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EFFECTS OF PULP MILL WASTES
ON
RECEIVING WATERS AT WARD COVE, ALASKA
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION
ALASKA OPERATIONS OFFICE
ANCHORAGE, ALASKA
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. . 1
« -
Problem L
Objectives 2
Scope of Study 2
Authority 2
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS 3
RECOMMENDATIONS 5
STUDY AREA 7
General Description 7
Climatic Conditions 8
Oceanography 9
Water Uses 10
Previous Studies 10
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 13
WASTE SOURCES IN WARD COVE 15
Ketchikan Pulp Company 15
Ward Cove Packing Company 19
SAMPLING PROGRAM 21
Sampling Stations 21
Sampling Periods 23
Methods 23
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27
Temperature and Salinity 27
Sulfite Waste Liquor 29
Dissolved Oxygen 37
Biological . 42
Benthic Plants and Animals 42
Plankton 46
Fish and Other Associated Animals 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . 51
APPENDIX 53
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Water Temperature, Salinity and Density with Depth
(Meters) at Stations 8 and 11 28
2 Sulfite Waste Liquor Concentrations (ppm) with Depth
(Meters) in Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows, 1968-1969 30
3 Transmissivity Readings (%) with Depth (Meters) in
Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows » » 38
4 Total Numbers of Blue Mussels, Mytilus edults,
Collected Per 30-Minute Sampling Effort at 10
Intertidal Stations in Ward Cove and Tongass ,
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LIST OP FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Tongass Narrows area showing location
of Ward Cove . . 7
2 Main sewer outfall, Ketchikan Pulp Co ...... . 16
3 Sludge dredged near wood-room sewer outfall,
is hydraulically washed Into Ward Cove
near Station 5 . . . 17
4 View of Ketchikan Pulp Co., showing log storage
In middle and head reaches of Ward Cove 18
5 Location of sampling stations in Ward Cove
and Tongass Narrows 22
6 Sampling periods with respect to tidal
phase, stage height and wind Intensity
and direction ...... 24
7 Zones In Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows
where high SWL concentrations can be
expected at various times throughout
the year 33
8 Distribution of high concentrations of SWL
in Ward Cove, May 10, 1968 ¦ 34
9 Depth distribution of SWL in Ward Cove,
July 3, 1968 35
10 SWL concentrations at Stations 8 and 11
in Ward Cove, May 1968 through
May 1969 36
11 Averaged dissolved oxygen concentrations
in Ward Cove prior to construction of
pulp mill, October 1951 through
September 1952 39
12 Dissolved oxygen concentrations at
Stations 8 and 11 in Ward Cove, May 1968
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
13 Depth distribution of dissolved oxygen
concentrations in Ward Cove and
Tongass Narrows on July 3 and July 8, 1968. ... 42
14 Decomposing bottom material which has
risen to the surface near the main
sewer outfall 44
15 Location of intertidal stations in Ward
Cove and Tongass Narrows where Mytilus
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INTRODUCTION
Problem
Alaska has many water quality problems associated with industrial
developments In estuarlne areas. The water quality standards that have
been adopted by the State have been approved, with exceptions by the
Federal Government, to protect these estuarlne water resources for
present and future uses. To assure compliance with the approved
standards, the adequacy of industrial waste treatment and disposal
systems at Ward Cove was evaluated.
The Ketchikan Pulp Company operates a magnesium base bisulfite
process pulp mill at Ward Cove. Current production is about 580 tons of
pulp per day, but increased production is anticipated. The mill
presently relies upon chemical recovery units and screening before
discharging wastes into the waters of Ward Cove. The effluent from the
mill still contains, however, significant amounts-of sulfite waste
liquor (SWL) and settleable organic solids. The treatment requirements
In the water quality standards adopted by the State of Alaska stipulate:
Secondary treatment is required for all industrial and
municipal waste unless engineering studies approved by the
Department of Health and Welfare, and where interstate waters
are affected, concurred in by the Federal Water Quality
Administration, show that the water quality standards can be
met with primary treatment. Primary treatment is the minimum
acceptable treatment (1).
The effects of the Ketchikan Pulp Company's discharges in Ward
Cove were investigated in 1968 and 1969 by the Federal Water Quality
Administration in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Water quality data from this investigation, and from
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2
Quality Administration, established the significance of changes
caused by long-term discharge of pulp mill wastes to the waters of
Ward Cove«
Objectives
The objectives of this study were to determine:
1« What is the present water quality in Ward Cove relative to
the water quality standards?
2. What is the magnitude of the effect of industrial waste
discharges on the aquatic environment of Ward Cove?
3. What changes in industrial operation should be made to
eliminate or significantly reduce water qualitv dearadatinn
in Ward Cove?
Scope of Study
Chemical, physical, and biological data were collected from
Ward Cove and the adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows. The parameters
were selected to define the effects of only the pulp mill wastes, and
no direct attempt was made to assess the impact of wastes discharged
from a cannery also located in Ward Cove. Field work was accomplished
Hay 10-15, July 3-8, October 8, 9, 10, December 18, 19, 1968 and April
12, 13, 14, and May 13, 1969.
Authority
Section 5 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended, authorizes the Secretary of Interior to conduct studies
relating to the causes, control, and prevention of water pollution.
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J
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
The findings revealed chat the level of treatment provided by
the Ketchikan Pulp Company is insufficient.to insure compliance
with the Alaska Water Quality Standards.
Typically high sulfite waste liquor (SWL) concentrations were
present in the 1.4 square-mile area of Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows.
Of 276 samples taken in the top 20-meter layer in this area from May
1968, through May 1969, 50 percent had SWL concentrations greater than
44 parts per million (ppm), 35 percent greater than 100 ppm, and
11 percent greater than 500 ppm.
The SWL discharged into Ward Cove, the organic bottom deposits,
and the inability of the Cove water to effectively disperse and
assimilate the SWL combine to reduce the dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions in Ward Cove and adjacent waters on a year-around basis. During
the late spring, summer, and fall, when exchange of waters between
Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows is at a minimum, the dissolved oxygen
content of these waters is reduced below 6 milligrams per liter (mg/1),
the minimum level allowed by the Alaska Water Quality Standards.
The toxicity of SWL to phytoplankton and the reduced light
penetration caused by SWL and log rafts combine to reduce the
productivity of these waters. SWL concentrations of 50 ppm, known
to be toxic to phytoplankton and salmon fishfood organisms, were
found throughout Ward Cove, and extended significantly into Tongass
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4
forms of indigenous fish and shellfish occurred over an even
greater area. Light transmittance was reduced as much as 43
percent near the waste outfall, and by 14 to 25 percent near the
mouth of the Cove.
The discharge of SUL from the pulp mill significantly reduced
populations of blue mussels throughout 50 percent of the littoral
reaches of Ward Cove. Additionally, waste discharges produced
sludge deposits that blanketed much of the bottom of the cove and
prevented the establishment of the variety of bottom-associated
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RECOMMENDATIONS
S
1. The Ketchikan Pulp Company should take Immediate steps to:
a. ' By 1972, provide primary treatment of wastes to remove
all eettleable solids and at least 70 percent of volatile
suspended solids. Primary treatment by 1972 is called for in
the Implementation Plan for the State of Alaska. The
established deadline should be met.
b. Modify log handling practices to minimize accumulation
of wood solids in Ward Cove. Log storage and handling contri-
bute a significant amount of organic debris to the bottom
deposits in Ward Cove. A program should be implemented to
reduce log abrasion by minimizing log handling and storage
in the water and developing land-based storage and handling
capabilities.
c.( Remove all existing sludge beds associated with mill
discharge and log handling. These highly organic deposits
should be removed entirely from the water and disposed of on
land in a suitable containment area. Removal should be
accomplished during biologically non-critical periods and
conducted in a manner to minimize water quality degradation.
Implementation of these recommendations will result In an
Immediate improvement in dissolved oxygen levels and aesthetic
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6
2. Develop and implement a program to insure that sulfite waste
liquor (SWL) concentrations do not exceed 10 parts per million (ppm)
in the surface ten meters of Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows. Included
in this program must be the following specific steps:
a. Construction of an outfall line in the main channel of
Tongass Narrows, The design of the outfall line and diffuser
shall be based on meeting the 10 ppm SWL concentration outside
a very limited dispersion zone.
b. Provision of adequate storage capacity at the mill to
insure that, in the event of equipment failure, etc., strong
waste liquors are not discharged to the receiving waters without
treatment or recovery.
c. Modification or improvement in plant processes and
housekeeping procedures to minimize losses of SWL.
3. Prepare and submit to the State and Federal Regulatory
agencies for review the following:
a. Proposed schedule for implementing the recommenda-
tions outlined in 1 and 2 above.
b. Detailed plans for the studies required to support
design of the outfall system.
4. The Ketchikan Pulp Company must comply with the Alaska Water
Quality Standards by providing secondary treatment, unless it can
demonstrate that primary treatment will meet water quality standards.
Such evidence should include a study and monitoring program to evaluate
compliance with water quality criteria in both Ward Cove and Tongass
Narrows. Study plans must be submitted to the State and Federal
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STUDY AREA
General Description
Ward Cove is an estuary located about 5 miles north of
Ketchikan (Figure 1), connecting with Tongass Narrows. The
cove is about 0.5 of a mile at its widest point and 1 mile long;
it is 0.3 of a mile wide at its mouth. It is about 55 meters
deep at the mouth, becoming relatively shallow at the head of
the cove with a depth of 5 to 10 meters. The cove covers an
area of about 0.46 square miles. Ward Creek enters at the head
of the cove and is the principal source of fresh water.
KETCHIKAN
PULP CO , ~
58"
Nouticol Miltt
O
W
22
-KETCH IK/AN
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8
Smaller streams enter the cove along the south shore. Ward Creek
is regulated by a dam and the associated reservoir is a water supply
for the mill.
Industrial development around Ward Cove, other than Ketchikan
Pulp Co., consists of the Ward Cove Packing Co. and an abandoned
fish reduction plant. Only a few homes are located near the head
of the cove and along the south shore.
Climatic Conditions
The Ketchikan-Ward Cove area is in the cold maritime belt of
Southeastern Alaska. Average rainfall is 150 inches annually, and
annual snowfall is less than 50 inches. Prevailing winds blow from
the southeast and occasionally from the northwest. The mean low
temperature for January is 28°F, and the mean high is 38°F.
Ice rarely forms on the marine waters of Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows*
The input of non-brackish water to the cove comes mainly from
the mill outfalls and Ward Creek. The flow of waste water from the
pulp mill is about 45 million gallons per day (mgd), or 69 cubic
feet per second (cfs). Ward Creek in 1957 had a yearly mean discharge
of 46 cfs, with a maximum daily flow of 1200 cfs and a minimum of
0.8 cfs. The discharge of water from Ward Creek is partially de-
pendent on pulp mill water use since the Creek serves as the pulp
mill water'source. The daily water input to Ward Cove fluctuates
-------
9
from both mill and natural sources. Watershed flow retention
Is moderate due to the heavy precipitation and steep stream
gradient.
Oceanography
In marine waters of northern latitudes, annual variations
in temperature and salinity cause seasonally characteristic density
profiles throughout the water column. Typically, during fall and
early winter, the surface waters cool, become more dense than
subsurface waters, and sink, causing complete vertical mixing.
In winter, intense storms Increase horizontal mixing. Tidal
ranges at Ketchikan vary from a maximum high tide of 18.8 feet to
a minimum low tide of minus 4.1 feet. A non-tidal current flows
north-westerly through Tongass Narrows (10) past the mouth of
Ward Cove. This current plus the tidal current gives an average
velocity of 1.2 knots during flood which decreases to zero during
ebb. Current measurements made in Ward Cove show a strong
influence from eddies formed by the flow of water in Tongass
Narrows past the cove. This suggests that dispersal of deeper
waters from Ward Cove is largely by a process of eddy diffusion
below the surface layer.
In the Ward Cove estuary, a surface layer of fresh water
and mill effluent which Is less dense than the subsurface layers
results in the establishment of a stratified layer which persists
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10
sufficiently well developed so that vertical mixing is greatly in-
hibited. Concentrations of pollutants in Ward Cove and adjacent
waters are less in winter than in summer because of the increased
rate of transfer from Ward Cove to Tongass Narrows as a result of
the intense winter storms and the high runoff from Ward Creek.
Water Uses
Prior to the establishment of the pulp mill, Ward Cove
served as a fish passage zone and nursery area. Some young salmon
from Ward Creek still pass through the cove and sustain a small run,
but the cove now is sufficiently polluted to preclude its use as a
nursery area. Adult salmon utilize the deeper waters of the cove
where little SWL occurs. It is doubtful they do more than pass
through the area. Food organisms for salmon have been significantly
reduced.
The recreational uses of Ward Cove have been reduced to limited
sport fishing for salmon. Access for fishing is curtailed because
logs often cover a third to a half of the cove.
Previous Studies
Water quality data for Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows collected
between October 1, 1951 and September 30, 1952 (3), prior to con-
struction of the pulp mill, show that the dissolved oxygen in surface
-------
11
12 mg/1 during the spring. At the 50-foot depth, dissolved oxygen
varied.from 7,8 to over 10 mg/1. The five-day biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) was less than 2 mg/1, typical of clean waters. At the
time of the 1951-1952 surveys, the only wastes discharged to Ward
Cove were from the seasonally operated cannery and the fish wastes-
reduction plant. Water quality degradation from these facilities
was highly localized and mostly seasonal, and was evidenced by
reduced populations of aquatic life. Other portions of the cove,
however, supported a great variety of marine organisms indicative
of clean waters.
Data from unpublished reports from the State of Alaska document
the onset of water quality deterioration in Ward Cove between 1952
and I960, after the Ketchikan Pulp Company began discharging wastes
Biological data in these reports show a decline in the number and
kinds of marine organisms, and sludge accumulation with associated
putrescent odors of hydrogen sulfide.
Studies conducted during August 1965 (5) revealed extremely
high SWL concentrations throughout the surface waters of Ward Cove.
The threshold toxicity of SWL to salmon fingeriinga, herring,
candlefish, euphauslds, copepods and mysids was exceeded. The study
also showed dissolved oxygen in Ward Cove was considerably degraded
when compared to Tongass Narrows. The degradation ranged from 4.7
to 1.5 mg/1 at the surface, 0.6 to 1.6 mg/1 at the 10-meter depth,
-------
attributed to the combination of effluent BOD, sludge-bed BOD, and
the inhibiting effect of pulp mill wastes on phytoplankton.
Throughout much of the cove the dissolved oxygen levels were less
than the recommended value of 6 mg/1. The pH ranged from 6.94
to 7.12 in the cove, and in Tongass Narrows from 7.68 to 8.02.
The Ward Cove pH values were below those for unpolluted sea-waters,
and were caused by the combined effects of a low pH effluent
diluted into the surface' waters, excessive C02 from biochemical
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13
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
The State of Alaska Water Quality Standards (1) designate all
marine waters, including Ward Gove, as Class D and E» Beneficial
uses of marine waters include growth and propagation of aquatic
life and waterfowl, fur-bearers and other water-associated life.
The standards associated with marine waters that are of particular
interest in this study are those for dissolved oxygen, residues in
the form of floating solids and sludge deposits, toxic substances
and aesthetic considerations.
Dissolved Oxygen
Class D - greater than 6 mg/1 in salt water. Minimum of
7 mg/1 in fresh water.
Class E - greater than 6 mg/1 saturation in the larvae
stage; greater than 5 mg/1 in the adult stage*
Residues
Class D - none alone or in combination with other substances
or wastes as to make receiving water unfit or unsafe for the
use indicated, except that no waste oils, tarB, greases or
animal fats are permitted.
Class E - no visible evidence of wastes. Less than acute
or chronic problem levels as revealed by bioassay or other
appropriate methods.
Toxic Substances
Class D - shall be absent or below concentrations affecting
public health or the ecological balance..
Class E - less than acute or chronic problem levels as
revealed by bioassay or other appropriate methods.
Aesthetic Considerations
Class D And E - shall not be unreasonably impaired by the
presence of materials or their effects (excluding those of
natural origin) which are offensive to the senses of sight,
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/3_
WASTE SOURCES IN WARD COVE
Ketchikan Pulp Co.
Ketchikan Pulp Co. Is a magnesium-base, bisulfite process pulp
mill. The mill normally produces about 580 tons of dissolving grade
pulp per day. Current major expansion of the mill includes a new
digestor and will increase this tonnage figure. Recovery units are
employed to collect, concentrate, and burn the strong pulping liquor.
In the process magnesium oxide and sulfur dioxide are partially re-
covered for recycling. Primary treatment of the plant effluent is
not provided.
Even though chemicals are recovered and the concentrated
strong liquor and woodroom wastes burned, enough wastes are dis-
charged into Ward Cove to have a serious impact on these waters.
All wastes from the mill are combined and discharged to Ward Cove
through two outfalls. The main sewer (Figure 2) discharged about
95 percent of the BOD and SWL loading, and over 80 percent of the
volatile suspended solids. The woodroom sewer contains the remainder
of the wastes, which are derived mainly from debarking operations
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16
1TOKHBB
M '1.
[iS- ni \Wto*»»
.7i • „ "•i>>
\^^."T;'X^
¦• >•-* ¦ .. jj
' «T
-------
17
The cove In the vicinity of the woodroom sewer and the log-
haul oust be dredged periodically.-^ The dredged sludge is hydrauli-
cally washed into deeper water near mid-cove (Figure 3).
"" "" "ai* Vi «in rtri i
FIGURE 3» Sludge dredged near woodroom sewer outfall, is hydraulically washed
into Ward Cove near Station 5.
Based on an inplant survey completed in October 1963 (5), the
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L8
Parameter
5-day BOD
GOD (chemical oxygen demand)
Sulfite waste liquor
Suspended volatile solids
Average Concentration
610 mg/1
1940 mg/1
7285 mg/1
160 mg/1
There are no facilities, such as a lagoon, for storage of
strong liquors when the recovery units are by-passed. Thus, main
sewer waste concentrations greatly exceed the average values when the
recovery units are by-passed. A concentration of 18,000 ppm SWL was
found In one sample taken from the main sewer boll July 3, 1968.
Logs often occupy about one-third to one-half of the surface area
of the cove (Figure 4). Present log storage and handling techniques
m
I? st" • •tfktGLs' ••• ¦
(If$ Wl
I2r " ¦,;lfv ¦>'' '-m>: V- wl?1 Jl
-WM > ¦¦¦v'W •i ' .ii
Jk' 1 • V"M f ' ' VJ
>' ' ' •' *: '¦ ' '* •••Tap
JjlL Vifl\reS3
[ y u
•- •• •.•;?• s'••UVvl
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"• ' -:V:;r ¦ - U».: ¦ ¦'
li^wStiSS^^T'
ff :?J< | '
¦mmhm
GURE 4k Ketchikan Pulp Co. and log storage in middle head reaches of Ward
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19
contribute wastes to Ward Cove in the form of wood solids. Logs
and debris have become water-logged and have sunk to the cove
bottom. Logs stored in the shallow water at the head of-the cove
become beached on the ebb tide, blocking portions of the cove and
Ward Creek for other legitimate uses.
Ward Cove Packing Company
Fish processing wastes from the Ward Cove Packing Company are
disposed in the cove untreated. Operation of the packing company
is limited to the salmon fishing season, generally from July through
September.
Although the influence of the cannery was not directly evaluated
in this study, data from previous studies, as stated earlier, show
that the adverse effectB of waste from the cannery were highly
localized (3). Additionally, data gathered from the present study
during July 3 through 8, 1968 when the pulp mill was shut down and
the cannery was operating, revealed that dissolved oxygen in Ward
Cove increased by 59 percent at the surface and by 21 percent at
the 20-meter depth. As a consequence of the pulp mill shutdown and
natural flushing in the estuary, by July 8 dissolved oxygen in the
upper 20-meters had increased to a level that was equal to or exceeded
the minimum standard of 6 mg/L. The adverse effect of cannery
wastes were considered to be significantly less than those of the
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SAMPLING PROGRAM
The first phase of this study was conducted in cooperation
with the staff of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Auke Bay
Biological Laboratory. This phase included two trips in 1968,
one in spring, the other in summer, to collect data on dissolved
oxygen, SWL, temperature, salinity, water currents and marine life
in Ward Cove and the adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows. After the
data from these two trips were evaluated, it was decided that FWQA
would continue the study to document conditions in the fall and
winter, and again in spring.
Fifteen stations were established within Ward Cove and the
adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows (Figure 5). Since SWL concentra-
tions below the 10-meter depth were generally less than the lower
limit of accuracy of the analytical method, routine sampling for
SWL was restricted to the top 10 meters; dissolved oxygen (DO)
measurements were made at various depths.
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22
000
Yard9
SEE
INSERT
I Puis
10 «
Yards
^'Cannery
FIGURE 5, Location of sampling stations in Ward Cove and
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23
Temperature and salinity data were obtained throughout the
entire water column during the first two trips. On later trips
these data were obtained only in the surface waters (down to 15
meters) because the main interest was stratification within the
surface waters. Current data were obtained at Station 8 during
the July 1968 trip only. Biological sampling was accomplished on
various trips to the area. Benthic samples were collected at
Stations 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14. Samples of the blue
mussel Mytilus edulis were collected at sites 1 through 10*
Sampling Periods
Sampling trips were scheduled throughout the year to determine
the seasonal variation of water column stability and its correlation
with the DO and SWL concentrations within Ward Cove. The sampling
periods are shown on Figure 6. Obtaining a set of samples sometimes
required sampling over an entire tidal cycle. Thus, samples for
chemical determination were obtained at various tidal phases as
shovn on the Figure.
Methods
Walter samples were collected with Nansen bottles and subdivided
into appropriate 250 or 500 ml containers. Because of the possibility
of SWL interfering with the oxide modification of the Winkler
method, a Yellow Springs Instrument Model 54* and an Electronic
-------
1200
WOO
IS
May 10,1969
Wttl <$> 10-15 Kit,
Wind!
MLIW
oeoo
1200
woo
1000
MOO
MOO
1500 0600
SWL
SE ® 3-5 Kit.
MLIW
r 7. 1968
'(200
oeoo
1200
2000 0600
1600
1600
2000
.0.0.,T
19
0
MLLW
0600
0600
1000
1500
1200
0600
1200
1600
FIGURE 6, Sampling periods vlth respect Co tidal phase, stage
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25
The dissolved oxygen probes were routinely calibrated against the
Winkler method. Temperature data were obtained either with the
above dissolved oxygen meters, a Beckman Instruments Model R55-3
Portable Salinometer, or with a bathythermograph. Salinity (°/ob)
measurements were made with the salinometer, by titration with
silver nitrate (6), or by hydrometers.
Transraissivity readings were made with a Hydro Products Model
A10-BR Transmis8ometer using the Model All 10 cm path underwater
sensor.
SWL concentrations were measured using the Pearl-Benson Index
(7), and were based on the spectrophotometic determination of the
ligin-sulfonate concentration of the samples relative to a reference
solution containing 10 percent dry solids by weight of calcium-base
sulfite waste liquor. As a quality control, standards of various
SWL concentrations were handled exactly as the samples: i.e., frozen
and shipped to the laboratory along with the samples.
The SWL analyses were conducted either in the laboratory, on
board the survey boat or, after preservation by freezing, at the
Alaska Water Laboratory in College.
*Use of product and company names is for identification
only and does not constitute endorsement by the Federal
Water Quality Administration, U. S. Department of the
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26
Bottom samples of muda and aquatic life were collected using
a core-sample, a ponar dredge, and a Marukawa dredge. Samples
were preserved and transported to the laboratory where they vere
analyzed. Standard techniques for counting and identifying
organisms were used. Blue mussles, Mytilus edulis, were collected
from inter-tidal reaches at low tide by two persons who in a
half hour collected as many mussels as possible from the sectof
of greatest density at each of 10 sampling sites. The samples
were preserved and taken to the Auke Bay Biological Laboratory
for analysis.
Benthic organisms are valuable indicators of changes in
water quality because their life cycles extend for one or more
years and thus reflect water quality over a long period of time*
Most bottom-associated organisms have limited methods of loco-
motion that restrict them to a specific area; thus, they are
subject to adverse factors entering the area and can be used to
delineate water quality. Changes in water quality sufficient to
adversely alter the population structure of benthic organisms
may aleo similarly modify other organisms such as plankton and
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29
Sulfite Waste Liquor
During six trips to the Ward Cove area, a total of 276 samples
from the top 20-meter layer were collected and analyzed. These
samples were collected at IS stations distributed over an area
greater than a square mile. Fifty percent of these samples
had SWL concentrations greater than 44 ppm; 35 percent (from 15
stations) had concentrations greater than 100 ppm; 11 percent
(from 8 stations) had concentrations greater than 500 ppm.
Concentrations of SWL in the top one-meter layer of water
varied throughout the cove and adjacent waters from one study period
to the next, and were higher in summer than in winter (Table 2).
The highest concentrations of SWL, ranging from 175 ppm to over
2,000 ppm, were found on May 10, 1968 (Figure 7). SWL concentra-
tions greater than 100 ppm were found at various times in a 1.4
square mile area throughout the study in Ward Cove and Tongass
Narrows (Figure 8). Within this area, near the mill outfalls, SWL
attained concentrations greater than 500 ppm in a 0.25 square mile
zone.
High concentrations of SWL were again found during the July 3,
1968 sampling period, prior to a temporary mill shutdown. Four
days after mill shutdown, the residual SWL concentrations were
significantly reduced because of mixing between surface waters of
the cove and the unpolluted waters of Tongass Narrows. At this
time, the flow from Ward Creek was sufficient to move surface water
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TABLE 1.
TEMPERATURE, SALINITY AND DENSITY WITH. DEPT*' (METERS) AT STATIONS 8 AND 11, 1968-1969
frepth Hay 15, 1968 July 3, 1968 December 18, 1968 April lJ. 196r
-fl^. _ * * /TT a n T* ' ¦¦ ¦¦I. f ¦ ¦¦ ¦ 1 fc . f
.
T°C
o/oo
OX
T°C
o/oo
ax
T°C
o/oo
at
T°C
o/oo
ax
Station 8
D
8.2
27.2
21.2
15.4
24.6
16.6
•
24.7
8:9
14.9
11.5
1
7.5
29.3
22.9
15.1
25.8
18.9
-
27.3
5.8
30.3
23.9
)
7.3
30.1
23.6
14.8
26.0
19.1
-
5.5
5
6.7
10.3
23.8
13.3
26.2
19.6
-
27.6
5.5
30.9
24.4
7
6.5
30.5
24.0
11.7
27.3
20.7
-
.
5.4
«-
1
6.2
30.5
24.0
10.1
28.5
21.9
-
29.0
5.3
31.6
25.0
5
6.0
30.6
24.1
9.5
29.0
22.4
-
.
5.2
•
0
5.9
30.8
24.3
8.9
29.4
22.8
m
29.4
-
31.6
5
5.7
30.9
24.4
8.1
29.9
23.3
-
-
.
m
0
5.6
31.1
24.6
7.4
30.2
23.6
-
•
5
5.6
31.1
24.6
7.0
30.4
23.8
-
-
m
•
0
5.5
31.4
24.8
6.4
30.8
24.2
-
-
-
-
-
Station 11
0
8.7
24.1
18.7
14.8
26.4
19.4
5.9
26.3
20.8
7.9
26.0
20.3
1
8.4
27.9
21.7
14.7
27.4
20.3
5.9
27.0
21.3
6.0
30.3
23.7
3
7.2
30.3
.23.7
14.6
26.8
19.8
6.0
-
-
5.3
.
5
6.6
30.4
23>. 9
13.6
26.7
19.9
6.4
28.5
22.4
5.2
31.3
24.7
7
6.5
30.5
24.0
12.3
27.0
20.4
6.6
m
m
5.2
-
-
1
6.3
30.6
24.1
10.8
28.4
21.7
6.9
29.0
22.8
5.1
31.7
25.0
5
6.1
30.7
24.2
10.0
29.6
22.8
7.2
-
-
5.1
_
•
0
5.9
30.8
24.3
8.6
30.0
23.3
7.3
29.2
22.9
-
31.6
5
5.7
30.9
24.4
8.1
30.5
23.8
7.4
-
m
m
S-
0
5.7
31.2
24.6
7.4
30.8
24.1
7.4
-
m
•
•
5
5.6
31.2
24.7
6.9
31.1
24.4
7.5
-
m
•
m
0
5.6
31.2
24.7
6.5
-
-
7.6
-
-
-
-
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Temperature and Salinity
Water density data (Q*r values, Table. 1, and Appendix, Tables
A-l and A-2), calculated for Stations 8 and 11 near the cove mouth
from temperature and salinity determinations, show that the Ward
Cove estuary was stratified so that a lens of less-dense poorly mixed
brackish water overlaid subsurface and more saline waters throughout
the year. Under these conditions, vertical mixing was inhibited and
did not play an important role in the dispersion of pulp mill
wastes from Ward Cove. Because of the lack of significant vertical
mixing, wastes were dispersed primarily in the surface layer.
Exchange of Ward Cove waters with those of Tongass Narrows was
caused by storm activities and by eddy currents. These eddy currents
in the less-polluted, higher saline waters beneath the surface
layer, are created by the northward flow -of water in Tongass Narrows (10)
past the mouth of Ward Cove. When storm activities were greatest,
as in winter, the rate of exchange between Ward Cove and Tongass
Narrows waters was greatest. During this period, SWL concentrations
were lower than during spring, summer, and fall when storm frequency
-------
-ABLE 2
SULFITE WASTE LIQUOR CONCENTRATIONS (PPM)
WITH DEPTH (METERS) IN WARD COVE AND TONGASS NARROWS, 1968-1969.
Station Numbers
Depth WCa
1
2
3
4
5
ofd
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
May
10, 1968
0 -r
102
62
226
107
777
1080
2290
1110
791
1240
395
680
490
109
320
--
1
101
129
161
261
418
11060
2040
374
880
418
446
519
350
178
37
--
3
37
71
34
124
199
2710
809
424
468
127
91
272
277
54
15
4
9
35
--
--
212
5
40
44
—
175
49
148
50
24
23
37
43
19
9 436 -- 10
10 - <5 <5 36
July 3, 1968
0
--
361
339
455
571
18000
744
1030
854
322
394
193
30
208
1
214
214
303
415
11270
376
2070
260
311
231
298
30
221
3
44
34
31
42
90
39
27
26
54
27
145
32
81
7
- -
15
8
<5
<5
11
<5
<5
<5
<5
<29
*5
<5
<5
July 7, 1968
0
52
59
.12
--
33
23
44
28
68
26
11
7
40
34
28
23
27
28
. 1/2
--
11
8
21
9
16
13
11
10
23
17
23
--
--
£
—4 fO
3 °
5 2
25
ss
C
o
0
«-r
r—»
£
° rr J3
5 Wo P
~ < » SO-
ot Zr
to
Q s 3 ^
33 v
00 5' >
¦*> rm O ^
I # 2
SO
0
C/J
1
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Depth ura 1 2 3 4 0Fb 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
October 8, 1968
0 29 -- 23 -- — — 1073 528 — 689 -- -- 556 <5
1 -- 60 1111 244 — 142 -- -- 80 7
3 -- -- 32 -- — -- 112 61 -- 28 -- -- 20 -
5 -- -- 28 34 16 -- 14 — -- 8
7
0
1
3
5
7
10
15
29
10 26 <5 -- *5 -- -- <"5 <5
15 <5 -- -- <5
.29 <5
October 9, 1968
91
19
35
33
8
46
6
9
21
<5
6
7
<5 --
<5
<5
December 18, 1968
0 20 -- 21 273 658 — 483 -- -- 208 -- 9 35 25
1 — 45 203 483 -- 162 -- -- 104- 84 12 -- 20
3 -- -- 15 -- -- —
5 -- -- 14 -- — -- 14 10 — <5 -- -- <5 9 -C5 11 < 5
10 7 <5 — <5 -- -- <5 -- <5 <5 *5
13 <5 -
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
Depth 1 2 3 4 OFb
0 23 — 23 — — 343
1 — — 99
3 — -- 24
5 — — 9
10 -- — <5
20
5
6
CTN
00
10
11
12
13
14
15
April 13, 1969
635
543
355 ..
--
1272
766
9
--
86
269
336
34 --
159
185
8
76
42
18
32 --
8
<5
<5
_ -
8
8
8
<5 -
--
<5
<5
--
<5
<5
<5
<5 —
• •
<5
<5
May
13, 1969
867
812
1097
246
1393
943
226
264
184
--
272
206
--
--
0
1
5
6
10
79 — — 559
76
44
49
12
50
25
a Ward Cove
-------
Outfall Mill
2000
FIGURE 7. Zones in Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows where high SWL con-
centrations can be expected at various times throughout the
-------
SWL concent rat ions
> 100
$i!§ > 175
>450
HI > 750
mm > 1000
IB > 2000
Refuge Cove
OUTFALL
Ya rds
-------
35
reduction of about 85 percent in SWL concentrations at the head
of the cove.
Vertically, SWL was distributed throughout the entire water
column near the outfall and in the shallow waters near the head of
the cove. SWL generally was found in measurable concentrations
down to the 5-»to-10»meter depth within the cove (Figure 9); beyond
the cove it was seldom found below the 5-meter depth.
SWL in ppm (10%Btiii)
8000
200
Envtlop« of SWL conctn-
IrotioM. Stations 1,3,4.
5,7,*, 10,11
1
2
.£
T
-------
36
Yearly variation in SWL was found throughout the study area.
Stations 8 and 11, which are 0.4 and 0.8 miles, respectively, from the
main sewer outfall, typically reflected such variation between May
1968 and May 1969 (Figure 10). SWL concentrations were highest
during the spring, summer, and early fall, and lowest during the
winter. This is to be expected when the differences in water column
stability and storm activity during these seasons is considered. Thus,
during seasons when stratification of waters occurred, the rate of
dispersal of SWL from Ward Cove was minimal and SWL concentrations
were high. IXiring the winter when lateral water movements (horizontal
mixing) caused by storms were highest, the SWL concentrations were
lowest.
__ Surface
• —• 1 meter
2000
jQ
1500
Sta. 8
Sta. II
Q.
Q.
1000
500-
I
a
/
Apr Jun Aug Ocl Dec Feb Apr
FIGURB 10. SWL concentrations at Stations 8 and 11 in Ward Cove,
-------
37
Additionally, the correlation in the maximum and minima in SWL
concentrations between Stations 8 and 11 (I.e., a maximum at one
station generally corresponds to a minimum or low SWL value at the
other station) strongly suggests that mill wastes accumulate during
the slack portion of the tide. The SWL moves out of the cove
in fronts or slugs of high concentration during each ebb tide.
Tongass Narrows water receives the SWL concentration from Ward/
Cove through the exchange process resulting from the tidal fluctua-
tion and eddy currents. This SWL is then carried away from the
Cove mouth and dispersed in the more turbulent, deeper waters of
Tongass Narrows.
The light transmitting properties of the surface waters in
Ward Cove and the adjacent waters of Tongass Narrows was significantly
decreased (Table 3). On July 3, 1968, mill wastes reduced light
intensity In the vicinity of Station 6 by 43 percent. At the mouth
of the cove, it was reduced 14 to 25 percent (stations 10,11, and
12). the greatest reduction in light intensity occurred within the
top 7-meter layer. A significant increase in transmissivity was
observed on July 5 and 6, the first and second days after the mill
stopped discharging wastes. At greater depths, where concentrations
of SWL were low, the transmissivity was quite high.
Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of Ward Cove frequently
-------
38
quality standards. Of 413 dissolved oxygen measurements at 15 stations,
37 percent (from 14 stations) were below the minimum of 6 mg/1. Addi-
tionally, of 336 measurements made in the upper 29-meter water layer,
35 percent (from 14 stations) were below the standard (Appendix, Table 2A).
TABLE 3.
TRANSMISSIVITY READINGS (PERCENTAGE) WITH DEPTH (METERS)
IN WARD COVE AND TONGASS NARROWS (READINGS TAKEN WITH
10 CM TRANSMISSOMETER), JULY 1968.
Stations
Depth
i 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
July
3, 1968
0
76
65
70
67
45
71
68
61
69
63
. 74
88
80
1
70
70
74
69
62
72
66
66
70
67
74
88
80
3
93
84
83
75
79
89
92
89
84
89
78
89
83
7
94
90
90
95
80
100
98
95
90
87
89
95
97
11
•
93
93
99
88
100
98
97
92
96
91
97
98
July
5, 1968
0
97
84
79
82
81
85
82
87
90
90
89
99
94
I
100
89
89
82
85
92
85
90
95
94
95
98
94
3
100
96
95
92
93
97
94
93
95
96
97
98
95
7
100
97
97
94
93
99
95
95
96
96
97
99
98
11
•
99
97
95
92
99
96 .
95
98
97
m
m
98
July
6, 1968
0
61
88
92
80
89
87
92
95
92
96
92
98
95
98
1
87
97
97
98
94
90
95
97
97
98
97
98
95
98
3
97
98
100
100
99
96
98
98
98
99
100
100
100
100
7
99
100
m
100
100
95
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
11
m
m
m
-
100
97
100
100
100
100
m
•
-
-------
39
. In the year prior to mill operation, Ward Cove had high dissolved
oxygen values ranging from 7 to 12 mg/1 (Figure 11). During this year
the dissolved oxygen reached a maximum of 12 mg/1 or 122 percent
saturation during the spring. This is the period when one would ex-
pect greatest phytoplankton activity. Minimum values near 7 mg/1
i
occurred during fall and winter. The data collected in the 1968-1969^
study period (Figure 12) suggest almost a reversal of this situation,
with a dissolved oxygen maximum occurring only during spring and a
minimum occuring during summer.
E
a
12
11
10
._. Surface
15 m
30m
s
•
s
*
~ /•
~
'V
\
» # •
\ / *
a
O
o
9
8
7
••• \ x
• * •
\ \ V. .
*• \ * \ *
\ v \
\ / \
V \
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
M
S
FIGURE 11. Averaged dissolved oxygen concentrations in Ward Cove prior to
construction of pulp mill, October 1951 through September 1952,
-------
40
M
E
Standards
Criterion
o'
6
Sta. 8
Sta. 11
Surface
t meter
10 meters
Jun
FIGURE 12, Dissolved oxygen concentrations at Stations 8 and 11 in
Ward Cove, May 1968 through May 1969.
Spring maxima in dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of
Ward Cove were indicated during May 1968 and April 1969. Dissolved
oxygen values for both periods showed a reduction from maximum
saturation by 38 to 73 percent in May 1968 and by 31 to 42 percent in
April 1969. Preceding mill operation, super-saturation of these
-------
41
The low dissolved oxygen levels in the late spring and summer
are consistent with the reduction of phytoplankton activity expected
when SWL concentrations reach the high levels measured during these
sampling periods. Oxygen-producing phytoplankton in the upper
water layers are adversely affected by the toxicity and the presence
of a log cover which decreases available light. Those deeper in the
water column will be affected because of the reduction in transmissivity
and, as a consequence, the reduced energy for phytosynthesis. The
low dissolved oxygen observed in surface waters in October, when SWL
concentrations were relatively low, probably was the result of waste
loading, decreased phytoplankton activity, and intrusion of oceanic
bottom waters that characteristically are low in dissolved oxygen.
Dissolved oxygen in the surface waters of Ward Cove generally
increased about 5 mg/1 on July 8, 1968; 5 days after the mill was
temporarily shut down (Figure 13). On July 3, 1968, prior to this
shutdown, the dissolved oxygen in surface waters was extremely
low, varying from 1.8 to 4.8 mg/1. Regardless of combinations of
data used to graphically compare dissolved oxygen on these two
dates the significance of the data is not altered. The mill
wastes were responsible for significantly reducing dissolved
oxygen below the standard of 6 mg/1 in at least the upper 29
-------
kl
Dissolved Oiygen - mg/l
Envelope ol DO
values- Stations
3,4,3,6,7,8,9
20
20
Envelope ol DO
valuea- Slalions
3,4,6,11,14 r_
30
* 30
40
40
Standards
Cntenon^^
30
Concentrations prior to
mill shut-down
Concentrations 5days
after shut-down
FIGURE 13. Depth distribution of dissolved oxygen concentrations in Ward
Cove and Tongaas Narrows on July 3 and July 8, 1968.
Biological
Benthic Plants and Animals
Unpublished information from the State of Alaska reveal that
many clean-water bottom organisms such as mussels, snails, brown
algae, crabs, starfish, urchins, and green algae thrived in great
abundance in Ward Cove prior to completion of the puip mill. Such
organisms, unlike fish, reflect water quality over a long period
-------
43
During the 1968-1969 study, samples of bottom materials from
Stations 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and 14 (Figure 5) did not contain
organisms such as starfish, crabs, and urchins. Only a few micro-
scopic animals and remnants of other organisms, for example fish
scales and vertebrae, worm cases, mollusk shells, sponges, and
urchin spines were found at these slteB (Appendix, Table 4A). The
reduction of aquatic life, and the prevalence of black, foul-
smelling sludge that contained wood chips and pulp fibers attest
to the severely polluted condition of Ward Cove. Fiber-containing
sludge from benthic reaches near Station 6 and the mill outfalls
frequently was noted on surface waters (Figure 14).
The pollution in Ward Cove also was evident in intertidal
reaches that previously supported a great variety of organisms
such as several kinds of attached algae, snails, starfish, and
blue mussels. Investigations during the 1968-1969 study showed
that many kinds of such plants and animals no longer lived in the
intertidal reaches. Blue mussels, Mytllus edulis, sampled at ten
sites in the intertidal zone of Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows
(Figure 15), were abundant in Tongass Narrows but significantly
reduced in numbers within Ward Cove (Table 4 and Appendix,
-------
TABLE 4.'
Total Numbers of Blue Mussels, Mytllus edulis, Collected
Per 30-Mlnute Sampling Effort at 10 Intertldal Stations in Ward Cove
and Tongass Narrows, May and July, 1968.
Sampling
Date
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
May 1968
843
661
434
435
291
489
58
159
418
550
July 1968
1978
1461
685
906
602
551
53
236
618
1251
FXOOBJ 14. Decomposing bottom material »hich has risen to the enrf.ce near the
main sewer outfall.
Mfmm
-------
45
2000
Yards
FIGURE 15. Location of intertidal stations in Ward Cove and Tongass
Narrows where Mytilus edulis were collected.
In May 1968, less that 500 of these organisms per sample
were found at Stations 3 through 9. Less than 100 were found
in either May or July 1968 at Station 7 near the mouth of the cove.
None of these hardy semi-pollution tolerant animals were found nearer
-------
46
Plankton
Sampling for microscopic plants and animals floating in the
water (Appendix, Table 6A) was done in a superficial manner
only, and was inadequate to establish patterns of plankton numbers
and diversity associated with oxygen production and pollutional
effects of the SWL. Nevertheless, studies in other waters reveal
such plankton information, and ate generally applicable to Ward
Cove (8 and 9).
High dissolved oxygen concentrations in estuarine and near-
shore marine waters are typically the consequence of increased algae
populations (attached and/or planktonic). These exhibit seasonal
patterns of abundance that are associated with seasonal changes in
water column mixing, nutrients, temperature, and daylight. Character-
istically, marine waters are nutrient-rich in early spring as a result
of winter mixing. This, coupled with increased water column stability,
increased temperature, and lengthening days, creates favorable conditions
for phytoplankton activity and a bloom begins. The bloom is evidenced
by an increase in phytoplankton and dissolved oxygen and may. also be
followed by an increase in zooplankton. Often the water becomes
supersaturated with dissolved oxygen. The spring bloom of attached
algae in shallow waters usually is most noticeable in late April or
early May. Shortly thereafter, it begins to subside because nutrients
are depleted. At the same time the algae becomes less abundant and
the dissolved oxygen decreases to lower levels that persist through-
-------
U1
In late August or early September, water stability established
during the summer begins to decline, nixing follows, and nutrients
stimulate another phytoplankton bloom and an associated increase in
dissolved oxygen. This bloom is often short-lived because temperature
and lengths of days are decreased to wintertime levels. This annual
phytoplankton cycle is inferred by plotting dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions obtained throughout a period of one or more years, as was done
with dissolved oxygen data from Ward Cove prior to operations of the
pulp mill (Figure 11). It is apparent that dissolved oxygen was
sufficiently abundant to result in supersaturation (the cyclic pattern
of phytoplankton abundance with blooms in May and August is implied).
The 1968-1969 data showing reduced oxygen content at Stations 8
and 11 similarly imply the toxic effect of SWL on phytoplankton
(Figure 12). SWL reportedly inhibits phytoplankton activity at con-
centrations exceeding 50 ppm (8). Additionally, SWL reduced the
amount of light entering Ward Cove waters. It is axiomatic that the
photosynthetic process of phytoplankton and attached algae is de-
creased if light is decreased, and that oxygen production therefore
will be reduced. Biochemical oxygen demand of the SWL and associated
wastes discharged to Ward Cove also contribute to the decrease of
-------
48
Fish and Other. Associated Animals
Extensive studies in the Puget Sound area (8) have shown that
SWL concentrations above 10 ppm are detrimental to many forms of
biological life, particularly larval stages which are found in the
upper 10 meters of the water column.
Although not derived in the 1968-1969 study at Ward Cove, toxi-
city data from other studies reveal that SWL and associated wastes
are toxic to salmon and salmon-food organisms. In Puget Sound (8),
survival and well-being of juvenile salmon were impaired when the.
following criteria were not met:
SWL - less than 1,000 ppm
Total sulfides - no detectable amount
Dissolved oxygen - greater than 5 rng/1
pH - greater than 6.5
Ammonia Nitrogen - 0.2 mg/1
The first three of these criteria frequently are not met in
Ward Cove. In the vicinity of the mill outfalls and in extensive
benthic reaches of the cove, sulfides were so apparent that they
were detected readily by their strong hydrogen sulfide odor. A
second study (9) shows that calcium-base SWL is toxic or inhibitory
to certain salmon-food and other associated organisms at concentra-
tions exceeding 50 ppm. This study concluded that "to ,be entirely
on the safe side of the toxicity range, concentrations of sulfite
-------
49
are expected to feed. A concentration of 50 ppm of SWL was
exceeded, at times, over nearly the entire study area In Ward
Cove and Tongass Narrows.
It should be pointed out that while SWL concentrations less
than 1,000 ppm can be tolerated by juvenile salmon, they would be
toxic or otherwise adverse to salmon-food and other associated
organisms. Thus, 50 ppm of SWL, or less, appears to be an upper
limit necessary for the sustained survival and well-being of
salmon food; whereas 10 ppm appears to be the upper threshold for
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. State of Alaska, Department of Health and Welfare, "Alaska State
Plan, Water Quality Standards for interstate waters within the
State of Alaska." June 20, 1967, Revised November 10, 1967 and
May 24, 1970.
2. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. Excerpt of: Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, Public Law 84-660, as Amended by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1961 (PL 87-88), The Water Quality Act
of 1965 (PL 89-234) and the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966
(PL 89-753). 24 pp. mimeo.
3. Alaska Water Pollution Control Board, State of Alaska, Report No.
7,"Ward Cove Survey". Ketchikan, Alaska. August 1953.
4. Alaska Water Pollution Control Board, State of Alaska, First
Draft, "Ward Cove Survey, 1949-1957". Ketchikan, Alaska.
September 1957.
5. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Northwest Region. "Oceanographic and Related
Water Quality Studies in Southeastern Alaska, August 1965."
Portland, Oregon. July 1966.
6. Strickland, J.D.H. and T. R. Parsons, "A Manual of Sea Water
Analysis", Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa,Canada,
1965, pp 19-21.
7. Barnes, C. A., et al, "A Standardized Pearl-Benson, or Nitroso,
Method Recommended for Estimation of Spent Sulfite Liquor or
Sulfite Waste Liquor Concentrations in Waters", Tappi 46(6):
347-351, 1963.
8* U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration, and Washington State Pollution Control
Commission. "Pollutional Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes
in Puget Sound", Portland, Oregon, and Olympia, Washington,
March 1967.
9. Alaska Water Pollution Control Board, "Report No. 10, Silver
Bay Water Pollution Control Studies near Sitka, Alaska",
June 17, 1957.
10. U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Northwest Region, "Ketchikan, Alaska Bacteriolo-
-------
-------
0
1
3
5
7
11
13
16
20
25
30
40
44
0
1
3
5
7
11
15
20
25
30
35
40
TABLE 1A
Salinity (o/oo) With Depth (Meters) In Ward Cove and Tongass Harrows, 1968-1969.
Station Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
May
10, 1968
24.4
24.8
26.0
26.5
25.8
_
26.1
_
26.8
_
m
28.3
26.1
26.6
27.1
26.4
-
27.8
-
27.7
-
¦*
m
28.2
26.8
28.2
28.4
28.3
-
28.3
-
28.4
-
-
-
-
28.2
28.8
28.7
28.6
-
28.9
-
28.5
-
-
-
-
28.6
29.4
29.2
29.1
-
-
-
29.2
-
-
-
-
29.3
29.9
29.7
29.9
-
30.0
-
30.1
-
-
-
29.3
-
-
-
-
30.0
-
30.1
-
-
m
-
-
-
29.7
29.8
-
30.4
-
30.2
-
-
m
-
-
-
29.9
30.3
-
30.4
-
30.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.2
-
-
30.6
-
30.6
-
-
-
-
m
30.6
-
-
30.6
-
30.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.9
-
30.9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.9
-
m
-
May
15, 1968
8.2
25.1
22.5
24.1
24.3
22.6
26.5
27.2
26.4
27.5
24.1
25.1
25.7
26.4
26.9
27.8
27.8
27.0
27.8
29.3
28.4
29.1
27.9
28.7
28.3
29.8
30.0
30.0
30.2
29.8
29.8
30.1
30.1
30.0
30.3
29.8
-
30.1
30.2
30.3
30.4
30.1
30.0
30.3
30.4
30.2
30.4
30 ;1
-
-
30.3
30.5
30.6
30.2
30.2
30.5
30.4
30.2
30.5
30.1
-
-
30.5
30.4
30.8
30.4
30.3
30.5
30.6
30.5
30.6
30.4
-
-
30.2
30.7
31.0
30.4
30.5
30.6
30.6
30.6
30.7
30.5
m
-
30.8
31.1
-
30.5
30.8
30.8
30.8
30.8
30.6
-
-
-
31.0
31.2
-
30.7
30.9
31.0
30.9
30.9
30.7
-
-
-
31.0
31.0
-
30.9
31.1
31.1
31.0
31.2
31.0
-
-
-
31.0
-
30.9
31.1
31.2
31.1
31.2
30.6
-
-
-
30.9
-
-
31.0
31.4
31.3
31.2
31.2
-------
TABLE 1A (Continued)
Salinity (o/oo) 'Jith Depth (Meters) in Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows,
1968-1969.
Station Numbers
Depth 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
July 3, 1968
0
22.2
24.0
23.8
27.0
24.1
24.6
24.8
26.4
24.4
25.6
1
24.3
24.1
23.9
24.3
24.5
25.0
24.9
26.4
26.4
25.9
2
24.8
25.3
25.3
24.6
25.5
25.8
27.8
26.4
26.4
26.1
3
25.6
25.9
25.9
25.3
25.7
26.0
25.6
26.4
26.4
26.2
4
26.0
26.0
25.9
25.8
26.1
26.1
26.3
26.4
26.8
26.8
5
25.9
26.2
26.1
26.3
26.1
26.2
26.5
26.5
26.7
27.3
7
26.1
26.2
26.7
26.6
27.0
27.3
27.2
27.7
27.0
27.9
11
27.8
27.9
28.4
28.3
28.2
28.5
28.8
28.7
28.4
28.8
IS
28.4
28.5
29.2
28.9
29.0
29.0
29.2
29.2
29.6
29.2
20
m
29.2
29.5
29.6
29.6
29.4
29.7
29.8
30.0
29.6
25
m
29.4
29.7
28.6
29.6
29.9
30.1
30.1
30.5
30.2
30
m
29.7
28.2
•
30.1
30.2
30.2
30.4
30.8
•
35
m
29.7
-
m
30.5
30.4
30.8
30.8
31.1
m
40
m
m
m
m
30.8
30.8
30.9
31.1
31.5
m
50
m
m
m
•
•
m
-
•
31.7
m
Depth 2 5 6 OF* 8 11 12 13 14 15
April 13, 1969
0
3.3
20.4
16.4
*29.0
14.9
26.0
29.4
30.7
.
30.5
1
30.1
30.1
30.0
m
30.3
30.3
30.6-
30.8
30.7
3
30.7
•
m
m
.
m
m
•
m
.
5
31.1
31.0
30.8
.
30.9
31.3
31.4
31.3
m
31.2
10
31.2
31.1
31.2
-
31.6
31.7
31.4
•
m
31.2
20
•
31.8
31.6
m
31.6
31.6
31.7
•
-
-------
TABLE 1A (Continued)
Salinity (o/oo) With Depth (Meters) in Ward Cove and Tongas3 Narrows
1968-1969.
Station Numbers
Depth 2 5 6 OF* 8 11 12 13 14 15
Kay 13, 1969
0
10.8
21.7
19.9
*27.4 23.3
30.8
26.1
22.7
30.2
28.4
i
29.4
29.3
29.3
30:8
5
30.4
30.6
30.5
30.6
10
30.9
-------
0
1
3
5
7
11
13
16
25
30
40
44
0
1
3
5
7
11
15
20
25
30
35
40
TABLE 2A
Temperature (°C) With Depth Qfeters) In Ward Cove and Tongaas Narrows, 1968-1969.
Station Humbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Kay 10,
1968
L0.2
12.7
10.4
10.2
10.-3
-
9.7
m
10.9
•
7.6
9.8
9.9
9.4
10.1
m
8.0
8.3
-
-
-
7.7
7.8
8.1
7.8
8.2
m
7.6
7.9
-
-
-
-
6.8
7.2
6.8
7.4
-
6.9
7.5
m
-
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.7
-
-
6.9
m
•
m
5.9
6.2
5.8
6.1
-
6.0
5.8
m
-
m
-
5.9
-
-
-
-
5.7
5.8
-
•
m
-
-
-
5.9
5.9
-
5.5
5.6
m
-
-
-
-
-
5.7
5.9
-
5.5
5.5
-
•
-
-
-
-
5.6
-
-
5.4
5.6
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.6
-
5.5
5.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
»
-
5.4
5.4
-
-
-
w»
-
-
m
-
-
-
5.4
m
-
m
May 15,
1968
7.6
8.9
8.2
9.1
9.4
10.3
8.8
8.2
9.2
8.4
8.7
8.6
8.0
8.7
8.4
8.7
8.9
8.6
8.2
7.4
8.5
7.7
8.4
7.9
7.4
7.4
7.0
7.2
7.5
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.1
7.0
7.2
7.3
-
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.6
7.1
6.7
6.6
6.9
6.6
6.8
-
-
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.8
«•
-
6.2
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.2
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.2
-
-
6.3
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.1
6.1
6.1
-
-
-
5.8
5.8
-
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
5.8
-
-
-
5.8
5.7
-
5.8
5.7
5.7
5.6
5.7
5.6
-
-
-
5.6
5.7
-
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.6
-
-
-
5.8
-
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
-
-
5.7
-
5.7
5.5
5.6
5.6
5.6
-------
0
1
2
.3
A
5
7.
11
15
20
25
'3D
35
40
50
!i
0
1
2
3
5
7
10
14
v*4
TABLE 2A (Continued)
Continued. Temperature (°C) With Depth (Meters) in Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows,
1968-1969.
Station Numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
July 3, 1968
-
-
17.2
16.7
16.9
17.1
15.8
15.4
15.9
14.4
14.8
16.0
-
-
15.7
16.5
16.5
15.9
14.9
15.1
15.0
14.4
14.7
15.9
-
-
15.0
15.2
15.0
15.6
14.0
14.7
15.1
14.3
14.7
15.3
-
-
14.7
14.8
14.7
14.7
14.1
14.8
15.5
14.3
14.6
15.2
-
-
14.5
14.4
14.4
13.6
13.7
14.4
13.6
13.9
13.5
13.7
-
13.9
14.2
13.3
13.3
13.4
13.3
13.1
13.1
13.6
13.1
-
-
13.2
13.1
12.6
12.4
12.1
11.7
11.8
11.4
12.3
11.8
-
10.8
11.2
10.3
10.6
10.4
10.1
10.2
10.2
10.8
10.6
-
10.2
9.9
9.4
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.4
1^.0
10.2
-
-
m
9.2
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.7
8.6
8.6
9.2
-
-
-
8.4
8.2
9.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.1
8.5
-
-
-
8.4
8.6
-
7.9
7.4
8.2
7.5
7.4
-
-
-
-
7.2
-
-
7.0
7.0
6.8
6.8
6.9
-
-
m
-
m
-
-
6.6
6.4
6.7
6.5
6.5
-
-
m
-
-
-
-
m
-
•
-
6.2
-
2 5 6- a 11 12 13 14 15
April 13, 1969
4.3
6.8
8.0
8.9
7.9
6.8
- 5.9
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.8
- 5.9
5.4
5.8
5.8
5.6
5.5
5.6
- 6.0
5.4
5.7
5.6
5.5
5.3
5.4
- 5.7
5.3
5.7
5.3
5.5
5.2
5.2
- 5.2
5.3
5.6
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.1
- 5.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.1
- 5.2
5.2
5.3
5.1
5.2
-
5.1
-------
TABLE 3A
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (mg/1) With Depth (Meters) In Ward Cove and
Tongass Narrows, 1968-1969.
Station Numbers
g.ePth 12 3 4 4* 5 6 7 S Q in
Hay 10, 1968
0
1.7
3.5
4.4
5.6
5.4
6.4
6.9
6.1
•
f
3.8
4.6
4.6
5.9
5.9
5.9
8.3
8.5
•
3
3.8
5.6
6.2
7.2
7.3
6.7
8.6
8.8
5
-
6.0
7.0
7.0
7.3
6.8
8.3
8.6
•
7
-
5.7
7.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
* • «
8.8
11
-
5.7
6.4
7.2
7.8
7.0
• «
•
13
-
6.2
-
-
-
-
» m
15
m
-
-
•
7.3
6.4
8.0
m
•
16
-
-
7.0
-
-
*
20
m
-
4.3
6.7
6.4
-
•
21
m
-
-
3.3
-
5.6
22
m
-
-
3.0
-
- .
• «
25
«
m
m
1.6
6.0
-
6.6
•
26
-
-
-
0.9
-
-
-
•
30
--
-
0.6
4.8
-
5.2
•
32
-
-
-
0.0
3.8
-
-
-
35
*
-
.
-
-
mm
- 7.4
40
-
-
m
-
-
7.4
» •
-------
0
TABLE 3A (Continued)
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (ing/1) With Depth (Meters) in Hard
Cove and Tongass Narrows, 1968-1969.
Depth
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
May 15
, 1968
0
6.4
4.9
5.6
4.5
4.3
5.1
5.8
7.2
4.2
5.1
5.1
4.3
I
5.7
5.'6
5.9
5.4
4.3
5.4
6.2
6.9
5.3
6.7
6.1
5.1
3
5.6
7.6
7.6
8.1
8.3
7.7
7.4
8.5
8.6
8.2
8.6
7.7
3
-
7.5
7.8
8.4
8.3
8.0
7.8
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.0
7
-
-
8.0
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.0
9.0
8.8
8.8
8.6
8.2
11
.
-
6.7
8.4
7.6
7.4
7.7
8.3
8.8
8.5
7.8
7.7
IS
.
-
5.6
6.0
7.2
5.6
7.5
7.7
8.6
8.6
8.2
7.8
20
•
-
-
8.0
8.0
0.5
7.8
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.3
5.9
25
-
-
•
7.2
5.0
-
7.8
7.5
8.8
8.6
5.1
5.1
30
-
-
-
6.0
2.7
-
4.6
6.6
8.5
8.5
8.0
4.6
35
-
-
-
4.8
3.8
6.7
5.8
6.4
7.8
7.2
4.3
AO
-
-
5.2
-
-
5.1
6.7
7.2
8.0
6.6
4.3
July 3,
1968
Depth
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
0
1.6
2.7
3.4
3.4
4.8
3.8
3.4
7.2
1
1.6
2.2
4.5
2.9
4.8
4.0
3.7
7.0
2
1.2
3.5
4.0
2.7
5.0
5.1
4.8
7.0
3
3.7
5.1
m
4.3
5.3
5.8
5.0
7.2
4
2.4
5.9
5.9
5.0
6.1
6.4
5.9
7.7
5
5.0
5.9
5.9
5.6
6.4
6.1
6.4
7.8
7
4.8
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.2
7.0
6.7
7.5
11
5.4
6.6
6.2
6.1
7.0
7.0
4.6
8.2
14
5.0
-
•
m
m
-
-
15
-
4.8
6.2
4.3
5.8
5.8
5.1
8.0
20
-
5.8
6.2
4.5
6.1
6.1
6.9
8.3
25
-
6.6
6.1
2.6
5.6
6.7
7.2
8.2
30
-
5.8
3.7
-
5.9
5.8
7.2
7.5
35
-
4.3
-
m
5.6
5.8
5.8
6.6
40
-
-
-
6.4
4.3
4.8
6.7
-------
TABLE 3A (Continued)
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (mg/1) With Depth (Meters) in Ward
Cove and Tbngass Narrows, 1968-1969.
Depth 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 14
July 8, 1968
0
8.2
7.4
-
8.0
8.6
-
1
8.3
8.3
-
8.3
8.6
-
2
8.5
8.3
-
8.3
8.6
8.6
7
8.2
8.3
-
7.8
7.7
-
10
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
-
-
_
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
7.7
-
-
20
-
7.2
-
-
6.2
7.4
25
-
-
-
6.7
-
-
30
-
5.6
-
-
6.9
7.0
35
-
-
m m
4.6
-
-
39
-
3.7
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
-
-
5.9
-
45
-
-
-
5.4
-
-
55
-
-
-
-
4.5
-
October 8, 1968
Depth
2
5
6
8
11
12
14
15
0
8.4
3.0
4.4
3.2
2.1
2.3
4.8
8.3
1
3.9
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.8
3.6
5.9
8.1
3
3.9
4.7
4.5
5.4
5.5
4.3
6.1
-
5
4.3
5.4
5.0
6.7
6.8
5.6
5.9
.
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.2
-
10
-
5.5
1.9
7.5
7.6
5.8
-
7.9
15
-
5.9
-
7.6
7.6
6.3
-
-
29
-
2.9
_
-
-------
§
TABLE 3A (Continued)
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations (mg/1) With Depth (Meters) in Ward
Cove and Tongass Narrows, 1968-1969.
Depth 2 5 6 8 11 12 15 —
0
11.4
7.7
8.2
1
9.5
8.3
8.3
2
9.9
8.9
8.9
3
9.9
9.0
9.1
4
-
-
9.3
5
9.8
9.1
9.4
7
9.7
9.2
9.4
10
9.5
9.3
9.1
14
7.9
9.4
8.1
April
13, 1969
8.0
8.5
7.1
10.3
8.4
8.9
8.1
9.7
9.4
9.2
8.4
9.6
9.5
9.3
8.7
9.8
9.5
9.2
8.9
9.7
9.4
9.3
9.0
9.7
9.3
9.3
8.9
9.6
8.7
-
8.9
9.5
9.1
-
8.9
-------
fa
•
x>
z
e
e
XJ
«
41
CO
5
5
6
6
9
9
0
1
1
3
3
4
4
2
h
1
TABLE 4A
Estimated Percentages of Bottom-Associated Animals and Animal Fragments in Samples from Ward Cove
V
and Tongass Narrows, 1968 and 1969.
«
N
CO
c
v
0
fa
u
C/J
e
a
a
fa
0 SB
JO 4J
¦H C
pu a
•o &
o ft.
a
u
«
£
«o
o
©
Ed
«
fa
0
«W
fa
c
u.
u
o
oc
Ji c
co a*
.2 i,
—• a
o fa
2 Cu
H
O
u
«
O
a
0
e.
to
0
ec
e
2.
CO
a
0
e
o.
CO
o
c
u
u
(B
•O
O
u
a
fa
4J
CB
O
«6
«
0
fa
e
o
m
May 15, 1968
2mm
99
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
.
•
250
97
1
2
.1
.
-
1
•
2mm
35-40
-
50
10-15
-
m
-
worm casings
250
70
25
1
2-3
1
-
-
-
.1
worm casings
2mm
99
-
01_
.1
-
-
-
-fish vertebra
250
10
85-90
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
vertebra, scales
250
40-60
40-60
01
1
1
1
-
-
.
fish scales
2mm
50
-
1
50
m
-
-
fish scale
250
10
85-90
1
1
1
1
1
-
.1
vertebra, scale
2mm
I
-
30-40
60-70
-
-
1
-
casings, Bryosoa
250
5
40-50
3-5
5
30-40
-
1
I
-
casings, Bryosoa
(woody)
2mm
1-2
-
90
5-10
-
-
m
-
Bryozoa
250
5
80
2
5-10
5
-
1
01
.1
-
October 9,
1968
125
10
50-70
1
30-40
1
1
-
.
Crustacean
(woody)
125
99
.1
1
1
.1
-
•
1
125
10-15
75-80
2-3
I
1
10-15
1-2
.
I
125
15
70
3
1
I
10-15
2
_
1
-------
TABLE 5A
Length-Frequency Distribution of Glue Muaaela, Mytllua Edulla, At 10 Selected
Stations In Hard Co'e And Tonp.aoa N«rrova, Kay and July, 1968.
Station Number Hay 1968 length July 1968
"~r~
2
3
4
5 1
4
i
6
9
10
DSD
1
m i
3
4
i
6 7
fl
9
10
164
75
33
8
.
4
m
9
58
1
~800
*500
45
190
4
1
38
158
357
159
57
56
17
9
28
-
17
67
2
38
70
26
2
16
15
-
34
88
53
28
17
18
18
35
2
13
12
3
149
103
60
8
54
34
2
25
107
26
14
14
18
35
71
1
12
13
4
169
102
60
20
103
54 3
1
20
112
20
12
8
24
33
60
f>
18
9
5
196
88
68
18
117
70 4
4
39
104
14
11
6
42
31
48
12
20
5
6
117
46
44
46
109
72 10
11
50
70
12
12
2
34
35
33
17
33
4
7
96
55
34
53
62
83 10
12
36
55
13
21
0
43
42
28
2
21
28
7
8
62
29
41
53
48
5° 3
13
47
50
14
12
6
31
31
20
3
14
30
13
9
36
22
21
43
31
46 7
16
34
32
12
19
13
39
12
13
5
14
32
6
10
37
27
23
75
26
32
26
31
26
12
18
10
24
10
7
8
14
18
12
11
37
19
10
70
13
25 8
18
22
26
13
17
7
29
22
6
10
13
17
13
12
19
22
8
5°
7
10 1
26
27
33
16
15
16
26
6
5
8
10
16
13
13
21
12
8
58
6
9 1
16
16
20
12
19
5
15
3
9
2
7
15
14
14
16
16
12
40
3
5 1
10
11
16
19
17
0
17
2
0
4
3
10
18
15
16
33
6
33
1
3 -
6
7
19
23
22
6
8
4
10
3
4
a
11
16
11
18
10
33
1
2 2
10
4
8
17
12
7
6
-
4
4
4
17
19
17
10
30
11
21
1
1
3
4
10
17
24
9
0
1
6
3
6
8
23
18
4
28
10
16
1 1
8
8
f
14
13
11
7
-
7
2
4
1'
11
19
7
26
7
12
1
2
10
12
17
17
9
2
2
5
-
1
o
19
20
6
26
11
10
1 -
1
1
11
16
14
8
6
5
0
3
-
10
16
21
6
20
9
10
2 1
2
3
11
11
9
13
1
-
3
-
6
18
22
6
23
8
7
1
3
3
6
16
9
14
3
-
2
-
9
18
23
9
15
9
3
2 1
-
2
7
12
14
17
.
1
1
-
6
17
24
8
19
8
5
1
4
a
8
16
10
2
_
4
•
3
12
25
8
16
9
4
I -
1
1
8
5
12
7
.
-
2
-
6
9
26
14
6
10
-
1
8
9
17
13
2
-
1
-
6
9
27
10
12
13
1 -
1
2
a
11
9
12
I
-
2
-
7
7
20
14
7
I
I
3
0
Q
4
10
.
-
-
-
1
2
7
2»
7
10
10
1
1 -
1
2
3
12
9
13
1
.
1
-
6
9
30
3
11
7
1 -
-
-
3
6
13
18
-
-
2
-
4
7
31
5
4
9
1 -
1
1
2
10
14
11
-
-
4
-
3
8
32
5
7
7
-
-
2
11
12
7
1
-
2
-
3
5
33
7
3
6
1
2 -
-
-
7
6
6
6
1
-
•
-
-
15
34
5
4
10
1
1 -
-
1
1
4
10
7
1
11
35
4
4
6
2
-
-
9
7
5
1
6
36
5
4
2
1
1
1
4
5
7
2
3
37
5
5
8
1
1
-
-
2
3
8
2
_
-
1
-
1
2
38
2
2
9
-
1
1
5
6
1
-
-
1
-
-
2
39
I
1
1
1 -
-
-
I
4
4
1
-
-
2
-
-
3
40
6
1
1 -
-
-
5
8
2
3
41
1
-
3
-
-
2
5
3
-
-
1
-
-
2
42
-
4
1
-
4
3
1
.
•
1
-
-
-
43
1
1
3
1 -
-
-
2
2
3
1
.
-
1
-
-
-
44
1
1
2
-
-
2
2
.
45
1
5
-
-
.
2
46
2
-
1
-
-
2
2
1
1
47
-
1
1 -
-
-
2
I
48
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
40
50
"
¦
•
~
~
i
1
.
51
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
52
2
-
35
1
-
61
-------
TABLE 6A
Percentages of Phytoplanktons in Samples from Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows, 1968-1969.
CB
0)
1
55
e
o
4
as a
3 h
o -h
a m
-r4 o
•o
o ®
e -<
•H H
O •-<
oa a
o x-
u H
CO
o
M
«
u
o
4J
a>
4J
y
a
CO
•^4
E
CO
c
«H
¦H
g
e
u
a>
c
Wi
IW
3
3
CO
1
X>
U
09
N
c
•C
o
»—<
CO
fl
|
•H
o
o
o>
l-l
a>
H
4J
3
e
CJ
«j
H
J=
B9
H
c
•w
a>
3
4-1
o
•H
0)
4J
•o
H
CO
T3
at
N
to
•o
CO
<0
z
a>
•o
•<-1
«
t-l
k
u
4J
•L<
e_,
•w
o
£.
h
e
«
W
O
t"*
CO
pa
u
os
Pm
s
o
0-.
H
3
<0
sc
o
CB
X h
4J ai
O. 4J
W 4)
Q S
a
o
h
at
>
• V
C 9
o cr
o ja
0) o
h
O O
October, 1968
December, 1968
15
60
17
1
-
12
-
-
-
-
5
5
25
0
11
54
3
-
3
35
-
1
-
-
2
3
25
0
8
39
2
1
2
48
3
-
-
-
2
2
25
0
5
72
5
-
-
22
-
-
-
-
-
1
25
0
2
88
-
-
-
10
-
1
-
-
1
-
10
V
15
79
14
-
-
-
_
_ _
_ •
_
7
97
2
V
15
55
24
5
12
-
-
1
1
-
4
-
218
30
0
11
95
3
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
62
2
V
11
85
8
2
3
-
-
1
1
-
1
-
183
30
0
8
100
-
-
52
2
V
8
91
4
2'
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
1
114
30
0
6
100
-
-
118
20
V
5
100
-
38
2
V
5
91
1
1
5
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
117
30
V
2
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9
-
-
56
2
V
2
95
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
66
8
V
190*
55
19
3
9
-
-
2 1
-
11
-
-
109
82
11
3
2
-
-
2 5
-
0
-
-
220
-------
TABLE 6A (Continued)
Percentages of Phytoplanktons in Samples from Ward Cove and Tongass Narrows,
1968-1969.
m Q
h U K
4) 80 i-l
£ SB M
Boom .c
S CO -H O 4J
2: •** w m o s •#
4)
Ol
03
t>
ot
lb
S3
u
Dh.
April, 1969
Near
Outfall
Phytoplankton-Relative Abundance
R-Rare O-Occasional C-Common
15
C
C
R
-
0
R
R
R
R
0
11
c
c
R
0
R
R
R
m
0
8
c
c
R
m m
0
-
R
R
R
0
6
0
0
-
-
R
-
R
-
-
R
5
c
C
R
-
0
R
-
-
m
R
2
0
0
R
R
R
R
R
R
-
R
------- |