WATER RESOURCES STUDY
WALLA WALLA RIVER BASIN
DAYTON RESERVOIR,WASHINGTON
Study of Potential Needs and Value of Storage for Water
for Municipal, Industrial,and Quality Control Purposes
.MONT/
Walla Walla
River Basin
v
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service, Pacific Northwest
Region IX, Portland, Oregon
JANUARY 1962
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REPORT ON TOUCHET RIVER MSXN STUDIES
Preliminary Investigation of Municipal and Industrial
Water Supply and Stream Quality Control Requirements
and Benefits Associated with Multiple-Purpose Studies
of the Proposed Dayton Reservoir, Touchet Division,
Walla Walla Project, Washington
Prepared at the Request of and
in Cooperation with the Area Engineer,
Upper Columbia Development Office,
Bureau of Reclamation, Spokane, Washington
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Water Supply and Pollution Control Program, Pacific NorthweBt
Region IX, Portland, Oregon
January 1962
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This Investigation and study was aided materially by officials of
the City of Dayton, Washington, Washington State Pollution Control
Commission, Washington State Department of Health, Bureau of
Reclamation, and the U. S. Geological Survey. Information furnished
in the references listed below is also acknowledged.
1. Eureau of Reclamation, Report on Dayton Project. Washing.ton. Boiae,
Idaho, June 1957
2. T* R. Judd and W. L. Woodward, A Report of Investigation and
Preliminary Studies - Domestic Water System of City of Dayton.
Columbia County, Washington. Walter L. Woodward, Consulting Engineer,
Spokanej, Washington, July 25, 1961
3. H. V. Haner and Associates, Columbia County Port District, Dayton,
Washington - Comprehensive Plan of Development and Industrial Survey,
Portland, Oregon, December, 1959
4. G. H. Dunstan and J. V. Lunsford, Cannery Waste Disposal by
Irrigation,, Division of Industrial Research and Department of Civil
Engineering, Washington State Institute of Technology, State College
of Washington, Pullman, July 1955
5. J. V, Lunsford, Effect of Cannery Waste Removal on Stream Conditions,
Division of Industrial Research, Washington State Institute of Tech-
nology, State College of Washington, Pullman, April 1957
6. Pollution Control Commission, Department of Conservation and
U. S. Geological Survey, Quality of Surface Waters of Washington,
June 1959-July I960, State of Washington, 1961
7. U. S. Geological Survey, Surface Water Supply of the United States,
"Pacific Slope Basins in Oregon and Lower Columbia River Basin",
1924-29, 1941-59
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION A-l
SUMMARY A-3
CONCLUSIONS A-5
DESCRIPTION OF REGION AND PROJECT A-6
GENERAL ..... A-6
HYDROLOGY A-7
ECONOMIC BASE A-7
POPULATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS t . . A-8
PROPOSED RESERVOIR A-8
STUDY OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES . . . . B-I
PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC REPORT AND
ESTIMATE OF GROWTH. 1960-2060 C-I
INTRODUCTION C-l
Purpose of Analysis C-l
Definition of Area C-l
Study Period * C-l
Limitations of Analysis C-l
Present Economic Development . . . * C-2
Population ..... ....... . . * C-2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Page
Industrial Pattern C-3
(General) C-3
(Manufacturing) ........... «... C-4
(Agriculture) C-5
Estimated Growth " C-6
Possibilities for Growth . . . C-6
Estimate of Future Growth . . C-7
PRESENT WATER SUPPLY D-l
Dayton . . D-l
Waitsburg D-3
RAW WATER QUALITY D-3
FUTURE WATER SUPPLY , D-5
WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS . . . D-8
PRESENT WASTE SOURCES E-l
PRESENT WATER QUALITY E-2
QUALITY CONTROL B-3
QUALITY CONTROL BENEFITS E-6
DISCUSSION F-l
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A-L
INTRODUCTION
This report representa a preliminary examination of present and future
municipal and industrial water supply and scream quality control needs
in the Touchet River Basin vlth particular reference to the feasibility
of providing storage and/or flow regulatipn to serve these needs In
the Bureau of Reclamation's proposed Dayton Reservoir of the Touchet
Division, Walla Walla Project, Washington..
Request for the Investigation and report was made by the U. S. Depart-
ment of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Columbia Development
Office, Spokane, Washington by letter dated August 22, 1961 asking for
assistance in carrying out provisions set forth In the Water Supply
Act of 1953 (Title III, P.L. 500, 85th Congress)-for Implementation
of water supply programs and for an evaluation of needs, release
schedules and benefits applicable to flow regulation for control of
stream quality as provided in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1961.
The report Identifies uses and sources of water In the proposed project
area and describes sources of waste, waste treatment practices and
the effect of waste effluents and other materials on the quality of
specific reaches of the Touchet River.
Included also 1b a preliminary economic evaluation of the project area,
the findings of which form the basis for the projected municipal and
industrial water demands and waste and land use effects on stream
quality presented.
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A-2
Since this investigation has been made in advance of study schedules
planned for establishment of a Comprehensive Water Supply and Water
Quality Control Program £pr the Columbia River Basin, certain materials
presented must necessarily await later confirmation.
It is believed, however, that the needs for municipal and industrial
water supply as described, the low flow releases for quality control
indicated, and allied benefits as given, possess a degree of finality
suitable for preliminary project planning and use in determining
project feasibilities and justification.
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SUMMARY
A-3
1. The period of analyses for which project benefits for municipal
and industrial water supply and regulation for quality control are
desired is the 100-year period 1960-2060.
2. In recent years the City of Dayton has developed both surface and
ground water sources to meet demands for municipal and industrial
water supply, some of which has been accomplished on a temporary basis.
3. The City of Dayton has expressed a desire to obtain their total
supply from surface waters of the Touchet River and has requested
consideration of storage space in the proposed Bureau of Reclamation
Dayton Reservoir to provide this supply.
4. Present demands for M&l water supply at Dayton exceed firm surface
water rights by about 3.0 million gallons per day (MGD) during the
summer months.
5. With the increased population and industrial growth expected in
the Dayton area, the summer demands for M&I water supply will exceed
firm supplies available from surface water rights by 4.7 and 7.0 MGD,
respectively, for the years 2010 and 2060.
6. The average M&I demand for water at the midpoint in the 100-year
period of analyses is 5.7 MGD during the April-September period or
3200 acre-feet. To meet this requirement from surface water by diver-
sion from the East Fork, the City is assured of 560 acre-feet from
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A-4
the early adjudicated right of 1.0 MGD and about 170 acre-feet each
spring from their late right dated 1939. This leave/} a requirement
of about 2470 acre-feet to be obtained through the Bureau of Reclama-
tion storage project by a storage allocation of 1900 acre-feet of
the proposed Dayton Reservoir space.
7. Stream flow requirements to receive residual waste and land
drainage materials and to meet minimum stream quality objectives
(acceptable by the Washington State Pollution Control Commission) in
the Dayton reach of the Touchet River for the years 1960, 2010, and
2060 are estimated to be 53, 75 and 110 cfs, respectively.
8. Stream flow requirements to receive residual waste and land
drainage materials and to meet minimum stream quality objectives in
the Waitsburg reach of the Touchet River for the years 1960, 2010, and
2060 are 36.5, 51.5, and 86.5 cfs, respectively.
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CONCLUSIONS
1«- Tha benefit assignable to tho proposed Dayton Reservoir
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Lamar Touchel^R
fi.
V
TOUCHET RIVER
BAS\lN
/oLouKjen
"Iyo//d"
Doylon
Huntsville
®_Prescott
Dayton Dam Site
Waitsburg
Wollo Wolla
FIG 1
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A-7
HYDROLOGY
Stream discharge records are available for three points along the
Touchet River System. The location of these gauging stations and
recorded averages and extremes for each are given below.
Drainage
Area Avg. Max. Min.
Gauging Station (Mi.2) (cfa) (cfal fcfa)
East Fk. Touchet R. (Dayton) 102 125 1,530 27^
(1941-51, 1956-59)
Touchet R., Bolles 372 223 4,470 1.4(2*
(1924-29, 1951-59)
Touchet R., Touchet 733 242 13,300 6^)
(April 1941 to Sept. 1955)
(1) Small municipal and irrigation diversions
(2) Numerous small diversions and diurnal effect
(3) Many small diversions
Precipitation is heaviest in the Touchet River Basin area during the
winter months. From lower to upper basin, the normal annual precipi-
tation differs by 15 Inches (8 inches near Touchet and 23 inches
above Dayton). During the summer months, the river flow is maintained
almost exclusively by residual drainage from the headwaters area.
ECONOMIC BASE
Agriculture, allied agricultural services and processed agricultural
products constitute the major sources of income to the region.. Major
crops are peas, asparagus and dry-farmed grains.
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A-8
POPULATIONS AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERS
The largest urban development in the area is at Dayton, Washington
(Columbia County) where approximately 3000 persons reside. The next
largest center is Waitsburg, Washington (Walla Valla County) located
10 miles downstream from Dayton with a population of 1500. Develop-
ment centers downstream from Waitsburg are Prescott, Washington
(population 250), Lamar, Washington (railroad siding only), and
Touchet, Washington (population over 600) located near the mouth of
the Touchet River.
The City of Walla Walla (population 25,000), the largestaLty in
Southeastern Washington, is 20 miles south of Waitsburg and 30 miles
southwest of Dayton. Industrial development in the Touchet River
Basin is confined to the Dayton and Waitsburg area.
PROPOSED RESERVOIR
The site of the proposed Dayton Reservoir is on the East Fork Touchet
River about four miles above Dayton. The plan at the present time
involves storage for irrigation, flood control, fish and wildlife,
municipal and industrial water supply, quality control, and recreation.
No provisions are to be made in the project for distribution of irri-
gation water; ^however, construction of project drainage for protecting
lower level lands and assisting in the development of return flow are
tentatively planned to be constructed as the needs occur. Landowners
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A-9
would pump directly from the river by use of private systems. A
portion of the reservoir storage space may be reserved for development
of irrigation on lands outside the Touchet River Basin at a later date.
Provisions will be made to transport anadromous fish over the dam to
allow reaching spawning grounds upstream from the reservoir. As
tentatively planned, downstream fish migration from the reservoir
would be through a multi-gated outlet works. A minimum of 30 cubic
feet per second below the dam, past all diversions,- and out the mouth
of the river, would be provided for transportation, propagation and
enhancement of fish life.
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B-l
STUDY OBJECTIVES AND PROCEDURES
The objective of thiB study and report is to establish* by use o£
existing and projected data, preliminary conclusions on the feasibility
of providing in the Touchet Division Project, storage space for muni-
cipal and industrial water supply and storage and/or flow regulation
for stream quality control and to enumerate where practicable the
benefits that wOuld accrue to the project with these purposes included.
Existing sources of municipal and industrial supply are examined and
with projected demand data, the adequacy or suitability of these
sources in meeting future demands is estimated. Where warranted,
alternate supplies to either replace or supplement rights or developed
sources are identified and explanations are given on procedures to
be followed for determining whether use of the Federal project, in
lieu of other development possibilities, would be feasible or justi-
fied and if so, on what basis benefits may be derived.
Where it is estimated that developed sources or water rights would
not adequately meet projected demands or that quality would limit
continued use of these supplies, such information is indicated.
Stream flow requirements for quality control are based on specific
quality parameters to be controlled and objectives to be achieved
as governed by the beneficial uses enumerated and the particular
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B-2
quality required to satisfy these uses. Whereas flow regulation for
quality control is regarded only as a supplement to waste treatment
or other measures of control at the source', computations involving
needs for waste assimilation and dilution in the stream reflect prior
provisions for such treatment or control. Should the quality of
irrigation return flows be suspected of contributing significantly to
reduced stream quality, i.e., nutrient or mineral enrichment, toxicity,
turbidity, bio-chemical oxygen demand, etc., a statement to this effect
is made with an explanation of the intent of the Public Health Service
to conduct studies and surveys at a later date on which to base recom-
mendation for possible further means of control.
Whereas flow regulation requirements for the control of quality incor-
porate a reasonable degree of waste treatment for achievement of this
control, the alternate method and hence, the benefit assignable to
such regulation is considered to be the equivalent of costs to construct,
operate and maintain the least costly single-purpose alternate impound-
ment structure designed to accomplish the improvement. Although, for
example, waste distillation or underground disposal would accomplish
similar improvements, these methods are not considered to be feasible
or equivalent alternates. Annual benefits assignable to project
regulation for quality control therefore, would be based on amortized
costs plus annual operation and maintenance expenses involved in
achieving similar regulation by the single-purpose impoundment and
release method.
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C-l
PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC REPORT AND
ESTIMATE OF GROWTH. 1960-2060
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of Analysis
This analysis is intended to provide a preliminary estimate of the
economic potentials and anticipated growth of the subject area.
Definition of Area
The Touchet River Area is in southeast Washington. It Includes a
major part of Columbia County and a broad corridor, adjoining the
Touchet River and the Walla Walla River below its juncture with the
Touchet River, through Walla Walla County. For the purposes of.this
preliminary estimate, it has been approximately defined by Census
Divisions as ~hown in Table 1. Excluded from the projections are
the areas on the shores of the Columbia River at the mouth of the
Walla Walla River.
Study Period
The study period is the 100-year period ending in 2060. The year
2010 is taken as an interim point.
Limitations of Analysis
This analysis is intended only as an initial estimate of the outlook
of the Touchet River Area, based upon broad trends. Subsequently,
in connection with the development of the Columbia River Basin Project
for Water Supply and Water Quality Management, additional and more
detailed economic analysis will be considered. Such an analysis
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would include studies of growth potential .on an Industry-by-Industry
basis. At that time, this preliminary estimate will be reviewed and
revised if necessary.
Present Economic Development
Population
The Touchet River Area contained about 8000 persons in 1960. This
represented a loss of more than 2% in the decade 1950-1960. This
population was about evenly distributed between the Columbia County
and Walla Walla County portions of the area. The largest community
was Dayton with a population of about 3000 persons. The population
of the area and its distribution for both 1950 and 1960 is shown in
Table I.
Table I. Population in Touchet River Area, 1950 and 1960
Source: ILS. Census of Population, 1960
/Final Report PC(1)-49A/
Columbia County:
Division 1
Dayton City
Division 3
Upper Touchet River
Walla Walla County:
Frescott Town (in Div.l)
Half of Remainder of Div. 1
Half of Division 2
Half of Division 3
Division 4
Half of Division 5
Waitsburg City (in Div. 6)
Half of Remainder of Div. 6
Lower Touchet River
Total Study Area
Decrease in Population
Decrease as % of 1950
Number of Inhabitants
1950 1960
244 269
331 331
88 76
442 543
804 779
260 253
1015 1010
450 432
3634 3693
8229 8040
189
2.3%
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C-3
The population of the Study Area is compared to certain other areas
in Table II. It should be noted that the population trend of the
Study Area ia considerably different from the State and the Nation*
The growth of Walla Walla County is mainly attributed to, population
increases in Valla Walla City and its suburbs.
Table II
Population Growth of Touchet River Area
Compared to Selected Areas
Source: U. S. Census of Population, 1960
Number of Inhabitants Percent Change
1950
1960
1950 to 1960
Columbia County
4,860
4,569
- 6.07.
Upper Touchet River Area
4,595
4,347
- 5.47.
Upper River Area as
% of County
(94.5%)
(95.0%)
—
Walla Walla County
40,135
42,195
5.1%
Lower Touchet River Area
3,634
3,693
1.7%
Lower River Area as
% of County
(9.0%)
(8.7%)
—
Washington State
2,378,963
2,853,214
19.97.
Touchet River Area
8,229
8,040
- 2.37.
Touchet River Area as
% of State
(0,357.)
(0.28%)
United States .
151,325,798
179,323,175
16.57.
Industrial Pattern
(General)
For the purposes of this estimate, It is considered reasonable to
examine the industrial pattern of Columbia County and to assume that
it is representative of the portion of the Walla Walla County area
which is included in the Study Area.
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C-4
The 1950 distribution of employment in Columbia County is shown in
Table III. This table illustrates the importance of agriculture
as a major basic industry, in the area. This importance is emphasized
even more by analyzing the composition of the manufacturing employment.
The major component of manufacturing employment is due to food
processing industries.
Table III
Distribution of Employment
in Columbia County, Washington in 1950
Source: U. S. Census of Population, 1950
Employed Persons
Number % of Total
Agriculture 644 36.8
Manufacturing 204 11.7
Retail Trade 249 14.3
Other (Mainly service industries) 652 37.2
Total 1749 100.0
A comparison of 1950 Census of Population data with the 1959 Census
of Agriculture and with 1960 "Covered Employment" data from the
Washington State Department of Employment Security indicates that
the 1950 pattern is still substantially correct for the Study Area.
Unfortunately, the "economic characteristics" sections of the I960
Census of Population have not yet been made available.
(Manufacturing)
The main manufacturing plants on the Touchet River are at Dayton
and Waitsburg. They are both owned by the Green Giant Company and
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C-5
are briefly described in the following tabulation JL/:
Location;
Product:
Dayton
Canned peas,
Waitsburg
Canned peas
Average employment:
Peak employment:
asparagus
100-249
1000-2499
20-49
250-499
JL/ Data are from the "1961 Directory of Washington State Manufacturers,"
Washington State Department of Commerce and Economic Development,
The output from these two plants has been estimated to be about 1-3/4
million cases of peas and 180,000 cases of asparagus annually. This
estimate is based on a 1939 production statistic for the company's
Blue Mountain Division, proportioned in accordance with employment.
From an examination of Columbia County "Covered Employment" in non-
durable goods manufacturing for 1960, it appears that the peak of
canning operations occurs during May, June and July. The employment
in this category during these months was four times greater than
during the 'remaining months of the year.
(Agriculture)
Using as a guide for the Study Area the Columbia County statistics
from the 1959 Census of Agriculture, it is seen that the number of
farms has been decreasing, but their average size has been increasing
since 1954., About three-fourths of the cropland harvested was in
grain crop production, with green peas and asparagus accounting for
the majority of the remaining cropland harvested.
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C-6
Irrigation is practiced on a relatively small amount of the area's
land. Columbia County in 1959 reported 3,343 acres irrigated, compared
to 114,656 cropland acres harvested. Walla Walla County had consider-
ably more irrigation (37,296 acres Irrigated and 279,538 acres of
cropland harvested) but much of this is outside the Study Area. , The
Tauchet Division, as presently envisioned by the Bureau of Reclamation,
would include irrigation of 9,960 acres in the Touchet River valley,
4,490 acres of which now have an inadequate supply. The proposed
reservoir would include unassigned space for future irrigation of
from 5,000 to 7,000 acres, »some of which would be outside the Touchet
River valley.
Estimated Growth
Possibilities for Growth
Three possibilities for growth in the Study Area can be predicted
at this time. They are (1) a moderate increase in service industries
due to automobile traffic on the proposed Lolo Pass Highway, (2) a
possible increase in population merely due to the pressure from
other areas, and (3) a moderate increase in population and service
industries due to the proposed Dayton Project. This project would
not only increase the value of farm output, but would have some other
income-generating aspects through the use of the proposed reservoir
for its various multiple purposes.
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C-7
Estimate of Future Growth
For the purposes of this study, the maximum estimate of future popula-
tion growth is based on an assumed growth rate of 0.5% a year. This
is the same annual rate as Walla Walla County experienced in the
1950-1960 decade, but is only about a fourth as large a rate as
the State's growth during the past decade. As a minimum estimate of
population growth, it is assumed that no change will occur. This is
in contrast to the past decade during which there was a net loss.
Based on these growth rates, the number of inhabitants in the Study
Area is estimated to increase as shown in Table IV. The distribution
of the increase is expected to remain about the same as at present,
with 50% rural and 50% in urban places.
Table IV
Estimate of Future Population Growth
in Touchet River Area, 1960 to 1980-2010-2060
Number of Inhabitants
Maximum Minimum
1960 8,040 8,040
Annual Growth Rate 0.5% none
1980 8,900 8,040
2010 10,300 8,040
2060 13,200 8,040
It is not deemed reasonable under the conditions of this study to
forecast in greater detail the increases in industrial or commercial
development. No specific large industrial expansion is foreseen.
The growth of existing industry and commerce is expected generally
to keep pace with the forecast for population growth.
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D-l
PRESENT WATER SUPPLY
At the present time, the major uses of water for municipal and indus-
trial purposes in the Touchet River Basin .exi'S£ aut Uaigttoni amd 'Waitsburg.
Dayton
The City of Dayton obtains imo6t
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D-2
The City's system plus the industrial well ace sufficient to meet
demands, but surface water rights to meet the added requirements in
the past 25 years are subject to prior rights downstream.
The City of Dayton holds a decreed Class 2 right {priority date 1864)
to 1.0 MGD of surface water which is applicable to use at their diver-
sion dam and/or gravity well. This right is one of the earliest on
the river and is entitled to natural flow throughout the year. The
City also holds a surface water right for 0.6 MGD, but its late priority
date of 1939 entitles the City to divert only during periods of high
stream flow during spring months. Consequently, during summer months
of high demand storage water is needed to allow the City to exercise
this and any other later surface water rights needed to meet future
demands. The'City also holds title to ground water rights of 1.0 MGD
from their deep well (1936) and 0.4 MGD (1959) from a sump within the
City whicn is not used at this location, but equivalent amounts are
being diverted from the river on a temporary basis.
The City of Dayton is desirous of obtaining all their water supply by
gravity diversion from the river-and has psked the Bureau of Reclama-
tion to determine the cost of firming up their surface water supply
for both present and future needs by storage in the proposed Dayton
Reservoir.
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D-3
Waitsburg
The community of Waitsburg obtains its supply from Coppei Creek with
chlorination supplemented by wells during part of the year. The total
yield of developed well supplies in this area (private and public)
is estimated to be about 2700 gpm, of which 1000 gpm is available from
the city wells to meet municipal and industrial (cannery) demands.
During peak summer demand periods, essentially the full yield of the
city well is pumped. It is estimated, however, that the normal summer
demands at Waitsburg', including industrial requirements, utilize about
70 percent of the total yield of this supply.
RAW WATER QUALITY
According to standards o£ quality usually recommended for domestic
supply, ground water in the Dayton and Waitsburg area appears suitable
for domestic use without treatment. Following are quality data and
corresponding recommended standards relative to specific quality para-
meters available on.ground water in the Dayton-Waitsburg area.
Ground Water Analysis
Quality
Parameter
Dayton, Wn. (ppm)
1250 ft. 80 ft.
Recommended
Standard (ppm)
Silica (Si02)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Bicarbonate (-HCO3)
Carbonate (CO3)
Sulfate (SO4)
148
0
52
27
10
0.02
8.8
2.2
2.2
48
0.05
16
7.3
5.4
3.5
88
0
3.5
250
125
120
0.3
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D-4
Quality
Parameter
Chloride (CI)
Fluoride (F)
Nitrate (NO3)
Phosphate (PO4)
Dissolved solids
Hardness as CaCO?
PH (3) 3
Color (4)
Ground Water Analysis d)
(Continued)
Dayton, Wn. (ppm)
1250 ft. 80 ft.
2.5
0.3
2.1
0.3
130
110
(7.6,7.7)
(5)
3.5
0.2
8.6
0.38
139
75
(7.2,7*3)
<0)
Recommended
Standard (ppm)
250
1.0
45
500
150-200<2>
(15)
(1) Courtesy of U. S. Geological Survey
(2) By common practice
(3) Logarithum of reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration
(4) Platinum-cobalt-scale (units)
Data on the quality Qf surface water at the confluence of the East and
South Forks of the Touchet River are given below.
Quality
Parameter
Silica (SiP2)
Iron (Fe)
Calcium (Ca)
Magnesium (Hg)
Sodium (Ma)
Potassium (K)
Bicarbonate (HCO3)
Carbonate (CO3)
Sulfate (SO4)
Chloride (CI)
Fluoride (F)
Nitrate (NO3)
Phosphate (PO4)
Dissolved Solids
Hardness as CrCCH
pH (3)
Color (4)
Touchet River (1)
Avg. (12 samples)
1959-60 (ppm)
3I.3(2)
7.5
2.5
2.6
1.8
43.5
0
1.13
0.35
0.12
0.31
0.09
76
29
(7.0-8.3)
(10)
Recommended
Standard (ppm)
0.3
m
125
m
m
120
m
250
250
1.0
45
500
150-200
(15)
(1)Courtesy State of Washington, Quality of Surface Waters. June
1959-July 1960
(2)Does not include one sample - 3.2 ppm.
(3)Logarithum of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration
(4)Platinum-cobalt-scale (units)
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D-5
FUTURE WATER SUPPLY
Because past trends have indicated increasing demands for municipal and
industrial water in the Dayton area, it is assumed that throughout the
next 100 years additional increases will occur. The extent to which
future demands are estimated to increase are therefore based on the
maximum population and industrial growth estimated (minimum estimate -
no change) in the preceding preliminary economic study.
Of the total increase in population expected in the Touchet River Area
(population iw- cease of 2260 by 2010 and 5160 by 2060), 50 percent are
expected to locate at Dayton with only a very slight increase expected
at Waitsburg. On this basis, the only locality for which provisions
for additional future supply appears warranted is the Dayton area.
At the present time, the per capita water -use during the winter and
intermediate seasons of the year at Dayton is about 170 gallons per
day (0.5 MGD supplied from the gravity well without need for the filter
plant supply). By the years 2010 and 2060 an additional demand of
0.3 MGD and 0.6 MGD,respectively (@ 200 gpcd and population of 4130
and 5580, respectively) could be expected during these times of year.
Operation of the filter plant would be required to meet these additional
winter and intermediate seasonal demands; however, surface water rights
and quantities of water available would not be exceeded.
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D-6
It is apparent, therefore, that the major concern at Dayton is to assure
a continuously adequate supplemental supply during the dry growing
season and periods of usage for food processing. Whereas at the present
time, the canning season occurs between April and July, the introduc-
tion of special crops to the area as promoted by the proposed project
may necessitate extenoion of the canning season. With this as a
possibility, it could be expected that future industrial demands would
occur throughout the period of April through September.
Because of the relatively large per capita summertime use of water at
Dayton (700 gpcd), no appreciable future increase in this rate would
be expected to occur. By allowing only for irrigation of additional
or expanded parks, etc., a future per capita municipal summertime rate
of 750 gpcd could be expected. On this basis, the total municipal
summertime demand at Dayton exclusive of industrial demands would be
3 MGD by the year 2010 and 4.2 MGD by the year 2060.
Anticipating that industrial expansion would proceed at approximately
the same rate as population growth and that periods of operation would
be extended, about 100 percent more industrial water than used at the
present time would be required by the year 2010 (2.7 MGD total) and
200 percent more by the year 2060 (3.8 MGD total).
Following is a summary of the demands that would arise as a result of
expanded activities expected in the Dayton, Washington area.
-------
0-7
Dayton, Washington
1960 2010 2060
Municipal Water Supply
Population
Oct-Mar gpcd
3000 4130 5580
170 200 200
0.51 0.83 1.10
290 460 620
700 750 750
2.1 3.0 4.2
1180 1690 2360
MGD
Ac. ft.
Apr-Sept gpcd
MGD
Ac .ft.
Industrial Water Supply
Oct-Mar MGD
Apr-Sept MGD
Ac. ft.
Municipal and Industrial
Water Supply - April-September
None None None
1.9* 2.7 3.8
710 1520 2140
MGD
Ac.ft.
4.0 5.7 8.0
1890 3210 4500
^April-July
The distribution of M&X water requirements throughout the months of
April-September based on usage in 1960 and 1961 at Dayton in percentage
of the total is estimated as follows:
In event that supplies were supplemented by use of ground water, the
combined summer pumpage in the Dayton and Waitsburg area would be
5.8 MGD (3,260 acre-feet) by the year 2010 and 8 MGD (4,500 acre-feet)
by the year 2060. Until it could be determined that the supply of
ground water could be depended upon to yield a sustained volume of
this magnitude, further development of this source in lieu of developing
dependable surface water sources cannot at this time be recommended.
Percent of Total
Supplemental
April
May
June
July
7
13
21
25
21
13
August
September
-------
D-8
WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS
Having established that additional supplemental water will be required
at Dayton and that impoundment of surface flows would offer* among
other advantages', dependability, consistency of raw water quality and
gravity advantages, it would appear that inclusion of M&I water supply
in the proposed Dayton Reservoir should be considered.
According to data previously presented, the average M&I demand for
water at the midpoint in the 100-year period of analyses amounts to
5.7 MGD during the April-September period, or 3,200 acre-feet. To
meet this requirement from surface water by diversion from the East
Fork, the city is assured of 560 acre-feet from the early adjudicated
right of 1.0 MGD and about 170 acre-feet each spring from their late
right dated 1939. This leaves a requirement of about 2,470 acre-feet
to be obtained through the Bureau of Reclamation storage project by
a storage allocation of 1,900 acre-feet of the proposed Dayton Reservoir
space. Annual benefits assignable to project storage on an alternate
single-purpose cost basis, therefore, would be equivalent to costs
involved in providing by single-purpose means, the 1,900 acre-feet of
space. Since the associated costs (conventional water treatment) would
in each case he essentially the same, no deduction of these in the
benefit analysis is necessary. It is recommended, however, that the
City of Dayton investigate all appurtenance and costs involved in the
enlargement of the treatment, transmission and distribution system.
-------
D-9
Two alternate single-purpose Impoundment projects have been evaluated
by the Bureau of Reclamation for the Dayton area. Each is located on
the East Fork Touchet River upstream from the existing plant intake.
One site is on the East Fork immediately downstream from the mouth of
Jim Creek (Site #1), and the other is on Robinson Creek above its con*
fluence with Wolf Creek (Site #2). Each would deliver water in the
open stream to the existing point of diversion. Following are the
estimated costs to develop and operate these water supply impoundments.^)
Alternates Annual Cost (2)
Site #1 $ 61,500
Site #2 80,900
(1) Computed by Bureau of Reclamation.
(2) Annual Equivalent Cost for M&I based on 100-year analysis at
4% interest.
It is apparent by comparison of the above costs that the single-purpose
site on the East Fork below the confluence of Jim Creek would most
likely be developed in the absence of the proposed project. On this
basis, therefore, the benefit assignable to storage space in the
proposed Dayton reservoir for M&I supply would be $61,500 annually.
-------
E-l
PRESENT WASTE SOURCES
Sources of .waste in the Dayton and Waitsburg area consist mainly of
domestic sewage and process wastes originating from the canning of
peas and asparagus. In terms of five-day bio-chemical oxygen demand
(BOD5), raw wastes produced during the canning season, including
cannery screenings, are estimated to be equivalent to raw organic
wastes from a population of approximately 135,000 persons per day at
Dayton and about 30,000 persons per day at Waitsburg. Treatment
facilities (secondary treatment) have been provided at Dayton which
remove a large percentage of the solids and bio-chemical oxygen demand
contained in the domestic sewage and portions of the cannery wastes.
The treated effluent is disinfected prior to discharge to the Touchet
'River to control pathogenic organisms. At Waitsburg domestic sewage
is given intermediate treatment for solids and bio-chemical oxygen
demand reduction (trickling filter and single clarifier).
Cannery wastes constitute by far the greatest source of pollution in
the afea. Because conventional biological treatment of these wastes
has not proved satisfactory, pea canning wastes at Dayton and Waitsburg
are disposed of on land. In view of the extent of treatment and other
methods of waste disposal, it is estimated that oxygen demanding materials
presently received in the Touchet River from treatment plant and land
sources amount to approximately 15 percent of the total loads produced.
-------
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-------
E-2
PRESENT-WATER QUALITY
According to studies made by the Division of Industrial Research,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, dissolved oxygen in
the Touchet River downstream from Dayton at times approached complete
depletion prior to the time that land disposal practices were introduced.
Studies conducted by this Division, subsequent to land disposal at Dayton,
indicate that a decided Improvement has taken place in thd Touchet River.
With land disposal and stream flow of the order of 95 cfs, dissolved
oxygen levels were controlled at about 6.5 ppm. It is apparent, however,
that with reoccurrences of much lower stream flow (minimum monthly
average recorded flow less than 35 cfs) much lower dissolved oxygen levels
would prevail. Records show, for example, that a 30-day average sustained
low flow of 1'4.5, cfs can occur at the mouth of the Touchet River once in
ten years. With maximum withdrawals, excluding power rights, a 30-day
average sustained low flow of 6.5 cfs could occur. At Dayton, however,
with maximum withdrawal of rights, the 30-day average sustained low flow
returning once in ten years would be 33 cfs. The following tabulation
indicates to what extent minimum stream flows can be encountered at the
three gaging stations along the Touchet River.
Minimum Stream Discharge (cfs)
Gaging Consecutive Days in 10 Years
Station
1
7
14
21
30
E. Fork near Dayton
w/o withdrawals
31
34
35
36
36
with withdrawals
28
31
32
33
33
Touchet R. Bolles
w/o withdrawals
18
21
23
24.5
26
with withdrawals
2.6
6
8
9.5
11
Touchet R. Touchet
w/o withdrawals
30
35
36
37
37.5
with withdrawals
0
4
5
6
6.5
U.S.G.S. records
7
12
13
14
14.5
Figure 2 shows the minimum monthly recorded discharge profile for the
Touchet River with existing rights removed (excludes power rights).
-------
E-3
QUALITY CONTROL
In view of the importance of the water resource to the economy of
the Touchet River Basin and surrounding region, it is imperative
that every effort be made to preserve and protect this valuable
resource. Any possible means of maintaining control of water quality,,
whether it be to protect health, property or aesthetic values, would
possess particular value to the region.
Considerable contact is made with the waters of the Touchet River.
Stock are watered, water is handled for irrigation, and various
points along and adjacent to the stream are accessible for public
picnicking and other forms of recreation. With increased irrigation,
expanded recreational activities, and the enhancement of fishing that
would be promoted by the proposed project, an even greater need to
control stream quality would be produced.
Municipal and industrial waste treatment and disposal practices at
Dayton and Waitsburg, although quite adequate in relation to present
conventional standards, provide only limited protection of the uses
and values of the stream. With the extent, duration and frequency
of low stream flows that occur in the Touchet River and with increasing
populations and industrial activity expected in the region, stream
quality would become more and more degraded. Such values as the
aquatic environment and natural self-purification properties of the
-------
E-4
stream would become increasingly affected, and nuisance conditions
that could arise would become more frequent and severe•
Assuming that-a reasonable degree of conventional vaBte treatment with
effluent chlorination were maintained and that regulation of stream
flows were provided in the Dayton and Waitsburg reaches of the Touchet
River, considerable improvements in the quality, condition and protec-
tion of health and other values could be achieved.
Because of the seasonal nature of activities In the Dayton and Waitsburg
area, and occurrence of low stream flows during the summer months when
the production of pollutional material is greatest, augmentation of
low flows during only this season appears necessary. The extent to
which augmentation would be required and the values assignable to
provisions for such regulation in the proposed Dayton reservoir, there-
fore, include an analysis only of the regulation required during the
summer months (sufficient natural winter flows and closure of industrial
activities eliminate the need for winter regulation).
In view of the particular characteristics of waste effluents produced
in the Dayton and Waitsburg areas and the various uses made of the stream,,
low flow augmentation for the control of the dissolved oxygen resource
of the stream is chosen as the governing control parameter. Without
knowledge at' this time of such things as the nutrient enrichment effects
of return irrigation flows on the stimulation of nuisance algae and
slime growths, regulation or recommendations for the specific control of
-------
OISCHARGE
AND QUALITY
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-------
AND QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS
STREAM DISCHARGE
MILE
TOUC
yVAITSBURG, WASH.
Waste Loadings
_ I960
2010
2060
Objective
n
l(3 Temp. 2 5" C
Elevation 2,000 Ft.
Waste Treatment
BOD Remove 1|I
Allows for removal of wastes
contained in 10 c fs —j—|—|
irrigation right between
Dayton & Waitsburg.
Allows for partial
purification of residual
wasted between
Wai tsburg. '
)ayton and._
2060 Minimum
Requirement
2010 Minimum
Requ irement
Present Minimum
Requ irement
Min. 30 Day
1 in 10 Yrs
ii
0W-CUBIC FEET PER SECOND
EAM F
FIGURE
¦ ¦ '
-------
E-5
these effects cannot be made. Studiee on the effects of irrigation
return flows and possibilities for control are planned for conduct at
later date. It should be understood, however, that the extent of regula-
tion required to maintain suitable dissolved oxygen levels would provide,
by means of dilution and increased assimilative capacity, significant
control of the effects of land drainage as well as control of the effects
of residual materials not removed from wastes by known conventional
treatment means.
Figures 3 and 4 show the estimated rates of stream flow required to
achieve control of various levels of dissolved oxygen throughout both the
Dayton and Waitsburg reaches of the Touchet River for the years 1960,
2010, and 2060. Although rates of flow to achieve the minimum objective
(5 parts per million of dissolved oxygen established by the Washington
State Pollution Control Commission) are acceptable at the present time,
a greater augmenting rate having significantly greater value for control
of certain effects not now apparent, as for example, toxic and nutrient
effects resulting from intensive irrigation, may at a later date, be
determined.
As dilution flows in combination with waste treatment offer the only"
presently known means of achieving the prescribed quality objectives
(distillation ;.?ssible but more expensive and underground disposal
would not be acceptable) benefits assignable to the Dayton reservoir
for quality control by low flow augmentation would be equivalerit to
construction and operation costs involved in providing similar regula-
tion by single-purpose means.
-------
E-6
QUALITY CONTROL BENEFITS
Cost analyses have been made on two alternate single-purpose projects
for quality control. One site is located on Wolf Creek above Dayton
and the other at the proposed Dayton Dam site. Annual costs associated
with releases involving 7,600 acre-feet of storage at these sites for
(1) Prepared by Bureau of Reclamation
(2) Annual Equivalent Cost for Quality Control based upon 100-year
analysis at 21$ interest.
By comparative costs it is apparent that the cost equivalent benefit
assignable to provisions for quality control in the proposed Dayton
reservoir would be $94,600 annually.
quality control are shown below.(1)
Site Location
Annual Cost^^
Wolf .Creek
East Fork (Bureau site)
$ 94,600
111,600
-------
F-l
DISCUSSION
The protection of public health through the provision of a safe water
supply has long been a matter of primary concern to the public health
profession and has been a significant contributing factor to the high
health standards of the Nation. However, the problem of providing
adequate amounts of safe potable water has become increasingly difficult
due to the pyramiding water demands of a rapidly expanding population.
Furthermore, the resulting increase in waste flows has caused a gradual
degradation in the quality of the Nation's waters. While improved
methods of treatment and disinfection of both wastes and water have
served to maintain the quality within tolerable limits, the progress
in pollution abatement and water treatment has not kept pace with this
population growth and industrial expansion.
The familiar problems of pollution by bacteria, organic matter, and
chemicals of known toxicity and behavior have been further intensified
and complicated by problems of mineral enrichment due to water reuse
and by new tvnes of contaminants associated with our chemical and
atomic age. The effects of these newer contaminants on water treat-
ment processes and on the human consumer are largely unknown-. The
deficiencies in knowledge and the prospect of even greater quantities
of yet more complex pollutional materials reaching our surface Waters
emphasize the urgency of intelligent water quality management.
-------
F-2
It is recognized that water for human consumption holds the highest
priority of all water uses. The increased demands on quantity by an
increasing variety of uses has also brought about many conflicts which
can be solved only by intelligent and long-range management practices.
Unfortunately, practically every water use results in some degradation
of quality. As the supply becomes more critical and conflicts in use
increase, water quality is assuming increasing importance.
Where alternate sources are available it is desirable to reserve the
highest quality water available for domestic use and to satisfy other
lower priority demands with waters of lesser quality. In areas of
limited supply the ultimate water requirements can be met only by
water reuse. Thus, dependence must be placed upon improved and more
effective methods of water and waste treatment and other control
methods in order'to maintain the highest possible standards of quality
for human consumption and other uses. However, in such instances
every effort should still be made to reserve a sufficient quantity of
high quality natural waters for domestic use before they flow on to
supply other less critical demands.
It is sound planning to utilize highest quality water for highest
priority uses, and the protection of this quality against irreversible
and potentially hazardous degradation must be practiced to the fullest
extent possible.
Because maintenance of a high level of water quality for all uses is
basic to public health and the general well-being of the populations
-------
F-3
and economy, planning for future 'water demand and uses requires the
utmost of care. This is especially true when planning for needs many
years in advance as is the objective of this evaluation.
Natural water quality is altered by man in many ways. Materials of
certain types and quantities when disposed to stream water can unbalance
the biological equilibrium, reduce recreational values, prevent use of
the stream waters for municipal and industrial purposes, and create
serious nuisance and public health hazards, all of which become liabil-
ities to the area affected.
Because progress in pollution abatement and water treatment practices
has not kept pace with population growth and industrial expansion,
flow regulation as a supplement to conventional methods of abating
pollution and controlling water1 quality possesses control value of
particular significance.
Time has not permitted an analysis of improvements that could result
from provisions for increased stream flow throughout the twenty-five
mile reach of the Walla Walla River downstream from the mouth of the
Touchet River. Since it is known that unsatisfactory conditions exist
or can exist in this reach of the Walla Walla River, any regulation
which would produce improvements in quality would possess benefits
assignable to the regulating project. Furthermore, augmenting flow
originating in the Touchet River Basin, even though perhaps small in
relation to the total volume of the Columbia River, would possess value
in terms of improved quality in downstream reaches of the Columbia River.
-------
P-4
The quailLy objectives and related flow requirements roeoaawnded in
thie report are designed for achievement of the following purposes:
1* Prevent; development of nu is mica conditions;
2. Enhance the aeothotic mid health values o£ tl« stream and
adjacent areas}
3. Provide an environment suitable for propagation of reaidont
and anadrotnous fish life;
4« Protect and enhance the natural eelf-purification capabilities
end assats of the stream watero;
5. Reduces and neutralize the effect of residual fertilizers,
weedicideo, uud insecticides*
Th
-------
F-5
By virtue of the multiplicity of values (tangible srid intminiblo) that
arc derived through maintenance of stream quality, the benefits attrib-
utable to provisions specifically deoisned for ouch maintenance may be
regarded as '"widcopread."
Inasmuch as the water quality control program set forth ift thio report
involves a reasonable degree of local participation in Achieving tha
stated goals, it ia believed of interest to the public that low flow
augmentation oo one of the requioitei? in achieving fulfillment of this
goal be provided, Bene£ito attributable to provisions for water quality
control where shown to be jusilfiad as a project function, therefore,
arc beliovod to bo national la scope*
------- |