms
-
DO
mg/1
8.6
Conductivity
umhos/cm
1600
Turbidity
FTU
240
TDS
mg/1
1150
TSS
mg/1
715
Chloride
mg/1
15
Tot. Fluoride
mg/1
0.37
Sulfate
mg/1
575
Tot. Arsenic
M9/1
7
Tot. Iron
vg/i
15400
Tot. Lead
ug/l
15
Tot. Manganese
yg/1
335
Tot. Mercury
pg/i
1.0
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/1
<10
Tot. Selenium
ug/i
<5
1340
5.5
8.05
0.051
9.7
1400
240
1050
210
14
0.33
513
12
18000
15
385
1.1
<10
<5
1310
8
7.9
0.011
9.1
2200
68
1760
849
11
0.30
950
<5
2800
5
110
0.9
<10
<5
59
-------
Station No. VR-4
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Parameter
Units
3/10/76
3/11/76
3/12/76
1310
1415
1330
7.5
6.0
6
8.25
8.2
8
*
0.612
0.575
9.0
9.8
10.0
750
700
725
46
70
44
514
496
460
94
150
145
7
11
10
0.46
0.46
0.48
103
113
75
<5
<5
<5
-
-
<5
2300
3500
2500
-
-
10
<5
10
20
-
-
<5
75
110
85
-
-
15
0.3
0.7
0.3
-
-
0.3
<10
<10
<10
-
-
<10
<5
<5
<5
-
<5
Time
Temperature
pH
Flow
DO
Conductivity
Turbidity
TDS
TSS
Chloride
Tot. Fluoride
Sulfate
Tot. Arsenic
Diss. Arsenic
Tot. Iron
Diss. Iron
Tot. Lead
Diss. Lead
Tot. Manganese
Diss. Manganese
Tot. Mercury
Diss. Mercury
Tot. Molydenum
Di ss. Molybdenum
Tot, Selenium
Diss. Selenium
Mtly
Cent
SU
cms
mg/1
ymhos/cm
FTU
mg/'
nig/
mg/
mg/
mg/
yg/
ug/
yg/
yg/
yg/
yg/
ug/
yg/
yg/
yg/
yg/
yg/
y g/
yg/
* Similar to flow on 3/12/76 as determined by water level measurements.
60
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. nfvr-1
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
0820
0810
0830
Temperature
Cent
0
1.0
2
pH **
SU
7.9
8.05
8.0
Flow
cms
1.58
1.50
it
DO
mg ft
11.9
11.4
11.4
Conductivity
ymhos/cm
900
900
950
Turbidity
FTU
110
115
34
TDS
mg/£
528
518
382
TSS
mg/£
234
226
69
Chloride
mg/fc
86
69
83
Tot. Fluoride
mg/n
0.18
0.19
0.18
Sulfate
mg/£
93
98
110
Tot. Arsenic
yg/a
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Arsenic
yg/*
<5
-
-
Tot. Iron
yg/*
4200
4400
1500
Diss. Iron
yg/*
20
-
-
Tot. Lead
yg/*
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Lead
yg/£
<5
-
-
Tot. Manganese
yg/£
120
110
55
Diss. Manganese
yg/*
15
-
-
Tot. Mercury
ug/A
0.3
4.4
2.6
Diss. Mercury
yg i%
<0.2
-
-
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/a
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
yg/a
<10
-
-
Tot. Selenium
yg/a
<5
< 5
<5
Diss. Selenium
yg /a
<5
-
-
* Similar to flow on 3/14/76 as determined by water level measurements.
** These flows are approximately 0.85 CMS (30 cfs) less than the USGS preliminary
flows reported at Station 9405500 near Springdale because the USGS flow rates
include the flow in the Springdale Canal whereas the EPA flow rates do not.
61
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-5
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
0840
0825
0840
Temperature
Cent
1.0
1.5
3
pH
SU
7.9
7.8
7.95
Flow
cms
1.56
*
2.15
DO
mg/i
11.5
11.3
10.8
Conductivity
ymhos/cm
620
630
650
Turbidity
FTU
53
62
51
TDS
mg/ji
416
422
380
TSS
mq/l
82
139
130
Chloride
mg/«,
22
24
22
Tot. Flouride
mg/n
0.28
0.28
0.29
Sulfate
mg/2,
95
105
75
Tot. Arsenic
ug/fc
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Arsenic
ug/£
<5
-
-
Tot. Iron
ug/£
2600
2900
2700
Diss. Iron
ugA
<10
-
-
Tot. Lead
ug/A
<5
<5
10
Diss, Lead
ug/£
<5
-
-
Tot. Manganese
ug/jt
115
95
65
Diss. Manganese
ugA
<5
-
-
Tot. Mercury
ug/A
0.3
2.5
2.0
Diss. Mercury
ug/£
<0.2
-
-
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/*
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
M9/A
<10
-
-
Tot. Selenium
ug A
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Selenium
ugA
<5
-
-
* Similar to flow on 3/13/76 as determined by water level measurements.
62
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. nc-1
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
0930
0850
0920
Temperature
Cent
0
1.0
2
PH
SU
7.65
7.8
7.75
Flow
cms
0.108
0.176
0.105
DO
mg/£
12.1
11.4
11.3
Conductivity
umhos/cm
1050
950
1200
Turbidity
FTU
0.9
72
1.1
TDS
mg/4
732
592
830
TSS
mg/Jt
2.8
208
18
Chloride
mg/Ji
42
61
41
Tot. Flouride
mg/2,
0.15
0.28
0.17
Sulfate
mg/£
344
190
390
Tot. Arsenic
ug/JL
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/£
170
3800
240
Tot. Lead
vg/A
5
5
5
Tot. Manganese
vg/z
60
190
70
Tot. Mercury
vg/z
0.5
3.9
1.4
Tot. Molybdenum
vg/A
<10
<10
<10
Tot, Selenium
vg/a
< 5
<5
<5
* Includes 0.068 cms (2.4 cfs) irrigation return flow on 3/14/76 only.
63
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-7
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1010
0910
0940
Temperature
Cent
1.5
1.5
3
pH
SU
7.85
7.85
7.85
Flow
cms
*
ft
*
DO
mg/z
11.8
11.5
11.1
Conducti vi ty
ymhos/cm
920
960
soo
Turbidity
FTU
52
67
46
TDS
nig/i
496
576
850
TSS
mgA
92
147
134
Chloride
mg/z
72
80
60
Tot. Floun'de
mg/z
0.22
0.23
0.23
Sulfate
mg/z
153
194
175
Tot. Arsenic
ug/z
<5
<5
5
Tot. Iron
vg/z
2100
3200
2200
Tot. Lead
pg/z
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Manganese
vglz
95
115
70
Tot. Mercury
vg/z
0.8
3.4
2.6
Tot. Molybdenum
pg lz
<10
<10
<10
Tot. Selenium
vg/z
<5
<5
<5
* No flow measurement possible at this location.
USGS gaging station located approximately k mile downstream has been
discontinued.
64
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-8
Parameter
Units
Time
Mtly
Temperature
Cent
pH
SU
Flow
cms
DO
mg/£
Conductivity
ymhos/crri
Turbidity
FTU
TDS
mg/£
TSS
mg/A
Chloride
mg/a
Tot. Flouride
mg/a
Sulfate
mg/£
Tot. Arsenic
vg/a
Diss. Arsenic
yg/a
Tot. Iron
yg/a
Diss. Iron
yg/a
Tot. Lead
yg/a
Diss. Lead
pg/a
Tot. Manganese
yg/a
Diss. Manganese
yg/a
Tot. Mercury
yg/a
Diss. Mercury
yg/*
Tot. Molybdenum
ygM
Diss. Molybdenum
yg/A
Tot. Selenium
yg/a
Diss. Selenium
yg/a
3/13/76
1115
6
6.95
1.76
9.8
3000
86
1670
140
454
0.54
381
28
26
2200
70
5
<5
260
45
0.3
<0.2
<10
<10
< 5
< 5
3/14/76
1005
7
6.95
1.78
9.5
3000
83
1750
204
438
0.59
450
34
4200
<5
160
2.4
<10
<5
3/15/76
1030
7
7.05
2.44
9.9
2300
115
2080
294
316
0.46
325
22
7100
<5
255
2.0
<10
<5
65
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. LVC-l
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1030
0930
1000
Temperature
Cent
1.5
1.5
4
pH
SU
7.75
7.75
7.75
Flow
cms
0.133
0.187
O.J 58
DO
mg/£
12.1
11.6
ir.3
Conductivity
umhos/cm
1150
1200
1200
Turbidity
FTU
68
110
175
TDS
mg/£
790
816
770
TSS
mg/s.
119
198
326
Chloride
mg/Ji
17
17
20
Tot. Flouride
mg/Jt
0.24
0.20
0.22
Sulfate
mg/s.
394
432
481
Tot. Arsenic
yg/£
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Iron
ug/£
3100
4600
2500
Tot. Lead
yg/*
<5
10
5
Tot. Manganese
yg/*
65
85
110
Tot. Mercury
yg/A
<0.2
11
3.2
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/*
<10
<10
<10
Tot. Selenium
yg/A
<5
<5
<5
66
-------
Station No. AC-1
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Parameter
Urn ts
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Temperature
PH
Flow
DO
Conductivity
Turbidity
TDS
TSS
Chloride
Tot. Flouride
Sulfate
Tot. Arsenic
Tot. Iron
Tot. Lead
Tot. Manganese
Tot. Mercury
Tot. Molybdenum
Tot. Selenium
Mtly
Cent
SU
cms
mg/Ji
ymhos/cm
FTU
mg/a
mg/«,
mg/£
mg/A
mg/A
yg/*
ygA
ygA
yg/£
pg/a
yg/a
yg/a
1050
10
8.05
0.031
10.0
760
1.0
512
3.6
24
0.17
172
<5
100
<5
5
0.2
<10
<5
0945
8
7.95
~
10.4
750
1.0
540
2.8
20
0.16
156
<5
120
5
5
1.5
<10
<5
1015
o
~Similar to flow on 3/13/76 as determined by water level measurements.
67
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. LC-1
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1300
1105
1145
Temperature
Cent
8
6.5
8.5
PH
SU
8.25
8.05
8.15
Flow
cms
0.020
0.023
*
DO
mg/fc
10.6
10.9
10.3
Conductivity
ymhos/ciii
1400
1450
1400
Turbidity
FTU
3.2
2.9
8.6
TDS
mg/£
958
1030
796
TSS
mg/£
8.8
10
30
Chloride
mg/fi,
27
25
23
Tot. Flouride
mg/£
0.42
0.45
Sulfate
mg/ii
413
438
265
Tot. Arsenic
yg/£
<5
5
7
Tot. Iron
ug/A
200
200
400
Tot. Lead
yg/a
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Manganese
yg/&
60
60
35
Tot. Mercury
yg/fi-
0.3
1.9
2.1
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/£
10
<10
10
Tot. Selenium
yg/A
<5
<5
<5
*Similar to flow on 3/14/76 as determined by water level measurements.
68
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-10
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1235
1045
1130
Temperature
Cent
9
7
8.5
PH
SU
7.9
7.85
7.7
Flow
cms
*
*
*
DO
mgA
10.1
10.2
10.0
Conductivity
vimhos/cm
2300
2700
2500
Turbidity
FTU
73
125
125
TDS
mg/£
1380
1590
2040
TSS
mg/£
226
216
296
Chloride
mg/fi.
308
338
342
Tot. Flouride
mg/fc
0.41
0.52
0.47
Sulfate
mg/£
344
413
344
Tot. Arsenic
vg/i
15
23
20
Tot. Iron
yg/A
3300
5400
6800
Tot. Lead
pg/a
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Manganese
yg/a
125
140
125
Tot. Mercury
vig /%
0.3
2.1
3.7
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/*
<10
<10
<10
Tot. Selenium
yg/£
<5
<5
<5
* No data - USGS stream flow data and gaging equipment stolen from site.
69
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-ll
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1345
1135
0735
Temperature
Cent
9
8
3
PH
SU
8.05
7.75
8.05
Flow
cms
*
~
DO
mg/fc
10.2
10.5
10.7
Conductivity
umhos/cm
2200
2500
2500
Turbidity
FTU
98
140
77
TDS
mg/Jl
1280
1510
418
TSS
mg/a,
208
290
177
Chloride
mg/£
286
313
389
Tot. Flouride
mgM
0.42
0.47
0.46
Sulfate
mg/t
363
413
400
Totl Arsenic
ug t%
17
22
20
Tot. Iron
ng/*.
3700
6800
3100
Tot. Lead
yg/£
<5
<5
<5
Tot. Manganese
yg/*
135
175
95
Tot. Mercury
yg/A
0.3
2.6
2.4
Tot. Molybdenum
ug h
<10
<10
<10
Tot. Selenium
pg Ji
<5
<5
<5
* Flow measurement impossible at this location.
70
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. VR-12
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1415
1200
1220
Temperature
Cent
10
8.5
10
pH
SU
8.0
7.8
7,85
Flow
cms
4.39
3.28
*
DO
mg/Ji
9.9
10.3
9.8
Conductivity
^mhos/cm
2300
2700
2500
Turbidity
FTU
99
95
93
TDS
mg/i
1470
1610
852
TSS
mg/i
190
194
198
Chloride
mg/i
289
351
320
Tot. Flouride
mg/i
0.46
0.48
0.48
Sulfate
mg/i
488
500
475
Tot. Arsenic
ug/i
15
14
17
Diss. Arsenic
ug/i
14
-
«•
Tot. Iron
ug/i
4600
3400
3500
Diss. Iron
ug/i
<10
-
-
Tot. Lead
ug/i
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Lead
ug/i
< 5
-
-
Tot. Manganese
ug/i
245
205
170
Diss. Manganese
ug/i
55
-
-
Tot. Mercury
ug/i
0.4
8.9
3.0
Diss. Mercury
ug/i
<0.2
-
-
Tot. Molybdenum
ug/i
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
ug/i
<10
-
-
Tot. Selenium
ug/i
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Selenium
ug/i
<5
-
-
~Similar to flow on 3/14/76 as determined by water level measurements.
71
-------
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Station No. sc-1
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
3/14/76
3/15/76
Time
Mtly
1450
1230
1235
Temperature
Cent
12
9.5
11
pH
SU
7.85
7.8
7.75
Flow
cms
0.082
*
*
DO
mg/£
12.1
12.5
12.6
Conductivi ty
nmhos/cm
2600
2800
2800
Turbidity
FTU
9.1
6.1
5.1
TDS
mg h
2080
2120
1950
TSS
mg/£
50
36
31
Chloride
mg f%
90
83
78
Tot. Flouride
mg h
0.44
0.40
0.35
Sulfate
mg/£
863
963
875
Tot. Arsenic
yg /i
5
5
5
Diss. Arsenic
ygM
5
-
-
Tot. Iron
yg/*
1100
700
800
Diss. Iron
yg/£
20
-
-
Tot. Lead
yg/A
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Lead
yg/1
<5
-
-
Tot. Manganese
yg/2
665
725
690
Diss. Manganese
yg/£
535
-
-
Tot. Mercury
yg/*
0.3
2.9
1.6
Diss. Mercury
yg/A
<0.2
-
-
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/4
<10
<10
<10
Diss. Molybdenum
yg/£
10
-
-
Tot. Selenium
yg /a
<5
<5
<5
Diss. Selenium
yg/*
<5
-
-
~Similar to flow on 3/13/76 as determined by water level measurements.
72
-------
Station No. sc-2
VIRGIN RIVER STUDY
Parameter
Units
3/13/76
Time
Mtly
1510
Temperature
Cent
15
pH
SU
7.7
Flow
cms
*
DO
mg fl
6.4
Conductivity
umhos/cm
3000
Turbidity
FTU
32
TDS
mg/«.
2120
TSS
mg/*,
48
Chloride
mg/fc
168
Tot. Flouride
mg/ 2,
1.60
Sulfate
mg/fc
963
Tot. Arsenic
ygA
27
Tot. Iron
yg/a
1400
Tot. Lead
yg/a
<5
Tot. Manganese
yg/£
85
Tot. Mercury
yg/*
7.0
Tot. Molybdenum
yg/£
<10
Tot. Selenium
yg/A
<5
3/14/76
3/15/76
a>
-------
74
-------
Appendix B
Benthic Data
75
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study ~
Benthic Data - Number per ft
VR-1 VR-2
Trichoptera
Hydropsycfci dae
Hydropsyche sp. 10/ 0/ 13/ 7 18/ 5/ 11/ 23
Hydroptllidae 0/ 0/ 1/ 0
foraylea sp. ~/ 5/ 2/ 7
Orthotridna sp.
Ochrotridiia sp.
Leptoceri dae
Oecetis sp.
Leptocella sp. 1/ 0/ 0/ 0
Leptocerus" sp.
Limopnllidae
Llioptiilus sp. 2/1/0/7
Brachycentridae
Brachycentrus sp. 4/ 3/ 6/ 10 21/ 3/ 2/ 87
Hicrasena sp.
Ptiiloptowaidae
Chiaarra sp.
Hel icopsychidae
Helicopsyche sp.
Plecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Alloperla sp.
Neaouri«be
Eucapnopsis sp.
Bracnyptera sp.
Period! dae
Isogenus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pterofiarcel la sp.
Ephenoptera
Baeti dae
Tricorythodes sp. 4/ 0/ 0/ 5
KaraieptophTebia sp. 0/ 3/ 10/ 6 2/ 1/ 0/ 0
Baetis sp. 532/ 912/1023/1012 78/ 37/ 65/ 188
bplieaerella sp. 1/ 1/ 1/ 1 67/ 22/ 40/ 128
Heptageniidae
Heptagewia sp. 4/ 0/ 3/ 0
Iron sp. 2/ 0/ 1/ 3
Ironodes sp. 0/ 0/ 0/ 1
Negaloptera
Corydaldae
Corydalus sp.
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate nwbers.
VR-3
VR-4
0/ 0/ 1/ 1
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
136/ 150/ 88/ 166
1/ 0/ 0/ 4
11/ 19/ 11/
-------
virgin mvei t u ton * Jiuujr p
Benthlc Data - Number per ft
V.h-1 VR^ VR-3 VR-4
D1 ptera
Chironomldae
Chlronomlnae
Purachlrononius sp. •»/ 0/ U/
FryotocHroromus sp. 0/ 0/ 0/12
PseudocMronomus sp.
ffTTototendipesTp.
Mlcropsectra sp. 5/ 5/ 0/ 10 0/ 0/ 0/ 14
ParatendlpeT sp.
Polvoedi lunTsp. 0/ 2/ 0/ 10
SfT5 "¦ v v ../ i v ./ o,
TanvtarTus sp. 0/ 2/ 10/ 10 15/ 3/ 4/ 0
Paratanytarsus sp.
PKTenopsectra'sp.
TanypoHTnae
rilnotanypus sp.
Psectrotanypus sp.
WTTotanypus sp.
flhlabesmyfa sp.
yrorlhdlus sp.
ronchapelopla sp.
Dlameslnae
Dlamesa sp.
Fseudodfamesa sp.
OrWociaailnae
Orthocladlus sp.
CardloclagTus sp.
Cricotopus sp. v/
PuFT¥T?e(Tella sp. 25/ 0/ 80/ 35 2/ 5/ 2/ 4 1/ 0/ 3/ 2/ 0/ 0/
Heterotrissocladlut sp.
IfetHucneuius sp.
rararnetrjochnemus sp.
Smittla sp7
0/
0/
0/
5
0/
2/
0/
0
5/
7/
25/
0
0/
0/
0/
1
1/
0/
0/
1
122/
0/
46/
35
0/
3/
0/
5
0/
0/
2/
0
0/
0/
0/
5
5/
2/
0/
0
3/
25/
0/
80/
35
2/
5/
2/
4
1/
0/
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
0/
0/
1
1/
2/
0/
n
2/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
V
0
9/
2/
2/
7
0/
0/
0/
2
1/
!>/
0/
U
1/
1/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
5/
3/
0
1/
0/
0/
0
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
0/1
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
3/
4/
8
1/
1/
0/
3
0/
7/
16/
9
16/
2/
6/
4
01
0/
2/
4
0/
0/
3/
1
0/
0/
0/
1
348/
148/
843/
778
0/
0/
1/
0
28/
36/
3/
61
1/ 1/ 0/ 1
<5/ 0/ 0/
TMeneniannlella sp.
TRchiociaaius'sp.
Br11 Ha sp~
THssocladlus sp.
CeratoP°9on1('ae
Bezzla sp.
Heleldae
Forcvpoinyla sp.
T1PUTlPu?a sp. 0/ 3/ 4/ 8 1/ 1/ 0/ J
BTeronota sp. 0/ 7/ 16/ 9 16/ 2/ 6/4 0/1/0/
Hmnopnila sp.
flntocna sp.
Rha
-------
Coleoptera
Elmidae
Microcylloepus sp.
Optioservus sp.
Zaitzevia sp.
tteterelmis sp.
Stenelmis sp.
Curculionidae
Dyticidae
Aqabus sp.
Rnantus sp.
Amphipoda
Hyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Hemiptera
Naucoridae
Antrysus sp.
oo
Lepidoptera
Collembola
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrionidae
Anisoptera
Gomphidae
Octogomphus sp.
Isopoda
Anne1ida
01 igochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Virgin River, Utah, Study „
Benthic Data - Number per
VR-1
VR-2
VR-3
VR-4
34/ 26/ 83/ 44
4/ 1/ 0/ 1
0/ 0/ 2/ 0
2/ 5/ 3/ 5
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 6/ 37/ 0
0/ 15/ 0/ 0
0/ 56/ 0/ 10
6/ 0/18/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/ 3
0/ 0/ 0/ 3
6/ 52/ 4/
33/ 6/ 0/ 4
TJote: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
-------
Trichoptera
Hydropsy chidae
Hydropsyche sp.
HydroptiUdae
Agraylea sp.
Orthotrlchla sp.
OchrotrlcHTa" sp.
Leptocerldae
Oecetissp.
Leptocella sp.
Leptocerus sp.
Unnophilldae
Llwnophilus sp.
Brachycentrldae
Brachycentrus sp.
Mlcrasema sp.
Phlloptonaldae
Chlwarra sp.
Helicopsychldae
HelIcopsyche sp.
-J Piecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Alloperla sp.
Nemouridae
Eucapnopsis sp.
Bracnyptera sp.
Perlodldae
Isogenus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pteronarcella sp.
Ephemoptera
Baettdae
Trlcroythodes sp.
Par aleptophlebia sp.
Baetis sp.
Ephemerella sp.
Heptageni idae
Heptageni a sp.
Iron sp.
Ironodes sp.
Megaloptera
Corydaldae
Corydalus sp.
Virgin River, Utah, Study.
Benthlc Data - Number per ft^
VR-5 VR-6 VR-7 VIM}
3/ 5/ 1/ 2 4/ 0/ 0/4 1/0/2/0 1/ 1/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/
0/ 0/ 0/
133/ 159/ 166/ 118
5/ 4/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/ 2
86/ 10/ 84/ 235
0/ 0/ 0/ 4
0/ 2/ 9/ 8
0/ 0/ 2/ 0
47/ 117/ 122/ 350
2/ 4/ 3/ 22
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 2/ 3/ 1
11/ 13/ 1/ 11
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study
Benthlc Data - Number per ft'
VR" 5 VR-6 VR-; VR-8
Diptera
Chlronomidae
Chlronomlnae
Parachlronomus sp. 0/0/1/3
Cryptochironoinus sp.
Pseudochlronomus sp.
Glyptotendlpes sp.
Mlcropsectra sp.
Para tend]pes sp.
Polypediluro sp.
Rheotanytarsus sp. 0/ 0/ 1/
0/
0/
2/
0
0/
0/ 0
0/
0/
1/
0
1/
0/
0/ 0
0
0/
0/
0/ 2
0/
1/
0/
0
5/
0/
0/ 0
0/
1/
0/
0
Trfbelos sp.
Tanytarsus sp.
Paratanytarsus sp.
Flnaenopsectra sp.
Tanypodlnae
CUnotanypus sp.
Psectrotanypus sp.
Nllotanypus sp.
Ablabesitiyfa" sp. 0/ 3/ 0/ 1 0/ 0/ 2/ 1
Procladlus s"p.
Conchapelopia sp.
Diameslnae
Diamesa sp.
Pseudodiatnesa sp.
OrthocladlInae
Orthocladlus sp.
Cardiocladius sp.
Crlcotopus sp".
EuklefferTella sp.
HeterotrissocTadlus sp.
Matrlocnamus sp.
Parawetrlochnemus sn.
Pseudosmlttla sp.
Smlttla sp.
Thlenemannlella sp. u, u, w <.
Trlchlocladlus "sp. 0/ 0/ 0/ 1
Brill la sp^
Trissocladlus sp.
Ceratopogorildae
Bezzia sp. 1/ ]/ 0/ 0
Heleidae
Forcypomyia sp.
Tipulldae
Tipula sp.
Dlcronota sp.
Llmnophlla sp.
flntocna sp.
Rhagionidae
Atherlx sp.
D1xi3ae
Paradixa sp.
TabariTdae
Muscldae
Slmulidae
Simulluni sp. 2/ 4/ 7/ 0 11/ 0/ 2/ 41 253/ 0/ 2/ 0 31/ 6/ 1/ 2
Stratfomyi idae
Empidtdae 0/ 0/ 1/ 0 0/ 0/ 0/ 1 1/ 3/ 0/ 2
Psychodidae
Psychoda sp.
Ephydridae
2/
0/
1/
3
1/
2/
5/
0
0/
0/
3/
3
50/
145/
20/
32
1/
2/
0/
1
1/
0/
2/
0
0/
1/
V
0
40/ 135/
5/
70
0/
0/
2/
3
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
0/
1
5/
5/
20/
20
0/
0/
1/
0
5/
0/
0/
2
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
0/
1
1/
0/
1/
5
0/
0/
35/
0
0/
0/
0/
2
0/
0/
0/
2
0/
0/
0/
1
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate nunbers.
80
-------
Coleoptera
Elaridae
Hicrocylloepus sp.
Optioservus sp.
Taitzeyia sp.
Heterel wis sp.
Stehelwis sp.
Curculiomdae
Dyticidae
Aqabus sp.
Rnantus sp.
taphipoda
Kyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Hem1ptera
Naucorldae
Awtorysus sp.
Lepidoptera
Collembola
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrionidae
Anisoptera
Goophidae
Octogowphus sp.
Isopoda
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Virgin River, Utah Study £
Benthic Data - Nunber per ft
Vrt-5 VR-6
0/ 1/ 0/ 0
2/ 1/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
1/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
VR-7
VR-6
0/ 0/ 5/ 0 0/ 1/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
3/ 0/ 2/ 0 0/ 0/ 1/ 1
-------
Trichoptera
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsyche sp.
Hydroptllidae
Agraylea sp.
Orthotrlchia sp.
Ochrotrlchia sp.
Leptoceridae
Oecetis sp.
Leptocella sp.
Leptocerus sp.
Limnopnllldae
Limnophilus sp.
Brachycentrldae
Brachycentrus sp.
Hicrasema sp7
Phi loptomaidae
Chitnarra sp.
He! icopsychidae
Helicopsyche sp.
Plecoptera
Chloroperl idae
Alloperla sp.
Neirouridae
Eucapnopsis sp.
Brachyptera sp.
Period!dae
Isogenus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pteronarcella sp.
Epheroptera
Baetidae
Tricorvthodes sp.
Paraleptophlebia sp
Baetts sp.
EpfiSffieY-ella sp.
Heptagemidae
Heptagenia sp.
Iron sp.
Ironodes sp.
Megaloptera
Corydaldae
Corydalus sp.
Yirgin River, Utah Study „
Benthic Data - Number per ft
VR-9 VR-10 VR-11 VR-12
0/ 0/ 0/ 1 0/ 0/ 0/ 2/Q
0/ 0/ 1/ 2/Q
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 0/ 2/
531/ 30/ 130/ 105
2/ 0/ 3/ 1
4/ 27/ 94/ 60
0/ 1/ 1/ 0
0/ 3/ 2/
31/ 119/ 56/ 124
0/ 4/ 1/ 2
32/ 20/ 48/ 17/Q
Q
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
"Q" indicates qualitative sample only.
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study ,
Banthlc Onta - Number par ft
itara
Chlronoml dae
Ch1ronom1nat
ParacMr
Paraiwdms sp
Pol ypedllutn sd.
RhaotanytaTsus sp
Tribe Jos sp.
Tan via rsus sp.
PtratanvCTrsm sp
Ph«2!^2se£jr« sp.
Tanypod inae
fHnotar.ypus sp.
p»ectrotanvpus sp
notanypuTs^.
Flabaimyfa sp
"psycho da sp.
,y3rT3Sa
Eph;
VR-9
VR-10
VR-
U
VR-1?
1/
0/
0/ 0
0/
0/
0/ 1
0/
0/
3/
0
0/
0/
1/ 1/ 0/
1/
0
0/
0/
2/ 2
0/
0/
0/
1
0/
1/
0/
1/
0/
0
0/
0/
0/ 1
0/ 1
0/
1/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/ 0
1/
5/
0/
4
rywmus sp.
...hlronomui sp.
PwudocMronomus sp. ni
Gfypiotandioas so. Q/ Q. . V 1/ 0/ 0/0
ProcTadlus sc. W '/ 0/Q
Concnapeiopia Sp. 0/ 0/ iy -
DtamesTnee '
fHamesa sp.
PtaudodUmesa sp,
Ort/iociadHnae
jjffif&feo. 4/ 3/ S/ 1 % l'( I', I */ V V 5 0/ 3/ 3/ 1/q
ffTcotopus so. 2/ 2/ o/ 0 0/ 0/ 1/ 0 0/ 0/ ?/ n
fajtffarlella sp. 1/ 1/ 3/ 0 0/ 1/ 0/ 0 0/ V It 0 0/ 0/ 1/ 0/0
Haterftrissoc1 adlus sc. 0/ 1/0/0 2/ 2 0/ 0/ ]/ 0/0
Helper emus sa. 0/ 1/ 0/ 0 ' 0/ 0/ 0
raw*tr1nchnaimis sn. 1/ 0/ (1/ (1 «, n, .. ,
pjSjidoseimii jp. ' ' 0/ 1
^wittia sp. 0/ 1/ 1/ 0 1/ 0/ 8/ 0 0/ 0/ 0/ 3 lv 1/ n/ n/n
" 0/ " 1 " 0/ 0 " °/ v ? " 17 0/ /!
frmiisp.
Triiseciadlus sp.
Caratopogonldae
BjjsiS. SP-
(fal#T3ae
Fnrcyponyia sp.
npuTTSae
Tlpull sp-
¦J5Tcronota sp.
fTninophlla sp.
JnWcMsP.
WiaflTonTdaa
Atherl* sp. 0/ 1/ 0/ 0
Dixfdaa
Paradlxa sp.
Taban73a5
Nu«c1dae
SlmuHdae
0/ 1/ 4/ 14 1 7/ 0/ 0/ 253 59/ 197/ 15/ 58 6/ 16/ 11/ 24/1,'
Emp'dldae
'V'hodldaa
0/ 0/ 1/ 0 0/ 0/ 0/ 1
Note; Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
"Q" Indicates qualitative sample only.
83
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study
Benthic Data - Number per ft
Coleoptera
Elmidae
Microcylloepus sp.
Optioservus sp".
Zaitzevia sp.
HeterelwTs sp.
S tendinis sp.
Curculionidae
Dyticidae
Agabus sp.
Rhantus sp.
Amphipoda
Hyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Hemiptera
Naucorldae
Antorysus sp.
oo
Lepidoptera
Collembola
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrionidae
Ani soptera
Gomphidae
Octogomphus sp.
Isopoda
Annelida
01 igochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
VR-9
VR-10
VR-11
VR-12
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 1/ 0/ 0 0/ 0/ 33/ 3
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 0/ 3/ 0 0/ 0/ 0/ 3 1/ 3/ 0/ 0
VvasVv Whk Vl^ are seyaraXe .
cwv\>| ,
-------
Trichoptera
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsyche sp.
HydroptTnoae
Agraylea sp.
OrthotrlcMa sp.
Ochrotrlchta sp.
Leptocerldae
Oecetls sp.
Leptocella sp.
Leptocerus sp.
HHiopntlldae
Liwnophllus sp.
Brachycentrldae
Brachycentrus sp.
TRcraseaa sp7
Philoptonaldae
Chlmarra sp.
HelIcopsychldae
Helicopsyche sp.
Plecoptera
Chloroperlldae
Alloperla sp.
Nemouridae
Eucapnopsis sp.
Bracnyptera sp.
Perlodidae
1 so genus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pteronarcel 1 a sp.
Ephemoptera
Baetldae
Tricorythodes sp.
Paraleptophiebla sp.
Baetis so.
Fphemerella sp.
Heptageniidae
Heptaqenia sp.
Iron sp.
Ironodes sp.
Hagaloptera
Corydaldae
Corydal us sp.
Virgin River, Utah Study ~
Benthic Data - Number per ft
VR-I3 KFVR-1 NFVR-2
11/ 3/ 8/ 4 239/ 137/ 201/ 378
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 0/ 0/ 1
2/ 0/ 7/ 7
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
Q 61 13/ 3/ 5 71/ 56/ 91/ 157
Q 17/ 40/ 73/ 318 435/ 587/ 307/ 198
13/ 4/ 2/ 35 247/ 94/ 174/ 225
0/ 0/ 0/ 1 3/ 2/ 28/ 0
2/ 0/ 0/ 0
0/ 1/ 0/ 0
Mote: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
"Q" indicates qualitative sample only.
-------
Ytrgtn Kiver, un.i
Banthlc Data - Number per ft'
yH-13 wfy«-T
Dlptera
Ch t rOnodtl dae 0/ 0/ 0/ 1
CMronowilnaa
ParacMronowus sp.
CryptochfrpnOMus sp.
Pseutfochirpnowus sp.
{jlyptoUndlpaiTTp.
Hlcropsectr* sp,
forateftdlpeT ip.
folypedllijw sp.
Rheotanytafsus sp.
Tr\belos ip. 1/ 0/ 0/ 0
Troytarsus sp.
Faratanytarsus sp.
Phaanopsectra"sp.
TanypoJfnae
crInotanypus sp.
PsectrotMwpus sp.
/HTotanypua tp. Qf 0/ 1/ Q
i>Flabesmy(a sp. V 0/ 0/ 0
ProcVaJ1us~~sp.
Conchape1op
-------
Coleoptera
Elaidae
Microcloepus sp.
Optioservus sp".
Zaitzevia sp.
Heterlwfs sp.
Stenelwis sp.
Curculionidae
Oyticldae
Agabus sp.
Rnantus sp.
Aaphipoda
Hyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Heanptera
Haucorldae
Co flBbrysus sp.
lepidoptera
Collembola
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrionldae
Ani soptera
Gowphidae
Octogowphus sp.
Isopoda
Anneli da
Oligochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Virgin River, Utah Study
BentMc Data - Number per ft'
VR-13
NFVR-1
HFVR-2
NFVR-3
\( 1/ 1/ 1
5/ V 1/ 1
Of 0/ 0/ 2
0/ 2/ 1/ 0
0/ 2/ 0/ 1
147/ 0/ 0/ 0
Hash tines (/) are use! only to separate numbers.
"Q" indicates qualitative sample only.
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study 2
Benthic Data - Number per ft
LVC-1
StC-1
SC-1
MC-1
00
00
Trichoptera
HydropsycMdae
Hydropsyche sp.
Hydroptilidae
Agraylea sp.
Orthotrichia sp.
Ochrotrichla sp.
Leptoceridae
Oecetis sp.
Leptocella sp.
leptocerus sp.
Hmnopnllidae
Limnophilus sp.
Brachycentrldae
Brachycentrus sp.
HTcrasema spT
Philoptomaldae
Chimarra sp.
Helicopsychidae
Hel1copsyche sp.
Plecoptera
Chloroperlidae
Alloperla sp.
Neroouridae sp.
Eucapnopsis sp.
Bracnyptera" sp.
Perlodidae
Isoqenus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pteronarcella sp.
Ephenoptera
Baetldae
Tricorvthodes sp.
Paraleptophlebia sp.
Baetis sp.
Ephemerel 1 a sp.
Heptagenndae
Heptaqenls sp.
Iron sp.
Ironodes sp.
Megaloptera
Corydaldae
Corydalus sp.
5/ 1/ 1/ 0
0I 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 1
0/ 2/ 0/
35/
0/
53/
0/
59/
0/
98
2
0/ 1/ 0/
5/
20/
31/
22
2/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
3/
0
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
2/
0/
0
6/ 2/ 4/ 0
3/ 2/ 0/
18/ 14/ 70/ 124
51/ 158/ 81/ 102
15/ 26/ 31/ 44
2/ 16/ 12/ 4
0/ 2/ 0/ 0
8/ 24/ 12/ 28
19/ 0/ 0/ 3
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
-------
v try in r\ no i w wMi¦ v
BentMc Data - Number per ft'
2
Paratendipes sp
Polypedl lum sp.
StratTomyi idae
gmpldidae
psychodldae
Psychoda sp.
Ephydrldae
LVC-1 . StC-1 SC-1 MC-1
ptera
Chironomldae
Chlronomlnae
Parachlronomus sp.
Cryptochlronomus sp.
Pseudocirlronomus sp.
G1 yptotend^pesTp.
Hlcropsectra ps. 5/ 0/ 0/ 10 0/ 0/ 0/ 8
Rheotanytarsus sp. 1/ 100/ 42/ 80 10/ 0/ 0/ 0
5/
0/
0/
10
1/
100/
42/
80
1/
0/
0/
0
55/
150/
88/
100
1/
0/
0/
0
4/
0/
15/
50
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
4/
3/
2
10/
50/
11/
10
0/
0/
2/
0
11/
0/
0/
10
1/
0/
0/
1
0/
2/
0/
0
2/
0/
0/
3
56/
92/
96/
50
1/
1/
1/
1
1/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
0/
5/
0
0/
2/
1/
2
1/
12/
16/
0
0/
1/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
0/
1/
1
i/
0/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
2/
6/
4/
0
0/
0/
0/
2
5/
8/
8/
0
0/ 0/
0/
8/
5/
0
1/
2/
0/
0
Hose Idae
SlmulIdae
Slmullum sp. 4/ 6/ 15/ 5 1/ 8/ 12/ 8 30/ 10/ 54/ 54
Tribelos sp.
TanytaVsus sp. 55/ 150/ 88/ 100 6/ 0/ 4/ 18 0/ 0/ 2/ 2
Paratanytarsus sp.
Fhaenopsectra~sp.
Tanypodinae
CIinotanypus sp. 1/0/0/0
Psectrotanypus sp. "/ 0/ 0/ 2
N1lotanvpus sp.
jblabesmyla sp. 4/ 0/ 15/ 50 0/ 0/ 0/ 4
Procladlus~sp.
ConchapeTopla sp.
Dlameslnae
Olamesa sp.
Pseudodlaroesa sp.
Orthoc ladilnae
Orthocladlus sp. 0/ 4/ 3/ 2 10/ 50/ 11/ 10 430/ 336/ 370/ 572 4/ 0/ 1/
(TartHocladlus sp. 0/ 0/ 2/ 0 11/0/0/10 . . .. .
rfricotopus sp. 1/ 0/ 0/ 1 0/ 2/ 0/ 0 10/ .2/ ,0/ 160 0/ 1/ 0/ 0
Fuklefferlella sp. 2/ 0/ 0/ 3 56/ 92/ 96/ 50 IV 12/ 20/ 24 0/ 0/ 0/ 1
HeterotHssocladfus sp.
Wetrlcnemus sp.
Pararoetrlocnnemus sp.
?seudosm1tt1a sp.
Smlttla sp.
inienenanniella sp.
"Trlchlocladlus sp.
grill 1a sp.
Trlssocladlus sp.
Cera®rr 2/ 6/ 4/ 0 0/6/16/0
HeleT3Se
Forcypomyla sp.
TipuMdae
H Tipula sp. 0/ 0/0/2
Ulcronota sp. 5/ 8/ 8/ 0 0/ 0/ 2/
l_1mnoph1 la sp.
flntocha sp.
BhagTonldae
Atherlx sp.
D1x1^ae
Paradlxa sp.
Tabanldae 2/ 0/ 0/ 0
0/
0/
0/
10
2/
2/
20/
0
3/ 0/ 0/
0/
2/
2/
12
1/ 0/ 0/
5/ 12/ 5/ 18/ 6/ 8/ 18 0/ 0/ 0/
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
89
-------
Coleoptera
Elmidae
Hicrocyl 1 oepus sp.
Optloservus sp.
Zaltzevia sp.
Heterlaris sp.
Stenelmis" sp.
Curcullotn'dae
Dyticldae
Aqabus sp.
Rnantus sp.
Ainphipoda
Hyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Hemi ptera
Naucoridae
o Ambrysus sp.
Lepidoptera
Collembola
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrioriidae
Anisoptera
Gomphidae
Octogomphus sp.
Isopoda
Annel i da
Oligochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Virgin River, Utah Study 2
Benthic Data - Number per ft
LVC-1 StC-1 SIM HC-1
3/ 6/ 6/ 0
0/ 6/ 3/ 0
V 0/ 0/ 1
0/ 2/ 0/ 4
2/ 0/ 2/ 2
4/ 8/ 21 2
0/ 8/ 0/ 2
0/ 0/ M 0
2/ 8/ 4/ 0
0/ 0/ 6/ 4
0/ 2/ 0/ 2
0/ 2/ 8/ 26
0/ 0/ 4/ 4
16/
0/
0/
52
0/
0/
1/
0
6/ 4/ 4/16
0/
0/
0/
10
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
-------
Trlchoptera
Hydropsychidae
Hydropsyche sp.
Hydroptilidae
Agraylea sp.
Orthotrlchia sp.
Ochrotrlchia sp.
Leptoceridae
Oecetls sp.
Leptocella sp.
Leptocerus" sp.
LiRnoprrilidae
LlwnopMlus sp,
Brachycentridae
Brachycentrus sp.
HIcrasema sp.
Philoptomaldae
Chimarra sp.
HelIcopsychldae
Hellcopsyche sp.
Plecoptera
10 Chloroperlidae
—' Alloperla sp.
Nemouri dae
Eucaonopsis sp.
Bracnyptelra sp.
Perlodidae
Isogenus sp.
Pteronarcidae
Pteronarcella sp.
Epheroptera
Saetidae
Trtcorythodes sp.
Paraleptophlebia sp
Baetis sp.
Ephemeral la sp.
Heptageni idae
Heptagenia sp.
Iron sp.
Ironodes sp.
MegaJoptera
Corydaldae
Corydalus sp.
0/ 2/ 1/ 4
Virgin River, Utah Study „
Benthic Data - Number per ft
LC-1 AC-1 NC-1
1/ 6/ 3/ 12 11/ 8/ 8/ 0 0/ 0/ 1/
0/ 1/ 2/ 1 0/ 0/ 0/ 4
0/ 0/ 5/ 1 0/ 2/ 22/ 13
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
1/1/0/2 1/ 0/ 0/ 0
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
V 0/ 1/ 1
0/ 1/ 0/
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 0
35/ 74/ 59/ 91
3/ 17/ 16/ 18
12/ 0/ 4/ 14
825/ 665/2399/ 134
0/ 0/ 76/ 0
n/ o/ o/ 2
20/ 3/ 27/ 33
0/ 1/ 0/ 0
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
Note*. Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
-------
Virgin River, Utah Study
Benthic Data - Number per ft
D1 ptera
Chironomldae
Ch1ronom1nae
Parachlronomtis sp.
Cryptochironomus sp.
Pseudochlronomus sp.
5T7ptotend1pes~sp.
MTcropsectraTp.
Paratendlpes sp.
Fol.ypedl 1 urn's p.
Rheotanytarsus sp.
Tribe! os sp"!
Tanytarsus sp.
Paratenytarsus sp.
Pfiaenopsectra~sp.
Tanypodtnae
CI Inotanypus sp.
Psectrotanypus sp.
Nllotanypus sp".
AblabesmyT? sp.
Procladlus'sp.
Eofichapelopla sp.
Diameslriae
Diamesa sp.
Pseudodlamesa sp.
OrthocladHnae
Orthocladlus sp.
Cardlocladlus sp.
CrTcotopus sp".
EuklefferTella sp.
Heterotrissocladius sp.
XotrlaciiduidS s p!
Parametrlocnemus sp.
Pseudosnvlttla sp.
Srnf ttfa sp!
Thlenemanniella sp.
TRchocVadlus sp.
BrllUa sp!
Trissocaldlus sp.
Ceratopogonldae
Bezzla sp.
Heleldae
Forcypomyla sp.
Tlpulldae
Tlpula sp.
Dlcronota sp.
Llmnophlla sp.
ffvbocria sp.
Rhaglonldae
Athertx sp.
Dlxiclae
Paradlna sp.
TabaMdae
Muscldea
Slmulidae
Slmulluro sp.
Strati omy11dae
ElpldTdae
Psychodldae
Psychoda sp.
Ephydridae
LC-1
AC-1
NC-1
3/
0/ 0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
0/
1/
0/
10
0/
1/ 5/
0
7/
6/
15/
5
27/
0/ 22/
20
10/
0/
0/
0
1/
6/
6/
0
5/
1/ 46/
7
2/
0/
0/
1
0/
25/
17/
9
0/
7/
5/
5
0/
1/
0/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
144/
145/
120/
95
111/
40/ 54/
38
0/
10/
5/
17
0/
5/ 65/
0
21/
145/
45/
130
11/
5/ 90/
0
17/
0/
10/
75/
40/
100
78/
10/ 239/
150
0/
0
0/
8/
5/
0
1/
0/ 11/
0
11/
0/ 0/
0
11/
10/
10/
5
80/
80/ 74/
181
5/
2/
5/
0
7/
6/
6/
11
1/
0/ 6/
0
5/
2/
0/
0
0/
2/
0/
10
0/
0/ 25/
0
0/
0/ 1/
0
0/
0/
1/
0
V
8/
6/
0
0/
0/ 0/
3
2/
0/
0/
0
1/
0/ 0/
0
0/
1/
4/
1
3/
2/ 9/
4
0/
2/
0/
1
1/
0/ 0/
1
0/
4/
0/
1
0/
0/ 2/
0
3/
0/ 0/
0
116/
52/
26/
217
852/ 478/1726/1157
0/
0/
0/
6
0/
0/ 2/
0
4/
2/
5/
6
0/
6/ 7/
0
0/
4/
4/
5
0/
0/ 1/
0
5/
0/ 2/
0
Note: Slash lines {/) are used only to separte numbers.
92
-------
Coleoptera
Elmidae
Microcylloepus sp.
Optloservus sp.
Zaitzevia sp.
Heterelmis sp.
Stenelmls sp.
Curculionidae
Dyticidae
Agabus sp.
Rnantus sp.
Amphipoda
Hyalella sp.
Ostracoda
Hem1ptera
Naucoridae
^ Ambrysus sp.
CO
Lepidoptera
Col 1 embol a
Hydracarina
Zygoptera
Coenagrionidae
Anisoptera
Gomphidae
Octogowphus sp.
Isopoda
Annelida
01i gochaeta
Gastropoda
Pelecypoda
Virgin River, Utah Study 2
Benthic Data - Number per ft
LC-1
AC-1
NC-1
0/ 0/ 3/
0/ 0/ 1/
1/ 0/ 1/ 1
0/ 3/ 6/ 5
1/ 0/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 1/ 1
0/ 0/ 1/ 0 1/ 0/ 2/ 2 2/ 2/ 0/ 0
0/ 0/ 116/ 0 *P/ *P/ 0/ 0 *P/ P/ 0/ 0
0/ 2/ 1/ 0
Note: Slash lines (/) are used only to separate numbers.
*P - Present in sample but not observed during counting of subsample.
-------
94
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA , ^
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
M-W2-77-005
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
'•title and subtitle
Virgin River Study - Utah: March, 1976
?AUTHOR{S)
Robert L. Fox and Ronald M. Eddy
6. REPORT DATE
December, 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
S&A/TIB-34
PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Technical Investigations Branch
Surveillance & Analysis Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII
Denver, Colorado 80295
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final March 10-15, 1976
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
1*. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
*
ABSTRACT
The Technical Investigations Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region VIII, conducted an intensive water quality study in the Virgin River and
Kanab Creek drainages in Southwestern Utah in March, 1976. The study was requested
by the Five County Association of Governments, the local "208" water quality
management planning agency. Water, sediment, and benthiic samples were collected
at selected locations throughout a total stream reach of 174 km (108 mi). Study
results indicated a gradual degradation of water quality downstream from Zion
National Park. Violations of recommended criteria/standard levels were most
common for the salinity parameters, but concentrations of arsenic, iron, manganese,
and mercury also exceeded recommended levels. In addition, high concentrations
of suspended solids impaired the quality of water throughout much of the study area.
b.
KEY WORDS ANO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS |c. COS AT I Field/Group
DESCRIPTORS
Water Quality, Monitoring, Criteria,
Standards, Parameters
Virgin River
Kanab Creek
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to the Public
19, SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OP PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
A Form 2220-1 (S-73)
95
-------
INSTRUCTIONS
1. REPORT NUMBER
Insert the EPA report number as it appears on the cover of the publication.
2. LEAVE BLANK
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
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type or otherwise subordinate it to main title. When a report is prepared in more than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume
number and include subtitle for the specific title.
5. REPORT DATE
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approval, date of preparation, etc.).
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
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zation.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
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IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
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To be published in, Supersedes, Supplements, etc.
16. ABSTRACT
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significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
(a) DESCRIPTORS - Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the proper authorized terms that identify the major
concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used as index entries for cataloging.
(b) IDENTIFIERS AND OPEN-ENDED TERMS - Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use open-
ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c) COSATI FIELD GROUP - Field and group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category List. Since the ma-
jority of documents are multidisdplinary in nature, the Primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be specific discipline, area of human
endeavor, or type of physical object. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary Field/Group assignments that will follow
the primary posting(s).
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Denote releasabiiity to the public or limitation for reasons other than security for example "Release Unlimited." Cite any availability to
the public, with address and price.
19. & 20 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
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22. PRICE
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EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) (Revert*)
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