OPEN FUGITIVE
PM10 SOURCES AND CONTROLS
Sacramento, CA

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OPEN FUGITIVE DUST -

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Arranged By: EPA-OAQPS
Contract Presenter:
Chatten Cowherd, Jr.
Midwest Research Institute
Kansas City, MO

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PURPOSE
To provide regulatory personnel with
sufficient information to develop control
plans for open dust sources of PM10

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OPEN FUGITIVE DUST
PM10 WORKBOOK
Table of Contents
Section		Title	
1	Source and Emission Characterization
2	Basic Control Strategies
3	Control Performance Characterization
and Regulatory Options
4	Paved Roads
5	Unpaved Roads
6	Storage Piles
7	Construction/Demolition Activities

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SOURCE AND EMISSION

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FUGITIVE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
PROCESS SOURCES
Associated with industrial operations that alter
the chemical or physical characteristics of a
feed material.
OPEN DUST SOURCES
Entail generation of solid particles by the
forces of wind or machinery acting on exposed

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GENERIC CATEGORIES OF
OPEN DUST SOURCES
1.	Unpaved Travel Surfaces
*	Roads
*	Parking lots and staging areas
*	Storage piles
2.	Paved Travel Surfaces
*	Streets and highways
*	Parking lots and staging areas
3.	Exposed Areas (wind erosion)
*	Storage Piles
*	Bare ground areas
4.	Materials Handling
¦ Batch drop (dumping)
*	Continuous drop (conveyor transfer,
stacking)
*	Pushing (dozing, grading, scraping)

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PM10 SOURCE CONTRIBUTIONS
FOR DENVER
•	PM10 is approximately 50% of TSP
•	Fugitive dust sources contribute
approximately 60% of PM10

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CALCULATION OF EMISSION
RATE
R = M e (1 - c)
where:
R = estimated mass emission rate
M = source extent
e = uncontrolled emission factor, i.e.,
mass of uncontrolled emissions per
unit of source extent

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AP-42 EMISSION FACTORS
*	Single-valued means

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CORRECTION PARAMETERS
FOR PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS
Measures of source activity
Properties of disturbed material

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EMISSION FACTOR DEVELOPMENT
Log Transformation
Regression Analysis
Cross Validation

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PM10 EMISSION FACTOR FOR
URBAN PAVED ROADS
e = 2.28 (sL/O.5)08 (g/VKT)
(2-1)
e = 0.0081 (sL/O.7)08 (Ib/VMT)
where:
e = PM10 emission factor, in units shown above
s = surface silt content, fraction of material
smaller than 75 ^m in diameter
L = total surface dust loading, g/m2
(grains/ft2)
VKT = vehicle kilometers traveled

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DUST PRODUCING MATERIALS
' Bare ground/soil
*	Road and parking lot aggregate
- Storage piles
*	Anti-skid material
° Tracking

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SOURCE PRIORITIZATION
FACTOR
Uncontrolled Emission Rate

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TECHNICAL GUIDANCE
DOCUMENT
Technical
Control techniques
Procedures for estimating effectiveness
Estimated effectiveness
Procedures for estimating cost and cost-
effectiveness
Regulatory
Alternative regulatory formats

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FUGITIVE EMISSIONS CONTROL
STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
•	Identify/classify fugitive emission sources
•	Prepare emissions inventory
' Identify control alternatives
Estimate control efficiencies

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SOURCE CATEGORIES
Paved Roadways (VMT)
-	Public
-	Industrial
Unpaved Roadways (VMT)
-	Public
-	Industrial
Storage Piles (disturbed area; quantitity
transferred)
Construction/Demolitoin Activities (floor area)
Open Area Wind Erosion (exposed area)

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PREVENTION
Confinement of dust producing material.
MITIGATION

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CONTROL TECHNIQUES
1. Stabilization of Unpaved Travel Surfaces
•	Wet suppression
•	Chemical stabilization
•	Physical stabilization
•	Paving
2. Improvement of Paved Travel Surfaces
*	Surface cleaning
*	Resurfacing
*	Reduction of track-on
3. Stabilization of Piles/Exposed Areas
*	Wet suppression
*	Chemical stabilization

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CONTROL TECHNIQUES
(Continued)
4. Enclosure of Piles/Exposed Areas or
Materials Handling
*	Passive enclosures (including wind
fences)
*	Active enclosures

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EXAMPLE FIELD DATA FOR
CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF
UNPAVED ROADS
Reapplication of OW8 (0.6 gal. sol./yd2)
100
Rating
Oil
Well
Brine Coherex
Fiamblnder
& Arcote
220
Application Intensity (gal. sol./yd2)
Dilution Ratio (gal. chem.:gal. H2O)
Avg. Veh. Weight (tons)
Avg. No. of Wheels
3.8
0
6
24
12
18
30
36

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CONTROL TECHNIQUES
Preventive Measures
Passive enclosures
Wet suppression
Stabilization of unpaved surfaces
Work practices (reduce the uncontrolled
emission factor)
Mitigative Measures
Periodic removal of exposed dust producing
material

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CONTROL STRATEGIES BASED ON
AP-42 EMISSSON FACTOR
EQUATIONS
Source category
Paved roads
Unpaved Roads
Control strategies
Reduce source extent
(traffic voiume)
Reduce silt loading
Reduce source extent
(traffic volume)
Change traffic char-
acteristics (vehicle
speed, weight, wheels)
Reduce silt content

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CONTROL STRATEGIES BASED ON
AP-42 EMISSION FACTOR
EQUATIONS
(Continued)
Source category Control strategies
Materials transfer
operations
Reduce source extent
(mass transferred)
Reduce wind speed
Increase moisture content
Wind erosion-
storage piles
and open
areas
Reduce source extent
(exposed surface area)
Reduce frequency of dis-
turbance
Reduce disturbed area
Reduce wind speed
Increase moisture content
Increase threshold friction

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CONTROL PERFORMANCE
CHARACTERIZATION AND

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OPEN DUST
CONTROL EFFICIENCY
©u " ©C
Control (%) = ——— x 100%
e.
'U
where:
eu = uncontrolled emission factor

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OPEN DUST CONTROLS
* CONTINUOUS - control functions at an essential-
ly constant level of efficiency over time [ec(t)^:
constant] (examples - enclosures on water
sprays for material handling operations, wind
fences, permanent improvement of travel
surfaces)
° CYCLIC - control requires reapplications to
maintain an acceptable level of efficiency;
effectiveness decreases over time [ec(t) an
increasing function of time] (examples - water
on chemical dust suppressants applied to

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"RESIDUAL" EFFECTS
OF CYCLIC OPEN
DUST CONTROLS
Later applications tend to have higher
efficiencies (major exception
watering of unpaved roads).
Because of the above, less intense
control applications with greater time
intervals between applications may be

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TYPICAL CONTROL EFFICIENCY
DECAY PATTERN
Control Applications

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CHEMICAL DUST SUPPRESSANT
CONTROL EFFICIENCY MODEL
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

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CYCLIC CONTROL
TERMINOLOGY
INSTANTANEOUS CONTROL EFFICIENCY (ICE)
Efficiency based on controlled emissions at time
'1" after application
eu - ec(t)
ICE (%) 		x 100%
eu
AVERAGE CONTROL EFFICIENCY (ACE)
Efficiency based on time history of ICE
NOTE: Both ICE and ACE are functions of time

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OVERVIEW OF
REGULATORY
OPTIONS
FRAMEWORK
Permit System for Industrial Sources
Use of building permits to control construction/
demolition dust and carryout to public roads
Joint Memoranda of Understanding with munici-
palities for public roads
Enforcement (e.g., traffic tickets) of current laws
against uncovered trucks, illegal stopping on

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POSSIBLE EXEMPTIONS
Meteorology
*	When rainfall is sufficient to act as 80% +
control
*	Under calm wind conditions
*	In winter when source material is
agglomerated/compacted by freezing
Special Sources
*	Application of salt/sand to highways
*	Agricultural operations
*	Roads with <100 vehicles/day (weight <3

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POSSIBLE EXEMPTIONS
(Continued)
General
*	Where duration of operation is 
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REGULATORY FORMATS
•	Reasonable precautions to minimize emissions
•	No visible emissions beyond the property line
•	No visible emission exceeding x% opacity
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COMPLIANCE TOOLS
Recordkeeping
Spot Inspections
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Field Audits
Record review
-	Silt content
-	Moisture content
-	Threshoid friction
velocity
-	Source activity
-	Control programs
POSSIBLE REGULATORY
OPTIONS
~
Emission
Measurement
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PAVED ROADS
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PAVED ROADS
PM10 emissions characterized by "SILT LOADING,"
which is the mass of material < 200 mesh (74 /xmP)
per unit area of travel lanes.
Measured silt loadings ranged over 4 orders of
magnitude.
Emissions also depend, to a lesser extent, on weight
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fl)
(0
o
(/)
O)
o
o
(0
LL
c
o
'
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SOURCES OF LOADINGS
ON PAVED ROADS
Sanding/salting
Spills from haul trucks
Carryout from unpaved areas
Entrainment from unpaved adjacent areas
Erosion from storm water
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PM10 EMISSION FACTOR FOR
URBAN PAVED ROADS
e = 2.28 (sL/0.5)08 (g/VKT)
(2-1)
e = 0.0081 (sL/0.7)08 (Ib/VMT)
where:
e = PM10 emission factor, in units shown above
s = surface silt content, fraction of material
smaller than 75 in diameter
L = total surface dust loading, g/m2
(grains/ft2)
VKT = vehicle kilometers traveled
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sL = 21.3/v041
where: sL = surface silt loading
(g/rn2)
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PM10 EMISSION FACTOR
FOR INDUSTRIAL PAVED
ROADS
e = 220 (sL/12)03 (g/VKT) (2-3)
e = 0.77 (sL/O.35)03 (Ib/VMT) (2-3)
where:
e = PM10 emission factor, in units shown above
s = surface silt content, fraction of material
smaller than 75 /xm in diameter
L = total surface dust loading, g/m2 (oz/yd2)
VKT = vehicle kilometers traveled
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PM10 EMISSION FACTOR
FOR HEAVILY LOADED
INDUSTRIAL PAVED ROADS
e = 93 (g/VKT)	(2-4)
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USE OF PAVED ROAD
EMISSION FACTOR MODELS
10 --
5 --
Industrial Paved
Road Single-Valued
Factors
Industrial Paved
Road Equation
Urban Paved Eqn.
2	4	6	8
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CONTROL OF PAVED
ROAD EMISSIONS
Control programs either prevent material from being
deposited onto travel surface or remove that which
has been deposited.
EXAMPLE CONTROLS
PREVENTIVE	MITIGAT1VE
Curbing
Improved snow/
ice traction
materials
Truck cover
requirements
Vacuum sweeping
Water flushing
Rapid clean-up of
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10
4cti
on
lev©/
(Fact
°r of
3)
Ration
&2)
-j
cc
s
0.1
st

.At
Note: At higher	- ^
traffic levels cleaning
—Ties Impractical
-«»tv concerns.
becomes »• r aleW
because
100
.000
1,000
100


lOlA3^
10,000
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UN PAVED ROADS
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UNPAVED ROADS
Historically, unpaved travel surfaces have accounted
for the greatest portion of open dust emissions in
industrial settings.
During 1970's, ~70% of non-process TSP
emissions in iron and steel industry attributed
to unpaved travel.
Numerous field programs during early 1980's to
evaluate control techniques.
Numerous reasons for leaving roads unpaved
-	length/traffic volume
-	heavy industrial vehicles
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AP-42 UNPAVED ROAD PM10
EMISSION FACTOR EQUATION
_ .. 0.7 0.5	.
E = 0.61 (-£) (J.) (—) (-) (365~P) (k /VKT)
12 48 2 J 4	365 ^Kg/VMJ
c u 0*7 0.5 , - .
F - ? 1 f ^ f ^ ^	(365—p)
E - Z.l (—) (—)	[-)	(-) 	 nb/VMT^
12 30 3	4	365
where: E = PMl0 emission factor in units stated
s = silt content of road surface material, percent
S = mean vehicle speed, km/h (mil/h)
W = mean vehicle weight, Mg (ton)
w = mean number of wheels (dimensionless)
p = number of days with >0.254 mm (0.01 in.) of precipitation
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i

ISO
if
Mm io
)
n
i

\
.
\
O SO 100 200 100 400 MO
100 400
* ' '
FIGURE 3-1. MEAN ANNUAL NUMBER OF
DAYS WITH AT LEAST
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TABLE 3-2.
CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR
UNPAVED SURFACES3
Source extent reduction:
Speed reduction

Traffic reduction
Source improvement:
Pavi ng

Gravel surface
Surface treatment:
Watering

Chemical stabilization

- Asphalt emulsions

- Petroleum resins

- Acrylic cements

- Other
aTable entries reflect EPA draft guidance on urban fugitive
dust control.
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SURFACE TREATMENTS
Wet Suppression
Watering
Salts and other hygroscopic materials
Chemical Stabilization
Petroleum resins
Asphalt emulsions
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EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR
WATERING AS A CONTROL
TECHNIQUE
C = 100 - 0.8 p d t	(3-2)
¦
I
where:
C = average control efficiency (percent)
p = potential average hourly daytime evaporation rate
(mm/hr)
d = average hourly daytime traffic rate (hr1)
i = application intensity (L/m2)
t = time between applications (hr)
p = 0.0049 mm/hr (value in Figure 3-2)
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100
80
>.
o
c
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CHEMICAL STABILIZATION
Key Application Parameters
APPLICATION FREQUENCY
APPLICATION INTENSITY
DILUTION RATIO
These three parameters may be com-
bined into a single measure of the
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GROUND INVENTORY
Ground inventory is a measure of
residual effects of earlier applications,
and is found by adding together total
volume per unit area of concentrate
(not solution) since start of dust
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EXAMPLE
Ground
Intensity Dilution Inventory
(gal/yd2) Ratio (gal/yd2)
May 1	0.25 1 part:	0.042
5 parts
water
June 1	11	"	0.083
July 1	"	"	0.12
August 1	"	"	0.17
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Chemical Dust Suppressant
Control Efficiency Model
100
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
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NOTES ON FIGURE 3-4
No credit for G.I. < 0.05 gal/yd2
3 averaging periods shown represent common
practice in iron and steel industry
Methodology based on model for petroleum
resins: Figure itself represents an average for
commercially available petroleum resin
"generic" petroleum resin
acrylic cement
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CHEMICAL DUST SUPPRESSANT
CONTROL EFFICIENCY MODEL
100
as
U Z
¦- 0)
rr. a.
75
o
E
H
O k.
t- 0)
SO
0.05 ^3 0.1 o-a 0.15 °,n 0.2a22 0.25
0.3
0
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Average
PM10
Ground Control
Averaging Inventory Efficiency
Period	(gal/yd2)	%
May	0.042	0
June	0.083	68
July	0.12	75
August	0.17	82
September 0.21	88
Average control, May through
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STORAGE PILES
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PREDICTIVE EMISSION FACTOR EQUATION
MM1-3
k2.2'
E = k(0.0016) "" (kg/Mg)
(-f)
(—53
E = k(0.0032) —		(lb/ton)
(+r
Where:
E = emission factor
M -1-4
2
k = particle size multiplier (dimensionless)
U = mean wind speed, m/s (mph)
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Aerodynamic Particle Size Multiplier (k)
< 50}im < 30}im < 15}im < 10fim < 5|im < 2.5|im
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COMPLICATING FACTORS FOR
WIND EROSION
Limited availability of erodible material
Dominance of short-term wind gusts
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LOGARITHMIC WIND VELOCITY PROFILE
u(z) = o ln I	(1> zo)
0
where u = wind speed, cm/sec
u* = friction velocity, cm/sec
z = height above test surface, cm
z = roughness height, cm
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LOGARITHMIC WIND VELOCITY PROFILE
o.os
tV/rvo Speed at 2
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PREDICTIVE EMISSION FACTOR
N
Emission factor = k ^	g/m2-yr
i = 1
where k = particle size multiplier
N = number of disturbances per year
P. = erosion potential corresponding to the observed
(or probable) fastest mile of wind for the ith
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AERODYNAMIC PARTICLE SIZE
MULTIPLIERS
< 30 Mm < 15 pm < 10 pm <2.5 |jm
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EROSION POTENTIAL FUNCTION
P = 58 (u* - ut*)2 + 25 (u* - ut*) g/m2
P = 0 for u* S ut*
where u* = friction velocity (m/s)
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TABLE 4-3. THRESHOLD FRICTION
VELOCITIES-
-INDUSTRIAL AGGREGATES


Threshold
friction
Roughness
Threshold wind
velocity at
10 m (m/s)

Material
velocity,
m/s
height,
cm
ac?ual
0?5 cm
Ref.
Overburdena
1.02
0.3
21
19
7
Scoria (roadbed
material)
1.33
0.3
27
25
7
Ground coald
(surrounding coal
pile)
0.55
0.01
16
10
7
Uncrusted coal pi 1ea
1.12
0.3
23
21
7
Scraper tracks on
coal pilea*
0.62
0<>06
15
12
7
Fine coal dust on
concrete padc
0.54
0.2
11
10
12
^Western surface coal mine.
Lightly crusted.
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CONTOURS OF NORMALIZED SURFACE
WIND SPEEDS, Us/Ur
Flow
Direction
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.9
0.2
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TABLE 4-6. CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR STORAGE PILES
Material handling
Source extent reduction
Source improvement
Surface treatment
Wind erosion
Source extent reduction
Source improvement
Surface treatment
Mass transfer reduction
Drop height reduction
Wind sheltering
Moisture retention
Wet suppression
Disturbed area reduction
Disturbance frequency reduction
Spillage cleanup
Spillage reduction
Disturbed area exposure (wind) reduction
Wet suppression
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CONSTRUCTION/DEMOLITION
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DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURES
Mechnical or explosive
dismemberment
Debris loading
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ROAD AND BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
Topsoil removal
Earth moving
(cut & fill operations)
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CONSTRUCTION PM-10
EMISSION FACTORS
•	Topsoil removal:
¦	Earthmoving:
•	Truck haulage:
•	Bulldozing:
5.7	kg/VKT for pan scrapers
1.2 kg/VKT for pan scrapers
2.8	kg/VKT for haul trucks
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DEMOLITION PM-10
EMISSION FACTORS*
Dismemberment:
Debris Loading:
Truck Traffic:
Total:
eD = 0.25 g/m2
eL = 4.6 g/m2
eT = 52 g/m2
57 g/m2
* In terms of mass per unit floor
space demolished. All values are
based on predictive emission factor
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CONSTRUCTION/DEMOLITION
DUST CONTROL PROGRAMS
Watering or chemical treatment of travel
surfaces*
Wet suppression or shielding of materials stored
and handled**
Work practice modifications
-	Paving and cleaning access points
-	Paving roads earlier in construction process
-	Truck washes, grizzlies at access points
* Identical to earlier discussion on unpaved roads.
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APPROPRIATE MEASURES FOR
COMPLIANCE DETERMINATION
•	Permits
-	Field audits
-	Work practices (recordkeeping)
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