FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION, PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
IN
COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIES-VOLUME H
COAST OF WASHINGTON
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
IN COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS
BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERIES - VOLUME II
COAST OF WASHINGTON
by
George R. Ditsworth
National Coastal Pollution
Research Program
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
U. S. Department of the Interior
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Marine Biology 3
Fisheries 30
Geology 40
Chemical and Physical Oceanography 46
Water Pollution 66
-------
FOREWORD
This volume is Che secc:id in a series of bibliographic compilations
initiated by Dr. A. F« Bartsch as a planning guide for the develop-
ment of a national research program on coastal pollution problems*
and as a reference for researchers* Volume 1, containing refer-
ences on the coast of Oregon, was published in October 1966*
While these source documents on past research were being compiled,
two inventories of current research were also compiled, one cover-
ing the coastal waters throughout the country and the other
focusing on waters of the Columbia River basin and other Pacific
Coast states^. Since then, the Estuarine Studies Office of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration has sponsored num-
erous projects, both in the regional office of the FWPCA, and
through grants and contracts, to develop inventories of estuarine
uses and pollution problems, and to conduct special studies in
areas of needed information* Until these reports are completed,
no new bibliographies in this series will be initiated. Continuing
the FWPCA1s concern with coastal pollution problems, these efforts
will be supplemented with a comprehensive listing of ocean dis-
charges of waste materials and a discussion of the types and extent
of the associated pollution conditions.
D. J. Baumgartner, Ph.D., Chief
National Coastal Pollution
Research Program
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
1 Ditsworth, 6. R.» Index to Research: Coastal and Estuarine
Waters in the United States, September 1967, 33 p.
2 Nielson, L. J., Inventory of Research in Water Pollution and
-------
ABSTRACT
Indexed herein are references to literature pertaining to
the marine waters of the State of Washington* References to
these papers, most of which have been published since 1955, are
indexed under one or more of the following headings: Marine
Biology, Fisheries, Geology, Chemical and Physical Oceanography,
Water Pollution, and Bibliographies, Literature Surveys and
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Mr. Antony Mecklenburg, a graduate student at the
University of Washington, assisted the compiler in the search,
review, and annotation of literature for this bibliography.
-------
INTRODUCTION
Indexed in this bibliography are more than 300 references
to the literature of the marine waters of Washington State.
In 1954 and 1955, respectively, the Department of Ocean-
ography, University of Washington, published comprehensive
literature surveys of Puget Sound and Grays Harbor. Host of
the literature referenced in this bibliography has been pub-
lished since that time. Also included, however, are references
to literature published prior to the middle 1950's that are not
included in the University of Washington bibliographies.
References are listed under one or more of the six subject
headings given in the index. In most cases a reference is in-
dexed under a single heading only. However, some papers which
contain information pertinent to more than one subject are
indexed in each of the appropriate sections.
References included in the bibliography were located by
systematically searching the publications listed below. The
procedure was to examine the title or table of contents of each
for information that suggested work on the marine waters of
Washington State. Pertinent articles were reviewed, referenced,
and briefly annotated for inclusion in the bibliography.
The publications so searched included:
American Fisheries Society Transactions
Copela
Deep-Sea Research
Ecological Monographs
Ecology
Geological Society of America Journal
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
Journal of Marine Research
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Geology
Northwest Science
Pacific Science
Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association
Proceedings of Pacific Coast Oysters Growers Association
Proceedings of Pacific Science Congress
Science
-------
2
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Special Scientific Reports
Commercial Fisheries Review
United States Army, Corps of Engineers
Senate and House of Representatives Documents
pertaining to River and Harbor projects in
Washington State
United States Public Health Service
Reports
Washington State Department of Fisheries
Biological Reports
Washington State Pollution Control Commission
Washington, University of, Fisheries School
Contributions
Washington, University of, Department of Oceanography
Contributions
Technical Reports
Practically all of the literature search was conducted at
the University of Washington Library, principally in the Fish-
eries and Oceanography branch. The library facilities of the
United States Army, Corps of Engineers, Seattle District, were
also utilized.
In a compilation of this kind there is the possibility that
some pertinent literature has been overlooked. The compiler will
appreciate learning of such omissions from users of the bibliog-
-------
3
MARINE BIOLOGY
Allen, G.H. 1959. Growth of marked silver salmon (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) of the 1950 brood in Puget Sound. Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 88:310-318.
Silver salmon of two different stocks were marked by excision
of fins and released during the spring of 1952 into Minter
Creek and Lake Washington drainages of Puget Sound. Growth
of the fish over a 3-year life cycle was plotted for demon-
stration of variations in lengths at maturity.
. 1967. Contribution of Puget Sound coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch, to the 1953 Pacific Coast. Trans. Am.
Fish. Soc. 96:42-54.
Salmon produced by stream systems entering Puget Sound, fin-
marked and recovered from the 1953 Puget Sound commercial
catch, were used to estimate the contribution these streams
made to the commercial troll fishing off Washington and
Vancouver Island.
i A.C. Delacy, and D.W. Gotshall. 1960. Quanti-
tative sampling of marine fishes - a problem in fish behav-
ior and fishing gear. Waste Disposal in the Marine Environ-
ment, Pergamon Press, pp# 448-509.
A comprehensive survey of literature on fishing gear and
sampling techniques with special emphasis on fish behavior
is given. Results of fishing with a variety of gear under
varying conditions at several West Coast locations are dis-
cussed* Examples of problems which may be encountered in
beach seine and otter trawl fishing are included in a dis-
cussion of the use of this gear at Golden Gardens, Puget
Sound.
Alverson, D.L. 1953. Notes on the Pacific Ocean perch. Wash-
ington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research
Papers 1(1):22-34.
A summary of the range, environment, and reproduction of
-------
4
Anderson, G.C. 1963. Columbia River effluent in the northeast
Pacific Ocean, 1961, 1962; selected aspects of phytoplankton
distribution and production* University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography Technical Report no* 96. 77 p.
Chlorophyll a and phytoplankton productivity distributions
off the Oregon and Washington coasts were observed during
1961 and 1962* Water in the Columbia River plume had greater
concentrations of phytoplankton and higher photosynthetic
rates than did the ambient waters.
. 1964. The seasonal and geographic distribution
of primary productivity off the Washington and Oregon coasts.
Limnology and Oceanography 9:284-302.
Discussion of the distribution of chlorophyll a and phyto-
plankton, their seasonal variations and the effect the
Columbia River has on them.
« 1965. Fractionation of phytoplankton commun-
ities off the Washington and Oregon coasts. Limnology and
Oceanography 10:477-480. (Also as Technical Report no. 146,
Department of Oceanography, University of Washington).
Data obtained during 1961-1963 were analyzed to determine
the seasonal and annual changes in size distributions of
phytoplankton populations.
Aron, W.I. 1960* The distribution of animals in the eastern
North Pacific and its relationship to oceanographic condi-
tions. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle,
82 p. plus appendix.
Animals taken in midwater trawls from the north Pacific
Ocean, including the nearshore and inner marine waters of
Washington, were identified and their distribution related
to oceanographic conditions. Animals captured include
adult fishes, larval fishes, euphausiids, pteropods,
heteropods, shrimp, copepods, amphipods, and nysids.
. 1962. The distribution of animals in the eastern
North Pacific and its relationship to physical and chemical
conditions. Jour. Fish* Res. Bd. of Canada 19:271-313.
An Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl wag used to collect quantities
of indicator organisms which were identified with water
masses in the northeastern Pacific Ocean* The studies were
conducted during the summer of 1957 and the sunnier and fall
-------
5
Bakus, G.J* 1962* Marine poeciloscleridan sponges of the San Juan
Archipelago, Washington* Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle. 302 p.
Anatomy, systematics and zoogeography of 22 species of marine
sponges were studied from 1958 to 1961. Certain aspects of
larval dispersals and the physical oceanography of the San
Juan Archipelago are discussed.
Banse, K. 1963. Polychaetous annelids from Puget Sound and the
San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Proceedings of the Biolog-
ical Society of Washington 76:197-208.
Polychaetes studied at Friday Harbor laboratories during the
summers of 1961 and 1962 are described. The environment and
sediment related to organisms are discussed.
Barlow, J.P. 1958. Spring changes in phytoplankton abundance in
a deep estuary, Hood Canal, Washington. Journal of Marine
Research 17:53-67. (Also as Contr. no. 223 and as Technical
Report no. 72, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington).
Spring changes in phytoplankton pigment abundance during
January-May 1958 are discussed. Phytoplankton abundance was
attributed to seasonal solar radiation and transparency.
Batts, B.S. I960* Lepidology of the adult pleuronectiform fishes
occurring in Puget Sound, Washington. M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle# 71 p.
Constant morphological scale characters were used to identify
separate species of flatfish. Aft attempt was made, using
scale morphology, to determine the relationship of the several
species of Puget Sound flatfish.
. 1964. Lepidology of the adult pleuronectiform
fishes of Puget Sound, Washington. Copela, 1964, Mo. 4,
pp. 666-673. (Also as Contr. no. 180, College of Fisheries,
University of Washington).
Morphological characters of scales from flatfish In Puget
Sound were analysed. A key, based on these characters, was
-------
6
Bay1iff, W.H. 1954. A review of the Zoarcidae of the northeastern
Pacific Ocean. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
189 p.
Fourteen species of Zoarcidae from the northeastern Pacific
are described. A comprehensive bibliography of the literature
on each species accompanies each description.
Boden, B.P., M.W. Johnson, and E. Brinton. 1955. The Euphausiacea
(Crustacea) of the North Pacific. Scripps Inst, of Ocean.
Bull. 6:287-400. University of California Press, Berkeley
and Los Angeles.
Classification keys as well as descriptions of euphausiids
found in the North Pacific are given. Diagrams of the species
described, depth, and geographical distributions are given.
Brinton, E. 1962* The distribution of Pacific euphausiids.
Scripps Inst, of Ocean. Bull. 6:287-400. University of
California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Seasonal variations of the distribution and diurnal migration
patterns of 59 species of euphausiids are discussed in this
comprehensive report. Studies were conducted primarily off
western North America from Baja California to British Columbia.
Extensive maps and charts of the areas studied are included.
Butler, T.H. 1960. Maturity and breeding of the Pacific edible
crab, Cancer magister Dana. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada
17:641-646.
Breeding procedures of Cancer magister are noted and ident-
ified by premating embracing marks on the exoskeleton.
Ecological studies in Queen Charlotte Islands and Washington
waters correlate sexual behavior with breeding activities
during the period 1953-1955.
Carter, W.R. III. 1965. Racial variations of the arrow goby
Clevelandia los (Jordan and Gilbert) 1882 in Puget Sound
and on the coast of Washington State. M.S. Thesis, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle. 91 p.
Specimens of the arrow goby collected in three areas, Oyster
Bay and Quilcene Bay within Puget Sound, and Grays Harbor on
the coast, were compared morphologically and statistically.
-------
7
specimens taken within Puget Sound. However, there were
significant morphological differences between those sampled
in Grays Harbor and those sampled in Puget Sound.
Chapman, M.C. and A.H. Banner. 1949. Contribution to the life
history of the Japanese oyster drill, Tritonalia taponica,
with notes on other enemies of the Olympia oyster, Ostrea
lurida. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries
Biological Report no. 49A, pp. 167-200.
Oyster mortalities resulting from drills, drill distribution,
spawning and development of drills, rates of drilling, migra-
tion, and drill selection of shellfish are discussed. The
study was conducted in southern Puget Sound.
Chew, K.K. 1958. A study of the food preference of the Japanese
drill Ocinebra (Tritonalia) japonica Dunker. M.S. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 70 p.
Specimens representing four different food organisms (bay
mussels, Manila clams, Pacific oysters and Olympia oysters)
were placed in salt water aquaria along with individually
identified members of Ocinebra japonica. The animals were
observed for a total of 140 days (two experiments of 70 days
each) to determine if the drill had a preference food organ-
ism. It was found that, in general, the drill preferred
either Manila clams, Olympia oysters, or bay mussels to
Pacific oysters. The drills attacked the same species repeat-
edly rather than moving to more readily available food organ-
isms. Drilling time on the various organisms varied from 4.5
days on bay mussels to 7-8 days on Manila clams.
• 1963. The growth of a population of Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea glgas) when transported to three dif-
ferent areas in the State of Washington. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 178 p.
Growth patterns of oysters transplanted to Willapa Bay,
Oyster Bay, and Hood Canal were observed from March 1959
to January 1961. Predominant growth periods at all stations
were during the summer and fall. Virtually no growth
occurred during the winter.
. and R. Eisler. 1958. A preliminary study of the
feeding habits of the Japanese oyster drill, Ocinebra japonica.
Jour. Fish. Res. Bd« of Canada 15:529-535. (Also as Contr.
-------
8
Individually marked drills were presented with a choice of
four food organisms, mussels, clams, and two species of
oysters. During a 65-day experiment the drills attacked
mussels most often, clams next, and oysters least often.
Chew, K.K., A.K. Sparks, and S.C. Katkansky. 1965. Preliminary
results on the seasonal size distribution of Myticula
orlentalis and the effect of this parasite on the condition
of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Jour. Fish. Res.
Bd. of Canada 22:1099*1101.
Infection of oysters by this parasite was studied in Humbolt
Bay, California, Yaquina Bay, Oregon, and Willapa Bay, Hood
Canal, and Oyster Bay, Washington. The condition index of
oysters was directly related to the severity of parasite
infections.
Chia, F.S. 1964. The developmental and reproductive biology of
a brooding starfish, Leptasterias hexactis (Stimp son).
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 175 p.
Developmental and reproduction biology of the starfish
living in San Juan waters were investigated by histological
and ecological methods. Investigations concerned with
brooding behavior and breeding patterns were correlated
with environmental parameters from 1959 to 1964.
Colwell, R.R. 1961. Commensal bacteria of marine animals, a
study of their distribution, physiology, and taxonomy.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 198 p.
Commensal bacteria associated with 25 species of fish and
nine species of invertebrates from widely separated geo-
graphical areas were studied. Cultures showed that In the
Washington coast-Puget Sound area, psychrophilic forms
predominated. In the Enlwetok and Rangelap Atoll areas
of the South Pacific, mesophilie forms predominated.
- and J* Liston. I960. Microbiology of shell-
fish. Applied Microbiology 8:104-109.
Bacteria from oysters held experimentally at Willapa Bay,
Hood Canal, and Oyster Bay, Washington were analyzed every
three weeks. Dominant forms found were gram-negative
-------
9
Colwell, R.R. and J. Liston. 1961. A bacteriological study of
the natural flora of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) when
transplanted to various places in Washington* Proceedings,
National Shellfisheries Association 50:181-188. (Also as
Contr. no. 67, College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Total viable bacterial populations on oysters in Wlllapa Bay,
Hood Canal, and Oyster Harbor, Washington were investigated.
Predominant bacteria were gram-negative, asporogenous, rod-
like bacteria of the Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium, and
Achromobacter groups.
Cupp, E.E. 1943. Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of
North America. Scripps Inst, of Ocean* Bull. 5:1-237. Uni-
versity of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
A classification key and descriptions are given. There are
diagrams of all diatoms described. Diatom biology and
physiology are discussed in general terms and a rather de-
tailed examination of diatom morphology is given.
Damkaer, D.M. 1964. Vertical distributions of copepoda in Dabob
Bay, December 1960. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 84 p.
Zooplankton were sampled on six different days throughout the
month beginning on the 3rd and ending on the 29th. Samples
were obtained with Clarke-Bumpus samplers at as many as 12
depths ranging from the surface to 150 meters. More than 30
species were identified. Although there was much overlapping
of environment, it was found that certain groups of copepods
were found in specific vertical ranges.
DeLacy, A.C. and T.S* English* 1954. Variations in beach seine
samples caused by net length and repeated hauls. Ecology
35:18-20.
Two beach seines, 60 and 120 feet long, respectively, were
used to sample fish under comparable conditions. Using the
longer net as a standard, the shorter net collected 48 per-
cent of the specimens, 75 percent of the species, and 12
-------
10
DeLacy, A.C., C.R. Hitz, and R.L. Dryfoos. 1964* Maturation,
gestation and birth of rockfish (Sebastodes) from Washington
and adjacent waters. Washington, State of, Department of
Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 3(2):51-67. (Also as
Contr. no. 164, School of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Female rockfish taken near Port Orchard, Washington in the
winter of 1959 and spring of 1960 were studied. The gesta-
tion period, birth, and fecundity of the species are discussed.
Depalma, J.R. 1966* A study of the marine fouling and boring
organisms of Admiralty Inlet, Washington. Oceanographie
Surveys Department, U.S. Naval Oceanographie Office, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20390.
A comprehensive survey of marine fouling began in June 1963
and continued for two years. The report describes the test
site, outlines the techniques of data collection and
analysis. The report includes identification of organisms
involved in fouling studies.
English, T.S. 1961. An Inquiry into distributions of planktonic
fish eggs in a restricted area of Puget Sound. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 227 p.
Planktonic fish eggs collected in the Port Orchard area were
analyzed to determine their abundance and distribution. Egg
samples were taken at the surface and various depths. The
most abundant eggs were from the flatfish complex of
Parophrys-Platichthys-Psettichthys.
Fahrenbach, W.H. 1961. The biology of a harapactlcoid copepod.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 130 p.
Algae containing copepods were collected subtidally and
intertldally on Salmon Bank, San Juan County. Anatomical
and biological characteristics and the copepods' ecological
association with marine red algae are discussed.
Frolander, H.F. 1962. Quantitative estimations of temporal varia-
tions of zooplankton off the coast of Washington and British
Columbia. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada 19:657-675.
Quantitative plankton sampling from December 1956 to May 1957
shows seasonal variations in the volumes of zooplankton col-
lected at the surface and at 200 meters depth. Results were
compared with catches from the equatorial Pacific and Alaskan
-------
11
Fuller, M.S., B. Lewis, and P. Cook. 1966. Occurrence of Pythium
sp. on the marine alga Porphyra. Mycologia 58:313-318.
The fungi parasice Pythium sp. living on the algal genus
Porphyra is reported from Puget Sound. Observations on the
pathology of the algal host tissue with special reference to
sporangium production of the host is described. The fungi
is further demonstrated to grow in culture form and to readily
infect the alga host.
Gardella, C.M. 1962. Some aspects of the biology and development
of caprelllds. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
57 p.
General biology, growth, development, and life history of
amphipods collected in Friday Harbor and Puget Sound waters
are discussed.
Greer, D.L. 1962. Studies on the embryology of Pycnopodia
helianthoides (Brandt) Stimpson. Pacific Science 16:280-285.
Studies conducted at Friday Harbor Laboratories on the
embryology of starfish larvae are discussed. Larval organ-
isms collected in Friday Harbor waters thrived in tanks of
running seawater.
Grinols, R.B. 1965. Check-list of the offshore marine fishes
occurring in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, principally off
the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle* 217 p.
About 200 pelagic, bathypelagic and benthic species of fish
belonging to 127 genera and 59 families are Indexed. Speci-
mens were obtained from an oceanographic region bounded by
the west coast of the United States and Canada, 42°00' N.
latitude, 55°00' N. latitude, and 166°00' W. longitude.
The general locations where specimens were taken and the
depths from which they were taken are given. A comprehensive
bibliography of literature on each species indexed is given.
Guberlet, M.L. 1956. Seaweeds at ebb tide. University of Wash-
ington Press, Seattle. 182 p.
Seaweeds which are found along the Pacific Coast are listed.
Nontechnical information concerning their description,
-------
12
Halstead, B.W. 1959* Dangerous marine animals. Cornell Maritime
Press, Cambridge, Md. 146 p.
Included in this book are discussions of sea animals in
Pacific Northwest waters which are dangerous in one of the
following ways: (1) poisonous to eat (certain mollusca);
(2) predaceous (killer whale); (3) venomous (ratfish, sting
rays, jellyfish).
Harriss, R.C. and O.H. Pilkey. 1966. Temperature and salinity
control of the concentration of skeletal Na, Mn, and Fe in
Dendraster excentricus. Pacific Science 20:235-238.
Specimens of the common sand dollar were collected from Baja
California to Vancouver Island during 1965. Effects of the
environmental parameters, temperature, and salinity on the
skeletal concentration of Na, Mn, and Fe were studied.
Hebard, J.F. 1956. The seasonal variation of zooplankton in Puget
Sound. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 64 p.
Seasonal variations were studied at three stations in central
Puget Sound from February 1955 through February 1956. Dom-
inant forms during the spring and summer were Pseudocalanus
minutus and Microcalanus pusillus. Dominant species during
the fall was Corycaeus affinis.
Henry, B.S. and A.M. Partansky. 1935. The rate and extent of
anaerobic decomposition of sulfite waste llquar by bacteria
of sea bottom mud. II. Bacteriological Proceedings, National
Academy of Sciences 21:191-200. (Also as Contr. no. 38,
Oceanographic Laboratory, University of Washington).
Marine mud samples, covered with varying concentrations of
sulfite waste liquor, were allowed to incubate at three
temperatures for 310 days. During this time, anaerobic
and facultative bacteria, representing five species previously
unknown, were separated into pure culture and tested for their
fermentation ability.
Hermans, C.O. 1966. The natural history and larval anatomy of
Armandia brevis polychaete; Opheliidae. Ph.D. Thesis,
-------
13
Study results concerned with embryology, larval differentia-
tion and reproductive biology are presented. Organisms were
collected with plankton nets and petri dishes placed at the
bottom of the Friday Harbor pier. Burrowing habits and the
substratum which polychaetes selectively prefer are discussed.
Hickman, C.P., Jr. 1959. The larval development of the sand sole
(Psettichys melanostictus). Washington, State of, Department
of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 2(2):38-47. (Also
as Contr. no. 55, College of Fisheries, University of Wash-
ington) .
Growth and development of sand sole larvae, taken from Puget
Sound during the spring and summer of 1955, were observed
until they reached a juvenile fish stage.
Hobson, K.D. 1966. Ecological observations on Abarenicola
species (Polychaeta) of the North Pacific. M.S. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 75 p.
Studies in Friday Harbor, Vlashington waters during 1964 cor-
relate habitats of polychaete species to sediment content.
Irrigation cycles of lugworms are correlated to respiration
and sediment turnover rates*
Hobson, L.A. 1963. Some influences of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 88 p.
Chlorophyll a, marine diatoms, and micro»flagellate concen-
trations were studied to evaluate the influence of Columbia
River runoff on phytoplankton standing crops* Greatest
concentrations were found in the Columbia River plume, whic*
was defined by the 32.5 ®/«<» isopleth.
. 1964. Some influences of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961. Uni-
versity of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Technical
Report no. 100. 46 p.
The phytoplankton populations from offshore stations along
the Oregon and Washington coasts are correlated with physical,
chemical and other biological factors* These are photosyn-
thesis, respiration, water column stability! grazing by aoo-
plankton and sinking of phytoplankton* Tables, graphs, charts,
-------
14
Hobson, L.A. 1966. The seasonal and vertical distribution of
suspended particulate matter in an area of the northeast
Pacific Ocean. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 107 p.
Particulate matter samples were collected from the surface
and from 4000 meters depth on six occasions during 1964 and
1965. Concentrations of the particulate matter, organic
carbon, carbohydrate, and the size of the particles were deter-
mined to study their variation with depth and season.
_• 1966. Some influence of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961.
Limnology and Oceanography 11:223-234.
The distribution of a phytoplankton standing crop is related
to the influences of freshwater runoff. Correlations between
critical-to-mixed-depth ratios and the size of phytoplankton
standing crop are presented.
Hoffman, E.G. 1962. A morphological and systematic study of the
mesozoa of Rossia pacifica (Berry). M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 85 p.
The biology and ecology of mesozoa that inhabit cephalopods
are discussed. Collections taken from dredge hauls at Friday
Harbor and from shrimp nets in Hood Canal during 1961 were
studied.
Holland, G.A. (Ed.) 1953. Toxic effects of sulfite waste liquor
on young salmon. Washington, State of, Department of Fish-
eries, Fisheries Research Bulletin no. 1. Ill p.
Bioassays, utilizing various concentrations of sulfite waste
liquor in salt and fresh water, were conducted for varying
periods of time on several species of salmon. Data and
experimental results are,presented.
Hower, J.H. 1938. The seasonal settlement of Bankia, Limnorla.
barnacles, bryozoa and other sessile organisms at Shelton,
Washington. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
53 p.
Wooden blocks, serving as organism attaching plates, were
submerged at various depths in tidal waters for three-month
-------
15
attached themselves to the blocks, their periods of greatest
attachment and growth, and the depth of water at which they
attached themselves were studied.
Hurst, A* 1966. A description of a new species of Dirona from
the northeast Pacific. The Veliger 9:9-15.
The ecological distribution, stomach contents, and general
morphology of type specimens are discussed. Specimens were
collected by dredge from 30 fathoms of waters west of
Blakely Island, Washington*
Johnson, M.E. and J.H. Snook. 1927* Seashore animals of the
Pacific Coast. The hacMillan Co., New York. 658 p.
Animals from 12 phyla which are found along the Pacific
Coast of North America are described. Ecological and geo-
graphical distributions are given* Color plates, pictures,
diagrams, and an extensive bibliography*
Katkansky, S*C* 1962* Sexual pattern in the Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), in selected sites in three
oyster growing areas of Washington* M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 58 p.
Oysters in Oyster Bay, Willapa Bay, and Hood Canal were
studied to determine the proportion of females to males and
the number of hermaphroditic specimens as well as those which
went through sexual reversal* Older oysters showed a greater
percent of females*
Keen, A.M* 1963* Marine molluscan genera of western North
America* Stanford University Press* 126 p.
An identification key.
Kendell, A«W*, Jr. 1966* Sampling juvenile fishes on some sandy
beaches of Puget Sound, Washington* M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle* 77 p*
The distribution of juvenile fishes on several beaches was
studied during the lowest tide of each two-week period from
December 1964 to December 1965. Generally,fish distribution
was shown to be related to the tide, water depth, and time*
However, the distribution of some species could not be related
-------
16
Kincaid, T., M.P. Wennekens, and R.O. Sylvestor. 1954. A study
of oceanographlcal and biological characteristics of south-
east Georgia Strait. Report to the General Petroleum Cor-
poration, Los Angeles. 142 p.
Intertidal and subtidal environments and biota were described
during 1954, prior to the start of operations by a petroleum
refinery.
Knudsen, J.W. 1964. Observations of the reproductive cycles
and ecology of the common brachyura and crablike anomura of
Puget Sound, Washington. Pacific Science 18:3-33.
Growth rates and reproductive cycles of Puget Sound brachyura
and anomura as they relate to environmental conditions are
discussed. Seasonal changes in gonad development and egg
development were studied. Southern Puget Sound crabs were
collected in the Tacoma area.
Kollmeyer, R.C. 1962. A demonstration of the diurnal migration
of several genera of copepods in near shore waters of the
Washington coast. Collected Papers from Oceanography 460,
1962, University of Washington, Seattle. 12 p.
Samples collected in coastal waters less than 100 fathoms
deep by water pumps were compared with environmental factors.
Fluctuations in copepod counts are correlated with diurnal
light intensities.
Larrance, J.D. 1964. A method for determining volume of phyto-
plankton in a study of detrltal chlorophyll a. M.S. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 107 p.
An attempt was made to establish the presence or absence of
detrital chlorophyll a in Dabob Bay during the spring of
1961. Changes in nutrient and phytoplankton concentrations
are discussed.
Lewis, G.B. and A.H. Seymour. 1965. Distribution of zinc«65
in plankton from offshore waters of Washington and Oregon.
1961-1963. Laboratory of Radiation Biology, University of
Washington, Seattle. 73 p.
Zn-65 concentrations in unsorted plankton samples taken
-------
17
to the general pattern of horizontal distribution of the
Columbia River effluent. Samples collected indicate seasonal
but not annual changes in the relationships between river
water and plankton*
Lindsay, C», R.E. Westley, and C»S. Sayce. 1958. Prediction of
oyster setting in the State of Washington. Proceedings,
National Shellfisheries Association 49:59-70.
Methods for predicting oyster sets in Wlllapa Bay, southern
Puget Sound, and Dabob Bay are discussed. Predictions are
made after comparing observations of hydrographic conditions,
spawning occurrence, larval distribution and abundance, and
,larval development of a current year with past years*
Ling, H.Y. 1966. The radiolarian Protocystis thomsoni (Murray)
in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Micropaleontology 12:203-214.
The morphology and distribution In the water column of radio-
larian species found in 102 plankton samples were studied.
Samples were collected from 1956 to 1958 at 75 oceanographic
stations located along the British Columbia, Washington, and
Oregon coasts.
Love, C.M. 1963. Physical, chemical and biological data from
the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent area,
January-June 1961. University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography, Technical Report no. 86. 405 p«
Five offshore cruises were made into that part of the north-
east Pacific Ocean influenced by Columbia River water. At
each oceanographic station temperature, salinity, and dis-
solved oxygen data were taken* Productivity and chlorophyll
measurements were made at 75 percent of the stations. In
addition, zooplankton, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate
determinations were made at selected stations.
. 1964. Physical, chemical, and biological data
from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent
area September-December 1961. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 115, Volume
I. 258 p.
-------
18
Love, C.M. 1964. Physical, chemical, and biological data from
the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent area
September-December 1961. University of Washington, Depart-
ment of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 115, Volume II.
174 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated.
• 1965. Physical, chemical, and biological data
from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent
area January-October 1962. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 119. 194 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated.
MacPhee, C. and W.A. Clemens. 1962. Fishes of the San Juan
Archipelago, Washington. Northwest Science 36:27-38.
Studies were done to describe fish fauna composition and
distribution and their habitats. The fish were categorized
by methods of capture into inshore, offshore, ground, and
pelagic populations.
Magili, A.R. and M. Erho. 1963. The development and status of
the pink shrimp fishery of Washington and Oregon. Pacific
Mar. Fish. Comm. Bull. no. 6, pp. 62-80.
A brief history of the shrimp fishery, regulations, and
fishing beds of Oregon and Washington is given. Shrimp
biology and landings are discussed# Tables, graphs, and
diagrams.
Mauzey, P.K. 1965. Feeding behavior and reproductive cycles in
Pisaster ochraceus. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle* 54 p.
Results of ecological studies, supplemented by results of
laboratory experiments, of the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus.
in Friday Harbor waters are presented. Histology of repro-
ductive and digestive organs are correlated to the feeding
states of the organism.
McHugh, J.L. and J.E. Fitch. 1951* An annotated list of the
clupeoid fishes of the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Cape
-------
19
McMillin, H.C. 1924. The life history and growth of the razor
clam. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries. 52 p.
Razor clam life history, Including reproduction, growth and
migration, anatomy, shell morphology, and food are discussed
along with the location and extent of clam beds and the com-
mercial fishery.
Miller, B.S. 1965. Food and feeding studies on adults of two
species of pleuronectids (Platichthys stellatus and
Psettichthys melanostictus) in East Sound, Orcas Island
(Washington). M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 131 p.
The food, periods of feeding, and methods of feeding of adult,
female starry flounder, P. stellatus, and sand sole, P.
me lanostictus, are discussed.
Neushul, M. 1967. Studies of subtidal marine vegetation in
western Washington. Ecology 48:83-93.
The ecology of the algal community structure in Puget Sound
is discussed. Field studies commenced in the fall of 1960
and continued periodically until 1963 centered around Friday
Harbor, Washington. Specialized techniques including SCUBA
diving in the field and computerized statistical analyses
of data were used in the study.
Nishishimamoto, S. 1958. Age and growth of the rock sole,
Lepidopsetta bilineata, in Puget Sound* M.S. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 130 p.
The age and growth rate of 1765 specimens of rock sole from
five areas of Puget Sound were determined from the right
interopercular bone.
Osterberg, G. 1962. ZN^ content of salps and euphausiids.
Limnology and Oceanography 7:478-479.
Organisms collected during 1961 from the mouth of the
Columbia River were measured for the isotope ZN°^. The
distribution of salps and euphausiids with respect to the
-------
20
Palmen, A.T. 1956. A comparison of otoliths and interopercular
bones as age indicators of English sole, Washington, State
of, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers
1(A):5-20.
Because wide discrepancies in aging the English sole
(Parophrys vetulus) with otoliths had arisen, another
structure, the interopercular bone, was tested as an age
indicator. Aging data from each method are presented and
compared.
Paranjape, M.A. 1967. Observations on molting and respiration
of euphausiids. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 23 p.
Summer (1964 and 1965) studies at Friday Harbor Laboratories
were concerned with molts and molting frequencies of several
species of euphausiids. Physiological investigations are
correlated with the ecological parameters of size, season,
and history of population.
Park, T.S. 1965. The biology of a Calanoid copepod Epilabidoceia
amphitrites McMurrich. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle. 231 p.
Anatomical structures of growth stages, embryonic through
adult, of specimens taken from Friday Harbor during 1964
were extensively studied. Detailed morphologic studies help
clarify the organism's relationship to the planktonic envir-
onment.
Partansky, A.M. and B.S. Henry. 1935. Anaerobic bacteria capable
of fermenting sulfite waste liquor. Jour. Bacteriology
30:559-571. (Also as Contr. no. 49, Oceanographic Laboratory,
University of Washington).
Anaerobic bacteria, separated from a fermenting sulfite waste
liquor, were tested individually for their contribution to
the fermentation. Results of tests and bacteria morphology
are discussed.
Pauley, G.B. and A.K. Sparks. 1966. The acute inflammatory
reaction of two different tissues of the Pacific oyster,
Crassostrea gigas. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd» of Canada 23i1913—
-------
21
An experimental and comparative description of inflammatory
reaction of Pacific oyster is discussed. Possible mechanisms
of reactions and protective behavior of oysters are suggested.
Pearce, J.B. 1962. The biology of some pinnotherid crabs from
the waters of Puget Sound and San Juan Archipelago. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 279 p.
Investigations during the summers of 1958 and 1959, between
two species of parasitic crabs and their host, the horse clam,
were undertaken to describe competition for the same ecolog-
ical niche. Physiological investigations were correlated
with ecological studies.
Pereyra, W.T. 1961. Growth of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea
gigas Thunberg) in various exposure situations, with consid-
eration of the experimental and methodological difficulties
encountered. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
87 p.
This study of differential growth and survival of the Pacific
oyster at different intertidal elevations and subtidal depths
was conducted from January to December 1960 in Oyster Bay,
southern Puget Sound, Washington. Results of this experiment
show that animal growth increased rapidly during early summer
and diminished greatly during late summer and early fall.
Those animals which were always submerged showed best growth
rates. Condition indices were found to be inversely related
to exposure. Survival, however, was independent of both
handling and exposure.
. 1962. Mortality of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea
gigas (Thunberg), in various exposure situations in Washing-
ton. Proceedings, National Shellfish Association 53:51-63.
Oysters maintained in baskets at various intertidal and sub-
tidal levels in Oyster Bay, Puget Sound, Washington from
January 1960 to December 1960 were examined weekly or bi-
weekly. Specimens held in the subtidal environment suffered
the greatest mortality, apparently due to siltation.
Powell, J.H. 1964. The life history of a red algae Constantinia.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 154 p.
A comprehensive investigation of the life history of the
marine red algae in the Friday Harbor waters is discussed.
The author, using SCUBA, correlated field investigations
-------
22
Reid, J.L., Jr., G.I. Roden, arid J.G. Wyllie. 1958. Studies of
the California Current System. Scripps Inst, of Oceanography
Contr. no. 998, pp. 298-321.
The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of
the current and conditions which cause variations in these
features are discussed.
Ricketts, E.F. and J. Calvin (Revised by J.L. Hedgpeth). 1956.
Between Pacific tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford,
California. 502 p.
A comprehensive book on the intertidal animals of the Pacific
Coast of the United States. Descriptions, including pictures
of many of the common forms, are included as well as discus-
sions of environmental and ecological requirements for the
animals. An extensive annotated bibliography on the marine
biology of the Pacific Coast is included.
Scagel, R.F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of
British Columbia and northern Washington. Bulletin of
National Museum of Canada no. 150. 289 p.
References to pertinent literature, habitat, and distribution
information and records of growth in new locations are sum-
marized for each species listed.
. 1959. The role of plants in relation to animals
in the marine environment. Marine Biology. Proceedings of
the Twentieth Annual Biology Colloquium. Oregon State
College, Corvallis, April 1959. pp. 9-24.
This comprehensive review of literature published from 1938
to 1959 stresses the ecological interactions between marine
animals and plants. Emphasized is the marine environment
from northern California to the Gulf of Alaska.
. 1962. Coastal studies of marine algae in
British Columbia and the North Pacific. Reported from
coastal and shallow water research conference, University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, pp. 478-750.
An extensive survey, during 1960, of the flora distribution
from the Aleutian Islands to the Columbia River shows a
variety of sharp transition points. Physical environment
parameters are correlated with the ecological distribution
-------
23
Scagcl, R.F. 1966. The Phaeophyceae in perspective. Ocean-
ography and Marine Biology: an annual review. Hafner Pub-
lishing Co., New York, Volume 4, pp. 123-194.
The available literature on brown algae is reviewed in this
paper. Several references which discuss the brown algae
found in the coastal waters of Washington and British
Columbia are listed.
. 1966. Marine algae of British Columbia and
northern Washington, Part 1, Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
Bulletin no. 207. National Museum of Canada Biological
Series no. 74.
Identification keys and illustrations of marine green algae
found in northern Washington and British Columbia are given.
Several annotated references are also included.
Schultz, L.P. 1936. Keys to the fishes of Washington, Oregon,
and closely adjoining regions. University of Washington,
Publications in Biology 2(4):103-228.
This is a taxonomic key.
Seymour, A.H. and G.B. Lewis. 1964. Radionuclides of Columbia
River origin in marine organisms, sediments and water col-
lected from coastal and offshore waters of Washington and
Oregon, 1961-1963. United States Atomic Energy Commission
Laboratory of Radiation Biology, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington UWFL-86, December 1964.
The distribution of Hanford-produced radionuclides in the
marine environment was determined in this comprehensive
study by measuring the zinc-65 concentrations in samples of
coastal organisms, offshore plankton, demersal fish, and
water. The samples obtained from an area bounded by the
Oregon-Washington coastline and a line about 150 miles at
sea were analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry.
Slipp, J.W. 1952. Status of the crab, Chlonoecetes bairdi, in
the inshore waters of Washington and British Columbia.
The Wasman Jour, of Biology 10:235-239. (Also as Contr.
no. 2, College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Specimens of this crab collected in southern Puget Sound
demonstrated that its range extends much further south
-------
24
Sparks, A.K. 1963. Some preliminary observations on the incidence
of infection and pathological effect of the parasitic copepod,
Mytilicola orientalis Mori, in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea
gigas (Thunberg), on the West Coast of the United States.
College of Fisheries Reprint, University of Washington,
Seattle. 9 p.
Ecological investigations of oyster communities in Puget Sound
were conducted from March 1959 to September 1961. Pathological
studies on the oyster gut were done to determine the incidence
of infection by Mytilicola sp.
and K.K. Chew. 1961. Preliminary report on growth
and survival of the Pacific oyster in Washington waters. Pro-
ceedings, National She 1Ifisheries Association 50:125-132.
(Also as Contr. no. 65, College of Fisheries, University of
Washington).
Oysters held experimentally in baskets at Willapa Bay, Oyster
Bay, and Hood Canal were measured weekly or biweekly to deter-
mine their growth rate. Growth was greatest during the summer.
____________ and G.B. Pauley. 1964. Studies of the normal post-
mortem changes in the oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg).
Jour. Insect. Path. 6(1):78-101. (Also as Contr. no. 165,
College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Sacrificed oysters retained gross normal appearances for about
32 hours. Decomposition odors were detected 48 hours after
death and within 136 hours the adductor muscles became de-
tached from the shell.
Sribhibhadh, A. 1959. Racial variations in the populations of
the crested blenny, Anoplarchus purpurescens purpurescens
Gill, in the Puget Sound area. M.S. Thesis, University of
Washington, Seattle. 86 p.
A total of 1,312 specimens collected from 12 localities were
examined in a racial analysis to determine the existence and
extent of meristic variations and to define populations of
the species* Analyses indicate that there are at least four
populations of crested blennies in the Puget Sound area.
These are (1) the San Juan Archipelago, (2) Puget Sound
-------
25
Sribhibhadh, A. 1963. Seasonal variations of paralytic shellfish
toxicity in the California mussel, Mytilus californianus
Conrad, and the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg),
along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and in Willapa Bay. Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 171 p.
Seasonal development and geographic distribution of shellfish
toxicity were studied from April 1961 to October 1962. Tox-
icity levels in the Strait were highest in midsummer at the
most-seaward station. Inland, toxicity decreased. Toxicity
levels in Willapa Bay were relatively low during the study
period. A comprehensive bibliography on toxicity is included
in this paper.
Stefansson, U. and F. Richards. 1964. Distribution of dissolved
oxygen, density, and nutrients off the Washington and Oregon
coasts. Deep Sea Research. 11:355-380.
The effects of upwelling, Columbia River water, biological
activity, temperature change and anomalous surface exchange
on the distribution of nutrients are discussed. Observations
were taken during 13 cruises between January 1961 and June
1962. Diagrams, charts, and graphs.
Swan, E.F. 1952. The growth of the clam, Mya arenaria, as
affected by the substratum. Ecology 33:530-534. (Also as
Contr. no. 157, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington).
Clams, placed in boxes with different substrates, one of
sand, the other of shells, gravel, and mud, were allowed to
grow for a year. Growth rates of clams in the sand substrate
was about double that of clams in the shell mixture.
Ting, R.Y.M. 1965. Ecology of demersal animals: problems in
sampling. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
249 p.
Ecological studies in Puget Sound from 1961 to 1964 were con-
ducted using new techniques. New instrumentation useful in
quantitative sampling of demersal organisms is described.
Walden, C.C., I.V.F. Allen, and P.C. Trussell. 1967. Estimation
of marine-borer attack on wooden surfaces. Jour. Fish. Res.
-------
26
Several sizes and types of untreated wood samples were
immersed in Vancouver Harbor, Elliot Bay, and Tacoraa Harbor
during the Call and winter months of 1963 to determine the
effects of boring organisms on them. Information obtained
from the study was used to design procedures for measuring
borer attacks and population densities of borers.
Washington, University of. 1963. Physical and chemical and
biological data from the northeast Pacific Ocean; Columbia
River effluent area: January-June 1961. University of
Washington, Department of Oceanography, Technical Report
no. 86. 405 p.
Tabulated observed and computed oceanographic data collected
on five cruises are presented. Area covered extends from
Vancouver Island, B.C. to the Siuslaw River, Oregon and sea-
ward to 131° W. longitude.
Waters, V.L. 1966. Feeding, ecology, and other aspects of the
natural history of the nudibranch Eubranchus olivaceus. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 88 p.
Diet, feeding rates, and prey location of nudibranchs found
in Puget Sound are discussed. Ecological and experimental
studies undertaken at Friday Harbor Laboratories during the
summer of 1965 correlated life cycles with growth rates.
V.'ennekens, M.P. 1959. Marine environment and macro-benthos of
Puget Sound, San Juan Archipelago, Southern Georgia Strait,
and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Washington, Seattle. 298 p.
A broad-scoped investigation of faunistic characters in
waters greater than 10 fathoms deep was conducted from 1956
to 1959. Correlations of the interrelationships between the
physical environment and bottom-dwelling organisms are pre-
sented.
Westley, R.E. 1956. Retention of Pacific oyster larvae in an
inlet with stratified waters. Washington, State of, Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1(4):25-31.
Continued disappearances of oyster larvae from Dabob Bay re-
sulted in this biological and hydrographic study. It demon-
strated that during periods of northerly winds, surface waters
-------
27
Westley, R.E. 1959» Olympia and Pacific oyster condition factor
data. State of Washington 1954-1958. Washington Department
of Fisheries, State Shellfish Laboratory, Quilcene, Washing-
ton.
Condition factor data of oysters taken from commercial beds
in south Puget Sound and Willapa Bay are tabulated in this
report. Included are the wet and dry weight, and the volume
of oysters sampled.
. 1967. Phytoplankton photosynthesis and its
relationship to oxygen in Grays Harbor, Washington. Wash-
ington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Research Division,
March, 1967. 30 p.
Hydrography and primary productivity of Grays Harbor were
studied during the summers of 1964 and 1965. Nutrients and
environmental conditions required for photosynthesis and
oxygen produced therefrom were investigated. Hydrographic
data are presented in charts and graphs.
, C. Lindsay, and C« Woelke« 1964. Shellfish
culture potential of Swinomish and Lummi Reservation tide-
lands. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries,
Research Division, May 1964.
The oyster-growing potential of tidelands in the Swinomish
and Lummi Reservation areas was studied from April 1963 to
April 1964. Investigations were made of: oyster growth,
fatness, and mortality; physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the water; and bottom sediments. Hydro-
graphic data are given in charts and graphs.
Westrheim, S.J. 1958. On the biology of the Pacific Ocean
perch, Sebastodes alutus (Gilbert). M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 106 p.
Data on Pacific Ocean perch collected off the coasts of
Oregon and Washington during the fall of 1952 were analyzed.
Commercial landings, taxonomy, distribution, size-composition,
and sex ratios in landings, length-weight relationships, age
determinations, growth, mortality, and reproduction are
-------
28
Widdowson, T.B. 1965. A survey of the distribution of intertidal
algae along a coast transitional, in respect to salinity and
tidal factors. Jour. Fish, Res. Bd. of Canada 22:1425-1454.
A survey of flora along the northern shores of Juan de Fuca
Strait was conducted in 1957 and 1958. In areas of conspic-
uous algae, the coastline properties and algae distribution
were recorded between established stations. Water temper-
ature and salinity were measured at each station.
Wiebe, W.J. 1965. Studies on the Bacteriology of marine sedi-
ments off the Washington-Oregon coast. Ph.D. Thesis, Uni-
versity of Washington, Seattle. 301 p.
The quantitative distribution and qualitative nature of
aerobic, heterotrophic bacteria in the benthos of the
coastal waters of Oregon and Washington and in Puget Sound
were studied. Included in the thesis is a comprehensive
bibliography on bacteriology.
Wieser, W. 1959. Free living nematodes and other small inverte-
brates of Puget Sound beaches. University of Washington
Press, Seattle, vii plus 179 pp., Ill figs.
This comprehensive literature survey discusses the ecology
and morphology of several invertebrate species in Puget
Sound. Many environmental factors including tidal ranges
and temperature differences between summer and winter which
affect the ecology and morphology of these animals are also
discussed.
WoeIke, C.E. 1955. Introduction of the Kumamoto oyster, Ostrea
(Crassostrea gigas), to the Pacific Coast. Washington,
State of, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research
Papers l(3):41-50.
The oyster, first imported from Japan in 1947, is grown in
several localities on the Washington coast and in Puget
Sound. Data showing growing success during the period 1947-
1953 and growth and mortality rates are presented.
. 1966. Movement of the Japanese oyster drill
Ocinebra japonica. Washington, State of, Department of
-------
29
In July 1964, 106 marked oyster drills were released in a
tidepool. Individual drill movements were observed Cor 37
days following their release. Analyses of these movements
and the total distance traveled in this time are presented.
Yentsch, C.S. and D»C. Pierce. 1955. "Swimming" anemone from
Puget Sound. Science 122:1231-1233. (Also as Technical
Report no. 47, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington).
Several specimens of an anemone identified as Stomphia
coccinea were observed to free themselves and exhibit a
spasmodic swimming motion in response to contact with
certain species of starfish. A similar reaction could be
stimulated by an electrical current.
and R.F. Scagel. 1958. Diurnal study of phyto-
plankton pigments; an in situ study in Last Sound, Washington.
Journal of Marine Research 17:567-583. (Also as Technical
Report no. 77, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington).
Water samples taken from East Sound, Washington, bounded by
Orcas Island, at depths of 0, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25 meters
were analyzed for phytoplankton pigments. Marked daily
fluctuations in these pigments, chlorophyll and carotenoid,
were noted. Greatest concentrations occurred near midday
and at night and resulted from changes in quantities within
the cells. Differential effect of light on chlorophyll a
and on carotenoid caused the ratios of these pigments to
change throughout the day. The significance of this change
is discussed.
Zimmer, R.L. 1964. Reproductive biology and development of
Phoronida. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
416 p.
The reproductive biology, ontogeny, and phylogeny of speci-
mens taken from Puget Sound and Friday Harbor were studied.
Characteristics of this animal's environment are discussed
-------
30
FISHERIES
Allen, G.H. 1967. Contribution of Puget Sound coho salmon,
Oncorhynchus kisutch, to the 1953 Pacific Coast commercial
troll fishery. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 96:42-54.
Salmon produced by stream systems entering Puget Sound,
fin-marked and recovered from the 1953 Puget Sound commer-
cial catch, were used to estimate the contribution these
streams made to the commercial troll fishing off Washington
and Vancouver Island.
Alverson, D.L. 1953. Notes on the Pacific Ocean perch. V;ash-
ington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Fisheries
Research Papers l(l):22-24.
A summary of the range, environment, and reproduction of
Sebastodes alutus, sold as Pacific Ocean perch, is given.
. 1953. Deep-water trawling survey off the Oregon
and Washington coasts, August 25-Cctober 3, 1952. Comm. Fish.
Rev. 15(10):5-15.
Exploratory fishing was conducted to ascertain the avail-
ability of bottom fish, to test fishing gear, and to search
for new commercial fishing grounds.
, R.L. McNeely, and H.C. Johnson. 1960. Results
of exploratory shrimp fishing off Washington and Oregon
(1958). Comm. Fish. Rev. 22(l):l-ll. Separate 574.
During 1958, the R.V. John N. Cobb made four exploratory
fishing cruises between Cape Beal, B.C. and Newport, Oregon.
Results of the trips are discussed. Diagrams show fishing
areas; pictures show fishing gear. Complete log of the
field work is shown in Table 2 which accompanies the reprint.
_____ , A.T. Pruter, and L.L. Ronholt. 1964. A study
of demersal fish and fisheries of the northeastern Pacific
Ocean. H.R. Macllillan Lectures in Fisheries, Inst, of Fish-
-------
31
The development and magnitude of demersal fisheries in the
northeastern Pacific Ocean are reviewed in this extensive
report. Gear, fishing techniques, and results of exploratory
fishing surveys are discussed and provide information on the
distribution, relative abundance and sizes of demersal fishes
inhabiting the continental shelf and continental slope off
North America from Oregon to the Bering Sea.
Chapman, W.M. and G.D. Esveldt. 1943. The spawning and setting
of the Pacific oyster (Ostrea gigas Thunberg) in the State of
Washington in 1942. Washington, State of, Department of
Fisheries, Biological Report no. 43A. 25 p. plus appendices.
Spawning and setting of oysters in Willapa Bay and Dabob Bay
were studied during 1942. Spawning and setting in Willapa
Bay continued from May to September with several peak periods.
Setting in Dabob Bay occurred about one month later than in
Willapa Bay.
Chew, K.K. 1963. The growth of a population of Pacific oysters
(Crassostrea gigas) when transported to three different areas
in the State of Washington. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Washington, Seattle. 178 p.
Growth patterns of oysters transplanted to Willapa Bay,
Oyster Bay, and Hood Canal were observed from March 1959 to
January 1961. Predominant growth periods at all stations
were during the summer and fall. Virtually no growth occurred
during the winter.
Cleaver, F.C. 1949. Preliminary results of the coastal crab
(Cancer magister) investigation. Washington, State of,
Department of Fisheries, Biological Report no. 49a, pp. 47-82.
Life history of the crabs until maturity, 3 years old, landing
statistics, and rates of harvest, based on tagging experiments,
are discussed.
. 1949. The Washington otter trawl fishery with
reference to the petrale sole (fcopsetta jordanii). Washing-
ton, State of, Department of Fisheries, Biological Report
no. 49A, pp. 3-45.
The life history of the fish and history of the fishery are
discussed. Size of mature fish, growth rates, diet, and migra-
-------
32
Griffin, E. 1941. Oysters have eyes; or the travels of a Pacific
oyster. Wilberlilla Publishers, Seattle. 54 p.
This book gives a nontechnical account of oysters and the
oystering industry in Willapa Bay. Numerous pictures in the
book, although quite small, give a good graphic account of
the oyster beds, oyster farming, and oyster processing.
Holway, T.W. 1934. Some observations on the Pacific oyster,
Ostrea gigas Thunberg, and the native oyster, Ostrea lurida
Carpenter, in Willapa Bay. M.S. Thesis, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle. 62 p.
A resume' of the oyster industry in Willapa Bay is given.
Pacific oyster importation, culture, growth, and harvesting
are discussed.
Jurkovich, J. 1954. Selectivity of cod-end mesh sizes in otter
trawling. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries,
Fisheries Research Papers 1(2):19-24.
Experimental fishing was conducted with nets having a cod-
end mesh of 4^ inches, stretch measure, to determine if
commercial quantities of adult sole could be taken, while
allowing immature fish to escape. Catch data are presented.
Ketchen, K.S. 1955. Climatic trends and fluctuations in yield
of marine fisheries of the Northeast Pacific. Jour. Fish.
Res. Bd. of Canada 13:357-374.
Literature published from 1900 to 1955 giving air and water
temperature data along the British Columbia and Washington
coasts is compared with marine fisheries catches. Catch
data are correlated with climatic fluctuations.
Klncaid, T. 1951. The oyster industry of Willapa Bay, Washing-
ton. Calliostoma Company, Seattle. 45 p.
A good, nontechnical account of the oyster industry is given
in this booklet. Included are sections on oyster farming,
from seed selection to harvesting, oyster processing and
-------
33
Lindsay, C., R.E. Westley, and C.S* Sayce. 1958. Prediction of
oyster setting in the State of Washington. Proceedings,
National Shellfisheries Association 49:59-70.
Methods for predicting oyster sets in Willapa Bay, southern
Puget Sound, and Dabob Bay are discussed. Predictions are
made after comparing observations of hydrographic conditions,
spawning occurrence, larval distribution and abundance, and
larval development of a current year with past years.
Magill, A.R. and M. Erho. 1963. The development and status of
the pink shrimp fishery of Washington and Oregon. Pacific
Mar. Fish. Comm. Bull. no. 6, pp. 62-80.
A brief history of the shrimp fishery, regulations, and fish-
ing beds of Oregon and Washington is given. Shrimp biology
and landings are discussed. Tables, graphs and diagrams.
McKernan, D.L., V. Tartar, and R. Tollefson. 1949. An investiga-
tion of the decline of the native oyster industry in the
State of Washington with special reference to the effects of
sulfite pulp mill waste on the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida).
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Biological
Report no* 49A, pp. 115-165.
The decline of the oyster industry is discussed and an
analysis of possible causes is presented. Lethal effects
of dilute concentrations of spent sulfite liquor on oysters
are discussed. A technique for accurately determining very
low concentrations of spent sulfite liquor in sea water is
presented.
McMillin, H.C. 1924. The life history and growth of the razor
clam. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries. 52 p.
Razor clam life history, including reproduction, growth and
migration, anatomy, shell morphology, and food are discussed
along with the location and extent of clam beds and the com-
mercial fishery.
Menasveta, D. 1958. Migration and fishing mortality of English
sole (Parophrys vetulus) in Saratoga Passage and adjacent
waters. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle*
-------
34
An analysis was done in L957 on captured fish that had been
tagged during 1953 and 1955. Results indicated that the
population is dominantly resident and that despite fishing,
the stock is maintaining itself.
Pereyra, W.T. 1961. Growth of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea
gigas Thunberg) in various exposure situations, with consid-
eration of the experimental and methodological difficulties
encountered. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
87 p.
This study of differential growth and survival of the Pacific
oyster at different intertidal elevations and subtidal depths
was conducted from January to December 1960 in Oyster Bay,
southern Puget Sound, Washington. Results of this experiment
show that animal growth Increased rapidly during early summer
and diminished greatly during late summer and early fall.
Those animals which were always submerged showed best growth
rates. Condition indices were found to be inversely related
to exposure. Survival, however, was independent of both
handling and exposure.
. 1962. Mortality of Pacific oysters, Crassostrea
gigas (Thunberg), in various exposure situations in Washing-
ton. Proceedings, National Shellfish Association 53:51-63.
Oysters maintained in baskets at various intertidal and sub-
tidal levels in Oyster Bay, Puget Sound, Washington from
January i960 to December 1960 were examined weekly or biweekly.
Specimens held in the subtidal environment suffered the great-
est mortality, apparently due to siltation.
Pruter, A.T. and R. Van Cleve. 1954. English sole in Holmes
Harbor, Puget Sound. Washington, State of, Department of
Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1(2):3-18.
English sole were tagged during the winter of 1952-1953.
Tags recovered during the 1953 fishing season were used to
estimate that about 30-40 percent of the population had been
caught.
Ronholt, L.L. 1963. Distribution and.relative abundance of com-
mercially important pandalid shrimps in the northeastern
Pacific Ocean. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report--Fisheries no.
-------
35
Exploratory fishing was conducted between 1950 and 1960.
Species caught, average number of shrimp per pound, depth
caught, total catch, and average catch per unit effort are
discussed.
Royce, W.F., D.E. Bevan, J.A. Crutchfield, G.J. Paullk, and R.L.
Fletcher. 1963* Salmon gear limitations in northern Wash-
ington waters. University of Washington Publications in
Fisheries, New Series, Vol. II, No. I. 123 p. (Also as
Contr. no. 145, College of Fisheries, University of Wash-
ington) .
A biostatistical analysis of the salmon fishery, including
studies of migration routes, run sizes, fishing gear, and
a mathematical model of the fishery, is given. Legal and
economic analyses of the fishery are also presented.
Sayce, C.S. 1963. A method for increasing survival of locally-
caught Pacific oyster seed in Willapa Bay, Washington.
Proceedings, National Shellfisheries Association 54:41-44.
Oyster spat survival was materially increased by suspending
them off the bay bottom and giving them Intensive attention
during their first winter.
and C.C. Lawson. 1966. Willapa oyster studies--
use of the pasture harrow for the cultivation of oysters.
Conn. Fish. Rev. 28(10):21-26.
Experiments to evaluate the effect of using pasture harrows
on natural oyster beds in southern Willapa Bay were conducted
from July 1964 to March 1965* Oysters, arranged in lanes
designated as control lanes and survey lanes, were observed
to determine their mortality, oysters per cluster, and loose
and punctured shells. Temperature, salinity, and water
turbidity were recorded.
Schaefer, M.B. 1939. The present status of the razor clam
stocks in the State of Washington. Washington, State of,
Department of Fisheries, Biological Report no. 37B. 37 p.
History of the razor clam fishery, the current fishery,
changes in population, and the age composition of the com-
-------
36
Sparks, A.K. and K.K. Chew. 1961. Preliminary report on growth
and survival of the Pacific oyster in Washington waters.
Proceedings, National Shellfisheries Association 50:125-132.
(Also as Contr. no. 65, College of Fisheries, University of
Washington).
Oysters held experimentally in baskets at Willapa Bay, Oyster
Bay, and Hood Canal were measured weekly or biweekly to deter-
mine their growth rate. Growth was greatest during the summer.
Steele, E.N. 1957. The rise and decline of the Olympia oyster.
Olyinpia Oyster Growers Association, Fulco Publications, Elma,
Washington. 126 p.
This is a history of the Olympia oyster industry on Puget
Sound.
. 1964. The immigrant oyster (Ostrea gigas) now
known as the Pacific oyster. Pacific Oyster Growers Associa-
tion, Warren's Quick Print, Olympia, Washington. 179 p.
This is a history of the development of the Pacific oyster
industry on the Pacific coast of Washington.
Stern, J.A. 1957. The new shrimp industry of Washington. Pro-
ceedings, Gulf Coast and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, 10th
annual session, November, 1957, pp. 37-42. (Also as Contr.
no. 25, College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Shrimp grounds, fishing, and processing methods of the newly
developed industry are discussed.
Tegelberg, H.C. and J.M. Smith. 1957. Observations on the dis-
tribution of the pink shrimp (Pandalus jordani) off the
Washington coast. Washington, State of, Department of
Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 2(1):25-34.
Exploratory fishing for shrimp was conducted during the fall
of 1955 and the spring of 1956 to determine their abundance
and distribution.
Townsend, C.H. 1093. Report of observations respecting the
oyster resources and oyster fishing of the Pacific Coast of
the United States. Appendix to Report of the Commissioner
of Fish and Fisheries for 1889 to 1891. Government Printing
-------
37
Six pages of this report are devoted to oystering in Willapa
Bay and Puget Sound, Washington. A chart of Willapa Bay
shows the native and cultivated oyster beds where 80,000
bushels of oysters were harvested annually. In 1890, Puget
Sound produced about 700 bushels of oysters weekly from 345
acres of oyster grounds. Limited surface water temperatures
from Willapa Bay and Budd Inlet are given. Oyster laws of
Washington in effect at this time are given.
VanCleve, R. 1956. The conservation of Northwest fisheries.
Pacific Northwest Business 15(11):14-15, 18-24. (Also as
Contr. no. 17, College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
The salmon fishing industry in Washington and the problems
it will encounter with greater industrialization and
development of the state are discussed.
. 1956. The conservation and future development
of West Coast marine resources. California Academy of
Sciences, Fourth Series, 28(12):425-439. (Also as Contr. no.
12, College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
A historical account of West Coast fisheries is given along
with a discussion of their future.
and A.T. Pruter. 1956. Problems of sampling a
Puget Sound population of English sole, Parophrys vetulus.
International Council for the Study of the Sea. Rapports
et proces-verbaux 140(1):87-93. (Also as Contr. no. 13,
College of Fisheries, University of Washington).
Net selection of fish, results of a fish tagging program,
and the relation of fish populations to their environment
are discussed. Studies were conducted in the Possession
Sound-Saratoga Passage area.
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries, n.d. Willapa
Bay Oyster Bulletin. Washington, State of, Department
of Fisheries.
This bulletin published at irregular intervals throughout
the year, discusses recent oyster and environmental condi-
-------
38
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries, n.d. Puget
Sound Oyster Bulletin. Washington, State of, Department
of Fisheries.
This bulletin, published at irregular intervals during each
year, discusses the oyster industry, oyster biology, and
environmental conditions in Puget Sound.
V.'estley, R.E. 1959. Olympia and Pacific oyster condition factor
data. State of Washington 1954-1958. Washington Department
of Fisheries, State Shellfish Laboratory, Quilcene, Washington.
Condition factor data of oysters taken from commercial beds
in south Puget Sound and Willapa Bay are tabulated in this
report. Included are the wet and dry weight, and the volume
of oysters sampled.
, C. Lindsay, and C. Woelke. 1964. Shellfish
culture potential of Swinomish and Lummi Reservation tide-
lands. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries,
Research Division. May 1964.
The oyster-growing potential of tidelands in the Swinomish
and Lummi Reservation areas was studied from April 1963 to
April 1964. Investigations were made of: oyster growth,
fatness, and mortality; physical, chemical, and biological
characteristics of the water; and bottom sediments. Hydro-
graphic data are given in charts and graphs.
Westrheim, S.J. 1958. On the biology of the Pacific Ocean
perch, Sebastodes alutus (Gilbert). M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 106 p.
Data on Pacific Ocean perch collected off the coasts of
Oregon and Washington during the fall of 1952 were analyzed.
Commercial landings, taxonomy distribution, size-composition
and sex ratios in landings, length-weight relationships, age
determinations, growth, mortality, and reproduction are dis-
cussed.
Williams, R.W. 1959. The fishery for herring (Clupea pallasii)
on Puget Sound. Washington, State of, Department of Fish-
-------
39
The life history of herring, history of the fishery, fishing
gear, management of the fishery, catch trends, and condition
of the stock are discussed.
Voelke, C.E. 1955. Introduction of the Kuraamoto oyster, Ostrea
(Crassostrea) gigas, to the Pacific Coast. Washington, State
of Department of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers
1(3)41-50.
The oyster, first imported from Japan in 1947, is grown in
several localities on the Washington coast and in Puget
Sound. Data showing growing success during the period
-------
40
GEOLOGY
Andrews, R.S. 1965. Modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washington:
a coastal plain estuary. M.S. Thesis, University of Washing-
ton, Seattle. 60 p.
The physical and chemical characteristics of recent sediments
in the bay were studied. Sediment distribution in relation
to the environment, such as river silting and tidal currents
is discussed.
. 1965. Modern sediments of Willapa Bay, Washing-
ton, a coastal plain estuary. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 118. 43 p.
Sediment distribution and carbon/nitrogen ratios in the bay
were studied. It was found that finer sediments predominate
near stream mouths and have a smaller ratio of carbon to
nitrogen.
Bader, R.G. 1954. Carbon and nitrogen in near shore marine sedi-
ments. University of Washington, Department of Oceanography,
Technical Report no. 36. 15 p.
Carbon/nitrogen ratios of several sediment'samples from
Puget Sound are given. Weil defined relationships between
carbon and nitrogen depend on the environment of deposition,
the organic decay rate, and the type of organics in the
sediment.
. 1954. Use of factors for converting carbon or
nitrogen to total sedimentary organics. Science 120:709-710.
(Also as Contr. no. 176, Department of Oceanography, Uni-
versity of Washington).
Various factors that have been used to calculate total
organics in sediments are discussed.
. 1955. Carbon and nitrogen relations in surface
and subsurface marine sediments. Geochiraica et Cosmochimica
Acta 7:205-211. (Also as Contr. no, 189, Department of
-------
41
Carbon/nitrogen ratios of marine sediments associated with
various sedimentation rates, environments of deposition and
diagenesis were investigated. Sediment samples from Puget
Sound were included in the study.
Bader, R.G. 1956. The lignin fraction of marine sediments.
Deep Sea Research 4:15-22. (Also as Technical Report no. 54
and as Contr. no. 200, Department of Oceanography, University
of Washington).
Lignin in 31 surface samples from the Gulf of Maine and two
cores from Puget Sound were analyzed. Results indicated that
lignin is stable in marine environments and may be useful in
sedimentation rate studies.
Ballard, R.L. 1964. Distribution of beach sediment near the
Columbia River. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 82 p.
The coastline between Tillamook Head, Oregon and Grays Harbor,
Washington is characterized by prograding beaches which con-
trast with most of the Oregon and Washington coastline where
sea cliff erosion is in progress. The Columbia River appears
to be the major contributor of sediment. Although littoral
sediment transport varies seasonally, it is thought that net
movement is northward. Mechanical and mineral analyses were
made of the sediments and longshore wave energy fluxes were
computed.
Brundage, W.L., Jr. 1960. Recent sediments of the Nisqually
River Delta, Puget Sound, Washington. M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 178 p.
Dominate surface sediments of the delta are medium- and fine-
grained sands originally from the bedload of the Nisqually
River but subsequently reworked by wave and tidal action.
The delta fills a former inlet and has grown seaward until
now the delta front is in equilibrium with tidal currents in
Nisqually Reach of Puget Sound.
Burns, R.E. 1962. A model of sedimentation in small, sill-less,
embayed estuaries of the Pacific Northwest. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 117 p.
Sediment distribution in relation to environmental factors
-------
42
and Port Discovery, Parameters specified for the model study
included estuary type, importance and general effects of sedi-
ment sources, processes of transport, deposition, and erosion.
Cooper, W.S. 1958. Coastal sand dunes of Oregon and Washington.
Geological Society of America Memoir no. 72. 169 p.
This comprehensive study of the coastal sand dunes of Oregon
and Washington is divided into three parts. Part one dis-
cusses the environments in which the dunes are formed. Part
two describes the processes active in forming the dunes. Part
three is a description of the dune localities. Dune local-
ities are shown in maps and pictures show dune formations and
stabilization.
Enbysk, B.J. 1960. Distribution of foraminifera in the northeast
Pacific. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
150 p.
This extensive plankton survey of northeastern Pacific waters
at the surface and deeper depths demonstrates foraminifera
distribution. Environmental factors correlating with organ-
ism distribution are presented.
and F.I. Unger. 1966. Mysid statoliths in shelf
sediments off northwest North America. Journal of Sedimen-
tary Petrology 36:839-840.
Statoliths from several species of mysidacea recovered from
core samples taken in Puget Sound and straits off British
Columbia and V/ashington were studied. The numbers of stato-
liths found in core samples from shoal areas correlate with
the organism's patterns of swarming, settling, and ecdysis.
Gross, M.G., D.A. McManus, and J.S. Creager. 1963. Preliminary
report on the sediment and radioactivity in the vicinity of
the Columbia River effluent. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 84. 32 p.
Sediment samples collected in that part of the Pacific Ocean
influenced by Columbia River effluent were analyzed for radio-
nuclides. The radionuclides chromium-51, zinc-65, cobalt-57,
and cobalt-60 were found in sandy sediments as far north as
Grays Harbor. Finer-grained sediments nearer the river
-------
43
Gross, M.G. and J.L. Nelson. 1966. Sediment movement on the
continental shelf near Washington and Oregon. Science
154:879-885.
Observations off the Columbia River during 1964 demonstrate
changes in relative concentrations and activities of the
nuclides zlnc-65 and cobalt-60 in the sediment. Nuclide
changes are related to the northward and westward movements
of the sediment along the shelf.
Jennings, D., N. Cutshall, and C. Osterberg. 1965. Radio-
activity detection of gamma-ray emission in sediments in
situ. Science 148:948-950.
A portable gamma-ray probe, capable of measuring radio-
activity jji situ was used In the Columbia River estuary.
Data obtained was considered to be more accurate than data
obtained from samples that had been transported to a
laboratory for analysis.
Kaarsberg, E.A. 1967. Magnetic survey of the Puget Sound
earthquake zone. Geophysics 32:119-123.
Epicenter locations of earthquakes originating in Puget
Sound are described. The epicenters are discussed with
relation to several geological factors. Magnetic surveys
conducted during the summer of 1965 verified the existence
of this fault zone.
McLaughlin, W.T. and R.L. Brown. 1942. Controlling coastal
sand dunes in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Department of
Agriculture Circular no. 660. 46 p.
Sand dunes along the Oregon and Washington coasts are dis-
cussed* Factors which cause the dunes and methods of con-
trolling the dunes are given. Dune growth, destruction,
and control are shown in photographs.
Milliman, J.D. 1963. Recent marine sediments in Grays Harbor,
Washington. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
172 p.
Most o£ the sediment in Grays Harbor is derived from the
Chehalis River. Three characteristic type sediments are
found in the bay: (1) poorly sorted lag gravels near the
-------
44
southern North Bay, and the western part of the Inner Harbor,
and in the Aberdeen-Hoquiam area.
Nayudu, Y.R. 1959. Recent sediments of the Northeast Pacific.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 217 p.
Lithological and textural characters of sediments and their
relation to the environment were used during this 1957-1959
study to evaluate large scale aspects of sedimentation and
sediment distribution.
• 1962. A new hypothesis for origin of guyots
and seamount terraces. Crust of the Pacific Basin, Geo-
physics Monograph no. 6:171-180.
Several volcanic rock types were dredged from the summit
terraces of Cobb Seamount off the coast of Washington and
Bowie Bank off the coast of British Columbia. Palagonite
tuff, crystal fragments, and basaltic glass were correlated
to complexes of pillow lavas and bedded palagonite breccia
formed in areas where Columbia River basalts entered lakes.
. 1964. Carbonate deposits and paleoclimatic
implications in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Science
146:515-517.
A narrow carbonate band consisting of Globigerina-rich sedi-
ments extending along, and almost parallel to the coasts of
Washington and Oregon was studied during 1962-1964. These
sediments accumulated from 12,000 to 27,000 years ago; an
age determined by radiocarbon dating of five core samples.
This period corresponds to Vashon glacial times of the
Puget Sound*
and B.J« Enbysk. 1964. Bio-lithology of north-
east Pacific surface sediments. Marine Geology 2:310-342.
Seven bio-lithologic areas based oh the relative abundance
of diatoms, radiolorians, planktonic foraminifera and lithic
elements are defined for northeast Pacific surface sediments
from the study of 200 gravity cores taken from 1954-1962.
Royse, C.F., Jr. 1964. Sediments of Willapa Submarine Canyon.
-------
45
Sediment distribution and the rates of sedimentation in the
canyon were studied. Organic and carbonate carbon, heavy
mineral and clay mineral analyses indicate that the Columbia
River is the major source of sediments.
Seymour, A.H. and G.B. Lewis. 1964. Radionuclides of Columbia
River origin in marine organisms, sediments and water col-
lected from coastal and offshore waters of Washington and
Oregon, 1961-1963. United States Atomic Energy Commission
Laboratory of Radiation Biology, University of Washington,
Seattle UWFL-86, December 1964.
The distribution of Hanford-produced radionuclides in the
marine environment was determined in this comprehensive
study by measuring the zinc-65 concentrations in samples
of coastal organisms, offshore plankton, demersal fish,
and water. The samples obtained from an area bounded by the
Oregon-Washington coastline and a line about 150 miles at
sea were analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry.
Sternberg, R.W. 1965. Observations of boundary layer flow in
a tidal current. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 71 p.
A device was constructed and used to monitor current move-
ment within two meters of the sea floor. On command the
device would monitor the sea floor by television, measure
the current velocity profile, take stereophotographs of the
bottom or obtain suspended sediment.
Utterback, C.L. and L.A. Sanderman. 1937-1938. Radium content
of some inshore bottom samples in the Pacific Northwest.
Journal of Marine Research 1:187-191. (Also as Contr. no.
75, Oceanographic Laboratory, University of Washington).
Samples were taken from Puget Sound. Sampling locations,
sediment descriptions, and radium concentrations are given.
Wang, F.H. 1955. Recent sediments in Puget Sound and portions
of Washington Sound and Lake Washington* Ph.D* Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 160 p.
Bottom sediments in these areas were classified into several
types based upon environmental occurrence, grain size dis-
tribution, carbonate content, and water content. Diagrams,
graphs, and tables are used to show sampling localities,
-------
4 6
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
Barkley, R.A. 1958. A comparison of Che arnperometric and cata-
lytic methods for the determination of iodine in sea water.
M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 42 p.
Sea water from Puget Sound was analyzed by both methods;
results compared favorably. The iodine profile from the
sample locality was found to be fairly uniform from the
surface to the bottom.
and T.G. Thompson. 1960. The total iodine and
iodate-iodine content of sea-water. Deep Sea Research
7:24-34.
Water samples ranging from oceanic waters of the North
Pacific to inland waters of Washington State were analyzed
for iodine and iodate-iodine content. The greatest varia-
tions in the iodine-chlorinity ratios were shown in the
upper 200 meters in open ocean waters and inshore samples
were shown to be 15 percent lower than offshore samples.
The water samples were collected from 1956 to 1957.
Barnes, C.A. and E.E. Collias. 1956. Physical and chemical
data for Puget Sound and approaches January-December 1953.
University of Washington, Department of Oceanography,
Technical Report no. 45. 212 p.
Tabulated temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data
are presented for a range of depths at several hundred
oceanographic stations throughout Puget Sound and Strait
of Juan de Fuca, Washington.
an
-------
47
Barnes, C.A. and E.E. Collias. 1956. Physical and chemical data
for Puget Sound and approaches January-December 1954. Uni-
versity of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Technical
Report no. 46. 259 p.
Tabulated temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen data
are presented for a range of depths at several hundred
oceanographic stations throughout Puget Sound and Strait
of Juan de Fuca, Washington.
and R.G. Paquette. 1957. Circulation near the
Washington coast. Proceedings of the Eighth Pacific Science
Congress 3:585-608. (Also as Contr. no. 194, Department of
Oceanography, University of Washington).
Water circulation along the coasts of Oregon, Washington,
and Vancouver Island was studied during the springs and
summers of 1952 and 1953 utilizing dynamic topographies
and the Georaagnetic-Electro-Kinetograph (G.E.K.). Cur-
rents measured by the G.E.K. were believed to be short-
termed and caused by wind action.
Bennett, E.B. 1959. Some oceanographic features of the north-
east Pacific Ocean during August 1955. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd.
of Canada 16:565-633.
An extensive oceanographic survey to investigate temper-
ature, salinity, and density distributions of northeast
Pacific waters was conducted. Paths of calculated geo-
strophic currents, their circulation and direction are
shown. Several charts and graphs are included.
Budinger, T.F., L.K. Coachman, and C.A. Barnes* 1963. Descrip-
tion of Columbia River plume and certain aspects of the
mixing of river water in the sea. (Abstract) Trans. Am.
Geophysical Union 44:208-209.
The movement and dispersion of the Columbia River effluent
were observed. Oceanographic measurements attempt to cor-
relate losses of fresh water by diffusion and advection
with the addition of river flow. Plume movements are
described by geostrophic circulation and wind stress*
, , and » 1964.
Columbia River effluent in the northeast Pacific Ocean
1961, 1962: Selected aspects of physical oceanography.
University of Washington, Department of Oceanography,
-------
48
Observations from 12 oceanographic cruises are used to des-
cribe the dispersion of Columbia River water off Oregon and
Washington. Graphs, charts, and diagrams.
Caldwell, J.M. 1955. Tidal currents of inlets in the United
States. 1955. American Society of Civil Engineers, Proceed-
ings, Vol. 81, Separate no. 716. 12 p.
Tidal currents along the coasts of the United States are
discussed. Three types of tidal currents are evaluated
utilizing the strength of flood currents which precede high
tide by less than one hour and by the tidal range.
Chow, T.J. and T.G. Thompson. 1954. Seasonal variations in the
concentration of copper in the surface waters of San Juan
Channel, Washington. Journal of Marine Research 13:233-244.
(Also as Contr. no. 179, Department of Oceanography, Uni-
versity of Washington).
Copper concentrations were measured over a period of 17
months from 1951 through 1953. The average concentration
was 0.023 jug-at/L. Concentrations varied seasonally,
reaching an autumn minimum of 0.016 ^ug-at/L and a summer
maximum of 0.028_x«g-at/L.
Collias, E.E. and C.A. Barnes. 1965. Physical and chemical
data for Puget Sound and approaches January 1958-December
1959. University of Washington, Department of Oceanography,
Technical Report no. 113. 225 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated.
and . 1966. Physical and chemi
cal data for Puget Sound and approaches January 1960-
December 1961. University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography, Technical Report no. 114. 286 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated*
, J. Dermody, and C.A. Barnes. 1962. Physical
and chemical data for southern Puget Sound: August 1957-
October 1953. University of Washington, Department of
-------
49
Data tabulated in this report are principally from that por-
tion of Puget Sound south of Tacoma Narrows. Observed data
which are tabulated include temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, phosphate, and spent sulfite liquor. Current veloc-
ities were measured at selected stations.
Collias, E.E., C.li. Love, and R.G. Paquette. 1956. Eastern
North Pacific and Gulf of Alaska offshore physical and
chemical data April 1954-January 1955. University of
Uashington, Department of Oceanography, Technical Report
no. 49. 33 p.
Tabulated temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen data
from several oceanographic stations along the Washington
coast are included in this report.
Driggers, V.W., Jr. 1964. Tracer dye studies in Lake Union and
Bellingham Bay. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 73 p.
Rhodaraine B dye solution was introduced at the surface of
Bellingham Bay once in February and twice in March 1961.
Dye patches were traced visually and with the aid of a
fluorometer. The dye patch elongated downwind and moved
apparently in response to tidal currents. A vertical co-
efficient of diffusion was found to be about 4 cm^/sec.
Duxbury, A.C. 1956. The velocity profiles and stresses above
the sea floor in Agate Passage and San Juan Channel. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 82 p.
Instantaneous current measurement data were recorded by a
triple stage pressure plate current meter. These velocity
profile data were used to calculate stresses near the sea
floor.
* 1965. The union of the Columbia River and the
Pacific Ocean--general features. Ocean Sciences and Ocean
Engineering, Washington, D.C., pp. 914-922. (Also as Tech-
nical Report no. 149, Department of Oceanography, University
of Washington).
Runoff from the Columbia River and its effect on waters of
-------
50
Farmer, H.G. and M. Rattray, Jr. 1962. A model study of the
steady-state salinity distribution in Puget Sound. Univers-
ity of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Technical
Report no. 85. 33 p.
Steady-state salinity distribution in Puget Sound was deter-
mined using an oceanographic model. Salinity determinations
were made at seven stations, each of which was located in a
major arm of the Sound. Salinity profiles were obtained at
each station for three conditions of fresh water runoff and
five values of tidal range.
Favorite, F. 1961. Surface temperature and salinity off the
Washington and British Columbia coasts, August 195# and
1959. Jour. Fish. Res- Bd. of Canada 18:311-319.
Oceanographic data were collected in conjunction with studies
on spawning patterns of the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus
nerka). The data were compared with yearly August spawning
information results in order to trace the effects of local
run-of f.
Fofonoff, N.P. and S. Tabata. 1966. Variability of oceanographic
conditions between Ocean Station P and Swiftsure Bank off
the Pacific Coast of Canada. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada
23:325-863.
Oceanographic observations taken from January 1959 through
January 1962 included serial temperature and salinity obser-
vations. Salinity variations were related to freshwater
runoff from land and the component of Ekman transport
normal to the coast. Variations of depths of isopycnal
surfaces appeared to be related to the curl of wind stress,
Glancy, T.J., Jr. 1960. Microstructure in Dabob Bay, September
1959. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. '
95 p. plus appendices.
Thermal raicrostructures, sharply defined variations in tem-
perature of 0.1-0.2°C over depth ranges of fractions of a
meter to several meters, were studied. These variations
superimposed over the macrostructure are believed to cause
mixing and interleaving of water masses. They may persist
-------
51
Gross, M.G., C.A. Barnes, and G.K. Riel. 1965. Radioactivity
of the Columbia River effluent. Science 149:1088-1090.
(Also as Technical Bulletin no. 145, Department of Ocean-
ography, University of Washington).
Radioactivity of surface water was measured in August, 1963.
Chromium-51 and zinc-65, principally from the river, were
found up to 115 Km offshore. Zirconium-65 and niobium-65,
principally from atmospheric fallout, were more abundant in
offshore waters.
Hansen, D.V. 1964. Similarity solutions for salt balance and
circulation in partially mixed estuaries. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 76 p.
A set of partial differential equations was derived for the
salt balance and circulation dynamics in partially mixed
estuaries. The equations were applied to data from the
Strait of Juan de Fuca to estimate eddy coefficients.
. 1965. Current mixing in the Columbia River
Estuary. Ocean Science and Ocean Engineering Conference,
Transactions of the Joint Conference and Exhibit, June 1965.
pp. 943-951.
Tidal and turbulent diffusion studies in the Columbia River
Estuary were evaluated from data taken from 1956 to 1960.
These studies describe influences of tidal forces on types
and mechanisms of salinity intrusions into the Columbia
River.
and M. Rattray, Jr. 1965. Gravitational circu-
lation in straits and estuaries. Journal of Marine Research
23:104-122.
Mathematical models which describe circulation and salt
water fluxes of estuaries where mixing results primarily
from tidal currents are discussed. Data for the Strait of
Juan de Fuca and the Columbia River Estuary are included.
and . 1966. New dimensions in
estuary classification. Limnology and Oceanography
-------
52
Theoretical results for a two-parameter system of estuarine
classification based on eddy coefficients of viscosity and
diffusivity were derived from experimental studies of the
Columbia River and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Parameters in-
cluded in the investigation were current, river flow, and
geomorphology.
Harris> R.G. 1954. The surface winds over Puget Sound and the
Strait of Juan de Fuca and their oceanographic effects. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 101 p.
Available wind data were analyzed. It was found that winds
in the Sound are dominantly southerly in the winter and
northerly in the summer. In the Strait, winds are dominantly
easterly in summer and westerly in winter. Estimated wind
wave heights, wind stresses, surface currents, and slopes
were computed using average wind velocities.
and M. Rattray, Jr. 1954. The surface winds
over Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca and their
oceanographic effects. University of Washington, Department
of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 37. 101 p.
Available wind data from several reporting stations were
reviewed, compiLed and collated into wind rose diagrams to
delineate dominant wind directions and velocities at these
stations. Selected meteorological conditions in the Puget
Sound area are discussed.
Herlineaux, R.H. 1957. On tidal current and properties of the
sea water along British Columbia coast. Progress reports
of Pacific Coast stations of the Fish. Res* Bd. of Canada
no. 108, pp. 7-9.
Daily observations of sea water temperature and salinity
were made from Langara Island to Juan de Fuca Strait from
1952 to 1954. Observations correlate temperature fluctua-
tions to current changes.
and I.P. Tully. 1961. Some oceanographic
features of Juan de Fuca Strait. Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. of
Canada 18:1027-1071.
An extensive description of the properties of the water,
oceanographic structure and currents in the Juan de Fuca
-------
53
1960 is summarized in this paper. Several correlations
with meteorological conditions over the same period are
presented. Included are graphs, charts, and tables.
Hobson, L.A. 1963. Some influences of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961. M.S.
Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 88 p.
Chlorophyll a, marine diatoms, and micro-flagellate concen-
trations were studied to evaluate the influence of Columbia
River runoff on phytoplankton standing crops. Greatest
concentrations were found in the Columbia River plume, which
was defined by the 32.5 °/oo isopleth.
. 1964. Some influences of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961.
University of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Tech-
nical Report no. 100. 46 p.
The phytoplankton populations from offshore stations along
the Oregon and Washington coasts are correlated with phys-
ical, chemical, and other biological factors. These are
photosynthesis, respiration, water column stability, grazing
by zooplankton, and sinking of phytoplankton. Tables,
graphs, charts, and vertical and horizontal distribution
diagrams are given.
. 1966. The seasonal and vertical distribution
of suspended particulate matter in an area of the north-
east Pacific Ocean. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 107 p.
Particulate matter samples were collected from the surface
and from 4000 meters depth on six occasions during 1964 and
1965. Concentrations of the particulate matter, organic
carbon, carbohydrate, and the size of the particles were
determined to study their variation with depth and season.
. 1966. Some influence of the Columbia River
effluent on marine phytoplankton during January 1961*
Limnology and Oceanography 11:223-234.
The distribution of a phytoplankton standing crop Is related
to the influences of freshwater runoff. Correlations be-
tween critical-to-mixed-depth ratios and the size of phyto-
-------
54
Hollister, H.J. 1960. Bathythermograms and meteorological data
record, Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightships, 1959.
Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript Report Series no. 62.
97 p.
Bathythermograms and meteorological data, recorded twice
daily during this period, are presented.
. 1961. Bathythermograms and meteorological data
record, Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightships, January
1, 1960 to June 30, 1961. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manu-
script Report Series, Oceanographic and Limnological no. 99.
89 p.
Bathythermograph records and meteorological data taken
daily at 8:00 A.M. and 4:00 P.M. are given.
. 1964. Classification of monthly mean sea sur-
face temperatures and salinities at shore stations along the
British Columbia and adjacent American coasts, 1915-1962.
Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript Report Series, Ocean-
ographic and Limnological no. 177. 123 p.
Data from the Strait of Juan de Fuca are included.
. 1965. Graphs of seawater temperature and
salinity observations at British Columbia coastal stations,
1963. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript Report Series,
Oceanographic and Limnological no. 204. 39 p.
Temperature and salinity data taken in the Strait of Juan
de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia are included.
. 1966. A report on bathythermograph observa-
tions at the Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightship
stations 1954-1961. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript
Report Series, Oceanographic and Limnological no. 206. 83 p.
Data obtained from semi-diurnal bathythermograph observa-
tions and surface salinity and temperature observations are
presented.
Isaac, G.W., G.D. Farris, and C.V. Gibbs. 1964. Special
Duwamish River studies. Seattle, Municipality of Metro-
-------
55
Water chemistry and its relation to tidal influences, river
flow, and vertical mixing were investigated* Dissolved
oxygen and salinity concentrations are given.
Ketchen, K.S. 1955. Climatic trends and fluctuations in yield
of marine fisheries of the Northeast Pacific. Jour. Fish.
Res. Bd. of Canada 13:357-374.
Literature published from 1900 to 1955 giving air and water
temperature data along the British Columbia and Washington
coasts is compared with marine fisheries catches. Catch
data are correlated with climatic fluctuations.
Kollmeyer, R.C. 1965. Water properties and circulation in Dabob
Bay, autumn 1962. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. Ill p.
Water movement is interpreted and circulation patterns are
postulated. Water was found to enter the bay near the
bottom and leave at the surface except during strong winds
when it flows in at both the surface and bottom and leaves
at raiddepths.
Laevastu, T. 1954. The determination and occurrence of nickel
In sea water, marine animals, and plants. M.S. Thesis,
University of Washington, Seattle. 27 p.
A convenient and reliable method for measuring minute
quantities of nickel was developed. Nickel concentrations
in Puget Sound waters and in the fishes and plankton there-
from, were measured.
and T.G. Thompson. 1956. The determination of
nickel in sea water, marine organisms and sediments.
Extrait Du Journal Du Conseil International Pour L'Explora-
tion De La Mer 21(2):125-143. (Also as Technical Report
no. 50, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington).
Pertinent literature on the occurrence of nickel in sea
water is reviewed and values of nickel in several of the
world's seas are tabulated. Nickel content of sea water,
organisms, and sediments in Puget Sound and the method for
-------
56
Laevastu, T. and T.G. Thompson. 195&. Soluble iron in coastal
waters. Journal of Marine Research 16:192-198. (Also as
Contr. no. 222, Department of Oceanography, University of
Washington).
Soluble iron from inshore waters of Washington ranged in
concentration from 5.5 to 32 ug/L.
Love, C.M. 1956. Northeast Pacific Ocean physical and chemical
data: Summers of 1955 and 1956. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 55. 107 p.
Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phosphate data,
tabulated for several oceanographic stations along the
Washington coast, are included in this report.
1960. Physical and chemical data for a portion
of the northeast Pacific Ocean extending from the coasts of
Washington and British Columbia westward to 131°W, April
1956-April 1958. University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography, Technical Report no. 66. 201 p.
Observed temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phos-
phate data for oceanographic stations in Puget Sound and the
Washington coast are included in this report.
. 1963. Physical, chemical, and biological data
from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent
area, January-June 1961. University of Washington, Depart-
ment of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 36. 405 p.
Five offshore cruises were made into that part of the north-
east Pacific Ocean influenced by Columbia River water. At
each oceanographic station temperature, salinity, and dis-
solved oxygen data were taken. Productivity and chlorophyll
measurements were made at 75 percent of the stations. In
addition, zooplankton, phosphate, silicate, and nitrate
determinations were made at selected stations.
. 1964. Physical, chemical, and biological data
from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent
area September-December 1961. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 115, Volume
I. 258 p.
-------
57
Love, C.M. 1964. Physical, chemical, and biological data from
the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent area
September-December 1961. University of Washington, Depart-
ment of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 115, Volume II.
174 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated.
. 1965. Physical, chemical, and biological data
from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River effluent
area January-October 1962. University of Washington, Depart-
ment of Oceanography, Technical Report no. 119. 194 p.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated.
Morse, B.A. and N. McGary. 1965. Graphic representation of the
salinity distribution near the Columbia River mouth. Ocean
Science and Ocean Engineering, Washington, D.C., pp. 923-942.
(Also as Technical Report no. 148, Department of Oceanography,
University of Washington).
The 32.5 °/oo isohaline was used to define the boundary of
the Columbia River discharge plume. Salinity distributions
for maximum discharge, in June, and minimum discharge, in
September, are given.
, M. Rattray, Jr., R.G. Paquette, and C.A. Barnes.
1958. The measurement of transports and currents in small
tidal streams by an electromagnetic method. University of
Washington, Department of Oceanography, Technical Report
no. 57. 70 p.
Potentials associated with saline water moving through the
earth's magnetic field were measured across tidal streams
at Mosquito Pass, Westcott Channel, and Deception Pass,
Washington. Observed potentials were calibrated with known
transport values and tidal velocities. Subsequently ob-
served potentials agreed satisfactorily with known trans-
ports and velocities.
Olcay, N. 1959. Oceanographic conditions near the head of
southern Puget Sound, August 1957 through September 1958.
M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle* 59 p.
plus data sheets.
Oceanographic and meteorological data are tabulated. The
-------
58
Pacific Oceanographic Group of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada. Annual. Observations of seawater temperature and
salinity on the Pacific coast of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. of
Canada, Manuscript Report Series, Oceanographic and Limnol-
ogical.
Tabulated seawater temperature and salinities are given
annually in one number of each volume of this series. Data
from stations in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait
of Georgia are included. This record has been kept since
1934.
. 1957. Bathythermograms and meteorological data
record Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightships. 1957.
Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript Report Series, Ocean-
ographic and Limnological no. 22. 143 p.
Bathythermograms and meteorological data, recorded twice
daily during the period, are presented.
. 1958. Bathythermograms and meteorological data
record, Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightships, June
1954 to December 1956. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript
Report Series, Oceanographic and Limnological no. 8. 214 p.
Bathytheraograms and meteorological data, recorded twice
daily during the period, are given.
. 1959. Bathythermograms and meteorological data
record, Swiftsure Bank and Umatilla Reef Lightships, 1958.
Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada, Manuscript Report Series, Ocean-
ographic and Limnological no. 37. 121 p.
Bathythermograms and meteorological data, recorded twice
daily during this period, are presented.
Procter, C.M., E. Papadopulus, and R.H. Firminhac. 1962. Gamma
scintillation probe for field use and measurements of radia-
tion background in Puget Sound. Limnology and Oceanography
7:280-236.
Gamma scintillation probe tests were conducted periodically
during 1962 at various depths in Puget Sound to determine
radiation background. Discussed in the paper are possible
sources of instrumental error and the effects of cosmic ray
-------
59
Rattray, M., Jr. and D.V. Hansen. 1962. A similarity solution
for circulation in an estuary. Journal of Marine Research
20:121-133. (Also as Contr. no. 260 and Technical Report
no. 78, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington).
Partial differential equations and boundary conditions are
given to describe flow and mixing In estuaries.
and J.H. Lincoln. 1954. Operating character-
istics of an oceanographic model of Puget Sound. Trans.
Am. Geophysical Union 36:251-261. (Also as Technical Report
no. 43, Department of Oceanography, University of Washington).
The physical description, specifications, and operating
characteristics of a small model of Puget Sound are pre-
sented. Horizontal scale of the model is 1/40,000 and the
vertical scale 1/1152. The model agrees well with the
prototype.
Reid, J.L., Jr., G.E. Roden, and J.G. Wyllie. 1958. Studies
of the California Current System. Scripps Inst, of Ocean-
ography Contr. no. 998, pp. 298-321.
Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the
current and conditions which cause variations in these
features are discussed.
Robinson, M.K. 1957. Sea temperature in the Gulf of Alaska
and in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, 1941-1952. Scripps
Inst, of Ocean. Bull., University of California Press,
Berkeley and Los Angeles 7:1-98.
Charts of monthly average temperatures taken by bathy-
thermographs and reversing thermometers at 100 foot depth
intervals, from the surface to 400 feet, are given. The
oceanic region covered extends from Alaska to California.
Roden, G.I. 1966. Low-frequency sea level oscillations along
the Pacific Coast of North America. Jour. Geophysical
Research 71:4755-4776. (Also as Contr. no. 385, Depart-
ment of Oceanography, University of Washington).
Monthly sea level records and the combined causes of sea
level variations were used to make statistical analyses of
Low-frequency sea level oscillations. Data collected from
-------
including those at Neah Bay and Seattlef Washington, were
used in the analysis.
Seymour, A.K. and G.B. Lewis. 1964. Radionuclides of Columbia
River origin in marine organisms, sediments and water col-
lected from coastal and offshore waters of Washington and
Oregon, 1961-1963. United States Atomic Energy Commission
Laboratory of Radiation Biology, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington UWFL-86, December 1964.
The distribution of Hartford-produced radionuclides in the
marine environment was determined in this comprehensive
study by measuring the zinc-65 concentrations in samples of
coastal organisms, offshore plankton, demersal fish, and
water. The samples obtained from an area bounded by the
Oregon-Washington coastline and a line about 150 miles at
sea were analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry.
Stefansson, U. and F. Richards. 1964. Distribution of dissolved
oxygen, density, and nutrients off the Washington and Oregon
coasts. Deep Sea Research 11:355-380.
The effects of upwelling, Columbia River water, biological
activity, temperature change, and anomalous surface exchange
on the distribution of nutrients are discussed. Observations
were taken during 13 cruises between January 1961 and June
1962. Diagrams, charts, and graphs.
and • 1963. Processes contri-
buting to the nutrient distributions off the Columbia River
and Strait of Juan de Fuca. Limnology and Oceanography
3:394-410.
Observations on nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and salinity
are given for 12 cruises between January 1961 and April
1962. The paper discusses the horizontal distribution of
nutrients in the upper 10 meters, processes affecting
nutrient distribution, seasonal changes, and nutrient
relationships. Charts, graphs, and diagrams.
Sternberg, R.W. 1965. Observations of boundary layer flow in
a tidal current. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 71 p.
A device was constructed and used to monitor current move-
-------
61
device would monitor the sea floor by television, measure
the current velocity profile, take stereophotographs of
the bottom, or obtain suspended sediment.
Tsao, U.S. 1954. A study of sewage movement in Puget Sound.
A model study. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 74 p.
Studies of sewage movement in four areas of Puget Sound,
Olympia, Tacoma, Seattle, and Everett, were conducted in
a model of Puget Sound which had a horizontal scale of
1:40,000 and a vertical scale of 1:1,152. Other parameters
were scaled down appropriately. Scale model tidal action
and river runoff were produced by a tide machine and head
tanks, respectively. Detailed studies in each area were
made utilizing dye. Results, shown in plots of the dye
measurement, are used to interpret fates of wastes dis-
charged into Puget Sound at various points.
Tully, J.P. and A.J. Dodimead. 1957. Properties of the water
in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, and influencing
factors* Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. of Canada 14:241-319.
Serial oceanographic observations were made monthly from
November 1930 to January 1932 from the northern portions of
the Strait of Georgia to the Friday Harbor Islands. Observa-
tions were made of temperature, salinity, pH, concentration
of dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrates, nitrites, inorganic
phosphates, and silicates. Occurrence of the properties,
their seasonal and diurnal cycles are shown to be related
to the mechanism of tidal exchange, discharge of the Fraser
River, weather, and growth of plankton.
United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1925. Port Orchard Bay,
Washington. House of Representatives Document no. 109,
68th Congress, 1st Session.
This project provides for removing the shoal near Point
Glover in Rich Passage to a depth of 40 feet. Depth refers
to the plane of M.L.L.W.
. 1933. Skagit River, Skagit Bay. House of
Representatives Document no. 187, 73rd Congress, 2nd Session.
The project was adopted 25 June 1910 and modified 2 March
-------
62
channel entrance through the delta by means of a dike at the
mouth of the South Fork. The document also recommends in-
creasing the available depth at the Skagit City Bar by dredg-
ing and by constructing training dikes.
United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1935. Olympia Harbor,
Washington. House of Representatives Document no. 21, 73rd
Congress, 2nd Session.
This project provides for a channel 500 feet wide and 30 feet
deep from deep water in Budd Inlet to the Port Terminal and
a turning basin adjacent to the Port Terminal 3,350 feet long,
500 feet to 960 feet wide, and 30 feet deep.
• 1938. Neah Bay. House of Representatives
Committee Document no. 51, 75th Congress, 2nd Session.
This project provides for a breakwater approximately 3000
feet long between Waada Island and the westerly shore of the
bay, and reinforcement of the existing rock revetment extend-
ing approximately 2,200 feet west from Baada Point.
_. 1954. Anacortes Harbor, Washington. Senate
Document no. 102, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session.
Construction of a new mooring basin, 960 feet long, 570 feet
wide, and 12 feet deep at M.L.L.W. and the treatment of a
pile breakwater 380 feet long and 50 feet east of the basin
are recommended.
. 1955. Plans for the improvement of Grays Harbor
and Point Chehalis, Washington. Technical Memorandum no.
2-417. 79 p.
This report is of a hydraulic model investigation conducted of
Grays Harbor and Point Chehalis to determine the most effec-
tive plan for protection of Point Chehalis, Westhaven Harbor
from wave and tidal current action. Studies were also made
to determine the desirability of certain areas as disposal
areas to be utilized for the wasting of dredged spoil re-
moved from the navigation channel.
. 1957. Report of the Chief of Engineers, Dept.
of the Array, Document no. 46, 85th Congress, 1st Session.
-------
63
Synopsis of harbor conditions existing in Bellingham pre-
sented at a congressional hearing. Evaluation included
tides and currents, climate, resources, and industries.
United States Army, Corps of Engineers. 1958. Bellingham
Harbor, Washington. Senate Document no. 46, 85th Congress,
1st Session.
This document recommends that Whatcom Creek Waterway be main-
tained and deepened. It is noted that dredging has been done
within 50 feet of the existing pierhead lines.
. 1960. Everett Harbor and Snohomish River,
Washington. House of Representatives Document no. 348,
86th Congress, 2nd Session.
This report recommends the widening of the channel. Rectif-
ication works were recommended at the heads of Steamboat
and Ebey Sloughs to reduce sedimentation in the downstream
section of Snohomish River.
1962. Kingston Harbor, Washington. Author-
i2ed by 1962 River and Harbor Act. House of Representatives
Document no. 417, 87th Congress, 2nd Session.
The report recommends the construction of a rubble-mound
breakwater and armor rock suitable to withstand forces of
5-foot waves. Included in this report is a recommendation
to dredge an entrance channel 12 feet deep and 80 to 120
feet wide and 70 feet long.
1962. Swinomish Channel, Washington. House of
Representatives Document no. 499, 87th Congress, 2nd Session.
This report recommends dredging and dike construction of a
channel 100 feet wide and 12 feet deep for 11 miles and re-
moval of projecting rock points of McGlinn and Fidalgo
Islands obstructing navigation. Report shows the tidal
variations in the area.
1967. Water Resources Development, U. S. Army,
-------
64
This pamphlet contains descriptions of the civil projects
assigned to the Corps of Engineers for investigation, sur-
vey and planning, construction, maintenance or operation in
the State of Washington. Flood control and navigation
studies on the Washington coast are emphasized.
United States Navy, Hydrographic Office, n.d. Unclassified sec-
tions of H.Q. Misc. no. 15359-8S. Inshore survey results.
Approaches to Puget Sound, Spring 1957. 229 p.
This report includes the data from a seasonal inshore survey
during the period between 18 April and 3 June 1957. The in-
vestigations were concentrated in Admiralty Inlet. Four
stations were occupied during the studies. In the survey,
measurements were made of current, bottom samples, salinity,
temperature, plankton, and associated meteorological data.
V/aldichuk, M. 1955. Physical oceanography of the Strait of
Georgia, British Columbia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Washington, Seattle. 273 p.
A comprehensive study of the physical oceanography in the
Strait of Georgia was made. Thoroughly analyzed were water
mass characteristics, circulation, mixing, fresh water bud-
get, and heat budget.
. 1957. Physical oceanography of the Strait of
Georgia, British Columbia* Jour. Fish. Res. Bd< of Canada
14:321-486. (Also as Contr. no. 205, Department of Ocean-
ography, University of Washington).
Water mass characteristics, circulation, mixing, fresh water
budget, and heat budget are discussed in this comprehensive
paper.
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries, n.d. Hydro-
graphic data. Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries.
Biological, chemical, and physical hydrographic data are
presented, in a series of reports, for the oyster growing
areas of Washington. These areas are Willapa Bay, Grays
-------
65
Washington, University of. 1956. Physical and chemical data
for Puget Sound and approaches January 1955-March 1956.
University of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Tech-
nical Report no. 51. 141 p.
Tabulated temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen data
for oceanographic stations in the Puget Sound area are pre-
sented in this report.
. 1963. Physical and chemical and biological
data from the northeast Pacific Ocean: Columbia River
effluent area: January-June 1961. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography, Technical Report no, 86. 405 p.
Tabulated observed and computed oceanographic data collected
on five cruises are presented. Area covered extends from
Vancouver Island, B.C. to the Siuslaw River, Oregon and sea-
ward to 131°W longitude.
Westley, R.E. 1956. Retention of Pacific oyster larvae in an
inlet with stratified waters. Washington, State of, Depart-
ment of Fisheries, Fisheries Research Papers 1(4):25-31.
Continued disappearances of oyster larvae from Dabob Bay
resulted in this biological and hydrographic study. It
demonstrated that during periods of northerly winds, surface
waters were driven from the bay carrying oyster larvae with
it.
. 1957. An automatic water sampler for marine
shore stations* Proceedings, National Shellfisheries Asso-
ciation 48:79-82.
A machine was designed to take water samples hourly for
periods of one week. It was used successfully in oyster
growing areas in south Puget Sound.
. 1967. Phytoplankton photosynthesis and its
relationship to oxygen in Grays Harbor, Washington. Wash-
ington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Research Division,
March 1967. 30 p.
Hydrography and primary productivity of Grays Harbor were
studied during the summers of 1964 and 1965. Nutrients and
environmental conditions required for photosynthesis and
oxygen produced therefrom were Investigated. Hydrographic
-------
66
WATER POLLUTION
Brown, K.W., D.H. Caldwell, and H,E. Miller. 1958. Metropol-
itan Seattle sewerage and drainage survey. Brown and
Caldwell Engineers, San Francisco, California* 558 p.
This comprehensive report outlines sewage disposal problems
that exist in the Metropolitan Seattle area and plans for
solving them. Results of oceanographic and biological
studies in Puget Sound adjacent to sewer outfalls are in-
cluded in this report.
Cheyne, H. and R. Foster. 1942. Supplementary report on pollu-
tion of Everett Harbor. Washington, State of, Pollution
Commission, Pollution Series, Bulletin no. 23. 15 p.
History of the pollution problem in the bay is discussed
along with current conditions.
Eldridge, E.F. and G.T. Orlob. 1951. Investigation of pollution
of Port Gardner Bay and Snohomish River Estuary. Sewage and
Industrial Wastes 23:782-795. (Also as WPCC Tech. Bull,
no. 3).
Surveys during October and November 1949 showed that a pollu-
tional barrier to migrant fish existed. Dissolved oxygen and
spent sulfite liquor concentrations were used to define the
barrier.
Eriksen, A. and L.D. Townsend. 1940. The occurrence and cause
of pollution in Grays Harbor. Washington, State of, Pollu-
tion Commission, Pollution Series, Bulletin no. 2. 100 p.
Pollution conditions were studied during 1938 and 1939.
Sources of pollution, observations of distressed fish, flush-
ing, dissolved oxygen, B.O.D., pH, temperature, and pollu-
tional effects are discussed.
Gunter, G. and J. McKee. 1960. On oysters and sulfite waste
liquor. Report to Washington Pollution Control Commission.
-------
67
Available pertinent information concerning the effects of
sulfite waste liquor on oysters in Puget Sound is discussed
in this comprehensive report. Recommendations for water
quality standards in oyster producing areas are given.
Henry, B.S. and A.M. Partansky. 1935. The rate and extent of
anaerobic decomposition of sulfite waste liquor by bacteria
of sea bottom mud. II. Bacteriological Proceedings,
National Academy of Sciences 21:191-200. (Also as Contr.
no. 38, Oceanographic Laboratory, University of Washington).
Marine mud samples, covered with varying concentrations of
sulfite waste liquor, were allowed to incubate at three tem-
peratures for 310 days. During this time, anaerobic and
facultative bacteria, representing five species previously
unknown, were separated into pure culture and tested for
their fermentation ability.
Holland, G.A. (Ed.) 1953. Toxic effects of sulfite waste liquor
on young salmon. Washington, State of, Department of Fisher-
ies, Fisheries Research Bulletin no. 1. Ill p.
Bioassays, utilizing various concentrations of sulfite waste
liquor in salt and fresh water, were conducted for varying
periods of time on several species of salmon. Data and
experimental results are presented.
Isaac, G.W., G.D. Farris, and C.V. Gibbs. 1964. Special Duwamish
River studies* Seattle, Municipality of Metropolitan, Water
Quality Series, no. 1. 35 p.
Water chemistry and its relation to tidal influences, river
flow, and vertical mixing were investigated. Dissolved oxygen
and salinity concentrations are given.
Kincaid, T., M.P. Wennekens, and R.O. Sylvestor. 1954. A study
of oceanographical and biological characteristics of southeast
Georgia Strait. Report to the General Petroleum Corporation,
Los Angeles. 142 p.
Intertidal and subtidal environments and biota were described
during 1954, prior to the start of operations by a petroleum
-------
68
McKernan, D.L., V. Tartar, and R. TolLefson. 1949. An investi-
gation of the decline of the native oyster industry in the
State of Washington with special reference to the effects of
sulfite pulp mill waste on the Olyrnpia oyster (Ostrea lurida).
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries, Biological
Report no. 49a, pp. 115-165.
The decline of the oyster industry is discussed and an
analysis of possible causes is presented. Lethal effects of
dilute concentrations of spent sulfite liquor on oysters are
discussed. A technique for accurately determining very low
concentrations of spent sulfite liquor in sea water is pre-
sented.
Montgomery, W.L. 1960. The feasibility of digested sludge dis-
posal in Puget Sound near Alki Point. M.S. Thesis, Univers-
ity of Washington, Seattle. 55 p.
A complex of parameters which would influence a decision to
discharge digested sludge into Puget Sound near. Alki Point
is evaluated. Systems of sludge disposal in other seaboard
cities are analyzed and compared to the situation in Seattle.
The writer feels that disposal of digested sludge into the
Sound is the optimum solution to the problem.
Neale, A.T. 1955. Pulp and paper mill waste disposal problems.
Washington, State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical
Bulletin no. 19. 16 p.
Brief resumes of pulp and paper mills in Washington are given.
History, type of operation, wastes, waste disposition, and
W.P.C.C. requirements regarding wastes are given for each
mill listed.
Okey, R.W. 1957. A study of present and future pollutional
effects in the Green-Duwamish River. M.S. Thesis, University
of Washington, Seattle. 96 p. plus appendices.
Data collected during this study were collated with existing
data to evaluate existing and predicted pollutional effects
in the waterway. Parameters evaluated were pH, salt water
intrusion, dissolved oxygen, temperature, biochemical oxygen
-------
69
Orlob, G.T., D.R. Peterson, and K.R. Jones. 1950. An investiga-
tion of pollution in Commencement Bay and the Puyallup River
Basin. Washington, State of, Pollution Control Commission,
Technical Bulletin no. 8. 26 p. plus tables.
These waters were surveyed during the summer of 1950 to
determine their current conditions and to assess pollution
in the river and its effect on the bay.
» K..R. Jones, and D.R. Peterson. 1951. An in-
vestigation of domestic and industrial waste pollution in
the lower Chehalis River and Grays Harbor. Washington,
State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical Bulletin
no. 6. 36 p. plus appendix.
Information on water quality conditions was gathered during
the summer and fall of 1950. Dissolved oxygen and spent
sulfite liquor concentrations were analyzed. Field data
are tabulated.
, D.R. Peterson, and K.R. Jones. 1951. A rein-
vestigation of pollution in Port Gardner Bay and the lower
Snohomish River. Washington, State of, Pollution Control
Commission, Technical Bulletin no. 11, 11 p.
Migration barriers, caused by pollution, were studied to
determine to what extent they were reduced by a deep water
spent sulfite liquor discharge line. Spent sulfite liquor
and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bay are tabulated
and shown in charts.
Partansky, A.K. and B.S. Henry. 1935. Anaerobic bacteria
capable of fermenting sulfite waste liquor. Jour. Bacteri-
ology 30:559-571. (Also as Contr. no. 49, Oceanographic
Laboratory, University of Washington),
Anaerobic bacteria, separated from a fermenting sulfite
waste liquor, were tested individually for their contribu-
tion to the fermentation. Results of tests and bacteria
morphology are discussed.
Pearson, E.A. and G. Holt. 1960. Water quality and upvelling at
-------
70
An extended research program initiated in 1950 was designed
to study the relationship between pulp mill effluent and
water quality in Grays Harbor. This paper, which discusses
that research, presents a survey of physical processes
occurring in the harbor as well as analysis of dissolved
oxygen and sulfite concentrations in harbor waters.
Peterson, D.R. 1953. Sewage pollution in the estuarial river
areas of Grays Harbor. Washington, State of, Pollution
Control Commission, Technical Bulletin no. 16. 17 p.
A bacteriological study was conducted in Grays Harbor during
the summer of 1953. Coliform counts of 1000 tn.p.n. or more
were found at nearly all stations sampled.
. 1957. An investigation of pollution in the
vicinity of Port Angeles. Washington, State of, Pollution
Control Commission, Technical Bulletin no. 23. 35 p.
Water current, bacteriological, salinity, temperature and
spent sulfite liquor measurements were made during the summer
of 1957 to evaluate the extent of domestic and industrial
pollution in Port Angeles harbor. Dissolved oxygen, salinity,
spent sulfite liquor, and temperature values are tabulated.
, A. Livingston, and J.H. Belke. 1955. An in-
vestigation of pollution in the Green-Duwamish River. Wash-
ington, State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical
Bulletin no. 20. 22 p.
The river estuary and lower basin were surveyed during the
summer and fall of 1955. Sources of pollution are listed.
Dissolved oxygen and m.p.n. data are given.
___j G.T. Orlob, and K.R. Jones. 1951. An investi-
gation of pollution in the vicinity of the Fort Lewis sewer
outfall. Washington, State of, Pollution Control Commission,
Technical Bulletin no. 10. 10 p.
Bacteriological and circulation studies were conducted in
the vicinity of Cormorant Passage and Ketron Island during
the summer of 1951 to assess pollution conditions arising
-------
71
Peterson, D.R., R.A. Wagner, and A. Livingston III. 1957. A re-
investigation of pollution in the lower Chehalis River and
Grays Harbor (1956-1957). Washington, State of, Pollution
Control Conniission, Technical Bulletin no. 21. 52 p.
Water quality was studied intensively from June 1956 to
February 1957, prior to the construction of a new paper
mill. Various sources of pollution are noted. Spent
sulfite liquor, dissolved oxygen, and m.p.n. concentrations
in the water are given.
Rogers, E.H. 1955, A pollution study of Puget Sound using a
hydraulic model. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington,
Seattle. 105 p.
Circulation of the inland marine waters of Washington were
studied in a distorted hydraulic model (horizontal scale
1:40,000, vertical 1:1,152). Congo Red dye was injected
into the model at depths and locations corresponding to
sewer outfalls. Photographs of the dye dispersion were then
taken. Dye studies were done in the vicinity of Everett,
Seattle, and Tacoma. Results, shown in photographs, are
briefly discussed and used to evaluate possible pollution
loads in each area.
Saxton, W.W. and A. Young, n.d. Investigation of sulfite waste
liquor pollution in Fidalgo and Padilla Bays. Washington,
State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical Bulletin
no. 1. 25 p.
Tidal flushing in the area is discussed. Water current and
spent sulfite liquor data are presented.
Seattle, The Municipality of Metropolitan. 1965. Disposal of
digested sludge to Puget Sound; the engineering and water
quality aspects July 1965. Seattle, The Municipality of
Metropolitan. 74 p. plus appendices.
History of the METRO plan, effects of existing sewage
effluent, beneficial uses of Sound waters, costs of disposal,
engineering features, and the hydraulics of the diffuser are
discussed.
Stein, J.E., J.G. Dennison, and G.W. Isaac. 1963. An ocean-
ographic survey of Port Angeles Harbor. Proceedings,
Eleventh Pacific Northwest Industrial Waste Conference 1963,
-------
72
Chemical, physical, and biological measurements were made in
Port Angeles Harbor to determine the influence of pulp mill
wastes on the biota. Conclusions in the report indicate that
environmental conditions are satisfactory for a normal marine
ecological community.
Sylvestor, R.O. 1956. Report on the reinspection of the inter-
tidal zone in the vicinity of the Ferndale refinery for the
General Petroleum Corporation. Report to the General Petro-
leum Corporation, Los Angeles. 10 p.
The intertidal zone between Sandy Point and Point Whitehorn,
southeast Strait of Georgia, Washington, was inspected to
determine if effluent from the refinery was affecting the
biota or the environment.
. 1957. A report for the General Petroleum Cor-
poration on the intertidal beach zone in the vicinity of the
Ferndale, V.'ashington refinery. Report to the General Petro-
leum Corporation, Los Angeles. 16 p.
The intertidal zone between Sandy Point and Point Whitehorn,
southeast Georgia Strait, Washington, was inspected to deter-
mine if effluent from the refinery was affecting the biota or
the environment.
and F.L. Clogston. 1958. A study of the pre-
operational environment in the vicinity of the Texas Company
refinery, Puget Sound Works, Anacortes, Washington. Report
to the Texas Company, Anacortes. 157 p» plus appendices.
Intertidal and subtidal environments and biota of Padilla
and Fidalgo Bays were described during the spring and
summer of 1958, prior to the start of operations by a petro-
leum refinery.
and . 1958. A report on the re-
inspection of the intertidal zone in the vicinity of the
Ferndale, Washington refinery. Report to the General Petro-
leum Company, Los Angeles. 14 p. plus plates.
*
This is the fourth report of a series on the monitoring of
sub- and inter-tidal environments and their biota in the
vicinity of the refinery. Conditions appeared normal during
-------
73
Sylvestor, R.O. and F.L. Clogston. 1959. A report on a rein-
spectiori of the iritertldal beach zone in the vicinity of
the Ferndale, Washington refinery. Report to the General
Petroleum Corporation, Los Angeles. 19 p. plus appendix
and plates.
The intertidal zone between Sandy Point and Point Whitehorn,
southeast Strait of Georgia, Washington, was inspected to
determine if operations at the refinery were affecting the
biota and environment.
, J.S. Creager, and T.S. English. 1961. A study
of the Alki Point marine environment and its relationship
to the discharge of digested sludge. A report to the City
of Seattle, Department of Engineering. 153 p.
Water quality, hydrography, bathymetry, bottom sediments,
zooplankton, and bottom fauna of the area are discussed
along with information on treatment plant characteristics
and its effluent.
and R.T. Oglesby. 1963. A report on a survey
of the intertidal zone and related environment in the vicin-
ity of the Ferndale, Washington refinery. Report to the
Mobile Oil Company, Los Angeles. 17 p. plus plates.
This, the eighth report of a survey series started in 1954
to monitor the sub- and inter-tidal environment and its
biota near the refinery, was conducted during June 1963.
No adverse environmental conditions were detected.
, G.T. Orlob, K.R. Jones, D.R. Peterson, and A.T.
Neale. 1950. A report on the Willapa River Estuary. Wash
ington, State of, Pollution Control Commission. 9 p. plus
tables.
"Normal" environmental conditions were studied and predic-
tions of the effects of wastes from a proposed pulp mill as
well as domestic sewage were made. Biological, chemical,
and physical hydrographic data are plotted on graphs.
, , A. Young, W. Montgomery, and
L.C. Orlob. 1949. A survey of Puget Sound Pollution,
Seattle Metropolitan area. Washington, State of, Pollution
Control Commission, Technical Bulletin no. 2. 32 p. plus
-------
74
Beach observations, current measurements, and bacteriological
concentrations were made during the summer of 1949 to eval-
uate pollution in Puget Sound adjacent to the Seattle
Metropolitan area.
Townsend, L.D., A. Eriksen, and D. Earnest. 1938. Progress
report on field investigations and research. Washington,
State of, State Pollution Commission, Pollution Series
Bulletin no. 1. 47 p.
This is a report of a survey conducted in Grays Harbor be-
tween August 24, 1938 and November 8, 1938. Temperature,
salinity, and dissolved oxygen determinations were made at
about weekly intervals at several stations within the bay.
Distressed fish and dead fish were observed in the bay.
The report indicates that pollution was responsible for the
fish kills. Reconnaissance surveys of benthic organisms and
qualitative plankton samples were also taken.
, , and H. Cheyne. 1941. Pollution
of Everett Harbor. Washington, State of, Pollution Control
Commission Pollution Series Bulletin no. 3. 58 p.
Field studies were conducted from August 1939 to October
1940 to determine the cause and extent of pollution. Dis-
solved oxygen, B.O.D., pH, and S.S.L. measurements indicated
that pollution conditions, severe in the harbor, were less
evident seaward.
Tsao, V7.S. 1954. A study of sewage movement in Puget Sound. A
model study. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.
74 p.
Studies of sewage movement in four areas of Puget Sound,
Olympia, Tacoma, Seattle, and Everett, were conducted in a
model of Puget Sound which had a horizontal scale of
1:40,000 and a vertical scale of 1;1,152. Other parameters
were scaled down appropriately. Scale model tidal action
and river runoff were produced by a tide machine and head
tanks, respectively. Detailed studies in each area were
made utilizing dye. Results, shown in plots of the dye
measurement, are used to interpret fates of wastes dis-
-------
75
United States Public Health Service. 1951. Report on water pol
lution control, Puget Sound Basin. U.S. Public Health
Service and Washington Pollution Control Commission. 73 p.
Causes of pollution and its effect on the natural and eco-
nomic environment in the Puget Sound area are summarized.
Water supply sources and waste disposal localities for com-
munities and industries are tabulated. Recommendations for
pollution abatement are given.
Wagner, R.A., A. Livingston, and C.D. Ziebell. 1958. An inves-
tigation of water quality conditions in the Chambers Creek
Estuary. Washington, State of, Pollution Control Commission,
Technical Bulletin no. 24. 67 p. plus appendices.
A series of water quality studies and field and laboratory
fish bioassays were used in the spring of 1958 to evaluate
pollution in Chambers Creek, near Tacoma.
, C.D. Ziebell, and A. Livingston III. 1957. An
investigation of polLution in northern Puget Sound. Wash-
ington, State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical
Bulletin no. 22. 26 p.
Data collected in Bellingham, Fidalgo, and Padilla Bays
during 1957 were used to evaluate water quality conditions.
Dissolved oxygen, spent sulfite liquor and coliform m.p.n.
were tabulated.
Washington, State of, Department of Fisheries. 1960. Reports
on sulfite waste liquor in a marine environment and its
effect on oyster larvae. Washington, State of, Department
of Fisheries Research Bulletin no. 6. 161 p.
This bulletin contains a series of papers which discuss
sulfite waste liquor in the marine waters of Washington and
a series of papers pertaining to the bioassay of oysters in
saltwater containing various concentrations of sulfite waste
liquor.
Wennekens, M.P., K. Trevor, and R.O. Sylvestor. 1955. A supple-
mentary study of the oceanographical and biological char-
acteristics of southeast Georgia Strait. Report to the
-------
76
Investigations were made in the spring of 1955 to determine
if operations of a petroleum refinery in the area were
affecting the biota and the environment. Intertidal beaches
and commercial oyster beds were inspected, water currents
were measured, and plankton samples were taken.
Williams, R.V., V.E. Eldridge, E.M. Mains, and A. Reid. n.d.
A preliminary report of toxic effects of sulfite pulp mill
waste liquor on downstream salmon migrants in brackish water.
Washington, State of, Pollution Control Commission, Technical
Bulletin no. 7. 46 p.
Young salmon of several species were subjected to varying
concentrations of spent sulfite liquor in brackish water.
Symptoms of lethality and other results of these bioassays
-------
77
BIBLIOGRAPHIES, LITERATURE SURVEYS, AND COMPILATIONS
Anderson, G.C., C.A. Barnes, T.F. Budinger, C.M. Love, and D.A.
McManus. 1961# The Columbia River discharge area of the
northeast Pacific Ocean; a literature survey. University
of Washington, Department of Oceanography, Seattle. 99 p.
Abstracts of the current state of knowledge (1961) and
annotated bibliographies of the subjects studied are given.
Three major subjects are physical and chemical oceanography,
biological oceanography, and geological oceanography. Each
of these is further subdivided into specific subjects.
Love, C.M. 1956. Sources of oceanographic data for a portion
of the North Pacific Ocean: Area from 20°N to 55°N latitude
and the west coast of North America to 150°U longitude for
years 1916-1954. University of Washington Special Report
no* 25.
This report has annotated bibliographies of publications
which list sources of data, publications or charts showing
average conditions, publications and manuscripts listing
coastal data, temperature studies based on bathythermograph
data, data available from the U.S. Weather Bureau, McEwen's
temperature charts and data from oceanographic observations
made prior to 1916. It also lists the names of ships, ex-
peditions and organizations that have gathered data, the
year of data collection, the locations where data were
gathered, the observations taken, and the locations where
the data are now available*
Moore, H.L. (Compiler). 1959. Doctoral dissertations on the
management and ecology of fisheries additional listings
1952-1955. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and
'Wildlife Service. Special Scientific Report--Fisheries
no. 272. 31 p.
Non-annotated list of Ph.D. theses written in the United
States and Canada during 1952-1955.
Ricketts, E.F. and J. Calvin (Revised by J.L. Hedgpeth). 1956.
Between Pacific tides. Stanford University Press, Stanford,
-------
78
A comprehensive book on the intertidal animals of the Pacific
Coast of the United States. Descriptions, including pictures
of many of the cor.iraon forms, are included as well as discus-
sions of environmental and ecological requirements for the
animals. An extensive annotated bibliography on the marine
biology of the Pacific Coast is included.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1950. Doctoral disser-
tations on the management and ecology of fisheries. Special
Scientific Report: Fisheries no. 31. 35 p.
A non-annotated bibliography of theses written between 1934
and 1939, in the United States and Canada.
. 1952. Doctoral dissertations on the management
and ecology of fisheries. Special Scientific Report: Fish-
eries no. 87. 44 p.
A non-annotated bibliography of theses on subjects related
to the ecology and management of fisheries written between
1934 and 1951, in the United States and Canada.
United States Geological Survey, n.d. Publications of the
Geological Survey 1879-1961. 457 p.
Indexed in this publication are all published papers and
maps, exclusive of topographic maps, that have been published
by the Geological Survey of the United States Department of
the Interior. Annual supplements will be published.
. 1963. Publications of the Geological Survey
1962. 43 p.
This is the first supplement to Publications of the Geolog-
ical Survey 1879-1961.
. 1964. Geological Survey Research Chapter A.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 501-A. 367 p.
Included in this publication are summaries of significant
scientific and economic results, a list of publications
released in fiscal 1964, a list of geologic and hydrologic
investigations in progress, and a report on the status of
-------
79
Washington, University of. 1953. Puget Sound and approaches; a
literature survey: Volume I geography, climatology, hydrol-
ogy. University of Washington, Department of Oceanography.
130 p.
This is volume I of a three-volume literature survey in
which available published and unpublished information con-
cerning the Puget Sound region is reviewed. Of the 11
subject headings used, Geography, Climatology, and Hydrol-
ogy are in this volume. A comprehensive bibliography
accompanies each section.
. 1953. Puget Sound and approaches; a literature
survey: Volume II geology, volcanology, seismology, geo-
magnetism, geodesy, hydrography. University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography. 118 p.
This is volume II of a three-volume literature survey.
1954. Puget Sound and approaches; a literature
survey: Volume III physical oceanography, marine biology,
general summary. University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography. 175 p.
This is volume III of a three-volume literature survey.
. 1955. Grays Harbor, Washington. A literature
survey. University of Washington, Department of Oceanography.
142 p.
This literature survey gives a brief resume of the state of
knowledge on the following subjects in the Grays Harbor area:
geography, climatology, hydrology, regional geology, geo-
physics, recent sedimentation, hydrography, physical ocean-
ography, marine biology. An annotated bibliography of ref-
erences accompanies each section*
I.'hitebrook, R.B. 1959. Coastal exploration of Washington.
Pacific Books, Palo Alto, California. 146 p.
History of the early exploration along the Washington coast
is the subject of this book. It contains a fairly Compre-
hensive bibliography of early works related to the explora-
-------
80
Wilimovsky, N.J. and W.G. Freihofer. 1957. Guide to literature
on systematic biology of Pacific salmon. U.S. Department
of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scien-
tific Report--Fisheries no. 209. 266 p.
A comprehensive subject index and annotated bibliography
on Pacific salmon. Included are references from over 100
journals and serials that were searched systematically. In
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Ditsworth, George R.
Environmental factors in coastal and
estuarine waters. Bibliography series
volume II. Coast of Washington. FWPCA
Publication 1968. 79 p.
ABSTRACT: Indexed herein are references
to literature pertaining to the marine
waters of Washington. References to
these papers, most of which have been
published since 1955, are indexed under
one or more of the following headings:
Marine Biology, Fisheries, Geology,
Chemical and Physical Oceanography,
Water Pollution, and Bibliographies,
Literature Surveys and Compilations.
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Washington, Coastal Waters
Washington, Estuaries
Washington, Puget Sound
Oceanography, Washington
Marine Fisheries, Washington
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Ditsworth, George R.
Environmental factors in coastal and
estuarine waters. Bibliography series
volume II. Coast of Washington. FWPCA
Publication 1968. 79 p.
ABSTRACT: Indexed herein are references
to literature pertaining to the marine
waters of Washington. References to
these papers, most of which have been
published since 1955, are indexed under
one or more of the following headings:
Marine Biology, Fisheries, Geology,
Chemical and Physical Oceanography,
Water Pollution, and Bibliographies,
Literature Surveys and Compilations.
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Washington, Coastal Waters
Washington, Estuaries
Washington, Puget Sound
Oceanography, Washington
Marine Fisheries, Washington
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Ditsworth, George R.
Environmental factors in coastal and
estuarine waters. Bibliography series
volume II. Coast of Washington. FWPCA
Publication 1968. 79 p.
ABSTRACT: Indexed herein are references
to literature pertaining to the marine
waters of Washington. References to
these papers, most of which have been
published since 1955, are indexed under
one or more of the following headings:
Marine Biology, Fisheries, Geology,
Chemical and Physical Oceanography,
Water Pollution, and Bibliographies,
Literature Surveys and Compilations.
ACCESSION NO.
KEY WORDS:
Washington, Coastal Waters
Washington, Estuaries
Washington, Puget Sound
Oceanography, Washington
------- |