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Minor resistance means that the given environmental
clement has some capacity for self-regeneration, but the
process is too slow to counteract the adverse impact of a
given form of use on the environment.
In such cases a planner or a manager should foresee
the limitation in time of the analyzed forms within a given
area, so that self-regeneration processes can catch up with
occurring damage.
No resistance moans that the given element of the envi-
ronment has no capacity for solf-rcgonoration, which leads
to irreversible changes in the environement.
In 3ucli cases, the conclusion for planners or managers
should be the complete exclusion of analyzed forms from a gi-
ven area.
In some cases it is possible to causo damage by agro-
-technical means, for instance by changing the structure of
vegetation, or by technical ones, e.g., paving trails with
nniicmtc, introducing water purification plants, etc.
Graphic recording of the results of analysis and clan- .
c.Hfi cation of environmental elements*resistance to damage
in relation to a given area in presented in Figure 3.
Thereby, resistance describes environment's capability
to rnnint damage due to particular forms of visitor activity0
VJnviromncntal vcrjistniice should bo defined J11 rnLatJon
to 'U)-cfl.lcd "potential	• The degree of this resis-
tance cannot be determined without detailed information about
a

-------
threatA /or stresses/ in relation to which the resistance
of the natural elements is to be defined. Therefore, the
delineation of potential threats is a useful way of syste-
matically analyzing the relationship of various types and
levels of recreational activity to arrive at a measure of
the resistivity of a given elcncnt, to Impact..
"Pt", as it is understood lirvo, refers to various vi-
sitor activities which generate specific types of use of a
given ar ea. These activities can bo characterized by their
type, intensity and duration /in which they negatively in-
fluence the natural environment/. Developing this futher,
one can say that:
-	the type of visitor activity can bo expressed
by suelr features aa visitor behavior /a passive
rest or sunbathing, r>n active rest connected
with a penetration of surrounding area, etc#/
or standnrds or fori is of visitor services,
-	the intensity can bo expressed by the nunber of
visitors involved in a given activity and by
the quantity and capacity of services design.'!ted
for this activity and considered in relation to
a set tine period.,
-	the duration of a visitor activity can bo expres-
sed in appropriate units: days, months, etc.,
with particular attention given to whether the du-
ration is continuous or whether it is discrete
and linked with specific time periods or units,
e.g. early sprLug or night hours.
43

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Damages resulting from given "ptxs" should bo considered
in relation to the natural state and presented in tlie form
of description and figures. Such an evaluation of selected
environmental elements should be carried out for characteris-
tic locations and, in turn, for characteristic periods.
Therefore, it seems necessary to define "pt^s" in the
context of organizational, technical and economic frameworks,
cither actually existing or expected in tho tl.ric period for
which the discussed analysis ts carried out. In relation to
this framework, the basic /minimum/ unit of such "pt" should
be defined.
Dimensions of UUT" s
Ultimate environmental thresholds /UET*3/ represent de-
velopmental limitations of a "boundary" nature. Introducing
those hind of thresholds J.ICozlowski argue3 that they
"...should be seen as the stress limits beyond which a given
ecosystem woul
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A Territorial threshold would be location-oriented, the
main objective of definingthis threshold would be to identify
areas unsuitable for particular types of visitor activity.
a Quantitative threshold would be capacity-oriented, the
main objective of defining this threshold would bo to identify
1ovel3 of development that must not be overstepped by parti-
cular types of visitor activities.
A Temporal threshold would bo tine-oriented, the main ob-
jective of defining this trcshold would be to identify periods
of time to which particular types of visitor activity must be
, 5/
confined.
UET* s synthesis /identification of Ul^T^s/
1 of	1
The three aspectTfofthc natural environmental elements
analysed:	namely uniqueness, transformation and re-
sistance, determine to a large extent the restrictions concer-
ning the use of a given area for different forms of visitor
activity.
Ml.or all available data regarding these aspects /about
uniqueness, transformation and resistance/ are gathered, one
can proceed to ascertain the way in which different combina-
tions oC those aspects determine territorial, quantitative
and tenpnval thresholds governing the use of a given area for
l he purposes of recreational development.
THo variants of possible solutions /wchich offtcn exist/
ere not to be obtained mechanically. Generally speaking, howc-
-------
ver, the degree of uniqueness and resistance determine to a
largo extent the possibilities of location of difforent type3
of visitor activity, as tlie category "unique" dictates very
severe restrictions on visitor activities, ancl the total lack
of resistance means that visitor activity should be entirely
excluded •from the area in question*
In the same way, the degree of transformation of specific
environmental elements as compared with the natural state
should determine the extent to which a given area can bo deve-
loped for recreation. Tlius, for instance, total reversible
transformation may become irreversible if certain types of vi-
sitor activity are permitted; a minimal or partial transforma-
tion may become greater and the process of self-regeneration
may be impeded,
Tlio basic principle in defining interrelations between en-
vironmental eleiHents\iniqucnos3, degreo of transformation nnd
resistance and the designation of quantitative limits as well
an rest.ri ctions .concerning the location of different types of
visitor activities in specific areas /soo section 6/ is to carry
out analyses of the relation between each particular typo of
iu'o and each element of the environment. On the basi3 of these
analyses, and following the application of chosen criteria,
experts should define territorial thresholds for particular ty-
pes of visitor activity. The following procedure should be
employed I
- determining the restrictions for specific types of
visitor activity in view of the uniqueness of oc-
currence of specific elements of the environment
46
-------
/figure 4/.
-	determining the restricions for particular types
of visitor activity in view of transformations of
particular clement,3 of t.Iie environment /figure 5/,
-	determining tlje restrictions for particular forms
of visitor activity in view of the decree of resis-
tance of particular elements to damage /figures
6a, b,c/.
After determining these restrictions one may proceed to
a synthesis consisting of:
-	defining the restrictions for particular types of
visitor activity due to the degree of resistance
of particular envii onnicntal dements to damage
/figure 6d as a synthesis of the restrictions pre-
sented in figures Ga,b,c/,
-	defining the restrictions for particular types i»-r
visitor activity due to fcJio uniqueness, the degree
of transformation riul resistance of particular ele-
ments of the natural environment /figures 7a, 1j r.s 11
synthesis of the rostricLowj presented in figurm
-------
thresholds for particular typea of visitor activity, apply-
ing the principle of accepting the most aevero restrictions
/figures 7c,d/.
T<> sun up, one may say that territorial thresholds sho-
uld result from the following cenh Inations of different com—
pniionta of tlic natural cnvironuoiit*a (juality:
-	in Gome cn^crj aolr,lv from fcho uniqueness of tihe
Given eloi.ionij'3 ni. Un» natural environment /oven
when the d",--roo of c \",i sbanco of these elerivntn
is hL^h/
-	a combination ol" traits sucli as uniqueness and
lac!t of resistance nr weale resistance,
-	a total laclc oT icGi.rtr.noe,
-	the combination of features such arj total transfor-
mation and loo!; of resistance or minor rests tr>nc ' ':"Mon/.
-------
One should also identify areas characterized by sucli a
high degreo of rcsi3tanco to damage resulting frooi particu-
lar activities /potontial stresses/ that those forms can be
permitted without any restrictions to those area3 even with
an increased number of visitors.
Distinguishing classes of resistance for specific acti-
vities, while considering tho smallest possible "pt" for
technical and organizational reasons, allows us to exclude
from use areas characterized by laclc of resistance, but there
remain areas characterized by a low rtogree of resistance.
Thus, ono should finally define temporal thresholds^ of
projected activities /potential stresses/, allowing self-re-
generation processes to restore the ecological balance and
climinato damage«
Temporal thresholds of use should be defined for areas
characterized by a low degree of resistance. They should
also determine the permissible number of users in a given
time period for areas characterized by a high degree of re-
sistance .
However, when designating the ultimate quantitative and
temporal thresholds, one must, tn!cc into account, not only re-
sistance, but also the class of uniqueness and the degree of
transformation of the respective natural environmental elcnsents.
jir in the case of territorial, thresholds, the ultimate
qunutjtative and temporal thresholds must be delineated on tho
basin of a thorough knowledge o£ the different typos of use
und their interrelations. The establishment of temporal thves-
49
-------
holds is analogous to the establishment of territorial tres-
holds, i.e., the same parameters are analyzed: uniqueness,
transformation, resistance and number of users within a given
area, but with emphasis on temporal characteristics of the
environment.
The most severe thrcsholtl3 will be found in instances of
minimal transformation, high levels of uniqueness, and low
levels of resistivity to the impacts of visitor activity.
First general assumption of this research states that
UJST^s be identified for the need of:
-	physical development plans of areas actually
used by visitors or designated for recreational
development,
-	management or manipulation of visitor activi-
ties, particularly in relation to their organisa-
tion and development.
Once territorial thresholds are identified, the main task
1.3 to formulate appropriate questions addressed to nnatural
scientists. Generally spcalcing, the basic question is: "How
many people participating in a glvoii type of visitor nctivi t.y
i.try hp admitted at one time /per day, per hour/ to a given
"unit area", e.g. a section of a trail, place of rest, stop-
ping point etc., so that ^tlie stress limits of the natural
environment of this area /i.e., ito quantitative tlirosholcin/
uiill not be transgressed?
Tito answer to this question enn bo expressed In the fol-
lowing tabular form /related to a specific environmental cle-
ment/:
no
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Table 5-2. /general layout/.
Geojpra- Type of
Tlic numbers Temporal
phical activity
admitted sinul- restric-
Area /e.g.
trneously to tions
hiking!"1"/
the area /per

day, per hour/
Examples of tables fillet!
in by experts in different bran-
clics of natural science:

Table 5-3.

A report taking into account, environmental element ";c"
/e.Co wildlife/o

A 1.
100
B 1
150
C 1
250
D 1
100
E 1
50 except spring
Table 5-4.

A report talcing into account effi'icnt "y" /e.g. relief/.
A i
300
D 1
."00
C 1
200
D 1
150 except Marcli, April
15 1
200
51
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Table 5-5.
A report talcing into account element "s" /e.g. water/.
A	1	50
13	i	100
C	1	150
D	1	100
E	1	50
except at periods of
low levels of water
In the sainc way one should gather the data concerning
other forms of use /"2", "3", etc./.
The next stop is a synthesis of tlio results obtained.
The number of visitors admitted at one time /per day/ from
the peispectivo of the environmental elements represents a
partial magnitude of UET.
Thus, tlieir juxtapositions as shown in Tables 6-5, com-
bined with application of the principle of accepting the most
severe restrictions, will result in a quantitative threshold
\>ln ch may also bo expressed in grcphie form.
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Table 5-60
Quantitative and temporal thresholds to visitor activity
"hiking"•
Gco-
Type
Ultimate quantitative
Quan-
Time
graphi
of
environmental thres-
tita-
limi ts
cal
acti-
holds will) regard to
tive

jlrca
vity
the
following natu-
Thres-



ral
cleucnts:
hold



X
y z


A
i
100
000 50
50
except at





low levels





of water





/when the





threshold





levol wo-





uld bo





lower/
D
i
150
200 100
100
-
C
1
250
200 150
150
—
u
1
ion
150 100
100
-

i
50
200 50
50
except spiing





and periods





of low levels





of water /w-





hen the





threshold le-





vel would he





lowered/
Ult,Li'iate quantitative environmental thresholds l.lius r>h-
talncd Tor all the unit tire an ;inoly7,od determine the nuiuhov
of pi'i'ticjpants in a ^tven activity to be admitted to the
cntir" crea within a yiven tine period /i.e., one day/„
J.t should be notnd that in this way one can establish
not only a total cnvironi.icn tal cairylng capacity for the who-
le art>;i, expressed in uunber u f visitors, but also a rcilaM-
vniy optimal distribution of those visitors anions the unit
-------
nrcas considered. The question arises 0,3 to How to attain
such a distribution in reality. It certainly would not be
sensiblo nor possible to attain it by administrative mea-
sures or by closing the access to a given unit area at the
moment when the number 0/ visitors on this area reaches a
threshold magnitude /though in specific cases such measures
might be considered/„
It seeni3 that the dcsidoied distribution could be atta-
ined by an appropriate manipulation of visitor flows, that
is, by malting the accessibility of particular entry points
to the area or to specific,overloaded unit areas,more dif-
ficult, or by increasing the attractiveness of unit areas
having spare capacity.
The U3e of the method allowing us to define UUT^s opens
up broad possibilities v»hcn considering various solutions. To
exemplify, when analysis of development possibilities of a
given type o>f use or servico 011 a particular area implies
that this activity should bo totally excluded, one can oMlJ.
«
try to change this "verdict". Thin would require that tlio
negative impact of the activity be reduced. This can be achie-
ved either through technological measures, i.e. highly cfl'l-
oient ncwago treatment systems, or other methods such as hnr-
d
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Practical application approach
The following basic assumption of the method were adop-
ted:
a.	ultimate environmental thresholds should be defined
in all the physical development plans or in the in-
dependent development studies of various kind con-
cerning areas which are used as Visitor Zones at
present or which arc designated for recreational de-
velopment in the future. This environemtal analysis
should be included along with the technical and eco-
nomic considerations that enter into decisions about,
recreational management and development,
b.	definition of ultimate environmental thresholds 'mist
be based upon the consideration of all those natural
environmental elements which are susceptible to da-
mage caused by different types of visitor activity.
c.	all the pertinent natural environment elements and
activities should be analyzed and classified in the
same manner. The ano.lysi.s should document why certain
activities or elements were omitted so that it does
not appear as if they were siinply missed in the ana-
lysis .
d» analysis and evaluation of tiio natural environment
from the point of view of its possibilities for re-
creational development slioiOd be done by exports,
.''ivory partie.'lav situation requires individual tieat.-
ment and the basic assumptions must bo adjusted to
each •
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Notation of the territorial and quantitative UliiT in
relation to areas may concern:
-	the entire area,
-	local arcc,3 homogenous as far a3 natural resour-
ces are concerned /facics or ranges/,
-	artificially defined nodular units of land /e.g.
square grid/.
The following basic input Is needed for the definition
of UUTns:
-	basic information concerning both the whole natu-
ral environment of the areas involved and its re-
lations with surrounding areas,
set of dala conecrnin;; existing, or expected visi-
tor activities or services,
-	information 011 the potential environmental threats
/"pt*s"/ connected v. Lth various types of visitor
uses of laud, and
-	detailed Knowledge concerning the cjuality of res-
pective elements of the natural environment.
Gathering of these data should become a tas!c for a gi onp
of experts led by one general cooidinator. The group should con
r;ist nf environmental expert^ and visitor recreation experts.
The composition of such a group i 11 depend upon the spotJal
fj»d natural conditions of a given area. Consequent] y, the teem
should consist of botonists, foresters, hydrolog] sto, geologist,
;,
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Tlie general description of the natural environment of
the anulyzed area should include:
-	a geographical layout
-	characterization of all the basic elements
/geoelogical structure, morphology, water,
soils, climate, vegetation, wildlife/ and of
such features ao land3capo arid its aesthetic
values,
-	characterization of all the essential relations
between the analyzed area and surrounding aroas.
Ultimate environmental thresholds are defined in rela-
tion to the effects of particular types of visitor activif.y
in a given area. The nature of the visitor activity is use-
ful in malting an empirical evaluation of impact or stress.
This information is also needed so that visitor activities
may be managed or manipulated to reduce or avoid impacts.
That is why before one embarks upon any environmental analy-
sis it is essential:
-	to establish a 11 at of the types of visitor activi-
ties permLtted in a j_,iven area6// according to the
following scheme;
the types of visitor activities
the types of v1r1tor services
-	to characterize all the typos of visitor activi-
ties permitted in n ^iven area as v/ell as the
standard and management of visitor facilities,
emjihasizing their influence upon the natural en-
-------
vironment. Then one begins an analysis of the
extent and naturo of different types of visitor
activity, taking advantage of wcll-Icnow methods
which help to determine the distribution of vi-
sitor activities in Cine and space /routos, points
of entrance, points of concentration nnd stoppage,
in the span of c. day or an hour/.
The distribution of observation posts should bo planned
in such a way that one is in a position to understand the stru-
cture of the distribution of visitors and to notice the most
typical points of stoppage nf visitor movement /crossing of
trails, mountain top3, places of relaxation, and destination
points/.
The results of rmulysis of visitor activities should
provide the following items:
-	the maximum daily sine of visitor movement in hour
intervals pLus its spatial distribution,
-	time needed to cover vavious visitor trails,
-	attractiveness of visitor trails, which can hr mea-
sured by the distribution of the visitor movement
on particular trails /attractiveness nay result from
natural factors or the availability of a trail fion
outside the park as well as its easiness/.
•part from the data ?] .Uu» I rating actual visitation, it is
vunnendi'd that information lie ryitliurcd about visitor Hov'iimt
1n 1.I10 past. Characteri-ation oC different types of visitoj rc-
tivitios nnd analysis o" the sir," and structure of visitor :-oH-
\Htlee! rir. well as visitor services helps to detornlne potenfK'l
:58
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damage due to recreational development.
Various stresses to, or pressures on, the natural envi-
ronment as a whole, or its respective element, derive from
visitor use of an area. Results of those prossure3 lead to
various transformations of the natural environment that sig-
nificantly affect its quality. To define effective counter-
iiica3uros, both the origin and intensity of the pressure
must bp Icnoniio
An identification of potential pressures on a given
area should establish:
-	main stress-causing elements subdivided into
types of visitor activities and visitor services,
-	types of stresses and their physical location,
-	intensity of stress in terms of quantity and time
of duration,
-	expeoted results of otrcssos subdivided into di-
rect result.3.
There is no doubt that the choice of natural environmen-
tal elements for. specta.lt/iOd. analysis is always dependent on
the particular type of visitor activity for which tlio UKT^n
aro identified, as every type of visitor activity lias its own
chaifcteriotic impacts on various elements of the natural
environment»
Analyses and classifications of the chosen environmental
elements are oriented towards one aim: the identification /on
a given area and within a given I,Lmc period/ of developmental
possibilities of parliciilar typos of visitor activities, pos-
sibilities determined by the requirement of protection of the
:'V)
-------
existing natural environment. To define such possibilities,
tlio identification of tlie quality of tlie particular elements
of the natural environment is essential".
Tlie rosults of analysis and classification of the UET
should be demonstrated in relatLon to a particular situation.
In ord^r to define the territorial UKT it is necessary to
U30 notation in relation to particular areas. For the quanti-
tative UET, results nay bo given in relation to the whole
area or its parts, as well as in a linear form /in relation
to visitor trails/ 01* by means of points /in relation to
certain places/.
Visitor use of a given area nust be considered both in
terms of activities /such as hiking, skiing, cycling, rowing,
etc./ and in terms of types of services connected with recre-
ational development, such a3 accomodations, concessions,
transportation /roads and slci lifts/ and other facilities.
?]ach type of activity and service will have varying impacts
on the environment, Puther being Modified by their envii onnun-
tai setting.
The rbovo-i.ien t j on'Ml .'mat y::rri and classifications should
be conducted by experts, r3 i nd i.vi dual criteria unst bo aplicd
to each of the natural onv' rnui lental elements in terms oC
quality, It is, hmvovpr, essential that a unified approach
be used, as tins would onabi.o the plr-nner to synthesize nnd
compare the results obtained.
'1110 method of gathering the Input data in order to d"Cjpe
the ultimate etivirnni loutal thresholds depends on numerous rac-
ial
-------
torso One can take under consideration:
Ao areas used for visitor activities where no stu-
dies, cither of the natural environment or of tlic
size and structure of the activity have heen
conducted#
B. areas used for visitor activities monitored only
occasionally or in relation to a specific compo-
nent of the natural, environment or a particular
visitor activity,,
Co -areas used for visitor activities where detailed
ojkV continual monitoring of tho natural environ-
ment lias proceeded Lmt the monitoring of the size
and structure of visitor activities has been neg-
lected, or vice versr.
Do areas U3cd for vi3itor activities where detailed
arid continual monitoring of the natural environment
as well as the size and structure of various activi-
ties, has boon clone.
Bo areas not uued for visitor activities lmt designed
for recreations! dovclopiiont, where no monitoring
ha3 taken place up until now,
F.	areas not used for visitor activities but dcsi^n'Ml
for recreational development, whore occasional mo-
nitoring of certain elements of tlio natural environ-
ment has been done,
G.	areas not used for visitor activities but designed
for recreational development, where constant and de-
tailed analysis of no.tiu*al environmental elements
-------
Has talccn place ojTloreover, the project completion
date imposed from the outside, may have an influ-
ence upon tlie procediu~e.
The following four methods of gathering the data /depen-
ding on the circumstances/ can bo utlized:
1.	Talcing advantage of existing research concerning
the natural environment, the size and structure of
visitor activities and work dealing with the influ-
ence of visitor activities on specific elements of
tho natural environment.
2,	Applying a comparative analysis, that is, the con-
parison of areas possnssing similar physiographi-
cal qualities but which represent different levels
of development for visitor activities.
3o Comparing historical data with the present situation
This approach can he applied to investigate changes
in the natural environmental elements which were
caused by visitor activities of great duration.
4. Taking advantage of the exports*knowledge for solving
a problem by moans of auoh well-knovn methods in
this field as the "Delphic" method /9/ and"brain
storming"/11/.
A prupcr combination of those four procedures helps to ;ic-
cumulate the data for calculating the ultimate environmental
thresholds in every situation. Tlicy will only differ as far as
Mm dpgren of accuracy or the degree of detail are concerned,
[..vcntually, howovcr, one should aim at the setting up of a data
lianlc for each protectod area upon vhich recreationa development
Is ''xjieotod.	02
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Table 5-7.
Means of gathering information in a variety of situations.
Situ-
ation
Methods of gathering information
12 3
4
A
X
X
11
x
X
C
x ;c x
X
D
X

J3
X
X
P
X
X
r»
X X X
X
:c - tlie choice of procedure.
63
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As has been stated in tlic basic assumptions, the task
of tie fining both territorial and quantitative ultimate envi-
ronmental thresholds must be based on all those natural
environmental components which arc impacted by particular
types of recreational development. Hut not all cases require
a careful investigation of tlio.se components in order to defi-
ne the ultimate environmental thresholds. For instanoe, cli-
mate and geological structure irn-„eueral do not impose ulti-
mate environmental thresholds, depending more on eloments
of tho natural environment such as soil, vegetation, water
end relief. This helps to separate the general analysis dea-
ling with the classification of particular qualities of tho
natural environment fron the nore specialistic analysis
whose aim it is to define the territorial and quantitative
ultimate environmental thresholds.
A, Marsz /20/ attempted to find all the natural envi-
ronmental components which, according to him, influence
visitor carrying capacity. In other words, he tried to dis-
cove quantitative limitations. He believes that while con-
sidering the factors which influence visitor carrying enpa-
city one ahould mention the following:
-	the character of tho vegetation and its resistan-
ce to trampling,
-	the general character1 of the climate,
-	the character', furl.iJity and riolsturc of the anil,
-	tho kind of. brsenojjt soil, its capacities for
infiltration, and its mechanical characteristics,
-	the sculpture of the earth*s aurfoce.
r,/i
-------
All these elements operato simultaneously but each has
a different function. The Icind and fertility of soil, its
moisture and topo— and Microclimatic conditions are mostly
dependent upon the basement soil. All of these are descri-
bed as a biotope, A biotope determines the character of
vegetation. Due to this, there is no need to analyze all
of the above- mentioned one by one because they arc rolec—
ted in the vegetation. Vegetation has differing resistan-
ces to trampling.
This indicates that in many cases one can concentrate
on one specific element of the natural environment while
• lofiniug visitor capacity. Dut when one considers nature
reserves or wilderness areas whore unique examples of
v.'ildllfe and geologic.'1! formations, a3 well as refined sy-
stem? of drainage occur, natural environmental components
have to be described in a more detailed and comprehensive
manner.
r.fAKAr,:ii.fijjT
Tn order to avoid si tactions in which various UCT^s
ctuild bo transgressed, one should be able to control visi-
tor activities accordingly. To ni.'.ke such control possib]",
the resource manager nceoo	why visitors nre attrac-
ted to a &iven area, and have the means to influence the
timing and or distribution of visitors. These can be best
identified by the unn of a simulation model which would in
turn answer the following qucGtUms:
65
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-	lioiv many visitors can be allowed into respective
unit areas within a given tine period?
-	bow many vositors entering the analyzed areas by
respective entry points in given time periods
would create the highest probability tliat tlioir
general distribution would be as near as possible
to the optiruun one?
The model should also enable plannors to define the changes
in the distribution occurring at respective unit areas due to:
-	closure of some trails,
-	opening of new trails,
-	increase or decrease of attractiveness of some
unit areas,
-	changes in quantity and profile of visitors,
-	closure of sone entry points,
-	opening of new entry points.
From the main input data permitting the construction of such
a model one should indicate:
-	tho network of visitor trails,
-	distances between respective unit areas /expressed
in time neoded to pass from one area to another/
linlcod by trails,
-	attraotivcncsn oC respective unit areas/
-	number of visitors using tho area /in a given
tine period/,
-	profile of visitors /i.e., percent of those who
6G
-------
will want to make excursions of particular duration
or of a particular degreo of difficulty/.
A simulation model would onablo tlie planner to adjust
the general environmental carrying capacity /expressed as the
number of visitors which can be admitted/ to the diversified
oapacity of all the respective sites /unit areas/ of the
entire area involved. Such an adjustment, can be achieved by
an appropriate distribution, resulting from the model, of
visitors to respective entry xioint3 and also by an appropri-
ate arrangement of specific unit avoas or trails. Dut this is
a different problem exceeding the scope of this research
project.
OUTLINE APPLICATION GUIDE
'i'o facilitate possible practical testings and applica-
tions of the method, a simple guide follows. This guide de-
fines a general approach in a form of the process subdivided
into successive Phases and .'Steps, discussion is included to
furtliei clarify major problems involved. It is hoped that
tbc guide supported by the preceding theoretical discussions
/Sections 'V and 0/ and followed by an example of practical
application /Section 6/, should provido a convenient frame-
work for the use of -this method.
07
-------
Phase 0 - Preparation of data and definition of criteria.
Steps
Reinarlc3
0.1. Select the optimum
The choico depends mainly on:
\:ay of collecting
- present state of environmen-
input information
tal studies and size and
structure of recreational
development•
Four possibilities exist horct
1.	Using present investiga-
tions of the environment
and recreational develop-
ment .
2.	Applying comparative analy-
ses if materials describe the
environment and recreational
development for a different
terrain /e.g. similar as to
physiographic conditions/ „
3.	applying extrapolation of
I,vends on the basi3 of histo-
rical data /in what concerns
environment and recreational
development/•
-Jo Utilizing experts*knowledge
through sounding of their
opinions•
68
-------
Steps
Remarks
0.2. Set a list of admi-
ssible forms of
visitor utilization
/typos of visitor
activities and faci
lities/.
This list should be based on
nim3 and functions of a given
terrain defined in tlie higlicr-
ordrr plans or plans of the hig-
hest administrative level.
Structure and size of touristic
movement /subdivided into parti-
cular forms and with details due
to tin way of collecting input
information/ should also bo cha-
racterized, best in tabular form
/quantitative data/ and maps spa-
tial arrangements/.	son^
information should be tabulated
or (Jivon a mop-form, especially
if it concerns:
-	ji vxi mum daily size of movement
/subdivided into particular to-
uristic form3, together nj t.h
spatial arrangement/,
-	times of passing alon,", hikin;,
I, vn 11m,
-	t, 11¦'r"o of stopping in plrcnn d'js
tiiu't ion,
-	at 1) activeness of particular tr
il s.
-------
Stops
Rcnar!:n
0 ,4 . Spatial identifica-
tion of natural en-
vironmental elements
-K/l
•1.'
1.K
nils identification should^ tatco
into recount oxistancc of area-
v.ide, linear and sitc-gpocifio
cleucntu of the natural envi-
ront km] I..
2 iict'j'ul3 of data idrntificption
can Ij" applied!
-	He'hu-ally homogenous tcrrrin
unit-.:
-	;•"(.¦> rlcl''lly dnl Uii l,r>u Ullitn.
I
r .[,, nodulnr nets of Eujii.-'re:-.
Tin1 letter i3 recomiunnrtaljle r - pi--' 'juclit.y0
i'i if, u PM.-'ly:'
i" ' ¦; "'iii'n : it 1 it- i,i>-
¦ ifi ni'i'M-'-.tioM Gl)oul.i' !>e I1'})"-
r' 1 1 v li ncd r 1 ci i"iit n c
-------

Rcunrko
r;J environmental cle- natural environment. Tn every cli-
ifintG In spatial uuits ctiu^xlshed terrain unit unirjuo-
111 rniicd in t])c preceding none oajit to be /narked in t.lic
C'1!) .
rC

—
—




-v
I
11




II







—
—
—


—
—
—
— .
N
.foil m.ing clo.ssost
-	unique
-	V'TC
-	of cotiinou occurrence
N " ruTibf^r of elements
' 1 ' out nn analys j. rj
i1.' V* 1 do^veo ol t.rrno~
'1 ¦ j. ! • on froi i the M".-
1 ;'v ij c for every
¦ 'n viil, of the natural
i.T rtiirj'Mit.
This rork should be done i'lulJ,--
rly !,o l.i,, i.e. i.iarlc for r^c;y
its transformation::
divided into clas3ca:
-	i'3f i ,viificaii t trc.nofor1 MLon,
-	ii.'l U al trancf oriiiattonu - i"~
•.¦"ii ijle,
-	i i l-rangfori'iatioiirj - i.i j ' •
vcro ;.bl? ,
-------
Utcps
Uc mar lea
r1










V
a







o
Q








o
o














+







+
+
+







4-
+
+


i
'


-
+
t
+IJ
•
•
' ..ualyze resistance
O I." OVCry elenent of
tin1 natural environ
¦ ient to influence
oC ociclj type of vi-
activity
to define
p-i ',''n i.i.-il tln-ooto
/]? •,/' dervin^ from
f.ij":jo Corns0
For every cleucnt of the natural
'jnvii onnent and for every visjj-
tnr activity wliich threatens
tins n] client an analysis of ro-
s • o truce of a givon clcncnt I,"
influence of a given forn alwuJd
Ikj f.'.Mried aut in niodulnj- uni'.n
/en a :i;>p/ according to tJif f-'i-
1 o1 'i-J'fj schcne:
-	M'i rcoirstancc to "pt" /i.e. f.o
potential threat/
~ 11»• / resistance to "pt"
-	resistance to "pt"
] 1 -1 1 i <» i • ;
jf:' "i:i of an,pa of rm 13"^r¦ 1 <-r\ I-
l'omi icrtal eloncnt3, rcj Irj ti'iicc
f-.r» influence of fovriu "L"
-------
¦jtcpS
Ilcnnrlca
N 4 L ^ N x M
If - nuubcr of environmental
rlnucnts
H - minber of fori;i3 of visitor
movement arid sciviceo.
N / / / /
*////.
/
Ft
M
T'ltl"1 c;itc ivliich types
of visitor activities
>1 bo peinittccl in n
'f'i! urea.
Tij'vjf fori is should bo cp'-oifl"'1
by , n.-:,.l;-s1 tlieir relation l,;>
v.""j inri coribi ur'tionc of (|m;1M.-
r w i.ui-Ki of tilc nuturol cMtvL'o'i-
i1'.in I, /uniguencejo , trnno ru > m*; K i un
cm! 303iGtnnce/o
-------
Phase 2 - Determining territorial U13T* 3 •
)teps
Re marie 3
2.1. Define on terrain
naps, in basic /no-
dular/ terrain units
classifieation re-
sults:
I	- uniqueness
II	- decree of trans-
formation
III	- resistance of
a &ivcn natu-
ral clement
to influence
a given foru
of touristic
movement •
In the case of I and II there
will be N map3, i.e. as many
as natural environment elements.
For resistance of an clenent
/III/ the maximum lumber of
map3 will be N x I.I, where:
II - number of environment ele-
ments
II - lumber of forms of touri-
stic movement.
-1 f j •
L'-jfine tern tor.'.cil lv. Uie basi3 of criteria ci'i
thresholds for tlif- nap:;, fron the step 2.1. ov.-.y
f'jrent forms of touri- clciont of natural environ' "ju'
utic movement /i,2	should be accompanied by a "n-
clulcr map, on which rdii'.GT ibJ"
forms of touristic novcicnt
ohni'lrj be narked in basic
rri'i unit,3,
i of.', 'j o :
i-'finy maps must be prcprro;!
na.e, iy resultant
fj a uniqueness of
"i'ii.ient3 of natuial
-.'jivircM' i'ji! t,
-------
LJtcps
lie mar!; 3
203. Define territorial
thresholds for diffe-
rent forms of touri-
stic movement /l,2..,f
If/ resultant forn
transformation elements
of natural environment
. 1. Pcfine territorial li-
mi tations for different
forms of touristic mo—
vci lent /l, 2 • • ,, 11/
resultant from resis-
tance of a ^iven natu-
i'1 el cent to influen-
ec of a given form of
touristic movement.
r: . Define territorial
l,Ii-'-r:holdr3 for diffe-
X O \ CIS of touviri-
Uo IU»VJMC11< /l,L!...f
'/ i -::n\ten t jointly
f ro" i pii i(|ii'?nc3s, il •-
as there are natural environment
elements we considor /see figu-
re 4/.
Tliio operation should bo carried
out similarly to 2.2. /seo fiGU-
re 5/.
Tiii3 operation should be carried
out similarly to 2.2 and 2.3.
The limitations are defined first-
ly for each form separately am!
secondly, jointly for all the
forms involved /see figure G,
rjccfci.oii 5/.
transparent plates j
ai«J i,3 of 2.2. - 2.4. should I)<<
.•,;:,':r«'/Jatod and forms of movement
iihic in a given init, cmi-
!? j. i' f • r i' l :
- uniqueness
70
-------
Steps
' Remarks
formation and rcsiatan-	ormation
ce of natural environ- - resistance
mcnt elements.	should be defined for each ele-
mentary unit.
Notice;
As many maps are needed as
there are examined elements of
environment /see figure 7a and
7b/.
2.6. Define territorial UiST's Tiicnc thresholds should be p'~-
for all forms of tourist scntod on one Map which combines
activities involved, information fron all maps prepa-
red in 2.5» One should always
cijccle whether all the environ-
r'cntol elements were analyzed in
relation to each form /see fivtre
7c and 7d/.
.I,"). IiaUo a list of terri- C"'ipile on one riap all PiMiisri-
torial thresholds for blc forms of movement for all
fo.v '0 y.C touristic	oir-'onta of natui-al environ'"-'!I.
' ioyc "int.	r1 o i i oe ;
Uuc nap.
77
-------
Phase 3 - Determining quantitative and temporal UET* a.
3.1. Define areas for which These areas arc generally de-
quantitative and tcr.ipo- termined by territorial ULlT^s.
ral U^T 3 should be
identified /indicating
priori ties/•
Jiu'Luolc foinn of
toi'viutic activities
to •illj.cll quantitati-
ve and tonporcil U 1'L'":
ehonld prinarily de-
Ci 'itMl ,
It could be, Iiowovcr, necessary
in practice to identify within
thenc areas specific "unit
areas" of distinct identity for
which quantitative and temp oral
thresholds be defined. Such a
"unit area" can bo, for example,
a section of trail, a place of
lost, a stop-point, etc. In tlio
fi3"Tt priority quantitative and
tcuporal Utiles should be identi--
ficd for "critical" unit areas,
that is areas being subject, to
excessive use or characterised
by p trl.iculary low decree of
l-pf i. ;j (.mice .
T'j ,,r,fiuc quantitative and t.rn-
pnivl thresholds i3 tine concu-
r:Li'C* There fore it is recoruep-
ded that in the first priority
thcc • thresholds be irtcn I if I e >'
1 " lation to thnrjc fonss oi
I,oin i.o tic activities t.hich v< -
pre7.cnt jiain threat to the n.*1 —
tuxr 1 environment«
-------
Steps
'Remarks
3.3. Adjust results of the
analysis of environ-
mental quality to tlie
character of "unit
arccs" defined in 3.1.
In general rosults of this ana-
lysis carried out in Thngo I
should provido knowledge neces-
sary to defino quantitative and
temporal UIST* s • Tlie charactor
of natural environment in res-
pective unit areas may necessi-
tate, however, the needs for ad-
ditional information concerning
uniqueness, transformation or
resistance of particular envi-
ronmental elements involved, j.lso,
the different character of thres-
holds /concerning intensity t»C
use and its timing/ may call Cm
e;;tra data and or information.
.'. For each unit area and
for each form of acti-
vity identify quanti-
tative and temporal
U.iT%rj as generated by
]>a\ (.1 cular elements of
naU'?.1 nnvi-ronment <>
jj:- in the definition of terri-
torial. UliT* 3 it is necessary to
identify in the first prlority
tln esholds imposed by respecti-
ve elements of natural environ-
f'ent. /e.g., by vegetation,
'»••• tcv/. Results can be precepted
i;i tlie tabular forms /see r>::n i-
ple:j on pages 18 and 10 of
-------
Steps
llcriaiics
Section 5/. It is essential that
all elements respondinc /or sen-
sitive/ to the considered foms
- bo taken into account.
If there arc difficulties in pro
vidino; scientific or empirical
tU.tr. the "Delphi method" is rc-
corL'iendcdo
Ct.T). Identify quantitative These thresholds should derive
and tcuporal UiiiT^s	froi.i the synthesis of partial
for each unit area	thresliolds identified in the 3.4
and each form involved. The principle is that the most
severe of those partial thres-
holds is deteriiiiiiug the final
quantitative UliT for a Given
unit area. Temporal thresholds
usually represent a sort of
.">'ii tional restriction	i
v.'11 f¦ • i cccessaryo
j.eo'ilta can Lie presented in tc-
b'llav Toiu /see exanple on pa;;'
20 ijI .'iretion 5/.
.•'o 'V	conclusions d, j.- [ prine importance In in-
. 'if' '"ecoi ii leiuUioionj , t ¦ i i j ¦' i " "ana^onent principles vli i >
O'J
-------
\~c\vJ*i:Ip to control ocmrJUjM*}
r,c;, v Icj in audi r, vr.-;y tV;,!;
t'i'j Uifc.'iMvo end tor^rrl
':n not trr-na^r^nocJ«
C;1: ."\;-ila(,ory prJLnot iilon ;;v )
- .Inry rccoi,; •ion'T-_:0'' \
'i*:; i . ai'l<2 indicate tTio
4
Sep;;-1, zl'.j'i mid (J I. j t	¦> '
i ^; i 1» tijo vliol -) ~.v\
•" '¦ 1 OlVOll.
-------
Fig.i. Environmental elements flora, fauna, water -
classification of the degree of their uniqueness.
flora
fauna
water
unique
rare
oommon


1



-------
Fig.2a Environmental elements flora, fauna, water -
classification of the degree of their transfor
mation in relation to the original state*
flora
fauna
water
minimal
portial
total
-------
Snvir j l.	2ie->?Rts flora, i-un<=, iter -
cL.?ificition ot t 9 cegree ii iheir resistance
In raionon to .rjlkma,, slillnz, uiotortours .
walking
skiing
ootortours
f 1 ora
Taui.a
ter
no resistance
ai.ior resistance
full resistance
-------
Fig.4 Environmental thresholds /determined by the
uniqueness of environmental elements flora,
fauna, water/ to the forms walking /l/t
skiing /2/( motortours /3/, /see flg.lA
1,2,3
3
flora
2,5
3
—

fauna
water
-------
Fig.5. Environmental thresholds /determined by the
transformation of environmental elements
flora, fauna, water/ to the forms walking /l/,
skiing /2/, motortours /3/f /see fig.2/.
2,5





1,2,3
—
1,2,3
2,3
flora
fauna
water
-------
•i iJ tin Co. to I «'•>	li\ 11i«
....i '»r (JHVl I OlIllM 111 ll C l<', ('|)l,1 M <•! ,
, « »l»*i/ to the lniiM U.I 111.r, /!/,	/
i".ii" /)/, /to r i . i/.
i It i \ nr.
•iol 'irtoun
Lyntlu* ¦ in
1 ?
I I <»i ,i

z
—

1
r iMu i
5
?>
1, i
\r ,i (< i
-------
Fi-,7 Ult. Innte onvl roumnntfil tli rcslio) da to tlie
/oims vnlklnR /I/, eUXlur. /~/, moloitoiiia /'t/.
ri;r,.7:i I ) l lni.ito envlronincntnl 'thresholds /detoriulnoml
l>y the uniqueness, trnnsf or.u,\ ti on, nnd reels!''ii-
co of environmental olemotite : /lorn, fnuun,
v.ntcr/ to tlio f or us u.tlliliij- /l/, skiing /2/t
mol.oi tnurB /3/, /synthesis results from
fir,. 4, 5, 6(1/
i.i.s
2,5
1.Z
3
1^2~
1,2
1.2.3
1.2
J'5
3
i,3
3
i,a.j
s
	
1,2.3
2,5
	 flora
2,3
2.3
1.3
	
z 1
2
5
—
2.3

_5



2.3

»
1
tralor
f •/
ll|;.71i Ultimate RiivlroiuiiRtit.il tlirnslmltls to
tho form
-------
Fl.'i.lr intimate environmental three holds to
tiro forma : (Talking /l/( ekllng /2/,
motortours /3/, /synthesis of results
from fig.7b/
12.5
1,3
3
*.2.3
2.3

12.3
'.1
2.3
3
5
1.2,3
3
2.3
J
	3
"3
2.3
M
1~~3
i.l.J
1 3
ti
J *1
Key /for 7c/
-	flora
-	fauna
nntcr
/see fig.7b/
/soe fig.7b/
/soe fig.7b/
Fly.7d Ultimate environmental thresholds to tliG
forinb : walking /l/. Skiing /2/,
motortoore /3/.
1.2.3



2.3

5


1.3



1.3

-------
Ueferencos:
1.	Uniquoness of a natural environmental component defines
the frequency of its occurrence the basic area of refe-
rence, /e.g., tlic whole country/;
2.	Transformation of natural environmental components is
equivalent to the degree of transformation from the
original, virgin state, tije stato in which the self-
-rogulating biological 3ystcm is not monitored fron
outside and in which there is a balance between abiotic
and biotic factors;
3.	Resistance of the natural environmental components to
damage caused by various typos of visitor activity
/characterized by differing intensity and duration/ is
equivalent to the capacity of a given component for re-
sisting negative impacts of various types of visitor
activity o,nd for self-reg«;nerati on;
4.	Analyses and cla3sificafcion3 of the quality of particu-
lar copponents are illustrated by diagrams presenting
a certain theoretically delineated area. It uu3 assumed
that thi3 area i3 of value for recreational develop-
ment, and different types of activities conformable to
the function of the area were marked as i/ hiking,
?,/ skiing, and 3/ ilotortnura. To facilitate the demon-
stration of the procedures used, only three elements
of the natural cnvironrion-t: vegetation, wildlLfc and
water resources were taken into consideration.
02
-------
5. Temporal threshold should be understood in practical
terns as
-	limitation of the period of duration of a given
forra of use
-	banning any use during special characteristic prriods;
G« Such a list should be derived from tho aims and functions
of a given areas cirnl those, In turn, should be defined
by upper level plan3 or policies.
03
-------
SECTION 6
IMPLiJ'iiNTATiaH OF TIlii IUJTIiOU
IN miH TATRA NATIONAL PAltlC
BACKGROUND OP TNP
In order to present a proposed method on an actual exam-
ple, the Tatra National Parle /Til?/ un,g chosen, for which during
tlie years 1974-1977 the Cracov Branch of the Research Institute
(worked
on Lnvironwcntal Developj.ientl out a phyaical "master" plan. This
park constitucs a special area, considering its alpine charac-
ter and accumulation of natural values, unique for Poland. At
the Ga:,ic time general interest in this area cauacg a trend
to\:nril3 multiple and nicjriiiujii use of the Park through different
types of visitor activity sport end recreation. This situation
Urines about a number of conflicts, especially in the sphere
of nan vs. environment.
The analysis of the present state of nature in the Parlr
shows several Jiiutationa t>ud druia;;es, particulnrly a3 a result
uC iiptural calamities, 10 which the Tatra Uts. are very susce-
ptible As a result, lar^e transf01 i.intions frori the natural
3tat«, deepened by inappropriate use, can be observed.
84
-------
In order to limit conflicts and gradually restore trans-
formations application of planning wa3 tried a3 a romendial
woasurc. Among others, a planning technique /worked out in
tl)C ile3earch Institute on jUnvironnontal Developnent/ was used,
i.e. the metliod of identifying environmental thresholds for
visitor activities.
Tlie approach pre3ontod below shows analysos and classi-
fications of the natural environmental elements, as well ao
some limitations on utilising the environment, resulting from
the necessity to protect nature. This is illustrated by certain
basic forma of visitor exploitation and services. Twelve fori is
of utilizing the Tarlc are given /not necessarily connected
with visitor activity/ and 9 typeo of services.
The Tarlc covers 21,200,001 hectares, of which 57,25 per-
cent belongs to strict and 42,75 percent to partial reserves.
The dominant vegetatiorial association is forest, which
occupies G9,7i percent of the area followed by waste land and
rock - 20,59 porcont, alpine meadows and oloarings - 9,77 per-
cent and, finally, water - 0,94 percent.
Investments within the Tar!: cover a number of elements,
the basic ones being: manmade structures /buildings, etc./
- 3>3G, roads of ejctornal traffic - 27 km, parking lots - 8,
marked hiking trails - 254 km, transmission lines - 37 km,
waterworks and a local water intake.
The visitor recreation movement attracts 3 million peo-
ple per year.
85
-------
The Tatra Mta• natural environment, In view of its
alpine character and accumulation of values unique in Po-
land and located on a relatively email area, has been le-
gally protected since 1954, when it was endowed with natio-
nal parlc status. The actual state of naftre has boon influ-
enced by several centuries old liunan activities, leading
to riany transformations ancl damages. The transforriations
include: lowering of the upper tinberlinc, changes of the
tree 3band, intcsifico.tion of erosion processes, water and
soil pollution, and changes in wildlife. Tho more attrac-
tive n.n area is in its landscape and biological values
/and that*a why frequently legally protected/, the pore
interesting it becomes for visitors. There i3 trend towards
increased human contact with "princval" nature which is
encouraged by popular scientific and visitor literature on
011 this area.
The Tatra Mountains constituo the highest /Gerlach,
2,603 m/ fragnent of the extensive arch of the Carpathians,
i
youti^ ilc.ijitain3 of the Alpl.ue uysten situated in Central
• Ivope. Tijc larcor part of tho Tatia area belongs to Csoclio-
nlovaLcia, while the rcnainin^ part of this geonorpliolotical
unit is located within Polish borders.
The I'olish Tatra constitute about one third of the
area of the whole ran30, rising to the altitude of 2,490 111.
riccatise of the ^reat value of Tatra natural l-csotirccs for
scientific research and for other fori is of exploitation,
and the necessity of preserving these values for future
ligations, the Tatra region was ^lveil relatively caily /i'jjl/
80
-------
the status of a national park, with the area of approximately
213 sq. kin* A similar park has been established in Czechoslo-
vakia for the protection of the Slovak Tatra.
DEFINING US 13
Legally protected terrains can Ijc subdivided into: natio-
nal parks, nature reserves, landscape parks and arca3 of pro-
tected landscape. Though they differ as to their function and
o'ctent of statutory protection, their purpose is common, i.e.,
preservation of environment in its natural statue • Considering
dlfforent functions of those areas^ % admission of certain
types of visitor movement should follow an analysis determi-
ning, which uses are and which are not acceptable in given
areas •
To obtain results from this analysis the following procedu-
2/
ro wa3 accepted for the Tatra National Park J
a list of uscr3 of the Park area was established, in-
cluding the types of use which actually occur, those
uses with a tendency to "enter" the park and those
uses that can appear in the future /e.g. hang gliding/.
Over 40 types of utiliaion of the Park were distin-
guished, e.g. hiking and excursions, qualified visitor
activities ski rune, pot-holing, climbing, scientific
research-work, natural resources economy, transporta-
tion, accommodation and concessions etc. All these
uses occur at present, while those displaying certain
tendencies to enter the Park: canoeing, skating on
87
-------
lalcca, hang-gliding, etc. Criteria wero identified for analy-
zing /siting/ which of these U3es can be permitted in the Park
area and which restrictions should be additionally imposed
upon these uses. The following criteria were identified:
functions and aims of tlic Tatra National Park,
-	a sot of legal rulos valid for the investigated
area,
-	existing state /of nature and development/,
-	specialist opinions,
public opinion.
The function and aims together with legal constraints
were considered the superior criteria and all the rest were
subordinated.
The analysis of the types of use permissible in the Park
/based on the above-stated criteria/ indicated which uses arc
contradictory to the criteria and thflus should be excluded
from tl»e Park. The analysis also determined conditions for ac-
cepting particular forma of use on a given area.
As a result of the analysis, the following types of uses
and services were admitted to tlm park: reservo economy, scien-
tific investigations, spccialistic didactics, sightseeing,
hi.king,qualified pedestrian tourisn, ski touring, rccreationf.il
and com^fti tive downhill skiing, climbing, speleology, and sucli
Cm us of cervices as administration, services connected with
reserve economy and scientific research work, accoiii.iodations
and ooncosions,life-saving /mountain rescue service/, guiden-
iiip, tourist-sports dovices, transportation and technical de-
vices .
88
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To more cloarly illustrate the method for determining
tlie thresholds for visitor activity, the example presented be-
low is restricted to the moot characteristic forms of visitor
use in relation to quality and percentage of the total visi-
tor uso in the Parle area. These are: hiking, qualified pede-
strian tourism, organized excursion and downhill skiing. To
maintain these forms of use the following services are noces-
sarys trails and arrangod stop point3 for hiking, overnight
accommodation and board, guideship and life-saving for
qualified pedestrian tourism and organized excursion, ski
trails, 3ki-lifts and ski rescue service.
The analysis of visitor activities in the TNT was based
on field investigations carried out by IY*N ZOP /Department of
Nature Protection - Polish Academy of Sciences/ in 1973.
It demonstrated that the principal users of the Park in
the rumorical sense are tourist-sports activities and the
accompanying motorized vehicle traffic. In 1973 this activity
in the Park involvod 2,830,000 people, its distribution over
the Park area being very uneven, aG characterized by the com-
parison of visitors*numbers at the main "entrance points" to
the Park situated at the mouth of the following valleys!
Chocholowska
191.774
Kodcielisko
221.377
Stanilcow Zlcb
G .077
Mala Lqka
67 .579
Za Uraiukq,
13 .341
Strqzyska
250,102
Ku JJziurze
40.117
80
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Bialego	144*909
Kuantee	982.395
Olozyska	64*816
Sucba Woda	15*175
Flllpka	20.676
Wlerob Poroniec	802.965
Totalt	2.827.488
The structure of visitor activities during the	1973
summer season was estimated ao shown bellows
hiking o* 700*000 people -	31.8'S
group excursions 800.000 M	-	3G.4JJ
qualified visitor activity 676.000 "	-	30.7'yS
rock olimbing o. 22*000 "	-	l.O'.i
cave exploration c. 2.000 "	-	O.i'j
Totalt	2*200.000 persons 100*0^
The volume of ski activities reached approximately 50.000
people for the following monthsi December 1972, January, Febru-
ary, March, April 1973.
According to estimated data from 1973 approximately 300.000
persons arrived at the Parle in motor vehicles /38.T60 vehicles
wore noted in the Tilosicntca area and 10.290 at the Ilucialca
Glade/.
Basic potential threats connected with visitor activity
generally includej
- hiking which penetrate:; valley bottoms in the
montane zone, intensity: 700.000 persons/year,
90
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-	group excursion concentrating in some areas .of.
the TNP, 800,000 persons/year,
-	qualified pedestrian tourism which penetrates
higher parts of tbe mountains, approximately
676*000 persons por year,
-	ski runs, approximately 50*000 persons/yearr
-	water/sewage facilities*
Investigations which Iiave been conduoted raalce it possi-
ble to identify potential dancers; however, tbe quantity-qua-
lity relationship of damages and their results have only been
solved generally* Research work on those issues lasted for only
two seasons /summer and winter/* In order to be successful,
continuous monitoring should be conduoted*
ANALYSIS OP ENVIRONMENTAL ELiftlLWTS
The analysis of stresses and transformations of the natu-
ral environment in tbe TNP baa demonstrated that existing ty-
pes of visitor activity endanger vegotation, wildlife, water
and landscape. That*s why analyses and classifications direc-
ted towards determining uniqueness, transformation and resis-
tance centered on these four environmental elements. Vegeta-
tion was treated according to plant associations strictly
linked with character of their habitats /kind and fertility
of bedrock and soils, soil moisture, topo-and microclimatic
conditions/. Thereby soils, as an element also directly under
stress, were considered first while analyzing vegetation and
secondly, while analyzing relief in chlcb soils serve as
9i
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substance for modelling microforms. A general characteristic
of geological structure and climate was a basis for studying,
the environmental elements, which are directly or lndireotly
oonnected with either of then.*
Vegetation
Description and discussion
The Tatra Mts. plant cover can be characterized by enor-
mous variability over a small area, richness of plant specios
and communities and zonal arrangement* The study area extends
from the loner montane /lower mountain forest/ zone to tho
bare rocks /fells/ zone.
The dorainat association of the loner mountain forest is
beech wood/Farce turn carpatluri/. In habitats nith poorer acid
soils, on ridges and over stony areas, a poorer association
of small beeoh wood /I&ulo f age turn/ has evolved. Over the
calcareous bedrock and on oolomite and limestone roclcs occurs
the reliot Scots pine forest association /Vario pinetum/.
Insular areas of granite moraines underlie tho spruce forest
association, whereas Flysch sandstones and acid brown soils
lie below the opitnrtim zone for beech development,
fir forests /Pioeturn abiototosum/.
Hie sycamore maple wo oda/Phyl1i t ido aceretum/ constitute
a valuable forest comnunity in tho.Tatra mountains. Tbey are
most numerous in the lower moiftanc zone, less frequent in the
upper montane zone and individually scattered through stone
92
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pine forests to the dwarf mountain pine brushwood*
The domlnat association on tbe upper montane zone
/i.»250 - 1*550 m above sea level/ Is spruce forest /Plceetum
tatricum/. In extreme habitats, on crags and rock ledges»
.spruce forests alternate with stone pine forests /Cembro
pi quotum or Larlol cembretum/. Spruoe and stone pine forests
form the upper timber line, over which development the sub-
alpine brush zone, i.e. tbe dwarf mountain pine brushwood of
a high protective value.
In the montane zone forest communities are aooompanled
by meadow associations. Partially, tbey oocur naturally in
damp places near water flows as wet meadows. However, tbe
majority of them are secondary associations developed after
clear cutting of forests. Two basic groups oan be distin-
guished among them:
1.	Secondary associations wbicb evolved In rich sites.
Tbey are florlstically abundant and conneoted with a
rational human economy which makes use of natural
productivity of habitats. Here the domlnat association
is Gladiolo agrostldetun.
2.	Mat grass meadows developed after the forest-felling
in poor liabitat whose degradation can be prevented
only by forest associations. They are florlstically
and productively poor. Nardo luncetum sauarroal asso-
ciation can be mentioned as an example.
Threats of vecetational cover destruction due to visi-
tor activity. - These dangers result from 1/ single trans-
93
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formations of vegetation due to oonstruotion of facilities,
or 2/ gradual destructive influence on plant life.
Tg.i. Construction of facilities such as parking lotS|
roads and buildings creates surface losses for
plant communities, Moreover, earthworks wlob
accompany building of such structures dovastate
adjoining land area. Roads and trails constructed
through forests may destroy the structure of the
forest stand and often forest perimeters become
exposed and thus threatened by uprooting*
re.2. Gradual influence on vegetation is brought about
by i
-	mechanical destruction of vegetation
-	transformation of habitats,
-	introduction of foreign elements.
Meohanioal damages include breaking, picking up or pul-
ling out plants, damaging bark and roots, and trampling /the
moat oommon stress/. Depending on the intensity, these damages
can result in a reduction of bioraass, gradual expulsion of
rspccie3 sensitive to trampling and encroachment on their ter-
ritories by more resistant species, and finally, to complete
destruction of vegetational cover. In forest conuunities trau-
pling disturbs tree growth and hinders regeneration processes.
Indirect transformations of habitats are due to destruc-
tion of vegetation. Soil devoild of protective plant cover bo-
coma compacted, its structure being altered with a subsequent
decrease in water retention. On the one hand, this causes a re-
duction of water resouroes and on the other , intensification
94
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of overland flow and erosion. A direct change of habitat
oonditions soil eutrophization through sewage disposal and
desposit of organio litter•
Foreign elements which may be brought into the Park
ore fruit, vegetables and other synantbropic plants* .It
becomes especially dangerous in places where native vege-
tation has been destroyed cud habitat oonditions changed*
Skiing creates specific pressures on vegetation* Spe-
cifically, meobanical damage to branches, severing of spro-
uts, and peeling off of baric and ncdlos from trees and
bushes* V/hon snow cover is thin, turf or soil nay be torn
away* This is particularly true at higher altitudes on shal-
low soils•'Another serious menace is a change of living con-
ditions of vegetation. As a result of comacting snow, the
melting period is prolonged and some species which cannot
develop a full life cycle in a shortened growing season beco-
me extinct.
The overstory sholtering dwarf mountain pine is a sub-
alpine association varying according to bedrock. Large areas
of liiGiily acidic soils on granite bedrock are occupied by the
Trifido di3tichetuci association. The associations most cha-
racteristic of oompact grasses and coombs /is defined in the
dictionary as a valey or basin on the flank of a hill, it
does not seen to fit intotiii3 sentence very well/ on limes-
tone bedrock ares Firiaetum /Carieetun firmal/. Versicoloretuui
taricum and Carici Fcatucetum tatrao.
Screes have associations of plants with well developed
95
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mat systems and sod-like or tuft size. Papavori cerastietma
is a-typioal association of limestone screes and grits, whe-
reas Ox art o Saxlfracetura is a typioal association of granite
ones*
The highest vegetal zone over 2.300 m consists of the
bare rook association Distichotum subnivalo. In moist areas
gullies and terrain depressions develop grass/brush associa-
tions •
Pestucetum carpaticum on limestone and Calamarrostidotura
tatricum on non-limestone bedrock • In well—head' sites grow
ferb-brushes, the most important of them being Adenostyleturn
alliariae and Acenitotum firmi.
Criteria and Classification for Uniqueness
The high mountain character of the Tatra mountains uni-
que in Poland, and grca richness of relief and geological
structure, make the Tatra vogotational cover very special in
the scale of the- whole country.
In order to evaluate uniqueness of plant cover, occurren-
ce of plant associations, i.e. communities with a definite
speoles oomposition, was taken into account, as well as occur-
rence of speoial speoles, mainly endemic , and ecological
phenomena and relationships.
Evaluation of frequency of occurrence was conducet in two
?.spccts, i.o. frequency of occurrence in the scale of the coun-
try and frequency of occurrence in the Tatra mountains . Accor-
96
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din (it o the former, plant connunitica can be subdivided lata
t'Jrco croupst
imiquo
rare
ooixion i
Uiiiguo plant oouumnitias occur c:ccluaively in a given area
anil special part anons tUcn i3 plcyed by endemio PssociatioOBf
i.o» sucli R3 have only ona oontor of ooouronco in ti given
ox-sc.* Srulcmisra-applies botli to nacooialiions and species. Tbo
¦'Ir.oTO cndcriio associations r.vct n*n+.toHot.nn aubnivnln. Vnvni-
<: llrzi r-roBtj rtet.rn clrmno.	nahlcnbnirJ.i.
Fyllowinc «ro tbo cndcaic tpocicsi Cnclilccrio tntrcn;.
		r,r1 r*yn li-^-cirlnng. Foot.ucn n.nlonWn*
Tuo following wcru trcatud co w:iquo plant coijuuziitiau
* i I'vj l\?.5.ra mountainst
relict Dton
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beeoh wood associations
fir forest associations
bigb mountain spruce foro3t associations
meadow association /Gladiolo a»iro3tldetuni tlpicum/
marshy meadow associations
Common associations appear Generally throughout the co-
untry and different habitats, e.g.:
-	- exogenous Norway spruce stands
-	mat grass meadow associations
The analysis of frequenoy of occurrence oveir a given are»
was carriod out in relation to plant associations and species*
A two-grade scale was adopted through solootion of associations
which occur in a given terrain fragmentarily over small surfa-
ces. The following belong here4:
-	stone pine association /Ccnhro piceetun/
reliot Scots pine forost association /Vario pinotun/
sycamore maple wood3 /Phvllitido acerctuci/.
In relation to species, the analysis was carried out thro-
ugh pointing out of rare 3pecieo lacalities. Rare npecies aro
those which inhabit no uore than 5 localities /inthe country?/.
Only native species were considered. The results of the analy-
sis arc shown on Jlap number i.
Criteria and Classification for Tranoforuation
In older to analyze tmn3f on lations, con^risonwas wade
between introduced vegetation cml a eucce3Sional state of vege-
tation /defined through an analysis of relations between ha'oitat
OG
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conditions and plant cover/. Preserved fragments of prime-
val vegetation also 3erved as a model. Ilesulta of paleobo-
tanioal studies and historical information wore also useful.
The following were recognised aa transforations fron
tlie natural state: changes of species composition, expul-
sion. of native forms and ccotypes, changes in plant communi-
ties and deprivation of terrain of its plant covor#
Hiereo grades of transformation were distinguished to
evaluate a preservation grade of plant covor in its natural
state:
no transformation at all, or minimal transformation
-	partial transformation
total transformation.
riant associations transforiiied to an insignificant degree
include:
-	stone pine stands
-	dwarf mountain pine dense brush /or patches in the
sone of its upper reach/
-	native pine stands
-	sycamore maple stands
3tando with predominance of fir, with beech over
30 years old
spruce 3tands /over 100 years of age/ in appropria-
te 3ites,
-	natural wet meadow associations,
subalpine communities, excluding those areas where
vegotationwas damaged by compaction
99
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Map number 2 presents results of evaluation of transformations.
Partial transformations Include:
-	partial synantropization of a community, l«e«, when
certain foreign species begin to appear
-	decrease in number of oertain indicator speoies,
e,g, fir in tlie firspruce forest association
-	appearance of stands of unknown provenance, good
quality and species composition compatible with
a habitat
-	mechanical injury to vegetation that does- not pro-
duco a oomplete degradation of vegetational cover
-	occurrence of valuable meadow communities composed
of native species in place of forest association
Plant Associations transformed partially include:
-	partially devestated dwarf mountain pine brushwood
in successional sites
-	dwarf mountain pine brushwood occupying sites of
high mountain forests
-	tree stands over 100 years od with predominance of
spruce, in bccch sycamore maple and fir fores habi-
tats .
Total transformations are:
-	total destruction of vegetational cover
destruction of native species, varieties and ecoty-
pes of troas
total fransforuation of plant communities, including
occurrence of tree-stands in inapproprinto sites,
/but leaving out of account occurrence of valuable
100
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meadow communities consisting of native speoies/?
occurrence of exogenous stands
-	occurrence of meadow communities of low value in
plaoe of forest associationse
Totally transformed plan associations inoludei
-	totally destroyed dwarf mountain pine brushwood
in suocessional potenclial habitats
-	young exogenous spruce stands of low value,
-	irregularly stolcecl open stands and blanks, i.e#
forest areas devoid of trees,
-	forest cultivations in inappropriate sites,
habitats of subalplne associations devoid of
vegetation,
-	mat grass meadow associations.
Criteria and Classlf ic."1 M on for Resistance
Analysis of resistunei! to stress caused by visitor acti-
vity. During evaluation of plant resistance, the analysis of
stresses resultant' from visitor activities has yielded the
following results:
101
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Table 6-1. Stresses caused by various forms of visitor
utilization of a region.
Forms of utilization
bilcing Qualified. Organized slci
pedestrian excursions runs
visitation
trampling of plants
and ground oover
destruction of
regeneration
picking up
tearing away of
turf
habitat degra-
dation
+
+
+
+
+
+
synantropization due
to bringing in dias-
pores of foreign
species
breaking of
branches
injuring roots
+
+
+
+
+
+
injuring tree and
shrub baric
+?
102
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Considering tbe present state of knowledge, we are- unable
to oaloulate in numbers resistance of vegetation to stresses
produced by visitor activity, tfe can only establish essential
factors that determine resistance, and on this basis seleot
the most highly stressed elements.
Two factors contribute to resistance!
- susceptibility to devastation
capacity for natural regeneration.
It has been agreed that under the Tatra conditions tbe
following elements shape these factors:
1.	Biological properties of the vegetation that constitues
a community. They influence natural resistance to mechani-
cal injuries due to their anatomical and morphological
structure. Diological features such a3 the method of re-
production or vitality also influence regeneration capabi-
lity.
2.	Relief.
In stoep torrain, injury to the protective vegetational
layer leads to increased erosion. Regeneration capabili-
ties are limited.
3.	Type of bedrock.
The characteristics influence the rate and intensity of
erosion and injury and also tbo possibilities for regenera-
tion. The most stressed are localities with loose, stony
scree or easily sliding bedrock, or 3hallow soils.
4.	Elevation above sea level.
Increase in altitude is accoupanicd by deterioration of li-
fe conditions. Vegetation growing near upper reaches of
103
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their habitat are of low vitality. Altitude also influ-
ences regeneration and is especially important in rela-
tion to forest associations. Rare seed years and; diffi-
cult conditions for germination and growth restrict
regeneration processes.
Ille concept of resistance, understood as an ability to
assimilate obanges and preserve tl>e natural character of tlie
vegetation, also includos rosi3tanoe to intrusion of foreign
species. Plant communities of natural cliaraoter arc resistant
to invasion by foreign 3pecies. Changes in habitat conditions,
i.e., due to pollution, load to the creation of secondary ha-
bitats, more vulnerable to foreign species, liftreno habitat
conditions linit the possibilities of invassion by foreign
£
3pccics. In the Tatra, an altitude of i,600 m is recognized
as the upper limit of development of secondary trampled com-
munities .
Three classes of resistance have been established for
the vegetatioual cover in the TliP.
Lca3t rc3istant arc:
-	all plant coiauitnitie3 in ar'.'c,3 whose slope is grea-
ter than 30 percent with bedrock scree-lilce, stony,
sliding or with shallow soils
-	relict Scots pine aasocietions
-	the upper timber line zone
-	herb/grass aosociationa
-	natural v:et 1.1 or/low associations
i.lorc resistant arc:
104
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-	dwarf mountain pine brushwood
_ areas where slope is greater than 30 percent but
where the bedrock Is compaot
-	beech wood associations
the upper montane spruce forest association
-	the meadow association Gladiolo arcrostidetum*
The following are the most resistant!
-	mat grass meadow communities
-	fragments of .Fir mc turn and Trlf ido distichetmn as-
sociations whioh occur on gently sloping areas*
ilap number 3 shows results of this classification*
Restrictions Dased on Environment
Territorial limitations. - The following associations
require total exclusion of pedestrian forms of visitor acti-
vity:
a* due to very low resistance and high uniqueness
-	relict Scots pine associations
-	wet meadow associations in the montane and dwarf
mountain pine zones
-	high mountain scree and herb brush associations
b. due to very low resistance
-	all plant communities on aroas where slope is
greater than 30 percent on scree, stony or sliding
bedrock
o* considering frequency of occurrence in the Tatra
mountains
-	localities of rare species
105
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d.	considering transformations and necessity* of preser-
ving regeneration capability
-	partially damaged dwarf mountain pine brushwood
—	fragments of a devastated	upper
tlmberllne•
Exclusion of facilities which cause gathering of "visitors
and concentration of stress is necessary in areas of very
low and low resistance or with unique vegetation. Locali-
ties of rare plant species in the TNP limit layout poten-
tial of hiking trails,
e.	considering the pressure of visitor activity and, at
the same time, the low resistance of vegetation to
injury, as well as the high concentration of unique
floral speoies, visitor activity is permitted only
along trails,
f.	in principle, the upper timber line zone, of very low
resistance, should be excluded from visitor utiliza-
tion •
Yet, this would result in a prohibition against use of the
alpine tundra of the Tatra mountains • Visitor activity ia
admitted here on the conditioi\ that trails will not run
along but only across this zone.
Temporal limitationa. - Temporal limitations are an outcome
of varying resistance of plant communities to destruction and
also of tho necessity of allowing time for regeneration. These
limitations have been proposed for the spring season in relation
to the beach forest association /?c,.~cturn cappaticuiq/. which has
106
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low resistance to visitor pressures, but at the same time a
large regeneration capacity. Llap number 4 demonstrates terri-
torial limitations for type3 of visitor utilitatlon, whereas
I'ap nuribcr 5 demonstrates limitations for various visitor
facilities and services.
Water Quality
Description and discussion
Vater resources in the TNP conparise: subsurface aquifers,
springs, seepage springs from weathering covers and solid roclc,
wet meadow, mountain torrents and rivers, laiees, ponds, swamps
and marshlands«
Tho Tatra region is an autogenous area, i.e., it is supple-
mented only by atmospheric precipitation. Three distinct zones
can be observed.
The highest zone is tho crystalline massif of the High
Tatra tits., With oligotrophic waters situated over climatic
survival barriers for a majority of groups of aquatic organisms.
These waters are characterized by a low grade of water minera-
lization. Common groups of microorganisms aro infrequent here,
contrary to unique oxygen-loving organisms. This zone lia3 a
strongly developed system of fissures, depressions and gullies
in the peak region, which creates tho so-called episodic not,
carrying waters exclusively during rainfalls and nclt period.
Humorous larger and smaller waterfalls and rocky steps give
variety to tbis network.
107
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The medium zone of upper montane forests abounds in water
It contains large subsurface aquifors, often aocompanled by
marshes on the surface. The dominat water forms are dystrophic
lakes. Mountain streans are larger and richer in water tlian in
the highest zono. They flow along bottous of deep-cut'valleys
filled with a thick dcbri3 layer. During drought periods, water
flow vanishes in those roclc covers. In-streaiu channels forucd
~wallow-holes and sections of water escape. The degree of Mine-
ralization in this zone is variable.
The lowermost part is the lower uontane forest sono, cros-
sed with large high-flow streams supplemented by many springs
and waters, especially of those flowing out of sedimentary bed-
rock, is high and constant over tine.
As a result of a qualitative /and where possible quantita-
tive/ analysis of flow, the following chief foria3 of water
occurrences are present in the TNP:
a.	Surface standing waters:
-	permanent snail lakes, ponds and small oligotrop-
hie lake3,
-	peruonent dystrophic lakes,
-	periodic snail lr.ke3 end water eyes,
-	natural darnings mid flow basii)3.
b.	Surface running waters:
-	overland flow on inperneable bedrock,
-	episodic network,
-	net of internittent st,rcnn3,
-	permanent streaws.
c.	Periodical and pernnnent surface flow in loose sedi-
i icnts.
108
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d.	Llarsbes, net meadons and seepage springs from weat-
hering oovors onto land surface.
e.	Subsurface aquifers:
-	aquifers in solid rooks V7ltli fissures,
-	shallow aquifers in loose rocIC3.
f.	Springs and Icarst springs
g.	Swallow boles and sections of linear water disappea-
rance •
Threats of water pollution produced bv visitor novemcnt*-
- Threats of water pollution can be either quantitative or
qualitative. Quantitative problems are conneoted with water con-
sunption at visitor facilities.
\/ater quftlity problems result from changes in the ohenioal
composition and biological life of waters. They occur mostly
around visitor facilities, e.g. visitor shelters, snack bars
and larger visitor groupings in waterside areas.
Shelters and concessions are sources of sewage, which con-
tain parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorides, orga-
nic natter, disease organisms, etc. Sewage can be disposed into
surface water or directly to the soil, in which case it may
produce pollution of ground waters. An additional Source of wa-
ter contamination is vehicle traffic, when toxic compounds from
fumes become deposited along roads and washed into surface /and
even ground/ waters.
Criteria and classification for uniqueness
Somo biological premises were accepted as criteria for de-
109
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terciining water uniqueness arising from a need of protecting
water and related land habitats • The basic oritcrion is tlio
existence or non existence of relict organisms /i.e. various
remnants of organisms from previous areas/ in the water* An
atlditonal criterion is the complexity of tbe bydrological
phenomena, which consist of various combinations of dfferent
water forms. Map number 6 shows results of this classifica-
tion •
Criteria and classification for transformation
The natural state of water - its measurablo'physical and
chemical properties, biocoenoais and movement energy - can be
described by means of certain parameters varying in time. The-
se changes depend on meteorological phenomena and tlmt^s why
the value of water quality parameters is understood statisti-
cally.
Changeability of water properties from the natural state
requires a statistical approach. Conclusions about the degree
of transformation' can only be drawn after a prolonged period
of collecting water saiiples.
Hore advanced and lasting /permanent/ water pollution in
the river system can be detected by way of analysing data about
the Icinds of changes in the intensity of a natural mineralisa-
tion • Intense and systematic water contamination brings about
an inrease of sub&tancc nattero which are transported by the
river system and transform natural rhythms of mineralization.
The best way of presenting these changes in time can be a graph
of a mathematical funotion applied to describe stationary sto-
lid
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obastio phenomena. At this stage of transformation of water
quality, periodical changes in the composition of polluting
substances surmount an amplitude of changes of natural minerali-
zation* The last stage of development of pollution in a river
systom /over a given area/ takes place when rhythms of sewage
disposal from numerous pallution sources over lap, thus pre—
venting any evaluation of the natural mineralization state.
Then the graphs become resembling the graphs /curves/ of the
random /haphazard/ funotions. This is the last phase of water
destruolon in wbioh its natural hydrologioal rhythms disappear.
Considering large variation of water hydrochomical features
/their natural state/ and high changeability of water minerali-
sation degree in the rhythm of natural oyclcs, no fcaturo
is assumed to exist which could be a measure of a transformation
degree. Those transformations can bo estimated roughly using
i
only relativo measures, best in percentage from a statistically
woll-dcfincd average over many yoai-3. The following quality
parameters 3eem to bo the most representative for the Park waters*
water temperature
turbidity,
dissolved oxygon,
saturation with oxygen,
concentration of hydrogen ion pH according to iOg scale,
conductivity,
hardness,
calcium,
magnesium,
iron,
lil
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chlorides,
sulphates,
silicates,
ammonia,
nitrates,
nitrites,
phosphates,
potassium,
sodium,
oxygenability,
DOD,
oolor /hue/,
number of tharmophilous bacteria spores.
For ground /subsurface/ and spring waters oxygen parameters
are not defined*
Since any form of liydrotoclinioal developments /dams, man—
Made channels, etc#/ are prevented on strictly protcctod aroao
of the TNP, there was no need to consider In this case criteria
concerning permanent transformations caused by man made modifi-
cations in the river system.
Sets of observations for each parameter were divided into
subsets /winter, spring, summer, autumn/, and the . following
were determined for them:
modal value L'Q
- standard deviation
variability /in percentage of nodal value/.
I'oreovcr, according to liadionov's criteria /central nonmto/
112
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2
or using x test, character of their distribution was calcula-
ted. In this way were obtained 23 parameters x4 seasonal sets
a 02.patterns of water quality in tbo natural state for con-
trol-measuring oross-sections representing specified partial
drainage basins» Quantity measure of magnitude of water quality
transformation according to each poraLietcr is deviation of this
parameter from its modal value IIQ froiii a set accepted as the
natural state model. If tirnsformations do not exceed w3tandard
deviation" x in the model set, a transformation decree is low
enough to bo placed within limits of natural regeneration ca-
pacity. Dut if transformations exceed values, it;indicates the
e:ri3tcnce of destructive forms of• hut'ian activity. Changes even
in only one of all those statistical measures /modal value,
standard deviation and variability/ indicate tranafornations
both large and lasting, i^cp number 7 ilustrates spaticil reach
of water Transformation degree.
Criteria end classification for resistance
j.s a fundamental evaluation of waters in what concerns
their resistance to pollutions, difforentation of water Move-
ment dynamics was accepted for the TNP water f ori.i3. The analy-
sis of two following adverse features lay at the base of such
an evaluation:
capacity of storing /accumulating/ water together
with its imperishable liquefied pollutants,
capacity of carrying through /by transist/ the lique-
fied pollution.
These assumptions arc simplifying, since it is impossible
113
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to talk about resistance of individual water forms, but
only about resistance of their combinations which create
hydrograpliic networks.
Based on those assumptions, the following list of
resistance to pollution of typical water forms was formu-
lated /form the most to the least resistant/*
1.	episodic and intermittent mountain streams of Im-
permeable waterbed which transport immeditaly
down all the pollutions caused by bydrological
phenomena,
2.	subsurface aquifers protoctcd by an overlying la-
yer of impermeable or weakly permeable ground,
situated under slopes and ooncave forms,
0* subsurface aquifers in loose or strongly fissured
rocks,
4.	springs, karst springs, natural dammings and flow
basins,
5.	permanent surface running waters,
6.	linear sections of losing /perishing/ water, In a
stream,
7.	tliroughflow in rock covers,
3* swallow holes,
9. marshes and wet meadows,
10.	large dystrophic lakes,
11.	small dystrophic 1 alee3,
12.	periodic small ponds and water eye3 In tho oligo-
trophia zone,
13.	oli^o tl 0|"i •" r- ln.";ng
114
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14* small ponds In the oligotrophia zone which are habi-
tats of relict organisms.
Waters are usually in danger following disposal of pollu-
ants directly into a definite part of an open water system or
following their distribution over a terrain oonneoted with this
network.
An analysis of water form distribution in the Parle made it
possible-to evaluate spatial differentiation of drainage proces-
ses and to point out partial areas of alimentation corresponding
to the loast resistant water forms, a3 well as division of the
Pari; area into zones of 3onitary protection# The river system
was subdivided into three groups:
-	system with high resistance
system with low resistance
-	system with no resistance.
The first ono denotes those fragments whioh are known to
carry any arganic or mineral pollutants out of the Parle area in
one liydrlogical cyole. The remaining two are those fragments
which aliment large subsurface aquifers, dystrophic lalccs, mar-
shy terrains and other forms with prevailing features of a
"reservoir", i.e. with abilities of water accumulation. Map num-
ber 8 io a graphic illustration of water resistance to pollutants.
Threats of polluting water cone mainly from soi.ie facilities
sucb as shcltors and bara miprotcotcd by ouitable noans and tecii-
niocil devices. A daily 3tay of an individual person in a terrain
equipped with sanitary arrangements and structures such as shel-
ters can be described by means of water demand and consumption
values given below:
115
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plain water demand L/d/unit,
-	unit obarge of existing or neoessary water-treat-
ment devices L/d/unit,
unit charge with refuse leg/d/unit,
unit paracietrs of water pollution, e.g. BODg and
amount of suspended matter in leg/d/unit.
Restrictions based on environment
It is assumed that norms of oharging waters with existen-
tial sewage should be based on:
-	in the oligotrophia zone - on minimum'flow values
observed during la3t 15 years,
for highly resistant waters - on the average from
the many years lowest flows,
—	for the most rosistant forms — on average low annual
flows for a many years period.
It lias been established that protection of parlc water de-
mands introduction of quantity limitations. On tlio basis of
observations, the« size of pollution load connected with serving
one passing person is:
—	load calculated in 30D_ from one passing person —• 6.75
G/d.
load calculated in suspended matter from i passing
person - 0,0 g/d.
It was also exepted after Iiihoff tliat loads connected with
pernanent shelter residents arc:
calculated in auspended matter - 55.0 g/day,
thus 8 passing persons = l perucnent resident in JJOD.,
•3
or passing 9-1 permanent resident according to sus-
116
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pen clod nater calculation*
Assuming that acwage-trcatuent systems will be Icept on
the sane technical level and the profile of shelter services
will not chazigo, It is estimated that one visitor during 24
hours spent in a shelter degrades in the oligotrophio zone
3	0
c.6,0 m water/day in the lowly resistant zone c.5.0 r.i
q
water/day and in the resistant zone 0.4.J5 n water/day. The-
se values help us to calculate an admissible number of visi-
tors if only flow values arc known.
Territorial limitations were determined by analysing
summer systems which facilitate visitor stays and access to
particular wator forms.
Map number 9 demonstrates territorial limitations of uti-
lisation forms and Map number 10 - spatial limitations of fa-
cilities and sorvices.
Heliof /Geomorpholofty/
Description and Discussion
Tho relief of the Tatra region is one of its no3t valua-
ble end interesting elements. The Tatra mountains conotitue
not only the highest but also the most morphologically diversi-
fied portion of tho Carpathian arch, both in relation to the
entire area of the Carpathians, and to the portion of that for-
mation which is situated on Polish territory.
Characteristics of the relief on individual typological units.
Morphological rogions. -
11.7
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The region of young alpine relief oovers higher si-
tuated terrains, oomposod of resistant granites* It
basioally reflects the territorial rango of the High
Tatra, The main features of the relief are beret
high absolute altitudes /Ilysy — 2.499 meters above
sea level/ and relative reliefs, domination of rooley
areas with steep slopes and considerable influence
and presenoe of glacial forms.
The region of alpine relief covers the area of some-
what tance of the basement complex has resultod in
the more mature character of the relief. The degree
of glacial transformation is less prominent than in
region 1. Ilegion 2 oovers the southern part of the
V/estern Tatra.
Tbo region of alpine relief spreads to the north of
region 2. It is characterised, lilce region 2, by high
absolute altitudes. The range of this region is connec-
ted with areas dominated by LIcsozoic carbonate de-
posits /limestones and dolomites/ in the northern
portion of the Western Tatra. As a result of the cha-
racter of tho basement complex, apart from forms of
fluvial, denudative and, ooasionally glacial origin,
the relief was to a great extent formed by Icrastic
prooesses.
Tlio region of highland, prenlp relief contains within
its range the gcomorpliological unit of the Zakopane
Tatra. This region i3 characterized by "highland"
/in general not surpassing 1.500 m above sea level/.
ilS
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Rooky formations oocur on ridges and slopes only
sporadically. Krastio phenomena are quito common
in this region.
5s The piedmont region lies at the floor of the Tatra
and is baslsloally modellod within flysch formations
which form the eastern part of the Gubaitows!cie Pla-
teau and small seotlons of the Sub-Tatra Trough.
The piedmont region is characterized by the lowest
altitudes within the range of TNP, The inventory of
forms is rather United.
Morphological Types of Landscape
1.	ilock towers - cover the area dominated by aretes and
roclcy slopes together with gullies dissecting them.It
is the olasslc alpine morphological landscape,
2.	./ith steep, rocklcss slopes dismembered by young valleys,
Mature slopes arc doininat here. They are covered with
roclc waste /soiuetirj3 scree/.
3.	Pothole areas occupied by glacial cirques /single, co-
*
llective and storeyed/. They are characterized by well
preserved elements of glacial relief. This relief is a
common element in region i, occurs also in region 3 and
only exceptionally in region 2.
•4. Incomplete potiioles - characterized by less complete
preservation of glacial foru3 and a less degree of
glacial transformation find rejuvenation of relief.
This type occurs in region 2.
5. Glaciated valleys covering sections of river valley
transformed by glacial tongues both in the destructive
IIP
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sense and in the sense of enriching the relief with
forms of glacial accumulation. The type of landscape
desoribed is most common in region 1*
6.	Nonglaoiated volleys covering larger river valleys-
in the Tatra, unaffected by glacial transformation,
and portions of glaciated valleys below the area of
glacial transformation. These valleys are common in
regions 3 and 4.
7.	Large Icrastic gorge "Krakow" in region 3.
8.	Fluvioglacial cones covering large forms of fluvio-
glacial accumulation. Oocur in the foreland of tho
Tatra, in region 5.
9.	Levelled low ridgo3 occurring in region 5 within the
uplifts of the sub-Tatra with the relatively smooth
features modelled in flysch material of little re-
sistance •
Pressures of land-relief damar.c duo to visitor exploitation
of terrain. - The influence of visitor activity may be as fol-
lows:
a. Single transformations of relief, connected with con-
struction of visitor facilities, roads and trails.
Its effects are artfical incisions, embankments, otc.
Ij. Mechanical removal and or coupaction of weathering
cover.
c. Influencing intensity of norphogenetic processes, vliich
follows destruction of a protective plant cover. The re-
sult is an intestfication oi erosion, neecllo ice acti-
120
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vlty, landslides and deflation /?//»':n1 !.iJ.t.\\12/.
This danger is either linear /along trails/ or pun-
ctual ¦ - in character /stop-points for visitors/.
Criteria end Classification for Uniqueness
The relief of TNP lias a special character in the scale
of the \7hole oountry, both because of its nuuerous unique
forns and the complexity of it3 morphology. Gucb a large and
intense concentration of relief elcnonts, different from the
viewpoint of age, morphology and norpholonetry, does not
occur anywhere else in Poland.
Within the borders of the Tatra, relief plays a basic land-
scape-creating role, giving this area ita unique beauty. Iiorpho-
logy also influences the features and spatial distribution of
numerous other elements of the geographical environment /e.g.
vertical zones, Waters/. Tatra National Parle is an exellent
"testing ground" for geonorpliologicnl research.
In order to categorise the uniqueness of TI.'I1 relief, or to
carry out activities ainod at the protection of the relief of
this ".roc, it is necessary to define cartographycally the loca-
tion of typological units of Tatran geoi lorphology• Thi3 is why
such definition becomes the first and, as it soeus, inportant
stage of this study.
'..'ork on delineating typological unit3 or the 'nil* relief
Is based on existing cartographic and textual descriptions. Tho-
se were supported by photogramcLie Methods /air photography/.
The typological divisions developed for the cartographic
presentation of the features of TiiP relief and it3 spatial dif-
121
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ferentiation have been carried out in two stages, Morphologi-
cal regions have been distinguished a3 superior typological
unitsr and on this background morphological types of landsca-
pes can be specified*
To 3ncoifv the dc-tree of uniqueness of TNP rolled fcatu-
rea. frequency of thoir occurrence In other re prions of Poland
has been adonted as tho basic criterion.
The degreo of uniqueness lia3 been established in the scale
of particular oomplexses of relief forms specified and discussed
above: -Eiorphological types of landscape occurring on the back-
ground of particular morphological regions. To determine tho
degree of uniqueness, a comparative analysis of other Polish
mountain aroas has been carried out, concentrating on morpholo-
gicnl-uorphometric features of relief form complexes.
The following categories have been specified:
1.	"Unique" elements - not found in any other region of Polish
Mountains outside the Parle.
2.	"Rare" elements - occurring in a few, snail areas outside
the Tatra, e.g. in the Karlconossc or in some parts of the
Dos lei dy,
3* "Common" elements - found in other mountainous aroa3 with
relatively high frequency.
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Table 6—2* Specification of the degree of uniqueness-~frf ty-
pological inits of relief of Tatra National Parle.
Morphological region
Liorpho logical	I	n	m iy y
type of
landscape	young	mature	krastlo prealp piedmont
alpine	alpine	alpine
Degree of uniqueness
1. lloclc tower
A

A
.

2. Combless Ridge
A
D
A
13
-
3. Complete potholes
A
D
A
-
-
4. Incomplete
potholes
—
D



5. Glacial valleys
A
A
A
A
-
6. Nonglaciated
/valleys larger/
-
—
A
D
C
7. Krastic gorges
large
—
—
A


0. Fluvioglacial
cones
—
—


A
9. Levelled low
ridges
-
-
-
-
D
A - "uniqueness" elements,
D - "rc,rc" elements,
C - "frequent" elements.
123
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Tlie degree'of uniqueness of typologioal units of relief
is shown on i»iap number 11.
Summing up tbe results of tbe analysis of tlie degree of
uniqueness , one may state tbat within tbe area of TNP an es-
pecially large number /in relation to the rest of the country/
of "unique" or "rare" complexes of relief forms are concentra-
ted. Altogether, 65 percent out of the total number of all ty-
pological units were classified as "unique", 25 percent as
"rare" and only 10 percent as "common". Tbe specifications of
the degree of uniqueness reveal at the same time tbat tbe
largest number of "unique" complexes were identified in alpine
regions. In general, 78,6 peroent of morphological types of
landscape situated within alpine regions have a unigue obarao-
ter.
Criteria and Classifications for Trgnsfornation.
A uoro precise specification of the influence of man on tbe
relief of the Tatra would be difficult and would require special
research. Research' of this type has not been carried out on a
lari,o scale; it has only been introduced into the research pro-
grams of the Cracow Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences in
recent .years /13/
The influence of human activity on the relief of TNP has
o twofold character. First, there is a direct influence, easty
l,o notice and estimate, which is the cause of anthropogenic relief
Inn is and incisions or road enbanknents, quarries, forns rela-
ted to olrl mining /shafts, excavations, adits, mounds, etc./ and
areas of the accumulated material over anti-rubble dams etc.
124
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Transformations of tbi3 kind have permanent character. Tbeir
spatial range /punctual or linear/ is, however, limited. They
play virtually no role in the change of the morphology of the
Tatra. Secondly, indirect influence may be observed. It is
much more important and reveals itself through a change of
natural conditions leading to an increased intensity of "natu-
ral" geomorphological processes, especially destructive ones.
This influence is first of all linked with a long /though now
terminated/ period of Intensive sheep-breeding in the Tatra
and also with intensive visitor activities. Basic Transforma-
tion or change of the relief of the Tatra, due even to an
"abnormal", increase in the intensity of processos, whould re-
quire geological time /measured in many thousands of years/.
Tlie degree of degradation of the basic complex by geonor-
pbolotflcal processes as stimulated by human activity - long-
lasting 3xieep breeding and visitor activity arc discussed at
hy)
greater length by L.ICaszowski, ITotarba and Sroka^jiap number
1^ sho;t3 of classification for transformation.
Criteria c.nd Classification .for ""est stance.
Problems of the resistance of TUP relief to the influence
of visitor activity.
'Hie extent to which visitor activities cause stress t.o
too gcolouical relief, c.nil the scale of the already r,ccoi;pli3—
ocfl l,rr,ncf ormatione anu o?. tlje development of local r.iieroforms
connected with these activities arc first of al linked \;ith
uie indirect influence of visitor activity on morphological
125
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pi*ocos363 • The is a very significant impact as a rosult of
intensive trampling on vegetational cover that plays a pro-
tective role. Thus, the intensity of visitor activity is in
itself very important.
TIjo stability of particular TiiP terrains, and thus their
general degree of resistance /to destruction by visitors/
specified on the basis of an analysis of environmental condi-
tions, was analyzed by Xa3Zov7sI:i, Ilotarba and Sro!:a/-12/
They distinguish the following classes of relative stabi-
lity of morpbodynamic areas:
1.	moderate stability, characterised by generally 3trong acti-
vity of raorpliogenetic proce33es
2.	strong stability, r/here relief-creating procesaes achieve
Moderate activity
3.	very strong stability - characterized by low activity of
all relief-forming processes.
Restrictions Based on Environment
Limitations to various uses of the TNP area imposed by
relief uere primarily determined by resistance /stability/.
Taking into account the three claascs of resistance /sta-
bility/ mentioned above, the following limitations can bo pro-
posed:
C1asg 1 - very strong, or even complete limitation of access
to tiie arc a for visitors. This can be achieved by excluding a
given terrain from the arers with "channeled" visitor movement,
CJrso n - certain quantitative limitations of generally acces-
sible visitor movement are necessary. Specific limitations on
126
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tbe intensity of visitor activity should be specified on tliq
basis of field research.
Class 3 - any quantitative limitations on visitor activities
seoin unnecessary* Considering the degree of uniqueness of
the relief in TNP, it seems justified to ignore this aspect
in specifying tbe amount of these limitations. Map number 13
demonstrates territorial limitations for types of visitor
utilization, whereas Map number 14 demonstrates limitations
for various visitor facilities and services.
Wildlife
Description and Discussion
The Tatra National Parte is characterized by a great varie-
ty of wildlife. The area includes species which are typical of
Poland as a whole as well as species closely connected with
the Tatra mountains, /jnong mammals, five types not encountered
elsewhere in Poland should be mentioned. They arc: Talna cacca
savi. Pitymus tatricus Icratoclivil. I'armota marmot a /J,./. nupica-
nra runicanra /L./. Besides..Gorrxarancus i,. Gore:: ninutuo 1..
Sore:; aininus tatricus kratochv.'tl. liosiclcy HL, ifotesious nils-
soiu/Ecyserling, Dalsius/, r.iyotis ny3tacinus /Kuhl/, Ursus
arctea 1.. Lynx lynx 1.. Valpcs vulnes 1.. Fortes nartes /L,/.
I'ortcs foina /lirxlebcn/. I 'ustela erninea 1. r : ."us tela nivalis 1..
Gun scrofa 1.. Ccrvus clar>Iiiio 1.. caureolus canrcolus /L./. are
wortli paying special attention to. Ariong the narjy species of
oi birds the following should he Mentioned: Picoidcs ti'dactvlus
alinnus /C.L. Drehu/, Tetrao uro':allus 1.. Lyrurus tctrix.
1-27
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Tctrao bonasia /L./. Strix uralensig nail. Ap^qI i nm funeraus
Duh0 iiilka Zki/1 Aouila chrvsaetos /L./. Prunella. modularla-
/L«/1 Prunella collarls /Scop./, Anthus sninoletta /Ti,/>
Trichodroma nurarla /L./t From the reptiles, on&. sliouLd~l tatt-
le crta_v IvApaffft Pjagqu^T, Angujs frazilia /L./t -Vipera-herua-/!^/.
AnipMbiana are represented by: Triturus alnestris /Laur/, Tritu-
'.tontandonl /Doulenger/, Tri turus vulgaris /L- Salamandra
aal_a;nrjidrq ZW, > ft an a, tenrooreria Rana esculenta j^r Dufo bufo.
lt, Bufo viridis /Laur/f Dnnbin/i v.-vri nwt.n /L./.
Little is known of the invertebrates in the Tatras, though
tliore are reasons to suppose that even endoinio foruis can be found
here# It is highly probable tliat their occurrence is connected
with noi3t areas, beyond the upper borderline of tlie forests#
Two species of Spongaria, one of Cridaria, several species of
Turbellaria, iiiore than a hundred species of Rotatoria and about
thirty species of Cladocera and Copepoda have been seen to occur
in the area of the Tatras, From the order to Fhyllapoda, the
arctic-alpine species of Dranchineeta paludosa should be mentio-
t
ned. From the 'group of Arachnida several species of Araheae and
Opilionidca are known.
Threats of Destroying '.Tiltllifn. Dangers of thi3 kind arc a
result of iinn*s presence in wildlife habitat, and the resultant
noise, litter and pollution. The following threats can be mentio-
ned:
1.	Frightening wildlife away,
2.	extinction - killing, trapping, destroying egg3,
0, influencing aniuals health.
128
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ad.l. Frightening wildlife away occur3 during direct oontaots
with nan, but some animals can react also to human scent# Har—
ra38nient is especially dangerous during mating season because
it reduces increases in animal populations. Wildlife frightened
off their feeding grounds have difficulties in locating food,#
Lan*s presence often causes wildlife to migrate to new areas.
Intonsive harrassment in areas adjoining roadways is often due
to wehicle traffic.
£*do2» Iii^tinotion of animals, i.e. trapping, killing, destroying
eggs can be oonscious or accidental. Young animals touched by
uon may die after having boen abandoned by their mothers or
when thoir mothers have been scared away. I.Iotor traffio is al30
responsible for frequent fatalities, ospecially in the case of
small animals, but al3o of larger wildlife.
ado3. Influencing animals hoaltii i3 related to bringing over
certain infection and parasitio diseases typical of man and do-
mestic animals associated with him. In audition, wildlife may
be adversely affected by an inappropriate diet due to feeding
by visitors or eating refuse. Soma poisonings result from visi-
tor traffic, i.e. when animals feed on plants on whioh polluting
fuues have been deposited. Aquatic wildlife is threatened by
water pollution..
Criteria and Ciassificalion for Uniqueness.
The uniqueness of occurrence has been defined m relation
bo:
1. particului* species of animals, especially large mammals
ana some birds,
2* the whole eoosystem when occurrence of certain species is
129
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noticeable or robere rare speoies, most frequently of In-
vertebrates, are lively to be found,
3* phenomena suob as hibernation of larval forms of Triturus.
Tbe wildlife of tbe Tatras iias been olassified aooording
to tbe division intoi
a/ Unique speoies in tbe oountry, i.e. those wbicb are not
found anywbere elso in Poland except in tbe Tatras. Five
speoies belong to tbis group: Talua caeca gavir Microtus
nivalis m^vhanrfii ni scbaefer. Ptyiaus tatricus icratocbvily-
Larmota marmota /L./f Rupicapra rupicopra. Also tbe biooe-
nosi3 of tbo small lUiCca /ao Toporowe Stawisi/ bas been in-
oluded in tbe group bcoausc of the oocurronco of bigblaud
and lowland types of 'i'rituruo in one reservoir tbore as
ueli as tbe hibernation of tbe larval forms of newt /Tri-
.tuvus/,
b/ liare speoies wbicb are represented by:
-	too speoies occurring in Poland outside tbe aroa of tbo
Tatras but represented by a small number of individuals,
or known merely from single localities. Tbey arc: Ur3U3
rai'cbos 1.. Lvnx 1 vnx 1.f ^uila cbrysaetcs /L./f liuuo
uUcio /L./f Picoides truaclylus aiiJiiiUij /C.L. iij/cnw/, Te-
crao urocallus 1.. Lyrurus tetrix. Strix uralenais pal1,
Aegolius furiereus /L./. Nuci*raga carvocatactes /L«/f
-	Among invertebrates one should mention beret Uranciiinccta
naluuosa* Parnasius anollo 1. .Also, bioceuosia of "Topo-
rowe StavviCi" was included in tliis group since botb tbe
mountain and lowland forms of Triturus can be found tiierc •
-	The apeoies wnicb are constituted uifinitely as ornitogeu-
grapiiical •
130
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Alpine groups cure represented by Prunella eollarla /soop/,
Anthus spinoletta /!./. Trichodrowa muraria /L./. and boreal-
i
Alpine species including Turdus tor.'iuatus alpeatris /iirebu/.
biocenosis of moist habitations situated above timberline
because of tbe probability of occurrence of rare or even
endeuio types of invertebrates in these areas,
c/ Common ones, i«ea speoies oouuuonly ooourring in tbe oouu-
try, represented in great numbers.
The results of tbis classification are shown on iviap -number
16 •
Criteria and classification for transformation*
Tlie analysis of tbc transformation of wildlife has been
accomplished by a comparison wiob the status quo approximately
one hundred years ago, as tbe oirst monographs and tbe earliost
information on tbe subject comes from tbat time.
Tbe changes bave been noticed on:
-	tbe disappearance of species which wero once present
in tbe area
-	changes in tbe areas of occurrence of particular spe-
cies /withdrawal or expansion/
appearance of speoies now to tlio Tatras
-	etological changes
lowering of the salubirity ratio in animals.
The uisappearance of species in tbe area of the Polish
Tatras has been stated with respect to the following 3pccics:
i'yriMocora:: ^raculus /L./. Gyps fulvus /Hablizl/, Ac ami us
Lionociius /L»/1 Aquila chryaaetoa /L./.
101
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peorease in population numbers has been notioed in Manao-
ta hlarwota /L./. Ursus arctos /L./. and Hupicapra rupioapra
/L./« Significant changes in population numbers, have: .also
been observed in birds and aquatio wildlife.
Changes in areas of occurrence have been observed with
respeot to Hupicapra runicanra /L./. Also, the wildoat Fells
silvertris has signlfioantly diminished its area of occurren-
ce •
The withdrawal of species native to the Tatras has been
accompanied by a parallel expansion of foreign speoies.
With the olearing of the forests into grazing meadows, many
common specic3 bavo appeared. The wildlife has been enri-
ched also by oouscious introduction of new species* The intro-
duction of foreign spocies of Cervus and Capreolus has led
to the appearance of individuals with the features typical
of both raoes: the original Tatra race and that of the new
species, created through crossbreeding*
iitologioal changes are primarily changes obsorved in
the attitude of wildlife to ward humans whioh results from
their becoming accustomed to tije presence of man.
The lowering of salubrity has been caused by inappro-
priate diet including remains of food left by visitors. Air
pollution and noise caused by road traffic have also had de-
teriorating efects.
The possibilities uf eliminating transformations
have ueen defmeu. Tue following types of traiiaforiuatious
nave been recognized /specifieu/ as reversible:
132
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- ohanges In population numbers with tile exeption ' of
aquatio fauna in TNP where ooaplete biooenotio units
were destroyed
changes in the area of oocurrenoe of some speoie's,
e.g. Marmota uiarmota /L./r Runicapra runicaora /Lt/~r-
or Aquila chrvsaetos /L,/t which withdrew froni cer-
tain localities, and of various other species, all
boing tlie result of transformations taking place in
the environment, e.g. limitation of the nurtritional
base, synanthropism of the flora in the Tatras, visitor
activity, lowering of the salubrity in wildlife ca-
used by inappropriate diet, and ill effeots of oonj-
bustion gases considered sjs a reversible type of
distortion provided the reasons of the distortion are
removed.
In an analysis of transformation,, the characteristics and
results of these transformation have been taken into conside-
ration. Wot all transformation affecting wildlife after domes-
tication. Taking 'or uecouiug accustomed to the sight of man be
quoted nuro. A graphic illustration of transformations is presen-
ted on l'.XLp io.
Criteria and classification for resistance.
Wildlife is stressed by the following faotors connected with
visitor activity:
- the presence of man and his technological devices in
the euvirouLionL
aiaruiin^ and uisturbijucv of wildlife
1G3
-------
additional feeding of wildlife which may -be purpose-
ful or aocidental /remains of food left by man/
affeoting the environment indirectly trough such chan-
ges as destruction of tbe wildlife and soil and synan-
tbropisw.
Tbe resistance of wildlife is characterized by tbe effeots
of visitor aotivity* Yet, dngers to wildlife cannot always be
attributed to a definite form of visitor aotivity. Threats to
wildlife brought about by traffic, various visitor, services,
extra feeding or synanthropization can result from various visi-
tor activities* Resistance has been defined in relation toi
i• Stress paused by tbe presence of man in the environment.
Wildlife which cannot tolerate the presence of man their
environment include: Aquila chrvsaetos /L./ and Fells sil-
vesris /previous reference to this is spelled Felis silver-
tris,,on page 99/. Species sensitive to the presence of
man within their territory while breeding and, particularly
while rasing their young, are represented by Ursus arotos
/L,/f ltupicapra rupicanra /L./ and Marmota marmota Zk*/.
opocics that can tolerate the presence of man includet
Canrcolus canrcolus /L./r Vulpes vulpcs /L./f bus sorofa /L./
and to a lesser uegree, Cervua olauhu3 /L./ and Lynx lynx
/L./. Penetration deeply ini,o i,heir territory,however, cons-
titutes a threat to these aniuials.
2• Indirect effects throu^j enanr-.cs in the environment.
It has been found that in the areas where vegetation shows
liutle resistance to damage, the wildlife itself is more
vulueraule to injux-y caused l>y changed habitat conditions.
134
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Thia applies largely to Invertebrates • It has beeu deoidod
that one should not oonsider the resistance of animals to
threats following from oontaot and additional feeding. Ond
oan merely oonsider the neoessity of the elimination of this
harmful faotor.
The basis for drawing a map of the resistance of wildli-
fe /Map number 17/ is provided by analysis of these elements
of the wildlife whioh oan be stressed by various types of vi-
sitor activities which were taken into consideration. Only
for these elements oan different degrees of resistance of
particular speoies of animals or bioceuoses be defined. It is
impossiblof however, to define such differences in resistance
to threats which are caused by vehicle traffic or additio-
nal feeding. It is very difficult to characterize and olassify
wildlife from the point of view of its resistance, both beca-
use of the lac It of research of this aspect of the problem as
well as because often the differences in the effeot of particu-
lar visitor activities on wildlife is, is faot, very small.
On the basis'of the examination of the collected data, two
uain areas have been distinguished in the Tatra National Park;
the area above the upper border of the forests and the area of
the prealps /subalpine forests/. The area above tiiuberline has
been defined as one of low resistance. The areas o± the refu—
(j,iuui of chamois /Itupicapra/ are characterized as particularly
low in resistance. In the zoue of the subalpine forests the
bioccnoeis of Toporowe Stawici la^es and the areas o£ the hiber-
uatioii ox the bear have also been distinguished as areas of
iuw resistance. The remaining areas of the prealplne zone have
135
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been desoribed as more resistant*
Restriction based on environment.
In order to speoify restrictions on particular forms of
visitor exploitation, the criterion of tbe resistance of spe-
cies to threats resulting from a given form of visitor activi-
ty lias been used as basio. It bas been assumed that tbe stron-
gest protection is required with rospeot to tbe unique and
rare species of wildlife. It bas also been deoided tbat tbe
areas tbe species bave withdrawn from bave to be made safe to
secure tbe regeneration of tbe species. In view of tbe above
consideration it bas been decided that:
1.	visitor aotivity in all its forms will be eliminated from
tbe areas of the refugiuiu of chamois, tbe areas of tbe
refugium of Ursus arotos /L./f and from the area of tbe
Top or owe St aw lei T
2.	the form of visitor aotivity labelled "organized excursions"
/conducted tours/ will be forbidden in areas above timber-
line •
These restrictions are shown on Kiap numbers 18 and 19.
Identify territorial thresholds.
Defining the territorial ultimate environmental thresholds
was based on thresholds established for specific elements of
Uie uatural environment as affected by particular loruis of visi-
tor activities and services. These thresholds were obtained
form specialists in various natural sciences and were defined
130
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by {analyzing the qualitative features /uniquenesar transforma-
tion, rosistanoe/ of natural elementso Based on- these data-a
synthesis was attempted: it oonsistod in listing th» thresholds
for eaob element of the natural environment and identifying
/adopting the prinoiple of strictest limitations/ the ultimate-
natural environmental thresholds for various forma of visitor
activities /see 2oap 20/ and ultimate environmental thresh aids
for visitor services /see Map 25/.
The thresholds obtained in this way were determined with
reference to particular forms of visitor activity /see Maps 21,
22,23,24/ and with reference to particular forms of services
/see Maps 26,27,28,29/*
Identify quantitative thresholds.
Description of the method of defining the summex* tourist carry-
ing oapaoity /quantitative thresholds/ of the Tatra National Pork.
iiasio assumptions.
In order to define tourist capacity based on quantitative
thresholds the following basic assumptions had to be raadc:
- definition of the quantitative thresholds must consi-
der all elements of the natural environment in the
Parle which are exposed to damage as a result of visi-
tor activities
greatest degradation of the natural environment in
the Park occurs in places rniere visitors stop
defining the suiumer capacity of the Paris, it is impor-
tant to understand the capacity of particular areas
137
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where visitors stop
tbe present struotuxe and distribution /In tiue and
territory/ of visitor aotivity within tbe Park is
similar to tbat in previous years, tbe number of vi-
sitors being tbe only variable*
Procedures
Tbe following faotors influenoed tbe prooedure for defining
tbe quantitative thresholds in tbe Parle. There is a high degree
of visitor aotivity in tbe Park and the size, intensity, structu-
re, and territorial distribution of this aotivity has not been
the subject of detailed investigations. In particular:
-	there is a lack of investigations of natural eleuents
oovering tbe whole area of the Park,
-	there is a lack research worii on tbe state of the envi-
ronment in regard to developmental planning,
-	serious degradation of the natural enviroximeri in some
seotors of the Park has not been tbe subject of syste-
matic observations and uonitoringf
Specified time periods for carrying out the work determined
the methods ol collecting the data necessary for defining the
quantitative thresholds. There basic methods of proceeding were
applied:
1.	permanent investigations were used over a period of a couple
of years and to evaluate them, the comparisons wore made with
historical data /to evaluate.' the effects of visitor activity
on the natural eleuents of the environment/^
2,	oouiparative analyses were usod to compare areas with siuilar
13S
-------
physiographical conditions but different states of visi-
tor activities /i.e., the territories in tbe Parle used
for visitor activity were compared with those in which
no visitor activity was admitted/.
3. Application of the "Delphi" technique /9/ was used to
investigate developmental possibilities in a given field
by means of estimation carried out by a group of experts*
Data Gathering*
Seleotlon of territorial units for presentation of analy-
sis results and classifications fooused on defining the quanti-
tative thresholds.
Visitor trails, adjaoeut areas and areas where visitors
stay are the main areas of conoern. Therefore, visitor stops
which are most exposed to the threat of degradation were first
defined. 120 visitor stops were identified. Subsequently, based
on existing visitor distribution, 18 crucial aroas which prima-
rily influence the size of visitation in the Paris were identi-
fied.
Characteristics of forms of visitor activities and analysis of
the size and structure of visitation and visitor development.
Characteristics of suiumer formo of visitor activity such
as waliis, excursions to scenic vistas, and excursions for sporvt
reasons were determined on the basis of territorial observations
aiui interviews with guides as to the attitude and behavior of
visitors in the Parle. The size anu struoture of visitation in
13J
-------
tbe Para was calculated from measurements of visitor aotivitrios
oarried out in 1973. The distribution of tbe existing visitor
traffic witbin the Park was ostiwated /especially in regard to
visitor stops/ by tbe Tatra guides, Tbe guides were supplied
witb special questionnaires including tbe following pointsi
-	point or seotion of tbe route
aaxliauja number of people at one time at tlie mentioned
points and sections of tlie routes
length of stay at tbe mentioned pointsi 10, 30, GO or
more minutes /does not refer to route seotions/f
-	percentage distribution of visitors in .-the Morning and
afternoon bours
-	wbat is tbe optimal number of people in your opinion?
Selecting tbe natural environmental components for specialistic
research in order to define tbe quantitative tbresiiold3.
Tlie analysis of stresses to the natural environment inclu-
ded evaluation of various visitor activities, intensity of these
afcifissea in space.and time and characteristics of the consequen-
oes to the natural environment.
This analysis permitted the identification of basio compo-
nents of the environment for which specialist research should be
conducted. Tbe four components are: vegetation, wildlife, water,
and relief. Components of the natural environment such a3 climate,
soils and geological structure were ta^en into consideration
during the evaluation of plant habitats when analyzing flora and
aluviuui covers when considering relief.
140
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Analysis and estimation of the quality of tlie natural envi-
ronmental components.
As described previously, the analyses and estimations
of. tiie quality of the natural environmental oomponents were
oarried out and resulted in tbe following data for vegeta-
tion, wildlife and relief:
degree of departure from the natural state was
expressed in there classest oomplete transforma-
tions, partial transformations, minimal transfor-
mations
degree of resistonoe to tbe tlireats resulting
from visitor activity was expressed in tberee
olassest full, minor, none,
Tbe notation of tbc results of these analyses were pre-
sented in written and graphical form. This wad tlie starting
point for determination of tbe developmental possibilities
for visitation.
In order to obtain information concerning tho quantita-
tive limitations of particular elements of tbe environment,
a team of naturalists was engaged consisting of: 2 foresters,
2 botanists, 4 geouiorphologists, 1 geologist, i iiydrologist,
2 zoologists.
The specialists were to fill independently points 3 ana
4 in tbe following table which shows the results obtained
/after confrontations and discussions the final limitations
were agreed/.
141
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Table 6-3* Quantitative and temporal thresholds imposed by.
vegetation.
Point or seotion
of -the routex^
Number of What is the Which
people usu- optimal are tempo-
ally obser- number of
ved at the people
stop points acoording
per day and to your
in the pealc opinion?
season
ral res-
trictions?
1.	Wylot Doliny Chocho-	717
lowskiej /Exit of
Chocholowslca Valley/
2.	Polana Ilucislca	400
/Huciska clearing/
3.	Otoczenie sohronlsLca	300
Polanie Chocho Jowslcie j
/Cbocbolowsica Valley
llostel and its surroun-
ding/
4* Polana Iwanowka	60
/Iivanlaclca clearing/
5t Iwaniaclca Przel^cz	35
/Iwanlaclca Pass/
6.	Kouiniarslci Wieroh	15
/lCominiarski Peak/
7.	Wylot Doliny Lejowej	10
/Exit of Lejowa Valley/
S. Polana Uuty Lejowe	10
/Iluty Lejowo clearing
9• Wylot Doliny Kosoiolis- 1736
Icioj /Uxit of Kosoie-
lisica Valley/
10* jJracia Kantalca	300
/Kantaka Gate/
ii. Utoczenie Lodowego	500
irodla /Lodowe Springs/
400
200.
150
60
35
15
10
10
900
450
200
excluding
oarly vege-
tation
period
/April,May/
x/ total number of points and sections analyzed was around 120
142
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Table 6-4. Quantitative and temporal thresholds iurposed by
water•
Point or section
of the route '
Number of What ia the Which are
people
usually
observed a1
the at.op
points por
day aiiu in
the pea!c
300301)
O
b
1* iVylot Uoliny Cliocbo-
iowslciej /licit o£
Chooholowslia Valley/
2, Polana Uucis!ca
/iiucisi:a clearing/
3o OtOUiCilio QClUOllio.CC
PolcUiit; Choohoio\;:jui» luunio.o >.u Przelgc;;
/lwauin,c:;a I'asa/
tj. ikiiiiiijiiiirylci tfloroij
/iCoi,iini^r!3Ui I'pnk/
To wyioi/ L>oliuy beju'.vej
/ ;.:i fc oi.' Lejowa Vc.l 1y/
717
•iOO
300
tiO
1C.
JO
1 I
d e t'oiiMi1. .It-lly LCJO'..«J
/.tuty Lujowe clearing/
y. s.ylot Joliuy liosoielin- 17JC.
Uioj /j.u;it of Koscieiia-
ii a v'c.1 1 c y /
iJ • wiiii.iu i^cUitaiika
/ Ivuli	OTv tc/
11 .UoOCodiiic Lodo».'e„o Ixu- 3Ju
uia /bouowe tiprjLiJ0a/
optimal uu
uuar of
people
according
to your
opinion?
3
300
300
100
60
lii
0
u
500
G around 120•
l'„o
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Table 6-5* Quantitative and temporal tliresholds imposed by-
relief*
Point or section
of tlie route*/
Nuuber of
people optimal
usually number of
observod people
at tlie stop according
points par to your
day and in opinion?
tbe poalt
season	
..iiat is the Wiaicli are
temporal
restric-
tions?
2
1.	Wylot Doliny Clioclio- 717
iowsLcioj /ulxit of
Uijocljolowslca Valley/
2.	Polana Hueiska	400
/ilucialca clearing/
3.	Otocijcnie sohronislca 300
Polemic Cliooliolousicioj
C'nooiiolowsUa Valley
Lioaiul and its sur-
louding/
4* Poland 1 won o\v lea
/Xwaniaclca clearing
5. Iuatiiy.cica PrzelQcz
/Iwaniauica Pass/
G* Xowiniarslci Wiercii
/Koi.iiniarslci Poait/
7. Wylot, Doliny Lcjowej
/Ucit ol Lejowa Valley/
G. Polana iluty Lejowo
//iuty Lcjowe clearing,/
') ~ ..ylot JJoliny Koscie- 173G
lLsitioj /liiit of
kosciollsita Valley/
lUc Urana luiutaua	J00
/Ivantii.ca Gate/
11, Otuc^cnLo Lodo*.vej£0	uOO
Zrudlu. /Lodovvo Uprin^s/
GO
35
15
10
10
2000
GOO
300
ioo
100
60
40
40
2000
1500
1000
excluding
snow melting
period /bo
be indicalod
by weatbor
conditions/
.:/ uuti.l mi.'iljei of points uaju .3uuvj.ohs analyzuu was around 120,

-------
Table 6-0. Quantitative and temporal thresholds iripoeuBd by
wildlife.
Point or section
of the route*^
Number of What is THe~rmfc
pcoplo
usually
observed
at the
optiiual
number of
people
according
temporal
restric-
tions?
stop points to your
per day opinion?
and In the
pealc season
1« Wylot Doliny Chocho-	717
lowskiej /Exit of
Chochoionska Valley/
2« Polana Huciska	400
/Hueiska clearing/
3.	Otoczenie schronislca	300
Polanie Chocliolonskiej
/Chocholowska Valley
Hostel and its sur-
rouding/
4.	Polana Iwanowlca	60
/Iwaniaclca clearing/
5.	Iwaniacka Przelgcz	35
/Iw?,nir.c!ca Tass/
6.	Komiriiarslci U'ierch	15
/¦Xoininiarski Peale/
7.	'.ylot Doliny LejowoJ	10
/Exit of Lejowa Valley/
8.	Polann ITuty Lejowe	10
/Iluty Lejowe clearing/
i). Vyiot Doliny Koscie-	17
lislciej /'ixlt of
Koscielislca Valley
10.	Drai-ia Kontalca	900
/Kantafca Gate/
11.	Otoczenie Lodowego	500
2rddla /Lodowc
Springs/
300
200
100
60
0
0
0
0
500
300
300
excluding
winter pe-
riod /spe-
cific months
to bo in-
dicated
nvnvy yerr
due wcr.tJicr
conditions
only in
daytime
x/ tot.-?i ninbcr of points sections analyzed iv.ig around t?0,
145
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The nature specialists tried to determine in the majority
of oases tbe earliest time when changes in tbfr quality of th*
investigated natural elements oaused by increasing tourism
"were beoomlng notloeable. This resulting number of tourists
was determined by tbe specialists on tbe basis of bydroblolo-
gioal, botanloal and geomorphologlcol investigations /due to
~ which the data from tbe previous years could be compared with
the present/. In tbe remaining fields only Intuition based on
experience was applied/"Delphi"/*
The basic oriteria adopted by the nature specialists werei
extent of mechanical destruction /treading, erosion,
denudation/
extent of synantropization processes /strange speoies
of tbe flora, fauna, pollution of water, air, litter/
changes in vital processes of fauna /especially of
unique species /oaused by the presence of mem, noise/
- quality of tbe natural element expressed In terms of
degree of uniqueness in the scale of the whole coun-
try, degree of resistance to destruction and degree
of legally imposed protection /strict and partial natu-
re reserves/.
Synthetic elaboration of the results.
In consequence partial results were obtained as to the
Miuuitltative and temporal thresholds from the point of view of
particular natural elements. These results for selected points
are shown on Table 6-2.
146
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Table t0-7. Ultimate quantitative and temporal thresholds.
Point or
sectioii
of the
route
Quantitative thresholds from the
point of view of particular ele-
ments of the natural environment
water vegetation relief fauna
Ultimate
quantita-
tive en-
vironmen-
tal thres-
holds
Ultimate
environ-
mental
temporal
tresholds
1.	'7ylot Doliny Chocho- 300
lowskiej /Exit of Cho-
cholowstia Valley/
2.	Polana HuciBka	300
/Huclska clearing/
3.	Otoczenie schroniska 100
na Polanie Chocho-
lowskiej
4.	Polanc Iwanowka	60
/Iwanlacka clearing/
5.	Iwanlacka Przel^cz	35
/Iwanlacka Pass/
6.	Kominlarski Wiercb	15
/Komlnlarski Peak/
7.	Wylot Doliny LejoweJ	0
400 2500 300
4;
Pol aha Huty Lej owe
/Euta LeJowe "clearing/
200
150
60
35
15
10
10
600 200
300 100
100
100
50
40
40
60
0
0
O
O
300
200
100
60
0
0
0
0
excludin low
water periods
excluding
early vege-
tation period
/JVnril, Hr.y/
excluding
snow meiting
periods /to
be indicated
by weptlier
conditions/
t-
•rt
-------
9» tfylot Dollnv ICoscieliskieJ 800
/Exit of Koicieliska Valley/
10.	Braraa Kant air a	800
/Kantaka Gate/
11.	Otoczenle Lodoivego £r6ala 200
/Lodowe Springs/
900 2000	500
450 1500	300
200 1000	300
500
300 excluding winter
periods /specific-
2qq	months to be indi-
cated every year
due to weather
conditions/ only
in dcy-tinie
Total number of points and sections analysed "as around 200.
cc
-H
-------
Tho Ultimate Quantitative Environmental Thresholds/column
6/ were defined by applying the principle that the "lowest" of
the partial thresholds determines the capacity of a given point
/or section/* Because of reciprocal relations in nature and a
chain of causes and effects .in which disturbance of one clement
oan oause disturbance in the whole environment, adoption of
suoh a principle seems reasonable« Also, there were no posslbi-*
lltles of carrying out long term, complex studies in order to
solve this problem.
Applying this principle, one threshold value was obtained
for every point* It was compared with the existing amount /see
point H, Table 6-1/ of visitor aotivity which allowed immediate
maiysis of areas in uie parte most exposed to degradation*
The next stage of research was aimed at calculating the
total number of visitors/i*e« the carrying capacity of the Park/
who oon be admitted to the park /daily/ and at answering how
bo distribute that number to tlic entrance points so that the
numuer of tourists reaching particular areas in the Park would
not exceed the defined quantitative ohrestiolus •
For this stage of work, a inatnematicnl siuiulntion modol
/discussed in Section o/ was developed and applied.
Conclusions •
Tiie procedure of defining the quantitative UTiT in the
Tai.ro Nrtioimi Parte was mainly influenced by olie lack of rcse-
n.vch ami observations carried out on the development of visitor
trr»fi'i«; in tiie Parle; the }.-"c!c 01 research on stresses to the
149
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natural environment oaused oy visitation, and the relatively
short period of time for carrying out tills woric.
The situation in the tatra National Parte is, however,
very t.ypioal In the planning practice where time deadlines
often
and laclc of speoialist researciKdetermine the approach. Thus,
it seems that the presented method may be useful and oould
be applied to oilier areas /whern similar situations often
occur/.
Attention must be paid to careful treatment of the data
obtained by use of this method of comparative analysis# One
must also be aware of the subjective character of the results
obtained by the "Delphi" technique.
Summary.'
In the process of developing the plan for the Tatra Natio-
nal Park, definition of the territorial, quantitative and tem-
poral UWT s was one of the separate tasks, though connected with
other fields of research carried out within the framework of
(.lie Parle plan.
;\ sketch of the planning process /presented in figure 0-1/
shows the location of the analyses"and classifications of the
natural environment which was carried out according fco thr pre-
sented method.
The results from this research Ti^nlfinently influenced
i.lie final version of the plan. iJnvironinental limitations were
conPider^d in designating aropg where particular forms of
150
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activities will find optimal concentration; the existing factors
/such as roads and permanent structures/ were also considered.
Referencest
1. National parkfe are treated as museums of nature and thoir
principal cultural function is to develop soienoe and edu-
cate society trough didactics, sightseeing and qualified
visitation•
The main function of landscape parka is propagating visita-
tion, with preference Riven to its qualified version:
The leading function of ereas of protected landscape is re-
crcrt.ion in such forms as weekend visltation, character
tours etc.
a, Tlie metnod of working out a physical plan of the Tatra Na-
tional Park is presented in figure 6—i.
3.	Classification is based on the study "Valorization of fo-
rests and dm\rf mountain pine brushwood and rules of their
protection in the TNP% commissioned by the Institute on
the Environmental Development lor the TNP Physical Plan and
created in 197G by the team: 5. Hyozkowski, J. Lesinski,
Z, Jagiello, Z. Lerendowicz, P.SIcawinski.
4.	Owing to lack of data, this classification takes into account
only forest and brush associations.
rjn This principle was Pccent,fri Ui accordance with: f.f. Piekos,
&, f'irekr "Ciisen problems of herbaceous plants in the TNT"
In Tii*? Ttftra National Pprlc Physical Plan.
1 r- .1
-------
6. Mirelc Z., Pikos M. : "Destruction of vegetation by
tourism along trolls and roads and spatial qualifica-
tion of destructions" in "Preservation of the TNP na-
tural values as a basis for determining its touristic
capacity" Cracow 1974 ZOP PJ\N /typescript/.
IS 2
-------
WILD FOREST AND MEADOW AREAS IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of their uniqueness
QM]Unique iLLIJRare ll ll Common
-------
I
WILD FOREST AND MEADOW AREAS IN THE TPN
Evaluation and classification of the degree of their transformation in relation to the original state

4 50 000
(«Total ^^Partiall IMlnimal
!
-------
I
WILD FOREST AND MEADOW AREAS IN THE TPN
Evaluation and classification of the degree of their resistance to different forms of touristic activities
and services
I
P
I;; vi;:»

I: r.!r):'
t rv'- • -••• -Mr-'	t*^):
l:' • y *: >		
us:
r.::i
30 000
EDI*
* No resistance
** Minor tesistance
*** Full resistance
mm**
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I
WILD FOREST AND MEADOW AREAS IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic activities
I
Bras
M M M CI
rvvu

1	Hiking
2	Qualified hiking
3	conducted tours
IS	B)
4 Downhill skiing
2/3 Forms permitted
1t*0000
J
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Permitted
WILD FOREST AND MEADOW AREAS IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic services
IB	IS	0
A Footpaths & mountain trails
B Accommodation
C Restaurants
D Ski runs & lifts
CB
A/D Forms
I
3
-------
WATER IN THE TPN
Evaluation and classification of the degree of its uniqueness
lilflllilUnique UlllRare II II Common
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WATER IN THE TPN
Evaluation and classification of the degree of its transformation in relation to the original state

VAL)
V T
Ml Total Fartiall—IMinimal*Permanent pollution in
surface & underground waters
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WATER IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of
and services
its resistance to different forms of touristic activities
c;	
/ />	g*r»...	\\ '—\ ^

Slife
;>/ /f:; Mi t.; 5;:: •: i^r:,r: ¦ • • J
.1 v.|i y'\i*\v?1;ia'vCvCi^-?

a.A :' 1 • *af

/~.u;
•!•»•»>. .« • 			 •: . Ji/.X1
/;i; rp-

*•/	• ••»••.~ 44»I
(nu *
* No resistance
** Minor resistance
*** Full resistance
CUD **
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Ill H1EK]
ormci.
lUBiHltl)
WATER IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic activities
[D
II Hiking
'2 Qualified hiking
13 Conducted tours
|4 Downhill skiing
03	a	a
1-4 Forms permitted
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HJOOOO
WATER IN THE TPN
J Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic services
I
(
\
I
D Ski runs & lifts
A-D Forms permitted
(B	®	E)
|A Footpaths & mountain trails
>B Accommodation
jC Restaurants
I

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GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of its uniqueness
i '

III

iso ooo
Mil Unique Qf[] Rare fTT] Common
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I
GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of its transformations in relation to the natural state
I

%
lh
i-SOOOO
Ls	^
fM Total ^^Partlall Minimal

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I
GEOMORPHOLOGY IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the "forms of touristic activities

tl H M CI

i) fc! Mir.!
i mmm
SI E B!t!



f)
II fiiK\V.
03	m
1	Hiking
2	Qualified hiking
i3 Conducted tours
lA Downhill skiing
Q	HI		
2/3 Forms permitted
J
-------
I
GEO MORPHOLOGY IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic services
I

Si
8
MUH13
k.p. h r;

l\ nan

dste

rj.nw.i-:
* '• SOOOO
ffl	IS	03
A Footpaths & mountain trails
B Accommodation
C Restaurants
D Ski runs & lifts
is (SEP
A/D Forms permitted
J
-------
FAUNA IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of its uniqueness
-------
FAUNA IN THE TPN
Evaluation and classification of the degree of its transformation in relation to the original state
I
I"®!' Total ES Partial—I Minimal
1*K>0OO
-------
FAUNA IN THE TPN
Evaluation and Classification of the degree of its resistance to different forms of touristic activities
and services
I
a
GT3 * 013 ** ~ ***
* No resistance
** Minor resistance
*** Full resistance
-------
FAUNA IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic activiities
I
E
1	Hiking
2	Qualified hiking
3	Conducted tours
4 Downhill skiing
1/3 Forms permitted

-------
FAUNA IN THE TPN
Ultimate environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic services

A Footpaths & mountain trails
B Accommodation
C Restaurants
D Ski runs & lifts
A/D Forms permitted
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NATURAL ENVI ROO NMENT OF THE TPN
Ultimate physical environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic activities
¦J
HlCBQHl
Uinyii
00'El;'

OFJWCi

5) tl &l'i!
QfiWtL
u win a
-------
1 50 OOO
HIKING
Ultimate environmental threshold line
(QT]7 Area excluded
CUD
1 Area permitted


-------
QUALIFIED HIKING
ultimate environmental threshold line

aica
At.CA r< fWtlKft
-------
CONDUCTED TOUi <3
ultimata environmental threshold line
A»CA *MIIJCR 1 ' 1 ' 17 AttA CXClMtiCB
1*30000
23
-------
DOWNHILL SKIING
Ultimate environmental threshold line
tEfl/Area CT[]) Area
Permitted Excluded
Z4
-------
I
NATURAL, ENVIRONMENT OF THE TPN
Ultimate physical environmental thresholds to the forms of touristic services
i 	-v.--
L..J 0S00
i? 0S0®
1
V.SOOOO
SI	IS	0
A Footpaths & mountain trails
B Accommodation
iC Restaurant
miaigj
D Ski runs & lifts
A-D Forms permitted
A-D Forms excluded
-------
I
FOOTPATHS AND MOUNTAIN TRAILS
Ultimate environmental threshold line
I
1130000
dp) Area tl I j J Area
Permitted Excluded
-------
I
Accommodation
Ultimate environmental threshold line
(gD Area <0J> Area
Permitted Excluded
I

1'JOOOO
-------
I
RESTAURANT
Ultimate environmental threshold line

1 30000
(S^Area 5EU Area
Permitted Excluded
-------
SKI RUNS AND LIFTS
Ultimate environmental threshold line
(H) Area COB) Area
Permitted Excluded
I
m
IB
•m
"M
30000
-------
m-OQE
liTilf
AIMSoi FUNCTIONS OF THE TPN
rAZA 1
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING FORMS Or USE OF TPN
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aisjciiiiaaasGiacG a 333
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IIIN111LiT> li 1111
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¦OPTIMUM model of use of THE TPN
MP? PP P»P P 9 «
OrlMIOWS AHtt APPMVAL
CONCEPT OF THE PLAN
Ml A I
DEFINITION OF NCEPS
FORMUUliaNSFtniUClUU
(vauwiiom of possiwums
1913919311
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59SB1I1II:B
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SYNTKCtIS
PROJECT OF THE PLAN
OPINION*, ACCEPTANCE, APPROVAL
-------
An Otuline Method of Elaborating the Physical Plan of the
Tatra National Park. Hitherto there has not been any "model
method" for the planning of national parks; For this rsaaon, it
was necessary to first formulate a method before the physical
planning work for the Tatra National Park could go ahead. As ita
basic characteristic, the principle of "successive approximation
was assumed, realized by means of successively defining the aims
and functions of the park, and determining the limitations re-
sulting from requirements to protect the Tatran natural environ-
ment, in the framework of which the best possible conditions
could be sought for utilization and service forms permissible
within the park area. As one of the basic conditions for success,
a principle of an "open" plan was assumed, giving society current
information about progress in the work and confronting the views
formed /1/ with commitees of specialists /which a specially
appointed Consulting Council, among others/, /2/ the Scientific
Council and Administration of the Tatra National Park, /3/ the
local authorities JkJ as well as with various social organiza-
tions /5/i The basis for elaborating the plan were the indica-
tionsof the detailed regional plan of the Tatra National Park
/made by the Regional Planning Office in Cracow in the sixties/
and guidelines from the provincial plan /6/ as well as experien-
ce gained so far from the analysis of other works and activities
-------
- 2 -
concerning the Tatras and their environment /7/. The actual
process was divided into theree phases: a formulation of the
aimes and functions of the Tatra National Park, the conceptual
plan and design of the plan. The first stage was begun with
establishing the forms of the park's usage, both existing /e/
and possible /9/. These forms were arranged, dividing them into
seven monofunctional 'bodels" /10/ representing the most impor-
tant of the possible ways of viewing the future role of the
Tatras. They were seen as follows: "natural reserves" /A/,
"mountains for tourism" /B/, "Highlanders*headquartes" /c/,
II
"sports area" /D/, "holiday resort" /E/, "nature show" /F/, arid
an "economic microregion" /G/. The models and forms contained
within them were subjected to selection using superior criteria
/11/ represented by the aims and functions of the Tatra National
Park as well as legal regulations and also subordinated /12/
criteria by the present state, the opinion of specialists and
public opinion /obtained mainly as the result of questionaires
announced in the "Kultura" weekly, and in the daily press, and
containing the characteristics of the models mentioned/. Some
of the forms were eliminated, and the conditions for permiting
the others were defined. After an ensuing conforntation of opi-
nions, an optimal model of the Tatra National Park's usage was
°btained, containing the usage forms permitted and tne i-;rina of
-------
services associated with them /13/• The seoond phase was conduc-
ted in three parallel but connected trends: definition of the
needs, assessment of the possibilities and establishing the
structure; Defining the needs meant obtaining the postulates of
'the users /14/, their successive verification by confrontation
with the requirements of the optimal model /15/ and with environ
mental capabilities /16/ as well as formulation of the functio-
nal programs /17/. Assessment of the capabilities was carried
out for the anthropogenic environment /18/,and the natural ono
/by means of valorization/ /19/» as well as for the organizatio-
nal-legal state /20/; Work was begun with a diagnosis of the
present state /21/ and then complex assessment /22/ was carried
out, in the framework of which special attention was paid to the
Tatran nature establishing preferences and limitations for forms
of utilization and services determined by the requirements of
protecting this nature /23/. This was obtained by identyfying
the following ultimate environmental thresholds: physical /24/f
quantative /25/ and qualitative /26/, as well as, in parallel,
the most advantageous areas for the permitted forms of usage
of the Tatra National Park /27/• As a result of the confronta-
tion of all the results /28/ it was possible to indicate the
modifications indinpcnsible to the anthropogenic environment
/buildings and facilites/ and to the organizational end legal
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stateof the park /29/, the "optimal" areas for the various^ forms
/30/, areas of special protection for the main elements of the
Tatran nature /31 /, as well as the way to build a simulating
model and the use of computer model /32/ to give an otuline of
the "optimal" distribution of summer tourist fraffic; After ana-
lizing the theoretical variants of zoning /33/ and their reali-
sation /3V» establishment of the structure was based mainly on
a synthesis of results so far and formulating a final concept
for the plan /35/i The third phase was mainly based on the tech-
nical side of the graphic and text material of the final elabo-
ration of the plan in a form which could be verified, and conta-
ining the three fundamental aspects: the functional- physical
structure /36/, the principles of natural environment protection
/37/ as well as the realizational principles and the guidelines
for detailed plans /36/. At present the process of receiving
opinions and agreements about the plan, a process which has
lasted several monthis, is drawing to a close. The plan has beer
endorsed already by the Provincial and Main Town-Planning and
Architectural Commission, as well as the Commission for the
Development of the South East Macroregion at the Council of
Ministers;
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SECTION 7
PLANNING FOR PROTECTION ZONES OF NATIONAL PARKS
- M OUTLINE OP T)' 'S
ENT!lU'»UCTlUN
Tiie definition of Ultimate environmental Trcsholds is an
essential part of environmental assessments and provides ci con-
venient frameworlc for the formulation of planning proposals
ami/or manpfoment policies,, In majority of cases, however, it
in not sufficient to deal with conflicts and problems solely
v.iUiJu the areas oonccrncd. Particularly arena of hir.h onviron-
rontPl vrluos and 'of email resifltrnc should receive additional
protection by setting up specific protection zones within their
snrroundl ngs •
Therefore, a short outline of the possible method of Iden-
tifying snc!t zones may become an appropriate closing chapter
f'tr this project and an opening for eventual further research.
In the presently used professionsL "jargon" the term
protection zone is ^morally used both /i/ to
(lrnn).'' pnr+i p>ii ?r 9io?ies vhinh pro aupposod to reduce /or el tint —
153
-------
nate/ a negative impact of a given noxious development /usual-
ly Industrie.]./ on the surrounding areas, and /ii/ to denote
particular zones r?hich are to reduce /or eliirinate/a negotive
inpnct of the surroundings on a given area /usually characte-
rised by high environmental values/. This situation is shown
on fig. 7-1.
In both cases the final effect of creating a protection
7,one is the same: a particular way of using the land surroun-
ding a given area, is established. Important differences, howe-
ver, should be pointed out:
- tn the first ease the principles of land use are de-
termined by the noxious influence of a gjven area on
its surrounding, and hence, they should depend on the
sensitivity of this surrounding,
in the second case similar principles are determined
by the need to protect a given area from the noxious
influence of its surrounding and thus they should de-
pond on the sensitivity of this area.
Fron the viewpoint of logic it may be suggested that the
t"rm "protection zono" should be applied only in reference to
7,ones surrounding aroc.3 undor protection and not to wones sur-
rounding 3. re as harmful to the environment. If thin suggestion
,-">re accepted it would be necessary to establish an appropriate
new term to denote zones surrounding noxious areas.
ir>*
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DEFINITION OP PROTECTION ZONES
- A GENE'lAL METJIOD OF APPROACH
In the current approach to the definition of protection
7,01103 around particular areas a phenomenon which could be re-
ferred to aa "homogeneity" playa an essential role. Most fre-
quently v. protection zone considered in relation to a particu-
ler protected area is fully homogenous; the criteria used for
ita designation - if formulated at all - arc homogeneous aa
well, end so are the land use principles which aro formulated
from the viewpoint of the protection of this area. This "homo-
geneity" is sometimes partly broken by the introduction of
internal subdivision of the main zone into "technical zone"?
"proper none", "outer zone" etc# Tn practice however these
subdivisions indicate only tho decree of rigidity of various
restrictions /and not the types of restrictions/.
It seem that in order to ensure a real and effective pro-
tection of the protected areas /or objects/ it is necessary
first to disoard the conoept of homogeneous zones, j'ji analysis
nf oxifstinc spatial relations between some protected ovens and
n-ie-ir environments indicates the need to replace the concept of
"homogeneity" by "heteroceneity11, This proposal is even more
obvious in the light of the observation that homogenous arena
11mrdly exist in reality - they are mainly heterogeneous that
1 s fojTied by a whole system of diverse elements and characteri-
stics. 'lien in turn particular requirements for the protection
oX these elements ond chnrecteris t i cs arc examined i. t will
!ionm be found that many different interrelations exist between
•< ;Hven protected area and its environment, and that, their
-------
normative impact on tins area varies signif ioantly• One can
compare, for instanoe, the noxious effects on the same area
resulting from air pollution and from noiset the range of
influence of these two factors on the given area differs si-
gnificantly, different, elements of this area are affected and
the spatial range harmful influence comes from also differs
considerably in the two cases. Thua the protection zone con-
sidered from the viewpoint of air pollution should differ
from that considered from the viewnoint of noise. This oon-
ccrnn riot.Ii the criteria for identifying these zones and the gui-
delines concerning the principles of land use for these zones.
Guidelines and restrictions formulated for the zone, defined
from the viewpoint of air pollution should be aimed at the eli-
mination of some of tnc existing sources of air pollution uud
at the minimization of the noxious influence 01 other sources,
or towards preventing tLic introuue^ion of new sourcos of noxious
emission, tfithin the zone defined from the viewpoint of the im-
pact of noise guidelines uud restrictions should be aimed nt, the
elimination or minimization 01 tne narmiul effeot of the sources
of no lac. Undoubtedly tnese two zones will overlap over certain
aieas uud then principles of lanu use for these arras would re-
sult irom the integration of the principles of both zones.
Tim Land surrounding the area under protection is usually
the subject of various human activities wlucli arc often chaiac-
Msrized by dynamic transformations. Tnorefore nob only the v,v
vious e;t1.nting interrelations and tli^ir negative impact must,
lie	j. Lsncrl hut also the ohrnges which may occur in the futu-
i e piiould be considered. The pronpcot of having a water rcnoi-
1 .'56
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voir constructed in the vioinity of the objeot under protec-
tion is pn example of such a situition.
Summing up it can be said that some of the existing or fu-
ture interrelations between the protected area and its surroun-
ding have already, /or may have in the future/ harmful efects
on this p.roa. Any of such interrelations would imnoso the neces-
sity of oreating a protection zone over such an area. Within
this zone the principles of land uso should be established whioh
would lead to the elimination /or at least minimization/ of the
existing or possible negative effects. The zone can be callod
r\n elementary protection zone which means a zone designated for
protection of a given area from a speoifio negative impact^
Particular elementary protection zones may stretch over dif-
ferent areas. One can distinguish a continuous elementary pro-
toction zone encompassing one area, or elementary protection
zones of a more complex structure which would cover several se-
parate areas. Moreover, different spatial relations with the
protected arc?, may occurs some zones mr?y be adjacent to the area
under protection, others may stretch over areas situated further
awpy /fig.7-2/.
The continuous structure would occur mostly in zones consi-
dered from the viewpoint of air pollution, while the complex
structure nay he found i" -series created for the protection of
acuuic resources where It 1s important to protect different, sec-
tions of the environment, frequently situated further av.-ay Prom
the arr,a under protection.
UulcpemUju t l.y from their physical layout elementary protection
157
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zones often overlap and in the areas of overlap the particular
the principles of land use accepted for each of the elementary
protection zones can be integrated /fig.7-3/.
Thus the whole land consisting of various elementary pro-
tection zones becomes a sort of a protective "oushion" for the
protected area. Hie propor use of such a oustrion ensures the
protection of this area or at least eliminates any threats to
it. The torm "buffer area" for such land is su^gestcr1. Thus the
"buffer area" would oomprisc within it3 boundaries all tlio ele-
mentary protection zones defined from the viewpoint of various
harmful effects upon tlie area under protection and the forms of
uae and activities within this area would be dictated by the
guidelines laid down for particular zones /fig.7-4/.
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OP Til 13 PROPOSED APPROACH TO THE TATRA
NATIONAL PAJUC1^
Quite recently tbo Research Institute on Environmental De-
velopment in Cracow was commissioned the project loading towards
the introduction a formal end locally binding "buffer zone" for
the Tatrr, National Park. Thereby, an extremely convenient oppor-
tunity v.ts created for to3t.inc this approach in practice.
Th" first phase of this testiri;;, was completed in 1977. .'.o
the result t.ho flow diagram and the stcp-bystep process were nre-
p.-'red to inilioate the way in which \,iio buffer zone can be den-
ii"and flow its the principles oj land unr can bo properly nata-
bJifchcd. T!»r> second phase loading t^w^rdn the practical imple-
1 r»8
-------
mentation of this zone is actually carried out at the Institute
/to be completed by the middle of 1070/. This paper concentrates
on the general approach and the results of the first phase.
Certainly the basic reason for creating buffer zone for the
Tatra National Park was the protection of the natural environment
of the Tot.ra mountains. The natural environment of the Tntros -
like any other - constitutes a biocenotic whole within a tremen-
dous number and diversity of interrelations various elements and
characteristics can be distjngished.
Thus, to protect effectively the natural environment of the Tatra
mountains ra a whole it is necessary to protect each of the basio
elements or specific characteristics of thi3 environment since
rny dlstlrbonce affecting one of such components may trigger
d choin reaction in the others.
'Jceh element, and each characteristic feature of a natural
environment not only represents diffc»*crt qualitative and qucnti-
trtivo values, but also - and this' is of particular importance
when considering the quostion of a buffer ssone it is characteri-
sed by a riiffnrent range of qualitative and spatial relatione
with the environment. In order to determine these relations nU-
iii_n t.he orea of the Parle i.t, rra necess?.ry to define the basic
niemerts and features of its natural environment. '3asic elements
t-hnt distinguished are: the gcomorphology of the area, water,
climate, noils, flora and faun? mid basic features such as: landa-
c-'oc, silence and tourist capacity of the natural environment-.
Individual specialised stndirp 'vc*-r> then undertaken to dis-
cover t.he interrelations bet.reen these elements and features '>nd
tti" p,?ric% s surroundings go that the existing and potential tlirr*-
159
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ats or negative impact could bo identified. The studies dealt
both with the natural environment of the area surrouning the
Park arid with the forms of different activities within this
area. Investigations included also an attempt at the predic-
tion of probabilities trying to determine which forms and
tranoformations in the area surrounding the Park may oceur in
the future and may have a negative inipaot on the Tat.ra*s na-
tural environment, A 11st of negative influences o? the envi-
ronment was compiled for each of the elements and features
involved. This list was then used as a basis for formulating
the preliminary criteria for demarcating the protection zono
fpy a riven element or cbaract, prist:)c feature of the Park* s
natural environment as well as for laying down tlie guideline
concerning tlie principles of the land use.
According to the expectations it was been found out that
the zones in most cases consist of various overlaping layers,
determined by different criteria. At the same time it was also
proved that tlie criteria for delineating particular zones arc
in many cases identical. In view of their complex structure
It was not.possible to identify these zones with the elementary
protection zones constituting the buffer area. Thus n sort of
synthesis became necessary.
In order to distinguish this stage of investigations from
the final stage the term "analytical protection zones" was in-
troduced to denote pretention zonen for a given component or
r. eh.-v.-M.'tnnstio feature. Thus the t.ransistory and subordinated
function of these zones in relation to the elementary zones was.
fMiiphasiard#
160
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The possibility of full conformity between the criteria
used for demarcating different analytical protection zones
can bo examplified by the protection zones for the soils and
for the flora /fig.7-5/. Demarcation lines and forms of use
within their area are determined by seven identical criteria.
There is also a considerable decree of conformity between
tiiese zones and the protection zone for the Tatras wildlife
which 1 s determined by five identioal criteria rjul only two
different ones. Thus the same criteria may bo used to marlc out
different analytical zones. The problem of air pollution,for
instance, occurs in five different analytical zones /fifi,7-G/,
/part from such slmilaritien and conformities basic dif-
ferences were also connonly found and individual criteria
were used in many oases. A simple example is provided by the
nanlytieal zone for the protection of natural silence of the
Parte. The criterion for the delineation of this zone was the
ran^o from which one sounds emitted would not exceed, at the
Pane boundaries, the decibel level acceptable for the Parleys
natural environment /Ii^.7-7/. Another example can be provi-
ded by the analytical zones fur tne proteotion of the lands-
cape values whicn should embrace areas uonsidered from the
viewpoint both of protecting the sity-iine of the Tatras as
seen from the surrounding arc	the view from the Tatras
upon this surrounding as well /fig.'<-7/II/.
In the course of furiher studies, the ^thesis of the
criteria usod for demarcating the analytical zones and for de-
termining tlieir land use nrmciplcs ultimately led co tiie i'or-
muU-Uqu of such criteria and principles for eleven elementary
161
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protection zones formulated with regard to the basio interre-
lations between the Tatra National Park and its surroundings
interrelations which already have, or may have in the future
a negative impact on the natural environment of the Park. Thus
the definition of analytical protection zones constituted au
intermediate and auxiliary stage and their function ended with
this synthesis. Further research concentrated on the definition
of elementary protection zones.
The following examples of these zones can be presented!
-	elementary protection zone of the gcutie migration, com-
prising the areas to which the animals inhabiting the
Tatras temporarily migrate
elementary zone for the protection of ciccui air, coin-
prising the areps from which polluted air may penetra-
te the boundaries of the Parts,
-	elementary protection zone against inversion, encom-
passing the area within Vihich inversions occur,
elementary protection zones to protect the natural silpn-
ee of the Parte, comprising the areas from wlnoh sounds
emitted from the souroes of noise connected with human
activities would not exceed the acceptable decibel le-
vel by the time they reach the Park boundaries.
In some exceptional cases Uie elementary protection zone
may be identical with the analytical zone, it for instance henpe-
nod in c-''se of the previously mentioned protection zone designed
to protect the silence within the Park. However, such correspon-
dence beLiveen the pnalytioc.l ond the elementary zones occurs
only when single criteria nro applied to delineate the analyti-
162
-------
cal zones. When several criteria are used to determine an ana-
lytical Tione the protection of a ^iven element requires seve-
ral elementary protection zonea,
Kncli of the elementary protection zones serves to protect
a particular element or some characteristic feature of the
Park's natural environment /fig.7-8/. At the same time, however
it has rn equally important function in relation to the natu-
ral environment of the Parle treated as a biocenotic whole.
In the second phase of the studies connected with the buf-
fer area of the Tatra National Park the physical, boundaries of
the elementary protection zones and hence of the Pa*-lc% buffer
?rea will be demarcated aud conclusions will be drav/n concerning
the proper development and forma oj.' use within different part3
of the buffer area. The demarcation of physical boundaries of
t.ije elementary zones will be preceded by a series of investiga-
tions .
'rpnerally speaking, the preliminary studies concerning the
buffer urea of the Tatra National Par it confirmed the validity
of the approach to this problem suggested originally. However,
m research serious difficulties are expected in the second phase,
iluc to the lack of some types of specialized studies. Such dif-
ficulties were already encountered at, the stage of determining
the interrelations between t.hn Par'c and its surroundings and
tlio nep-tive impact of the surrnuudlngs upon the P~ric*g natural
envj I'o'ment.
..1 luon^li numerous studies bobh of the Pork and of its nuv-
voumlln."g exist, they were usually conducted from the viewpoint
103
-------
nf one ilisoipline and thus confined to a particular part or
i.\ problem of the area. There is a mar Iced laclc- of interdisci-
plinary studies concerning the area as a whole. And such stu-
dies are absolutely necessary for dealing nitli the question
of protection zones. To fill this gap, therefore, in many
cases certain hypotheses and probabilities had to bo formula-
ted. 1 fence it may be expected that with the general develop-
ment of knowledge some criteria or corresponding land use
principles for the buffer zone accepted today will hove to be
verified in the future.
It seems north noting that the suggoated type of approach
to the question of buffer areas - can be applied not only with
regcrd to the protection of the natural environment in natio-
nol par'eg, nature reserves, natural monuments, or rater reser-
voirs, but also with regard to otbor protected objects as,
for instance buildings of historic or architectural values in
relation to which it i3 also noscible to determine negative
influences and define the range of olemontary protection Tinnog,
.WENITTUN OP PRO TIE Tiny 7,0m^ " Til] process
'Jn the basis of the theoretical principles of the approach
presented so far which were verified and further developed in
the studies on the buffer area of the Tatra National Parle, Uic
following "model" process lot (Hii>irreai,ing buffer areas and for
laying down guidelines concerning forni3 of use and activiM.es
"Ithiji this area can be suggested:
fJtep 1 - identification of particular elements and characteris-
ing
-------
tic features of the given area /or objeot/ under pro-
tection,
Step 2 - irlentifioation of the interrelations between these
elements and features of the surrounding area as well
as determination of the negative impact of this area
existing and future,
Step 3 - preliminary formulation of the criteria for demarca-
ting and defining the principles of land use within
analytical protection zones - i.e. protection zones
of particular elements and features of .the given pro-
tected area /or object/,
Step 4 - a synthesis of tho criteria for demarcation of analy-
tical zones and for definition of their principles of
land use - formulated for elementary protection zones,
Step 5 - demarcation of elementary protection zones for the pro-
tected area /or object/ and definition of the princi-
ples of land use within their boundaries,
Step 6 - delineation of the buffer area surrounding the area
/or object/ protected and consisting of elementary
protection zones,
Step 7 - formulation of guidelines or principles concerning
different forms of use and activities within the boun-
daries of the buffer proa end introduction of these
principles into an appropriate development plan.
The guidelines and principles formulated in tho last step
would usunlly concern a wide range of uses and aotivitie9 often
being of rreat importance for the area involved. By incorpora-
J.65
-------
ting these principles Into development plEUiB /which are subject
to formal approval/ their legal status oau be attained and thus
their proper implementation safeguarded. Accordingly the buffer
zone can fulfil its role in relation to the protected area, in
the most effective way.
A graphic presentation of the proposed approach is shown
in the enclosed flow-diagram /fig.7-9/.
DIRECTIONS OF FURTH1311 RESEARCH
To open up wider possibilities for the implementation of
the poposed approaoh to the problem of buffer zones a properly
organized research is needed aimed both towards an extension of
the existing range of investgations and towards exploration of
new fields of knowledge.
First of all, the theoretical basis should be expanded. In
this field it is of prime importance that a comprehensive check-
list of negative interrelations which exist within the natural
environment, is prepared. This list should be based on:
- identification of the elements and characteristic fea-
tures'for major types of the protected areas /or objects/,
identification of the elements and characteristic fea-
tures of the natural environment together with the most
common forms of use and activities which could occur
In the surroundings of the protected arens /or objects/.
,cJuch a basis should allow to establish the various kinds
of vie most likely negative influence ol ihe surroundings on a
given protected area /or object,/ or where and which kinds od such
166
-------
an influence can be expected. The proposed list could then
constitue a sort of a practical guiuc lor identification or
oontrol of possible negative influences which may affect the
protected area /or ouject/ involved, 'llie chacu.-lis •, would
also help to set up most 1 elevent research programmes for
oases to be examined.
Undoubtedly tiie list would have to be constantly up uu-
tud by taking into consideration the development ol' knowledgo
anu results of new investigations. It seems that tlic list,
coulu tu've a wider epplication end its usefulness would not
be restricted only to specialists concerneu with studies on
buffer ciicas aa it could also-ue used-in all kinds of planning
decisions - concerning location of new development and/or site
selection.
Another essential research stream should concern the de-
velopment of forecasting in relation to problems of microclima-
te p.1 r pollution, or changes in water relations.
Uf particular importance in .this field seem to be stuuies con-
cerning!
diverse diffusion models of air pollution in the atmos-
phere ,
— ranges of microclimatic changes due to the land inc
changps and i.heii* oonsorjuences,
changes in water relations due to 3peciXic economic
activities, development processes etc.,
the effects uf changes in water relations on other com-
ponents of the natural and man-made environment.
107
-------
Apart from studies of theoretical cliaraoter it is also
necessary to develop further specific field investigations
concerned with particular areas of interest. In this case an
i
acceleration of the development of environmental monitoring
seems to be of crucial importance.
Summing up these considerations it seems worth pointing
out that the approaoh to the definition and introduction of
buffer zones of protected areas /or objects/ pre-
sented here is of a d y n a ui i o cliaraoter conversly to
the still commonly applied static approach. The dynamio charac-
ter is explict in the presented approach in which protection
does not rely solely on the treatment of the exis-
ting or ernering environmental defects, defioiencien or even
disasters but relies primarily on prevention. This
preventive nature is a marked feature of the approach - it is
comprised to great extent in the process of identifying expected
or possible threats to the proteoted areas /or objects/ and,
above all, in the implementation of protection through economic
pikI physical development plans providing the main basis for
steering ond control of human activities on the areas concerned.
It should be also emphasized t.hat the boundnries of buf-
fer zonjs ond their land use principles cannot*be of an absolute
character and must be continually verified and accommodated to
the ever changing reality.
The development of knowledge os well as continuous input
from the monitoring of interrelations between protected a?'or>n
-¦iid their surroundings would ^lso imply the needs for neriodi-
1G8
-------
cal changes of oriteria and methods of environmental protec-
tion and management. Therefore, it seems necessary to linlc
closely further research on buffer zones, their introduction
and verification with economic and physical planning system
in such a way that a fresh input be always provided at the be-
ginning of a new phase in a cyolioal planning proooss •
-------
Fa g• : DTRUCTIOIIU OP Iliia-UiiWCr. JN Tllli1 LIKLA'J'ION IriHiO'E'i*"' "i1 ¦¦ J5
OBJECT - U liliotJI rj/xXiTr''.
I. ne^ativo iiapacb of noxious develojvicnb on s/ih -
rounding. II. negative impact of "nurrounUiwy;
on protected area.
-------
inumini
I!
iliiiiiiini
n
i	
in
iiiiwiiiifl !
IV
! I..

: PHYSICAL oTRUCLHiW.!', Of KLi&uiNTARI i'liumJTLON '(* 1 ' •
TILijOiij:JTJUAJ. JiJ.'CAIiFJdifcj.
1. protected ai' /or object/ 2. o.lononl;.- • mm
taction cones.
of cojilinuon,'! r; true burc , tijicn 'ipaij:; i uy,
area, a
pro tee L-•"<_! area /or ol>,iv;f/. IV. L-oJie ol' oomp'- -
a true hup' , . neoi'ijv:, :in;'; hovov-i |. ai'o.'i.;, r L l.u.a, <( i'ur
-------
A
A,c!
A.&
!A,&
: C.
'-.C I c
.A"„a",c -z
L-'if,..J'- : OVlifiL/ii'PIIi'J 0]-' JiJji/'i'.vri'ARr PROTECTION loOi-lW.j.
'I. cJ onion bo ry in'oteot i.011 zones, d, pi.'imi Li: I <¦"; ->i'
J.iind uon resulting from principles a'^'oplo^. j i"- i
ticuLnr yunoa.
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A.a.c.o.a -z.
F: TIIISOiU'iTICAL i/OO.Jj OF !\ JlUFFL'H ATILIA IT»I WVi; U,
TARr PRO'L.OTlOa
1. clc men Lerj' pro fcvot j on zones, 2. pcJncxplcr ¦>!"
land ut;<3 rc3ull; ins i'rom principles acccpbcd fd i> r~
ticular ¦".onca. j3. imft'er aroa boii'dri-Ci^:.;.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baranowska-Janota II. "Zarys netody rcyznaczania Icraiicowych
progon rozwojowycb z punktu widzeuia oclirony srodowislco
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rystyki. /Outline method of defining ultimate environmen-
tal thresholds for development of tourism/," TIassynopis
IKJ-S 0/lCralcon 1976.
Baranowska-Janota II. "Zarys mo tody wyznr.czanio, krcneowych
przest.rzonnych progdw przyrodniezych dla roswoju funlccji
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Bartlcowski T. "Niektore zasadnieze konccpcje teorii ocliro-
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I pdlr. No 1, 1906.
Bartkowski T. "Ocena tsn. przyrodniczego srodowiska geo-
graficznego pn.-zach. rubiczy woj . poznanskiego dla potrzeb
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Zaohodniq,. /An evaluation - for regional planning - of so
- called natural geographical environment of nort - nest
Poznaii Province/", TTPN t,13, Poznaii 1967,
Bartkowski T. "0 uetodyco oceny srodoniska geogrnficznego.
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Frr/;cglq,d Geograficzny t.72.
fJo^dnnov.Bki J. 1 in. "Krajohrrr.z Polslci. Ochrona i ksztaltn-
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i ^rch'1 tcktury t.7, 1973.
370
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY/continued/
8.	Ciborowski A, "r.Ilejsce ksztaltowonia i oclirony srodowle-
Icn w polltyce rozrcoju spolecano-gospodarczego kraju,
/The place of environmental development and conservation
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9.	lCarwicker J. "The Future of Planning An exploatlon using
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ITaukowe UJ No 379, Krakow 1974.
11.	Jones Ch. "Design Methods, scerl3 of Hunan Fu.turcs Wiley
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12.	Kaozow3ki L., Kotarba A., Sroka J. "Charaktcrystyka ivspol-
czcsnyeli procesdw geonorphologicznych w Tatrzariskim Parku
Narodowynu Plan zagospodnrowaniu przestrzennego Tatrsan-
ski.cgo Tartcu Narodowcgo. /Coutenporary geoiiiorphological
processes In the Tat,re. National Park/", liaszynopis IK§
O/Krakdw 1976.
13.	Kszo'.vskl L0,Sroka J. "Prncglq,d hadaii geonorfologicznych
w Tntrzaiisktm Parku Nnrodowyn, iv: Plan zagospodarouanin
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£,ooi'iovpl)ologico.l research in the Taira Nut1 onal Park/".
Iinssynopis IKo 0/Kro.kdv; 197G,
\-l. Koctvowicki A.S. "Saatosowanie uctocl geobotnnicznych v o-
ccnio praydatno^cl tcrcr.u dla potrzeb rekrcacjl i uypo-
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Przogl^d Goograficzny fc.42,	1970.
15. Mog Orowlcki A.C. "^astosowpnle bc,da;i gcobotanlcznych \i pln-
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17. Tru-Jpiis'ci .T, "'^nvivoni'iontal Couponcntc and a I'othod of tlioir
integration into Socio-^oonoiiiic and Physical Planning".
-------
fill BLIOGRAPHY/c ontinued/
JJaszynopis. UN3P, Nairobi, 1977.
18. I'ozlowski J."Kraneo\vc progi rozwojowc w ksztaltowaniu
przestrzennynt Podtatrza. /Ultimate development threshold
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of thresholds analysis/". Studia Komitetu Przcstrzennogo
Zagoopodarowanla Kraju PAN t.34. \7-wn 1971.
20.	I.Jar3z A. "Metoda obliezania pojcnmosci rekrcacyjnych ns-
rodlcow wypoczynlcowych na Ni&u# /Mothod of calculating re-
creational oapacity of leisure centres in the lowland/".
Pracc Komitetu Geologlcznego PTPN t,12, No2,3, 1972.
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tylc? wzdluz suLaliow i drog oras kwalifikacja przeatrzenna
znloaczeii u: Zachonan'ic ivalormf'prsyrodniczych TPN jalco
podctawa do okrcslania jego pojer.inosci turystyoznej •
/Destruction of vcgotatlon by tourium along trails and
roads and spatial qua lificcition of destruction in Preser-
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its touristic capacity./". Saklad Ochrony Przyrody PAN
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22.	i.iyczlcowski S, i in. 'alorysacja lasow i k030drzcniny ivraz
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mountain pine brushwood and rules of their protection In
tlie Tit I in: Tlie Tat.ia National Park Physical Plan Research
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2\,mia Ziem Gorskich IViN ;Io 2, 1HG7.
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pryyrodniczego,/ Capacity in the light of scansonal chan-
go«< of the natural environment/", Przegl.Gongr. t.48,z.D,
l'JVG.	172
-------
Bibliography/ c ont inued/
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dowiska. /Architectural - landscape methods and manage-
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ronment/". Maszynopis. Krakow 11(5. 1974.
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ziclonej w TFN. /Selected aspects of vegotation In the
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bou srodkow przcciwdzialajrecych ich nogatyvmym skutkom
z uwzglednieniem potrzebnych rekultyrcacji w rozbiciu na
• ojewodztv.a. /A comprehensive voivodship programme for
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mise their negative influence also by recultivation./."
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nego oli3zardw, miejscowosci, obiektdw, szlakow. /Standars
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and norns for the tourisi.ic use of areas, localities,
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jblBLIOGRAPHI/ cont inued/
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szczebloch planowania funkeji. tury3tyki. /Analysis and
evalurtion selected foreign nct.hods for evaluation of
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+,11cir potential application to various levels of plan-
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tic capacity of landscape pvotectcd areas/". Sprawo^da-
n i a P;vN I-VI. Krakow 1007 .
174
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1^T908/)$-8l-004A
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Method of Allowing to Identify Ultimate Development
Thresholds from the View Point of the Protection of the
Natural Environment
5 REPORT DATE
Issued October 1981
6 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7 AUTHOR(S) .
Maria Baranowska-Janota & Jerzy Kozlowski
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Institute on Environmental Development
Cracow Branch
Cracow, Poland
10 PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11 CONTRACT/GRANT NO
JB-5-532-20
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOO COVERED
Final
14 SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16 ABSTRACT
The report describes the adaptation of threshold analysis to environmental planning,
with particular emphasis on planning.to reduce the._impacts of recreation use on park
lands. The technique seeks to define "ultimate environmental thresholds" or stress
limits beyond which an ecosystem would not be capable of returning to its original
conditions and balance. These limits are defined in terms of an ecosystem's "unique-
ness," "transformation" (a term describing ecosystem disturbance) & "resistance" (a
term describing ecosystem stability). Through the synthesis of these factors in the
threshold analysis technique, the nature of recreation activities can be-permitted in
a given area can be defined, along with limits on the level or intensity and timing of
activity that can be sustained without damage to the ecosystem. The report describes
the application of this technique in development of a Physical Plan for the Tatra Nat-
ional Park, a major Polish N.P. located in the Carpathian Mountains in Southern Poland.
17i KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a DESCRIPTORS
b IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Planning
Environmental Analysis
0501 0606
18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19 SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
unclassified
21 NO OF PAGES
?in
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
unclassified
22 PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) previous edi TION 13 OBSOLETE
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