EPA 910-R-02-001 Upper Columbia River Expanded Site Inspection Report Northeast Washington TDD: 01-02-0028 Contract: 68-S0-01-01 March 2003 Region 10 START-2 Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Tearn Submitted To: Monica Tonel, Task Monitor United States Environmental Protection Agency 1200 Sixth Avenue Seattle, Washington 98101 ------- UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SHE INSPECTION REPORT NORTH EAST WASHINGTON TABLE O F C O NTENTS Section Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1-1 2. BACKGROUND 2-1 2.1 REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS 2-1 2.2 PHYSICAL SETTING 2-3 2.2.1 Regional Land Management 2-5 2.3 OPERATIONS AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS 2-5 2.3.1 Mining and Milling 2-6 2.3.2 Smelters 2-7 2.3.2.1 Former Le Roi/Northport Smelter 2-7 2.3.2.1.1 Smelter Description/Features 2-8 2.3.2.1.2 START-2 Site Visit 2-10 2.3.2.2 Cominco Smelter 2-10 2.3.2.2.1 Trail Smelter Case 2-14 2.3.3 Pulp Industry 2-16 2.3.4 Other Potential Sources of Contamination 2-18 2.4 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 2-18 % 3. FIELD ACTIVITIES AND ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL 3-1 3.1 SAMPLING METHODOLOGY 3-3 3.1.1 Sample Identification 3-3 3.1.2 EPA Contract Laboratory Program Sediment Sampling 3-4 3.2 ANALYTICAL PROTOCOLS 3-5 3.3 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYST EM 3-5 3.4 EQUIPMENT DECONT A M IN A T ION AND INVEST 1GAT ION-DERIVED WASTE 3-5 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL 4-1 4.1 LABORATORY ANALYSES 4-1 4.2 QA/QC SAMPLES 4-1 4.3 DATA VALIDATION 4-2 4.4 SAT 1SFACT ION OF DATA QUA LIT Y OBJECT IVES 4-2 4.4.1 Precision and Accuracy 4-2 4.4.2 Completeness 4-3 4.4.3 Representativeness 4-3 4.4.4 Comparability 4-3 4.5 LABORATORY AND FIELD QA/QC PARAMETERS 4-3 4.5.1 Holding Times * 4-4 4.5.2 Initial and Continuing Calibration 4-4 10:ST ART-2\01020028\S772 i ------- TABLEOF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Section page 4.5.3 Laboratory Blanks 4-4 4.5.4 Trip and Rinsate Blanks 4-4 5. ANALYTICAL RESULTS REPORTING AND BACKGROUND SAMPLES 5-1 5.1 ANALYTICAL RESULTS EVALUATION CRITERIA 5-1 5.2 DATA PRESENTATION 5-2 5.3 BACKGROUND SEDIMENT 5-2 5.3.) Background Sample Location and Description 5-3 5.3.2 Background Sampling Method 5-3 5.3.3 Background Sample Laboratory Analysis 5-3 5.3.4 Data Quality 5-3 5.3.5 Background Sediment Sample Analytical Results 5-4 6. ANALYTICAL RESULTS 6-1 6.1 SAMPLE LOCATIONS 6-1 6.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS 6-1 7. TARGETS/RECEPTORS SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY 7-1 7.1 SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY 7-1 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8-1 9. REFERENCES 9-1 10:START-2\01020028\S772 ii ------- LIST OF APPENDICES A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT PETITION B LAKE ROOSEVELT COOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT C SUMMARY OF COMPOUNDS DETECTED IN SEDIMENT AND SURFACE WATER SAMPLES D FIGURES DEPICTING DATA RESULTS OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM, COPPER, LEAD, MERCURY, AND ZINC, IN TRIBUTARY SEDIMENT SAMPLES E PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION F FIELD SAMPLE RECORD FORMS G SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED AND SUMMARY OF SAMPLE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL ANALYSIS H GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM COORDINATES I DATA QUALITY ASSURANCE REVIEW MEMORANDA AND ANALYTICAL DATA FORMS (COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLE RESULTS FOR METALS ONLY. ALL OTHERS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST) J CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT'S REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT SAMPLING IN CANADA K CHAIN OF CUSTODY FORMS AND DATA VALIDATION REPORTS RELATING TO THE SEDIMENT SAMPLE COLLECTED FROM LOWER ARROW LAKE DURING THE ECOLOGY 2001 SAMPLING EVENT L GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATION 10:START-2\01020028\S772 iii ------- LIST OF TABLES T able Page 2-1 Fons of Tail Slag Produced by the Cominco Smelter, 1894 to 1994 2-22 2-2 Reported Spills from the Cominco Smelter to the Columbia River, 1987 to 2001, Adapted from Environment Canada Spilltracker Database 2-25 2-3 Washington State Department of Ecology 2001 Sampling Event Comparison of Metals in Lake Roosevelt Sediments to FSQVs and Consensus-Based TECs for Freshwater Sediments . . 2-28 3-1 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Summary Table 3-6 5-1 Upper Columbia River Analytical Methods, Reporting Limits, and Laboratories 5-5 6-1 Upper Columbia River Sediment Samples Analytical Results Data Summary 6-4 6-2 Comparison of Columbia River Sediment Samples Results to TECs and FSQVs for Freshwater Sediments . 6-12 7-1 1993 Fish Harvest Data 7-6 t0:START-2\01020028\S772 V ------- LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2-1 Lake Roosevelt Drainage Basin 2-29 2-2 Upper Columbia River Vicinity Map 2-30 2-3 Le Roi/Northport Smelter Sample Location Map 2-31 2-4 Columbia River Teck Cominco Study Area 2-32 2-5 Columbia River Ecology's Sediment Sampling Location Map 2-33 3-1 Overview of Samples Collected from the Upper Columbia River Project Area 3-11 6-1 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Results-Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead Mercury, and Zinc (Samples CS0O4 to CS023) 6-13 6-2 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Results-Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Mercury, and Zinc (Samples CS024 to CS052) 6-15 8-1 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Copper Results (Samples CSG04 to CS023) 8-5 8-2 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Copper Results (Samples CSQ25 to CS052) 8-7 8-3 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Lead Results (Samples CS004 to CS023) 8-9 8-4 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Lead Results (&mples CS025 to CS052) " 8-11 8-5 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Zinc Results (Samples CS004 to CS023) 8-13 8-6 Upper Columbia River Sediment Sample Significant/Elevated Zinc Results (Samples CS025 to CS052) 8-15 10:START-2\01020028\S772 VU ------- LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronvm Definition AMSL above mean sea level B.C. British Columbia BOR Bureau of Reclamation Celgar Celgar Pulp Company CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 CLP Contract Laboratory Program COCs contaminants of concern Cominco Teck Cominco Metals, Ltd. CRDL Contract Required Detection Limit CSR Contaminated Sites Regulation CWA Clean Water Act DFAIT Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade dioxins polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins DQOs data quality objectives E & E Ecology and Environment, Inc. Ecology Washington State Department of Ecology EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ERA ecological risk assessment ESI expanded site inspection FSQVs freshwater sediment quality values furans polychlorinated dibenzo furans OPS Global Positioning System HRS Hazard Ranking System ID identification IDW investigation-derived waste IJC International Joint Commission kg/d kilograms per day LRWQC Lake Roosevelt Water Quality Council MEL Environmental Laboratory 10:START-2\01020028\S772 'X ------- LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONTINUED) Acronvm Definition mg/kg milligrams per kilogram MHW mean high water MRL method reporting limit MS matrix spike MSD matrix spike duplicate NCA North Creek Analytical NPS National Park Service NPL National Priorities List PA preliminary assessment PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls pesticides chlorinated pesticides QA quality assurance QC quality control %R percent recovery RM river mile RPD relative percent difference SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 SOW statement of work SQAP sampling and quality assurance plan SQGs sediment quality guidelines SQLs sample quantitation limits START Superfund T echnical Assessment and Response Tearn SVOCs semivolatile organic compounds TAL Target Analyte List TDD Technical Direction Document TDL target distance limit TECs threshold effects concentrations TOC total organic carbon U.S. United States 10:START-2\01020028\S772 X ------- LIST OF ACRONYMS (CONTINUED) Acronym Definition USGS United States Geological Survey VOCs volatile organic compounds WESTON Roy F. Weston, Inc. WSDFW Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife WSDH Washington State Department of Health 10:START.2\01020028\S772 xi ------- UPPER CO LUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION REPORT NO RTH EAST WASHINGTON 1. INTRODUCTION Pursuant to United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Technical Assessment and Response Team (START)-2 Contract Nos. 68-S0-01-01 and 68-S0-01-02, Ecology and Environment, Inc. (E & E) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (WESTON) conducted an expanded site inspection (ESI) of sediment contamination in the upper Columbia River and its tributaries from the United States (U.S.)-Canada border downstream to approximately river mile (RM) 675 near Inchelium, Washington. The ESI, under the authority of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA), is intended to collect sufficient data to determine a site's potential for inclusion on the National Priorities List (NPL) and establish priorities for additional action, if warranted. The assessment process does not include extensive or complete site characterization, contaminant fate determination, or quantitative risk assessment. The EPA assessment of hazardous substance contamination in the upper Columbia River area was conducted in response to a formal Preliminary Assessment (PA) Petition submitted by the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation (also known as the Colville Confederated Tribes) under Section 105(d) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. § 9605(d). A copy of the PA Petition dated August 2, 1999, is provided in Appendix A. Under the authority of CERCLA and SARA, the EPA completed a PA of the upper Columbia River, from the U.S.-Canada border to the Grand Coulee Dam (E & E 2000). The PA, which is the first phase in the site assessment process, was completed in December of 2000 and included an evaluation of information and data from previous studies. Based on the findings of the upper Columbia River PA, the EPA determined that sediment sampling of the upper Columbia River was necessary to determine if releases of hazardous substances are occurring and if there is a potential for releases to affect human health and the environment. Sampling activities associated with the ESI occurred in the upper Columbia River and its tributaries from the U.S.- Canada border to RM 675 near Inchelium, Washington. However, previous studies indicate that hazardous substances are present to the Grand Coulee Dam. Field sampling of the upper Columbia River was conducted in the spring and summer of 2001. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 1-1 ------- Sediment sampling activities in the upper Columbia River were carried out by WESTON under Technical Direction Document (TDD) No. 01-02-0001. Efforts to identify potential sources of contamination to the upper Columbia River, including visits to 60 mines and mills in Stevens County and Pend Oreille County, Washington, were conducted by E & E under TDD Nos. 01-02-0028 and 01-08-0009, respectively. A summary of findings and recommendations for each of the 39 mine and mill sites visited in Stevens County, Washington, can be found in the Upper Columbia River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report (E & E 2002a), A summary of findings and recommendations for each of the 21 mine and mill sites visited in Pend Oreille County, Washington, can be found in the Lower Pend Oreille River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report (E & E 2002b). This document presents the objectives, sampling activities, and results of the sediment sampling event conducted by WESTON in the upper Columbia River. Included are background information (Section 2), field activities and analytical protocol (Section 3), quality assurance (QA)/quality control (QC; Section 4), analytical results reporting and background samples (Section 5), analytical results (Section 6), the targets/receptors in the surface water migration pathway (Section 7), conclusions and recommendations (Section 8), and references (Section 9). 10:START-2\01020028\S772 1-2 ------- 2. BACKGROUND This ESI was intended to collect sufficient data to support a Hazard Ranking System (HRS) evaluation of the upper Columbia River and to assess the need for additional detailed investigation and/or response action. Accordingly, the sampling objectives defined for the upper Columbia River ESI are to: • Document a threat or potential threat to public health or the environment posed by sediment contamination in the upper Columbia River; • Assess the need for additional detailed investigation and/or response action in the upper Columbia River; and • Determine the potential for placement of the Upper Columbia River site on the NPL. A sampling and quality assurance plan (SQAP) describing field activities to be conducted by WESTON in the upper Columbia River was developed prior to commencement of fieldwork (WESTON 2001a). The SQAP describes the sampling strategy, sampling methodology, and analytical program to be used to investigate sediment contamination in the upper Columbia River. 2.1 REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DESCRIPTIONS The Columbia River flows from northern British Columbia (B.C.), Canada, generally south through eastern Washington, and then west, forming part of the border between Washington and Oregon, and eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean. A reservoir, Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake (commonly known as Lake Roosevelt), was formed on the Columbia River by the construction of the Grand Coulee Dam (USGS 1994). Lake Roosevelt extends about 135 miles upstream from the dam, reaching to within 15 miles of the international boundary with Canada (USGS 1994). The Columbia River is the principal inflow to Lake Roosevelt and contributes about 90% of the flow from a large drainage area in Canada and the U.S. (USGS 1994). In addition to the Columbia River, four other major rivers flow directly into Lake Roosevelt: the Kettle, Colville, Spokane, and Sanpoil rivers (USGS 1994). The Pend Oreille River flows into the main stem of the Columbia River just north of the U.S.-Canada border (Figure 2-1; USGS 1994). The portion of the river addressed in this report, and referred to as the upper Columbia River, extends approximately 70 RMs through northeast Washington from the U.S.-Canada border to 10:START-2\01020028VS772 2-1 ------- approximately RM 675 near Inchelium, Washington, crossing portions of both Ferry and Stevens counties (Figure 2-2). The construction of Grand Coulee Dam, a federal reclamation project, was completed in 1940 on a portion of the Columbia River that forms the southern boundary of the Colville Reservation (DOI 1977). A multi-purpose project, it provides flood control, irrigation, hydropower production, recreation, stream flows, and fish and wildlife benefits. Lake Roosevelt, behind the dam, has over 5,000,000 acre feet of active storage (BOR2003). In an Act dated June 29, 1940, the U.S. Congress required the Secretary of the Interior to designate the Indian lands to be taken in aid of the project, and granted all right, title, and interest in such designated lands to the U.S., subject to the provisions of the Act. The area designated by the Secretary to be taken by the U.S. in aid of the project included traditional Tribal lands extending from the original bed of the river to the nearest contour line indicating an elevation of 1,310 feet above sea level. Another provision of the Act required the Secretary to set aside approximately one-fourth of the reservoir area above the dam for the paramount use of the Colville Confederated Tribes and the Spokane Tribe for hunting, fishing, and boating purposes. Pursuant to this provision, the Secretary in 1946 designated an area, the so-called "Indian zone," which comprises essentially all of the freeboard, drawdown, and water area inside the original boundaries of the reservations except for the area immediately around the dam. The zone extends to the center line of Lake Roosevelt from the Colville side, except where the Colville and Spokane reservations are adjacent to one another across the lake. There, the zone includes the entire reservoir with the exception of a strip in the center of the lake half a mile wide, which was preserved by the Secretary as a navigation lane. (DOI 1977) Pursuant to a tri-party agreement among the U. S. Department of the Interior National Park Service (NPS), the Office of Indian Affairs, and the Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), dated December 18, 1946, the BOR has primary responsibility for overseeing administration of the reservoir area. The general public is presently permitted to have equal use of the Indian zone with the Indians, under the supervision of the NPS. In addition, the tribes have the power to regulate hunting, fishing, and boating by non-Indians in the Indian zone. (DOI 1977) The bed of the Columbia River and of its tributary, the Spokane River, was not designated by the Secretary pursuant to the 1940 Act, and the tribes were not compensated for any taking with respect to the riverbed. Accordingly, the action taken by the Secretary pursuant to the 1940 Act has not changed the tribes' title, and the Secretary held that each tribe has full equitable title to that part of the riverbed which is within the exterior boundaries of its reservation. (DOI 1977) 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-2 ------- The reservoir developed into a major recreational and economic resource for the surrounding area (E & E 2000). In 1946, the Secretary, by his approval of an agreement between the BOR, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the NPS, designated the NPS as the manager of the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (DOI 2000). The Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, comprising the lake and its shorelines, attracts more than 1 million visitors per year (E & E 2000). The National Recreation Area ends south of Northport at Onion Creek. The distance from Grand Coulee Dam to Onion Creek is approximately 132 miles (DOI 2000). Recreational opportunities on or in the National Recreation Area's waters include motorboating, waterskiing, sailing, swimming, and fishing. Land-based activities include camping, hiking, picknicking, wildlife watching, and sightseeing. Lake Roosevelt is one of the few large lakes in northwestern Washington that has an abundance of shoreline that is accessible to the public for recreational use. (DOI 2000) The National Recreation Area lies within the ancestral homelands of the Colville and Spokane Tribes. The National Recreation Area also contains some of the lands that were originally part of the North Half of the Colville Reservation (DOI 2000). Former reservation lands in the area from the northern border to the Canadian border are referred to by the Colville Confederated Tribes as the "North Half." In 1891, the Colville Confederated Tribes entered into an agreement with the U.S., ceding the 1.5 million acre North Half for one dollar per acre, but reserving hunting, gathering, fishing, and water rights thereon, including within the North Half portions of the Columbia and Okanogan rivers. The U.S. Supreme Court has affirmed the validity and vitality of the Tribes' reserved rights in the North Half (see PA Petition, Appendix A). The Colville Confederated Tribes maintain reserved rights on some of these lands and both the Colville Confederated Tribes and the Spokane Tribe maintain an active interest in their management (DOI 2000). 2.2 PHYSICAL SETTING The Colville Indian Reservation borders Lake Roosevelt on the north and west for approximately 93 RMs. Within this stretch there are several communities, the largest being Coulee Dam, Keller, and Inchelium. North and west of Lake Roosevelt, the terrain is mountainous and mostly forested, with a small amount of farmland. The area is thinly populated, with about 3.2 persons per square mile. The area is mainly made up of national forest and Colville Indian Reservation lands. Logging and mining dominate the economy. (DOI 2000) 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-3 ------- The Spokane Indian Reservation borders Lake Roosevelt to the east for about 8 miles, just north of the Spokane Arm (confluence of the Spokane River with the Columbia River). The area east of Lake Roosevelt is a mixture of forest and farmland, with a population density of 14.3 persons per square mile. Forest products manufacturing dominates the economy. The area south of Lake Roosevelt and the Spokane Arm is generally flat with low rolling hills. The population density is 4.2 persons per square mile, and agriculture is the main livelihood. (DOI 2000) The study area is within the Okanogan Highlands physiographic province. The Columbia River flows generally south through this province. The Okanogan Highlands province is characterized by rounded mountains with elevations up to 8,000 feet above sea level and deep, narrow valleys. The Columbia River divides the Okanogan Highlands into two regions: to the east of the river are the Selkirk, Chewelah, and Huckleberry mountains; to the west are the Kettle, Sanpoil, and other mountains. (DNR 2003) The eastern portion of the Okanogan Highlands contains the oldest sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the state. Miogeosynclinal metasedimentary rocks of the Precambrian Belt Supergroup, Windermere Group, and Deer Trail Group extend from B.C. south to the Columbia River. Precambrian dikes and sills cut these ancient rocks. The Precambrian metasedimentary rocks are overlain by Paleozoic marine rocks. All these rocks were subjected to metamorphism during Jurassic through Eocene time. (DNR 2003) The western portion of the Okanogan Highlands contains eugeosynclinal metasedimentary rocks. These rocks were juxtaposed with the miogeosynclinal metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Okanogan Highlands by Jurassic-Cretaceous thrust faulting. Permian and Triassic volcanic flows and sedimentary rocks in the western Okanogan Highlands also were subject to diverse intrusive events during the Jurassic and then again in the Cretaceous periods. (DNR 2003) The Okanogan Highlands were subjected to tectonism, plutonism, volcanism, sedimentation, development of gneiss domes, and epithermal precious metal deposition during the Eocene Epoch. Overprinted on the Okanogan Highlands are massive gneiss domes and north-south trending grabens. (DNR 2003) The Okanogan Highlands were covered fay great ice sheets during the Pleistocene Epoch. As the ice sheets retreated to the north, lakes formed in the valleys of the Columbia and Pend Oreille rivers. Along the Canadian boundary, terrace deposits indicate lake levels 2,000 feet above current sea level. Melt waters filled these lakes with sand, silt, and clay. (DNR 2003) 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-4 ------- 2.2.1 Regional Land Management Initially, the NPS managed all the lands surrounding Lake Roosevelt that had been acquired or withdrawn by the BORfor construction of the reservoir. In 1974, the Secretary of the Interior directed that management for all lands within the reservations not needed for operation of the reservoir be returned to the tribes, and a cooperative management agreement be developed. The Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement, approved in 1990 by the Secretary of the Interior and signed by the BOR, the NPS, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Spokane Tribe of Indians, and the Colville Confederated Tribes, confirms the roles and areas of management responsibility of Lake Roosevelt for the various parties. In addition to delineating management responsibilities, the agreement recognized the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area as an existing unit of the National Park system (DOI 2000). A copy of the existing Lake Roosevelt Cooperative Management Agreement is provided in Appendix B. The Lake Roosevelt Water Quality Council (LRWQC), which includes members from federal, state, and local governments; the Colville Confederated Tribes; the Spokane Tribe of Indians; citizen groups; and individuals, was formed in 1990 to protect and maintain the aquatic environment of Lake Roosevelt. The LRWQC, in conjunction with Washington State University, developed a Management Plan and continues coordination of water quality and air quality studies. The LRWQC has no independent implementation or enforcement authority and leaves these critical functions to the appropriate authorities. 2.3 OPERATIONS AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS In late winter through early summer, substantial fluctuations in lake levels can occur due to BOR undertaking flood control measures. The degree of drawdown is based on snowmelt predictions. The normal operating range on the lake is between 1,290 feet above mean sea level (AMSL; full pool) to 1,208 feet AMSL, resulting in seasonal lake level fluctuations in excess of 80 feet. During drawdown, acres of bed and bank sediments of Lake Roosevelt are exposed. In mid- to late August, BOR can draw down the lake for fisheries management purposes in response to the 2000 National Marine Fisheries Service Biological Opinion concerning operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System which requires drawdown as necessary within specified limits in an attempt to meet the summer flow objectives and to provide colder water for the benefit of migrating juvenile salmonids (NMFS2000). These operations also benefit adults in passage by moderating temperatures (NMFS2000). Water quality conditions, including the dispersion of hazardous substances, can be affected by dams and reservoirs (BPA 1994). Coarser sediments entering a reservoir typically deposit at the head of 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-5 ------- pools (BPA 1994). The finer sediments, such as silt and clay, are deposited near or transported past the dams (BP A 1994). Pollutants entering the mainstem can adsorb to sediments, mostly to silt and clay, and be transported and accumulate with them (BPA 1994). When lake levels are lowered significantly, the accumulated sediments can be scoured and transported downstream (BPA 1994). During these times, pollutants adsorbed to sediments can become dissolved in the water column (BPA 1994). Previous studies carried out on the upper Columbia River Basin indicated elevated levels of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in sediment and fish in Lake Roosevelt and the upper reach of the Columbia River. The Washington State Department of Health currently has fish advisories issued for the consumption of walleye, whitefish, and sturgeon in Lake Roosevelt due to mercury and dioxin concerns (WSDH 2002a). Previous studies have found elevated levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxins), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans) in water, sediment, and fish samples collected from the upper Columbia River. (E & E 2000) Sources of contamination that have contributed to this contamination include mining and milling operations, smelting operations, pulp and paper production, sewage treatment plants, and other industrial activities. These contaminant sources are summarized in the following subsections. 2.3.1 Mining and Milling Numerous mining and milling operations along the tributaries feeding the upper Columbia River in the U.S. and in Canada have existed since the late 1800s. Although claims were staked earlier, development of resources in the area did not become economically feasible until approximately the 1890s, when ore concentration processes were developed. Ores were concentrated in mills built at or close to each mine, significantly reducing transportation costs. Concentrated ores were transported to smelters for further refining. Large amounts of ore process wastes containing arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc were produced during these operations. (E & E 2000) The Northport area was comprised mostly of lead-zinc mines (Ecology 2000). Low-grade lead and zinc ore concentration processes involved physical crushing, pulverizing, and classifying using a stream of water, followed by a flotation process. Flotation was accomplished by adding reagents to the fines and then skimming off the resulting concentrated metals. Reagents used in this process included pine oil, cresylic acid, alcohols, eucalyptus oils, coal tar (wood creosotes), flotation reagents, xanthates, thiocarbonilides, lime soda ash, copper sulfate, sodium cyanide, and sodium silicate. The cleaned concentrate then was dried on a vacuum filter and sent to a smelter for refining. (Orlob 1950) 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-6 ------- Mine and mill sites identified by the EPA as potential sources of contamination to tributaries that discharge to the upper Columbia River were visited as part of the ESI. A summary of the findings and recommendations for each of the mine and mill sites visited in Stevens and Pend Oreille counties, Washington, are presented in separate reports (E & E 2002a; E & E 2000). 2.3.2 Smelters Smelters in the vicinity of the upper Columbia River watershed include the former Le Roi/Northport Smelter in Northport, Washington, and the Teck Cominco Metals, Ltd. (Cominco) facility in Trail, B.C. 2.3.2.1 Former Le Roi/Northport Smelter The Le Roi/Northport Smelter is a former smelter located northeast of the town center of Northport, Washington, along Highway 25. The city of Northport is located in Stevens County along the east bank of the Columbia River approximately 7 miles south of the U.S.-Canada border. (URS 1993) The Northport-Waneta Road borders the Le Roi/Northport Smelter site along the south and east. Highway 25 defines the western boundary of the site. The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (formerly the Spokane Falls and Northern Railroad) runs parallel to the Columbia River and designates the northern property boundary. The Columbia River is located approximately 200 feet north of the Le Roj/Northport Smelter property. Properties west of the site are residential homes. Smelter Hill is located directly east of the site and Silver Crown Mountain is south of the site. A city park with an area of approximately 10 acres is located northwest of the site alongthe Columbia River, approximately 50 feet from the site. The park is accessed by means of a road on the southwest corner of the site. (Figure 2-1; URS 1993) The Le Roi/Northport Smelter property encompasses approximately 32 acres and is accessed from the Northport-Waneta Road via Highway 25 (SAIC 1997). Access to the Le Roi/Northport Smelter site is not restricted (URS 1993). The ground surface generally slopes toward the Columbia River in elevation from about 1,360 feet AMSL at the site to 1,290 feet AMSL, the normal pool elevation for the Columbia River (SAIC 1997). The former smelter buildings, which are no longer standing, included the furnace building, the roaster building, and the crusher and ore building (Heritage 1981). In the 1890s, a flurry of mining activities evolved in northeastern Washington and southern B.C. In 1892, D.C. Corbin, owner of the Spokane Falls and Northern Railroad, built a rail line to reach the town of Northport, then consisting of a lumber mill and several tents. The railroad tracks were located 10:START-2\G! 020028VS772 2-7 ------- adjacent to the Le Roi site. In 1896, Mr. Corbin donated the site to the Le Roi Mining and Smelting Company for the construction of the Breen Copper Smelter. The smelter location was chosen because the area contained large quantities of materials necessary for smelting, such as limerock and flux. (URS 1993) In 1896, the Breen Copper Smelter began refining copper and gold ores from mines in northeast Washington, as well as copper ore from B.C., for the Le Roi Mining and Smelting Company (Northport Pioneers 1981). In 1901, the Le Roi Company Smelting Operations reorganized with the Red Mountain Smelting Operations to become the Northport Smelting and Refining Company (URS 1993). By 1908, it was one of the largest smelters on the West Coast, processing 500 tons of ore per day (URS 1993). In 1909, the smelter closed because of competition from another smelter located in Trail, B.C. (URS 1993). During World War I, the government demand for lead encouraged the Northport Mining and Smelting Company to reopen and process the lead ores that had been discovered at Leadpoint, Washington, approximately 9 miles east of Northport (URS 1993). In September 1914, Jerome Day purchased the smelter and renovated it to accommodate lead ores (URS 1993). The government curtailed its lead purchases in 1921, and subsequently, the smelter closed and was dismantled in 1922, after 24 years of sporadic operation (E & E 2000). After the smelter closed, the American Smelting and Refining Company purchased the site. The company removed the smelting equipment and transported it to a smelter elsewhere (URS 1993). Sometime between 1922 and 1953, the inactive site was purchased by J.D. Harms. Between 1953 and 1969, a lumber mill went into operation on the property (URS 1993). In 1975, Cecil Frazier purchased the property and operated a lumber mill (URS 1993). In 1985, Steve Frazier purchased the property and business and operated the lumber mill under the name SSF Building Materials until the property was sold in 2001 to KES Contracting, Trail, B.C., the current owner. 2.3.2.1.1 Smelter Description/Features The Breen Copper Smelter treated copper and gold ores transported from Rossland Mine located in B.C. The initial smelter operations were rudimentary and involved releases of large quantities of pollutants. The ore was difficult to process; however, it contained high enough amounts of copper and gold to make the process worthwhile. The ore was burned or heated to release the minerals. The burning released high amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air. (URS 1993) The copper and gold ore was processed by heap roasting, which involves open burning of the raw ore prior to placing it in a furnace. A slag brick platform was utilized for the initial burning, or heap roasting, of the ore. The ore was piled on the brick platform to an approximate depth of 4 feet. Cord 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-8 ------- wood was then stacked on top of the ore pile and ignited. During this process, gold and copper were freed for smelting. The Northport city water wells are currently located on the brick platform area. (Heritage 1981) The burned ore was then placed into the furnace where the separation of the minerals occurred. Lime rock was used during the flux process. Tap holes were located at different levels in the furnace to draw off the minerals and rocks (including iron, copper, and slag rock). The tap hole for the iron and slag rock was located on the front end of the furnace about six inches higher than the copper tap hole. The iron and slag rock collected was considered waste. The tap hole for the copper was located on the side of the furnace. The copper matte was collected and loaded into box cars for shipment to a copper refinery. (Heritage 1981; URS 1993) Because gold is heavy, it settled to the bottom of the furnace and formed a gold matte. After the gold accumulated to a thickness of 14 inches, the furnace was shut down. Once the furnace and materials cooled, the sides of the furnace were removed to gain access to the gold matte, which was then pried from the furnace and cut into pieces before being loaded into box cars and shipped to a gold refinery, (Heritage 1981) In the operational period of the copper and gold smelter, two large steam engines, fueled by coal, provided power. Both flywheel steam engines were hooked onto one long line shaft. On the other end of the line shaft, a dynamo produced 10,000 volts of electricity prior to being boosted by a generator that provided up to 100,000 volts. When the smelter reopened to process lead ores, a high-voltage line from Canada supplied the power, and the steam plant was shut down. (URS 1993) The lead smelter used a process more sophisticated than that used in the copper and gold process, although a large quantity of sulfur (approximately 30 tons per day) was still being discharged into the air. Filters for the smokestacks were added later. (URS 1993) The abandoned and dismantled smelter remained inactive after closure in 1922. The town of Northport demolished the buildings for the usable brick. One building retained enough walls to provide an ice-skating rink during the winter. The railroad was abandoned and the tracks salvaged. (URS 1993) The smelting operations produced a waste referred to as slag. The slag was usually placed in piles near the smelter for temporary or permanent disposal. Sag also was discharged from the furnaces directly into the Columbia River via underground waterways (Sanborn Map Company 1908). The contaminants of concern (COCs) in the slag include arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, zinc, and other metals commonly associated with the smelting process. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-9 ------- 2.3.2.1.2 START-2 Site Visit On June 29, 2001, START-2 and EPA personnel visited the sandbar/beach area at the Northport boat launch, located approximately 200 feet north of the Le Roi/Northport Smelter property. ST ART-2 and EPA personnel observed black glassy sand-like material along the bank of the Columbia River at the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas. The ST ART-2 characterized the material as slag. ST ART-2 personnel collected sediment samples at locations along the Columbia River at the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas. Brick remnants were observed scattered along the bank of the Columbia River near the boat launch area. On September 13, 2001, ST ART-2; EPA personnel; Don Hurst of Fulcrum Environmental; and Murray McConnachie, the property owner representative, conducted a walk-through of the former Le Roi/Northport Smelter site. An area of slag bricks was observed south of the former smelter operations. The slag bricks were observed to be glassy black. A potential former tailings pile was observed west of the slag brick area. Stone foundations and old brick walls from the former smelter facility remain on the site. The majority of these remains are located on the northern portion of the property. One of three original smokestacks is still standing. This remaining stack was reported as the second largest stack, being only half the size of the largest stack. It stands approximately 75 feet high and has a maximum width of approximately 10 feet. The ST ART-2 collected sediment and soil samples from locations on the property and sediment from the Columbia River (Figure 2-3). The results of the nine sediment samples collected from the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas on the Columbia River are included in Table 6-1. A detailed discussion of sampling activities conducted, sample results, recommendations, and conclusions, can be found in the Upper Columbia River Mines and Mills Prelim inary Assessments and Site Inspections Report (E & E 2002a). 2.3.2.2 Cominco Smelter The Cominco smelter is located approximately 10 RMs upstream of the U.S.-Canada border (Figure 2-2). Smelter operations have been underway in Trail, B.C., since 1896 (G3 Consulting 200 la). The smelter became known as Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Ltd. in 1906, was officially renamed Cominco in 1966, and merged with Teck Ltd. to become Teck Cominco Metals, Ltd. in 2001 (G3 Consulting 200 lb). The facility primarily produced lead and silver during the first decade of operation, with zinc production initiated in 1916. Fertilizer plants were built at the Trail smelter in 1930, facilitating the production of both nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizers. While the Trail smelter 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-10 ------- was originally built to process materials from local mines, ore concentrates are currently obtained from mining operations throughout the world. In addition to lead, zinc, cadmium, silver, gold, bismuth, antimony, indium, germanium, and arsenic, this facility also produces sulfuric acid and liquid sulfur dioxide. Ammonia, ammonium sulfate, and phosphate fertilizers were also produced at the fertilizer plant until August 1994, at which time production of the phosphate-based fertilizer was terminated. (MacDonald 1997) Historically, effluent from Cominco has been discharged to the Columbia River through five outfalls: one outfall from the Warfield Fertilizer Operation, three submerged outfalls from the metallurgical plants, and one from the slag launder system. A trend graph of metals in effluents from the metallurgical operation from 1980 to 1996 demonstrates that the average discharges for dissolved metals were as high as 18 kilograms per day (kg/d) of arsenic, 62 kg/d of cadmium, 200 kg/d of lead, and 7,400 kg/d of zinc. Additionally, fertilizer plant operations contributed up to 4 kg/d of total mercury and 350 kg'd of dissolved zinc. (Cominco 1997) The Cominco lead/zinc smelter process produces slag as a by-product. This slag undergoes a fuming process in fuming furnaces which allows recovery of substantial quantities of metals, in particular lead and zinc. This fuming process involves injection of air and coal into molten slag, driving off metals that are then recovered as an oxide fume (Nener 1992). At the end of a fuming cycle, molten-treated slag is granulated with water, and the slurry discharged to the Columbia River (Nener 1992). This procedure of discharging began when operations first started and continued through to mid-1995 (Nener 1992). The slag is a black, glassy material which contains copper, lead, and zinc. Other metals also are present. The bulk of the material has the size and texture of sand; however, approximately 1% by weight consists of fines which have a broken egg-shell or needle-like morphology. (Nener 1992) Cominco tail slag has been demonstrated to contain concentrations of copper ranging from 1% to 2.99%, lead ranging from 0.1% to 3.38%, and zinc ranging from 2.5% to 15.6% (Nener 1992; Gawryletz 1998). Reports documenting the yearly and daily amount of tail slag released to the Columbia River from the Cominco smelter have not been located, however, these values can be estimated based on the amount of lead produced and the amount of blast furnace slag produced (Logan 1990). Cominco has reported that the amount of blast furnace slag produced is equal to 140% of the amount of lead produced, while the amount of tail slag produced is equal to 85% of the amount of blast furnace slag produced (Logan 1990). Using this information, it is estimated that 13,410,864 tons of tail slag were produced from the Cominco smelter over the course of operations from 1894 to 1994 (Table 2-1; Hurst 2003). Since the completion of the Grand Coulee Dam in 1940, it is est imated that 11,794,455 tons of tail slag 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-11 ------- were produced and potentially discharged to the Columbia River by the Cominco smelter. The greatest lead production occurred in 1942, resulting in the generation of approximately 292,502 tons of tail slag. The average daily quantity of sfag potentially discharged to the Columbia River for this year is 801 tons. Under the assumption that treated granulated slag was inert, the smelter reportedly was permitted to discharge up to 1,000 tons per day (USGS 1994). The amount of slag discharged was reduced in the mid-1980s to about 450 tons per day (Nener 1992; USGS 1994). In 1991, concerns expressed by the public and government agencies over the principle of river discharge prompted Cominco to undertake a research program on the metals-related environmental properties of slag and an investigation into systems for slag collection and land disposal. Testing of slag samples was conducted using both the B.C. protocol Special Waste Extraction Procedure and the U.S. version Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure which are utilized to characterize waste materials. Based on the test results, Cominco asserted that the data supported its long held position that granulated slag has a high degree of chemical stability and is essentially inert in the river environment. Cominco recommended that the implementation of land disposal of slag was not an immediate priority and it could be delayed without significant environmental consequences until the completion of Phase II of Lead Smelter Modernization. (Cominco 1991) A 1992 study by J.C. Nener presents data obtained by the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans as part of its fisheries assessment on the toxicity of fumed slag to aquatic organisms (Nener 1992). Fumed slag was collected from Cominco's lead/zinc smelter located at Trail, B.C. and tested for toxicity using five species of aquatic organisms representative of different levels of the food chain: Selenastrum capricomutum, a unicellular green algae; Daphnia magna, a zooplanktonic species; Hyalella azteca, an epibenthic invertebrate; Chironomus tentans, abenthic invertebrate; and Oncorhynchus mykiss, rainbow trout fingerlings. Slag was found to be detrimental to all species studied. Results indicate that the five species of organisms tested were all negatively impacted by exposure to slag, or in some cases supernatants prepared from slag, under study conditions. Results of inductively coupled argon plasma scans on bioassay water collected at the completion of each bioassay indicated that elevated levels of copper and zinc may have been at least partly responsible for the acute toxicity observed. Results of histological analyses performed on rainbow trout exposed to slag indicated that slag also caused mortality by abrading delicate exposed surfaces such as gills. Extrapolation of these results to the Columbia River would be speculative; however, bioassay results clearly show that slag is not biologically inert and therefore suggest that there may be some potential to negatively impact organisms in the receiving environment. (Nener 1992) 10:START-2\01020028\S772. 2-12 ------- In 1993, the Washington State Department of Health (WSDH) completed a review of the toxicological effects of Cominco smelter slag on aquatic organisms in the Columbia River. The WSDH concluded that the studies they evaluated contradicted previous conclusions that Cominco slag leaches little and is biologically inert. The laboratory studies they reviewed confirmed that Cominco slag was toxic to the aquatic species tested due to the leaching of significant amounts of copper and zinc and/or physical abrasion of vital tissues such as gills. (Patrick 1993) According to a summary report prepared by consultants to Cominco, the routine discharge of slag into the Columbia River was discontinued in mid-1995. Prior to this, up to 145,000 tonnes of slag had been discharged annually, which moved downstream to settle out in slower flowing, sandy areas. The amount of slag discharged to the Columbia River may have been as high as 186,703 tons per year based on slag production calculations derived from lead production values. The environmental effects of slag discharge to the river included both chemical and physical components. Chemical effects included increased loads of heavy metals and potential bioaccumulation and toxicity problems in river organisms. Physical effects included scouring of plant and animal life from river substrates, damage to gills and soft tissues of aquatic insects and fish, and smothering of habitat and food sources. (G3 Consulting 2001 a) The B.C. Ministry of Environment, Land, and Parks had required the elimination of slag to the Columbia River by December 1996; however since this time, Cominco has had several releases of slag to the river during upset conditions. Two specific examples of documented releases that occurred after Cominco was required to eliminate discharges are as follows: On January 9, 1998, one to two cubic meters of slag discharged to the river and on April 7, 1998, 1 to 1.5 tonnes of slag were released to the river (Cominco 1998b; Cominco 1998c). Cominco's operations have been characterized by frequent accidental releases of contaminants into the river (MEL&P 1992, MacDonald 1997). While Cominco has installed alarm systems, as well as containment facilities, in higher risk areas to collect and divert solutions away from the river sewers, numerous spills occur each year (MacDonald 1997). On 86 days between September 1987 and May 2001, Cominco reported spills of pollutants into the Columbia River (MacDonald 1997; Boyd 2003). Of particular concern are spills of mercury and large quantities of sulfuric and phosphoric acids. These substances have a significant impact on effluent quality, ultimately affecting both pollutant loadings and the pH of receiving waters (MacDonald 1997). Table 2-2 lists reported spills that have entered the Columbia River from Cominco operations in Trail from 1987 to 2001. Between 1995 and 1999, the percent reduction for several key metals from all sources (air, slag, and water) discharged directly into the Columbia River was reported to be 90% for arsenic, 84% for 10:START-2\0!020028\S772 2-13 ------- cadmium, 99% for copper, 77% for lead, 95% for mercury, and 92% for zinc (G3 Consulting 2001a). A new lead smelter was commissioned in 1997 and became fully operational in 1999 (G3 Consulting 2001a). With the exception of releases to the Columbia River during upset conditions, Cominco slag currently is being stockpiled while awaiting purchase (G3 Consulting 2001 a; MacDonald 1997). Cominco has an active market development program seeking ways to use the slag beneficially (G3 Consulting 2001 a). Cominco is conducting an ecological risk assessment (ERA) related to the Trail smelter operations under the Contaminated Sites Regulation (CSR), which is a regulation under the B.C. Waste Management Act (Beatty 2003). The CSR incorporates provisions for identifying, assessing, and remediating contaminated sites in B.C. (Beatty 2003). The studies and assessments being conducted for the Teck Cominco-Trail ERA are reviewed by the B.C. Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection staff to ensure they meet the requirements and intent of the CSR (Beatty 2003). The results will be integrated with the findings of a human health risk assessment conducted by the Trail Lead Task Force. This task force was composed of representatives from numerous Trail community groups, local government, the Province of B.C., and Cominco. The Trail Cominco Study Area is shown in Figure 2-4. (Cantox 2000) In 2001, Cominco initiated a groundwater investigation of the Trail Smelter Facility as part of their ongoing work to inventory and characterize potential sources of contamination to the environment. The purpose of the investigation was to obtain an estimate of the quantities of dissolved metals and other substances discharging into the Columbia River, via groundwater, from under the smelter. The investigation consisted of the installation and testing of 18 groundwater monitoring wells at eight locations, including five along the back of the Columbia River. The investigation found evidence of groundwater contamination (Cominco 1998a). Additional work planned as part of the groundwater investigation at the smelter site includes five more monitoring well sites in 2002 to allow a more complete assessment of the contaminant loadings to the Columbia River. Additionally, regional groundwater investigations will be performed to identify surface water drainages in the Cominco Study Area that may be effected by contaminated groundwater discharge (Cominco 1998a). 2.3.2.2.1 TVail Smelter Case The Cominco smelter discharged sulphur dioxide into the air through a brick stack 409 feet high. The air pollution traveled south and remained trapped in the northern Stevens County Columbia River Valley. In 1925, the Trail Smelter increased the discharge of sulfur dioxide into the air from 4,700 to 10:START-2\01020028\S772 2-14 ------- 10,000 tons a month. The citizens of Northport complained that sulfur pollution was threatening their health and environment. They insisted that area soils and forests were becoming poisoned with sulfur, causing their crops and forest land to die. They formed a "Citizens Protective Association" of farmers and property owners who sent letters of protest to politicians in both Ottawa and Washington. The matter, known as the Trail Smelter Case of 1926 to 1934, was the first case of air pollution brought before an international tribunal. (Northport Pioneers 1981) In 1926, a Northport farmer wrote to Cominco complaining about fumes. Cominco offered to buy the property of those that had suffered damage. Washington State alien land laws prohibited foreign corporations from owning American real estate, and the farmer was informed by local officials that he could not sell his land to Cominco. (Northport Pioneers 1981) The matter moved to the level of international diplomacy. The U.S. State Department opened negotiations to collect damages from the Canadian government for the citizens of Northport. The State Department pressed the case of the U.S. citizens, and the Canadian Consul-General wrote the prime minister that their nation was facing what amounted to an international lawsuit. The Canadian government suggested that the fumes problem should be placed on the agenda of the International Joint Commission (IJC). The IJC did not consider the case until August 1928. In 1931, the IJC recommended that the Canadian government stop polluting the atmosphere and pay damage's assessed against the corporation in the amount of $350,000. The U.S. government, speaking for all of the claimants, refused to accept the $350,000 award, and asked that the case be reexamined by an arbitration tribunal. In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt formally announced that the Treaty of Arbitration was in effect (Northport Pioneers 1981). The Tribunal was constituted under, and its powers derived from and limited by, the Convention between the United States of America and the Dominion of Canada signed at Ottawa in 1935, also termed "The Convention" (Cloutier 1941). In 1938, the appointed members of the tribunal announced its decision assessing an additional $78,000 in damages for injuries sustained from 1932 to 1937. They also decided that a regime or measure of control should be applied to the operations of the Trail Smelter and should remain in full force unless and until modified in accordance with the amendment or suspension of the regime. The Tribunal also decided that no damage caused by the Trail Smelter in the Washington State occurred with respect to the period from October 1, 1937 to October 1, 1940. The Tribunal also found that, under the principles of international law, as well as the law of the U.S., no state has the right to use or permit the use of its territory in such a manner as to cause injury by fumes in or to the territory of another or the properties or persons therein, when the case is of serious consequence and the injury is established by clear and convincing evidence. Considering the 10: START-2\01020028\S772 2-15 ------- circumstances of the case, the Tribunal held that the Dominion of Canada is responsible in international law for the conduct of the Trail Smelter. Apart from the undertakings of the Convention, the Tribunal held that it is the duty of the Government of the Dominion of Canada to see to it that the conduct of the Trail Smelter be in conformity with the obligation of the Dominion under international law. (Cloutier 1941) 2.3.3 Pulp Industry Celgar Pulp Company (Celgar) operates a bleach kraft pulp mill in Castlegar, B.C., approximately 30 RMs upstream from the U.S.-Canada border (Figure 2-4). From 1961 until mid-1993, the mill primarily used chlorine in its bleaching process. The pulp mill discharged effluent containing chlorinated organic compounds, including dioxins and furans, into the Columbia River (USGS 1994). As a result of concerns about health implications of dioxin and furan levels in fish downstream of pulp mills, the provincial and federal governments initiated fish sampling in the Columbia River from 1988 to 1990 as part of a nationwide survey. Levels in a variety of species downstream of Celgar, including rainbow trout, showed low or normal background levels of contamination, with the exception of whitefish, which showed levels above background. In response to these findings, a consumption advisory was issued by the local Medical Health Officer recommending that consumers of whitefish caught in the vicinity of the area from the Hugh Keenlyside Dam to the U.S.-Canada border limit their consumption to one meal per week. The 1990 whitefish consumption advisory prompted voluntary changes to the mill's bleach plant to reduce chlorinated furan (i.e., 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofurans) effluent discharges into the Columbia River. (Celgar 1994) In 1993, Celgar completed a major expansion and modernization project including the installation of a new bleach plant that uses chlorine dioxide instead of chlorine for bleaching pulp and a secondary treatment process for plant effluent. According to Celgar, in the process of modernization, which included reduction of chlorine usage, the plant reduced discharges of furans and by 1993 had reduced dioxin and furan concentrations in effluent to below minimum detection limits. In 1995, the Medical Health Officer removed the whitefish consumption advisory (USGS 1994, Celgar 1994). As a result of pulp process effluent discharges, a fibre mat formed downstream of Celgar's outfalls. Fibre mats often form when effluent containing wood debris and pulp fibres is discharged into an aquatic environment and then settles to the substrate and accumulates. While fibre mats are readily degraded by microorganisms (producing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by-products), they often contain persistent chemicals from pulp production and bleaching processes. Persistent chemicals documented in 10:START-2\01020028VS772 2-16 ------- other fibre mats have included polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins, and heavy metals. (USGS 1994) In 1994, a physical, chemical, andvideo survey of the fibre mat located downstream of Celgar's discharge was conducted for comparison with similar surveys done in 1990 and 1992, EVS Consultants prepared a report on the fibre mat for Celgar which was submitted to the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Land, and Parks in 1995. The study states that the fibre mat adjacent to the mill had decreased in size and character as a result of process changes, and that the remaining mat now consisted of black silt (flyash) and a wood debris mix. Recommended areas of study identified by EVS Consultants include: characterize the fibre mat for organic contaminants, especially dioxins and furans; assess the toxicity of the fibre mat to benthic invertebrates; monitor contaminant concentrations of dioxin and furan in mountain whitefish and suckers for comparison with historical data; conduct an intensive survey of benthic macroinvertebrates; and, describe and determine the physical extent of the fibre mat. (Celgar 1994) In July 1998, October 1998, and September 1999, Hatfield Consultants Ltd, consultants for Celgar, conducted additional field surveys including sublethal toxicological testing of final effluent, an adult fish survey to evaluate the effects of effluent on fisheries resources, an erosional benthic invertebrate survey, fibre mat monitoring, and dioxin and furan monitoring of fish tissues and sediments. As a result of these investigations, Hatfield Consultants LTD concluded the following: • Celgar effluent did not negatively impact aquatic life; • Nutrient enrichment was not indicated for benthic invertebrate communities near the facility; • Mountain whitefish and largescale suckers near the facility did not appear to be negatively impacted; • Algae (Selenastrum) and invertebrate (C. dubia) reproduction exhibited a very low toxicity to final effluent within 120 meters of the diffuser; • Organochlorine concentrations in the fibre mat had declined, however, downstream stations (at 120 meters and 160 meters) indicated some toxicity and reduced benthic invertebrate communities; and • Sediment and fish tissue dioxin and furan levels were below the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks objectives. (Celgar 2000) 10.ST ART-2\01020028\S"772 2-17 ------- 2.3.4 Other Potential Sources of Contamination Cominco's 1997 environmental report identified Stoney Creek, located just upstream of the Cominco smelter near RM 755, as a significant contributor of contaminants to the Columbia River (Cominco 1998a). Data collected in 1995 show that the concentrations of dissolved arsenic, cadmium, and zinc in Stoney Creek (Topping Creek) are higher than those in the effluents from the metallurgical sewers (MacDonald 1997). The Stoney Creek watershed is affected by Teck Cominco's historic waste dumping and current storage activities, which contribute metal-laden drainage from seepage and surface runoff, as well as runoff from the urban area and a municipal landfill (G3 Consulting 2001b). Cominco's 1997 environmental report identified seepage from an old landfill site and an old arsenic storage site as the source of contaminants from Stoney Creek (Cominco 1998a). Teck Cominco completed installation of a seepage collection system in 1999 to collect and divert water from Stoney Creek (G3 Consulting 2001 b). Water and sediment in Stoney Creek contained elevated arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc levels compared to other tributaries. Stoney Creek metal levels in both water (loads, calculated as concentration multiplied by flow) and sediment were reportedly reduced substantially between 1995 and 1999, with the exception of copper levels, which increased in sediment. (G3 Consulting 2001b) There are 54 storm sewers draining into the Columbia River from the City of Trail, B.C. (MacDonald 1997). It is likely that storm water and snowmelt drainage from the cities of Trail and Rossland also contribute significant quantities of contaminants (suspended solids, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and other hydrocarbons, and metals) to the river (MacDonald 1997). In addition, the effluents from the municipal sewage treatment plants at Castlegar and Trail contribute to waste loadings in the system (MacDonald 1997). Permitted waste discharges also enter the upper Columbia River indirectly via the Colville River. These are mostly treated municipal wastes discharged into the Colville River from the cities of Colville, Washington, and nearby Chewelah, Washington (USGS 1994). 2.4 PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS Past investigations of the upper Columbia River have been conducted at varying levels of scope. A summary of previous investigations is provided in the Upper Columbia River/Lake Roosevelt Preliminary Assessment Report (E & E 2000). Past sediment studies have demonstrated the presence of hazardous substances including arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in sediments collected from the upper Columbia River. A 1992 study by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessed the sediment quality of Lake Roosevelt and the reach of the Columbia River downstream from the U.S.-Canada border. The study 10:START-2\01020028NS772 2-18 ------- area included Lake Roosevelt and the Columbia River from the Grand Coulee Dam to the international border with Canada. Elevated copper and zinc concentrations were associated with sandy sediment found in the Northport reach of the Columbia River. In the study, the elevated concentrations in bed sediments were explained by the presence of slag particles that contained concentrations of these trace elements as high as 6,000 milligrams per kilogram (mglcg) for copper and 25,000 mg/kg for zinc. The slag particles, consisting of dark glassy needles and angular grains, were progressively finer at sites with downstream distance. The presence of slag is likely a major influence on the benthic invertebrate communities in the erosional habitat. A benthic invertebrate community includes the different taxa, or types, of invertebrates that reside in or on the bottom of rivers and lakes. Many invertebrate species that reside in erosional habitats require the spaces that occur in the substrate matrix. Small grain particles, as in silt or slag, can reduce liveability by altering water movement, food quality, oxygen availability, and interstitial areas. An analysis of benthic invertebrate communities in the Columbia River showed evidence of environmental stress, most likely due to the presence of trace elements in bed sediments or the loss of physical habitat from slag deposition. The benthic invertebrate communities observed in the erosional habitats of the study area include midges (chironomids), worms (nematodes), and snails (gastropods). Aquatic earthworms (oligochaetes), a common component of benthic communities, were not observed from any of the erosional habitats. Lethal and sublethal effects were observed in laboratory toxicity tests of selected aquatic organisms exposed to bed sediments collected from the Columbia River near the U.S.- Canada boundary and from some sites in other reaches of Lake Roosevelt. A detailed discussion of the study by the USGS can be found in the USGS Open File Report 94-315. (USGS 1994) In 1994, the USGS, in cooperation with the LRWQC, analyzed a limited amount of fish tissue to determine levels of mercury and other metals in three fish species (walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout) in three reaches within the Columbia River: the reach between Northport and Kettle Falls, the Spokane River Arm reach, and the Sanpoil reach. The highest concentrations of mercury were found in walleye samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.11 mg'kg to 0.44 mg/kg. Smallmouth bass and rainbow trout samples also contained mercury, Jjut at lower concentrations. Although the Federal Food and Drug Administration standard of 1.0 parts per million was not exceeded, the USGS and WSDH issued a fact sheet that advised the public to limit consumption of walleye taken from Lake Roosevelt (USGS 1997). In 1998, the USGS initiated a follow-up fish tissue study to determine present concentrations of mercury, dioxins and furans, and PCBs, and if possible, determine if concentrations have changed since the 1994 studies. The study concluded that the concentrations of contaminants in 10:ST ART - 2\01020028\S772 2-19 ------- fish that were identified as a potential threat to human health have either not changed since the 1994 studies, or have decreased. The study found that concentrations of PCBs in rainbow trout remained elevated and did not appear to be decreasing. Although dioxins and furans were still present in sport fish, concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofurans had decreased in rainbowtrout, although not in whitefish. The study found that concentrations of total mercury in walleye decreased by about 50% from 1994 to 1998. However, the WSDH determined that the small sample size collected for this study (eight fish per reach) was not adequate to change the current consumption recommendations for this species (Duff 2002). The WSDH currently has a health advisory in place for the consumption of walleye, whitefish, and sturgeon from Lake Roosevelt due to mercury anddioxin concerns. The health advisory for mercury in these fish is a state-wide advisory. (WSDH 2002a) Studies conducted by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) and the USGS have included bioassay tests on Lake Roosevelt and upper Columbia River sediments (Ecology 2001). Significant toxicity was reported at seven main stem Columbia River locations and near the mouths of the Kettle and Sanpoil rivers, which are tributaries to the Columbia River (Ecology 2001). Based on the toxicity results, these nine sediment sites were included on the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 303(d) list of impaired water bodies for 1998 (Ecology 2001). Ecology's new listing policy as it relates to sediments in Lake Roosevelt remains the same (White 2002). In May 2001, Ecology conducted a reassessment of sediment toxicity in Lake Roosevelt and the upstream reach of the Columbia River by analyzing sediment metals and toxicity at the nine sites previously found to have sediment toxicity, and at a reference site located at Lower Arrow Lake in Canada. A map showing Ecology's approximate sediment sampling locations is presented in Figure 2-5. The objectives of the survey were to obtain current data on sediment metals concentrations and toxicity on the nine CWA 303(d) listed sites within Lake Roosevelt and the upstream reach of the Columbia River, and to determine if the sites should remain on the CWA 303(d) list. (Ecology 2001) Sediment samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. Bioassays for sediment toxicity included Chironomus tentans 20-day survival and growth, Hyalella azteca 10-day survival, and Microtox® 100% porewater. Ecology noted that sediment samples taken at the upper Columbia River sampling sites (sites 1 to 3) consisted of a visibly dark sandy mixture, which Ecology determined could possibly indicated the presence of slag from the Cominco smelter. Elevated levels of copper and zinc were found at these same three sites. From this information, Ecology concluded that slag material may still be present in the upper Columbia River. (Ecology 2001) 10:ST ART-2\01020028\S772 2-20 ------- T he study found that metals concentrations and toxicity levels in Lake Roosevelt and upper Columbia River sediments remain relatively high. Ail but one sampling site (near Grand Coulee Dam) had at least one elevated toxicity level from the suite of bioassay tests performed on the sediments. In Lake Roosevelt, cadmium, mercury, and zinc concentrations were elevated, in the upper Columbia River reach, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were elevated. (Era and Serdar 2001) Although the bioassay listing decisions for the study did not depend on the results of metal concentrations for Lake Roosevelt sediments, Ecology noted the relationship between sediment toxicity and metals concentrations. Ecology compared metals concentrations to Freshwater Sediment Quality Values (FSQVs) for metals in Washington State and to Consensus-Based Threshold Effects Concentrations (TECs) for freshwater sediments shown in Table 2-3. Ecology's 2001 sampling found that metals concentrations and toxicity levels in Lake Roosevelt and the upper Columbia River remain relatively high. Based on the existing policy for CWA 303(d) listings, eight of the nine sediment sites should be listed on the CWA 303(d) list of impaired water bodies (Ecology 2001). 10:START-2\0102O028\S772 2-21 ------- Table 2-1 TONS OF TAIL SLAG PRODUCED BY THE COMINCO SMELTER 1894 to 1994 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Average Tail Slag Lead Blast Furnace Slag Tail Slag per Day Year (tons) (tons) (tons) (tons) 1894 to 1905 33,577 47,008 39,957 9 1906 7,567 10,594 9,005 25 1907 10,192 14,269 12,128 33 1908 16,078 22,509 19,133 52 1909 21,838 30,573 25,987 71 1910 21,184 29,658 25,209 69 1911 12,013 16,818 14,295 39 1912 13,036 18,250 15,513 43 1913 24,163 33,828 28,754 79 1914 17,309 24,233 20,598 56 1915 20,089 28,125 23,906 65 1916 19,987 27,982 23,785 65 1917 22,130 30,982 26,335 72 1918 19,423 27,192 23,113 63 1919 20,855 29,197 24,817 68 1920 13,237 18,532 15,752 43 1921 28,842 40,379 34,322 94 1922 42,176 59,046 50,189 138 1923 47,971 67,159 57,085 156 1924 80,700 112,980 96,033 263 1925 118,040 165,256 140,468 385 1926 131,053 183,474 155,953 427 1927 145,521 203,729 173,170 474 1928 159,416 223,182 189,705 520 1929 150,217 210,304 178,758 490 1930 151,492 212,089 180,275 494 1931 138,843 194,380 165.223 453 1932 126,619 177.267 150.677 413 1933 127,319 178,247 151,510 415 1934 157,674 220.744 187.632 514 1935 164,329 230.061 195,552 536 1936 182,541 255.557 217,224 595 1937 206,579 289,211 245.829 674 1938 201,574 282.204 239,873 657 1939 191,439 268.015 227,812 624 1940 220,602 308.843 262,516 719 1941 229,203 320,884 272.752 747 1942 245,800 344.120 292.502 801 1943 224,845 314.783 267,566 733 1944 144,267 201,974 171.678 470 1945 163,266 228.572 194,287 532H 1946 165,849 232.189 197.360 : , M 2-22 Page 1 of 3 ------- Table 2-1 TONS OF TAIL SLAG PRODUCED BY THE COMINCO SMELTER 1894 to 1994 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Average Tail Slag Lead Blast Furnace Slag Tail Slag per Day Year (tons) (tons) (tons) (tons) 1947 162,155 227,017 192,964 529 1948 160,107 224,150 190,527 522 1949 146,176 204,646 173,949 477 1950 170,364 238,510 202,733 555 1951 162,712 227,797 193,627 53.0 1952 183,389 256,745 218,233 598 1953 166,356 232,898 197,964 542 1954 166,379 232,931 197,991 542 1955 149,795 209,713 178,256 488 1956 149,262 208,967 177,622 487 1957 144,017 201,624 171,380 470 1958 134,827 188,758 160,444 440 1959 140,881 197,233 167,648 459 1960 160,079 224,111 190,494 522 1961 171,833 240,566 204,481 560 1962 152,217 213,104 181,138 496 1963 155,001 217,001 184,451 505 1964 151,372 211,921 180,133 494 1965 186,484 261,078 221,916 608 1966 184,871 258,819 219,996 603 1967 187,567 262,594 223,205 612 1968 199,258 278,961 237,117 650 1969 195,822 274,151 233,028 638 1970 219,396 307,154 261,081 715 1971 163,000 228,200 193,970 531 1972 170,000 238,000 202,300 554 1973 172,000 240,800 204,680 561 1974 95,000 133,000 113,050 310 1975 138,000 193,200 164,220 450 1976 142,000 198,800 168,980 463 1977 150,000 210,000 178,500 489 1978 147,000 205,800 174,930 479 1979 140,000 196,000 166,600 456 1980 130,000 182,000 154,700 424 1981 131,500 184,100 156,485 429 1982 126,600 177,240 150,654 413 1983 132,300 185,220 157,437 431 1984 129,700 181,580 154,343 423 1985 132,300 185,220 157,437 431 1986 122,300 171,220 145,537 399 1987 87,700 122,780 104,363 286 1988 132,400 185,360 157,556 432 2-23 Page 2 of 3 ------- Table 2-1 TONS OF TAIL SLAG PRODUCED BY THE COMINCO SMELTER 1894 to 1994 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Year Lead (tons) Blast Furnace Slag (tons) Tail Slag (tons) Average Tail Slag per Day (tons) 1989 114,100 159,740 135,779 372 1990 71,800 100,520 85,442 234 1991 96,000 134,400 114,240 313 1992 100,900 141,260 120,071 329 1993 96,130 134,582 114,395 313 1994 109,729 153,621 130,578 358 Total 11,269,634 15,777,488 13,410,864 Source: Hurst 2003. 2-24 Page 3 of 3 ------- Table 2-2 REPORTED SPILLS FROM THE COMINCO SMELTER TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER 1987 TO 2001 ADAPTED FROM ENVIRONMENT CANADA SPILLTRACKER DATABASE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Year Date Contaminant Reported Quantity 1987 September 2 Sulphuric acid (50%) 15 metric tons 1988 November 25 Zinc solution (150 grams per liter) 5 metric tons" 1989 May 1 Neutral thickener 60,000 liters July 16 Gypsum and phosphoric acid unknown8 July 17 Arsenic unknown" August 18 Yellow substance 305 meters long 1990 January 20 Sulphuric acid (93%) unknown' March 6 Mercury 14 kilograms June 11 Sulphuric acid 909 liters August 24 Sulphuric acid 16,000 liters September 4 Zinc electrolyte unknown 1991 January 30 Zinc 576 kilograms February 5 Copper sulphate solution 3,000 liters February 7 Phosphoric acid 0.9 to 1.8 metric tons February 11 Sulfide residue (zinc) 4,546 liters March 16 Sulphuric acid 4.54 metric tons April 2 Phosphoric acid 15 metric tons April 6 Phosphoric acid 1.35 metric tons April 13 Sulphuric acid (15%) 1,000 liters Sulphuric acid (160 grams per liter) unknown April 21 Zinc return acid (160 grams per liter) 220 liters May 13 Zinc slurry 22.7 liters Ammonia 90.9 liters June 15 Phosphoric acid (weak) 2 metric tons June 21 Phosphoric acid unknown Phosphates 6.7 metric tons June 24 Phosphoric acid (27%) 2.72 to 3.63 metric tons August 1 Coal dust/water 220 liters September 9 Furnace oil 50 metric tons September 16 Sodium bisulphite (20 liters per minute) unknown Sulphuric acid 132 to 176 liters December 7 Zinc electrolyte 881 liters December 20 Zinc pressure leach slurry 2,273 liters 1992 March 11 Phosphate unknown April 2 Phosphate unknown April 20 Zinc electrolyte solution 25,000 liters April 22 Sulfide leach residue unknown" May 23 Zinc electrolyte solution 350 liters" May 26 Phosphoric acid (21%) 5 metric tons July 11 Phosphoric acid unknown July 23 Compressor oil 25 liters August 3 Sulphuric acid unknown" September 30 Mercury 15 kilograms November 3 Sulphuric acid 434 kilograms Page 1 of3 2-25 ------- Table 2-2 REPORTED SPILLS FROM THE COMINCO SMELTER TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER 1987 TO 2001 ADAPTED FROM ENVIRONMENT CANADA SPILLTRACKER DATABASE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY. WASHINGTON Year Date Contaminant Reported Quantity 1992 (cont.) December 8 Ammonium sulphate 12.3 metric tons December 11 Ammonium sulphate 12 metric tons December 16 Sulphuric acid (93%) 25 to 30 metric tons 1993 January 5 Mercury up to 7 kilograms January 7 Sulphuric acid (50 grams per liter) 13,000 metric tons " Zinc sulphate (150 grams per liter) 600 kilograms March 14 Ammonia unknown June 10 Mercury 1S kilograms July 30 Sulphuric acid 10 metric tans September 4 Arsenic (dissolved) 60 to 65 kilograms November 3 Gidmium oxide unknown December 9 Arsenic (dissolved) 22 kilograms 1994 February 9 Arsenic 20 kilograms February 10 Mercury 1.3 kilograms March 5 Chlorine < 1 kilogram June 1 Ammonium sulphate 2 cubic meters June 13 Ammonium sulphate unknown JuW 4 Mercury < 1 kilogram October 5 Ammonia 3,500 kilograms October 24 Zinc oxide unknown 1995 March 10 Dissolved cadmium 70 kilograms Mav22 Coal dust suspected unknown June 13 Zinc 960 kilograms June 25 Sulphuric acid ~1,000 liters 1996 January 17 Sulphuric acid and zinc 40,000 liters February 26 Fume lead slurry 3 cubic meters February 27 Sodium carbonate 3 cubic meters Zinc 0.5 kilogram Lead 0.3 kilogram Cadmium 0.01 kilogram ADril 7 White solution and foam unknown Mav23 White discoloration unknown Mav 10 Slae 25 metric tons November 8 Barren slae 35 metric tons December 31 White oxide dust unknown J 997 March 13 Dissolved cadmium and mercury 3,000 kilograms March 25 Dissolved cadmium 22 kilograms May 20 Acidic solution unknown July 23 Zinc slurry 500 kilograms December 17 Zinc and mercury 700 liters 1998 March 6 Slurry with arsenic 5 cubic meters Aoril 7 Barren slag ] metric ton Mav 3 Cadmium solution 15 kilograms June 2 Total arsenic 20.36 kilograms II August 20 Slag, lead, zinc, water -25,000 liters . U Page 2 of 3 2-26 ------- Table 2-2 REPORTED SPILLS FROM THE COMINCO SMELTER TO THE COLUMBIA RIVER 1987 TO 2001 ADAPTED FROM ENVIRONMENT CANADA SPILLTRACKER DATABASE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Year Date Contaminant Reported Quantity 1998 (cont.) October 24 Granulated slag 15 minutes duration November 24 Arsenic 20 kilograms December 25 Zinc 87 kilograms Cadmium 3 kilograms 200.0 February 18 Zinc 350 kilograms Cadmium compound 10.5 kilograms 2001 May 27 Oil 10 liters Source: MacDonald 1997; Boyd 2003 " Surface spills - potential for groundwater contamination. 2-27 Page 3 of3 ------- Table 2-3 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY 2001 SAMPLING EVENT COMPARISON OF METALS IN LAKE ROOSEVELT SEDIMENTS TO TECs and FSQVs FOR FRESHWATER SEDIMENTS UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Site Name Station (mg/kg) | Number Arsenic Cadmium Copper Lead | Mercury Zinc R Lower Arrow Lake 10 2.0 U 0.47 3.5 11 0.0004 U 26.9 Boundary 1 6.6 M 494 182 0.10 3730 Auxiliary Gage 2 5.0 18.0 2210 324 0.02 16100 Goodeve Creek 3 20.0 16.2 2210 344 0.08 12200 | Kettle River 4 2.0 U L0 16 5 0.0007 U 34 | Castle Rock 5 8.3 M 66 173 0.68 471 E Whitestone Creek 6 13.0 11.9 1A 285 1.2S 952 1 Whitestone Creek (duplicate) 6 13.0 12.4 76 292 1.07 979 | Sanpoil 7 3.5 L2 20 19 0.03 70 | Swawilla Basin 8 11.0 12.4 73 295 1.25 1040 Grand Coulee Dam 9 92 1.8 11 17 0.03 86 Consensus-Based TECs* 9.79 0.99 31.6 35.8 0.18 121 FSQVs 57 5.1 390 450 0.41 410 Source: Ecology 2001. Note: Bold type indicates sample concentration is above tfce FSQV. Ihidertined type indicates the sample concentration is above the TEC a Guideline used to evaluate the relationship between metals concentrations and the possibility of effects to benthic life. TECs are concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment dwelling organisms are not expected to occur, b Value used to evaluate potential effects of metals concentrations to benthic life. Key: FSQV = Freshwater Sediment Qualify Values. mg/Vg = milligrams per kilogram. TEC = Threshold Effects Concentrations. U - The analyte was not detected. The associated numerical value is the contract required detection limit. 2-28 ------- 3. FIELD ACTIVITIES AND ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL A SQAP for the upper Columbia River ESI activities was developed by WESTON prior to performing the field sampling (WESTON 2001a). The SQAP was based on background information collected by E & E. The SQAP describes the sampling strategy, sampling methodology, and analytical program used to identify hazardous substances potentially present in sediments within the upper Columbia River and the potential impact to targets. A detailed discussion of field activities and analytical protocol for the nine sediment samples collected from the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas at Le Roi/Northport Smelter can be found in the Upper Columbia River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report (E & E 2002a). The field sampling event was conducted with the assistance of various organizations and individuals. Mark Munn and G1 Bortleson (retired) of the USGS provided planning and logistical advice to the field crew. Craig Sprankle of the BOR, provided updated information on lake levels and draw down operations. Adeline Fredin of the Colville Confederated Tribes History/Archaeology Department facilitated coordination of the EPA's planned sampling activities with the Colville Confederated Tribes' Archaeology Department. Steve Tromly, archaeologist with the Colville Confederated Tribes' History/Archaeology Department provided archaeology assistance in the field. Ray DePi^dt, NPS Archaeologist and Scott Hebner, NPS Natural Resource Specialist, provided archaeology assistance in the field, and reviewed all proposed river sediment sampling locations. Approximately 15 sampling locations were offset in order to avoid known cultural resources. Vaughn Baker, Gig LeBret, and Dan Mason of the NPS made park resources available to the field sampling crew, including provisions for back-up vessels and emergency assistance, and secure overnight equipment storage. A1 Johnson of the U.S. Forest Service assisted with sample collection. Dennis Francis of the City of Grand Coulee assisted in locating and providing access to drinking water supply sampling points at the City of Grand Coulee. Sampling was conducted using EPA research vessels (R.V. Monitor, and a 17-foot Boston Whaler) operated by Doc Thompson and Dave Terpening of the EPA. The field event was conducted by WESTON from May 14 to June 28, 2001. In total, 195 samples were collected (Figure 3-1) from the upper Columbia River and potential receptors/targets. Potential receptors/targets may include wetland areas, fisheries, surface water intakes, sensitive 10:START-2\01020028\S772 3-1 ------- environments, etc. as defined in the EPA HRS; Final Rule (EPA 1990). Samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) metals, chlorinated pesticides (pesticides)/PCBs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and total organic carbon (TOC). The samples collected consist of: Upper Columbia River and its Tributaries • 49 surface sediment samples between RM 675 and the U.S.-Canada border. • 110 surface sediment samples from tributaries to the upper Columbia River between RM 675 and the U.S.-Canada border. • 9 sediment samples from the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas at the Le Roi/Northport Smelter collected by E & E during the June 29, 2001 sampling event. Grand Coulee Dam • 3 sediment samples near the Grand Coulee Dam. • 1 surface water sample from the City of Grand Coulee municipal drinking water system distribution point (CW001) and 1 surface water sample from Lake Roosevelt near the system intake (CW002). Pend Oreille County and Stevens County (in conjunction with mine and mill site visits) • 10 sediment/soil samples from locations upstream/upland of mine and mill sites visited in Pend Oreille County and Stevens County. • 7 surface water samples from tributaries to the lower Pend Oreille River and upper Columbia River. • 6 soil samples from mine and mill sites visited. Discussions of analytical results in this report will be limited to only TAL metals results from the sediment samples collected in the upper Columbia River. Tributary sediment sample results are presented in a December 2001 trip report prepared for the EPA by WESTON (WESTON 2001b). A copy of analytical results tables from this report are included in Appendix C, Figures depicting data results of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in tributary sediment samples are provided in Appendix D. Samples near the Grand Coulee Dam were collected to determine the concentration of potential hazardous substances near or at the municipal intake. Since these samples were collected outside the ESI study area (i.e., the U.S.-Canada border to RM 675), they will not be included in the surface water targets discussed in Section 7 of this report. However, analytical data summary tables for these samples are provided in Appendix C. The two surface water samples collected from the City of Grand Coulee 1OSTART- 2\01020028'\S772 3-2 ------- municipal drinking water system distribution point (CW001) and from Lake Roosevelt near the system intake (CW002) did not contain pesticide/PCBs or SVOCs at concentrations above detection limits. The analysis for VOCs revealed the presence of chloroform at 26 micrograms per liter in water sample CW001. The concentration of chloroform and detected metal concentrations were not above existing federal drinking water standards. A discussion of analytical results for samples collected in conjunction with the Stevens County and Pend Oreille County mine and mill site visits can be found in the Upper Columbia River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report, dated October 2002 and the Lower Pend Oreille River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report, dated April 2002 (E & E 2002a; E & E 2002b). 3.1 SAMPLING MEraO DO LOGY ESI sample identification, types, and methods of collection are described below. A list of all samples collected for laboratory analysis are contained in Table 3-1. A discussion of the upper Columbia River sediment sample results is contained in Section 6. Photographic documentation of ESI field activities are contained in Appendix E. 3.1.1 Sample Identification At the request of the EPA, station identification (ID) codes applied in the field were revised for reporting purposes to follow a sequential order from downstream to upstream along the river. Table 3-1 presents the original station codes (listed as the Internal Sample ID) and its corresponding new station code (listed as the Station ID). The sample IDs consist of a two-letter code indicating the station type, followed by a three-digit sequential number. The following station type codes were used: CS — Columbia River sediment CW — Columbia River surface water TS — Tributary sediment US — Tributary sediment/soil (upstream/upland sampling location) UW — Upland surface water RS — Rinsate of sediment sampling equipment RW — Rinsate of water sampling equipment TB — Trip Blank 10:START-2\01020028\S772 3-3 ------- 3.1.2 EPA Contract Laboratory Program Sediment Sampling Sediment samples were collected from the upper Columbia River, including Lake Roosevelt, during a period of draw down/rapid refill. The mean high water (MHW) or average annual full pool elevation for Lake Roosevelt is 1,290 feet AMSL. All sediment samples from the river were collected from locations below the apparent MHW elevation, as determined by estimated water level elevations and observed shoreline MHW level indicators (e.g., watermarks on shoreline, tree lines). Water levels measured at Grand Coulee Dam during the river sediment sampling period ranged from 1,237.01 feet AMSL on May 14, 2001, to 1,277.88 feet AMSL on June 8, 2001. Many ofthe sampling locations were subaerially exposed during the sampling event because of the low water levels. Both exposed and submerged sediment samples were collected. The sediment samples were collected from the most downstream locations to the most upstream locations. All sediment samples were collected using stainless steel sampling equipment, including a petit ponar dredge, hand auger, and/or bowls and spoons. All sampling was conducted in accordance with the procedures outlined in the SQAP (WESTON 2001a). Submerged stations were sampled using a petit ponar dredge sampler deployed from the EPA research vessel Monitor. Sampling with the petit ponar dredge required between one and five grabs to collect the required sample volume. Penetration depths using the dredge ranged from 0 to 5 inches below the sediment surface. The sediment samples at Haag Cove (CSO17) and Pingston Creek (CS024) were collected from depth intervals ranging from 18 to 24 inches belowthe sediment surface. All other sediment samples were collected from 0 to 8 inches belowthe sediment surface. Tributary sampling locations were identified based on USGS7.5-minute series topographic maps. Samples from tributaries were collected using a bowl and spoon. Water depths at tributary sampling locations were generally 0 to 4 inches, but depths up to 12 inches were recorded. Depths of tributary sediment samples ranged from 0.5 to 10 inches belowthe sediment surface. Observations of sample material characteristics such as grain size, color, odor, and the presence of debris (including suspected slag material) were noted on a Field Sampling Record Form for each sample (Appendix F). Sample grain size was described according to visually estimated percentages of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. After the sample containers were filled, the samples were photographed and packed in coolers with ice for shipment to analytical laboratories. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 3-4 ------- 3.2 ANALYTICAL PROTOCOLS In general, all samples were analyzed in accordance with the methods and procedures specified in the SQAP (WESTON 2001 a). A summary of chemical analyses performed on each sample and a summary of sample QA/QC analysis is presented in Appendix G. 3.3 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The locations illustrated in the figures are based on differentially corrected Global Positioning System (GPS) data recorded in the field using NAD 83 datum and on location notes recorded on Field Sample Record forms. A table of corrected GPS coordinates and location notes for each sampling station is provided in Appendix H. Copies of the Field Sample Record Forms for each sample are provided in Appendix F. 3.4 EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION AND INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE Procedures specified in the SQAP (WESTON 2001a) for decontaminating equipment and disposing of investigation-derived waste (IDW) were followed during field activities. Every effort was made to minimize the need for decontamination of sampling equipment through the use of dedicated pre-cleaned sampling equipment (e.g., bowls, spoons); however, the use of non-dedicated sampling equipment (e.g., dredge samplers) was required in some locations, as discussed previously. When used, the non-dedicated sampling equipment was decontaminated prior to each use to avoid sample cross-contamination. WESTON made every effort to minimize the generation of IDW that could not be disposed of as solid waste. All extra sediment volume collected for a sample remained at the sampling location. Disposable personal protective equipment generated during field activities was double-bagged in plastic garbage bags and disposed of at a solid waste disposal facility. No IDW water was generated during the investigation. ] 0:START-2\01020028\S772 3-5 ------- Table 3-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Station ID Station DescriDtion Sample Identification Analyses Samole Date Sample Time Sample Interval (inches below media surface) Regional Tracking# Inorganic CLP# Organic CLP# Internal Samole ID TAL Metals pesticide/ PCBs roc CS004 Lake Roosevelt near Inchelium 0-4" 01204110 MJ08Z0 JX433 CR-005-SD X X X 17-May-01 1000 CS005 Lake Roosevelt at point south of Hall Creek 0-4" 01204111 MJ08Z1 JX434 CR-006-SD X X X 17-May-01 1045 CS006 Lake Roosevelt at Mission Point 0-4" 01204112 MJ08Z2 JX435 CR-007-SD X X X 17-May-01 1130 H CS007 Lake Roosevelt north of Daisy Station 0-2" 01204113 MJ08Z3 JX436 CR-008-SD X X X 17-May-01 1330 1 CS008 Lake Roosevelt south of Cheweka Creek 0-4" 01204114 MJ08Z4 JX437 CR-009-SD X X X 17-May-01 1415 I CS009 Lake Roosevelt south of Chalk Grade Point 0-7" 0120411S MJ08Z5 JX438 CR-010-SD X X X 17-May-01 1445 CS010 Lake Roosevelt south of Bamaby Island © © 1ft * 01204116 MJ08Z6 JIX439 CR-011-SD X X X 17-May-01 1600 CS011 Lake Roosevelt on fiats north of Quiilisascut Creek 0-2" 01204117 MJ08Z7 1X440 CR-012-SD X X X 17-May-01 1700 CS012 Lake Roosevelt on flats north of Quiilisascut Creek 0-3" 01204118 MJ08Z8 JX441 CR-013-SD X X X 18-May-01 1030 CS013 Lake Roosevelt on flats between French Point Rocks and La Hear Creek 0-4" 01204119 MJ08Z9 JX442 CR-014-SD X X X 18-May-01 1100 CS014 Late Roosevelt on mid- channel bar east of French Point Rocks 0-4" 01204120 MJ0900 JX443 CR-015-SD X X X 18-May-01 1230 CS01S Lake Roosevelt north of French Point 0-8" 01204121 MJ0901 JX444 CR-016-SD X X X 18-May-01 1330 CS016 Lake Roosevelt on flats North of Bradbury Beach 0-1" 01204122 MJ0902 JX445 CR-017-SD X X X 18-May-01 1430 CS0I7 Lake Roosevelt on flats fronting Haag Cove 0-6" 01204123 MJ0903 JX446 CR-018-SD X X X 18-May-01 1530 1 CS017 Lake Roosevelt on flats fronting Haag Cove . 18-24" 01204124 MJ09E2 . 1X550 CR-066-SD X X X 18-May-01 1545 J CS018 Lake Roosevelt on flats south ofColville River „ 0-6.5" 012O4125 MJ0904 JX447 CR-019-SD X X X 19-May-01 900 CS019 Lake Roosevelt in bay at Colville River mouth 0-5" 01204126 MJ0905 JX448 CR-020-SD X X X 19-May-01 1045 CS020 Lake Roosevelt south of Boise Cascade Log Boom 0-4" 01204127 MJ0908 JX451 CR-023-SD X X X 19-May-01 1130 CS021 Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats, northwest of Martin Spring Creek 0-4" 01214102 MJ0907 JX450 CR-022-SD X X X 21-May-01 1030 Page 1 of4 3-6 ------- Table 3-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Station ID CS022 Station Description Sample Interval (inches below media surface) Sample Identification Analyses Sample Date Sample Time Regional Trackine # Inorganic CLP# Organic CLP# Internal Sample ID TAL Metals pesticide/ PCBs TOC Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats, southwest of Pingston Creek 0-4" 01214104 MJ0909 JX452 CR-024-SD X X X 21-May-01 1050 CS023 Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats (west bank) 0 < 0.25" 01214106 MJ0910 JX453 CR-025-SD X X X 21-May-01 1200 CS024 Marcus Flats, north of Pingston Creek 18-24" 01234124 MJ0BK4 JX804 CR-062-SD X X X 8-Jun-01 945 CS025 Lake Roosevelt on Marcus Flats west of Pingston Creek 0-3" 01214108 MJ0911 JX454 CR-026-SD X X X 21-May-01 1245 CS026 Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats, south of Marcus Island 0-3" 01214114 MJ0914 JX457 CR-029-SD X X X 21-May-01 1415 CS027 Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats, east of Kamloops 0-4" 01214110 MJ0912 JX455 CR-027-SD X X X 21-May-01 1330 CS028 Lake Roosevelt, Marcus Flats northeast 0-2" 01214112 MJ0913 JX456 CR-028-SD X X X 21-May-01 1445 CS029 Lake Roosevelt north of Summer Island 0-2" 01214116 MJ0915 JX458 CR-030-SD X X X 21-May-01 1545 CS030 Lake Roosevelt on flats at Evans Campground 0-1" 01214118 MJ0916 JX459 CR-031-SD X X X 21-May-01 1645 CS031 Lake Roosevelt east of Snag Cove 0-2" 01214120 MJ0917 JX460 CR-032-SD X X X 21-May-01 1800 CS032 Lake Roosevelt on flats south of Bossburg 0- 1" 01214122 MJ0918 JX461 CR-033-SD X X X 22-May-01 1000 CS033 Lake Roosevelt on flats north of Bossburg 0-5" 01214124 MJ0919 JX462 CR-034-SD X X X 22-May-01 1100 CS034 Lake Roosevelt on flats south of North Gorge (east bank) 0-1" 01214128 MJ0921 JX464 CR-036-SD X X X 22-May-01 1400 CS035 Lake Roosevelt on flats south of North Gorge (west bank) 0-0.25 " 01214126 MJ0920 JX463 CR-035-SD X X X 22-May-01 1200 CS036 Lake Roosevelt east of Flat Creek (north bank) 0-2" 01214130 MJ0922 JX465 CR-037-SD X X X 22-May-01 1500 CS037 Lake Roosevelt at China Bar 0-2" 01214132 MJ0923 JX466 CR-038-SD X X X 22-May-01 1630 CS038 Lake Roosevelt near navigation light south of Crown Creek 0-3" 01214134 MJ0924 JX467 CR-039-SD X X X 23-May-Ol 1015 CS039 Lake Roosevelt north of Rattlesnake Creek (east bank) 0-4" 01214136 MJ0925 JX468 CR-040-SD X X X 23-May-01 1130 ' ------- Table 3-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON CS040 Station DescriolioB Sample Interval (inches below media surface) Sample Identification Analyses Sample Date Sample Time Regional Tracking # Inorganic CLP# Organic CLP# Internal Sample ID TAL Metals pesticide/ PCBs TOC Lake Roosevelt north of Onion Creek 0-2" 01214138 MJ0926 JX469 CR-041-SD X X X 23-May-01 1245 CS041 Upper Columbia River southern tip of island northwest of Onion Creek 0-3" 01214140 MJ0927 JX470 CR-042-SD X X X 23-May-01 1330 CS042 Upper Columbia River southern tip of island south of Squaw Creek 0-2" 01214142 MJ0928 JX471 CR-043-SD X X X 23-May-01 1400 | CS043 Upper Columbia River north of Fivemile Creek 0-2" 01214144 MJ0929 JX472 CR-044-SD X X X 23-May-01 1515 1 CS044 Upper Columbia River on beach at Northport 0-4" 01224150 MJ0930 JX473 CR-045-SD X X X 31-May-01 1045 j CS04S Upper Columbia River north of Big Sheep Creek 0-3" 01224151 MJ0931 JX474 CR-046-SD X X X 31-May-01 1215 | CS046 Upper Columbia River south of Steamboat Rock 0-1" 01224154 MJ0932 JX475 CR-047-SD X X X 31-May-01 1430 CS047 Upper Columbia River northeast of Steamboat Rock 0-1" 01224155 MJ0933 JX476 CR-048-SD X X X 31-May-01 1515 CS048 Upper Columbia River north of Goodeve Creek 0-3" 01224157 MJ0934 JX477 CR-049-SD X X X 31-May-01 1630 CS049 Upper Columbia River on point bar southwest of Senver Creek 0-2" 01224160 MJ0935 JX478 CR-050-SD X X X l-Jun-01 930 CSOSO Upper Columbia River south of Tom Bush Creek 0-2" 01224162 MJ0936 JX479 CR-051-SD X X X l-Jun-01 1145 1 CS051 Upper Columbia River at "Black Sand Beach- 0-4" 01224163 MJ0937 JX480 CR-052-SD X X X 1 Jun-01 1230 | CS052 Upper Columbia River on boulder bar near border 0-3" 01224164 MJ0938 JX481 CR-053-SD X X X l-Jun-01 1415 NSSL01 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264431 MJ0GP0 NSSL01SD X 28-Jun-01 1315 NSSL02 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264432 MJ0GP1 NSSL02SD X 28-Jun-01 1350 NSSL03 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264433 MJ0GP2 NSSL03SD X 28-Jun-01 1410 NSSL04 Near Northport Smelter. 0-6" 01264434 MJ0GP3 NSSL04SD X 28-Jun-Ol 1420 NSSL05 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264435 MJ0GP4 NSSL05SD X 28-Jun-01 1430 NSSL06 . Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264436 MJ0GP5 NSSL06SD X 28-Jun-01 1515 I NSSL07 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264437 MJ0GP6 NSSL07SD X 28-Jun-01 1530 j NSSL08 NSSL09 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264438 MJ0GP7 NSSL08SD X 28-Jun-01 5545 1 Near Northport Smelter 0-6" 01264439 MJ0GP8 NSSL09SD X 28-Jun-01 1625 1 Page 3 of 4 3-8 ------- Key: # = Number. CLP = Contract Laboratory Program. ID = Identification. pesticide = Chlorinated pesticides. PCB = Potychlorinated biphenyls. TAL = Target analyte list. TOC = Total organic carbon. ------- 4. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL QA/QC data are necessary to determine precision and accuracy of analytical results and to demonstrate the absence of interferences and/or contamination of sampling equipment, glassware, and reagents. Specific QC requirements for laboratory analysis are incorporated in the USEPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statement of Work (SOW) for Inorganics Analysis ILM04.1 (EPA 2000), USEPA Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work for Organics Analysis OLM04.2 (EPA 1999a), and requirements listed in the other EPA analytical methods and laboratory standard operating procedures. These QC requirements or other equivalent requirements were followed for analytical work performed on the upper Columbia River ESI, unless otherwise noted. This section describes the QA/QC measures taken for the ESI and provides an evaluation of the usability of data presented in this report. A detailed discussion of QA/QC for the nine sediment samples collected from the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas at Le Roi/Northport Smelter can be found in the Upper Columbia River Mines and Mills Preliminary Assessments and Site Inspections Report (E & E 2002a). 4.1 LABORATORY ANALYSES A total of 212 samples (187 soil/sediment, 15 water including? QA/QC samples) were submitted to laboratories for analysis. Inorganic analyses of TAL metals were performed at Sentinel, Inc., of Huntsville, Alabama, and at DataChem Laboratories of Salt Lake City, Utah, following CLP SOW ILM04.1 (EPA 2000). Inorganics analyses of TOC were performed by North Creek Analytical (NCA) of Bothell, Washington, following EPA SW-846 Method 9060 (modified). Organics analyses for VOCs, SVOCs, and pesticide/PCBs were performed by Compuchem, Inc., of Cary, North Carolina. Additional pesticide/PCBs analyses were conducted by Mitkem, Inc., of Warwick, Rhode Island. All organics analyses followed CLP SOW OLM04.2 (EPA 1999a). 4.2 QA/QC SAMPLES QA/QC samples included laboratory duplicate samples, matrix spike (MS) and matrix spike duplicate (MSD) samples at a rate of one duplicate and one MS per 20 samples submitted to CLP laboratories for metals analysis. For organics and TOC analyses, QA/QC samples included MS and 10:START-2\01020028\S772 4-1 ------- MSD samples at a rate of one MS and one MSD per 20 samples submitted to CLP or commercial laboratories. 4.3 DATA VALIDATION All data from analyses performed at the CLP laboratories were reviewed and validated by EPA chemists or by chemists from their Environmental Services Assistance Team contractor. In the latter case, EPA chemists provided a QA review of the data deliverables generated by the contractor. Data qualifiers were applied as necessary according to the following guidance: USEPA Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data Review (EPA 1994), USEPA Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Organic Data Review (EPA 1999b), and The Manchester Environmental Laboratory Quality Assurance Manual (rev May 1995). In the absence of other QC guidance, method-specific QC limits also were utilized to apply qualifiers to the data. TheSTART-2 reviewed EPA data validation reports to check for consistency and to add bias qualifiers as necessary. Results of these reviews and the associated data validation QA memoranda are provided with the laboratory forms in Appendix 1. 4.4 SATISFACTION OFDATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES The laboratory data were reviewed to ensure that the data quality objectives (DQOs) were met for the project. The following EPA guidance document was used to establish DQOs for the project: Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund, Interim Final Guidance (EPA 1993), 4.4.1 Precision and Accuracy Precision measures the reproducibility of sampling and analytical methodology. Accuracy measures the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its actual or specified value. Precision is defined as the relative percent difference (RPD) between duplicate sample analyses. The laboratory duplicate samples measure the precision of the analytical method (both preparation and analysis), and RPD values are reviewed for each sample delivery group and analyte. The following analytes failed to meet duplicate precision criteria for the indicated number of samples: iron (20 samples), calcium (36 samples), cadmium (16 samples), copper (16 samples), and lead (13 samples). 10:START-2\01020028\S772 4-2 ------- These sample results were qualified as estimated (J or UJ) based on duplicate sample analysis. Overall, the project DQOs for precision of 85% were met. Accuracy is measured as the MS and MSD percent recovery (%R) for each analysis. Together, laboratory MS/MSD samples and native spike samples measure the accuracy of the analytical method. The %R values were reviewed for all appropriate sample analyses. The following analytes failed to meet matrix spike recovery for the indicated number of samples: antimony (123 samples), arsenic (27 samples), barium (20 samples), copper (16 samples), lead (29 samples), silver (16 samples), and selenium (28 samples). Overall, the project DQOs for accuracy of 85% were met. 4.4.2 Completeness Data completeness is defined as the percentage of usable data (usable data divided by total possible data). All laboratory data were reviewed for data validation and usability. All of the data, with the exception of one result for mercury (which was rejected due to low percent solids), were determined to be usable; therefore, the project DQO for completeness of 90% was met. 4.4.3 Representativeness Data representativeness expresses the degree to which sample data accurately and precisely represent the characteristic of a population, parameter variations at a sampling point, or an environmental condition. The number and selection of samples were determined in the field to accurately account for site variations and sample matrices. The DQOs for representativeness of 85% were met. 4.4.4 Comparability Comparability is a qualitative parameter expressing the confidence with which one data set can be compared to another. Data produced for this project followed applicable field sampling techniques and specified analytical methodology. Therefore, the DQOs for comparability were met. 4.5 LABORATORY AND FIELD QA/QC PARAMETERS The laboratory data also were reviewed for holding times and blank sample analysis. These QA/QC parameters are summarized below. In general, these parameters were considered acceptable. See Appendix 1 for sample results that were qualified based on these QA/QC exceedances. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 4-3 ------- 4.5.1 Holding limes All samples met EPA, Region 10, and method specific holding time criteria. 4.5.2 Initial and Continuing Calibration With few exceptions, all initial and continuing calibration and check sample acceptance criteria were met. Following are those analytes whose concentrations were qualified as estimated (J) due to QC exceedances: 4-chloroaniline (2 samples), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2 samples), benzo(k)fluoranthene (2 samples), indeno(c,d-l,2,3)pyrene (2 samples), hexaclorocyclopentadiene (2 samples), and pentachlorophenol (2 samples). All atrazine results (4 samples) were rejected based on QC check failure. See Appendix I for sample results that were qualified based on QC exceedances. 4.5.3 Laboratory Blanks All laboratory blanks met frequency criteria. The following COCs were detected in the laboratory blanks associated with metals and organic analyses: • Metals - Antimony, arsenic, aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, silver, sodium, thallium, and vanadium. • Organic Compounds - Acetone, methyl acetate, di-n-butylphthalate, and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. Any associated sample result less than five times the blank contamination were qualified as not detected (U). Associated sample results were qualified as estimated quantities (J or UJ) if the sample result was less than five times the absolute value of the negative blank concentration. See Appendix 1 for sample results that were qualified based on laboratory blank contamination. 4.5.4 TWp and Rinsate Blanks During the ESI, two trip blank samples and five rinsate samples were collected. No analytes were detected above sample quantitation limits (SQLs) in any trip or rinsate blank samples. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 4-4 ------- 5. ANALYTICAL RESULTS REPORTING AND BACKGROUND SAMPLES This section describes the reporting and methods applied to analytical results presented in Section 6 of this report, and discusses background sediment samples. A list of all samples collected for laboratory analysis is presented in Table 3-1. 5.1 ANALYTICAL RESULTS EVALUAHON CRITERIA Analytical results presented in the data summary tables in Section 6 show all analytes detected above laboratory detection limits in bold type. The analytical results of sediment samples collected from the upper Columbia River project area (i.e., CS004 through CS052) were compared to background concentrations. Analytical results indicating significant concentrations of contaminants in sediment samples with respect to background concentrations are shown underlined and in bold type. The analytical summary tables present all detected analytes; however, this report only discusses those analytes that were detected at significant concentrations. For purposes of this investigation, significant/elevated concentrations are defined, using criteria in Table 2-3 of the EPA HRS; Final Rule for determining observed releases (i.e., significant or elevated concentrations), as follows: Equal to or greater than the sample's Contract Required Detection Limit (CRDL) or the SQL when a non-CLP laboratory was used; and Equal to or greater than the background sample's CRDL or SQL when the background concentration is below detection limits; or • At least three times greater than the background concentration when the background concentration equals or exceeds the detection limit. All hazardous substances detected at target locations and meeting evaluation criteria can be used to document an observed release to the target/receptor. 10;START-2\01020028\S772 5-1 ------- 5.2 DATA PRES ENTATIO N Based on QC data provided by the laboratory, analytical results can be qualified during data validation. The following data qualifiers were used: B K H J Detected inorganic concentration is below the method reporting limit (MRL)/CRDL but is above the instrument detection limit. High bias. The analyte was positively identified, but the associated numerical value is an estimated quantity because QC criteria were not met or because concentrations reported are less than the quantitation limit or lowest calibration standard. Unknown bias. L Low bias. NJ The analysis indicates the presence of an analyte that has been "tentatively identified" and the associated numerical value represents its approximate concentration. U R QC indicates that data are unusable (compound may or may not be present). Resampling and reanalysis are necessary for verification. The compound was analyzed for, but not detected. UJ The compound was analyzed for, but was not detected; the associated quantitation limit is an estimate because QC criteria were not met. 5.3 BACKGROUND SEDIMENT For HRS purposes, background sediment samples are typically collected from locations upstream of potential sources of contamination and upstream of areas of known sediment contamination. For purposes of this ESI, EPA identified Lower Arrow Lake in Canada as an ideal location for the collection of background sediment samples (see Figure 2-2). Lower Arrow Lake is upstream of potential sources of contamination to the Columbia River and areas of known sediment contamination south and north of the U.S.-Canada border. Since the Spring of 2001, the U.S. Government made repeated requests to the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT) for permission to conduct sampling at Lower Arrow Lake in Canada. At the time of the field sampling event, a decision from DFAIT still had not been provided. In January 2003, subsequent to the field event, DFAIT communicated its decision refusing this request from the U.S. Government (Appendix J). For this reason, existing data for a sediment sample collected from Lower Arrow Lake by Ecology in May 2001 will be used as the background sediment sample for this report (Ecology 2001; Appendix K). 10:START-2\01020028\S772 5 -2 ------- 5.3.1 Background Sample Location and Description The background sediment sample collected by Ecology from Lower Arrow Lake in Canada was determined to be located at latitude 49°20.379' and longitude 117°52.452' using GPS data (NAD83 datum; see Figure 2-4). The sample was collected 20 feet off the left bank and 0.1 mile upstream of a boat ramp. The depth of water was estimated to be 7 feet (Ecology 2001). 5.3.2 Background Sampling Method The sediment sample was collected using a 0.1 square meter van Veen grab sampler. The van Veen grab sampler was lowered three times and the top 10 centimeter layer of each grab was removed with a stainless steel spoon or scoop, placed in a stainless steel bowl, and homogenized by stirring. The homogenized sediment was placed in an 8-ounce glass container with a Teflon lid liner. The glass container was precleaned to EPA QA/QC specifications. (Ecology 2001) Stainless steel implements used to collect the sediment sample were cleaned by washing with Liquinox detergent, followed by sequential rinses with tap water, 10% nitric acid, and deionized water. The equipment was then air-dried and wrapped in aluminum foil. Between-sample cleaning of the van Veen grab sampler consisted of thorough brushing and rinsing with on-site water. (Ecology 2001) Puget Sound Estuary Protocols procedures (EPA 1996) for collection, preservation, transportation, and storage of the sediment sample were followed in an effort to limit sources of bias. The sediment sample was placed on ice immediately after collection and transported to the Ecology /EPA Manchester Environmental Laboratory (MEL) within two days of collection. Chain-of-custody was maintained throughout the sampling and analysis. (Ecology 2001) 5.3.3 Background Sample Laboratory Analysis Table 5-1 shows the reporting limits, analytical methods, and laboratories used by Ecology during the May 2001 sampling event. Chemical analysis was conducted by Ecology/EPA MEL in Port Orchard, Washington. Grain size analysis was conducted by Rosa Environmental and Geotechnical Laboratory in Seattle, Washington (Ecology 2001). The sediment sample was analyzed for the metals listed in Table 6-1. 5.3.4 Data Quality Chemical data relating to the 2001 Ecology study met laboratory QC analysis requirements (Table 5-1). QC samples for the chemical analysis included a laboratory duplicate, one MS, one MSD, 10:START-2\01020028\S772 5-3 ------- method blanks, and laboratory control samples. A laboratory triplicate analysis was conducted for grain size. (Ecology 2001) MS recovery values for the metals data were consistently near 100%, indicating little or no bias due to possible sample matrix interference (Ecology 2001). Replicate field samples were compared to determine the overall precision of the data (sampling techniques and laboratory analysis). The RPD for each replicate was well within the DQO of 25%. (Ecology 2001) 5.3.5 Background Sediment Sample Analytical Results Analytical results of sediment sample 01198040 collected by Ecology in May 2001 are presented in Table 6-1. 10:START-2\01020028VS772 5-4 ------- Table 5-1 ANALYTICAL METHODS, REPORTING LIMITS, AND LABORATORIES UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Analysis Reporting Limit Method Laboratory Arsenic 4 mg/kg, dry ICP/AES - EPA 3050B/6010B Manchester Cadmium 0.5 mg/kg, dry ICP/AES - EPA 3050B/6010B Manchester Copper 1 mg/kg, dry ICP/AES - EPA 3050B/6010B Manchester Lead 3 mg/kg, dry ICP/AES - EPA 3050B/6010B Manchester Mercury 0.003 mg/kg, dry CVAA-EPA 7471A/245.5 Manchester Zinc 0.5 mg/kg, dry ICP/AES - EPA 3050B/6010B Manchester TOC 0.1% Combustion/C02 - EPA (1996) Manchester Solids 0.1% Gravimetric - EPA (1996) Manchester Grain Size 0.1% Sieve & Pipet - EPA (1996) Rosa Environmental Key: AES = Atomic emission spectroscopy. C02 = Carbon dioxide. CVAA = Cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. EPA = United States Environmental Protection Agency. ICP = Inductively coupled argon plasma, mg/kg = Milligrams per kilogram. TOC = Total Organic Carbon. 5-5 ------- 6. ANALYTICAL RESULTS The following subsections describe the results of samples analyzed by EPA CLP methods. Analytical results presented in this section were evaluated according to criteria as previously described in subsection 5.1. 6.1 SAMPLE LOCATIONS A total of 58 sediment samples were collected from the upper Columbia River (CS004 to CS052 and NSSL01SD through NSSL09SD) to determine whether hazardous substances are present in this area of the river at significant concentrations relative to background concentrations. The portion of the river addressed in this report, referred to as the upper Columbia River, extends approximately 70 RMs through northeast Washington from approximately RM 675 near Inchelium, Washington, to the U.S.-Canada border (see Figure 2-2). Four sampling locations were within the Colville Reservation boundaries, 34 locations were within the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, and 20 locations were north of the recreation area. A brief description of each sample location is provided in Table 3-1. Sample locations (except NSSL01SD through NSSL09SD) are presented in Figure 3-1. The approximate location of sediment samples NSSL01 SD through NSSL09SD, collected from the sandbar/beach and boat launch areas along the Columbia River adjacent to the Le Roi/Northport Smelter, are presented in Figure 2-3. The samples were collected within the overland surface water drainage routes identified by E & E. The samples appeared to consist of dark brown to black medium sand. No odor or staining was noted during sample collection. 6.2 ANALYTICAL RESULTS Table 6-1 presents results for all TAL metals detected and Figures 6-1 and 6-2 provide data results for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc at each sample point for sample locations CS004 through CS052. Antimony was detected at significant concentrations at 20 locations ranging from 4.1 mg/kgto 61.3 mg/kg. Arsenic was detected at significant concentrations at 51 locations ranging from 2.8 mg'kgto 42.8 mg/kg. Barium was detected at significant concentrations at 54 locations ranging from 105 mg/kgto 10:START-2\01020028\S772 6-1 ------- 2,440 mg^kg. Cadmium was detected at significant concentrations at 40 locations ranging from 1.5 mg/kgto 11.1 mg/kg. Chromium was detected at significant concentrations at 15 locations ranging from 38.0 mg/kgto 165 m^kg. Cobalt was detected at significant concentrations at 18 locations ranging from 10.6 mj^kgto 85.7 mg/kg. Copper was detected at significant concentrations at 56 locations ranging from 11.8 mg'kg to 3,300 mg'kg. Iron was detected at significant concentrations at 57 locations ranging from 11,500 mg'kg to 245,000 mg/kg. Lead was detected at significant concentrations at 51 locations ranging from 86.6 mg/kg to 1,590 mg/kg. Magnesium was detected at significant concentrations at 49 locations ranging from 5,190 m^kgto 26,600 mg/kg. Manganese was detected at significant concentrations at all 58 locations ranging from 181 mg'kgto 4,360 mg/kg. Mercury was detected at significant concentrations at 28 locations ranging from 0.13 m^Tcgto 1.7 mg/kg. Potassium was detected at significant concentrations at 40 locations ranging from 1,400 mg/kg to 4,330 mg/kg. Silver was detected at significant concentrations at 25 locations ranging from 2.1 mg/kgto 12.6 mg/kg. Vanadium was detected at significant concentrations in 55 locations ranging from 19.2 mg/kgto 45.0 mg/kg. Zinc was detected at significant concentrations at 55 locations ranging from 84.2 mg/kg to 24,900 mg'kg. Estimations of grain size were performed visually and recorded at all sediment sampling stations. The grain size estimates indicate that river sampling stations averaged 54% total fine-grained sediment (silt and clay, i.e., "fines"), and 45% total sand. Grain size estimates for sample locations CS004 through CS052 are included in Appendix L. Previous surveys of the upper Columbia River and Lake Roosevelt have suggested that sediment toxicity may be attributed to metals contamination of sediments (Ecology 2001). Although this sampling investigation did not include bioassay tests on river sediments, it is worth comparing the ESI metals concentrations to sediment quality values and guidelines as provided in Table 6-2 for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc. Although there are no Washington standards or EPA national criteria for metal contamination in freshwater sediments, there have been many different freshwater sediment quality guidelines created in the U.S. In Table 6-2, select ESI T AL metals results are compared to FSQVs for metals in Washington and to Consensus-Based TECs for freshwater sediments. FSQVs and TECs represent different analytic approaches to evaluate the relationship between metals concentrations and the possibility of effects to benthic life (Johnson et al. 2001, S erdar et al. 2000). The Washington FSQVs are guidelines, not standards. T he FSQVs were derived by analyzing freshwater bioassay and chemistry data sets collected in Washington, and by reviewing freshwater and marine sediment criteria developed in Canada and the U.S., including Washington standards for marine 10: START-2\01020028\S772 6-2 ------- waters. The creators of the FSQVs concluded that, when applied to freshwater, the existing sediment management standards for marine waters provided the best mix of sensitivity and efficiency in predicting effects to the bioassay organism Hyalella azteca and essentially minimum chemical concentrations expected to cause adverse effects on biological resources. (Ecology 2001) TECs are consensus-based standards derived from existing sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) that have been established for the protection of sediment-dwelling organisms. The consensus-based approach involves collecting, evaluating, and grouping existing standards. Consensus-based standards are then calculated by determining the geometric mean of the grouped SQGs. The geometric mean, rather than the arithmetic mean, is calculated because it provides an estimate of central tendency that is not unduly affected by outliers and because the SQGs may not be normally distributed. As the term implies, consensus-based SQGs are intended to reflect the agreement among the various SQGs by providing an estimate of their central tendency. TECs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are unlikely to be observed. (MacDonald et al. 2000). 10:START-2\01020028\S772 6-3 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01204110 01204111 01204112 01204113 01204114 01204115 01204116 01204117 01204118 CLP Inorganic ID MJ08Z0 MJ08Z1 MJ08Z2 MJ08Z3 MJ08Z4 MJ08Z5 MJ08Z6 MJ08Z7 MJ08Z8 CUP Organic ID JX433 JX434 JX435 JX436 JX437 JX438 JX439 JX440 JX441 Station Location ID Background CS004 C$005 CS006 CS007 CS008 CS009 CS010 CS011 CS012 Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 13700 12100 4430 4700 8240 7440 21200 14300 14300 Antimony 4UJ 1.5 JL 1.6 JB 0.76 ITJK 0.85 UJK 0.97 JB 0.65 UJK 0.63 UJK 3.6 JB 3.3 JB Arsenic 2.0 U 7.7 U 8.1 U 2.2 U 4.0 U 5.1 U 6.6 5.0 13.7 14.9 Barium 112 230 269 42.2 JB 57.4 105 61.1 227 512 596 Cadmium 0.46 3.6 4.0 0.12 JB 0.33 JB 0.73 JB 0.25 JB 4.4 8.1 9.4 Calcium 5970 7670 4420 2510 13200 3350 4920 14100 15900 Chromium 12.0 J 30.1 29.8 8.8 15.7 23.3 20.4 14.0 35.7 35.9 Cobalt 2.1 8.5 JB 8.1 JB 3.3 JB 3.6 JB 6.9 JB 6.7 JB 5.8 JB 9.4 JB 9.4 JB Copper 4 48.5 JL 41.6 JL 10.4 JL 11.8 JL 22.5 JL 21.9 JL 33.9 JL 91.7 JL 86.8 JL Iron 3650 J 23400 22300 8630 14400 16600 16500 14300 28300 29600 Lead 12 219 238 6.2 21.5 24.4 16.7 86.6 464 535 Magnesium 1690 J 6990 7720 3140 2760 5990 4860 3220 11200 12400 Manganese 47.0 719 533 121 267 37.6 250 347 808 698 Mercury 0.0004 U 0.66 0.49 0.06 U 0.07 U 0.08 U 0.05 U 0.14 1.7 0.97 Nickel 13.4 24.6 24.1 9.6 JB 10.5 JB 21.0 21.0 14.4 27.0 27.4 Potassium 447 J 2570 JL 2230 JL 763 JB 672 JB 1770 JL 1070 JB 1400 JL 2520 JL 2500 JL Selenium 5.0 U 1.3 U 1.2 U 0.87 U 0.96 U 1.1U 0.74 U 0.72 U 1.5 U 1.4 U Silver 0.5 UJ 1.7 JB 1.6 JB 0.48 JB 0.71 JB 0.94 JB 0.85 JB 0.76 JB 2.7 JB 2.7 JB Solium 345 JB 359 JB 197 JB 200 JB 289 JB 231 JB 287 JB 406 JB 429 JB Thallium 5.0 U 1.5 U 1.4 U 0.99 U 1.1 U 1.3 U 0.85 U 0.82 U 1.7 U 1.7 U Vanadium 5.93 36.9 36.2 17.3 27.7 32.0 27.9 26.7 39.9 40.6 Zinc 27 52a 600 36.8 77.9 99.0 90.9 230 1060 1210 6-4 Page 1 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01204119 01204120 01204121 01204122 01204124 01204125 01204126 01204127 01214102 CLP Inorganic ID MJ08Z9 MJ0900 MJ0901 MJ0902 MJ09E2 MJ0904 MJ0905 MJ0908 MJ0907 CLP Organic ID JX442 JX443 JX444 JX445 JX550 JX447 JX448 JX451 JX450 Station Location ID Background CS013 CS014 CS015 CS016 CS017 CS018 CS019 CS020 CS021 Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 12800 15400 9120 13600 15600 8180 11900 6670 12800 Antimony 4 UJ 3.2 JB 4.1 JL 1.5 JB 1.5 JB 0.72 UJK 1.7 JL 2.1 JL 5.4 JB 3.6 JL Arsenic 2.0 U 19.0 12.3 6.2 M. 2.8 7.8 4.5 JB 6.8 9.5 Barium 27.2 755 468 229 261 175 422 231 180 364 Cadmium 0.46 11.1 7.5 3.4 3.8 0.43 JB 4.9 1.4 JB 1.8 JB 6.5 Calcium 27000 12100 7040 7150 5560 12400 9340 7630 8230 Chromium 12.0 J 25.9 38.0 21.1 28.6 9.4 18.9 20.4 17.0 33.1 Cobalt 2.1 7.4 JB 10 JB 5.9 JB 8.7 JB 4.0 JB 5.4 JB 7.4 JB 5.4 JB 9.2 JB Copper 4 73.4 JL 111 JL 49.2 JL 73.0 J L 15.6 JL 40.6 JL 41.8 JL 66.7 JL 88.2 JL Iron 3650 J 26800 29400 16800 23800 11500 17400 20400 15500 25200 Lead 12 841 440 190 162 26.8 232 64.9 72.7 441 Magnesium 1690 J 18100 10300 6130 7240 2970 8970 7000 5610 8200 Manganese 47.0 515 610 294 572 315 337 392 303 673 Mercury 0.0004 U 1.6 1.0 0.54 0.31 0.06 U 0.43 0.14 U 0.13 U 1.2 Nickel 13.4 21.9 28.5 16.5 24.0 9.2 JB 16.6 18.7 JB 13.6 JB 25.9 Potassium 447 J 1970 JL 2680 JL 1630 JL 2290 J L 1060JB 1490 2020 JB 1270JB 2440 Selenium 5.0 U 0.83 U 1.7 U 0.76 U 0.84 JB 0.82 U 0.77 U 1.9 U 1.9 U 1.5 U Silver 0.5 UJ 1.9 JB 2.9 JB 1.4 JB 1.7 JB 0.32 JB 0.78 JB 0.75 JB 1.1 JB 2.0 JB Sodium 301 JB 490 JB 249 JB 248 JB 381 JB 242 JB 480 JB 426 JB 471 JB Thallium 5.0 U 0.95 U 1.9 U 0.87 U 0.80 U 0.94 U 0.89 U 2.2 U 2.2 U 1.8 U Vanadium 5.93 38.5 42.4 25.8 37.2 19.2 24.2 26.7 JB 20.2 JB 35.8 Zinc 27 1460 1000 470 462 84.2 581 250 455 901 6-5 Page 2 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01214104 01214106 01234124 01214108 01214114 01214110 01214112 01214116 01214118 CLP Inorganic ID MJ0909 MJ0910 MJ0BK4 MJ0911 MJ0914 MJ0912 MJ0913 MJ0915 MJ0916 CLP Organic ID JX452 JX453 JX804 JX454 JX456 JX455 JX456 JX458 JX459 Station Location ID Background CS022 CS023 CS024 CS025 CS026 CS027 CS028 CS029 CS030 Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 11600 10400 6810 9920 8000 9090 12400 7150 11200 Antimony 4 UJ 3 .4 JB 1.0 JB 1.6 UJK 4.9 JB 4.8 JB 1.3 JB 3.9 JB 1.9 JB 4.7 JB Arsenic 2.0 U 10.3 4.2 5.8 10.6 9.5 3.4 JB 9.7 7.0 11.1 Barium 27.2 240 190 147 505 375 113 370 342 624 Cadmium 0.46 5.9 1.6 0.10U 4.3 2.9 0.29 JB 2.8 3.2 7.2 Calcium 7740 5470 162000 21200 16600 4800 16100 11500 20500 Chromium 12.0 J 30.4 25.7 12.9 25.0 21.9 21.1 30.1 17.7 30.6 Cobalt 2.1 7.9 JB 8.2 JB 4.7 JB 7.9 JB 7.7 JB 6.0 JB 9.6 JB 5.0 JB 9.0 JB Copper 4 67.6 JL 53.9 JL 18.1 JL 120 JL 118 JL 25.0 JL 114 JL 65.7 JL 205 JL Iron 3650 J 22400 18000 11700 27500 23000 16000 29000 15900 26800 Lead 12 282 93.8 6.7 JL 211 159 21.3 149 208 369 Magnesium 1690 J 7930 6150 5090 13800 11100 5190 11900 7940 14200 Manganese 47.0 392 392 327 528 411 284 589 256 388 Mercury 0.0004 U 0.90 0.25 0.08 U 0.49 0.20 0.09 U 0.17 JB 0.53 1.1 Nickel 13.4 23.2 JB 23.0 14.3 21.4 18.0 16.2 24.8 14.1 23.1 Potassium 447 J 2280 JB 2390 1330JB 1960JB 1560JB 1380 JB 2480 1250 1820 Selenium 5.0 U 2.0 U 0.68 U 1.2 U 1.8 U 1.2 U 1.3 U 1.6 U 0.68 U 1.1 Silver 0.5 UJ 1.5 JB 0.98 JB 0.32 U 2.0 JB 1.8 JB 0.52 JB 1.7 JB 1.5 JB 3.1 Sodium 623 JB 186 JB 377 U 483 JB 354 JB 385 JB 397 JB 200 JB 258 JB Thallium 5.0 U 2.3 U 0.78 U 1.3 U 2.1 U 1.4 U 1.5 U 1.9 U 0.78 U 0.80 U Vanadium 5.93 33J 32.1 16.6 JB 30.5 25.6 29.0 36.7 21.4 33.1 Zinc 27 617 280 42.3 855 940 104 787 600 1250 6-6 Page 3 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01214120 01214122 01214124 01214128 01214126 01214130 01214132 01214134 01214136 CLP Inorganic ID MJ0917 MJ0918 MJ0919 MJ0921 MJ0920 MJ0922 MJ0923 MJ0924 MJ0925 CLP Organic ID JX460 JX461 JX462 JX464 JX463 JX465 JX466 JX467 JX468 Station Location ID Background CS031 CS032 CS033 CS034 CS035 CS036 CS037 CS038 CS039 Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 6940 9410 9240 8720 8540 8790 18900 12400 JL 4950 JL Antimony 4UJ 21.5 JL 4.7 JB 7.0 JB 5.7 JB 2.2 JB 10.8 JB 17.2 JL 10.4 JB 3.4 JB Arsenic 2.0 U 11.5 8.7 13.0 10.7 7.9 10.4 26.9 17.3 JH 9.6 JH Barium 27.2 533 295 618 391 255 438 1070 603 JK 768 J K Cadmium 0.46 4.3 3.5 6.9 3.6 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.1 M Calcium 26300 15400 26100 19600 10800 22300 49600 28900 JL 46900 JL Chromium 12.0 J 29.9 26.4 29.4 25.8 23.4 28.1 59.1 35.1 JL 12.5 JL Cobalt 2.1 10.7 JB 8.6 JB 9.0 JB 8.6 JB 7.3 JB 10.6 22.3 15.1 JL 4.1 JB Copper 4 387 JL 150 JL 251 JL 156 JL 76.8 JL 309 JL 1460 JL 823 102 Iron 3650 J 36300 24700 28900 25500 19800 42300 176000 109000 JL 25000 JL Lead 12 256 165 392 190 112 209 1590 784 JL 289 JL Magnesium 1690 J 11800 10200 15300 12800 8570 10300 7230 5020 JL 25000 JL Manganese 47.0 661 481 435 545 467 946 3390 2090 JL 442 JL Mercury 0.0004 U 0.40 0.19 0.73 0.32 0.16 0.16 0.07 JB 0.13 0.29 Nickel 13.4 16.0 21.1 20.9 19.8 19.1 15.0 10.3 8.5 10.9 Potassium 447 J 1440JB 1.900 1620 1760 1610 1400 3620 2300 JL 883 JB Selenium 5.0 U 1.6 JB 0.97 JB 1.2 0.69 U 0.68 U 1.4 0.68 U 4.2 0.82 JB Silver 0.5 UJ 3.4 2.1 JB M 2.2 1.2 JB 2.1 4.0 2.9 0.63 JB Sodium 374 JB 266 JB 269 JB 207 JB 237 JB 384 JB 1310 723 JB 228 JB Thallium 5.0 U 1.6 JB 0.84 U 0.92 U 0.79 U 0.78 U 0.81 JB 4.0 2.4 I.I JB Vanadium 5.93 23.6 29.4 30.2 28.6 28.3 27.1 39.0 29.5 JL 23.0 JL Zinc 27 2560 1030 J 1660 1100 592 3090 24900 13900 1990 6-7 Page 4 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01214138 01214140 01214142 01214144 01224150 01224151 01224154 01224155 01224157 CLP Inorganic ID MJ0926 MJ0927 MJ0928 MJ0929 MJ0930 MJ0931 MJ0932 MJ0933 MJ0934 CLP Organic ID JX469 JX470 JX471 JX472 JX473 JX474 JX475 JX476 JX477 Station Location ID Background CS040 CS041 CS042 CS043 CS044 CS045 CS046 CS047 CS048 Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 6520 JL 6550 JL 9280 JL 15500 JL 21100 4710 17400 17800 18100 Antimony 4 UJ 19.2 JL 17.2 JL 20.7 JL 27.1 JL 53.5 9.9 JB 57.5 45.2 34.9 Arsenic 2.0 U 9.1 JH 8.7 JH 13.9 JH 20.3 JH 25.5 7.6 30.3 21.6 30.3 Barium 27.2 452 JK 495 JK 632 JK 1140 JK 2160 486 1970 1690 1660 Cadmium 0.46 1.9 2.1 1.6 1.6 0.06 U M 0.07 U 0.19 JB 0.06 U Calcium 24700 JL 28200 JL 26500 JL 46900 JL 69900 54000 57600 66400 58600 Chromium 12.0 J 27.1 JL 32.8 JL 44.8 JL 76.8 JL 142 20.7 135 112 113 Cobalt 2.1 12.0 JL 13.7 JL 17.7 JL 35.2 JL 59.0 8.4 JB 73.5 47.3 33.8 Copper 4 362 451 720 1550 2900 JL 245 JL 2520 JL 2160 JL 2160 JL Iron 3650 J 37600 JL 48200 JL 79700 JL 137000 JL 239000 28000 176000 178000 179000 Lead 12 172 JL 175 JL 446 JL 1040 JL 316 199 409 417 317 Magnesium 1690 J 9750 JL 9960 JL 5520 JL 5780 JL 5770 JL 26600 JL 5040 JL 10000 JL 6030 JL Manganese 47.0 743 JL 908 JL 1500 JL 3060 JL 4040 585 3680 3240 3130 Mercury 0.0004 U 0.08 JB 0.07 JB 0.13 0.06 JB 0.05 U 0.06 JB 0.06 U 0.05 U 0.05 U Nickel 13.4 11.1 10.2 9.6 12.2 17.0 10.4 15.6 14.4 13.0 Potassium 447 J 1330 JL 1260 JL 1740 JL 3750 JL 4300 888 JB 3580 3490 3480 Selenium 5.0 U 1.8 2.1 3.2 4.5 0.68 UJK 0.67 UJK 1.4 JL 0.68 UJK 1.4 JL Silver 0.5 UJ 2.1 L2 3.9 5.7 7.5 1.6 JB 10.2 M 5.9 Sodium 377 JB 475 JB 666 JB 1660 2210 269 JB 2230 1610 1530 Thallium 5.0 U 1.2 JB 0.78 U 2.3 4.6 0.78 U 0.77 U 0.87 U 0.78 U 0.76 U Vanadium 5.93 21.5 JL 21.4 JL 26.2 JL 39.2 JL 42.3 22.1 39.1 37.7 36.3 Zinc 27 2770 3760 8710 15000 20100 2430 17500 18200 16500 6-8 Page 5 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01224160 01224162 01224163 01224164 01264431 01264432 01264433 01264434 01264435 CLP Inorganic ID MJ0935 MJ0936 MJ0937 MJ0938 MJ0GP0 MJ0GP1 MJ0GP2 MJ0GP3 MJ0GP4 CLP Organic ID JX478 JX479 JX480 JX481 NA NA NA NA NA Station Location ID Background CS049 CS050 CS051 CS052 NSSL01SD NSSL02SD NSSL03SD NSSL04SD NSSL05SD Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 18700 8170 21100 11000 6170 13400 15700 17800 19200 Antimony 4 UJ 7.4 JB 20.0 6t.3 51.4 18.8 JL 40.1 JL 49.1 JL 44.9 JL 59.4 JL Arsenic 2.0 U 7.6 11.8 42.8 23.1 7.5 15 19.3 23.9 41.4 Barium 27.2 681 763 2440 989 255 1270 1610 1910 2150 Cadmium 0.46 0.06 U 2.4 0.06 U 0.07 U 1.6 0.81 JB 0.74 JB 1.5 1.7 Calcium 46900 25300 72400 30800 29100 JL 47600 JL 56000 JL 63900 JL 70200 JL Chromium 12.0 J 64.0 30.2 165 72.0 18 85 103 121 139 Cobalt 2.1 15.0 7.9 JB 85.7 33.4 7.4 JB 34.6 41.1 45.9 54.2 Copper 4 997 JL 444 JL 3300 JL 1330 JL 238 JL 1540 JL 2070 JL 2530 JL 2960 JL Iron 3650 J 165000 67100 245000 96900 25000 134000 167000 193000 212000 Lead 12 282 309 512 276 230 JK 246 J K 292 JK 388 JK 507 J K Magnesium 1690 J 5750 JL 8540 JL 5970 JL 3990 JL 12300 JK 6900 JK 5960 JK 5800 JK 5830 JK Manganese 47.0 2950 1080 4360 1990 477 2540 3140 3630 4130 Mercury 0.0004 U 0.05 U 0.29 0.05 U 0.06 U 0.06 U 0.06 U 0.07 U 0.06 U 0.06 U Nickel 13.4 8.1 JB 12.5 19.4 13.6 8.4 JB 13.1 14.7 15.8 17.6 Potassium 447 J 3770 1400 4330 2160 1170JB 2800 3340 3870 4260 Selenium 5.0 U 2.1 JL 1.4 JL 0.68 UJK 1.5 JL 0.85 U 0.91 U 0.91 U 0.89 U 0.86 U Silver 0.5 UJ 3.7 2iZ 12.6 8.5 1.9 JB 7.8 7.8 8.2 10.3 Sodium 1050 385 JB 2630 1000JB 463 JB 1430 1760 1960 2400 Thallium 5.0 U 0.79 U 0.91 U 0.78 U 0.89 U 1.3 U 1.4 U 1.4 U 1.3 U 1.3 U Vanadium 5.93 38.2 28.8 45.0 28.6 20.8 31.7 33.4 36.5 39.8 Zinc 27 15400 4900 22300 8820 1520 10500 13000 15100 16900 6-9 Page 6 of 8 ------- Table 6-1 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES ANALYTICAL RESULTS DATA SUMMARY UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON EPA Sample ID 01264436 01264437 01264438 01264439 CLP Inorganic ID MJ0GP5 MJ0GP6 MJ0GP7 MJ0GP8 CLP Organic ID NA NA NA NA Station Location ID Background NSSL06SD NSSL07SD NSSL07SD NSSL08SD Metals (mg/kg) Aluminum 7170 7250 7180 7530 Antimony 4 UJ 10.9 JB 19.2 JL 8.6 JB 9.4 JB Arsenic 2.0 U 10.9 12.3 11.1 15.9 Barium 27.2 582 762 804 411 Cadmium 0.46 3.3 4.9 3.0 3.2 Calcium 33300 J L 40500 JL 38400 JL 21300 JL Chromium 12.0 J 25.9 22.4 24.8 20 Cobalt 2.1 9.8 JB 8.8 JB 7.9 JB 11.4 JB Copper 4 349 JL 257 JL 347 J L 357 JL Iron 3650 J 44900 35900 54600 54200 Lead 12 470 JK 548 JK 597 JK 845 JK Magnesium 1690 J 13900 JK 18700 JK 15500 JK 6680 J K Manganese 47.0 864 617 1190 1170 Mercury 0.0004 U 0.08 JB 0.11 JB 0.08 JB 0.29 Nickel 13.4 10.5 JB 14.7 9.2 JB 12.8 Potassium 447 J 1570 1520 1450 1830 Selenium 5.0 U 0.99 U 0.91 U 1.1 JB 0.83 U Silver 0.5 UJ 2.8 JB 2.3 JB 2.8 3.1 Sodium 807 JB 528 JB 695 JB 870 JB Thallium 5.0 U 1.5 U 1.4 U 1.4 U 1.3 U Vanadium 5.93 28.6 28.4 28.1 24.5 Zinc 27 3920 2800 5430 5280 6-10 Page 7 of 8 ------- Key: B = Detected inorganic concentration is below the method reporting limit contract required detection limit but is abtne the instrument detection limit. CLP = Contract Laboratory Program. EPA = United Stated Environmental Protection Agency. H = High bias. ID = Identification. J = The analyte was positively identified, but the associated numerical value is an estimated quantity because quality control criteria were not met or because concentrations reported are less then the quantitation limit or low est calibration standard. J = The analyte was positively identified. The associated numerical result is an estimate. (Ecology 2001) K = Unknown bias. L = Low bias, mg/kg = Milligrams per kilogram. U = The compound was analyzed for, but was not detected. UJ --- The analyte was not detected at or above the reported estimated result. (Ecology 2001) 6-11 Page 8 of 8 ------- Table 6-2 COMPARISON OF COLUMBIA RIVER SEDIMENT SAMPLES RESULTS TO TECs AND FSQVs FOR FRESHWATER SEDIMENTS UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Analyte Range of Detected Concentrations (mg/kg) Detection Frequency Consensus-Based Threshold Effects Concentrations* (mg/kg) Freshwater Sediment Quality Values for Metals in Washington Stateb (mg/kg) Arsenic 2.8-42.8 51/58 9.79 57 Cadmium 1.5- 11.1 40/58 0.99 5.1 Copper 8.8 -3.300 JL 58/58 31.6 390 Lead 6.2 - 1,590 58/58 35.8 450 Mercury 0.13 - 1.7 28/58 0.18 0.41 Zinc 34.5 - 24,900 58/58 121 410 a Guideline used to evaluate the relationship between metals concentrations and the possibility of effects to benthic life TECs are concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment dwelling organisms are not expected to occur. b Value used to evaluate potential effects of metals concentrations to benthic life. Key: FSQV = Freshwater Sediment Quality Value J = The analyte was positively identified, but the associated numerical value is an estimated quantity because quality control criteria were not met or because concentrations reported are less then the quantitation limit or lowest calibration standard L = Low bias mg/kg = Micrograms per kilogram. TEC = Threshold EtYects Concentration. 6-12 ------- 7. TARGETS/RECEPTORS SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY 7.1 SURFACE WATER MIGRATION PATHWAY Sediment contamination in the upper Columbia River has been documented in this ESI near the U.S.-Canada border at RM 745, and at sample intervals downstream to Inchelium, Washington at RM 675. The surface water pathway target distance limit (TDL) is defined as the section of the upper Columbia River from RM 745 to RM 675. An observed release to the surface water migration pathway has been documented by sampling and analysis of sediments in the upper Columbia River by the EPA (Section 6). The average annual precipitation is 17.20 inches in Colville, Washington (WRCC 2002). The 2-year, 24-hour rainfall event for the area ranges from 1.4 to 2.0 inches (NOAA 1973). The flow rate of the Columbia River at the U.S.-Canada border averages 116,500 cubic feet per second (USGS 2002). The upland drainage area is estimated to be 59,700 square miles (USGS 2002). Surface water is used for domestic purposes, such as irrigation, livestock watering, fire protection, power generation, and commercial purposes within the surface water TDL (E & E 2000). The average number of people per housing unit in Stevens and Ferry counties is 2.64 and 2.49, respectively (USCB 2000). There are four domestic intakes from the Columbia River in Stevens County serving an estimated population of 11 people and seven domestic intakes in Ferry County serving an estimated population of 17 people (WSDH 2002b). One municipal intake is present at Kettle Falls (WSDH 2002b). This intake is not used for drinking water purposes, but is maintained for emergency use to augment fire suppression water supplies (Gassaway 2002). Since other listed surface water intake applications did not specify the source of the surface water, and therefore were not counted in this estimate, the actual number of people served by drinking water intakes on the Columbia River may be higher. Portions of the upper Columbia River ESI study area are located within the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area (i.e., from RM 675 to Onion Creek which is located just south of Northport, Washington). The Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, comprising the lake and its shorelines, attracts more than 1 million visitors per year. Recreational activities include boating, swimming, hunting, fishing, and camping. Lake Roosevelt, including the upper Columbia River and its tributaries in the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, support a varied fish community that today is considerably 10:STA RT-2\01020028\S772 7-1 ------- different from the native fish community of the early 1900s. Changes over time have been caused by the introduction of nonnative species and habitat alterations such as water pollution, the damming of rivers, and reservoir draw downs. Today, there are possibly 28 native and 12 nonnative species of fish that inhabit the recreation area's waters. (DOl 2000) Between 1990 and 1996, the number of angler trips to Lake Roosevelt ranged from 171,725 to 594,508 per year (DOI 2000). Walleye, rainbow trout, and kokanee were the fish most often caught and harvested by anglers (DOl 2000). The Spokane Tribe of Indians reported in the Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Monitoring Program 1993 Annual Report (the latest year available) prepared for the Bonneville Power Administration, that approximately 33,959 fish were harvested from Columbia River within Section 1, which is the section from approximately Little Jim Creek at RM 681 to approximately Ryan Creek at RM 723 (Underwood and Shields 1996). This section is completely within the ESI study area representing a harvest of approximately 40,820 pounds of fish for that year as demonstrated in Table 7-1. More current fish catch harvest data was provided to the EPA by the Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Evaluation Project, a cooperative project amongst the Spokane Tribe of Indians, the Colville Confederated Tribes, and the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife (WSDFW). This data indicates that over a 10-week, period from July 13, 2002 to September 20, 2002, anglers caught 576 fish from Lake Roosevelt (Lee 2002). These fish consisted of 338 walleye, 221 rainbow trout, and 17 kokanee salmon (Lee 2002). The WSDFW only tracks sturgeon, salmon, and steelhead in its freshwater sport fishing data. They list that four sturgeon were harvested between Grand Coulee Dam and the Canadian border in 1998. No steelhead or salmon are reported to have been harvested during 1998 (WSDFW 2001). Tribally-sensitive areas of central importance to the Colville Confederated Tribes include those areas used for ceremonial, cultural, traditional, subsistence, or economic purposes. Tribal lands and the North Half are areas where tribal members utilize the river for subsistence, economic, and cultural purposes. The Colville Confederated Tribes' ancient hunting and fishing camps are located throughout the river as well as the final resting place for the Tribes' ancestors (Stone 2003). The fisheries, wildlife, and plant materials of the upper Columbia River basin are of central importance to the Tribes' subsistence and culture. The fisheries of Lake Roosevelt provide sustenance to many tribal members, and the economic opportunities presented by the lake in the form of tourist and recreation enterprises are increasingly relied upon by the tribal membership and tribal government, (see PA Petition, Appendix A) Historically, tribal members consumed large numbers of anadromous and resident fish species (Ray 1972). Salmon were the primary species sought but other species including steelhead trout, 10 :ST A RT-2\01020028\S772 7-2 ------- sturgeon, white fish, bull trout, and various rough fish species were captured and consumed (LeCaire 2001). Today, resident fish species play a large role in subsistence fishing by tribal members (LeCaire 2001). Tribal members who fish for subsistence in the "blocked area" above Chief Joseph and Grand Coulee Dams including Lake Roosevelt rely on resident fish species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus), kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), walleye (Stizustedion vitreum), and white fish (Prosopium williamsoni) (LeCaire 2001). Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), until very recent times, was also used for subsistence and played a significant role in tribal culture (LeCaire 2001). Salmon and the river are still a large part of tribal life and culture (Stone 2003). Tribal members fish for salmon to the base of Chief Joseph Dam and in the Okanogan River (Stone 2003). Kokanee salmon are of special interest to tribal members because they are a landlocked or resident form of the sockeye salmon that used to migrate past Kettle Falls in great numbers (LeCaire 2001). Kokanee salmon have dwindled to a point that there may not be sufficient numbers to prevent extirpation (LeCaire 2001). Kokanee salmon survive in Lake Roosevelt despite contamination, heavy fishing pressure, and the lack of a natural-production kokanee run (Scholz et al. 1985). Mountain whitefish have always been present in the upper Columbia River basin (Scholz et al. 1985). Mountain whitefish were an integral part of the Columbia River fishery critical to the subsistence of the River Indian bands (Scholz et al. 1985). Mountain whitefish numbers are depressed (Stone 2003). Walleye, a non-native species, illegally introduced to Lake Roosevelt during the late 1950s, have become numerous and are an important fish resource on Lake Roosevelt (Scholz et al. 1985). The walleye fishery is important to the regional economy through fish license sales and through fuel, grocery, motel, and tourism expenditures (Stone 2003). The Spokane Tribe, the Colville Confederated Tribes, and the WSDFW are the primary agencies directly involved in managing the Lake Roosevelt fisheries. The Spokane Tribe is coordinating the development of a Lake Roosevelt fisheries plan, funded by the Bonneville Power Administration in cooperation with the WSDFW, the Colville Confederated Tribes, and other involved parties. Two kokanee salmon hatcheries are operated by the Spokane Tribe and the WSDFW to support the resident fishery in Lake Roosevelt. The hatcheries produce thousands of kokanee for release into Lake Roosevelt annually. The Spokane Tribe also has initiated a program of rearing rainbow trout at its hatchery for release into Lake Roosevelt. (DOI 2000) In addition to the hatchery operations, there are numerous rainbow trout pens on Lake Roosevelt. These fish-rearing pens provide thousands of trout annually to support the recreational fishery (DOI 10:STA RT-2\01020028VS772 7-3 ------- 2000). The resident rainbow trout fishery is managed as a "put and take" fishery supported by various Bonneville Power Administration-funded projects and hatcheries (with the exception of the Sanpoil River adfluvial rainbow trout; Stone 2003). The success of this project in providing catchable-size rainbow trout resulted in its expansion to more than 30 net pens in several locations on Lake Roosevelt by 1995 (DOl 2000). In addition, some of the net pens are now being used to rear kokanee before release (DOI 2000). Three species protected under the Endangered Species Act are present in or along the upper Columbia River. Of these, peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) are endangered, and the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) are threatened. The WSDFW also lists peregrine falcons as endangered and the bald eagle as threatened. (DOl 2000) Peregrine falcon nests have been found in the areas surrounding the Lake Roosevelt Reservoir. Use of the area by peregrine falcons normally occurs during spring and fall migrations. Peregrine falcon foraging and nesting habitats are usually associated with tall cliffs near water. Their diet consists primarily of waterfowl, shorebirds, and passerine species commonly found on and around lakes and streams. (DOl 2000) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has guidance policies for conducting activities within a 400-meter zone of sight avoidance distance for disturbing activities to nesting bald eagles (USFWS 1986). The recommended policy of work in the impact zone of the wintering bald eagle period is late November to March on Lake Roosevelt (LRNRA Files 2000 andCCT Survey of 2000 Maureen Murphy). More than 21 bald eagle nests are in the vicinity of the project area and bald eagles appear to be becoming more productive each year. A maximum of 15 territories have been occupied in any one year. Bald eagle habitat is usually associated with large bodies of water that provide an abundant source of food. Bald eagles feed primarily on fish, waterfowl, and carrion. (DOl 2000) Bull trout historically occupied a vast geographic area of the Columbia River (DOl 2000). Today the remaining populations are isolated and remnant (DOl 2000). Native bull trout have declined significantly in the last 10 years, in part due to predation by and competition with introduced species such as walleye (DOl 2000). No bull trout hatcheries are present on the Columbia River or its tributaries between the U.S.-Canada border and RM 675 (Buckley 2003). Further, no efforts have been made to reintroduce bull trout into this segment of the river (Buckley 2003). A representative from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service stated that any bull trout found in this segment of the river would be wild and therefore protected under the endangered species act (Buckley 2003). Bull trout typically migrate from lakes in the fall to spawn in clear streams with flat gradient, uniform flow, and uniform gravel or small 10: ST A RT- 2\01020028\S772 7-4 ------- cobble (DOl 2000). Each year a few bull trout have been observed in the Columbia River north of Inchelium, Washington, primarily at the mouths of tributaries to the Columbia River (Scholz 2003). Adult kokanee trapping in Big Sheep Creek documented the presence of two adult bull trout in spawning condition during the fall 2000 (LeCaire 2001). The presence of juvenile bull trout was recorded during 1990 in Onion Creek (LeCaire and Peone 1999). A bull trout was documented at Hawk Creek by Eastern Washington University (Scholz 2001). The white sturgeon is listed by the Colville Confederated Tribes as a protected sensitive species due to its cultural importance and its serious decline in Lake Roosevelt. In January 200 1, the Colville Confederated Tribes' Colville Business Council approved and enacted a resolution for the total closure of all white sturgeon fisheries in all waters within the exterior boundaries of the Colville Reservation. (Cawston 2001) Additional sensitive environments within the surface water TDL include 5.97 linear miles of wetland frontage (USFWS various dates). 10:START-2\01020028\S772 7-5 ------- Table 7-1 1993 FISH HARVEST DATA UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER EXPANDED SITE INSPECTION STEVENS COUNTY, WASHINGTON Species Numbers Harvested Average Weight (pounds) Harvest in Pounds Kokanec 27 4 108 Rainbow trout 7.071 2 14,142 Walleye 26,232 1 26,232 Smallmouth bass 267 0.6 160 Sturgeon 66 Not Available — Other species 296 0.6 178 Total 33,959 40,820 Source: Underwood and Shields 1996, 7-6 ------- 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In the spring and summer of 2001, the EPA and its authorized contractors conducted an investigation of hazardous substance contamination in the upper Columbia River beginning near Inchelium, Washington, and extending approximately 70 RMs upstream to the U.S.-Canada border. The site investigation involved an evaluation of 58 sediment samples collected along intervals within the upper Columbia River. The evaluation of the technical data was conducted using the EPA HRS model criteria as described in subsection 5.1 of this report. Analytical data show that widespread contamination is present in lake and river sediments throughout the upper Columbia River between Inchelium, Washington, and the U.S.-Canada border. An evaluation of the analytical data relative to background sediment shows elevated concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and zinc in the majority of samples ranging from 48% of all samples for mercury to 97% of all samples for copper. The area of elevated contamination extends from sample point CS004 located near Inchelium, Washington, to sample point CS052 at the U.S.-Canada border and includes sediments within the boundaries of the Colville Confederated Tribes' Reservation (as documented by the presence of contamination in sediment samples CS004, CS005, CS006, and CS010 located within reservation boundaries; Stone 2003). Concentration gradient maps for copper, lead, and zinc are presented as Figures 8-1 through 8-6. These maps demonstrate that the concentrations of these three analytes tend to increase with distance upstream. The highest concentrations of copper and zinc were found near the U.S.-Canada border with elevated concentrations approximately two orders of magnitude over other elevated concentrations located further downstream. Concentrations of cadmium and mercury tend to be highest toward the downstream portion of the study area. During the 2001 EPA sampling event, several sediment samples collected at the upper Columbia River consisted of a visibly dark glassy sandy mixture characterized by EPA field personnel as slag. Slag is a by-product of the smelting furnaces, principally a black sand-size material, containing glassy particulate matter and metals. The presence of slag in upper Columbia River sediment has been documented by prior studies conducted by other federal and state agencies. Canadian government staff and Cominco personnel observed deposits of slag during a 1991 boat trip into the U.S. conducted for purposes of examining slag and gypsum deposits in back eddy areas and on sand and gravel bars 10 :STA RT-2\01020028\S772 8-1 ------- (BC Environment 1991). The largest deposit in Washington of what appeared to be predominantly slag was observed on the southwest side of a large sand/gravel bar located just north of Northport, Washington. Samples were collected at several locations for analysis (BC Environment 1991). A previous study by the USGS documented that benthic invertebrate communities in the erosional habitats of the Northport reach of the Columbia River resembled those often associated with contaminated or habitat-degraded areas. Benthic invertebrate communities were relatively low in abundances and diversity. Although it is not possible to state definitively the degree to which elevated trace-element concentrations have influenced the present structure of the benthic community, results from the benthic invertebrate, sediment chemistry, and sediment toxicity parts of this study indicate that concentrations of trace elements may have affected the benthic community. The presence of slag in the erosional habitats of the Northport reach of the Columbia River may also be a factor because slag has filled in interstitial spaces, thereby reducing available habitat. (USGS 1994) Benthic organism groups found in substrate samples collected from Lake Roosevelt in 1992 include snails, midges, caddisflies, worms, and scuds (Griffith and McDowell 1992). Worms 0Oligochaeta) can accumulate toxins that are attached to sediment particles that the worms ingest (COA 2003). Accumulation of contaminants in sediments can cause death, reproduction failure, growth impairment, or other detrimental changes in the organisms exposed to these contaminants (COA 2003). The toxins accumulated in worms can be transferred up the food chain to higher predators such as fish (COA 2003). Potential sources of contamination to the upper Columbia River include industries such as mining, milling, smelting, pulp, and others that have discharged hazardous substances into the river. A discussion of operations and processes at the former Le Roi/Northport Smelter in "Northport, Washington, the Cominco smelter in Trail, B.C., and the Celgar Pulp Mill in Castlegar, B.C., is included in subsection 2.3. A discussion of active, inactive, and abandoned mines and mills in Stevens County and Pend Oreille County can be found in separate reports (E & E 2002; E & E 2001). Other potential sources of contamination to the river include permitted waste discharges in the Columbia River from the municipal wastewater treatment facilities in Castlegar and Trail, B.C., seepage from an old landfill site and an old arsenic storage site located upstream of the Cominco smelter, and the wastes from the cities of Colville and Chewelah, Washington, discharged into the Colville River tributary. (G3 Consulting 2001b) Results of the EPA site investigation indicate that the Cominco smelter in Trail, B.C., is a primary source of contamination to the upper Columbia River (G3 Consulting 200 lb). Smelter operations have been underway in Trail, B.C., since 1896 with the direct discharge of slag into the 10:START-2\01020028\S772 8-2 ------- Columbia River (G3 Consulting 2001 b). In late-1996, the B.C. Ministry of Environment, Land, and Parks prohibited continued discharge of slag into the Columbia River, however; slag has continued to be released into the river during upset conditions (MEL&P 1992; MacDonald 1997). Reportedly, up to 145,000 tons of slag, and possibly 1 86,703 tons of slag (see subsect ion 2.3,2.2), had been discharged annually which moved downstream to settle out in slower flowing, sandy areas (G3 Consulting 2001 b). The environmental effects of slag discharge to the river includes both chemical and physical components (G3 Consulting 2001 b). Chemical effects include increased loads of heavy metals and potential bioaccumulation and toxicity problems in river organisms (G3 Consulting 2001 b). Physical effects include scouring of plant and animal life from river substrates, damage to gills and soft tissues of aquatic insects and fish, and smothering of habitat and food sources (G3 Consulting 2001 b). Cominco's 1996 environmental report includes a trend graph of metals in effluents from the metallurgical operation from 1980 to 1996. According to the 1996 report, the average discharges for total dissolved metals were as high as I 8 kg/d of arsenic, 62 kg/d of cadmium, 200 kg/d of lead, 4 kg/d of mercury, and 7,400 kg/d of zinc. Additionally, fertilizer plant operations contributed up to 4 kg/d of mercury and 350 kg/d of zinc. A new lead smelter was commissioned in 1997 and became fully operational in 1999, reportedly providing improved air emission and effluent treatment controls. Eleven domestic intakes serving an estimated population of 28 people are located within the area of contamination. Sport, subsistence, and commercial fishing is conducted within the area of actual contamination. The Federal endangered peregrine falcon, and the Federal threatened bald eagle and bull trout use this area of the river. Approximately 5.97 linear miles of wetlands are located within the area of contamination. Sediment contamination is present within the Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. The Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area, comprising the lake and its shorelines, attracts more than 1 million visitors per year. Lake Roosevelt is one of the few large lakes in northeastern Washington that has an abundance of shoreline that is accessible to the public for recreational use. Recreational activities include boating, waterskiing, sailing, swimming, fishing, camping, hiking, picknicking, wildlife watching, and sightseeing. Between 1990 and 1996, walleye, rainbow trout, and kokanee were the fish most often caught and harvested by anglers in Lake Roosevelt. In 1998, sturgeon were harvested between Grand Coulee Dam and the U.S.-Canada border. The area is also of economic and cultural significance to Native American populations. Tribally sensitive areas of central importance to the tribes include areas used for cultural, ceremonial, traditional, subsistence, and economic purposes. Subsistence fishing constitutes a major portion of some residents' diets. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 8-3 ------- A 1994 study by the USGS to determine concentrations of mercury and other metals in three fish species (walleye, smallmouth bass, and rainbow trout) found mercury in the walleye samples at concentrations ranging from 0.11 mg/kgto 0.44 mg'kg. While the Federal Food and Drug Administration standard of 1.0 parts per million was not exceeded, the USGS and the WSDH issued a fact sheet summarizing the study and advising the public to limit consumption of Lake Roosevelt walleye (E & E 2000). Currently, the WSDH has health advisories issued for the consumption of walleye, whitefish, and sturgeon from Lake Roosevelt due to mercury and dioxins concerns (WSDH 2002a). Additional concerns include potential threats to human health posed by contact with slag on the beaches of the upper Columbia River and contact with contaminated sediments exposed during low draw down periods. Routes of human exposure to slag and contaminated sediment include inhalation of airborne particles, dermal contact, and ingestion. There is also a concern of human exposure from ingestion of lake/river water contaminated as a result of contact with slag or contaminated sediments. Further detailed investigation of the upper Columbia River under CERCLA is recommended, including consideration of the site for proposal to the NPL, based on an evaluation of hazardous substances found in sediment samples collected from the upper Columbia River and based on a review of prior studies conducted documenting elevated levels of metals, dioxins, and furans in sediment samples at numerous locations from the U.S.-Canada border to Lake Roosevelt. IO:START-2\01020028\S772 8-4 ------- 9. REFERENCES Beatty, Julia, March 2003, British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land, and Air Protection, Nelson, B.C., e-mail to Monica Tonel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, regarding the Canadian government's role in the Cominco-Trail ecological risk assessment. Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), United States Army Corps of Engineers, and United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, July 1994, Columbia River System Operation Review, Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Boyd, Janice, March 11, 2003, Environment Canada, e-mail to Monica Tonel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, regarding reported spills from Cominco - post May 1997. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Land, and Parks (MEL&P), February 14, 1992, Permit Under the Provisions of the Waste Management Act, Cominco Ltd , 500 - 200 Burrard Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6C 3L7, permit number PE-02753. 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J., June 26, 1998, Group Leader, Environmental Monitoring, Cominco, letter to Carl Johnson, Head, Industrial Section, B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks regarding quantity and analysis of slag material. Griffith, Janelle R. and Amy C. McDowell, 1992, Spokane Tribal Fish and Wildlife Center, Draft Report, Measurement of Lake Roosevelt Biota in Relation to Reservoir Operations. Heritage, B., 1981, (Long-time resident of Northport) "Bill Heritage Story," Northport Pioneers, pgs. 185-194. Hurst, Donald J., March 7, 2003, President, Fulcrum Environmental Consulting, Inc., correspondence to Monica Tonel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, regarding Cominco annual reports. Johnson, A. and D. Norton, 2001, Washington State Department of Ecology, Chemical Analysis and Toxicity Testing of Spokane River Sediments Collected in October 2000, Pub. No. 01-03-019. LeCaire, Richard W., 2001, Chief Joseph Kokanee Enhancement Project 2000 Annual Report to Bonneville Power Administration, Fish and Wildlife Division, Portland, Oregon. LeCaire, Richard and Joe Peone, 1999, Lake Roosevelt Rainbow Trout Habitat Improvement Project Annual Report 1990-1991, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 9-2 ------- Lee, Chuck, October 3, 2002, Spokane Tribe of Indians, Lake Roosevelt Weekly Angler Reports to July 13, 2002 through September 20, 2003, data obtained from the Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Evaluation Project. Logan, D. D., November 28, 1 990, Senior Environmental Engineer, Cominco Ltd, correspondence to R. J. Crozier, Head, Environmental Section, Waste Management Branch, Ministry of Environment, Canada regarding slag production. MacDonald Environmental Sciences Ltd. 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Sanborn Map Company, June 1908, Northport, Stevens County, Washington. Scholz, Allan, February 12, 2003, Professor of Biology, Eastern Washington University, telephone conversation regarding bull trout distribution, Upper Columbia River with Michael Berger, Ecology and Environment, Inc., Seattle, Washington. , 2001, Professor of Biology, Eastern Washington University, personal communication to Richard LeCaire, Colville Confederated Tribes, Department of Fish and Wildlife. , Kate O'Laughlin, David Geist, Dee Peone, Jim Uehara, Launna Fields, Todd Kleist, Ines Zozaya, Tim Peone, and Kim Teesatuskie, 1985, Compilation of Information on salmon and steelhead total run size, catch and hydropower related losses above Grand Coulee Dam, Fisheries Technical Report No. 2, Upper Columbia United Tribes Fisheries Center, Eastern Washington University, Department of Biology, Cheney, Washington. 10:START-2\01020028\S772 9-3 ------- Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC), 1997, X-Ray Fluorescence Investigation of Soils for LeRoi Smelter Site, prepared for the Washington State Department of Ecology, June 1997, Ecology Contract No. C9300048, SAI018. Serdar, D., J. Cubbage, and D. Rogowski, 2000, Washington State Department of Ecology, Concentrations of Chemical Contaminants and Bioassay Response to Sediments in Salmon Bay, Seattle, Results of Phase III Sampling, Pub. No. 00-03-053. Stone, Patti, March 12, 2003, Confederated T ribes of the Colville Indian Reservation, correspondence to Monica Tonel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, concerning information of significance regarding the upper Columbia River. Underwood, Keith and John Shields, June 1996, Department of Natural Resources, Spokane Tribe of Indians, Lake Roosevelt Fisheries Monitoring Program, 1993 Annual Report, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census (USBC), 2000 US Census Data, General Housing Characteristics, Stevens and Ferry counties, http://www.census.gov. United States Department of the Interior (DOI), 2000, General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area. , February 2, 1977, Office of the Solicitor, Opinion of the Boundaries of and Status of Title to Certain Lands Within the Colville and Spokane Indian Reservations. United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (BOR), February 2003, Grand Coulee Powerplant, http://www.usbr.gov/power/data/sites/grandcoiVgrandcou.htm. 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Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC), May 2002, Precipitation Records for Colville, Washington, http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliREC+m.pl?wacolv. Roy F. Weston, Inc. (WESTON), 2001a, Upper Columbia River/Lake Roosevelt Expanded Site Inspection Sampling and Quality Assurance Plan, TDD: 01-02-0001-A, EPA Contract: 68-S0-01-02, prepared for the United States Environmental Protection Agency Region 10. May 2001. , 2001 b, Sediment Investigation Trip Report, Upper Columbia River/Lake Roosevelt Expanded Site Inspection. December 2001. White, Megan, October 28, 2002, Program Manager, Water Quality Program, Washington State Department of Ecology letter to Gary Passmore, Director, Office of Environmental Trust, The Confederated Colville T ribes regarding the Department of Ecology's Draft Reassessment of Toxicity of Lake Roosevelt Sediments and CWA 303(d) listings for sediment toxicity in general. IO:START-2\01020028\S772 9-5 ------- |