COAL AND THE
ENVIRONMENT
ABSTRACT
MINE DRAINAGE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1910 '1976
VIRGINIA GlEASON
Him h. Russeu
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This publication has been jointly supported by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., and by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department
of Environmental Resources and financed in part by Federal funds from the Environ-
mental Protection Agency under grant number 803189. The contents do not necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommenda-
tion for use.
Additional copies of this publication may be obtained free from:
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
350 Hochberg Road
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
Division of Mine Area Restoration
P. 0. Box 1476
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Resource Extraction and Handling Division
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Copies may also be purchased from:
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
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Coal and the Environment
Abstract Series
MINE DRAINAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY 1910-1976
Compiled by
V. E. Gleason
H. H. Russell
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
350 Hochberg Road
Monroeville, Pa. 15146
for
United States Environmental Protection Agency
and
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
September 30, 1976
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE v
THE FORMAT AND USE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY vii
ABSTRACTS 1
AUTHOR INDEX 220
ENERAL INDEX.
238
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PREFACE
Work on solving the water pollution problems associated with coal mining has
been conducted by numerous public and private institutions since shortly after the
turn of the century. Aa a result of these activities, a large body of knowledge
has been developed on the causes, effects, and control of coal mine drainage.
Although treatment and abatement methods have been developed, they are not uniformly
successful, and coal mine drainage pollution cannot be considered a problem of the
past. Additional technology and knowledge must become available but should build
upon and not repeat past work. To accomplish this, studies already completed must
be readily available. This Coal Mine Drainage Bibliography is the result of this
concern with making available such Information on coal mine drainage.
In 1961, a special Mine Drainage Library was established at Bituminous Coal
Research, Inc., by the Coal Industry Advisory Committee (CIAC) to the Ohio River
Valley Water Sanitation Commission. Since then, additions to the collection have
been made continuously to keep It current with the latest research and studies in
the field. These additions include government reports, scholarly papers in scien-
tific journals, meeting records, symposium proceedings, articles In trade magazines,
and reports by the coal industry. In 1964, a bibliography of abstracts of the
material in the Mine Drainage Library was prepared by BCR for publication by the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Annually through 1974, the Commonwealth continued
its support of the preparation of Supplements to the Abstract Bibliography.
This new bibliography has been prepared by BCR with sponsorship of the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Environmental Resources and the United States Environmental
Protection Agency. This volume will be significantly easier to handle than the
eleven separate Issues which had become an unwleldly reference tool. Entries from
the previously published Mine Drainage Abstracts which are directly related to
water pollution resulting from mining and preparation of coal are repeated here.
In addition, this volume has been updated with the inclusion of literature from
1975 and 1976 and also with newly acquired items published earlier but not previ-
ously listed in the bibliographies.
The subject areas of material listed In the bibliography cover surface and
underground mines, active and abandoned mines, reclaimed surface mines, and planning
of new mines. Also included are information on lakes formed by surface mining,
drainage from coal refuse disposal areas, and water from coal preparation plants.
A large number of items are concerned with effects of mine drainage on rivers and
streams.
In addition to the abstracts, this volume includes an Author Index and a
General Index, described in the section "The Bibliography, Its Format and Use"
beginning on page vii.
Much of the literature abstracted here is available from large libraries,
government agencies issuing particular reports, or from the authors. Complete
citations have been given so that the reader can obtain material from these sources.
Items with NTIS numbers at the end of the citation may be purchased from U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. For those who have difficulty in obtaining
material from these sources, arrangements can be made to use the collection at the
BCR library on weekdays between 8:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. Limited interlibrary loan
service and photocopies of non-copyright material for a nominal fee are also
available. Please direct requests to Librarian, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
35Q Hochberg Road, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146.
v.
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Searching for and acquisition of mine drainage information is a continuing
project. Coverage of the early literature is essentially complete. However, we
recognize that, particularly for the most recent years, some material may not have
come to our attention. We would appreciate receiving copies of any publications
not listed here. Abstracts of previously unlisted material as well as of new
publications will be included in future issues of the Bibliography. Any other
suggestions, comments or criticism of this publication are welcomed.
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FORMAT AND USE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
The abstracts are grouped according to the year of publication with each
section being headed by its chronological designation. Within each group abstracts
are arranged alphabetically by the first author or, if none, by title. Each ab-
stract is numbered sequentially within the year of publication so that it has its
own unique number: for example, MD71-23. The letters MD refer to the general sub-
ject area of coal mine drainage. The next two digits refer to the year of publica-
tion. The number to the right of the hyphen indicates the order in which that ab-
stract is listed within the publication year. These unique numbers are used to
reference the abstracts in the indexes. At the end of each abstract is a number
preceeded by OR. This is the file number used by the BCR Library.
The Author Index includes the names of all persons who have been listed as
authors or editors on any publication. When the organization is shown as the
author, it is listed In the General Index. Names beginning with Mc or Mac have
been included alphabetically, as spelled, and are not grouped together.
The General Index Includes the following categories: names of industry,
government, and academic organizations engaged in or sponsoring work relating to
coal mine drainage; geographic features such as names of foreign countries, names
of states and regions of the United States, and rivers, streams, and lakes; and
subject area topics such as mine drainage formation and neutralization processes
which are indicated by terminology which is as specific as possible. In all cate-
gories, cross-references and supplemental words and phrases are used liberally to
facilitate information retrieval. All entries are intermixed in strictly alpha-
betical order which follows the word-by-word method, with hyphenated words consid-
ered as one word.
A difficulty in indexing has resulted from the changes in organization names
that have occurred over the years. For example, many functions of the Pennsylvania
Department of Mines and Mineral Industries have been absorbed in the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Resources. Another example is the United States
Environmental Protection Agency which has evolved from the Fedetal Water Quality
Administration and its predecessor the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion. No attempt has been made to Include these organizational name changes in
indexing earlier publications. Therefore, material is indexed only by the name of
the organization which was in use when the item was issued.
In the General Index the Federal government agencies are listed by name and
are not grouped together under United States. For instance, Geological Survey is
an entry under "G" listings and is Identified as being part of the U.S. Department
of Interior. State agencies are indexed using the name of the state as the initial
word of the agency title, thus Ohio Geological Survey.
vii.
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1.
1910
MD10-1 GERMICIDAL EFFECT OF MINE WATER AND TANNERY WASTES
Engineering Record 6_1 (16), 533-534 (Apr. L6, 1910). The effects of the two wastes
on the bacteria of sewage were studied by Dr. Samuel G. Dixon of the Pennsylvania
Department of Health. This article, based on the Bulletin which was issued by the
Department, gives the details of the experimental program and reports the conclu-
sion that the wastes, particularly mine drainage, do inhibit the growth of sewage
organisms. OR 10-17
MD10-2 THE ACID WATERS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Trax, E. C., Eng. Record 62^, 371-372 (1910). Also in Eng. News 64, 362-363 (1910).
This general discussion of the effect of acidity from mines on Pennsylvania rivers
emphasizes the acid condition of the Youghiogheny River. OR 10-1
1913
MD13-1 ACTION OF ACID MINE WATER ON THE INSULATION OF ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS
Clark, H. H. and Ilsley, L. C., U.S. Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper No. 58 (1913). A
method for testing the action of acid water on the insulation of electrical conduc-
tors is described and test results are given. OR 10-6
1916
MD16-1 CHEMISTRY IN COAL MINING
Blakeley, A. G., Coal Age 10^ (8), 296-302 (1916). This discussion of the function
of the chemist in coal mining includes the analysis of several mine waters.
OR 10-11
MD16-2 A NEW RAW WATER SUPPLY FOR THE CITY OF MCKEESPORT, PENNSYLVANIA
Trax, E. C., J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 947-958 (1916). The background for chang-
ing from the Youghiogheny to the Monongahela River for a source of raw water supply
for McKeesport is presented. The effect of acid from mine-drainage was an impor-
tant factor. OR 10-9
MD16-3 THE CHEMISTRY OF MINE WATER
Young, C. M., Coal Age 10, 704-707 (1916). Analyses of several samples of mine
water are used to illustrate the wide variation in composition. Lime and soda ash
are discussed as neutralizing agents. The possibility of recovering by-products
of the neutralization for commercial use is considered. OR 10-12
1917
MM.7-1 USE OF MINE WATER AS BOILER FEED
Chance, M., Coal Age .11, 600-601 (1917). Under normal circumstances, the softening
of mine water for use as a boiler feed is not recommended. Neutralization with
lime allayed corrosion but caused increased incrustation. A double neutralization,
first with lime then with soda ash, stopped both corrosion and scaling but caused
the boilers to foam badly. OR 10-13
1918
MD18-1 THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS
Sherlock, C. C., Eng. Mining J. 106, 861 (1918). The rights and responsibilities
of the mine owner with respect to use of water are discussed and illustrated by
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MD18-1 (continued)
2.
quotations from five court decisions. OR 10-14
1921
MD21-1 MINE-WATER NEUTRALIZING PLANT AT CALUMET MINE
Tracy, L. D., Ttans. AIME 66, 609-623 (1921). Also published as "Six tons of ferric
hydrates secured daily from water at a Connellsville mine," Coal Age JL8 (1), 13-16
(1920). The two products of the limestone neutralization plant at the H. C. Frick
Coke Co., Mt. Pleasant, Pa. are hydrated iron oxide, which could be marketed for
H2S removal from manufactured gas or as a pigment; and treated water which was used
in quenching coke, and with additional treatment, could be used in the plant's
boilers. OR 20-4
MD21-2 POLLUTION OF RIVER WATER IN THE PITTSBURGH DISTRICT
Young, C. M., J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 8^, 201-217 (1921). Mines, waste dumps at
coal washeries, and other industries all contribute to the acidity of river water
in the Pittsburgh district. Sewage discharged into the rivers serves as a neutral-
izing agent and is precipitated, resulting in a lower putrefaction rate. The acid
in the river water causes damage to boilers, to piping, to clothes, and treatment
is expensive and inadequate at best. Analyses of discharges from two mines in the
Connellsville district show the extent and character of acid mine drainage pollu-
tion. OR 20-8
1922
MD22-1 NATURE OF ACID WATER FROM COAL MINES AND THE DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY
Selvig, W. A. and Ratliff, W, C., Ind. Eng. Chem. 14 (2), 125-127 (1922). The
composition of mine water and its natural precipitate, "sulfur mud," is presented.
Methods for determining free acidity and total acidity are outlined. Since direct
titration of acid mine water for sulfuric acid with alkali solutions in the presence
of methyl orange gives results that are too high, ferric iron can be reduced before
titration and a correction can be made for the hydrolysis of aluminum sulfate in
order to obtain more nearly correct data. OR 20-9
1923
MD23-1 POLLUTION OF WATER SUPPLIES BY COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Collins, C. P., Eng. News-Record 91 (16), 638-641 (1923). The serious character of
acid mine drainage Is reviewed. The relationship between coal mine drainage and
rainfall is presented graphically. A sketch of a suggested plant for treating mine
drainage with slaked lime is included. OR 20-16
MD23-2 WHAT SHALL BE DONE ABOUT THE GROWING EVIL OF THE POLLUTION OF STREAMS BY
MINE DRAINAGE?
Crichton, A. B., Coal Age 23^, 447-451 (1923). A review of the proposed laws to
protect water supplies is presented. The Increasingly acid condition of streams in
western Pennsylvania due to the development of the coal industry is discussed. An
estimate of the amount of acid drainage into the Ohio River shows that more than a
million tons of lime per year would be needed for neutralization. OR 20-17
MD23-3 ACID-RESISTING ALLOYS FOR USE IN MINE WATER
Enos, G. M., Coal Age 23^ (17), 665-668 (1923). A number of materials were subjected
to tests in acid mine water and rated for their resistance to corrosion. The
analyses of the three western Pennsylvania mine drainages used are given. OR 20-14
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3.
1926
MD26-1 RELATION OF DRAINAGE FROM MINES TO STREAM POLLUTION
Crichton, A. B., Mining Congr. J. 12^ 418-420 (X926) . There is no known satisfac-
tory solution to the acid mine drainage problem. The cost of neutralization would
be from 34 to 57 cents a ton, the cost of softening would be from 70 cents to one
dollar per ton and even then the water would not be suitable for all uses. There
is a real need for a careful investigation of the whole problem before the passage
of legislation which would hurt mining or industry. OR 20-18
MD26-2 MINE-WATER PURIFICATION
Handy, J. o,, Mining Congr. J. 12^ 421-423 (1926). The characteristics of acid
mine drainage are discussed. The cost of hydrated lime treatment with a mechanical
lime proportioning and feeding device is computed. Prof. James Withrow of the Dept.
of Chemical Engineering at Ohio State University discusses the paper. OR 20-20
1927
MD27-1 DISPOSAL OF DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINES
Crichton, A. B., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 53, 1656-1666 (1927). This review of
acid mine drainage covers many phases of the problem and includes tabulations of
analyses of a number of mine waters and streams in Pennsylvania. Results of lime
treatment of drainage at the Melcroft Coal Company are also reported. OR 20-24
1928
MD28-1 OBSERVATIONS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Leitch, R. D., Mining Congr. J. 14^, 835-839, 848 (1928). Types of mines and coal
formations are discussed in relation to coal districts. The quality of water from
working and abandoned mines and gob piles and the effect of acid on streams are
discussed. The potentiality of neutralization as a control measure is outlined.
OR 20-25
MD28-2 A COMPARISON OF THE ACIDITY OF WATERS FROM SOME ACTIVE AND ABANDONED
MINES
Leitch, R. D. and Yant, W. P., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 2892 (1928). 8 pp. In order to
determine whether acidity of drainage water from abandoned mines was lower than from
active mines, a study was made of active and abandoned mines in the Lower Kittanning
bed and in the Upper Freeport bed. The acidity and dissolved oxygen were generally
lower in the abandoned mines, most of which were caved, indicating that sealing
abandoned mines might further reduce acidity of mine drainage. OR 20-28
MD28-3 PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING POLLUTED ACID WASTES: TREATMENT OF
POLLUTED WATERS
Travers, J. T. (to Travers-Lewis Process Corp.), U.S. Pat. 1,685,300 (Sept. 25,
1928). 6 pp; U.S. Pat. 1,685,301 (Sept. 25, 1928). 1 p. These are related
patents on the treatment of acid wastes. The wastes are passed over a porous cal-
cium carbonate such as travertine and, if necessary, further treated with lime in
order to neutralize the acidity and decrease the amount of iron in the waste water.
OR 20-29
1929
MD29-1 THE BLENDING OF PIT WATERS
Ridley, C. N., Colliery Eng. 6i (62), 128, 147 (1929). The treatment of mine waters
to make them suitable for boiler use can sometimes be accomplished by analysis and
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4.
MD29-1 (continued)
blending of various types (hard, alkaline, acid). Some typical analyses are pre-
sented. OR 20-27
1930
MD30-1 WANTED: MORE RESEARCH ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Carpenter, L. V., Coal Age ^5, 406-408 (1930). This historical review of acid mine-
water pollution expounds the need for further study and field treatment work.
OR 30-1
MD30-2 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Carpenter, L. V. and Davidson, A. H., Proc. Va. Acad. Sci. <4, 93-99 (1930). Mine
water treatments discussed include neutralization with a number of agents, dilution,
and mine sealing. OR 30-2
MD30-3 STREAM POLLUTION INVESTIGATION IN WEST VIRGINIA
Herndon, L. K., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. No. 3, 68-74 (1930).
The condition of the Cheat River Basin is reported on briefly. Among the sources
of industrial pollution are some 98 coal mines pouring substantial amounts of acid
into the basin. The neutralizing effect of some tannery wastes on the acid river
is noted. OR 30-3
MD30-4 SEALING OLD WORKINGS PREVENTS ACID FORMATION AND SAVES PIPES AND STREAMS
Leitch, R. D. and Yant, W. P., Coal Age 35_, 78-80 (1930). The sealing of abandoned
sections of eight mines in south-western Indiana Is described. Five of the mines
had acid water in open sections and non-acid water in sealing sections. The other
mines had no acid water in either the open or sealed sections. OR 30-4
MD30-5 EFFECT OF SEALING ON ACIDITY OF MINE DRAINAGE
Leitch, R. D,, Yant, W. P. and Sayers, R. R., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 2994 (1930).
11 pp. Samples of water were taken from both open and closed sections of eight
mines in southern Indiana. The evidence seems conclusive that sealing of worked-
out or abandoned sections of mines results in inhibiting acid formation. "Sealing"
must mean make air-tight. OR 30-5
1931
MD31-1 EFFECT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON RIVER WATER SUPPLY
Drake, C. F., J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 2J), 1474-1494 (1931). This review of the
problem, and the literature dealing with it, emphasizes the effects of drainage
from active mines, abandoned mines, and gob piles in the bituminous coal area of
western Pennsylvania. State support in the sealing of abandoned mines is recommend-
ed with provision that operators be required to seal mines abandoned in the
future. OR 30-11
MD31-2 WATER PURIFICATION PROBLEMS IN MINING AND MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS
Drake, C. F., J, Amer. Water Works Assoc. j23, 1261-1271 (1931). Variability of
water quality in streams of western Pennsylvania and the resultant problems for
water purification plants are outlined. The paper (pp 1261-5) is then discussed
by Mr. E. C. Trax (pp 1266-8) and Mr. H. E. Moses (pp 1268-71). OR 30-10
MD31-3 SURVEY OF THE MINE DRAINAGE IN THE WEST FORK RIVER BASIN
Herndon, L. K., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. No. 4, 115-142 (1931).
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MD31-3 (continued)
5.
The results of a survey of drainage from 208 mines in the area are tabulated.
Conditions of each of the main tributaries and of the West Fork River itself due
to the acid drainage are discussed. OR 30-12
MD31-4 THE ACIDITY OF BENNETT BRANCH OF SINNEMAHONING CREEK, PA., DURING LOW
WATER - 1930
Leitch, R. D., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3097 (1931). 6 pp. At a period of extreme low
water, the acidity of Bennett Branch shows no definite indications of being much
higher than during normal conditions. Methods of measuring stream volume are
described. OR 30-14
MD31-5 THE ACIDITY OF BLACK LICK, TWO LICK AND YELLOW CREEKS, PENNSYLVANIA,
DURING LOW WATER IN 1930
Leitch, R. D., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3102 (1931). 6 pp. The acidity of Black Lick,
and its tributaries Two Lick and Yellow Creeks was determined ac various points and
related to volume. An equilibrium between total and free acidity in streams pollut-
ed by mine drainage seems to exist under certain conditions. Ratio appears to be
between 2.0 and 2.3 to 1. OR 30-15
MD31-6 THE ACIDITY OF SEVERAL PENNSYLVANIA STREAMS DURING LOW WATER
Leitch, R. D., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3119 (1931). 10 pp. Analyses of samples taken
from five streams containing mine drainage during normal low water and extreme low
water are discussed. Two showed no change in acidity, two showed an increase in
acidity, and one a decrease In acidity. OR 30-16
MD31-7 ACIDITY AND HARDNESS DIFFICULTIES AT MONONGAHELA RIVER PLANTS
Morgan, L. S., Eng. News-Record 106, 850 (1931). The increase in mining activity
along the Monongahela River poses increasing problems for the public water works
located on the river. Some difficulties are: inadequate capacity of chemical-
feed equipment; production of abnormal quantities of sludge; inadequate facilities
for sludge removal; shortened filter runs; increased cost of treatment; failure to
obtain satisfactory reduction in hardness. OR 30-17
1932
MD32-1 THE DISPOSAL OF COAL MINE LIQUID WASTES
Bach, H., "Proc. Third Int. Conf. Bituminous Coal, Nov. 16 to 21, 1931," Vol. II,
Pittsburgh: Carnegie Inst. Technol. (1932). pp 924-959. Various treatment methods
of drainage from coal mining areas, coal washery water, and drainage from coal
refuse piles in Germany are sedimentation, thickening, neutralization and sludge
removal. Disposal of liquid wastes from gas manufacture is also considered. In
the discussion of the paper, the mine drainage problem in Appalachia and the details
of the Indian Creek litigation are described. OR 30-8
MD32-3 PROCESS OF PURIFYING WATER
Kaplan, B. B. (to David B. Reger, Morgantown, W. Va.), U.S. Pat. 1,878,525 (Sept.
20, 1932). 4 pp. A process for purifying mine water and obtaining marketable
by-products is proposed. The addition of cyanides - potassium ferrocyanide, barium
ferrocyanide or other forms - precipitates Prussian blue from acid mine water.
Besides producing a saleable pigment, the mother liquor is free of acid and does
not add to the hardness of streams into which it is discharged. OR 30-50
MD32-3 ACIDITY OF DRAINAGE FROM HIGH PYRITIC COAL AREAS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Leitch, R. D., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3146 (1932). 15 pp. Drainage from 39 coal mines
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MD32-3 (continued)
6.
in seventeen high pyritic areas in Pennsylvania was sampled. Where possible,
samples of water, coal, top and bottom strata, and gob material were taken from
inside the mines and forms of sulfur in the solid material were determined. In
general, drainage from mines in high pyritic areas was found to be more highly acid
than from beds of average or low sulfur coals. OR 30-19
MD32-4 CHARACTER OF DRAINAGE FROM MINES IN THE THICK FREEPORT COAL BED,
PENNSYLVANIA
Leitch, R. D., Yant, W. P., and Sayers, R. R., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3193 (1932).
29 pp. A survey of the composition of the waters from various sections of 15 mines
and the total outflow of 18 mines, shows that at the time of this study the general
underground drainage was predominantly alkaline. The total outflow of 3 mines that
could not be entered was found to be acid. There is a detailed discussion of the
findings on samples from these sources. OR 30-20
MD32-5 COAL MINE DRAINAGE DISPOSAL
Stevenson, W. L., "Proc. Third Int. Conf. Bituminous Coal, Nov. 16 to 21, 1931,"
Vol. II, Pittsburgh: Carnegie Inst. Technol. (1932). pp 912-923. The Indian
Creek decision by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court established the priority of public
water supply over the use of streams for discharge of waste. As a means of reducing
the number of stream miles affected by mine drainage, coal companies diverted mine
discharges into impoundments for regulated discharge. Case histories of practice
at Pennsylvania mines showed that often acid drainage in impoundments became either
markedly less acid or even alkaline. The role of the Sanitary Water Board in mine
drainage pollution abatement was discussed. OR 30-55
1933
MD33-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE FROM BITUMINOUS COAL MINES
Carpenter, L. V. and Herndon, L, K,, W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Res. Bull. 10,
(1933). 38 pp. The quantity of acid mine drainage is correlated with the coal
vein, acreage exhausted, and rainfall. Experiments on buffering action are cited.
The effect of sterilization on the solubility of sulfur is discussed. A series of
tests on the effect of acidity on bacteria and B.O.D. are recorded. Experimental
data are correlated with operating data from several water works. (From authors'
synopsis) OR 30-22
MD33-2 OXIDATION OF PYRITIC SULFUR IN BITUMINOUS COAL
Nelson, H. W., Snow, R. D., and Keyes, D. B., Ind. Eng. Chem. 25, 1355-1358 (1933).
In experiments here described, an increase in temperature increases the rate of
oxidation of pyritic sulfur to soluble sulfate. By screening a sample of the pul-
verized coal to several sized fractions and running a series of oxidation experi-
ments on each fraction, the pyritic sulfur in the finer sizes is oxidized at a
faster rate than the larger sizes. Experiments made with ferric sulfate added to
the coal-water mixture show that this compound assists materially in the oxidation
of the pyritic sulfur in the suspended coal. The effect is enhanced by a rise in
temperature. A large amount of the pyritic sulfur is removed from the coal during
experiments in which a small amount of chlorine gas is added to the air stream
passing through the apparatus. The organic sulfur is unaffected by any of the
processes mentioned. (From journal abstract) OR 30-23
MD33-3 A QUARTER CENTURY OF PROGRESS IN THE PURIFICATION OF ACID WATERS
Trax, E. C., W. Va. Univ., College Eng., Tech. Bull. No. 6, 5-19 (1933). In this
report on acid mine-drainage many facets of the problems, particularly in the use
of Monongahela River waters, are reviewed. Some of the possible approaches to
treatment are discussed. OR 30-24
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1934
MD34-1 LABORATORY CONTROL
Carpenter, L. V. and Pyle, G. R., W. Va. Univ., Tech. Bull. No. 7, 46-51 (1934).
Methods of analysis of acid, iron-containing waters are outlined since seventy-
five percent of the water works in West Virginia have to contend with acid waters
which contain appreciable quantities of iron, aluminum, and sometimes manganese*
OR 30-67
MD34-2 SEALING ABANDONED COAL MINES: A FEDERAL PROJECT TO PROTECT PUBLIC WATER
SUPPLIES
Hatch, B. F., Water Works and Sewerage 81 (3), 99-100 (1934). This resume of the
extent of the mine-drainage problem in the Ohio Basin and the proposed Federal
Mine-Seal Program contains a brief statement of acid formation, and a description
and illustration of several proposed methods for sealing as well as a statement of
the anticipated results. OR 30-53
MD34-3 STUDIES OF THE MORGANTOWN WATER SUPPLIES, ESPECIALLY THEIR VARIATIONS IN
MINERAL CONTENT
Hodge, W. W, and Newton, R., W. Va. Univ., Tech. Bull. No. 7, 52-53 (1934). Since
pollution of the Monongahela by industrial wastes and mine drainage affected the
water supplies of West Virginia University and the city of Morgantown, a survey was
made to find more and better sources of water for them. Feasible sources other than
the Monongahela were Tibbs Run and deep wells. Analytical methods and detailed
analyses of Monongahela and Tibbs Run waters are given. OR 30-68
MD34-4 MINE SEALING PROGRAM ON OHIO RIVER WATERSHED
Tisdale, E. S. and Lyons, E. W., J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. ^6, 1843-1852 (1934).
The mine sealing program of the U.S. Public Health Service is discussed in terms of
numbers of closures in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia after less than a year
of activity. OR 30-59
MD34-5 PURIFICATION PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM POLLUTION BY MINE WATER
Trax, E. C., Water Works Eng. 87 (14), 774-775 (1934). Various aspects of the acid-
mine drainage problem such as the effectiveness of sealing abandoned mines, progress
in the application of basic methods of treatment, and germicidal action of mine
water are discussed. The justifiable degree of water purification is also consid-
ered. OR 30-27
1935
MD35-1 SEALING OF COAL MINES - WILL REDUCE ACIDITY OF THEIR EFFLUENT WATERS
Leitch, R. D., Coal Age 40, 323-326 (1935). The Federal Mine Sealing Program is
discussed. Several types of seals used in the program are presented graphically
and their value to the solution of the problem is pointed out. OR 30-56
MD35-2 TREATING BITUMINOUS COAL MINES TO REDUCE ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Paul, J. W., AIME Tech. Paper 628 (1935). 17 pp. A favorable report of the effec-
tiveness of mine sealing under the Federal and State Civil Works Administration is
presented. Drawings and pictures of various types of traps used are given. Water
quality data are included for discharge from a number of mines. OR 30-57
MD35-3 ACID MINE-DRAINAGE CONTROL ON UPPER OHIO RIVER TRIBUTARIES
Tisdale, E. S. and Lyons, E. W., J. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 27, 1186-1198 (1935).
The economic damage done by mine drainage in West Virginia is assessed in terms of
-------
MD-35-3 (continued)
8.
Increased cost of construction to locks and dams; damage to locks, dams, and
vessels; treatment for boiler purposes; damage to drainage lines, culverts, etc.;
damage to recreational areas; damage to agriculture. It Is estimated that $1
million annual loss to West Virginia can be attributed to mine drainage. The Public
Health Service program of mine sealing is discussed. Some data relating to the
effects of the sealing program are presented. OR 30-60
1936
MD36-1 WEST VIRGINIA COAL SEAMS AND THEIR DRAINAGE
Herndon, L. K. and Hodge, W. W., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Res. Bull. No. 14
(1936). 25 pp. Information compiled from various sources includes analyses of
coal In West Virginia seams; extent of coal seam9 by counties; total production
from these seams through 1931; and acidity of drainages identified by coal seam,
watershed, and counties. Mandatory sealing of mines as they become inactive is
proposed as a way of reducing the projected amounts of acid drainage. OR 30-29
MD36-2 OHIO RIVER WATER IN THE WHEELING DISTRICT AND ITS TREATMENT FOR USE IN
BOILERS
Hodge, W. W. and Niehaus, E. J., W. Va. Univ., Tech. Bull. No. 8, 41-66 (1936).
The objectives of this work are: (1) to secure data on the quality of water and
its chemical impurities; (2) to determine any seasonal variations or correlations
between river flow and chemical properties of the water; and (3) to determine the
effects of each successive operation of the treatment plant. Analyses of river
water for 1934 are compared in general with analyses made in 1925 and in 1932, and
compared in detail with analyses of treated water. The river water seemed to be
becoming more acidic. OR 30-71
MD36-3 POLLUTION OF PITTSBURGH'S RIVERS
Holbrook, E. A., The Pa. Eng., 12-13, 19, Oct. 1936. Sewage, mine drainage and
industrial waste all contribute to water pollution in Western Pennsylvania.
Although mine drainage is a severe pollutant, it does counteract the harmful effects
of the raw sewage dumped Into the rivers. Water storage reservoirs to dilute low
flows are suggested as one way of alleviating the problem. OR 30-62
MD36-4 UNUSUAL DIFFICULTIES IN TREATING MINE WATER
Holy, W. E,, W, Va. Univ., Tech. Bull, No. 8, 16-18 (1936). The development of the
discharge from a mine for a public water supply is described. The mine water, with
a pH of 7.3 and total iron of 1.5 ppm is aerated, treated with lime, settled,
filtered, and chlorinated to give a finished water said to have iron completely
removed and a pH of 8.4. The greatest difficulties are a characteristic taste and
odor, and a high sulfate concentration. OR 30-69
MD36-5 MINE-SEALING PROGRAM TO REDUCE ACID POLLUTION IN STREAMS
Eng. News-Record 116 (2), 42-43 (1936). The mine sealing program of the WPA in the
Ohio River Basin 1b discussed briefly. Two methods of sealing which depend on a
masonry wall built just inside the entrance to the mine shaft exclude air from the
mines and thus check the formation of sulphuric acid. OR 30-51
MD36-6 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN WEST VIRGINIA
Tisdale, E. S., W. Va. Univ., Tech. Bull. No. 8, 126-132 (1936), In this general
discussion of water pollution control, Tisdale reports that air sealing of mines
reduces acid formation. OR 30-72
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9.
1937
MD37-1 SEALING PROJECTS - SHARPLY REDUCE STREAM POLLUTION FROM ABANDONED MINES
Fellows, P. A., Coal Age 42 (4), 158-161 (1937). Over 1000 abandoned mines having
47,000 openings have been sealed to dace. Tests before and after sealing show
acidity of drainages to be reduced from 50 to more than 90 percent. OR 30-54
MD37-2 EFFECT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE ON WEST VIRGINIA RIVERS AND WATER SUPPLIES
Hodge, W. W., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Exp. Sta., Tech. Bull. No. 9, 32-58 (1937). Data
collected on amounts of drainage and acid production are summarized by coal seam
and by watershed. A review of public water supplies of West Virginia communities
shows how they are affected by acid drainage. Analyses of samples taken over more
than two years are tabulated to show reduction of acidity after mine sealing.
OR 30-31
MD37-3 POLLUTION OF STREAMS BY COAL-MINE DRAINAGE - BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF
SEALING ABANDONED MINES
Hodge, W. W., Ind. Eng. Chem. 29, 1048-1055 (1937). In 1932 the acid pollution of
the Ohio River was equivalent to more than 3,000,000 tons of concentrated sulfuric
acid. A regional program for air sealing abandoned mines was begun in December,
1933, under the supervision of the USPHS in cooperation with the states in the Ohio
Basin. Within three years, over 47,000 openings in 13,500 abandoned coal mines have
been sealed; reductions in acid produced have been from 25 to over 80 percent.
OR 30-36
MD37-4 MINE SEALING REDUCES ACID POLLUTION OF STREAMS IN THE OHIO BASIN
Coal Mining lh_ (2), 6-7 (1937). This is a report on mine sealing in Ohio, Pennsyl-
vania, Kentucky, and West Virginia under the WPA, USPHS, U.S. Army Corps of Eng.,
and U.S. Bureau of Mines. OR 30-33
MD37-5 A SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Rudolfs, W., Sewage Works J. 9^, 998-1014 (1937). The treatment of water related to
coal mining is a small part of this general review. The use of flocculants in
treating coal washery water is noted. OR 30-37
1938
MD38-1 OXIDATION OF PYRITIC SULFUR IN COAL MINES
Burke, S. P. and Downs, R., Trans. AIME 130, 425-444 (1938). Also published as
AIME Tech. Publ. 769 (1937). 20 pp. This is an investigation of the reaction
mechanism of the oxidation of pyritic sulfur. The experimental procedures are
discussed and extensive data on reaction rates are presented. The effect of acid
formation on drainage, on the weathering of coal and gob piles, and as an agent
contributing to roof falls is discussed. A discussion of the paper is Included.
OR 30-39
MD38-2 PROGRESS IN MINE SEALING
Chapman, C. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Tech. Bull. No. 11, 79-85 (1938).
The mine sealing program in the Tygart River Basin of West Virginia is discussed
in detail. The economics and results of surface sealing of a mine in Preston County
are also presented. OR 30-40
MD38—3 MINE SEALING IN MARYLAND
Hall, G. L., Eng. News-Record 120, 713-715 (1938). The extent of the acid mine-
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MD38-3 (continued)
10.
drainage problem in Maryland and the results of the sealing program are discussed.
OR 30-41
MD38-4 MITIGATION OF TRADE WASTE POLLUTION IN WEST VIRGINIA
Herndon, L. K. and Withrow, J. R,, Trans. AIChE 34, 327-352 (1938). The condition
of various river basins in West Virginia is discussed. The harmful effects of acid
coal mine-drainage on water for industrial and municipal use and the need for coop-
eration between the state and industry are presented. OR 30-42
MD38-5 THE EFFECT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE ON WEST VIRGINIA RIVERS AND WATER
SUPPLIES
Hodge, W. W., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Res, Bull. No. 18 (1938). 30 pp.
Data are presented and literature cited which lead the author to conclude that the
air-sealing of abandoned mines and entries, diversion of water from mines, and the
construction of large flood control dams offer the best methods for assuring the
maintenance of satisfactory stream conditions for public water supplies, industrial
uses, and the recreational activities and good health of all the people. OR 30-43
MD38-6 THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF SURFACE WATERS POLLUTED BY ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Lackey, J. B., Pub. Health Repts. _53, 1499-1507 (1938). Biological surveys based
on the relative abundance of a limited number of easily recognizable acid tolerant
species can be used effectively to determine the condition of acid waters. OR 30-44
MD38-7 SOME TESTS OF ACID-RESISTANT PIPE
Leitch, R. D., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3426 (1938). 7 pp. A number of kinds of pipe
were tested in low, moderate and high acidity mine-drainage areas. The results
are tabulated and illustrated. Several lined pipes proved satisfactory after two
years service, even at 10,000 ppm total acidity. OR 30-45
MD38-8 SUBSTANTIAL PROGRESS REPORTED IN MINE SEAL PROGRAM
Coal Mining 1^5 (2), 8-10 (1938). Activity and costs in the WPA mine sealing program
between October 1, 1935 and September 1, 1937 are tabulated. Estimates are also
made of amounts of acid reduction. OR 30-38
1940
MD40-1 TESTS ON THE EFFECT OF ACID MINE WATERS ON VARIOUS CEMENTS
Leitch, R. D., and Calverley, J. G., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3487 (1940). A study was
made of tensile strength characteristics of various cements when made with acid
mine water of two concentrations. Increase in acidity of mixing water increased
tensile strength in aging tests in the laboratory. However, exposure to acid mine
water in the field showed a more rapid deterioration of slabs made with high acid
mine waters. OR 40-1
MD40-2 RELATION OF WASTE DISPOSAL TO WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA WATER SUPPLIES
Young, C. H., J. Am. Water Works Assoc. J32^ 1867-1882 (1940). The effect of such
major industries as the steel and bituminous coal Industries on the water supply of
western Pennsylvania is discussed. Reducing the amounts of mine drainage and in-
dustrial wastes discharged to the streams would have a beneficial effect on the
costs of purification and on operating problems of the water works. OR 40-2
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11.
1941
MD41-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE STUDIES AT MORCANTOWN, WEST VIRGINIA
U.S. Public Health Serv., Stream Pollution Invest. Sta., 1941. 52 pp.+ The pro-
cedures used to determine stream flow and water quality at various points in the
neighborhood of Morgantown are described. The study of the effect of mine sealing
on water quality was one of the objectives of the program. Separate reports and
comments by C. L. Chapman and F. I. Norris, by P.D. Haney, and by R. D. Leitch are
included. OR 40-47
MD41-2 WATER PROBLEM IN THE PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE MINING REGION
Ash, S. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC 7175 (1941). 11 pp. Tremendous volumes of water
accumulate in area mines. Private and governmental activites in preventing inflow
and in dewatering the mines are discussed. OR 40-9
1942
MD42-1 ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN A SERIES OF STR1PMINE LAKES IN CENTRAL MISSOURI
Crawford, B. T., M.A. Thesis, Univ. Mo., 1942. 134 pp. A detailed limnological
study was made of a graded series of four acid surface mine lakes near Carrington,
in Calloway County, in an area which had been mined from 1919-1921. The field
studies were carried out monthly from September 1940 through November 1941, Lake A,
the most severely polluted, received drainage from coal refuse and had a pH of
2.8-3.0. Lake B had a pH of 3.4-3.8 with runoff mainly from spoil banks and coal
veins in the basin. Lake C had a pH mainly between 6.1 and 6.8 and had a small
drainage area with few spoil banks. Lake D had a surface pH of 7.2-7.4 and a
drainage area of tilled farmland. Information from the field studies included pH,
temperature, color, turbidity; results of analyses for dissolved oxygen, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, iron (found only in Lake A), potassium, manganese, strontium,
ammonia, nitrogen, nitrate, and nitrite; and species and amounts of plankton and
bottom fauna. The less acid lakes showed increased turbidity, less mineral content,
and greater species diversity, and temperature stratification similar to eutrophic
lakes. However, acid lakes contained so many of the few species they did support
that the weight of organisms found was greater than the weight of organisms in the
less acid lakes. OR 40-89
MD42-4 INVESTIGATION ON TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF ACID INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Morgan, L, S., Sewage Works J. 14^ 404-409 (1942). The acid mine drainage problem
in Pennsylvania and the effect of the mine-sealing program of 1936 are discussed.
Analytical data and some suggestions for attacking the acid problem are included,
OR 40-13
MD42-3 OHIO RIVER POLLUTION SURVEY - FINAL REPORT TO THE OHIO RIVER COMMITTEE -
SUPPLEMENT "C" - ACID MINE DRAINAGE STUDIES
Office of Stream Sanitation, U.S. Public Health Serv., 1942. This survey has been
conducted to study the basic theories of acid formation in coal mines and the
possibilities and experience with remedial measures. Studies by the U.S. Bureau
of Mines have shown that mine sealing can control acid at the mine at reasonable
cost. Flood control reservoirs can be used to control acidity in some streams by
storage of alkaline water and release as needed. Chemical neutralization has
proven impractical due to economic factors. Quality of Allegheny and Monongahela
Rivers are shown graphically and discussed. OR 40-11
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12.
1943
MD43-1 NOTES ON MINE DRAINAGE STREAM POLLUTION
McElroy, D. L., Presented to Somerset County (Pa*) Coal Operators Assoc., Nov. 3,
1943. 6 pp. The problem of acid mine drainage is presented, followed by discussion
of suggested means of eliminating it. OR 40-15
MD43-2 PENNSYLVANIANS HOLD JOINT MEETING
Water Works and Sewerage 90, 395-400 (1943). At a joint meeting of Western Pa.
AWWA Section and Western Div. of the Pa. Water Operators Assoc., M. Le Bosquet, Jr.,
Senior Engineer USPHS, Cincinnati, Ohio and E. W. Lyons, Senior Engineer U.S. Bur.
Mines, presented a paper on "Acid mine drainage studies in the Ohio River Pollution
Survey." Mine sealing and dilution reservoirs have cut the estimated total annual
damage from mine drainage about in half. A discussion of the paper by C. A. Finley,
C. H. Young, L. H. Enslow, and C. W. Rice followed. OR 40-14
1945
MD45-1 MINE DRAINAGE PRACTICE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Griffith, E., AIME, Tech. Publ. No. 1907 (1945). 18 pp. This is a discussion of
the drainage practices of the anthracite region. Despite efficient pumping layouts,
tunnels for draining active mines and large—scale surface—drainage facilities for
keeping water out of mines, the anthracite industry is threatened with curtailment
of a malor degree and premature extinction because of encroachment of water.
OR 40-18
MD45-2 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - INTERIM REPORT, JANUARY 1944 TO
JULY 1945
Hodge, W. W. and Hinkle, M. E., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship
No. 11, Interim Rept., Aug. 1945. 15 pp. The objectives of the program are out-
lined. Analyses of acid and alkaline mine effluents and of roof drips are pre-
sented. Sulfur balls were tested for reactions in water and were examined for
changes in air. OR 40-60
1946
MD46-1 FLOOD PREVENTION AND CONTROL IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Mining Congr. J. 32^ (3), 32-34, 46 (1946). This is a statement of the
water problem in the anthracite mines of Pennsylvania. OR 40-26
MD46-2 BACKFILLING PROBLEM IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION AS IT RELATES TO
CONSERVATION OF ANTHRACITE AND PREVENTION OF SUBSIDENCE
Ash, S. H. and Westfield, J., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC 7342 (1946). 18 pp. The risk of
inundation of mines in sections of the anthracite region is increased by subsidence
of strata overlying mine workings filled with loosely consolidated water bearing
materials. This paper discusses backfilling as a possible solution to the sub-
sidence problem. OR 40-23
MD46-3 FLOOD-PREVENTION PROJECTS AT PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE MINES -
A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Ash, S. H. and Westfield, J., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 3868 (1946). 25 pp.+ This report
covers work conducted during an investigation of the anthracite mine-flood problem.
It describes construction work on four mine flood-prevention projects that offered
a field for scientific and technologic studies of the problem. OR 40-21
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13.
MD46-4 STREAM POLLUTION: EFFECT OF ACID WASTES ON NATURAL PURIFICATION OF THE
SCHUYLKILL RIVER
Chubb, R. S. and Merkel, P. P., Sewage Works J. 18 (4), 692-694 (1946). An acid
stream interferes with biochemical decay making it even more important that treat-
ment of organic wastes take place before dumping into the stream. Natural stream
purification can operate only when an environment favorable to decay organisms is
provided. OR 40-24
MD46-5 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - 1944 ANNUAL REPORT
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, May 1946. 100 pp.+ The objectives of the Fellowship are: to deter-
mine the composition and properties of coal mine drainage waters; to investigate
factors causing the formation of acid mine drainage; to develop methods for reducing
the quantity of acid mine waters; to develop processes for the recovery of usable
by-products; and to improve methods of disposal. The results of the first year of
work are primarily in the field of identification and development of methods of
analysis. OR 40-62
MD46-6 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1945
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, June 1946. 29 pp. Studies of methods of analysis of acid mine waters
were continued. Nitrogen was found in large amounts in both acid and alkaline mine
drainage waters. OR 40-64
MD46-7 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - QUARTERLY REPORT, JULY 1, TO
SEPTEMBER 30, 1946
Hinkle, M. E, and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Nov. 1946. 14 pp. The investigation of the acid mine drainage problem
has been expanded to include a study of abandoned mine atmospheres, waste materials,
and organisms present in mines. The chemical analysis methods are under examination
to further refine them. OR 40-63
MD46-8 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINK DRAINAGE - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT FOR THE FIRST
HALF OF 1946
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, H. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, July 1946, 13 pp.+ A rapid field method of analyzing acid mine water
samples has been devised to give pH and total acidity, sulfuric acid, ferrous and
ferric iron, aluminum, manganese, and total sulfates. The effect of hydrolysis of
the ferric sulfate on the pH of the solution is further investigated. OR 40-65
MD46-9 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER FOR BREAKER USE IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Johnson, L. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC 7382 (1946). 14 pp. Mine water with low acid
content is used without treatment for breaker use, but in many instances the mine
water is highly acid and Is treated to protect metals from corroding. A study of
lime treatment systems in use was conducted to determine the range and effect of
treatment, determine the types of lime in use, correlate the testing procedures,
and obtain available cost data. OR 40-22
1947
MD47-1 FLOOD-PREVENTION PROJECTS AT PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE MINES - PROGRESS
REPORT FOR 1945
Ash, S. H., Cflssap, W. E., Westfield, J., Eaton, W. L., Romischer, W. M., Podgorski,
E. J., and Johnson, L. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 4109 (1947). 64 pp. The following
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MD47-1 (continued)
14.
subjects are covered in this report: (1) Anthracite reserves of Pennsylvania; (2)
Underground Water Pools, giving maps and cross sections of underground water pools
and an estimate of quantities of water impounded; (3) Barrier Pillars; (4) the
"Buried Valley" of the Susquehanna River with its description of structure and a
discussion of its relation to mine water problems; (5) mining subsidence and back-
filling; and (6) protective methods utilized to prevent corrosion of equipment by
acid mine water; a resume of the durability of materials used in handling acid
mine water. OR 40-28
MD47-2 THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE. A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Colmer, A, R. and Hinkle, M. E., Science 106, 253-256 (1947). Iron oxidizing and
sulfur oxidizing bacteria were isolated from acid mine drainage. The sulfur oxi-
dizing bacterium was similar to Thiobacillus thiooxidans which was shown to be able
to grow under conditions characteristic of mine drainage. OR 40-29
MD47-3 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - 1946 ANNUAL REPORT
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Jan. 1947. 20 pp. A rapid field method of titration, field studies
of the materials and mine conditions affecting the acidity of mine water, the
influence of organisms on mine water are among the subjects being investigated by
this fellowship. The results of a survey to determine if any correlation exists
between specific types of sulfur bearing materials in a coal seam and acidity are
discussed. OR 40-70
MD47-4 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - SUMMARY REPORT, JANUARY 1944 TO
JUNE 1, 1947
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, May 1947. 32 pp. Work performed from January to June 1947 is covered
in the first part of this report. The operation of a miniature mine drainage
course; oxidation of coal as a source of CO2 in coal mine atmosphere; and bacter-
iological investigations are discussed. The remainder of the report is a summary
of all the work done on the project through June 1947. The topics covered are
bacteriological investigations; differences in mine waters; difficulties in accurate
determination of acidity, including manganese and aluminum which can give false
results; development of a field analysis; sulfur containing materials; and formation
of mine drainage. OR 40-83
MD47-5 INDUSTRIAL WASTES...ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hoffert, J. R. (Pa. Dept. Health), Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 642-646 (1947). The chem-
istry of mine drainage formation, the effects of acid pollution and attempts to
alleviate the problem, particularly by mine sealing, are all discussed. OR 40-90
MD47-6 COAL WASHERY PLANTS
Parton, W. J., Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 646-652 (1947). The operation of coal cleaning
plants and the treatment of washery water are described. Settled waste solids can
be processed to recover salable coal fines. OR 40-75
MD47-7 WATER TREATMENT GUIDE
Roetman, E. T., Watson, K. S., and Cotton, E. R., Interstate Comm. Potomac River
Basin (1947). 39 pp. Mine waste, including acid mine drainage and coal washery
water, is one of the many industrial wastes covered. OR 40-30
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15.
MD47-8 EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING UPON WATER SUPPLIES
Snyder, R. H., J. Am. Water Works Assoc. ^9, 751-769 (1947). The mechanics of
surface mining operations, the chemistry of acid formation from pyrite together with
some of the aide reactions, and the effect of the acid on fresh-water streams are
reviewed. Included is an account of a legal proceeding against coal operators for
pollution of water sources because of acidity from surface mines. A discussion of
the problem by others points out the inadequacy of present laws, survey methods
which may be used, flow computations, and chemical analyses showing the effect of
acid pollution. OR 40-36
MD47-9 STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL - HEARINGS
U.S. Senate Comm. Public Works, Subcomm. Flood Control and Improvement of Rivers and
Harbors, 80th Congress, 1st Session, April, May 1947. 403 pp. Appearing before the
Committee on behalf of the National Coal Association, Mr. Andrew B. Crichton (pp
241-255), Dr. Harold J. Rose (pp 255-267), and Mr. Harry Gandy, Jr. (pp 267-273) all
voiced objections to the bill because of its possible harmful effect on the coal
industry. Mr. A. C. Fieldner (pp 278-286), representing the Bureau of Mines, spoke
for the bill. OR 40-32
1948
MD48-1 FLOOD-PREVENTION PROJECTS AT PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE MINES. PROGRESS
REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1947
Ash, S. H., Cassap, W. E., Eaton, W. L., Hughes, K., Romischer, W. M., and Westfleld,
J., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 4288 (1948). 51 pp. In investigative work conducted by the
Anthracite Flood-Prevention Section, Safety Branch, Bureau of Mines, during the
period July 1, 1946 to June 30, 1947 data were obtained on anthracite reserves of
Pennsylvania; underground water pools; barrier pillars; the buried valley of the
Susquehanna River; and the infiltration of surface water into underground mine
workings. OR 40-45
MD48-2 ACID MINE WATER IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Felegy, E. W., Johnson, L. H., and Westfleld, J., U.S. Bur. Mines, Tech. Paper 710
(1948). 49 pp. This initial study of the problem is based on a sampling program
carried out In 1941 and 1946 on the Susquehanna, Lackawanna, Lehigh, Schuylkill,
and Little Schuylkill Rivers and on mine drainage discharges in the area. Although
large volumes of highly acid drainage entered the rivers, they were found to be
mainly alkaline because of pollution from sewage and alkaline industrial discharges.
The cost of lime neutralization was discussed. OR 40-27
MD48-3 THE TREATMENT OF COAL WASHERY WATER TO AVOID STREAM POLLUTION
Hebley, H. F,, Sept. 24, 1948. 7 pp. The methods used by coal preparation plants
to reduce the amounts of solids and silt discharged to streams are discussed.
OR 40-44
MD48-4 THE ACTION OF CERTAIN MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hinkle, M. E. and Koehler, W. A., AIME, Coal Div., Tech. Publ. 2381 (1948). 5 pp.
By means of bacteriological techniques, two organisms have been isolated from acid
mine-drainage. These are believed to have a part in promoting the chemical reactions
which produce discolored acid mine-drainage. One organism Is considered to be
Thlobaclllus thlooxidans. The other has not been identified but is described as
"Gram negative, none-apore forming rods approximately 0.4 micron wide by 0.8 to 1.0
micron long." OR 40-41
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16.
MD48-5 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMPACT
1948. 12 pp. This is a copy of the document duly executed by Indiana, West Vir-
ginia, Ohio, New York, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Virginia for the pur-
pose of the control and abatement of pollution of the waters of the Ohio River basin.
OR 40-47
MD48-6 PROBLEMS OF MINERAL CONSERVATION
Pa. Dept. Commerce, State Planning Bd. (1948). 40 pp. The problem of mine water is
discussed briefly in section 6. Some pictures of streams clogged with coal mine
wastes are included. OR 40-46
MD48-7 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - QUARTERLY REPORT, JULY 1 TO
SEPTEMBER 30, 1948
Temple, K. L. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Oct. 1948. 8 pp. This report contains further studies on sulfur
oxidizing bacteria. OR 40-84
1949
MD49-1 WATER POOLS IN PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE MINES
Ash, S. H., Eaton, W. L., Hughes, K., Romischer, W. M., and Westfield, J., U.S. Bur.
Mines, Tech. Paper 727 (1949). The principal factor that threatens to cut short
the life of the anthracite industry is inundation of the mines. The information
covered in this report was obtained by studying geological maps and cross-sections,
mine maps, and other pertinent data obtained by anthracite mining companies. The
report includes maps, plans, cross-sections, and longitudinal sections of the under-
ground water pools. OR 40-53
MD49-2 SCIENCE IN THE CONTROL OF WATER-BORNE WASTES
Beal, G. D., Ann. Meet., Ind. Hyg. Found,, Pittsburgh, Pa,, Nov, 18, 1949. The
effect of acid on the self purification of streams is discussed. Steps that should
be taken by industrial organizations discharging into streams are outlined in
general terms. OR 40-76
MD49-3 MUNICIPAL-WATER NEEDS VS. STRIP COAL MINING
Dexter, G. M., Trans. AIME 184, 137-158 (1949). This paper describes the practice
of the Sunnyhill Coal Co., near Pittsburgh, of contouring its surface mined land to
bury acid forming material, thus reducing acid drainage onto the watershed which
feeds West Penn Water Company reservoirs. Also discussed are the effect of rainfall
on contoured and uncontoured land and the extent to which raw mine water needs to
be treated for domestic and industrial use. OR 40-54
MD49-4 TRIENNIAL REPORT ON MINE ACID DRAINAGE
Madison, K. M., Mellon Inst., Fellowship No. 326, Rept. to Pa. Dept. Health, Sanit.
Water Bd. (1949). 138 pp. In this three year study, the ability for self-purifi-
cation of streams polluted with mine acid, sewage, and/or industrial wastes is
evaluated. Laboratory studies point out that biological oxygen demand techniques
do not measure pollution accurately in waters containing iron sulfates. Therefore,
a dichromate oxygen demand method was developed arid found to be satisfactory. Five
drainage areas were surveyed and found to be polluted with sewage as well as mine
drainage. Using Escherichia coll, mine acid was found to have a bactericidal
effect. This Indicates that mine drainage would atop self-purifying activities of
microorganisms on sewage. Part of the study is concerned with the self-purifying
effect of coprecipitation of organic material and iron sludge. Although coprecipi-
tation does occur, it was found that the organic load is carried along either
-------
MD49-4 (continued)
17.
immediately as suspended iron complexes or later as washed out sludge deposits, and
that the large rivers must finally oxidize the sewage from acid streams. OR 40-82
MD49-5 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
1948-1949
Cincinnati, Ohio (1949). 24 pp. The objectives and accomplishments of the Commis-
sion, together with a financial statement and list of people associated with the
Commission are presented in this annual report. OR 40-55
MD49-6 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - ANNUAL REPORT, JULY, 1948 TO
JULY, 1949
Temple, K. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship No. 11, July
1949. 17 pp.+ The experimental work showing the influence of bacteria in the
formation of mine drainage is reported in detail. OR 40-86
MD49-7 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - QUARTERLY REPORT, OCTOBER 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, 1948
Temple, K. L. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta,, Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Jan. 1949. 6 pp. This report is a continuation of perfusion unit
experiments with sulfur oxidizing bacteria. OR 40-85
1950
MD50-1 BURIED VALLEY OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 494 (1950). 27 pp. Buried valleys contain water-
bearing irregular deposits of clay, sand, and gravel. Drainage flows from these
deposits through any openings into mines below and may become catastrophic. Geo-
logical and mining information has been compiled for the buried valley in the drain-
age basin of the North Branch of the Susquehanna River that overlies the anthracite
measures in the Wyoming Valley and the lower part of the Lackawanna Valley, A set
of maps accompanies the report. OR 50-22
MD50-2 DATA ON PUMPING AT THE ANTHRACITE MINES OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Eaton, W. L., Gilbert, J. C., James, H. M., Jenkins, H. E., Kennedy,
D. 0., Kynor, H. D., Link, H. B,, and Romischer, W. M., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 4700
(1950). 264 pp. The report Includes descriptions of types of pumps used, precipi-
tation in the area, and amount of water pumped at a number of collieries from 1944
to 1948. OR 50-20
MD50-3 INUNDATED ANTHRACITE RESERVES, EASTERN MIDDLE FIELD OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Kynor, H. D., Fatzinger, R, W., Davies, B. A., and Gilbert, J. C., U.S.
Bur, Mines, Bull. 491 (1950). 28 pp. An engineering study is necesBary to explore
the various methods that can be used to unwater anthracite reserves that are now
inundated by underground water pools in the various basins in the Eastern Middle
fields. Any conclusions relating to projects for unwatering these pools must be
based primarily upon the economic justification of each project and the ratio of
the cost to the benefit that would result. In this report one major unwatering
project was developed. Three pools that inundate considerable tonnage of anthracite
reserves are close enough together to be unwatered by some centralized system.
Three alternative plans were studied to estimate the cost of each. (From authors'
Introduction) OR 50-21
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18.
MD50-4 ANNUAL SUMMARY REPORT OF COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH, INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP NO. 4 (Aug. 20, 1949 to Aug. 20, 1950)
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Fellowship No. 362B (1950). 57 pp. This annual report
on the work of the project includes data on the amount and character of water dis-
charged and the atmosphere Inside six sealed mines as determined by weekly samplings.
The data confirmed the earlier reported belief that the pounds of sulfuric acid dis-
charged from a mine is a function of the volume of flow. The effect of discharges
from two of the mines on Indian Creek, Pennsylvania is reported. An attempt was
made in one mine to neutralize acid by ammonia with no effect. OR 50-40
MD50-5 RECENT RESEARCH AS TO THE EFFECT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE ON THE CLEAN
STREAM PROGRAM
Braley, S. A., Presented to 2nd Ann. Meet., Pa. Sect., Am. Water Works Assoc.,
Oct. 18-20, 1950. 9 pp. The pH, acidity, total poundage of acid and flow of water
from four mines are presented graphically. The basis for neutralization is briefly
discussed. OR 50-25
MD50-6 AN IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIUM FROM THE ACID DRAINAGE OF SOME BITUMINOUS
COAL MINES
Colmer, A. R., Temple, K. L., and Hinkle, M. E., J. Bacteriol. 59, 317-328 (1950).
The morphological character of a bacterium, isolated from the acid mine drainage of
the Pittsburgh, Sewickley, and Upper Freeport coal seams, its autotrophic nature on
thiosulfate medium, and its oxidative action on thiosulfate with the production of
sulfuric acid to give a low pH resemble properties of the genus Thlobacillus.
Experimental methods and data are given for the action of the bacterium on ferrous
iron solutions. OR 50-18
MD50-7 COMMENTS ON STREAM POLLUTION IN PENNSYLVANIA
Hebley, H. F., Unpublished report, 1950. 16.pp. Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board
and its function in stream pollution control in Pennsylvania are described. Methods
of treatment for acid mine water drainage are discussed in the light of research on
the problem. The mechanism of bacterial action in the formation of acid is out-
lined. The problems of neutralization of acid with lime are set forth. The objec-
tives and results of the mine sealing program are discussed. OR 50-1
MD50-8 NEUTRALIZING ACID MINE WATER
Hebley, H. F., Mining Congr. J. 36 (8), 62-63 (1950). Neutralization of acid mine
water with lime was successful at the Calumet mine of the H. C. Frick Coal Co. only
because of the special market for by-product iron hydroxide during World War I.
The cost of neutralization and the declining market for the by-product together
with the technical problems of treatment make this an unattractive method. Mine
sealing and problems associated with surface mining are discussed briefly. OR 50-36
MD50-9 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN STREAM POLLUTION ABATEMENT
Hebley, H. F., June 1, 1950. 6 pp. Mr. Hebley discussed the implications of the
jurisdiction of the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board over water pollution from
coal mining. The experimental rules for mining coal by stripping without causing
pollution are cited. OR 50-16
MD50-10 ABATING STREAM POLLUTION IN THE ANTHRACITE COAL FIELDS
Hoffert, J. R., Mining Eng. _2, 340-343 (1950). The program of the Pennsylvania
Sanitary Water Board to reduce colliery silt in eastern Pennsylvania rivers is
described. Colliery operators collected data on which to base requirements and
installed desilting devices. OR 50-13
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19.
MD50-11 CLEANUP OF A RIVER
Hoffert, J. R., Pittsburgh Equitable Water J. 34 (2), 2-5 (1950). With the advent
of the wet preparation of coal, enormous quantities of silt were discharged into the
Schuylkill River and its tributaries, choking the channel and causing flooding. As
a result of the work of the Sanitary Water Board starting in 1941, desilting works
(ranging from sedimentation basins to froth flotation apparatus), were installed at
all 43 collieries using water in coal preparation. This water treatment and dredg-
ing operations, dam reconstruction, and river bank stabilization program of the
Water and Power Resources Board have resulted in a measurable improvement in the
river. OR 50-32
MD50-12 SOLVING POLLUTION PROBLEMS IN THE POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Kemp, H. A., Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, Washington, D.C. (1950), 19 pp.
The author summarizes the need for, and the steps taken toward, the control and
abatement of pollution within the Potomac River basin. He touches on the problems
of soil loss, water pollution by Industrial, domestic, and mine wastes, sketches
briefly the history and aims of the Potomac River Commission, and outlines its
program for the future. (From the Foreward) OR 50-31
MD50-13 DEEP-WELL PUMPS AND SHAFT PUMPS IN ANTHRACITE MINES OF PENNSYLVANIA
Lesser, W. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 4656 (1950). 52 pp. The purpose of the report
is to furnish data concerning application, design, and performance of deep-well and
shaft pumps to the anthracite flood-prevention program for consideration when a
pumping project develops that favors the use of these pumps. OR 50-19
MD50-14 POLLUTION IN THE ALLEGHENY, MONONGAHELA AND OHIO RIVERS IN ALLEGHENY
COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Madison, K. M., Presented, ACS 118th Natl. Meet., Chicago, 111., Sept. 5, 1950.
28 pp. The oxygen demand data presented give evidence that the Allegheny, Mononga-
hela, and Ohio Rivers carry significant amounts of organic pollution. The effect
of acid mine water on organic wastes in these rivers needs to be considered in
reviewing the need for treatment of the river waters. As effective controls of
mine water discharge are developed, the need for sewage treatment plants will
increase. OR 50-26
MD50-15 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1950. 42 pp.+ This is a report on the activities of ORSANCO in
the second year of its existence. Pages 29-34 deal with the acid mine drainage
problem and Include a table summarizing the annual damages from acid mine drainage
based on 1940 cost and a tabulation of significant court cases relating to stream
pollution and the coal mining industry. OR 50-24
MD50-16 REPORT ON INDUSTRIAL WASTES IN THE POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, Washington, D.C. (1950). 17 pp. Acid mine
drainage is only one of many industrial sources of pollution. Taken as a whole,
the industrial reports indicate that much is still to be done by industry to abate
pollution, yet there is evidence of a certain awareness of the need for pollution
abatement in the Potomac Basin. OR 50-27
MD50-17 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - QUARTERLY REPORT, JANUARY -
MARCH 1950
Temple, K. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship No. 11, Apr.
1950. 11 pp. Laboratory experiments and field studies of the source of acid in
mine drainage associate the minerals copiapite, alunogenite, copperos, and Starkey-
ite with acid forming areas. In the No. 2 Gas, Upper Freeport, and Pittsburgh
-------
20.
MD50-17 (continued)
seams, acid formation took place in the shales and wild coals above the seam rather
than in the coal itself, and occurred only when the roof structure was broken to
expose the upper strata. Acid spots always contained sulfur oxidizing bacteria.
(From author's Summary) OR 50-34
MD50-18 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1 TO
DECEMBER 31, 1949
Temple, K. L. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Jan. 1950. 14 pp. A study of the bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron
to ferric iron in mine water containing ferrous sulfate is given in this report.
OR 50-41
MD50-19 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1949 -
JULY 1950
Temple, K. L. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, July 1950. 21 pp. A survey of some of the pertinent known facts
about acid mine water is given and some ideas about the formation of acid are pre-
sented. It appears that acid is formed chiefly from strata overlying the coal and
occurs only where the roof structure Is disturbed. The changes taking place in the
water after ferrous sulfate is formed are discussed. The relationship of bacteria
to acid formation is also considered. OR 50-35
MD50-20 STREAM POLLUTION FROM COAL MINES IN THE OHIO BASIN
Watson, K. S., Presented, Joint Meet. W. Va. Coal Mining Inst., and Appalachian Sect
and Coal Div., AIME, Charleston, W. Va., June 16, 1950. 13 pp.+ The range of mine
drainage pollution in the Ohio River Basin is outlined. This paper is a part of the
Reference Data Series of the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission. OR 50-17
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21.
1951
MD51-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS, ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H. , Felegy, E. W. , Kennedy, D. 0., arid Miller, P, S. , U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull.
508 (1951). 72 pp. This report indicates the scope of the pollution problem asso-
ciated with mine-water discharge in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania and gives
some suggestions, mainly related to diversion concerning its solution. The 327,000
g.p.m. drainage from the mines of the region has an estimated pH of 3.0-3.2. How-
ever the alkalinity of the rivers receiving this discharge can offset this acidity
at most times. OR 51-4
MD51-2 ACID DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINES
Braley, S. A., Trans. AIME 190, 703-708 (1951). Laboratory results and investiga-
tions at four mines are discussed. OR 51-19
MD51-3 A PILOT PLANT STUDY OF THE NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID DRAINAGE FROM
BITUMINOUS COAL MINES
Braley, S. A., Pa. Dept. Health, Sanit. Water Bd., 1951. 14 pp. Conclusions from
the study are that neutralization of acid mine drainage is possible but not eco-
nomically feasible; and that prevention of formation by controlled drainage is a
more realistic approach to the problem. OR 51-1
MD51-4 COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Pa. Dept. Health, Bur. Sanit. Eng., Bull. No. 104 (1951). 24 pp. This bulletin
summarizes the laws and the procedures of the Sanitary Water Board in enforcing
them. Water handling to avoid or to reduce contact with sulfuritic materials is
suggested as the only satisfactory way to limit acid mine drainage. Regulations
for water handling at several experimental strip mines are outlined. OR 51-34
MD51-5 COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF ACID RUNOFF FROM COAL GOB-PILE-STORAGE AREAS
Gross, C. D. (1) and Lee, C. (2) [(1) 111. Sanit. Water Bd. (2) Peabody Coal Co.],
Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 76, Purdue Univ., Proc. 6th Ind. Waste Conf., Feb. 21-23, 1951.
pp 10-21. The cause of fish kills in the South Fork of the Sangamon River in the
late 1940's was found to be runoff from the coal refuse piles of a mine and a coal
processing plant. Part 1 describes how this cause was established. Part 2 de-
scribes the method by which drainage to the stream was impounded and discharged at
a controlled rate in proportion to stream flow. At a 50 to 1 ratio of stream water
to acid waste water the pH of the mixture remained at 6 or above. OR 51-36
MD51-6 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF SURFACE WATERS OF OHIO 1946-1950
Lamar, W. L. and Schroeder, M. E., Ohio Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water, Bull. 23
(1951). 100 pp. The chemical characteristics which were examined are described
briefly and descriptions of the river basins included in the survey are given. The
results of a cooperative testing program with the U.S. geological survey are tabu-
lated. OR 51-24
MD51-7 SPECIAL REPORT ON A STUDY OF THE ROLE OF AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIA IN THE
FORMATION OF MINE ACID (July 1949 - July 1951)
Leathen, W. W. and Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst. Special Rept. to Pa. Dept. Health,
Ind. Fellowship No. 326B, 1951. 211 pp. Studies to clarify the roles of iron and
sulfur oxidizing bacteria are reported. OR 51-21
MD51-8 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - THIRD ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1951. 36 pp. An outline of program activities includes detailB
-------
MD51-8 (continued)
22.
of technical studies, river investigations and educational campaign. Status reports,
by states, on municipal sewage treatment installations are given. OR 51-14
MD51-9 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINK DRAINAGE - ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1950 - JULY
1951
Temple, K. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship No. 11, July
1951. 8 pp. The study of the bacterium which is responsible for the oxidation of
ferrous iron in acid mine waters has been completed and the organism has heen given
the name Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Data from a study of three cores extending 130
to 140 inches above the top of the Sewlckley and Pittsburgh seams show a wide vari-
ability in the percent sulfur of the various strata above the coal in a single core
sample. This is consistent with the observation that the formation of acid is a
local phenomenon and that composition of the roof strata is the variable that deter-
mines the differences between seams and mines. (Adapted from summary) OR 51-26
MD51-10 THE AUTOTROPHIC OXIDATION OF IRON BY A NEW BACTERIUM: THIOBACILLUS
FERROOXIDANS
Temple, K. L. and Colmer, A. R., J. Bacteriol. 62 (5), 605-611 (1951). An iron-
oxidizing bacterium from acid mine water has been shown to live autotrophlcally
upon inorganic media containing ferrous iron under conditions such that atmospheric
oxidation is excluded. The bacterium which also grows autotrophlcally on thlosul-
fate, has been assigned to the genus Thiobaci11 us and the specific name 1hiobac i 1 hjg
ferrooxidans n. sp. is suggested. (From authors1 Summary) OR 51-30
MD51-11 THE FORMATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Temple, K. L. and Colmer, A. R., Trans. AIME 190, 1090-1092 (1951). The role of
microorganisms in the formation of acid mine water is discussed. OR 51-15
MD51-12 THE FORMATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Temple, K. L. and Colmer, A. R. (W. Va, Univ.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 76, Purdue Univ.,
Proc. 6th Ind. Waste Conf,, Feb. 21-23, 1951. pp 285-291. This paper Is a review
of the biological aspects of acid mine water in relation to ferrous ion oxidation
and sulfur oxidation. OR 51-37
MD51-13 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1950 ~
DECEMBER 1950
Temple, K. L. and Colmer, A. R., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellow-
ship No. 11, Feb. 1951. 11 pp. The Importance of Thiobacillus thlooxldans in the
formation of acid is further investigated. The formation of acid in exposed roof
shales is further supported and its significance explored. OR 51-25
1952
MD52-1 SURFACE-WATER SEEPAGE INTO ANTHRACITE MINES IN THE LACKAWANNA BASIN
NORTHERN FIELD, ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Eaton, W. L., and Whaite, R. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 518 (1952).
37 pp.+ This engineering study of 52 streams In the area (not including the Lacka-
wanna River) identifies the estimated volume, source of seepage, and probable
receiving underground pools, drainage tunnel, and pumping plants; and compares the
total estimated seepage to each pumping plant with the volume of water pumped by
each plant during 1948. (From Introduction) OR 52— 2
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23.
MD52-2 EXPERIMENTAL STRIP MINES SHOW NO STREAM POLLUTION
Braley, S. A., Mining Congr, J., Reprinted from Sept. 1952. 2 pp. The basic rules
to be followed to prevent stream pollution from surface mines are: (1) keep water out
as much as possible by drainage ditches located to isolate the area being worked;
(2) segregate sulfur-bearing shale; (3) cover sulfur-bearing material with compacted
top cover. The problems vary from one operation to another and any legislation
should be flexible enough to permit most effective use of the techniques available.
OR 52-3
MD52-3 MINE ACID CONTROL
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Spec. Summary Rept., to Pa. Dept. Health, Ind. Fellow-
ship No. 326B-6, 1952. 22 pp. The results of flow and acid concentration studies
conducted over a three to four year period are summarized. It had been generally
believed that the amount of H2SOi, delivered by a given mine was a constant per unit
time, but these data demonstrated that the weight of acid was constant for a unit
volume of water outflow. Procedures for reducing flow from a mine are discussed.
Resulting decrease in acidity at both underground and surface mines is noted.
OR 52-39
MD52-4 MINE WATER TREATMENT
Braley, S. A., Proc. First Ohio Water Clinic, Ohio State Univ. Studies, Eng. Ser.
Bull. 147, 114-118 (1952). The amount of acid mine water discharged into our
streams can only be controlled by obtaining sufficient on-the-spot data upon which
to base regulations and then applying these regulations to each individual mine
according to the existing conditions. (From author's conclusions) OR 52-21
MD52-5 CONTROL OF ACID DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINES
Pa, Sanit. Water Bd., 1952. 28 pp. This booklet discusses means for reducing the
pollution of streams by coal mine drainage by controlling the contact of water with
sulfur bearing compounds and by neutralization of standing pools. Applications to
surface mines, underground mines, and mine waste minerals are discussed. OR 52-1
MD52-6 THE RECREATIONAL USE OF WATER IN OHIO
Dambach, C. A., Proc. First Ohio Water Clinic, Ohio State Univ, Studies, Eng. Ser.
Bull. 147, 27-33, 1952. There is a lack of water available for recreational use in
Ohio. Pollution of streams such as Raccoon Creek further limits water-related
recreation. OR 52-16
MD52-7 VIABILITY OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN ACID MINE WATERS
Joseph, J. M. and Shay, D. E., Am. J. Pub. Health 42, 795-800 (1952). E. coli and
a few other microorganisms can tolerate acid conditions in small numbers. Self-
purification studies in situ showed that purification is not complete. OR 52-7
MD52-8 MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Leathen, W. W., Mellon Inst., Spec. Summary Rept., to Pa. Dept. Health, Ind. Fellow-
ship No. 326B-6, 1952. 54 pp.+ The report covers a five-year study of the role of
bacteria in bituminous coal mine drainage. Unclassified Iron oxidizing bacteria
and sulfur oxidizing bacteria identified as Thlobaclllus thiooxldans were found in
all mine drainages studied. Sulfate reducing bacteria, some algae, and protozoa
were also occasionally present. T. thiooxidans did not enhance acid formation from
sulfur ball or museum grade pyrite but did slightly enhance acid formation from
marcasite. The iron oxidizing bacteria caused a several-fold Increase in acidity
formed from sulfur ball and from marcasite but did not affect pyrite. The iron
oxidizing bacteria were also assumed to increase the rate of ferrous iron oxidation
in mine water. (Adapted from author's conclusions) OR 52-37
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24.
MD52-9 HISTORY AND PROGRESS MADE IN MINE SEALING TO REDUCE THE FLOW OF ACID
MINE WATER INTO THE STREAMS OF THIS COMMONWEALTH
Maize, R., Presented, Coal Mining Inst., Pittsburgh, Pa., Dec. 1952. 23 pp. In
addition to presenting a history and discussion of the mine sealing program In Penn-
sylvania, this paper contains twelve illustrations of methods of sealing mines.
OR 52-31
MD52-10 A PROPOSED SEALED CIRCULAR COAL-REFUSE PILE
Nelson, W, L. and Hall, E. P., Mechanization IJS (12), 85-89 (1952). Well compacted
and sealed piles may cost much less than control of fires and assessments for dam-
ages from unsealed piles. A detailed description of a proposed sealed circular coal-
refuse pile is given together with cost calculations for the sealing operation on
piles of different diameters. OR 52-29
MD52-11 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1952. 24 pp. This is an accounting of activities and projects
of the Commission, OR 52-12
MD52-12 METHODS OF REDUCING WATER POLLUTION BY THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Spokes, E. M,, Proc. Ky. Mining Inst., 1951/1952. pp 107-111. As a first step in
controlling water pollution, a careful appraisal of the individual source of pollu-
tion is necessary. No economical solution for the acid mine water problem has yet
been found; however, methods of removal of suspended solids from preparation plant
waste water have been shown to be practical. The University of Kentucky is pre-
pared to cooperate with coal companies in research on these problems. OR 52-30
MD52-13 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - INTERIM REPORT NO. 19
Temple, K. L,, W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind, Res. Fellowship No. 11, Nov,
1952. 13 pp. The role of ferric sulfate in acid production was studied. Ferric
sulfate solutions with four different sulfuritlc materials showed no increase of
acid with two types of sulfur ball and with a Freeport composite, but showed a
delayed and marked increase in acid production from a third sulfur ball material.
In other experiments on the effect of bacteria on acid production from sulfur ball
Thiobaclllus thiooxidans increased acidity 30-50 percent while Thiobacillus ferro-
oxldana increased acidity approximately 100 percent. OR 52-40
352-14 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, JULY 1951
TO JANUARY 1952
iraple, K. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship No. 11, March
J52. 8 pp.+ The study of roof strata in an acid forming area and the effect of
:ie bacterial population on the rate of acid formation are reported. An acid pro-
ducing surface mine is also described. Experiments on particle size of pyrites and
ijlfur in relation to acid formation are investigated. OR 52-36
MD52-15 INVESTIGATIONS ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE - SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, JANUARY 1952
TO JULY 1952
Temple, K. L., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Ind. Res. Fellowship No. 11, July
1952. 34 pp. Three aspects of acid formation under investigation are: the effect
of ferric sulfate on formaition from sulfuritic material, the effect of iron- and
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and the geologic evaluation of an acid producing area.
A bibliography of material pertinent to the study of acid mine drainage is included.
OR 52-27
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25.
1953
MD53-1 MINE PUMPING PLANTS - ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Hower, C. S., Kennedy, D. 0., and Lesser, W. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull.
531 (1953). 151 pp. Data on the volume and quality of the mine water pumped in
the anthracite region during the period 1944-1951 is tabulated. Information is
also included on kinds of pumps used and their performance. OR 53-2
MD53-2 SURFACE-WATER SEEPAGE INTO ANTHRACITE MINES IN THE WESTERN MIDDLE FIELD
ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H. and Link, H. B., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 532 (1953). 26 pp. This report
summarizes the engineering study, conducted in 1952, in which 47 streams in the area
were examined. Information was collected on drainage area, length of stream bed
within coal measures, length of previous stream bed, length of existent improve-
ments, and estimated volume of seepage. Total estimated seepages to pumping plants
are compared with volumes of water pumped to the surface during 1948. Most of the
water infiltrating the mines was found to be general surface seepage. OR 53-3
MD53-3 SURFACE-WATER SEEPAGE INTO ANTHRACITE MINES IN THE WYOMING BASIN
NORTHERN FIELD-ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H. and Whaite, R. H., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 534 (1953). 30 pp. This re-
port summarizes the engineering study, conducted in 1950 and 1952, in which 59
streams were investigated. Information was collected on drainage area; length of
stream bed within coal measures; length of previous stream bed; length of existent
improvements; and estimated volume of seepage. Total estimated seepages to pumping
plants are compared with volumes of water pumped to the surface during 1948. Ap-
proximately 30 percent of the water pumped annually from mines in this area is from
surface seepage. Twenty-one percent is from seepage through previous stream beds.
Forty-nine percent is from seepage through the bed of the Susquehanna River.
OR 53-4
MD53-4 COMMON FALLACIES ABOUT ACID MINE WATER
Beal, G. D. (Mellon Inst.), Issued by Pa. Sanit. Water Bd., Jan. 1953. 12 pp. The
paper discusses the origin of acid mine water and gives the answers to some 15
common fallacies about acid mine water. While all mining operations should be laid
out in such a manner as to avoid the collection of acid water in the mine, there
should be maintained a continuous water survey in the mine. Because ground water
is normally alkaline where it enters a mine, it is often possible to conduct that
water to the acid producing area and then pump the neutralized water out of the
mine. OR 53-8
MD53-5 STREAM POLLUTION BY COAL MINE WASTES
Hebley, H. F., Trans. AIME 196, 404-412 (1953). This paper contains a general de-
scription of the nation's water resources. It touches upon the phenomenal growth
in the demand for water supply and emphasizes the problems facing the coal industry
both with regard to acid mine water drainage discharged from active and abandoned
mines and the suspended solids discharged to the stream system from wet coal prep-
aration plants. Discussions of acid mine drainage investigations of Braley and
others and the bacteriological approach as presented by Temple and Colmer and
others are included. Problems in abating pollution from acid mine drainage and
from coal washing water are related to the tremendous increase in water use.
OR 53-9
MD53-6 WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS IN THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Hodge, W. W. (Mellon Inst.), in "Industrial Wastes, Their Disposal and Treatment,"
W. Rudolfs, Ed., New York: Reinhold, 1953. pp 312-449. The disposal of acid
-------
MD53-6 (continued)
26.
runoff from gob piles and acid mine drainage from anthracite, bituminous, and sur-
face mines is reviewed as one of the problems of waste disposal in the coal mining
industry. Also considered are theories on formation of acid mine drainage, sulfur
containing material, bacteria in acid mine drainage, and effects of mine drainage.
Methods of reducing pollution from acid mine waters are described and evaluated.
OR 53-33
MD53-7 HOW TO AVOID STREAM POLLUTION FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Coal Age 58 (2), 96-101 (1953). This Is a review of "Control of Acid Drainage from
Coal Mines," published by the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board in 1952. OR 53-35
MD53-8 MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF ACID MINE WATERS - PRELIMINARY REPORT
Joseph, J. M. , Ohio J. Sci. j>3 (2), 123-127 (1953). This is a preliminary study to
isolate, cultivate, observe, and attempt identification of the various kinds of
organisms capable of tolerating conditions existing in acid waters and to observe
the direct or indirect effects of acid waters upon the existing microorganisms.
Bacteria, fungi, and diatoms may exist in acid waters. Some of the bacteria, fungi
and diatoms found are listed, however there Is a great reduction of microfauna in *
acid waters. OR 53-6
MD53-9 BACTERIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF BITUMINOUS COAL MINE EFFLUENTS
Leathen, W. A., Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 27_, 37-44 (1953). The results of studies on
acid mine water at Mellon Institute are summarized. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria did
not increase the formation of acid, but iron oxidizing bacteria Increased the total
acidity of mine waters substantially. Since methods of controlling bacterial activ-
ity inside or outside the mine appear impractical, rapid removal of water from the
mine was recommended. OR 53-1
MD53-10 THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN THE FORMATION OF ACID FROM CERTAIN SULFURITIC
CONSTITUENTS ASSOCIATED WITH BITUMINOUS COAL. I. THIOBACILLUS
THIOOXIDAWS; II. FERROUS IRON OXIDIZING BACTERIA
Leathen, W. W., Braley, S. A., Sr., and Mclntyre, L. D. (Mellon Inst.), Appl. Micro-
biol. 1_ (2) (1953). I., pp 61-64; II., pp 65-68. Thlobacillus thiooxidans was
found to produce acid from museum grade marcasite but not from sulfur ball material
nor from museum grade pyrite. The unclassified iron oxidizing bacteria produced
acid and sulfate from sulfur ball material and from museum grade marcasite but not
from pyrite. OR 53-16
MD53-11 MINE DRAINAGE
McGee, E. I., Mining Congr. J. 39 (8), 42-45 (1953). Selection of proper pumps and
piping for draining mines and maintenance problems encountered are discussed. Wate-j-
which is often acid and carries abrasive material can be destructive unless care has
been taken to use materials which are not readily attacked. OR 53-18
MD53-12 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL IN PENNSYLVANIA
Morgan, L. S,, Proc. Second Ann. Ohio Water Clinic, Ohio State Univ. Studies, Eng.
Ser. 22 (4), 85-93 (1953). The source of acid, its effect on stream composition,
and possible methods of abatement are discussed. OR 53-17
MD53-13 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1953. 28 pp. Reports of the various industry advisory committees
are included as part of this discussion of the accomplishments of the Commission.
OR 53-14
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27.
1954
MD54-1 THE MINING AND CLEANING OF COAL AT THE DOUGLAS COLLIERY
Anderson, W., S. African Ind. Chemist (9), 201-206 (1954), The mining and prepa-
ration processes at Douglas Colliery in South Africa are described. The mine water
has an average pH value of 8.0 and a high soda content has been found. Fine coal
suspended in the washery water is removed by draining the effluent through a waste
dump and into a small dam. It is reused in coal cleaning. OR 54-23
MD54-2 SURFACE-WATER SEEPACE INTO ANTHRACITE MINES IN THE SOUTHERN FIELD—
ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Link, H. B., and Romischer, W. M., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 539 (1954).
52 pp.+ This report summarizes the engineering study conducted during 1953. The
data show the volume and type of seepage in the drainage area and point to the
value of repairing stream beds and surface areas overlying the coal measures as
part of the solution of the mine-water problem affecting the mines in this field.
OR 54-4
MD54-3 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. I. THE PROBLEM
Braley, S. A., Mechanization 18 (1), 87-89 (1954). The natural production of acid
drainage from coal associated materials is outlined. Some early observations of
mine drainage are noted. OR 54-5
MD54-4 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. II. SOURCES
Braley, S. A., Mechanization JJi (2), 113-115 (1954). The natural chemical oxidation
of FeS2 is the principal source of coal mine acid. Thiobacillua thiooxldans and
iron-oxidizing organisms are always present, because they grow and thrive in the
acid environment but they have little effect on the total acid production. The
mechanism of oxidation is discussed. OR 54-6
MD54-5 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. III. SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Braley, S. A., Mechanization lji (3), 96-98 (1954). The article describes the
method of taking a proper representative sample of mine or stream water and how to
handle it prior to analysis. Also described are laboratory methods of determining
the acidity and pH of the sample. Relationship between actual acidity and pH of
the stream samples is discussed. OR 54-7
MD54-6 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. IV. COMPOSITION AND FLOW
Braley, S. A., Mechanization 18 (4), 137-138 (1954). The article lists data ob-
tained from the sampling of streams into which acid mine-water is discharged. The
author demonstrates how such data must be interpreted and concludes that each mine
must be studied separately to determine its effect on stream pollution. No overall
rule can be established that will cover all cases of mine-water discharge. OR 54-8
MD54-7 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. V. CONTROL OF MINE ACID
Braley, S. A., Mechanization ^U3 (5), 97-98 (1954). No economically feasible method
for control of acid in mine drainage is presently known. The best avenue of con-
trol is to plan the drainage course so that water does not accumulate in pools in
the mine but is removed as rapidly as possible. OR 54-9
MD54-8 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. VI. CONTROL OF OXIDATION
Braley, S. A., Mechanization (6), 105-107 (1954). The conventional procedure of
"mine sealing" is ineffective In control of oxidation unless the coal seam is deep
enough that the mine can he completely flooded by natural inflow of water and thus
-------
MD54-8 (continued)
28.
seal itself against air contact with sulfuritic material. OR 54-10
MD54-9 ACID MINE DRAINAGE. VII. STRIP MINING
Braley, S, A., Mechanization (8), 101-103 (1954). Proper drainage, separation of
sulfuritic material, and proper backfilling will eliminate or greatly reduce the
formation of acid water In open-pit mines without major additional cost. OR 54-11
MD54-10 SUMMARY REPORT OF COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA (DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH)
INDUSTRIAL FELLOWSHIP NOS. 1 TO 7 INCL.
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst. Fellowship No. 326B (1954). 279 pp. Investigations
were carried out on the nature and composition of mine discharge; the source and
reaction by which it is formed, including the role of bacteria; the methods by which
the acid is carried through and from the mines; the relationship between concentra-
tion on volume of flow on a seasonal basis, the seasonal effect on streams; and the
effect of self-purification on streams. No satisfactory or economical method for
prevention of acid formation in underground mines has been found; however, a fund
of information which provides better understanding of the mine acid problem is pre-
sented. OR 54-28
MD54-11 STUDIES OF ACID MINE WATERS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE RACCOON
CREEK WATERSHED
Clifford, J. E. and Snavely, C. A., Battelle Memorial Inst., Rept. to Ohio Dept.
Natural Resour., Div. Wildlife, 1954. 134 pp.+ This comprehensive examination of
the acid mine water problem in the Raccoon Creek, Ohio, watershed covers in detail
the sources of acid (strip, drift, slope, shaft mines, gob piles), neutralization,
abatement through mine sealing, reservoir, and drainage control, cost analysis of
various approaches, and presence of other minerals and their overall influence on
the problem. Appendix B is "A Correlated Abstract, Review and Bibliography of the
Published Literature Relating to Acid Mine Drainage." OR 54-1
MD54-12 A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A PROCESS FOR PREVENTION OF ACID MINE WATERS
Cotton, E. R., Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, 1954. Unpublished. The be-
havior of pyrite and marcasite In the laboratory is compared with that in the mines
and the differences in reactions are analyzed. Decomposition is much more rapid in
the mines probably due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, which breaks down into
elemental sulfur, hydrogen, and free electrons. Hydrogen then combines with water
and oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide which combines with sulfur or pyrites to form
iron salts or sulfuric acid. Interrupting this series of reactions by the presence
of a metal which has a higher electrical potential than that of sulfur or iron
would theoretically prevent acid drainage formation. Field tests seem to confirm
the theory but are incomplete. OR 54-30
MD54-13 STREAM POLLUTION FROM COAL MINES
Kebley, H. F,, Proc. Third Ann. Ohio Water Clinic, Ohio State Univ. Eng. Conf. Ser. t
1954. pp 41-44. Both suspended solids from coal cleaning plants and acid water
draining from mines are pollution problems. Recent research on mine drainage and
its applications, and methods for removing suspended solids are discussed. OR 54-20
MD54-14 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH IN WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT AT MELLON INSTITUTE
Hoak, R. D., Presented, Pittsburgh Regional Tech. Meet. Am. Iron Steel Inat., 1954.
17 pp. The activities of the Fellowship in the field of water pollution abatement
are discussed. They include a study of iron oxidation in a stream from an aban-
doned coal mine, OR 54-3
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29.
MD54-15 A NEW IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIUM; FERROBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS
Leathen, W. W. and Braley, S. A., Reprinted from Bacteriol. Proc., May 1954. 1 pp.
A physiologic study of ferrous iron oxidizing bacteria isolated from bituminous
coal mine effluents warrants the establishment of a new genus: Ferrobaclllus. The
specific designation Ferrobaclllus ferrooxidans is proposed for the bacterium.
OR 54-19
MD54-16 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PONDS IN THE PYATT, DESOTO, AND
ELKVILLE STRIP MINED AREAS OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
Lewis, W. M. and Peters, C. (Southern 111. Univ., Carbondale), Trans. Am. Fisheries
Soc. 84, 117-124 (1954). The ponds were studied both in winter and in summer.
Among the findings were that there was high concentration of dissolved oxygen in
the thermocline, pH values ranged from 3 to 8, and specific conductance was high.
Not all ponds supported fish. In the ponds where fish lived, green sunfish, blue-
gill, and largemouth bass were the most common species. OR 54-37
MD54-17 THE WEATHERING OF PYRITE
Mapstone, G. E., Chem. and Ind., 577-578 (1954). A probable scheme for the course
of weathering of pyrite is based on experimental observation of the heterogeneous
reaction. The series of reactions outlined can explain all the products reported
from weathering of pyrite: ferrous sulfide, free sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and
ferrous sulfate. OR 54-13
MD54-18 A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF FOOD HABITS OF THE FISH AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
CONDITIONS OF THE WATER OF THREE STRIP-MINE LAKES
Maupin, J. K., Wells, J. R., and Leist, C. (Kans. State Teachers College, Pitts-
burg), Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. ^7 (2), 16^-171 (1954). This project, conducted for
the purpose of improving fish production in surface-mine areas of southeastern
Kansas, was a study of three surface-mine lakes in Crawford County, Physico-
chemical data included temperature, hydrogen ion concentrations, oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and carbonate concentration. Biological data included qualitative and
quantitative study of benthic organisms and the occurrence of such organisms in the
stomachs of captured fish, Benthic organisms were not found to be the primary
source of food for fish. Although one lake was more than twice as old as the other
two and was also much more shallow, physico-chemical characteristics of the three
lakes were similar. OR 54-36
MD54-19 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1954, 24 pp. The activities of the Commission together with
lists of (feople working on the various committees are presented. A discussion of
sewage treatment standards forms an important part of the report, OR 54-16
MD54-20 DRAINAGE FROM BITUMINOUS COAL MINES
Temple, K. L. and Koehler, W. A., W. Va. Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Res. Bull. 25
(1954). 35 pp. This investigation was sponsored by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
A detailed discussion of the source, composition, and properties of acid mine water
is presented. The role of iron and/or sulfur-oxidizing bacteria is discussed.
Possible courses of research on the prevention of acid formation are set forth, with
the conclusion that no practical approach has yet been discovered. OR 54-2
1955
MD55-1 ACID DRAINAGE
Business Week, No. 1364, 123 (Oct. 22, 1955). The theory of Patrick and McCollum
of Johns Hopkins of the polar nature of the pyrite reaction led to laboratory tests
-------
MD55-1 (continued)
30.
that indicate that solutions of phosphate or chromate sprayed on the pyrite would
halt the formation of ^SOi^. OR 55-9
MD55-2 CORROSIVE AND EROSIVE EFFECTS OF ACID MINE WATERS ON METALS AND ALLOYS
FOR MINE PUMPING EQUIPMENT AND DRAINAGE FACILITIES, ANTHRACITE REGION
OF PENNSYLVANIA
Ash, S. H., Dierks, H. A., Felegy, E. W., Huston, K. M., Kennedy, D. 0., Miller, P.
S., and Rosella, J, J,, U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 555 (1955). 46 pp. This report pre-
sents data on the corrosive and erosive effects of acid mine water as well as data
on the volume and quality of water pumped from underground workings. Twenty-five
different metals and alloys were studied. Corrosion tests utilized the two methods
(weight loss and microscopic examination) most likely to yield valid data on the
behavior of metals and alloys in the environment in which pumping equipment con-
structed from these materials will operate. OR 55-1
MD55-3 FLOOD PREVENTION IN ANTHRACITE MINES, WESTERN MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN FIELDS,
PROJECT NO. 2
Ash, S. H., Dierks, H. A., Kynor, H. D., Lesser, W. H., Miller, P.S., and Romischer,
W. M., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 546 (1955). 37 pp.+ This report covers the second in
a series of five projects into which the Conowingo tunnel system has been divided
for geographical and practical reasons. Project No. 2 covers the Western Middle and
Southern fields and deals with the following items: (a) economic development, (b)
geology and hydrology, (c) statement of basic problem, (d) plan and cost of work
contemplated, (e) economic analysis and justification of project, and (f) recommen-
dations and conclusions. This report describes the second section of the proposed
Conowingo tunnel drainage system. Information is included on the geology and hy-
drology of the area and on the plan and costs of the work to be done. OR 55-10
MD55-4 FLOOD PREVENTION IN ANTHRACITE MINES, NORTHERN FIELD, PROJECT NO. 3
(WYOMING)
Ash, S. H., Dierks, H. A., Kynor, H. D., Lesser, W. H., Miller, P. S., and Romischer,
W. M,, U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 547 (1955). 35 pp.+ This third section of the Cono-
wingo tunnel system is a self-contained drainage unit that will permit unwatering
inundated mines and safeguarding active mines in the Wyoming Basin of the northern
field and also will handle the water in the Lackawanna Basin. OR 55-11
MD55-5 THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE FORMATION OF ACID MINE WATERS
Ashmead, D., Colliery Guardian 190, 694-698 (1955). Experiments have shown that the
cause of the acid mine waters at two collieries in the Scottish Division of the
National Coal Board is the oxidation of pyrites chemically and bacterially to form
ferric hydroxide and sulfuric acid. Approximately four times as much sulfuric acid
is produced by bacteriological means than by chemical means. OR 55-7
MD55-6 A GUIDE TO THE CLARIFICATION OF COAL WASHERY WASTE WATER
Gillenwater, L. E., W. Va. State Water Comm., 1955. 35 pp.+ Some of the methods
which have been applied to washery waters to control pollution are discussed in
detail. OR 55-14
MD55-7 COAL INDUSTRY REPORTS
Hebley, H. F., Proc. 1954 Pa. Clean Streams Conf., Pa. State Chamber Commerce Bull.
146, 1955. pp 20-24. The characteristics of pollution from mine drainage and from
coal washery water and the problems of pollution abatement are discussed. A dis-
cussion of the report by S. A. Braley is included. OR 55-15
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31.
MD55-8 INTERPRETATION OF REACTIONS IN ACID THIOSULFATE MEDIA
Leathen, W. W. and Braley, S. A., Sr. (Mellon Inst.), J. Bacteriol. 69_ (4), 481
(1955). Since acidic thiosulfate media has been shown to have a loss in reducing
power and a drop then a rise in pH, indications of decomposition of thiosulfate,
the advisability of using such media to characterize bacteria found in bituminous
coal mine effluents has been questioned. OR 55-28
MD55-9 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1955. 23 pp. This is a report of the work of the commission and
its various committees in the seventh year of its existence. OR 55-8
MD55-10 EFFECTS OF ACID STRIP MINE POLLUTION ON THE ECOLOGY OF A CENTRAL
MISSOURI STREAM
Parsons, J. D., Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Mo. (1955). 185 pp. Univ. Microfilms, Ann
Arbor, Mich. The sources of acid pollution of Cedar Creek are surface-mined areas,
including surface-mine lakes, which are close to the headwaters of the creek. From
June 1952 through August 1954, water samples were taken at 12 stations. Values for
oxygen, alkalinity, acidity, sulfate, ferric and ferrous iron, copper, zinc, calci-
um, magnesium, aluminum, lead, phosphorus, and bicarbonate, as well as temperature
are reported. Biological evaluation of the creek included a determination of the
type and extent of plankton, benthos, and fish population. Four excessive acid
flows into the creek during the study period were investigated, and their relation-
ship to rainfall observed. Three of the surface-mined lakes studied were red lakes,
colored by suspended iron oxides and three were blue lakes, colored by reflection
and with no turbidity. Water samples from the lakes were analyzed for the same com-
ponents as samples taken in the creek, and were collected at the surface, at each 5
foot Interval, and at the bottom. Red lakes were found to be thermally stratified
during spring and summer months while blue lakes were homothermous. OR 55-29
1956
MD56-1 FLOOD PREVENTION IN ANTHRACITE MINES, ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
PROJECTS NOS. 4 AND 5
Ash, S. H., Dierks, H. A., Kennedy, D. 0,, and Miller, P. S., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull.
560 (1956). 23 pp.+ These projects are concerned with the construction of gravity-
flow tunnels connecting with three other projects. The complete system would be
known as the Conowingo tunnel system. OR 56-8
MD56-2 THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIA IN THE FORMATION OF ACID MINE WATERS. PART 2
Ashmead, D., Colliery Guardian 192, 483-487 (1956). In laboratory studies, oxida-
tion of iron disulfide was prevented or decreased In the presence of quaternary
ammonium compounds, in the absence of oxygen, and at pH greater than 4. OR 56-12
MD56-3 AQUATIC AND MARGINAL VEGETATION OF STRIP MINE WATERS IN SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS
Bell, R., 111. Acad. Sci, Trans. 48, 85-91 (1956). Fifty-two of the numerous sur-
face mine ponds in the area were included in this study. Plant distribution was
correlated with physico-chemical characteristics. Species listed were categorized
as submerged, floating, emergent, moist soil, and recession zone vegetation.
OR 56-29
MD56-4 TRUTH AND FALLACY ABOUT A SERIOUS PROBLEM: ACID COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Braley, S. A., Trans. AIME 205, 314-318 (1956). Both field and laboratory experi-
ments are discussed. The conclusions based on these experiments are: application
of gaseous NH3 to an interior surface was ineffective; phosphates, chromates, or
-------
MD56-4 (continued)
32.
NaOH have little effect upon the rate of oxidation of pyrite or pyrltic material;
reaction rate of pyritic material from a coal measure is greater than the reaction
rate of yellow pyrite; the reaction rate of sulfuritic waste Is greatly increased
by aeration either wet or dry; pH determination is a poor criterion of reaction
rate in buffered solutions; there is no known inhibitor capable of deterring or
stopping the reaction between the sulfuritic material associated with the coal meas-
ures and the oxygen in the air. OR 56-7
MD56-5 CONTROL OF SLUDGE VOLUMES FOLLOWING LIME NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID WASTES
Faust, S. D., Orford, H. E., and Parsons, W. A., Sewage Ind. Wastes 28 (7), 872-881
(1956). The objective of this study was to systematically investigate crystal seed-
ings as a means of concentrating sludges formed from lime neutralization of sulfuric
acid wastes. The three processes presented are the addition of native gypsum powder
the return of a sludge initially seeded with gypsum, and the return of unseeded
sludge. OR 56-6
MD56-6 FROM FOOL'S GOLD TO STREAM POLLUTION
Clean Waters for Ohio (Ohio Water Pollut. Contr. Bd.) _5 (1), 2-7 (1956). This gen-
eral description of the mine drainage problem includes the report of a field trip
to consider steps to be taken to improve the streams in the Raccoon Creek area.
OR 56-10
MD56-7 AEDES SOLLICITANS IN ILLINOIS
Horsfall, W. R., J. Econ. Entomol. 49 (3), 416 (1956). Aedes sollicltans, the salt-
marsh mosquito, is limited in Illinois to areas where solutes in wastes particularly
from coal mines collect in soil subject to transient flooding. At almost all ovi-
position sites there is a sulphurous odor Co the soil. OR 56-19
MD56-8 FERROBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS: A CHEMOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIUM
Leathen, W. W., Kinsel, N. A., and Braley, S. A., Sr., J. Bacterid. ^2^ 700-704
(1956). The chemosynthetic autotroph, Ferrobaclllus ferrooxidans, oxidizes ferrous
to ferric Ions. It is distinguished from the genus Thlobacillus since it oxidizes
neither sulfur nor thiosulfate under favorable environmental conditions. OR 56-18
MD56-9 COAL MINE SLAG DRAINAGE: TOXICITY TO REPRESENTATIVE FISHES
Lewis, W. M. and Peters, C. (Southern 111. Univ., Coop. Fisheries Res. Lab.), Ind.
Wastes _1 (14), 145-147 (1956). Acid drainage of known composition from slag heaps
at the Delta Mine near Crab Orchard, 111. was added to fish tanks containing river
water. Green sunfish, largeraouth bass, and carp were used in the trials. A con-
centration of 1 to 50 was found to be the lethal addition of drainage to river
water. It was also determined that the death of the fish was caused by the free
acidity of the mixture and not by the iron flocculent which was also present in
great quantities in tanks where the fish survived. OR 56-31
MD56-10 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1956. 28 pp. In this report the Commission outlines eight years
of accomplishment by eight states in a regional crusade for clean streams. OR 56-9
MD56-11 FACTORS INFLUENCING EXCESSIVE FLOWS OF COAL STRIP-MINE EFFLUENTS
Parsons, J. D. (Mo. Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit), 111. Acad. Sci. Trans. 49^ 25-33
(1956). Four excessive acid flows occurring during a study of Cedar Creek, Mis-
souri are described in detail. Since the amount and intensity of acid flow Is
greatest when fed by runoff from spoil piles as well as by overflow from the acid
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MD56-11 (continued)
33,
lakes, control of drainage from the lake is recommended as the most feasible pollu-
tion control. OR 56-30
MD56-12 WASHERY WATER CLARIFICATION
Mining Congr. J. 4_2 (12), 67-69 (1956), The results of a survey, conducted by the
Committee on Coal Preparation of the American Mining Congress, on the activities
of various coal companies in washery water clarification are presented. The closed
circuit and its limitations are defined. In every case where the cleaning plant
operator is complying with Pure Stream legislation sludge ponds are used, either
for routine impoundment of solids or for emergencies. OR 56-15
MD56-13 IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO THE TREATMENT OF ACID WASTE WATERS AND
THE LIKE
Wedekind, C. -L. and Wedekind, C., Brit. Pat. 744,480 (Feb. 8, 1956). 3 pp. This
patent claims a method of neutralizing acid waste waters In which ignited magnesite
is used as the basic reagent. OR 56-11
1957
MD57-1 AMERICAN STANDARD RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR DRAINAGE OF COAL MINES
(M6.1-1955, UDC 622.5)
U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 570 (1957). 18 pp. This paper provides for standardized
practices In using gathering pumps, permanent pumps, and piping for pumps; and in
operating pumps; storing mine water; natural drainage; and unwatering abandoned
workings. A section covering mine water and Its action on mine-drainage equipment
and another on acid-resisting metals are of particular interest. OR 57-14
MD57-2 MINE FLOOD PREVENTION AND CONTROL: ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA:
FINAL REPORT OF THE ANTHRACITE FLOOD-PREVENTION PROJECT ENGINEERS
Ash, S, H,, DierkB, H. A., and Miller, P. S., U.S. Bur. Mines, Bull. 562 (1957).
100 pp. The engineering survey, summarized in this report, consisted of studies
on acid mine water; the geology and hydrology of the region; proposed gravity drain-
age tunnel system; and corrosion and erosion resistance of materials for pumps used
to handle acid mine water. OR 57-1
MD57-3 EVALUATION OF MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Braley, S. A., Trans. AIME 208, 76-78 (1957). Drainage water from coal mines is
probably the most serious water pollution problem today. In the extensive litera-
ture on acid mine water there appears to be a great deal of confusion about the
importance of various components and the method of analysis. It is believed that
total acidity or alkalinity as determined by titration in hot solution to a phenol-
phthalein end point is the most valuable factor in determining quality of mine
water. The author believes that use of a common method of evaluating the quality
of mine water discharge will eliminate much misunderstanding concerning the effect
and control of mine acid. pH and various analytical methods used in characterizing
mine drainage are discussed. The author concludes that the most definitive value
is the determination of acidity or alkalinity by titrating in hot solution to phe-
nolthalein end point. OR 57-4
MD57-4 MINE ACID CONTROL: A NEW APPROACH
Braley, S. A., Coal Age J&2 (3), 68-69 (1957). A new mine of the Christopher Coal
Co, will permit frequent water discharge to evaluate whether reduced exposure of
water to acid-forming material will lead to acid mine drainage abatement. OR 57-3
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34.
MD57-5 MINE WATER PROBLEMS OF PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE REGION
Dierks, H. A., Trans, AIME 208, 1140—1144 (1957). Geologic structures, character
of mine water, history of engineering study, legislative action, and flood control
program in action are the subjects discussed in this paper. OR 57-2
MD57-6 STREAM CLARIFICATION PROGRESS IN WEST VIRGINIA
Gillenwater, L. E., Mechanization (3), 95,97 (1957). West Virginia's program of
stream clarification in cooperation with the state's coal industry has shown reason-
able progress. While some of the systems being installed are not of sufficient per-
manence to give lasting control, they represent a beginning which can be built on
OR 57-29
MD57-7 PREVENTING STREAM POLLUTION
Hebley, H. F., Mining Congr. J. 43 (8), 82-86 (1957). The two major trade wastes
that are encountered in the mining and preparation of coal are acid drainage water
and suspended solids. There is no system of handling acid mine water which has
proven itself effective and economically feasible. A number of suggestions are
made for reducing the amount of acid formed. OR 57-13
MD57-8 STREAM POLLUTION LEGISLATION OF IMPORTANCE TO THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Hebley, H. F. and Garvey, J. R., Unpublished, (1957). The trends in pollution con-
trols as they affect the coal industry are discussed in some detail on a state by
state basis. The legislation demonstrates a difference in approach to the problems
of suspended solids in washery water discharges and the problems of acid mine water.
OR 57-20
MD57-9 INVESTIGATION OF NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER: REPORT ON BENEFITS TO
POLLUTION ABATEMENT FROM LOW-FLOW AUGMENTATION ON THE NORTH BRANCH
POTOMAC RIVER
Rept. by U.S. Public Health Serv., Robt. A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Cent., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Aug. 1957. 89 pp.+ The water quality of streams in the area has been deter-
mined as a basis for estimating quality of water impounded by dams proposed at
three specific sites and also for evaluation of effects of release of these waters
to streams below the proposed dam sites. Acid mine drainage is a significant cause
of pollution and is considered in relation to other pollutants such as paper plant
waste which, because of its alkaline character, helps neutralize the acid present
in the flow above the plant. Temperature, discharge, and results of analyses for
DO, BOD, and COD, suspended and dissolved solids, color, pH, alkalinity, acidity,
dissolved ferric and ferrous iron, dissolved manganese, tannin, and sulfate are
recorded for samples taken at 23 specified stations. Conditions existing in 1956
are compared with conditions reported in 1938 and show noticeable reduction of acid
loading. OR 57—38
MD57-10 THE ACID MINE-DRAINAGE PROBLEM IN OHIO
Moulton, E. Q., Ed., Ohio State Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 166 (1957). 158 pp.
This report presents the results of a nine month research program in acid mine-
drainage including the search for information on the Federal mine sealing program.
It reviews and discusses the problem, suggests future research, and presents an
extensive bibliography. OR 57-10
MD57-11 THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - NINTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957. 32 pp. A brief summary of the Commission's view of acid
mine drainage is given. OR 57-9
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35.
MD57-12 LITERATURE PERTAINING TO FORMATION OF ACID-MINE WASTES AND THEIR
EFFECTS ON THE CHEMISTRY AND FAUNA OF STREAMS
Parsons, J. D., 111. Acad. Scl. Trans. J5£, 49-59 (1957). This literature survey
covers: (1) formation of acid mine water; (2) effect of acid mine water on stream
chemistry; and (3) effect of acid mine water on stream fauna. The author discusses
the forms of iron sulfide and the many theories of their oxidation to acid mine
water. OR 57-39
MD57-13 SCALE MODEL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE WATER TREAMENT PLANT AT THE "SCHWARZE
PUMPE" WORKS
Preissler, G. , Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. ]_, 336-343 (1957). (Abstract 2 pp.) This
abstract reference describes scale model units meeting given specifications for
mixing and thereby neutralizing acidic waters with lime slurry. OR 57-36
MD57-14 ADSORPTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY FERROUS HYDROXIDE
Rummel, W. (Inst, fuer Wasserwirtschaft, E. Ger.), Vom Wasser ^4, 110-112 (1957).
(Transl. 2 pp.) Dissolved ferrous iron and free dissolved carbon dioxide are iden-
tified as the major pollutants in drainage from Lausitz lignite mines. Experiments
are reported to show that in treating the mine water with lime the carbon dioxide
Is adsorbed on the sludge and aids in oxidizing ferrous iron. This mechanism is
claimed to decrease the amount of neutralizing agent necessary. OR 57-34
MD57-15 PRODUCTION OF IRON OXIDE HYDRATE FROM MINE WATERS IN THE LAUSITZ REGION
Rummel, W. (Inst, fuer Wasserwirtschaft, E. Ger.), Wasserwirtsch.-Wassertech.
344-348 (1957). (Abstract 1 pp.) This abstract reference reports that the most
successful treatment of a sludge of 99,8 percent water was by vacuum filters. The
amount of sludge handled was estimated at 40,000 cubic meters per day. Other dry-
ing methods and the results of using them are listed. OR 57-37
MD57-16 TREATMENT OF LIGNITE MINE WATERS HAVING A HIGH IRON AND C02 CONTENT
Rummel, W. (Inst, fuer Wasserwirtschaft, E. Ger.), Wasserwirt.-Wassertech. ]_ (5),
183-187 (1957). (Transl. 9 pp.) The theoretical basis for a two step treatment of
lignite mine drainage is given. Laboratory experiments show the effect of pH and
iron content on the water content of the sludge. Generally, for the most favorable
conditions for iron removal and for sludge aging (decrease of water), the pH should
be kept between 6.8 and 7.A during the first step of the treatment. Temperature,
pH, ferric ion concentration, and aeration were found to affect oxidation of ferrous
iron. To remove manganese, treated water is again treated with lime. The plant
for Initial treatment of waste water and for handling the resulting sludge is de-
scribed. OR 57-35
MD57-17 WATER QUALITY AND FLOW VARIATIONS IN THE OHIO RIVER - 1951-1955
The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957. 112 pp.
The assembled data include records of physical and chemical parameters at 16 sam-
pling points on the Ohio River and at 6 sampling points on its tributaries. OR 57-8
1958
MD58-1 QUARTERLY REPORTS OF COAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY
WATER SANITATION COMMISSION, FELLOWSHIP NO. 370-4
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., 4 Quarterly Repts., 1958. The activity on the project
is summarized for each quarter. OR 58-35
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36.
MD58-2 PREVENTING STREAM POLLUTION
Cook, L., Mining Congr. J. 44^ (1), 62-64 (1958). The Ohio Reclamation Association
program of control of acid pollution of water ia generally accomplished by segre-
gating the sulfur-bearing material and covering with earth or water to eliminate
contact with air. OR 58-2
KD5B-3 SOME CONSIDERATIONS IK WATER POLLUTION FROM BITUMINOUS COAL
Hall, E. P. and Hebley, H. P., Unpublished report, 1958. 7 pp. The sources of acid
mine water and the chemical mechanics of acid production are discussed. There are
also comments on coal preparation sludge and washery water. OR 58-5
MD58-4 PRACTICAL CONTROL MEASURES TO REDUCE ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hert, 0. H. (Ind. Bd. Health), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 96, Purdue Uiii-v., Proc. 13 th Ind.
Waste Conf. 1958. pp 189-193. Control measures and acid mine drainage control
projects undertaken by Indiana Coal Association, working with the State Board of
Health and the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, have mainly been concerned
with reducing drainage from surface mined land. OR 58-41
MD58-5 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - TENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1958. 32 pp. Graphic and tabular analysis is presented of the
progress being made in control and treatment of industrial and municipal wastes.
The report discusses the various projects being supported by the Commission.
OR 58-12
MD58-6 PENNSYLVANIA PLANT LOCATION FACTORS - REPORT NO. 3 INDUSTRIAL WATER
SUPPLIES IN PENNSYLVANIA
Patterson, J. A., Pa. Dept. Commerce, Ind. Dev. Bur. (1958). 88 pp. This report
presents In summary form Pennsylvania's basic water data most commonly used by indus-
tries in evaluating areas for plant location. The effect of mine drainage is evi-
dent in the values for pH of a number of streams listed in the appendix. OR 58-13
MD58-7 ACID DRAINAGE CONTROLS COMING, HANDWRITING ON THE WALL...
Raleigh, W, A., Jr., Coal Age 63 {6), 72-77 (1958). The ORSANCO resolution of Jan-
uary 15, 1958, is reproduced in this article, together with an assessment of its
effect on the coal Industry in the Ohio River Valley, and a discussion of the back-
ground of ORSANCO's action. Some of the methods far acid mine drainage control are
outlined briefly. OR 58-33
MD58-8 REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1957-58
W. Va. State Water Comm., 1958. 31 pp. Abatement of pollution from coal washery
water and acid mine drainage is described on pages 24-29. OR 58-11
MD58-9 WATER-POWERED DEVICE TREATS ACID WATER AUTOMATICALLY
Coal Age &3 (3), 148 (1958). The Letts automatic limer manufactured by the Shirley
Hachine Company of Pittsburgh neutralizes acid mine water by adding lime with grav-
ity flow. A rough irregular discharge ditch is recommended to provide mixing ac-
tion. OR 58-42
MD58-10 WE CAN CONTROL ACID MINE WATERS
Spring Meet., Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, Bedford, Pa,, May 8-9, 1958.
41 pp. Condensations of the talks presented at this meeting are Included in this
booklet. Three panel discussions were held. The first related to Pennsylvania's
program for the control of acid mine wastes. The subject of the second panel
-------
MD58-10 (continued)
37.
discussion was acid drainage control in other states and in industry. The third
panel discussion was on research needs—acid mine water. OR 58-31
MD58-11 WEST VIRGINIA'S CLEAN STREAMS PROGRAM - PRESENT AND FUTURE
Wright, B., Presented W. Va. Conf. Water and Related Natural Resour., 1958. 7 pp.
This is a resum£ of the activity and responsibilities of the State Water Commission
in four areas: (1) Municipal, (2) Industrial, (3) Coal Washery Wastes and (4) Acid
Mine Drainage. OR 58-8
1959
MD59-1 A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF LITTLE SEWICKLEY CREEK
Consulting Biologists, Rept. to Consolidation Coal Co., Dec. 8, 1959. 10 pp.+ The
biological nature of the stream is discussed in detail. The stream is polluted
with coal silt and with domestic sewage and other organic loading. Although the pH
was alkaline at the time of sampling, the effect of sporadic acid slugs was noted
in the limited biological productivity of the stream. OR 59-21
MD59-2 QUARTERLY REPORTS OF COAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY
WATER SANITATION COMMISSION, FELLOWSHIP NO. 370-5
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., 4 Quarterly Repts,, 1959. 16 pp. The quarterly reports
for 1959 noted areas of work under the fellowship. In the second and third quarter-
ly reports, under the subject Experimental Deep Mine and Continuous Pumping, data
on conditions of streams receiving mine discharge illustrate the effects of seasonal
precipitation. OR 59-46
MD59-3 WHAT IS YOUR MINE-WATER QUALITY?
Braley, S. A., Mechanization 23 (8), 69 (1959). Suggestions are given for deter-
mining the quality of water discharged from mines. OR 59-19
MD59-4 MAGNESIAN HALOTRICHITE FROM VINTON COUNTY, OHIO
Brant, R. A. and Foster, W. R., Ohio J. Sci. 5£ (3), 187-192 (1959). Material
found during a study of acid waters issuing from coal mines has been demonstrated to
be a member of the pickeringite-halotrichite family. The deposition of the halo-
trichite appears to be a matter of the evaporation of an aqueous solution of ferrous
and aluminum sulfates with or without an excess of sulfuric acid. In general the
sulphate ions are derived from the oxidation of pyritlc material. OR 59-33
MD59-5 HUTCHISON MINE - A PROBLEM IN COAL MINE-DRAINAGE
Hall, E. P. and Rozance, J. L., AIME Joint Meet. Coal Div., Ind. Miner. Div., Bed-
ford Springs, Pa., Sept. 1959. Preprint No. 59F309. 7 pp. This resume of water
drainage conditions in a mine typical of the Pittsburgh area is presented to illus-
trate some of the problems and difficulties caused by water drainage in some coal
mining operations, and to point out that these problems must be considered and over-
come if coal is to be mined. OR 59-14
MD59-6 WHAT PRICE STREAM POLLUTION?
Hebley, H. F., Mechanization 23 (9), 61-62 (1959). The bituminous coal industry
contributes two main sources of pollution to streams, acid mine drainage and sus-
pended solids from preparation plants. Although much research has been done on
acid mine drainage no satisfactory solution to the problem is yet available. On
the other hand the removal of suspended solids can be accomplished effectively.
Coal mine operators are urged to collect data on effluents in order to deal with
pollution. OR 59-34
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38.
MD59-7 SURVEY OF FERROUS-FERRIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA AND REDOX POTENTIALS
Hem, J, D. and Cropper, W. H. , U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper No. 1459-A
(1959). 31 pp. The report provides a brief introduction to theoretical aspects of
dilute aqueous solutions that contain iron, affords a better basis for understanding
the chemical principles which control such solutions, and illustrates the use of
theory to explain observed characteristics of natural water. OR 59-11
MD59-8 THE BITUMINOUS COAL OPEN PIT MINING INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA
Hohnka, L. C., Central Pa. Open Pit Mining Assoc., Philipsburg, Pa., 1959. The
Bituminous Coal Open Pit Mining Conservation Act and the Mine Drainage Laws rela-
tive to acid mine drainage and industrial wastes from coal mines are summarized.
The record of the Industry in reclamation and statistics covering the economics of
the industry are included. OR 59-4
MD59-9 STUDIES ON AN AUTOTROPHIC BACTERIUM OXIDIZING FERROUS IRON AND ELEMENTAL
SULFUR IN ACID MEDIA
Kinsel, N. A., Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Pittsburgh, 1959. 52 pp. The isolation and
characterization of an obligate, autotrophic bacterium oxidizing both ferrous iron
and elemental sulfur in acid media is described. OR 59-47
MD59-10 THE INFLUENCE OF BACTERIA ON THE FORMATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Leathen, W. W, (Mellon Inst.), AIME Joint Meet. Coal Div., Ind. Miner. Div., Bed-
ford Springs, Pa., 1959. Preprint 59F305. 8 pp. The studies leading to the iden-
tification of both iron oxidizing bacteria and sulfur oxidizing bacteria and the
understanding of their role in the formation of acid mine waters are reviewed. It
is pointed out that the widespread distribution of the organisms in soil would pre-
clude the successful sterilization of mines against bacterial activity. OR 59-48
MD59-11 POTOMAC RIVER WATER QUALITY NETWORK - COMPILATION OF DATA, WATER YEARS
1958-1959
Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, Washington, D.C., 1959. (76 pp.) Comprehen-
sive analyses of samples from stations in the Potomac River Basin for flow, temper-
ature, turbidity, alkalinity, pH, dissolved O2 , BOD, bacteria and solids are tab-
ulated. OR 59-1
MD59-12 STUDIES ON THE CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC IRON BACTERIUM FERROBACILLUS FERRO-
OXIDANS: I. AN IMPROVED MEDIUM AND A HARVESTING PROCEDURE FOR
SECURING HIGH CELL YIELDS
Silverman, M. P. and Lundgren, D. G. (Syracuse Univ.), J. Bacteriol. 7]_ (5), 642-
647 (1959). The increased iron content of the new medium resulted in increased
cell numbers. The strain used was supplied by W. W. Leathen. His observations on
the morphology of the bacterium were confirmed, but not his observations of its
mobility. OR 59-7
MD59-13 STUDIES ON THE CHEMOAUTOTROPHIC IRON BACTERIUM FERROBACILLUS FERRO-
OXIDANS: II. MANOMETRIC STUDIES
Silverman, M. P. and Lundgren, D. G. (Syracuse Univ.), J. Bacteriol. 7Ji (3), 326-
331 (1959). The physiological properties and iron-oxidizing system of the bacterium
were studied manometrically using intact cells. Ferrous ions were oxidized unusu-
ally rapidly. The optimal conditions for the iron-oxidizing system were pH 3.0-3.6
and temp. 37°C. The effect of increased concentration of ferrous ions and the
presence of other ions is discussed. OR 59—8
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39.
1960
MD60-1 LIMITS OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN TERMS OF pH AND OXIDATION-
REDUCTION POTENTIALS
Baas Becking, L. G. M. (1), Kaplan, I. R. (2), and Moore, D. (1) [(1) Australian
Bur. Miner. Resour. (2) UCLA], J. Geol. ^8 (3), 243-284 (1960), Chemical reactions
In the natural environment are discussed from the point of view of how these reac-
tions both limit the existence of organisms and contribute to the effect of the
organisms on their environment. A discussion of the pH and Eh of mine water is
included. Also relevent to the mine drainage problem are the characterizations of
iron bacteria and thiobacteria. OR 60-83
MD60-2 THE OXIDATION OF PYRITIC CONGLOMERATES
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Spec. Rept. to Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to Ohio River
Valley Mater Sanit. Comm., Res. Proj. No. 370-6 (1960). 32 pp. The reaction of
naturally occurring sulfuritic materials, found in coal measures and the adjacent
geologic strata, with atmospheric oxygen is Investigated. The data explain the
formation of mine acid and the secondary reactions which result in the wide varia-
tion in the composition of mine effluents. The effect of time on acid formation
and changes in composition of water extracts is demonstrated. OR 60-79
MD60-3 THE OXIDATION OF PYRITIC CONGLOMERATES
Braley, S. A., Reprinted from Ind. Wastes, Aug. 1960. 3 pp. Work on the basic
mechanism for the production of acid mine wastes Is reported. Two reactions are
presented, one for the oxidation of FeS2 by dry air, the other the reaction of FeSz
in the presence of oxygen and water. The dry oxidation proceeds to FeSOi^ and SO2.
In the presence of moisture FeSO^ and HjSOi, are the end products. A most interest-
ing aspect of these reactions is the effect of lime when it is present in the con-
glomerate. This information tends to explain the question developed by the absence
of free acid in the waste although sulfuric acid is produced by the reaction. De-
tails of the experimental work carried out to establish these reactions are given.
(From Editor's Note) OR 60-1
MD60-4 PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAM FOR 1961 FOR THE ACID MINE-DRAINAGE RESEARCH
PROJECT
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Rept. to Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to Ohio River Valley
Water Sanit. Comm., Res. Proj. No. 370-7 (1960). 8 pp. Continuation of four major
long range experiments which were already underway and the establishment of two ad-
ditional long range research projects were recommended. One new project is intend-
ed to explore and evaluate the dissolved solids found in mine drainage and the
other is intended to work toward developing methods for predicting the acid produc-
ing potential of various soil strata. OR 60-74
MD60-5 QUARTERLY REPORT OF COAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE OHIO RIVER VALLEY
WATER SANITATION COMMISSION, RESEARCH PROJECT NO. 370-6
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Quarterly Repts., I960. 10 pp. These quarterly re-
ports are on work progress, including experimental work on improving mine drainage.
The third report gives data collected on quality of discharged mine water, showing
the successful use of rapid and complete removal of water and also of mine flooding.
OR 60-81
MD60-6 THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN THE
OHIO RIVER VALLEY
Bramer, H. C., Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Pittsburgh, 1960. 207 pp. The short section
(pp 115-118) on mine drainage abatement la related to the costs of mine sealing
since the cost of neutralization is presumed to be prohibitive. OR 60-54
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40.
MD60-7 ACID MINE DRAINAGE MANUAL
Brant, R. A. and Moulton, E. Q., Ohio State Univ., Eng. Expt. Sta., Bull. 179 (1960).
40 pp. This is a well illustrated and thorough discussion of the formation and
steps towards abatement of acid mine drainage. OR 60-36
MD60-8 IMPOUNDING AND LIMING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Cole, V. W., Ind. Wastes _5 (1), 10-11 (1960). Impoundments constructed below
sources of acid mine drainage can be treated with lime to maintain an alkaline pH
at a much lower cost than other methods of treatment. Lake Alma and Lake Hope in
Vinton County, Ohio are examples of the efficacy of this treatment. OR 60-65
MD60-9 OXIDATION OF PYRITE BY IRON SULFATE SOLUTIONS
Garrels, R. M. and Thompson, M. E,, Am. J. Sci. 258A, 57-67 (1960). Oxidation of
pyrite samples from three localities by acid ferric sulfate solutions took place at
markedly different rates. Both ferric and ferrous ions are rapidly adsorbed onto
the surface of pyrite with oxidation taking place at ferric Ion adsorption sites.
Trace elements found in the pyrite samples seemed to have little effect on the
oxidation rates. OR 60-52
MD60-10 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL MINE-DRAINAGE
Hall, E. P. (Res. Consultant), Consolidation Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1960 (Re-
vised 1962). 29 pp. Methods of analysis of constituents of coal mine drainage—
acidity, alkalinity, aluminum, calcium, chloride, iron, magnesium, manganese, sul-
fate—are outlined. The analyses have been, in many cases, modified to overcome
mutual interference of the various substances found in mine drainage. Also dis-
cussed are acid formation rate, hardness, pH determination, and flow measurement.
OR 60-82
MD60-11 THE SHEBAN PROJECT
Hall, E. P., Cook, L., Braley, S. A., Brant, R. A., Riley, C. V., Fisher, E. H.t
and Williams, N. E., Unpublished Progress Report to October, 1960. The Sheban Proj-
ect is a cooperative experiment in controlling water pollution by impoundment of
water in an abandoned surface mining operation which had in turn been preceded by
an underground mining operation. The report covers the first two years of the proj-
ect, including a year of preliminary studies and a year of Impoundment, and is com-
plete to the date of October, 1960. OR 60-35
MD60-12 MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL IN INDIANA
Hert, 0. H., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. _32, 505-508 (1960). This Is a review of
the problems of drainage from surface mine operations and the program to reduce the
effects of acid discharge in Indiana. Segregating and covering acid producing ma-
terial will help to minimize the problem. OR 60-22
MD60-13 THE BIOLOGY OF POLLUTED WATERS
Hynes, H. B. N., Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1971. 202 pp. Chapter 5,
Effluents and Chemistry; Chapter 6, Physical and Chemical Effects of Effluents on
Rivers; and Chapter 8, Biological Effects of Simple Deoxygenation and Suspended
Solids, are especially relevant to the problem of acid mine drainage. In Chapter
13, The Biological Assessment of Pollution, perspective is given to the biological
and chemical variables and interrelationships of polluted waters, including mine
drainage, OR 60-80
MD60-14 NEW SULFUR OXIDIZING IRON BACTERIUM: FERROBACILLUS SULFOOXIDANS SP. N.
Kinsel, N. A. (Univ. Pittsburgh), J. Bacteriol. 80, 628-632 (1960). This recently
-------
MD60-14 (continued)
41.
identified organism, Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans, was isolated from coal-mine water
from Western Pennsylvania and is characterized by its ability to derive energy by
oxidizing both elementary sulfur and ferrous iron. OR 60-40
MD60-15 A FIELD STUDY IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Lucas, J, R. (The Ohio State Univ.), Ann. Meet. AIME, New York, N. Y., 1960. Pre-
print 60F35. 13 pp. A small isolated mine producing significant amounts of drain-
age, and located just above Lake Hope State Park in Vinton County, Ohio was chosen
for field study. Before the mine was sealed the acid drainage was monitored over
several months and petrographic and chemical analyses were made of the coal. The
mine seal, for which the design is shown, permitted both air and water sealing.
Provision was made for sampling water and atmosphere in the mine. Results of the
short test period indicate that acid production can be reduced by mine sealing.
OR 60-87
KD60-16 THE MINING GUIDEBOOK: HANDLING MINE WATER
Coal Age 65 (7), 254-256 (1960). Among topics discussed are diversion and gravity
flow; pumping; planning pipelines; and considerations of acid water. OR 60-5
MD60-17 POTOMAC RIVER WATER QUALITY NETWORK - COMPILATION OF DATA, WATER YEAR
1960
Interstate Comm. Potomac River Basin, Washington, D.C., 1960. 35 pp. Comprehensive
analyses of samples from stations in the Potomac River Basin on flow, temperature,
turbidity, alkalinity, pH, dissolved, 02, BOD, bacteria and solids are tabulated.
OR 60-8
MD60-18 ACID-DRAINAGE CURBS ARE HERE
Raleigh, W. A., Jr., Coal Age 65 (4), 80-84 (1960). ORSANCO Resolution 5-60 is
stated. Present practice in acid-drainage control and present understanding of
acid formation are discussed. The Resolution calls for water and refuse handling
practices to minimize pollution and for regulation of mine drainage discharge.
OR 60-2
MD60-19 THE ECOLOGY OF WATER AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL STRIP-MINED LANDS IN
OHIO
Riley, C. V., Ohio J. Sci. 60 (2), 106-121 (1960). The data presented in this
paper are part of an extensive study conducted from August 1946 to October 1951,
and from additional research conducted from June 1952 to October 1957. The objec-
tives of the study were: to identify and determine ecological relations of plants
and animals Inhabiting the water and its environs, to determine which materials of
the overburden were important contributors Co the formation of acid present in
many strip ponds, and to determine practical methods of managing the watershed and
the ponds. (From author's Objectives) OR 60-73
MD60-20 THE ELIMINATION OF SULFUR FROM COAL BY MICROBIAL ACTION
Rogoff, M. H., Silverman, M. P., and Wender, I. (U.S. Bur. Mines), ACS Div. Gas and
Fuel Chem. Preprints, New York, N. Y., Sept. 1960. pp 25-36. The role of micro-
organisms in the oxidation of sulfur-containing materials is presently under study.
Mine waters contain iron-, sulfur-, and thlosulfate-oxldlzing and sulfate-reducing
bacteria. A rapid manometrlc method for studying the biological oxidation of py-
rites has shown that pyrite oxidation is Increased 8 to 13 fold over controls in
the presence of Ferrobacillus ferrooxldans; Thlobacillus thiooxldana apparently
plays no role in pyrite oxidation. The rate of pyrite oxidation In the presence of
the bacteria is affected by particle size of the crushed material, crystalline fori*
-------
MD60-20 (continued)
42.
of the iron disulfides, pH and other factors. Other experiments are concerned with
oxidation of organically combined sulfur by microorganisms. Problems inherent to
bacterial coal desulfurization and their role in acid mine drainage formation and
treatment are discussed. (Authors' abstract) OR 60-33
MD60-21 CONTROLLED MINE WATER DRAINAGE
Steinman, H. E. , Ind. Water and Wastes _5, 201-203 (1960). The measures applied by
the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company for the control and disposal of acid mine
drainage in their Vesta mines are discussed. A wide variety of controls used In-
clude air sealing of abandoned workings, collection of drainage in sumps, controlled
pumping, blending of acid and alkaline waters, and the the use of pipes where pos-
sible instead of open ditches. Waste waters from the coal preparation plant are
impounded for solids removal. OR 60-11
MD60-22 AN OPERATOR'S APPROACH TO MINE WATER DRAINAGE PROBLEMS AND STREAM
POLLUTION
Steinman, H. E. , Mining Congr. J. 46^ (7), 70-73 (1960). Recommendations to mini-
mize mine acid formation for all new working areas at J & L Vista-Shannopin Coal
Div. are based on the Sanitary Water Board and Mellon Institute program. Drainage
from mined-out areas continues to be a problem. Where possible, acid seepage is
combined with alkaline water for neutralization before pumping to the surface. If
this is not possible the acid mine water is pumped to a discharge point on a stream
already contaminated. The level of water in pool in an abandoned mine was lowered
with a resulting reduction in the amount of iron going into a stream. The construc-
tion of slime disposal ponds at the company's preparation plant has also contributed
to improvement of the water quality in streams serving these areas. OR 60-56
MD60-23 STRIPPING FOR PROFIT
Coal Age 65 (7), 267-286 (1960). This is a general article which covers stripping
operations from the preliminary study of the land and coal through drainage. Brief
discussions of prevention of inflow, gravity drainage, and pumping are included.
Two treatment plants for neutralizing acid-water with limestone are described
briefly. OR 60-3
MD60-24 WATER RESOURCES ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES - POLLUTION ABATEMENT
86th Congress, 2nd Session, U.S. Senate, Select Comm. National Water Resour., Comm.
Print No. 9, 1960. 38 pp. This Public Health Service Report includes a statement
of the problem of acid mine drainage with suggestions for dealing with it, and
notes on the effects of mine drainage on the North Branch of the Potomac River and
on the Ohio River and its tributaries. OR 60-34
MD60-25 PUMPING AND PUMPING PROBLEMS IN MINES
Woodley, J. N. L., Trans. Inst. Min. Eng. 119 (11), 685-697 (1960). The general
operating principles of positive displacement, centrifugal pumps, and submersible
pumps are presented. Problems which arise from operation in mine water which Is
acidic or which contains high proportions of suspended solids are discussed.
OR 60-30
-------
43.
1961
MD61-1 ANNUAL REPORT OF PROGRESS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1960-1961
W. Va. State Water Resour. Bd., Charleston, W. Va., 1961. 43 pp. The status of
coal washery waste treatment facilities is tabulated. Acid mine water pollution
surveys were made on Jones Creek watershed, and on Snowy Creek and Laurel Run,
tributaries of the Youghiogheny River. OR 61-73
MD61-2 QUARTERLY REPORT OF COAL INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE OHIO RIVER
VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION RES. PROJ. 370-7
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., 1st Quarterly Rept., 1961. 5 pp. This report on status
of long range pumping programs includes analysis of samples taken from augur drill-
ing of strip operation high walls, exposed to air for six months. Results support
the hypothesis that the contamination of water by acid and other contaminants is
primarily the result of the oxidation of pyritic or sulfuritic materials, OR 61—2
MD61-3 QUARTERLY REPORT OF COAL INDUSTRY ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO THE OHIO RIVER
VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION RES. PROJ. 370-7
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., 2nd Quarterly Rept., 1961. 4 pp. Very brief reports
on the long range projects of the fellowship are presented. In addition, a table
which illustrates a relationship between acidity and the concentration of manganese
in waters of various types is included. OR 61-81
MD61-4 ROBOT MONITOR KEEPS WATCH ON RIVER CONDITIONS
Cleary, E. J. and Kline, W. L., Public Works ^2, 73-75 (1961). Water quality sur-
veillance of the Ohio River is to be augmented by a system of automatic monitoring
installations with associated telemetering equipment terminating at Cincinnati.
The prototype ORSANCO robot monitor provides for the measurement of pH, chloride
ion concentration, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen concentration, oxidation-
reduction potential, temperature, and solar radiation. An automatic sampler is
included to permit storing a water sample which shows abnormal quality. OR 61-4
MD61-5 CORROSION OF METALS IN MINE WATERS
Natl. Coal Bd., Sci. Bui. No. 8, 10-15, Spring 1961. Mine waters are classified
into five types. The pH and mineral characteristics of each type are identified
and the corrosive effects of each are described. OR 61-75
MD61-6 DEEP-MINING GUIDEBOOK: MINE DRAINAGE AND PUMPING
Coal Age J56 (7), 211-213 (1961). General mine water handling problems are dis-
cussed. Acid control is one of the important items in setting pumping schedules
from deep mines. OR 61-10
MD61-7 GREEN CUCUMBER VALLEY PAINTED ORANGE
Water, Land and Life _3 (3), 13 (1961). The Western Pennsylvania Conservancy com-
ments on a surface mining operation which opened up an abandoned mine, releasing
large quantities of acid water into Little Cucumber Run. OR 61-37
MD61-8 CONTROL OF WATER-CARRIED WASTES FROM THE COAL INDUSTRY
Hall, E. P., Presented, Ky.-Tenn. Sect. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed., Louisville, Ky.,
Sept. 12, 1961. 9 pp. The principal water-borne waste of the coal industry Is
suspended solids from coal preparation operation, commonly referred to as black
water. The control of these solids can be accomplished through effective sedimen-
tation and clarification, which removes the solids from the water. The problem of
acid mine drainage is being vigorously investigated and definite progress has been
made toward finding solutions to it. The problem of sedimentation from the erosion
-------
MD61-8 (continued)
44.
of stripped areas is presently being defined and reclamation activities to minimize
it are being carried out effectively. OR 61-19
MD61-9 ANALYSIS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE: A BASIS FOR FUTURE
INVESTIGATION
Hanna, G. P., Jr., Brant, R. A., Lucas, J. R., Randies, C. I., and Smith, E. E.,
The Ohio State Univ. Eng. Expt. Sta., Final Rept., Proj . EES-175, to Ohio River
Valley Water Sanit. Comm., 1961. 76 pp. The mine drainage problem Is reviewed
with emphasis on the chemistry of the sulfide to sulfate reaction; the role of
bacteria; and the related mineralogy, geology, and hydrology. Recommendations for
further research are made. OR 61-22
MD61-10 AT CUCUMBER FALLS MINE ACID DOES ITS DIRTY WORK
Jones, F., Pittsburgh Press, (11/12/61). Pictures of the effect of a sudden flow
of acid mine water into a stream are the predominant feature of this article.
OR 61-44
MD61-11 PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF PIT WATERS OF VERY HIGH IRON CONTENT
Kadner, W., Vom Wasser, Issue 28, 131-144 (1961). National Coal Bd. Trans. A.2392/
FWH. Purification of water containing iron Is effected by treatment with 10 per-
cent lime milk and dewatering of the sludge. In the East German Schwarze Pumpe pro-
gram, iron is removed by lime treatment and dewatering the resulting sludge. Data
are given for flow rates and quantities of treatment chemicals, OR 61-57
MD61-12 HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES DILUTING AND NEUTRALIZING ACID STREAMS OF THE
SWATARA CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA
McCarren, E. F., Wark, J. W., and George, J. R., U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper No.
424-D, Geol. Surv. Res., 1961. pp D-64—D-67. Chemical analyses of drainage from
six anthracite mines in the basin and of several streams in the area indicate a po-
tential for dilution and neutralization of mine wastes by stream waters. OR 61-84
MD61-13 PINE CREEK—THE STORY OF A RECLAIMED STREAM
Central Pa. Open Pit Mining Assoc., 1961. 4 pp. Pine Creek, a stream polluted by
acid mine drainage from abandoned deep mines, has been reclaimed by open pit coal
recovery reclamation of the pits, and subsequent planting. OR 61-6
MD61-14 PROFITABLE STRIPPING: DRAINAGE
Coal Age 66 (7), 231 (1961). This general discussion of water drainage in surface
mine operations deals with preventing inflow, gravity drainage, pumping, and neu-
tralizing water. OR 61-12
MD61-15 QUALITY COAL PREPARATION: WATER HANDLING
Coal Age 66 (7), 244-246 (1961). The treatment of waBh water to prevent loss of
coal to refuse and to conform to stream-pollution regulations is discussed.
OR 61-11
MD61-16 RIVER-QUALITY CONDITIONS DURING A 16-WEEK SHUTDOWN OF UPPER OHIO VALLEY
STEEL MILLS
Ohio River Valley Water Sanit. Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961. 39 pp.+ During a
shutdown of the upper Ohio Valley steel mills the phenols, manganese, alkalinity,
fluorides, and temperature all decreased. Only minor changes in hardness, sulfates,
and dissolved solids were observed demonstrating the impact of mine drainage in
-------
MD61-16 (continued)
45.
these areas. On the Mahoning River, where there is little mine drainage, the de-
crease in these qualities was greater. OR 61-23
MD61-17 AUTOMATION OF MINE-DRAINAGE INSTALLATIONS
Rutman, R. A., Reprint from "Automation in the Coal and Ore Mining Industries,"
Proc. Sci. Tech. Conf., Kiev (1961). Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific
Transl. (1965). The changes in design of automatic equipment for mine drainage are
listed. OR 61-65
MD61-18 BACTERIAL OXIDATION OF PYRITIC MATERIALS IN COAL
Silverman, M. P., Rogoff, M. H., and Wender, I., Applied Microbiol. 9 (6), 491-496
(1961). Applicability of the manoraetric method for studying the oxidation of py-
ritic material in the presence of bacteria has been demonstrated. Resting cells of
Fetrobaclllus ferrooxidans accelerated the oxidation of coal pyrites and coarsely
crystalline raarcasite, but were inactive on coarsely crystalline pyrite. Resting
cells of Thiobaclllus thlooxidans were inactive on all pyrites tested. Oxidation
rates in the presence of Ferrobaclllus were increased by reducing the particle size
of pyritic samples, and in one case, by removing the CaC03 from a calcite contain-
ing sample. (Authors' abstract) OR 61-35
MD61-19 OXYGENATION OF FERROUS IRON
Stumm, W. and Lee, G. F. , Ind. Eng. Chem. j>3 (2), 143-146 (1961). This study of the
reaction between ferrous iron and oxygen emphasizes the role oxygenation catalysts
play in iron removal from natural waters. The experimental work indicates that the
oxidation reaction may be the controlling factor up to pH 7 while in the more alka-
line range flocculation may be the controlling step. OR 61-64
1962
MD62-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE
U.S. Public Health Serv., Rept. to U.S. House Representatives, Comm. Public Works,
87th Congr., 2nd Session, House Comm. Print No. 18 (1962). 32 pp. This report,
the basis for recommendations for legislation, is a comprehensive review of the his-
tory, chemistry, and geology-hydrology of the acid mine drainage problem as well as
of control measures and research needs. OR 62-113
MD62-2 ACID NEUTRALIZING SERVICE CORPORATION DESIGNS A KEY TO PREVENTING STREAM
POLLUTION
Outdoor People, Apr. 5, 1962. p 14. In a demonstration, Rochez Brothers, Inc. mo-
bile neutralization unit treated Little Scrubgrass Creek water having pH 4.2 and
discharged water with pH 7.4. The equipment will handle up to 400 gpm of water with
a maximum lime use of three pounds per hour. OR 62-107
MD62-3 CONTROL OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Braley, S. A., Presented, 76th Ann. Meet. Coal Mining Inst. America, Pittsburgh,
Pa., Dec. 13-14, 1962. 9 pp. The principles of acid mine drainage control as pro-
posed by 0RSANC0 are discussed. Results of work in the past are considered critic-
ally. OR 62-72
MD62-4 AN EVALUATION OF MINE SEALING
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Spec. Rept. to Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to Ohio River
Valley Water Sanit. Comm., Res. Proj. No. 370-8, 1962. 33 pp.+ This report pre-
sents a discussion of the theory of mine sealing and the criteria upon which evalua-
tion of the procedure can be made. Data collected on a group of selected isolated
-------
MD62-4 (continued)
46.
mines before sealing and for a period of years after sealing are given. The sea-
sonal effects on acid production and sealed mine atmosphere are shown. The conclu-
sions are that mine sealing is ineffective for the reduction of acid discharged
from drift mines. It does not reduce the oxygen content of the mine atmosphere.
The sealing of two mines whose discharge entered a clean mountain stream did not
beneficiate the stream. OR 62-10
MD62-5 FLOODING OF A DEEP MINE
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Spec. Rept. to Coal Ind. Advisory Comm., Ohio River
Valley Water Sanit. Comm., Res. Proj. No. 4370-8, 1962. 10 pp.+ The results of a
study of the water discharge of a sealed and abandoned mine are presented. The
conclusion is "that complete abandonment of deep mines will ultimately result in
beneficiation of the water naturally discharged therefrom as a result of flooding
irrespective of the air sealing procedure." OR 62-29
MD62-6 NATURAL BENEFICIATION OF AN ABANDONED MINE
Braley, S. A., Mellon Inst., Spec. Rept. to Coal Ind. Advisory Comm., Ohio River
Valley Water Sanit. Comm., Res. Proj. No. 4370-8, 1962. 5 pp. Report on the im-
provement of water quality of the free flowing discharge from an undistrubed aban-
doned mine which had not been sealed. The data indicate that the discharge im-
proves measurably without regard to correctional procedures with the passage of
time. OR 62-30
MD62-7 A BASIC STUDY OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION
Clark, C. S., M.S. Thesis, Johns Hopkins Univ., 1962. 96 pp. Several aspects of
the electrolytic decomposition of iron disulfide materials are theoretically and
experimentally explored in the three chapters of this paper. The thermodynamic
basis of a number of half-reacCion yields a prediction of the anode and cathode
reactions in the pyrites corrosion cell. A thermodynamic explanation is offered
for the frequent observation that iron-oxidizing bacteria increase the rates of
pyrites decomposition and of acid formation. A procedure for theoretically deter-
mining the usefulness of a substance as an anodic or cathodic inhibitor is estab-
lished. Results of the present experiments on inhibitors are essentially the same
as those in an earlier study at Johns Hopkins. (From author's abstract) OR 62-51
MD62-8 COAL DIVISION - EASTERN GAS AND FUEL ASSOCIATES - PUMPING AND DRAINAGE
Coal Age 67 (10), 125-127 (1962). Water handling at the company's mines includes
keeping water out if possible, taking advantage of gravity flow, employing suffi-
cient pumps, and maintaining the system. The severity of the problem varies from
mine to mine. OR 62-41
MD62-9 INFLUENCES OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF PARTS OF
BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY 1955-1959
Collier, C. C., et al. Geol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Int., Professional Paper 427-B
(1964). 83 pp.+ Surface mining has occurred in about 10 percent of the Cane Branch
area since 1955. The Helton Branch area has had no mining activity. A comprehen-
sive comparison of chemical content, flooding characteristics, effect on aquatic
life, and on flora and fauna in these areas is presented. OR 62-16
MD62-10 SPEARHEADING THE OHIO VALLEY INTERSTATE MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
Cook, L., Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 112, Purdue Univ., Proc. 17th Ind. Waste Conf., 1962.
pp 543-545. The activity of the Coal Industry Advisory Committee in finding meas-
ures for the control of Acid Mine Drainage are discussed. The control measures
contained in ORSANCO Resolution 5-60 are outlined. OR 62-26
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47.
MD62-11 MINE WATER CONTROL PROGRAM, ANTHRACITE REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
JULY, 1955 - DECEMBER, 1961
Dierks, H. A., Eaton, W. L., Whaite, R. H., and Moyer, F. T., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC
8115 (1962). 63 pp. The report covers 29 mine flood control projects. Essential
engineering and cost details for each project are given, together with an evalua-
tion of the effect that the installed facilities have on alleviating the mine water
problem as it concerns individual mines and the anthracite industry as a whole.
(From authors' abstract) OR 62-24
MD62-12 STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS TO ACID MINE WATER PRODUCTION
Hanna, G. P., Jr. (1) and Brant, R. A. (2) [(1) Ohio State Univ., Water Resour.
Cent. (2) Ohio Geol. Surv.], Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 112, Purdue Univ., Proc. 17th Ind.
Waste Conf., May 1-3, 1962. pp 476-492. The work outlined in this paper has at-
tempted to relate acid formation to various strata. While acid generators do not
parallel the oxidation In situ of pyritic materials it is possible through their
use to compare oxidation rates and thereby begin to develop a quantitative means of
measurement. A diagram of the apparatus used for leaching studies and graphic pres-
entation of the results are included. OR 62-17
MD62-13 A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF Fe(III) IN POLLUTED WATERS BY
DIRECT TITRATION WITH ETHYLENE-DIAMINE-TETRA-ACETIC ACID (E.D.T.A.)
Hellwig, D. H. R. and van Steenderen, R. A., Water and Waste Treatment, 118-120,
Sept./Oct. 1962. The method was found suitable for the determination of iron in
natural waters in concentrations as low as one part per million. Zinc above 5 ppm
and copper above 0.2 ppm were the only ions which showed interference. 'Magnesium,
manganese, calcium, and aluminum, often found in mine drainage did not interfere
in the analysis in amounts tested. OR 62-103
MD62-14 MACHINE NEUTRALIZES MINE ACID
Latham, R., Pittsburgh Press, 49, (3/28/62). Rochez Bros., Inc., of East Pitts-
burgh, has developed a portable machine which can neutralize mine acid entering
streams. The neutralizing unit which can treat 100 gal/mln. is made up of a pump-
ing system and a lime dispensing unit which treats the water as it is pumped through
the unit. It was demonstrated on a stream with pH 4. OR 62-9
MD62-15 PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE WATER: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Lorenz, W. C., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC 8080 (1962). 40 pp. In connection with its re-
newed study seeking solutions to problems created by release of acid water from bi-
tuminous coal mines, the Bureau of Mines recently surveyed the literature. There
are 207 references, OR 62-44
MD62-16 A LYS1METER FOR STUDYING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN WEATHERING
COAL SPOIL
Lowry, G. L. and Finney, J. H., Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Circ. 113 (1962). 17 pp.
The lysimeter described and pictured in this paper was constructed and set up with
20 samples of differing texture and acidity. All samples will be exposed to the
same conditions of weather at the same time. Future publications are planned to re-
port the changes in physical and chemical properties of the weathered spoils.
OR 62-112
MD62-17 RECONNAISSANCE OF GROUND-WATER RESOURCES IN THE WESTERN COAL FIELD
REGION, KENTUCKY
Maxwell, B. W. and Devaul, R. W., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 1599, 1962.
34 pp. The availability and quality of the water in the area is described.
OR 62-114
-------
48.
MD62-18 NOVEL WATER TREATMENT PLANT INSTALLED AT SMITH MINE
Burns and Mixes (Publ. by Harbison-Walker Refractories Co.) JL7 (6), 2-3 (1962).
The mine water treatment system at the company's Smith Mine near Ohlopyle, Pa. is
described. Water running from the mine, including the face being stripped and the
spoil piles, is carried through weirs to two settling ponds. Hydrated lime is fed
into the water passing through the weirs according to the pH or the mineral acidity
and the volume of water. Some soda ash is added to maintain a permanent pH value.
OR 62-108
MD62-19 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE CONTROL OF COAL MINE
DRAINAGE
Pa. Dept. Health, Bur. Environ. Health, Publ. No. 4, 1962. 113 pp. Work group ses-
sions and their chairmen are: 1. Law and legislation, William M. Gross; 2. Techni-
cal aspects of control of drainage from active mines, Russell S. Klingensmith;
3. Technical aspects of control of drainage from abandoned mines, S. A. Braley;
4. Restoration of areas affected by coal mining, Wilson Wheeler, includes separate
papers by L. E. Sawyer, Grant Davis, and M. L. Schaefer; 5. Improvement of acid
polluted streams by water resources development, Lester M. Klashman; 6. Administra-
tion of mine drainage control programs, L. S. Morgan. Work group reports, summary
and discussion of sessions, and specific comments of participants are included in
these proceedings. OR 62-73
MD62-20 WATER MANAGEMENT IN COAL STRIP LAND RECLAMATION
Riley, C. V., Kent State Univ., Ohio, 1962. This is an illustrated brochure giving
information on pond planning and construction on surface mine areas to give most
effective final use of the area. OR 62-23
MD62-21 THE SUSQUEHANNA: A STUDY OF THE RIVER BASIN
The League of Women Voters of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, 1962. 26 pp. This study
examines the history and economic development of the basin and discusses its prob-
lems, including drainage from the many active and abandoned coal mines within its
boundaries. A map of the Pennsylvania coal fields shows acid streams In red.
OR 62-106
MD62-22 YESTERDAY...TODAY AND TOMORROW
Ohio River Valley Water Sanit. Comm., 14th Ann. Rept., Cincinnati, Ohio (1962). 16
pp. The condition of the water in the Ohio River basin in 1962 is contrasted with
the conditions found in 1948 when the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Compact was
inaugurated. Among the improvements are sewage treatment plants, requirements for
waste control by industry, and river quality monitoring. The report includes a tab-
ulation of variations in water quality and flow in the Ohio River during 1961.
OR 62-105
1963
MD63-1 VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT
HARRISBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
Anderson, P. W., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 1779-B, 1963. 17 pp. The in-
fluence of streamflow, anthracite and bituminous coal mine drainage, and geology on
the chemical quality of the Susquehanna River is discussed in this paper. The sam-
pling pattern of the Harrisburg cross-section indicates that the water from the
principal tributaries above Harrisburg doeB not mix sufficiently to lose its chemi-
cal quality identity probably due to the small depth-width ratio and the extreme
width of the river. OR 63-18
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49.
MD63-2 AUTOMATIC ANALYZERS HELP COMBAT RIVER POLLUTION
Chem. Eng. ]Q_ (3), 49-50 (1963). Automatic analyzers have been set up to continu-
ously feed data on river quality to a headquarters office in Cincinnati. By this
means, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission is able to detect and
characterize any natural or man-made disturbances of the river as soon as they oc-
cur. OR 63-19
MD63-3 WATER ECONOMY AND THE POLLUTION PROBLEM IN THE COAL INDUSTRY: REPORTS
FROM GERMANY, BELGIUM, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS
Bakels, P. S., Reprint from "Re-Use of Water in Industry," London: Butterworth &
Co., 1963. pp 31-116. This report summarizes the coal mining industry's water re-
quirements for all purposes. The treatment of water for re-use and the prevention
of pollution are also discussed by the chairman and each of the country representa-
tives. This is a good source of information about European water economy and pol-
lution relating to the coal mining industry. It is a report of the Applied Chem-
istry Section, Water, Sewage, and Industrial Wastes Division, International Union
of Pure and Applied Chemistry. OR 63-101
MD63-4 REPORT TO THE SANITARY WATER BOARD ON NORTH BRANCH OF THE SUSQUEHANNA
RIVER MINE DRAINAGE STUDY
Boardman, R. M., Rhodes, R. L., and Bellaman, W. C., Pa. Dept. of Health, Div. San-
it. Eng. Publ. No. 5, April 1963. 50 pp,+ The purpose of this report is to review
the quality and use of the waters of the North Branch of the Susquehanna River and
to discuss possible immediate and long range solutions to the problems caused by
acid mine drainage. The report deals primarily with that portion of the river from
the mouth of the Lackawanna River to the confluence of the North and West Branches
of the Susquehanna River at Sunbury. (From authors' introduction) OR 63-116.
MD63-5 DESCRIPTION OF LETTS AUTOLIMER AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR OPERATION WHEN
NEUTRALIZING ACID WATER
Shirley Machine Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., Advertising Sheet, 1963. This lime feeder is
designed for neutralizing acid mine water in areas where no power supply is
available. OR 63-88
MD63-6 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Durfor, C. N. and Anderson, P. W., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 1619-W
(1963). 50 pp. The main factors influencing chemical quality are aereal differ-
ences in geology, urban and industrial development, mining, quarrying, land use,
and runoff. In the anthracite coal fields in the northeast and in the bituminous
coal fields in the southwest, many streams receive acid mine drainage, which lowers
the alkalinity and increases the sulfate content of the waters. OR 63-105
MD63-7 ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH POTENTIALITIES
Hanna, G. P., Jr., Lucas, J. R., Randies, C, I,, Smith, E. E., and Brant, R. A.,
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. _3!i (3), 275-296 (1963). The phenomena associated with
the production and abatement of acid mine water are classified into the fundamental
areas of chemistry, microbiology, mineralogy, petrology, and geology-hydrology. A
planned program of research based on these fundamental areas is outlined. OR 63-25
MD63-8 THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF FISH IN SOME SUSPENSIONS OF SOLIDS OF
INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN
Herbert, D. W. M. and Richards, J, M. , Int. J, Air Water Poll. 297-302 (1963).
Laboratory investigations of the survival rate of rainbow trout in suspensions of
solids from a coal-washery waste and from paper manufacture showed no evidence of
any lethal effect from up to 200 ppm coal-washery solids, while 200 ppm wood fibre
caused a steady mortality. OR 63-29
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50.
MD63-9 STRIP MINING, RECLAMATION, AND THE PUBLIC
Jackson, D., Jr., Coal Age 68 (5), 84-95 (1963). This article covers the economics,
the problems and the solutions to these problems from the point of view of the
Central Pennsylvania Open Pit Mining Association. Improvement of the land, preven-
tion of stream pollution and erosion, and promotion of conservation are all present-
ed as the prime concern of the surface miner. OR 63-2
MD63-10 CHEMICAL GROUTING CUTS WATER FLOW IN COLLIERY DRIFT
Janus, Z. L., Reprinted from Mine & Quarry Mechanisation, 1963. 5 pp. Ground water
infiltration was reduced in an Australian mine through the use of cement and chemi-
cal grout. The kinds of problems encountered and the solutions applied to various
sections are discussed. OR 63-66
MD63-11 MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Johnson, C. J., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. JJ5 (10), 1318-1324 (1963). In the
North Branch of the Potomac, acid mine drainage from coal mines will continue to be
a major source of contamination until research provides a solution. State water
control agencies are assuming jurisdictional responsibility of mine drainage, a
role which state mine departments had played. OR 63-6
MD63-12 LAND CONSERVATION IN PENNSYLVANIA OPEN PIT MINES
Jones, W. G. , Mining Congr. J. 4j) (10), 52-55 (1963). Surface mining for bituminous
coal and reclamation in Pennsylvania result in several benefits including reduction
of amount of acid mine drainage from abandoned deep mines, flood control from
backfilling mined areas, and planting. OR 63-44
MD63-13 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Kuznetsov, S. I., Ivanov, M. V., and Lyalikova, N. N., New York: McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1963. 252 pp. The role of micro-organisms in the formation of acid
from pyrite in the presence of water Is recognized as a significant area for study
in the acid mine drainage problem. This text discusses the effect of microbial
activity on deposits of sulfur, iron, fossil fuels, and related minerals and pre-
sents a good review of the literature relating to the subject. OR 63-15
MD63-14 OXIDATION OF COAL MINE PYRITES
Lorenz, W. C, and Tarpley, E. C,, U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 6247 (1963). 13 pp. The pro-
found effect of the presence of Ferrobaclllus ferrooxidana on the oxidation of py-
rites is demonstrated in this paper. Samples from several mines were tested in the
presence of ferric iron and ferrous iron with and without bacteria. The results
are presented graphically and discussed. OR 63-40
MD63-15 DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND OF STRIP-MINING OPERATIONS IN
PARTS OF BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY
Musser, J. J., U.S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 427-A (1963). 25 pp.+ An investiga-
tion of the effects of strip mining for coal on the hydrology of parts of the
Beaver Creek basin, McCreary County, Kentucky was begun in 1955. This report de-
scribes the topography, drainage, geology, soils, climate, hydrologic environment,
and forest vegetation of the study areas and gives a history and description of the
mining. (From author's abstract) OR 63-26
MD63-16 ELIMINATING STREAM POLLUTION FROM A COAL PREPARATION PLANT
Noone, W. H., Mining Congr. J. 49 (8), 26-30 (1963). The water clarification plant
at the Harewood mine of the Semet-Solvay Division of the Allied Chemical Corporation
is described in detail. Suspended solids in the thickener overflow have never
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MD63-16 (continued)
51.
exceeded 350 ppm and, in addition, nearly 9 tph of coal is being recovered by water
clarification, OR 63-49
MD63-17 OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION - FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1963, 20 pp. As a major step towards the goal of river clean-up,
thousands of waste-control facilities have been constructed by municipalities and
industry in the valley. The accomplishments of the eight states have merited the
Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award of 1963. Planning for further work
continues. The 0RSANC0 Resolution No, 5-60 can be viewed as a forward step in
dealing with the acid mine drainage problem. OR 63-57
MD63-18 TREATMENT OF EARTH STRATA CONTAINING ACID FORMING CHEMICALS
Peeler, C. E., Jr. (to Diamond Alkali Company), U.S. Pat. 3,094,846 (June 25, 1963).
6 pp. The use of an alkali metal silicate, including the silicates of sodium, po-
tassium, cesium, and rubidium, to treat acid forming chemicals, notably iron py-
rites, in situ is claimed. The alkali metal silicate reacts with the sulfuric acid
to form a silica gel dispersed throughout the soil formation. This further tends to
encapsulate acid forming materials rendering them inactive. OR 63-93
MD63-19 PROCEEDINGS CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE
WATERS OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES VOL. I, VOL. II,
AND VOL. Ill, PITTSBURGH, PA.
U.S. Dept. HEW, Dec. 17, 1963. 662 pp. These three volumes are the complete pro-
ceedings of the conference, including the list of attendees. Presentations from
various organizations have already been included in the Mine Drainage Abstracts.
See General Index, Monongahela River and Its Tributaries Enforcement Conference.
OR 63-118
MD63-20 PROGRESS REPORT: MINE SEALING PROJECT DECKER NO. 3 MINE
U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh Mining Res. Cent., Sept. 1963. 6 pp. The abandoned
mine used to evaluate mine sealing as an abatement procedure is described. A mine
map is also included. Information is given on the monitoring equipment installed
to record the air and water quality in the mine. Results of analyses of representa-
tive air and water samples are tabulated. OR 63-114
MD63-21 REVIEW OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Sanitary Eng., Rept. to Sanitary Water Bd., Aug. 1963.
24 pp.+ Stream quality, water usage, and previous treatment and abatement require-
ments for the Monongahela River during the period 1940 to 1963 are reviewed for
this period. ORSANCO and Pennsylvania industrial and municipal waste discharge and
treatment requirements are included in the appendix. OR 63-117
MD63-22 INTERIM REPORT III ON THE WESTERN MARYLAND pH SURVEY
Rubelmann, R. J., Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm., June 10, 1963. 29 pp. The
Youghiogheny River, Deep Creek Lake, The Casselman River, The Savage River, Georges
Creek, Wills Creek, and the Potomac River North Branch were surveyed to determine
the extent of acid mine drainage pollution of the waters of Garrett and Allegany
counties. There were 364 stations selected for sampling. pH was chosen as the
most practical, easily measured, and reliable Indicator of acid pollution. Tabula-
tions of the results of the survey by watershed give station number and location
and pH. OR 63-113
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52.
MD63-23 STATEMENT
Shaw, J. R. (Chairman, ORSANCO), Conf. of Pollut. of Monongahela River and Its
Tributaries, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1963. 30 pp. The activities of ORSANCO since its
beginning in 1948 in reducing pollution, especially mine drainage, in the Ohio
River and its drainage area are reviewed. OR 63-115
MD63-24 REPORT ON POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE WATERS OF THE MONGAHELA RIVER
SYSTEM
Sidio, A. D. and Mackenthun, K. M., U.S. Dept. HEW, Robert A. Taft Sanit. Eng.
Cent., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1963. 47 pp.+ The study included analyses and observa-
tions of chemical, biological, bacteriological, and physical indicators of water
quality collected during August and September 1963. The report includes informa-
tion on the Monongahela main stem and seven tributaries in sections of West Vir-
ginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. OR 63-24
MD63-25 THE ROLE OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN INCREASING THE CORROSIVE
AGGRESSIVENESS OF MINE WATER OF THE KIZEL COAL BASIN
Smirnov, V. V. (Perm Univ., USSR), Mikrobiologiya 32 (4), 695-699 (1963). U.S.
Dept. Comm., Clearinghouse Transl. No. TT63-41329. This work was done to deter-
mine whether the mine water of the Kizel coal basin was acid because of biological
activity or chemical activity. Oxidation of pyrite was compared in natural mine
waters, mine waters sterilized by various antiseptics, and in sterile mine waters
to which cultures of Thlobaclllus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans were
added. Biological activity was shown to increase substantially the rate of oxida-
tion of pyrite to sulfuric acid. OR 63-112
MD63-26 STATEMENT ON WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Whetstone, G. W., U.S. Geol. Surv., Dec. 1963. 23 pp.+ The overall profile of the
Monongahela river basin is discussed. Acid mine drainage, as one of the prime prob-
lems of the area, is reviewed thoroughly in relation to the streams in the basin.
Extensive tabular data on streamflow and chemical quality of water are presented.
OR 63-28
MD63-27 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Wilbar, C. L., Jr., Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Sanit. Eng., Publ. No. 6, 1963. 86 pp.+
This is the official presentation of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania at the confer-
ence called by the Secretary of U.S. Dept. HEW on Interstate Pollution of the Waters
of the Monongahela River and held in Pittsburgh, Dec. 17-18, 1963. The effects of
drainage from abandoned and active mines and programs to control mine discharges
are Included in the discussions of pollution from industrial wastes in the baBin.
Abandoned mines discharging more than 1000 tons of acid per year and active mines
discharging more than 300 tons per year are tabulated. OR 63-23
MD63-28 DISSOLVING LIMESTONE FROM REVOLVING DRUMS IN FLOWING WATER
Zurbuch, P. E., Trans. Am. Fisheries Soc. 92 (2), 173-178 (1963). The treatment of
the Otter Creek drainage in the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia was
undertaken using raw limestone in a drum. In the process described, attrition of
the limestone aggregate is achieved by tumbling it in a steel drum rotated by the
stream flow. Treatment resulted in an increase in pH of the stream which persisted
for a short time after treatment ended. OR 63-94
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53.
1964
MD64-1 GEOCHEMISTRY OF GROUND WATER IN MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS
Barnes, I, and Clarke, F. E., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 473-A (1964). 6 pp.
Theoretical geochemistry may provide a basic insight into the causes and effects of
acid mine drainage. The elimination of air by mine sealing may not provide a com-
pletely satisfactory solution to the problem because there are other causative fac-
tors. Indirect neutralization by use of limestone appears to have merit as an in-
terim corrective treatment. OR 64-9
MD64-2 FIELD INVESTIGATION OF MINE WATERS IN THE NORTHERN ANTHRACITE FIELD,
PENNSYLVANIA
Barnes, I., Stuart, W. T., and Fisher, D. W., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 473-B
(1964). 7 pp. A chemical study of anthracite coal mine waters under field condi-
tions shows that mine-water compositions are controlled by mineral-water reactions.
The work was done on oxygen-free (strongly reduced) samples taken from below the
surface in open shafts. The electrochemical data are summarized and interpreted in
terms of an earlier published theory. OR 64-10
MD64-3 AN OPERATOR LOOKS AT ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Bellano, W., Mining Congr, J. 50 (8), 66-74 (1964), The magnitude of the acid mine
drainage problem in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania and the experience of the
Glen Alden Coal Co. is reviewed thoroughly. OR 64-18
MD64-4 RECOVERY FROM ACID POLLUTION IN SHALLOW STRIP-MINE LAKES IN MISSOURI
Campbell, R. S., Lind, 0. T., Geiling, W, T., and Harp, G. L. (Univ. Mo,), Eng.
Ext. Ser. No. 117, Purdue Univ., Proc, 19th Ind. Waste Conf., 1964. pp 17-26.
Surface-mine lakes pass through a distinctive series of stages during recovery from
acid pollution. The successional pattern is from acid towards alkaline. The rate
of recovery from acid pollution varies with the nature of the watershed. Four lakes
in Missouri have been studied and compared. OR 64-69
MD64-5 MINE ACID FORMATION AND MINE ACID POLLUTION CONTROL
Clark, C. S. (Johns Hopkins Univ.), Proc. 5th Ann. Symp. Ind. Waste Contr., by
Frostburg State College and Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm., Frostburg, Md., 1964.
pp 50-73. A summary of the existing knowledge of acid formation and of abatement
methods is presented. The pollution formation is considered in three stages and
abatement methods suitable to each of these stages are outlined. The water quality
trends during the past fifty years in the Monongahela-Youghiogheny basin are
analyzed. OR 64-50
MD64-6 STATEMENT BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON NATURAL RESOURCES AND POWER, HOUSE
GOVERNMENT OPERATION COMMITTEE REGARDING FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
Foresman, F. J., Pittsburgh & Midway Coal Co., May 1964. 6 pp. While it is sound
national policy to encourage the control of water pollution, it should remain a
problem under local jurisdiction. The problem of pollution from acid mine drainage
varies greatly from area to area and should not be dealt with on a general basis.
OR 64-32
MD64-7 WATER QUALITY SURVEY OF THE YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER
Hopkins, T. C., Jr. (Md, Water Pollut. Contr. Comm.), Proc. 5th Ann. Symp. Ind.
Waste Contr., by Frostburg State College and Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm.,
Frostburg, Md., 1964. pp 17-23. A water quality survey carried out from Nov. 1960
through Jan. 1963 at thirty-two stations is reviewed. Laurel Run, a tributary of
Snowy Creek, is the major source of acid mine pollution to the Youghiogheny River.
OR 64-47
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54.
MD64-8 EXTENT OF ACID MINE POLLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES AFFECTING FISH AND
WILDLIFE
Kinney, E. C. , Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Lf.S, Dept. Int., Circ. 191 (1964).
27 pp. Data by states on the miles of streams and acres of impoundments which are
adversely affected by acid pollution from coal and other mining are presented.
OR 64-39
MD64-9 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER IN THE WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA
McCarren, E. 7., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 1779-C (1964). 40 pp.+ The
river is acidic in the upper half of its length, west of Jersey Shore, but the pre-
sence of limestone neutralizes the acidic water as it flows downstream. Heavy con-
centrations of aluminum, iron, manganese, and sulfate are diluted in downstream seg-
ments of the river. OR 64-76
MD64-10 ORSANCO - SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1964
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 3] pp. The accomplish-
ments of the Commission are reviewed, and the water quality monitoring program is
described. OR 64-33
MD64-11 COMPARATIVE LIMNOLOGY OF STRIP-MINE LAKES
Parsons, J. D. (Southern 111. Univ.), Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. L5, 293-298
(1964). Six surface-mine lakes in Missouri were characterized. Three were classi-
fied as Type I - Red Lakes, chemically the youngest, with high acid and iron con-
tent; and three were classified as Type III - Blue Lakes, which are chemically old-
er and had low iron concentration, lacked turbidity and were homothermous year
round. These six lakes were compared to Type II Lakes, transitional between Types
I and III, and to Type IV Lakes, chemically the oldest, with least iron and acidity
and measurable alkalinity. OR 64-88
MD64-12 PRINCIPLES AND GUIDE TO PRACTICES IN THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE-DRAINAGE
Coal Industry Advisory Committee, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission,
March 1964. This manual reviews the fundamental principles involved in the forma-
tion of acid mine-drainage, and is a guide to general control practices. Specific
applications are described in the collection of case histories. OR 64-28
MD64-13 AQUATIC LIFE AND THE ACID REACTION
Reppert, R. T. (Univ. Md.), Proc. 5th Ann. Symp. Ind. Waste Contr., by Frostburg
State College and Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm., Frostburg, Md., 1964, pp 27-49.
A program of research on the biology of streams polluted with acid mine water is
being conducted by the Natural Resources Institute of the University of Maryland.
The findings of their study of the Youghiogheny River In terms of fish population,
macro-Invertebrate populations, and in situ tolerance studies are presented.
OR64-49
MD64-14 A MINE DRAINAGE SURVEY IN WESTERN MARYLAND
Rubelmann, R. J. (Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm.), Proc. 5th Ann. Symp. Ind. Waste
Contr., by Frostburg State College and Md. Water Pollut. Contr. Comm., Frostburg,
Md., 1964. pp 24-26. This is an Interim report on a project being conducted by
the Maryland Water Pollution Control Commission to pinpoint sources of acid mine
drainage in the state. OR 64-48
MD 64-15 CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Struthers, P. H. (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.), Ohio J. Sci. 64 (2), 125-131 (1964). Nine-
teen spoil samples and one soil sample were placed in plastic lysimeters and exposed
-------
MD64-15 (continued)
55.
to natural weather conditions. Natural precipitation provided the moisture which
percolated through the samples and was collected in flasks at the bottom. The
changing character of the leachates over a four year period was studied. The find-
ings have been summarized and interpreted. OR 64-34
MD64-16 SEWAGE DECOMPOSITION IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Wilson, H. A., Hipke, J. L., and Rogers, T. 0. (W. Va. Univ.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No.
117, Purdue Univ., Proc. 19th Ind. Waste Conf., 1964. pp 272-280. Under aerobic
conditions sewage decomposing bacteria will stabilize the elements that are in
organic combination. On the other hand if the natural body of water has been high-
ly polluted with acid mine water the sewage decomposition will depend on the envi-
ronmental pH. OR 64-67
1965
MD65-1 SELECTED PROPERTIES OF MINE WATER AND THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT WITHIN
SOME FLOODED ANTHRACITE MINES
Barnes, I., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa,, 1965. pp 1-9.
The study of geologic systems with the purpose of determining the chemical condi-
tions of the natural aqueous solutions in their geologic environments was under-
taken on some flooded anthracite mines. The thermodynamic and stoichiometric rela-
tionships are complex and interpretation of data is subject to considerable lati-
tude in opinion. OR 65-35
MD65-2 THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE LIBRARY
Beery, W. T. and Glenn, R. A., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh,
Pa. , 1965. pp 215-218. Acid Mine Drainage Library was established in 1961 at
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., under the sponsorship of the Coal Industry Advisory
Committee to 0RSANC0. The objective of the program was to make available in one
place as much of the literature relating to acid mine drainage and water pollution
by the bituminous coal industry as possible. OR 65-56
MD65-3 ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Braley, S. A., Presented before Committee on Fisheries, House of Representatives,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Apr. 15, 1965. 19 pp. Arguments are here presented
in support of the thesis that no practical, economic means of correcting acid mine
drainage are yet available. OR 65-7
MD65-4 THE HUMPHREY PROJECT
Braley, S. A., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 167-173. Data presented on the quality of water discharged from the Humphrey
Mine indicate that underground control of the water flowing through a mine can pre-
vent stream pollution. This project has applied water engineering principles to a
specific situation with success. OR 65-51
MD65-5 MINE EFFLUENTS - THEIR TREATMENT AND BENEFICIATION
Braley, S. A., Presented, W. Va. Coal Mining Inst., Bluefield, W. Va., April 23,
1965. 10 pp. The mine drainage problem and efforts to abate acid pollution are
reviewed. OR 65-128
MD65-6 ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM USES OF
EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS
Bullard, W. E., International Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., Publ. No. 66, Symp. Budapest
-------
MD65-6 (continued)
56.
1965. pp 190-200. The mine drainage demonstration program near Elkins, West
Virginia is described. OR 65-68
MD65-7 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS IN THE ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Buacavage, J. J. (Pa. Dept. Health), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 118, Purdue Univ., Proc.
20th Ind, Waste Conf., 1965. pp 664-672. This article reviews the history of the
mine drainage problem and summarizes work done on the major projects sponsored by
the Mine Drainage Section of the Pennsylvania Dept. of Health, and by the Dept. of
Mines, Coal Research Board. OR 65-182
MD65-8 WATER POLLUTION STUDIES IN ACID STRIP-MINE LAKES: CHANGES IN WATER
QUALITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE ASSOCIATED WITH AGING
Campbell, R. S., Lind, 0. T., Harp, G. L., Gelling, W. T., and Letter, J. E., Jr.,
Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 188-198. Stud-
ies of five acid surface mine lakes indicate an orderly series of predictable
changes associated with aging. The three distinct and recognizable stages are char-
acterized by marked physical, chemical, and ecological changes. Comparative data
are presented. OR 65-53
MD65-9 THE OXIDATION OF COAL MINE PYRITE
Clark, C. S., Ph.D. Thesis, the Johns Hopkins Univ., 1965. 90 pp. The electro-
chemical nature of pyrite and marcasite decomposition is explored. The roles of
bacteria, dissolved oxygen content, temperature, and moisture in controlling the
rate of pyrite oxidation are evaluated. A series of experiments were conducted at
varying partial pressures of oxygen in the atmosphere over the sample. The theory
of pyrite oxidation and factors controlling the rate of acid formation have been
studied in detail. OR65-17
MD65-10 SOME FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE OXIDATION OF COAL MINE PYRITE AND WATER
QUALITY TRENDS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Clark, C. S., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp
35-50. Such factors in the oxidation of pyrite as the electrochemical vs. the sim-
ple chemical dissociation, and oxidation agents are reviewed briefly. Greater em-
phasis is given to a review and interpretation of water quality data in the Mononga-
hela River basin, OR 65-39
MD65-11 COOL, CLEAR WATER
Consol News U_ (1), 4-5 (1965). The Elkhorn Public Service Company in southern West
Virginia supplies water almost entirely from abandoned coal mines to its customers
in an area including Bluefield and Welch. The water issuing from the mines is
chlorinated but requires no other treatment to meet the Public Health Department of
West Virginia tests for purity and palatability. OR 65-143
MD65-12 RUNOFF CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMS FROM CAST OVERBURDEN OF SURFACE MINING
OPERATIONS FOR COAL, PIKE COUNTY, INDIANA
Corbett, D. M,, Water Resour. Res. Cent., Indiana Univ., Rept. Invest. No. 1, 1965.
67 pp.+ This study established that the low-flow contribution from cast overburden
areas of surface mining for coal is significant and also that undesireable effects
on the water quality are caused by the cast overburden. Both flow data and quality
data are presented for a 270 square mile area containing 26.1 square mile of cast
overburden. OR 65-79
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57.
MD65-13 EFFECTS OF COAL MINING ON GROUND WATER
Emrich, G. H. (Pa. Dept. Health), SME Fall Meet., Rocky Mountain Miner. Conf.,
Phoenix, Arix., 1965. Preprint 65-F-311. 11 pp. The geology and hydrology of
Western Pennsylvania coal mining areas are discussed to support the view that "if
water entering the mine could be contained and the local water table raised, there
would be a lessening of the amount of acid draining from the mine." OR 65-180
MD65-14 OPERATION YELLOWBOY
Girard, L,, Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 102-
110. Four process steps - neutralization, aeration, clarification-thickening, and
dewatering - have been built into a mobile pilot plant which can be operated at
various mine sites. Engineering and economic data are being obtained by Operation
Yellowboy at sites representative of different coal mining operations in Pennsyl-
vania. OR 65-45
MD65-15 STATEMENT
Glenn, R. A., Before Pa, House Representatives, Comm. Fisheries, Apr. 15, 1965. 6
pp. The acid mine drainage problem is defined and the types of research needed are
described. OR 65-164
MD65-16 COMPOSITION OF GROUND WATER ASSOCIATED WITH COAL IN ILLINOIS AND INDIANA
Gluskoter, H. J., Econ. Geol. j>0, 614-620 (1965). Data were collected on uncontam-
inated ground water samples in underground coal mines in Illinois and Indiana. The
mineral constituents in the ground water samples were predominantly alkalies and
chloride. All of the ground water samples had a pH of 7.0 or higher. This suggests
that removal of these waters soon after they enter the mine might alleviate some
problems of acid mine waters. OR 65-9
MD65-17 COAL MINING
Hall, E. P., in "Industrial Wastewater Control," C. F. Gurnham, Ed., New York: Aca-
demic Press, 1965. pp 169-181. The water pollution problems of coal mining are
discussed. The character of waste discharges and some of the possible corrective
measures are reviewed. OR 65-1
MD65-18 A LONG-RANGE LOOK AT WATER POLLUTION FROM COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Hall, E. P., Presented, AIME Fall Meet., Phoenix, Arix., Oct. 1965. 10 pp. This
review of the mine drainage problem includes the early history of mine drainage pol-
lution and an assessment of current conditions and future work. OR 65-82
MD65-19 THE SHEBAN PROJECT
Hall, E. P., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 145-160. The Sheban Project which is being conducted in Mahoning County, Ohio
was undertaken to study control of water pollution by impoundment of the water in
an unreclaimed surface mine operation. Data presented indicate a substantial im-
provement in Lake Sheban compared to pre-impoundment conditions. Some of the im-
pounded water drained through the spoil and data on the quality of this spoil drain-
age have shown that water flowing through a spoil bank will leach out oxidized ma-
terials and achieve a reasonable improvement in water quality. OR 65-49
MD65-20 WATER AND COAL
Hendricks, E. L., Presented, National Coal Assoc. Conv., June 14, 1965. 8 pp. The
author advocates a coordinated geographic, topographic, geologic and hydrologic in-
ventory of surface and underground mine areas before extensive action programs to
eliminate mine drainage problems are undertaken. OR 65-23
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58.
MD65-21 WESTERN MARYLAND MINE DRAINAGE SURVEY 1962-1965
Hopkins, T. C., Jr., Md. Dept. Water Resour., Water Qual. Dlv., 1965. Vol. I, Sav-
age River Watershed, Deep Creek Lake Watershed, Youghiogheny River Watershed, Cas-
selman River Watershed, Willis Creek Watershed; Vol. II, Georges Creek Watershed;
Vol. Ill, North Branch Potomac River Watershed. The locations of deep mines and sur-
face mines In Garrett and Allegany Counties in Maryland have been plotted on U.S.
Geological Survey maps. Mines were designated as active or inactive. Surface mines
were recorded as backfilled to contour, backfilled to law, or not backfilled. In-
dividual mine records and summaries for the seven watersheds are presented.
OR 65-124
MD65-22 MINUS 48 MESH REFUSE DISPOSAL AT U.S. STEEL'S GARY CENTRAL COAL PREPARA-
TION PLANT
Hummer, E. D., Mining Eng. 17 (3), 63-66 (1965). The refuse pumping system, dam
design, and impoundment practice used by United States Steel Corp.'s Gary, West
Virginia preparation plant for disposal of minus 48 mesh refuse are discussed.
OR 65-109
MD65-23 ISLAND CREEK'S VENTILATION AND DRAINAGE PRACTICES: MINE DRAINAGE AND
PUMPING
Coal Age JO (10), 128-129 (1965). The water-handling practices of Island Creek Coal
Company include preventing the inflow of water to underground workings; removing as
quickly as possible that which does flow in, and promoting gravity-flow to sumps
underground to minimize power requirements. Effluents are monitored and in some in-
stances, suitable for use as washery water. OR 65-154
MD65-24 FOREST RESTORATION OF STRIP-MINED LAND: A RESEARCH CHALLENGE
Johnson, E. A., Symp, Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 199-206. The U.S. Forest Service, Central States Forest Experiment Station study
includes: development of methods for the rapid stabilization of spoil banks through
revegetation; study of the chemical reactions occurring in spoil banks; determina-
tion of hydrologic processes Influencing the quantity and quality of water from
mined areas; evaluation of earth movement and placement techniques which offer mini-
mal damage from mining operations; and development of better guides for construction
of coal haul roads. OR 65-54
MD65-25 ACID MINE DRAINAGE: MINE SEALING - A PROGRESS REPORT
Krickovic, S., U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh Mining Res. Cent., Feb. 1964. 3 pp.
The project to evaluate air sealing as a means of reducing pollution of surface
streams by acid mine water from abandoned above-drainage mines is being carried out
at Decker No. 3 Mine, Pa. Some sampling results are presented. OR 65-13
MD65-26 U.S. BUREAU OF MINES ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL PROGRAM AND JOINT
INTERIOR-HEW DEPARTMENTS ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL PROGRAM
Krickovic, S., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 111-126. The program of acid mine drainage research at the Bureau of Mines con-
sists of mine sealing, laboratory studies of the physical, chemical, and biological
reactions, a demonstration project (Joint Interior - HEW Program), and drainage
control. The progress being made in each of these areas is discussed. OR 65-46
MD65-27 CONTRIBUTIONS OF WATER RESOURCE INVESTMENTS TO DEPRESSED ECONOMIES
Lee, J. C. H., Jr., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 219-227. The effects of changes in water resources on depressed areas will be
studied as a part of the Appalachian Water Research Survey. Some of the implica-
tions of this survey and its relation to the overall Appalachian Program are dis-
cussed. OR 65-57
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59.
MD65-28 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF APPLICATION OF FLASH DISTILLATION PROCESS TO TREAT-
MENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Lemezis, S., Syrap. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 99-
101. Corrosion and scaling are two of the major problems anticipated in the flash
distillation treatment of acid mine drainage. Although composition of mine drain-
age waters varies widely, acid and calcium sulfate are generally present. Disposal
of separated contaminants is a matter of major concern. Work done so far indicates
possible technical feasibility, practical details have not yet been determined.
OR 65-44
MD65-29 CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION BY REMOVAL OF IMPURITIES FROM
DRAINAGE STREAMS
Lovell, H. L., Falconer, R, A., Lachman, R. I., and Reese, R. D., Symp. Acid Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 92-98. The treatment of acid
mine drainage with bituminous coal to reduce the acidity and iron content has been
demonstrated. The parameters which affect the response of water to this treatment
are outlined. Another phase of the work being conducted Is an investigation of the
effect of intermixing of streams with different characteristics and the potential of
naturally occurring neutralization. OR 65-43
MD65-30 THE IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA - CULTURE AND IRON-OXIDATION
Lundgren, D. G. and Schnaitman, C. A., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 14-22. The cultural characteristics of iron-oxidizing
bacteria are discussed. An assay system which fulfills the requirements for kinetic
studies was devised. Some results of this study are presented graphically.
OR 65-37
MD65-31 ACID MINE WATER MOBILE TREATMENT PLANT
Maneval, D. R. and Charmbury, H. B., Mining Congr. J. (3), 69-71 (1965). A
truck-mounted plant for treating acid mine waters, designed to use the lime neutral-
izatlon-aeration-sedimentation-dewatering process, will be tested in five sections
of Pennsylvania. Engineering data will be evaluated technically and economically
for scale-up to commercial size plants. OR 65-2
MD65-32 A MOBILE DEMONSTRATION PLANT TO COMBAT ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Maneval, D. R., and Charmbury, H. B., Water Sewage Works 112 (7), 268-270 (1965).
The objectives of this research program are to perform unit operations such as
pumping, mixing, reaction, clarification-thickening, and dewatering in a mobile
pilot plant using lime neutralization, aeration, sedimentation, and dewatering.
OR 65-151
MD65-33 MOBILE PILOT PLANT TO TREAT ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Maneval, D. R. and Charmbury, H. B., Ind. Water Eng., (March 1965). pp 24-25. This
is a preliminary report on studies sponsored by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania's
Coal Research Board to find technically feasible and economically sound solutions
to the problems of acid mine drainage. A mobile acid mine drainage treatment plant
is described. OR 65-6
MD65-34 ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION
Musser, J. J., in "Water Resources of the Appalachian Region: Pennsylvania to
Alabama," U.S. Geol. Surv., Hydrol. Invest. Atlas HA-198, 1965. Sheet 9. The
acid streams are identified and discussed. The amount of acidity as ^SOi, dis-
charged annually into a number of streams is tabulated. OR 65-138
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60.
MD65-35 REMOVAL OF IRON FROM GROUND WATERS
O'Connor, J. T., Engelbrecht, R. S., and Ghosh, M, M., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 83-91. The problem of removal of iron
from ground waters has been studied at the University of Illinois. This study in-
cluded a survey of the effectiveness and problems of thirty-one iron removal plants.
Precipitation rate studies, the effect of organics on precipitation, and analytical
procedures for determination of iron were investigated. A pilot plant unit which
employs aeration, detention, and filtration units designed in a conventional manner
has been set up and some studies are underway. OR 65-42
MD65-36 ORSANCO - SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT 1965
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1965. 28 pp. Of
particular interest in this Annual Report is the section entitled "River Quality
Conditions," describing the monitoring system used on the Ohio River and its tribu-
taries. Maximum, minimum, and average values of nine quality characteristics are
contrasted with similar data collected ten years earlier. OR 65-89
MD65-37 A STUDY OF THE REACTIONS BETWEEN COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Reese, R, D, and Lovell, H. L., Pa. State Univ., Miner, Ind. Expt. Sta., SR-54,
Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd., (1965). 179 pp. The potential use of finely divided
coal to remove contaminating acid and iron from coal mine drainage was investigated.
Preliminary studies established that coal will react with coal mine drainage to in-
crease pH, decrease acidity, and remove iron. Although it was anticipated that some
response would occur between the organic phases of coal and coal mine drainage, this
investigation was limited to a study of the reactions between the inorganic phases
of the coal and their response to mine water. An attempt was made to determine the
mechanism of the phenomena observed. OR 65-179
MD65-38 PLANNING SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION BEFORE MINING
Reilly, J. D., Mining Congr. J. ^1 (11), 93-96 (1965). At the surface raining opera-
tion of Consolidation Coal Company's Hanna Division, water is controlled by grading,
planting, and construction of ponds. OR 65-177
MD65-39 METHODS OF ANALYZING UNDERGROUND FLOW SYSTEMS
Remson, I., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1965. pp 127-
135. The application of specialized mathematics and digital computers to the study
of underground flow systems is explored. OR 65-47
MD65-40 REPORT ON POLLUTION OF SLIPPERY ROCK CREEK
Pa. Dept. of Health, Div. Sanit. Eng., Publ. No, 8 (1965). 72 pp.+ This survey
lists mining operations and the effects of mine drainage on a number of small tribu-
taries to the Creek. OR 65-176
MD65-41 LIMNOLOGY OF ACID MINE WATER IMPOUNDMENTS
Riley, C. V., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 175-187. Determination of the physical and chemical conditions of the impounded
waters in relation to specific conditions of the spoil material and to differences
between ponds due to age was studied. The extremes of tolerance of fish and other
aquatic organisms in the selected impoundments were investigated. Rate studies on
physical, chemical, and ecological changes within the selected environment were
made. OR 65-52
MD65-42 STUDY OF BACTERIOPHAGES IN CONTROLLING ACID MINE WATER
Shearer, R. E. and Everson, W. A., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
-------
61.
MD65-42 (continued)
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 23-34. Phages form a group of bacteria-specific viruses
of diverse character which are highly adaptable and specialized. The concept that
bacteriophages that would destroy the acid-producing bacteria and proliferate in
the process rather than be consumed was developed at MSAR. Some possible evidence
supporting this concept has been collected. OR 65-38
MD65-43 STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF IRON FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Simpson, D. G. and Rozelle, R. B., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 64-82. Methods for removal of iron from solution which
have been reviewed include: precipitation, electrolysis of iron (II) solutions,
aeration-filtration, ultrasonic methods, ozone treatment, and irradiation and
photo-oxidation. The results of experimental work on ozone oxidation are presented.
OR 65-41
MD65-44 PATTERNS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A THERMALLY LOADED REACH OF THE
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA
Slack, K. V. and Clarke, F. E., U.S. Geol. Surv. Res. 1965, Prof. Paper 525-C,
pp C193-C195. Dissolved oxygen conditions in the West Branch of the Susquehanna
River were investigated above and below a steam-electric power plant. Relatively
high concentrations of oxygen in the river above the power plant are attributed to
the high acidity due to mine drainage which results in a slow rate of organic decom-
position. Dissolved oxygen was less below the power plant as a result of decreased
solubility of the gas at higher water temperatures. OR 65-115
MD65-45 SOLUTION TO MINE ACID DRAINAGE PROBLEMS PROPOSED BY J & L
Iron Steel Eng. 42 (12), 152 (1965). This news item describes the Jones & Laughlin
Steel Corp. mine drainage treatment which includes neutralization, aeration, and
sludge disposal. OR 65-59
MD65-46 SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Coal Age _70 (7), 72-77 (1965). The findings and viewpoints of the participants in
the First Symposium on Acid Mine Drainage are the basis for this article. The
mechanics and prevention of formation of acid in mining, the responsibility and
activity of the coal industry, and the treatment of acid are the subjects covered.
OR 65-20
MD65-47 THE FEASIBILITY OF SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF ACID MINE WATER
Stefanko, R. and Vonder Linden K., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. 1965. pp 136-144. Subsurface disposal of acid mine water appears
to be feasible. Establishment of a pilot injection well in southwestern Pennsyl-
vania is proposed for study of the parameters affecting successful operation of
this type of system. OR 65-48
MD65-48 SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF ACID MINE WATER BY INJECTION WELLS
Stefanko, R., Vonder Linden, K., and Tilton, J. G., the Pa. State Univ.,Miner. Ind.
Expt. Sta., SR-52 Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. (1965). 70 pp. Technical and economic
factors of subsurface waste disposal are discussed in relation to acid mine water.
The subsurface geology of western Pennsylvania is described and illustrated.
OR 65-90
MD65-49 INFLUENCE OF WEATHERING ON STRIP MINE DRAINAGE
Struthers, P. H., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 161-174. The formation of new soil on surface mine spoil banks requires a stable
-------
MD65-49 (continued)
62.
surface since soil cannot form in areas where the surface is constantly changing.
Climate and atmosphere alter freshly exposed materials towards a new equilibrium in
the process of weathering. At the same time plants and microorganisms introduce
biological changes. The possibility of using these environmental changes to promote
more rapid and better modification of surface mine spoils is being studied.
OR 65-50
MD65-50 RAPID STRIPMINE RECLAMATION
Struthers, P. H. and Vlmmerstedt, J. P., Ohio Rept. 50 (6), 84-85, 87, (1965). Im-
provement of spoil requires the leaching of salts and thus contributes to the drain-
age problem unless supplementary measures are taken to treat any acid runoff. A-
mong the treatments Investigated is the use of pulverized limestone as a neutraliz-
ing agent. OR 65-73
MD65-51 OXYGENATION OF FERROUS IRON - PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS IRON AS RELATED TO
MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
Stutmn, W., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965. pp 51-
63. A study of the properties of aqueous iron was undertaken in connection with
research on corrosion and coagulation. Some of the results of the investigations
appear pertinent to a study of the chemical behaviour of iron in acid mine drain-
age. These studies were done on simple synthetic systems and demonstrate the com-
plex properties of aqueous iron. OR 65-40
MD65-52 SUMMARY REPORT OF PHASE 1 OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF APPLICATION OF
FLASH DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Westinghouse Elec. Corp., Lester, Pa., 1965, (34 pp.) This report indicates that
the flash distillation method can successfully purify acid mine drainage. Materials
of construction of equipment, disposal of plant waste products, and economics of
the process are discussed. A modification of the continuing program is suggested.
OR 65-140
MD65-53 ACID MINE DRAINAGE: PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL REACTION -
A PROGRESS REPORT
Tarpley, E. C., U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh Mining Res. Cent., Feb. 1965. 4 pp.
Effluent from the Decker No. 3 Mine was neutralized by sodium carbonate and by hy-
drated lime. Sludges from each neutralization are described. OR 65-14
MD65-54 MECHANISM OF PYRITE OXIDATION
Walker, J. G. and Randies, C. I., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., 1965. pp 10-13. The steps in the change from the sulfur in pyrite to
sulfate are considered. The presence of thiosulfate and sulfite as intermediate
can be demonstrated. Iron and hydrogen peroxide appear to play an important role in
keeping the chain of reactions going. Iron bacteria catalyze the Initial removal
of electrons from the iron of the pyrite surface thus triggering the subsequent
reactions. OR 65-36
MD65-55 GE0CHEMICAL AND HYDR0L0GIC CONSIDERATIONS IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Whet8tone, G. W., Symp. Acid Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1965.
pp 207-214. Environmental, resource, and economic studies are needed for establish-
ment of sound acid mine drainage control programs. No single procedure will be
suitable for all mining areas but combinations of many approaches must be consid-
ered. OR 65-55
-------
63.
MD65-56 PROCESS FOR THE BACTERIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF FERROUS SALTS IN ACIDIC
SOLUTION
Glover, H. G., Hunt, J. W,, and Kenyon, W. G. [to Coal Industry (Patents) Ltd.]
U.S. Pat. 3,218,252 (Nov. 16, 1965). 4 pp. An activated sludge process for the
bacteriological oxidation of ferrous salts in acidic medium is claimed. The iron
oxidiEing bacteria used are believed to be autotrophic ferrobacillus ferrooxidans.
An additional process is described for neutralizing the solution by passing it
through a reactor containing limestone grit which is continuously subjected to the
action of a mechanical attrition device to prevent coating of the limestone.
OR 65-70
1966
MD66-1 ACID WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT FOR MINES - MILLS - PROCESSING: THE
MIXMETER FEEDS CHEMICALS IN SLURRY FORM
Shirley Machine Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1966. This brochure describes the Mixmeter
which can be adapted to treatment of water by providing regulated feed of hydrated
lime to a stream, pond, or volume of water. A typical plant for neutralization of
mine acid is described. OR 66-54
MD66-2 AUTOMATIC LIMER PREVENTS POLLUTION
Coal Age _71 (2), 120-121 (1966), A lime feeding device, driven by an overshot wa-
ter wheel, treats flows ranging from 1/2 to 100 gpm. The pH is raised from 2.6 to
7.5 by feeding 0.13 oz. of lime per 100 gal. of water. Two of the devices have been
satisfactorily treating acid mine water at the Aloe Coal Company in Imperial, Penn-
sylvania, for a year. OR 66-5
MD66-3 REPORT ON ACID MINE-DRAINAGE CONTROL FOR STATE RECLAMATION LANDS,
PERRY COUNTY, OHIO
Baker, A. R. and Koehrsen, L. G., Stanley Eng. Co., Rept. to Ohio Dept. Natural
Resour. (1966). 99 pp. The survey of the land included the preparation of topo-
graphical maps; an aerial survey; stream gaging program; stream water sampling and
analysis for acidity, pH, and total iron; lake water quality studies; field work to
identify sources of acid pollution; and the determination of response of control
areas to a grass seeding program. The program for reduction of acid drainage has
been based on the principles of establishing ground cover and reducing erosion, of
grading to provide drainage for closed basins and to eliminate shallow pools of
acid water, and of burying all exposed coal refuse piles. A plan for chemical neu-
tralization of runoff from two basins is presented. Coat estimates of the various
phases of the program are given. OR 66-164
MD66-4 MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESSES - FACT AND FICTION
Barthauer, C. L., Coal Age 21 W, 79-82 (1966). Also 1966 Proc. W. Va. Coal Min-
ing Inst. (1967). pp 1-13. Processes for the treatment of mine drainage discharges
are divided into four major categories: "alkali neutralization," "direct iron re-
moval," "deminerallzation," and "miscellaneous." The first two are discussed in
some detail. Deminerallzation Is dismissed as economically not feasible. "Miscel-
laneous" processes include deep well disposal and treatment with bacteria. OR 66-22
MD66-5 STREAM QUALITY IN APPALACHIA AS RELATED TO COAL-MINE DRAINAGE, 1965
Biesecker, J. E. and George, J. R., U.S. Geol. Surv., Circ. 526, 1966. 27 pp.+
This report summarizes the resultB of the first major regional stream quality re-
connaissance made at 318 locations. The basic water quality characteristics of
streams in the area and the effect of mine drainage on the quality are discuBsed
and tabulated. The severity of the mine drainage damage 1b substantially greater
in the more heavily mined northern third of the Appalachian region. Use limitations
of water quality parameters typical of coal mine drainage are presented. OR 66-18
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MD66-6 COAL MINE EFFLUENTS
64.
Braley, S. A., Symp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Dlv. Fuel Chem., Pittsburgh,
1966. 11 pp. The formation of mine effluents Is discussed. Mine sealing and neu-
tralization as means of combating pollution are described briefly. OR 66-1
MD66-7 WATER QUALITY ALTERATION THROUGH ACID AND HEAT POLLUTION IN A 1500 ACRE
RESERVOIR
Campbell, R. S. (1), Whitley, J. R. (2), and Brezina, E. R. (1), [(1) Univ. Mo. and
(2) Mo. Dept. Conservation], Univ. Mo., Water Resjour, Res. Cent. Proj. Rept. No. 1
to U.S. Office Water Resour. Res. (1966). 38 pp. Montrose Lake, constructed by
Kansas City Power and Light Company as a source of cooling water, received thermal
pollution from steam generation of electricity, alkaline water from fly ash, and
acid strip mine drainage. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of
these pollutants on water quality, the biota and the community metabolism of the
lake. At fourteen field sampling stations, turbidity, hydrogen ion concentration,
dissolved oxygen concentration, bicarbonate alkalinity, and specific conductance,
and temperature readings were taken. Acid drainage was found in Deepwater Creek
which feeds the lake as well as in the lake itself. Confirmation of the measurable
effects of acid drainage on water quality of the lake needs further study. Heat
and high turbidity of the water were found to be the significant influences on the
environment. A preliminary sampling of biota suggested that the fauna is not rich.
OR 66-163
MD66-8 OXIDATION OF COAL MINE PYRITE
Clark, C. S., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 92 (SA 2), 127-145 (1966).
The physical, chemical, and biological factors involved in the oxidation of coal
mine pyrite were studied in an attempt to control acid formation. Dissolved oxygen
is shown to be a major contributor to the oxidation reaction. Below pH 4.0 bac-
terial action is significant, however the presence of calcite in the pyrite may pre-
vent oxidation by changing the pH of the environment to a level unfavorable to bac-
terial action. OR 66-36
MD66-9 CONTROL OF MINE ACID WASTES
Conrad, J. W,, Proc. 111. Mining Inst. Ann. Meet,, Springfield, 111. 1966. pp 104-
108. The mine drainage problem and the use of lime neutralization are discussed.
Diagrams show typical mine acid treatment plants with automatic pH control and lime
charging equipment. The sludge product is used as a neutralizer for culm and gob
piles. In an agricultural test using the sludge to treat a corn field, the treated
corn grew faster, was much taller, and produced more corn than the control plot.
OR 66-172
MD66-10 THE OCCURRENCE OF FUNGI IN ACID MINE-DRAINAGE
Cooke, W. B. (Robert A. Taft Sanit. Eng. Cent.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 121, Purdue
Univ., Proc. 21st Ind. Waste Conf., May 3-5, 1966. pp 258-274. Many fungi found in
other flowing streams were found In acid and sewage polluted waters and In the mud
of their banks and bottoms. Apparently these species can adapt to an environment
characterized by low pH and high iron concentration but are not the cause of the
changes leading to mine drainage pollution. It is suggested that the fungi may be
involved in the development of floccules of organically stabilized colloidal iron
noticeable as a slime. The method of sampling, the pH and chemical data of samples,
and the counts of the cultured organisms are given in detail. OR 66-165
MD66-11 SOME ASPECTS OF ACID MINE WATER ANALYSIS
Corriveau, M. P., Mining Congr. J. 52 (7), 52-53 (1966). Mine water sampling and
analysis are discussed. OR 66-134
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65.
MD66-12 PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE LOTHIANS AREA, SCOTLAND
Covill, R. W. , J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. _38 (10), 1634-1644 (1966). Among the
problems of water control in the Lothians area of Scotland are those associated
with collieries and abandoned mines. Drainage from a stocking yard and overflow
from an abandoned mine were treated with lime, followed by aeration and sedimenta-
tion. Although these problems were solved, the Lothians Board suggests the need
for more research in the field of acid mine drainage control. OR 66-106
MD66-13 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL: THE KEY TO RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN
SOUTHEASTERN OHIO
Dambach, C. A., Proc. Second Ann. Symp. Water Resour. Res., "Water Quality and
Recreation in Ohio," Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, June 15-16, 1966. pp 165-
186. State studies are reviewed and the mine drainage problem in the area is dis-
cussed. Also included Is a tabulation of streams in southeastern Ohio having a po-
tential for recreational development with information on the condition of the
stream, its total length, and the length affected by pollution. OR 66-108
MD66-14 HOW STRIP MINING IMPROVES MID-WEST WATER SUPPLIES
Deane, J. A., Coal Age_71 (5), 66-68 (1966). Effects of surface mining on water
supplies include construction of lakes, higher infiltration on ungraded spoil, and
control of runoff by revegetation. OR 66-47
MD66-15 THE DEEP-MINING GUIDEBOOK: MINE-DRAINAGE METHODS AND WATER-HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Coal Age _7l (8), 214-217 (1966). Procedures for handling water in deep mines are
discussed. OR 66-127
MD66-16 THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN FORMATION AND ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Dugan, P. R., Proc. Second Ann. Symp. Water Resour. Res., "Water Quality and Recrea-
tion in Ohio," Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, June 15-16, 1966. pp 209-226.
Bacterial influence on acid mine drainage production and subsequent action of other
bacteria which reduce sulfate to sulfide using celluloslc materials as nutrients
are discussed. OR 66-112
MD66-17 MINE DRAINAGE, PART I: ABATEMENT, DISPOSAL, TREATMENT
Dutcher, R. R., Jones, E. B,, Lovell, H. L., Parizek, R., and Stefanko, R., Mineral
Ind., Pa. State Univ. J36 (3), 1-7 (1966). This article is the first in a two-part
series concerning projects related to mine drainage problems being carried out
by the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. An abatement program is underway to
prevent formation of acid in active mines. Demineralization, neutralization, par-
ticulate matter control, and geological-geochemical-biochemical methods are being
studied for treatment of mine drainage. Subsurface disposal of acid mine water and
watershed management are also being considered. (Part II—MD67-24) OR 66-53
MD66-18 DESIGN AND ECONOMICS OF AN ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT - "OPERA-
TION YELLOWBOY"
Girard, L., Ill and Kaplan, R. A., Symp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Div. Fuel
Chem. Preprints 10 (1), 107-116 (1966). "Operation Yellowboy" Is based on treatment
of mine drainage by the lime-neutralization-aeration-dewatering process. The mobile
pilot plant is described and some cost data are presented. OR 66-10
MD66-19 HANDBOOK OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS IN MINE DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT
U.S. Dept. Int., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admin., 1966. 54 pp. This handbook was
-------
MD66-19 (continued)
66.
prepared by the Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project and the Advisory
Work Group established by the Federal Enforcement Conference in the Matter of Pollu-
tion of the Interstate Waters of the Monongahela River and its Tributaries. Typical
remedial programs are categorized as underground, surface, waste disposal, and
treatment. Cost data presented are based on information in the literature and on
economic evaluations of the processes. OR 66-118
MD66-20 DRUMS ALONG OTTER CREEK
Hayes, J., Outdoor Life (1), 27, 40-43, 116-117 (1966). The revolving drum method
of treating acid water has worked on Otter Creek where the acid load is light com-
pared with a mine drainage area. This stream now supports trout and other aquatic
life where in 1958 it was fishless. OR 66-35
MD66-21 DON'T LET WATER INTERRUPT PRODUCTION
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. ^3 (12), 20-27 (1966). Control of water flow
and infiltration in mines is described. OR 66-83
MD66-22 WHY USE KMn0i+ ON MINE DRAINAGE?
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. ^3 (12), 38-40 (1966). Barnes & Tucker Company
treats the discharge from their Lancashire No. 15 Mine with potassium permanganate
to reduce the iron content of the approximately neutral drainage. OR 66-84
MD66-23 ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL—APPROACH TO SOLUTION
Krickovic, S., Mining Cong. J. 52^ (12), 64-68 (Dec. 1966). Methods of water han-
dling to minimize acid production and escape into streams are considered the most
feasible for control while further necessary research is carried on. OR 66-171
MD66-24 MINERAL INDUSTRY WATER REQUIREMENTS AND WASTE WATER IN THE SUSQUEHANNA
RIVER BASIN
Lorenz, W. C,, U.S. Bur. Mines, Area 1 Miner. Resour. Office, 1966. 116 pp. The
quantity of water needed by the mineral industry, the sources of water available,
and the problems created by water discharges in the Susquehanna River Basin are
described in this report. The mineral-producing industries obtained water from
mines, and ground water sources as well as from water companies. The major stream
pollutants from the mineral industries are drainages from coal mines, preparation
plants, and refuse areas of anthracite and bituminous coal operations. OR 66-61
MD66-25 THE CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM THE COAL INDUSTRY AND WATER QUALITY MANAGE-
MENT IN FIVE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Lyon, W. A. and Maneval, D. R., Pa. Dept. Health, Div. San. Eng., Publ. No. 13,
1966. 26 pp.+ The principal government bodies responsible for water quality and
members of the European steel and coal community in the United Kingdom, Netherlands,
West Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg were visited by the authors. In most of the
countries visited, there is extensive research going on in connection with water
pollution problems associated with the coal industry. Flow sheets for some of the
processes discussed are included. OR 66-28
MD66-26 TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING POLLUTION BY ACID MINE
WASTE
Maneval, D. R. (Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind.), 27th Ann. Internatl. Water Conf.
Eng. Soc. Western Pa., Nov. 8, 1966. 16 pp. This paper outlines the acid mine
drainage problem, gives the chemistry of the drainage waters and the treatment
details. The second parC of the paper gives the development of "Yellowboy" pilot
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MD66-26 (continued)
67,
plant and includes the results of the various field tests of this pilot unit, used
at six sites in the field testing. Chemical data plus cost information are tabu-
lated. OR 66-170
MD66-27 MINE ACID: A GROWING POLLUTION PROBLEM
Eng. News Record 177 (23), 26-28 (1966). Examples of attacks on mine-drainage
pollution being made at the federal and state levels and through industry and
universities are presented. A discussion of the problems encountered in mine-
drainage pollution is included. OR 66-58
MD66-28 MINE DRAINAGE MANUAL
Pa. Dept. Health, Sanitary Water Bd., Publ. No. 12, 1966. (Including 1968 revi-
sions) This manual is "a guide for the preparation of applications, plans of
drainage, and reports on bituminous deep and anthracite mines for consideration
by the Sanitary Water Board." The structure of the Board and its functions are
outlined and excerpts from the Clean Stream Law are cited. The supporting documents
and topographic and engineering data necessary for submitting applications are
illustrated. OR 66-19
MD66-29 AIR SEALING AS A MEANS OF ABATING ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
Moebs, N. N., Symp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints
10 (1), 93-100 (1966). A small abandoned mine with a highly acid discharge has
been selected as a site for extensive studies of the effectiveness of mine air
sealing. The geologic and hydrologic environment of the mine is expected to serve
as a basis for comparing the quality of mine discharge before and after sealing.
The mine openings are to be closed with masonry blocks and mortar, then coated
on the outside with urethane foam to assure an airtight seal. Provision will be
made for sampling the mine atmosphere periodically. OR 66-9
MD66-30 KINETICS OF THE SULFIDE-TO-SULFATE REACTION
Morth, A. H. and Smith, E. E., Symp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Div. Fuel
Chem. Preprints H) (1), 83-92 (1966). The kinetic study of the sulfide-to-sulfate
reaction was undertaken to define quantitatively the role of oxygen and water in
the reaction kinetics of a chemical, rather than biological, system. Experimental
results tend to define the role of water as a reaction medium rather than as a
reactant. It may also have as a basic function provision of a means by which the
oxidation products are desorbed from the pyrite surface thus increasing the reac-
tivity by clearing "built up" products. Possible kinetic mechanisms by which oxygen
enters the rate-limiting reaction are discussed. OR 66-8
MD66-31 "OPERATION YELLOWBOY" - MINE DRAINAGE PLAN, BETHLEHEM MINES CORPORATION
MARIANNA MINE NO. 58, MARIANNA, PENNSYLVANIA
Dorr-Oliver Inc., Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd., Jan. 1966. 48 pp.+ The Yellowboy
process is a lime neutralization, aeration, sludge dewatering process for treatment
of acid mine drainage. Pilot plant data were obtained with and without flocculenta.
Mine water treated without flocculent produced an effluent having a neutral pH and
containing leas than 6.0 ppm iron. The use of flocculents resulted in an effluent
having less than 2.0 ppm iron at a neutral pH. Cost data are presented. Scale
formation was an observed operating problem. Reduction in concentrations of man-
ganese, alumina, and silica were also noted. OR 66-124
MD66-32 OPERATION YELLOWBOY - MINE DRAINAGE PLAN FOR YOUNG AND SON COAL CORPORA-
TION, PARKERS LANDING, PENNSYLVANIA
Dorr-Oliver Inc., Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd., June 1966. 21 pp.+ The site of this
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MD66-32 (continued)
68.
Operation Yellowboy test ia a drift mine located on the North Branch of Bear Creek
near Eau Claire in Butler County. The pH of the mine drainage during the test peri-
od was 2.58, and the iron content was 225 parts per million. Treatment by the lime
neutralization, aeration, and dewatering process produced a water with a pH of 7.13
and an iron content of 2,4 parts per million. Cost data presented show an estimated
cost of $0.72 per 1000 gallons, or $3.25 per ton of coal. OR 66-33
MD66-33 OPERATION YELLOWBOY. MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANS AND COST EVALUATION
Dorr-Oliver Inc., Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. , June 1966. (79 pp.+) The plans and
cost evaluations of treating mine water at the Bethlehem Mines Corporation's Mari-
anna Mine No. 58, Paul Moore's farm on the Little Scrubgrass Creek, the Young and
Son Coal Mine on the North Branch of Bear Creek, the Morea Strip Pit on Mill Creek,
the Blue Coal Corporation's Loomis No. 4 Shaft, and the Dodge Mine on the Lackawanna
River are reported. OR 66-144
MD66-34 0RSANC0 1966: 18TH YEARBOOK
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1966. 44 pp. The
annual report reviews the water quality of the Ohio River. OR 66-63
MD66-35 PENNSYLVANIA'S TEN YEAR MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Pa, Dept. Health, Sanit. Water Bd,, Progr. Rept., Apr. 1, 1966. (9 pp.) This plan
to abate mine drainage is a part of the total pollution abatement program being
carried out by the Sanitary Water Board. OR 66-160
MD66-36 REASSESSING AN OLD PROBLEM - ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Porges, R., Van Den Berg, L. A., and Ballinger, D. G., J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Am.
Soc, Civil Eng. 92^ (1), 69-83 (1966). Methods for the control of acid mine wastes
resulting from the mining of anthracite and bituminous coal are discussed. The re-
port submitted to the 87th Congress on the subject is summarized. Some suggestions
for suitable methods for the determination of acidity in waters containing acid
mine drainage are made. OR 66-41
MD66-37 SOME INTERACTIONS BETWEEN COAL AND WATER WHICH CHANGE WATER QUALITY
Reese, R. D. and Lovell, H. L., Sytnp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Div. Fuel
Chem. Preprints 1J) (1), 117-122 (1966). Experimental work done on various coal and
water samples consisted of agitating 10 grams of a coal fraction with 100 ml of
water for 10 minutes at room temperature. After filtration both the residue and
the filtrate were examined. Results of interaction of various water samples with
coal are tabulated and discussed. OR 66-7
MD66-38 REPORT ON WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTATION - THE
INDIANA WATERS OF THE MAIN STEM OF THE OHIO RIVER AND ITS INDIANA TRIBU-
TARY BASINS EXCLUDING THE WATERS OF THE WABASH RIVER BASIN
Ind. Stream Pollut. Contr. Bd., Nov. 1966. 24 pp. In the watershed area covered
by this report on water quality criteria, two coal mines are cited as among those
industries which will be required to have adequate control facilities. OR 66-120
MD66-39 REVERSE OSMOSIS TREATMENT
Rinne, W. W., Presented, Coal Convention, Am. Mining Congr., Pittsburgh, Pa., May
1966. 7 pp.+ Reverse osmosis treatment of acid mine water resulted in a product
water of exceptional quality. The problem of disposing of the acidic waste brine
remains, however concentrating the objectionable substances into smaller volumes
may result in a lower cost of disposal treatment. In water containing significant
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MD66-39 (continued)
69.
amounts of ferrous iron precautions should be taken to avoid aeration of the feed to
suppress oxidation effects. OR 66-23
MD66-40 pH AS A SELECTING MECHANISM OF THE MICROBIAL FLORA IN WASTEWATER POLLUTED
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Rogers, T. 0. and Wilson, H, A., J. Water Pollut. Contr, Fed. ^8 (6), 990-995 (1966).
This study of sewage in the Monongahela River showed that when the river water was
acid the microbial population would be reduced and probably also changed in the
types of organisms predominating. OR 66-38
MD66-41 STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF SALINE WATER CONVERSION
PROCESSES TO ACID MINE WATERS
Schroeder, W. C. and Marchello, J. M., Univ. Md., Dept. Chem. Eng., Res. Develop.
Progr. Rept. No. 199, to U.S. Dept. Int., Office Saline Water (1966). 65 pp. Nine
saline water conversion processes, including distillation, crystallization or freez-
ing, membrane, and ion exchange processes have been examined to determine their
applicability to acid mine water pollution. It is concluded that the processes
considered would not apply to acid mine waters, except where a municipality needed
an additional supply of potable water meeting Public Health standards and could
meet the capital and operating costs involved. Economic data are presented for the
various processes. OR 66-101
MD66-42 SEWICKLEY CREEK AREA, PENNSYLVANIA
U.S. Dept. Int., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admin., Monongahela River Mine Drainage
Remedial Project 1966. 68 pp. The extent of pollution is the drainage basin of
this tributary to the Youghlogheny River has been surveyed through a field inven-
tory of mine drainage sources. Also included in the report are the geology and
stratigraphy of the area and its history of mining. Active as well as inactive
sites are found to be the source of pollution. OR 66-167
MD66-43 INTENSIVE STUDY OF THE WATER AT CRITICAL POINTS ON THE MONONGAHELA,
ALLEGHENY AND OHIO RIVERS IN THE PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA AREA
Shapiro, M. A., Andelman, J. B., and Morgan, P. V., Univ. Pittsburgh, Grad. School
Public Health, Neville Island Res. Lab., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., Fed. Water
Pollut. Contr. Admin. Contract No. PH-86-84-124 (undated). 112 pp.+ The resultB
of the study showed that the following pollutants are added in significant awounts:
acidity, hardness, calcium, sulfate, iron, manganese, sodium chloride, phenol, to-
tal solids, and BOD. The streams carrying the greatest amount of acid mine wastes—
the Kiskiminetas and the Monongahela—also exhibit the highest maximia concentra-
tions of hardness, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, iron, potassium, aamonia
nitrogen, total solids, low alkalinity, and low pH. The bacterial densities in the
same streams were the lowest of all sampled. OR 66-150
MD66-44 MINE ACID: ITS EFFECT ON CHAIN CONVEYORS
Shuler, J. H., Coal Age (4). 117-118, 120 (1966). A special chemically deposited
nickel plating, which is non-porous, resisted mine acid attack on a conveyor chain.
Corrosion of other materials is illustrated. OR 66-46
MD66-45 ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Smith, E. E., Proc. Second Ann. Symp. Water Resour. Res., "Water Quality and Recrea-
tion in Ohio," Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, June 15-16, 1966. pp 187-203.
Factors affecting the rate of pyrite oxidation and mine drainage production are
discussed. OR 66-111
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70.
MD66-46 ACID MINE WATER NEUTRALIZATION
Steinman, H. E., Presented, AMC Meet., Pittsburgh, Pa., May 1966. 11 pp.+ The in-
stallation of an acid mine water neutralization plant has proven successful at the
Thompson borehole near Beallsville, Pa. The water was diverted to a mixing tank
where it was treated with lime slurry, aerated, and then entered a settling lagoon.
An abandoned mine with a depleted coal horizon below the river level waa used for
disposal of the sludge. Sludge disposal is still the most critical of the problems
associated with the neutralization plant. A schematic diagram for an automatic
neutralization lime treatment plant is included with the report. OR 66-39
MD66-47 A STUDY OF THE INTERACTIONS AND FOAM FRACTIONATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT-
ACID MINE DRAINAGE MIXTURES
Streeter, R. C. and McLean, D. C. (Dept. Miner. Prep.)» Pa. State Univ., Final
Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., 1966. 56 pp. Sewage effluent-
acid mine drainage mixtures are treated In a continuous process by aeration, fluid-
solid separation, and foam fractionation. Partial neutralization of the acid mine
drainage occurs. Anions such as phosphate, organic materials resistant to conven-
tional sewage treatment, and appreciable amounts of Iron are removed. The addition
of acid mine drainage to raw sewage is suggested for further evaluation. OR 66-166
MD66-48 AN ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK FOR EVALUATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Tybout, R. A., Proc. Second Ann. Symp. Water Resour. Res., "Water Quality and Rec-
reation in Ohio," Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, June 15-16, 1966. pp 227-249.
The difficulties of measuring the many direct and indirect costs of mine drainage
pollution and comparing them to costs of abatement are discussed. OR 66-113
MD66-49 STUDY OF STRIP AND SURFACE MINING IN APPALACHIA
Udall, S. L., U.S. Dept. Int., Interim Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., (1966).
78 pp. A program for federal participation with state, local government and indus-
try for reclamation of areas adversely affected by strip and surface mining in the
Appalachian region is outlined. Some statistical data relating to strip-mining in
Appalachia and a comparison of state laws relating to strip-mining in effect on
March 1, 1966, are Included as appendix. OR 66-59
MD66-50 SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF ACID MINE WATER
Vonder Linden, K. and Stefanko, R., Symp. Fossil Fuels Environ. Pollut., ACS Div.
Fuel Chem. Preprints 10 (1), 101-106 (1966). Each subsurface disposal well must
be viewed as an Individual engineering problem. The presence of bacteria, dis-
solved gases, and iron all pose special problems in the handling of mine water.
OR 66-6
MD66-51 EROSION FROM ABANDONED COAL-HAUL ROADS
Weigle, W. K. (U.S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., Berea, Ky.), J. Soil Water Conserv.
21 (3) (May-June 1966). A survey was made of eight abandoned roads selected at
random in three mountainous Kentucky counties. Because soil losses from the roads
were estimated to be between 1.7 and 3.3 acre feet of soil per mile each year, the
author urges that vegetative cover be provided for abandoned roads and provisions
for maintenance be made for roads which will continue to be used, OR 66-169
1967
MD67-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATED BY TWO NEW APPROACHES
Chem. Eng. News 45 (29), 24 (1967). This news report describes an automated plant
for treating several million gallons per day of acid drainage being designed by
Heyl & Patterson, and Bethlehem Steel Corporation's use of acid mine drainage to
wash the raw coal produced by its Marianna, Pennsylvania, mine. OR 67-78
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71.
MD67-2 APPALACHIA PROGRAM, WATER SUPPLY & WATER QUALITY CONTROL NEEDS, ST.
PETERSBURG RESERVOIR, CLARION RIVER, PA., ALLEGHENY RIVER BASIN
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Army, Corps
Engineers—Appalachia Study, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1967). 57 pp. The purpose of this
investigation was to determine the need for and value of water supply and/or water
quality control storage in the proposed St. Petersburg Reservoir to augment low
flow in the Allegheny River. The intermittently degraded quality of Allegheny
River water is described. Water of the Clarion River was found to be so degraded by
acid mine drainage, that its storage for water quality control of the Allegheny was
not recommended in St. Petersburg Reservoir unless the acid drainage is controlled.
Appendix 1 gives the detailed results of mine drainage source investigation in the
Clarion River Basin. Oil and gas wells, as well as mines, were found to be sources
of acid pollution. Preliminary abatement costs are estimated. OR 67-184
MD67-3 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS GROUTING AGENTS, TECH-
NIQUES AND METHODS TO THE ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. PART I.
EXPLORATION OF MINE SITES AND FEASIBILITY STUDY ON TECHNIQUES OF
MATERIALS APPLICATION
Baker, A. A. (Project Manager), Halliburton Co., Rept. to Fed. Water Pollut. Contr.
Admin., U.S. Dept. Int., Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Proj., 1967. 297
pp. Twenty mine sites in the Upper West Fork River subbasin of the Monongahela
River watershed were chosen for intensive study of grouting methods to control
drainage. The choice was made from 228 sites identified in a preliminary geologic
and hydrologic survey. Information on water quality, flow data, and geology of all
sites are given in appendices to the report. A variety of materials for grouting,
as well as equipment and handling techniques for the process are described and
evaluated. Costs are given for proposed remedial measures. OR 67-191
MD67-4 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS GROUTING AGENTS, TECH-
NIQUES AND METHODS TO THE ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. PART II.
SELECTION AND RECOMMENDATION OF TWENTY MINE SITES
Baker, A. A. (Proj. Manager), Halliburton Co., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA,
Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project, Aug. 23, 1967. 286 pp. Twenty
mine sites in the Upper West Fork River Subbasin of the Monongahela River watershed
were chosen for intensive study. The description and discussion of each site is
accompanied by a data list, representation of geologic section, an aerial photo-
graph, and, where available, a mine map. One of the sites has been used in field
testing Expendable Grout Retainers, which are fabric retainers placed in the mine
to hold the grout in place until it hardens. The flexibility of the fabric allows
the plug to conform to the irregularities of the mine opening. Two tables list
analyses of mine discharges and the status of the 228 sites originally inventoried.
The comparative acid and iron loads at twenty sites selected are also tabulated,
OR 67-193
MD67-5 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS GROUTING AGENTS, TECH-
NIQUES AND METHODS TO THE ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. PART
III. PLANS, SPECIFICATIONS AND SCHEDULES FOR REMEDIAL CONSTRUCTION
Baker, A. A. (Proj. Manager), Halliburton Co., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Interior, FWPCA,
Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project, Nov. 30, 1967. (323 pp.) Three
mine sites, one a complex of three mines, were selected for further study from
those inventoried and evaluated in Parts I and II of this investigation. The re-
port includes a general description of the three sites as well as the detailed
plans, specifications and schedules, and estimation of costs for contracting and
constructing pollution abatement remedial measures. OR 67-194
MD67-6 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL AND TREATMENT
Barthauer, G. L., AIME Ann. Meet., Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 1967. Preprint No.
67F72. 19 pp. In this state-of-the-art discussion of mine drainage, the chemical
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MD67-6 (continued)
72.
basis for treatment of effluent is discussed. Aeration, neutralization, settling
treatment, as it applied in specific situations, is outlined. The impact of today's
laws on the miner is also considered. OR 67-54
MD67-7 PUMPING ACID MINE WATER FROM THE WEST BRANCH OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
INTO AN ABANDONED MINE TO IMPROVE THE ALKALINITY CONTENT
Birch, J. J., Barnes & Tucker Co., Kept, to Pa. Coal Res. Board, Dec. 11, 1967, 25
pp. Acid water from the river was pumped into an abandoned mine complex of Lanca-
shire Mine No. 12 containing an estimated 0.52 billion gallons of highly alkaline
water which flows by gravity from three boreholes to Beaver Run, a clean stream
flowing into West Branch Susquehanna River near the village of Pachinville. Sus-
tained pumping of 2,000 gpm of acid water into the abandoned mine complex caused
a slight fluctuation of pH, alkalinity, and iron in the discharge to Beaver Run for
the first few months and then stabilized. OR 67-127
MD67-8 "BLACK WATER" + COAL PELLETIZING SYSTEM « NEW MARKET IN COAL PELLETS
Coal Age _72 (7), 26-28 (1967). Water clarification, coal fines recovery, and pel-
letizing plant of Eastern Coal Corp. will produce high quality coal to meet needs
of metallurgical and double-screened nut and slack steam markets. A significant
fringe benefit is clarification of processing plant waste water. OR 67-168
MD67-9 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF 1966 ON WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL COAL WASTES
Boros, J. A., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. _39 (6), 877-879 (1967). This brief re-
view of the acid mine drainage problem covers mine sealing and flow regulation,
measurement of changes noted following the enforcement of control measures, the
Yellowboy process, lime neutralization, and the study of the kinetics of the
aqueous oxidation of coal mine pyrites with the DO content in the solution kept
constant. There are 16 references. OR 67-42
MD67-10 PROBLEMS IN CONTROL OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F., Jr., Pa. Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Meet., State College, Pa., Aug.
10, 1967. 20 pp. Some of the variable conditions that affect the quality of dis-
charge from mines are discussed. Two types of treatment systems are also described,
one using lime, the other using limestone. OR 67-135
MD67-11 AN EVALUATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ACID MINE DRAINAGE PRODUCTION FROM
VARIOUS STRATA OF THE ALLEGHENY GROUP AND THE GROUND WATER INTERACTIONS
IN SELECTED AREAS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Caruccio, F. T. and Parizek, R. R., Pa. State Univ., Dept. Geol. Geophysics, SR~65,
Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. (1967). 213 pp.+ Rock and water samples were collected
from an area underlain by Lower and Middle Kittanning and from a second study area
underlain by Upper Kittanning and Lower Freeport formations. The former area pro-
duced acid mine drainage but the latter did not, A comparison of the compositional
variations and of the hydrologic characteristics of the two areas showed that the
ranges of total sulfur contents of the two areas were similar and could not account
for the different water qualities produced. Leaching tests showed acid generation
to be partly dependent on the sulfur content of a sample and to be greatly influ-
enced by the crystallinity of the pyrite, the presence of iron bacteria, and cal-
cium carbonate. OR 67-87
MD67-12 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CAN BE STOPPED
Charmbury, H. B., Coal Mining Process. 4^ (1), 33-35 (1967). The program of the
Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries to combat acid drainage from
coal mines Is reviewed. OR 67-122
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73.
MD67-13 OPERATION YELLOWBOY - DESIGN AND ECONOMICS OF A LIME NEUTRALIZATION MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Charmbury, H. B., Maneval, D. R., and Girard, L.,III, AIME Ann, Meet., Los Angeles,
Calif., Feb. 1967. Preprint No. 67F35. 15 pp. In "Operation Yellowboy," mine
water was treated by the lime neutralization, aeration, sedimentation, and dewater-
ing process to produce a product containing less than 7 ppm of iron at a neutral
pH and with a small degree of free alkalinity. OR 67-10
MD67-14 CLEAR, ALKALINE RUN-OFF IS J&L'S GOAL IN WATER-TREATMENT PLAN
Coal Age 72. (8), 70-74 (1967). Each of five mine-water discharges at the Vesta-
Shannopin coal mines in southwestern Pennsylvania requires complete analysis of
the effluent and development of a control plan which considers the variables which
may be encountered at individual discharge points. The five discharge points and
the treatment being applied are described. OR 67-76
MD67-15 AN OLD PROBLEM - ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Cleary, E. J., Chapter 14 in "The 0RSANC0 Story: Water Quality Management in the
Ohio Valley Under an Interstate Compact," Baltimore; the Johns Hopkins Press, 1967.
pp 167-187. Some background on the problem is given and the activities of the Coal
Industry Advisory Committee to ORSANCO are discussed, OR 67-50
MD67-16 SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF MINE ACID WATER POLLUTION
Conrad, J. W., Analyzer J3 (1), 16-17 (1967). Equipment developed by the Tasa Coal
Company for automatic neutralization of acid mine drainage ranges in size from the
"Autolimer," which is the smallest, to the "Mixmeter," which can handle volumes
ranging from 10,000 to 90,000 gph. OR 67-26
MD67-17 COMPOSITION OF WATER DISCHARGED FROM BITUMINOUS COAL MINES IN NORTHERN
WEST VIRGINIA
Corbett, R. G. and Growitz, D, J. (W. Va. Univ.), Econ. Geol. 62, 848-851 (1967).
Effluent from four mines producing acid drainage are compared to water from a mine
designed for frequent discharge. Analyses for pH, ferrous iron, total iron,
aluminum, manganese, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulfate,
and silica show markedly lower ferrous, total iron, and aluminum in the neutral
drainage from the frequent discharge mine. To aid in characterizing mine drainage,
the neutral drainage, pH 7.4, and an acid drainage, pH 3.2 are compared as to
amounts of 13 other selected trace elements. OR 67-178
MD67-18 TRACE ELEMENTS IN BITUMINOUS COAL MINE DRAINAGE AND ASSOCIATED SULFATE
MINERALS
Corbett, R. G., Nuhfer, E. B.f and Phillips, H. W. (W. Va. Univ., Dept. Geol. Geog-
raphy), Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. _39, 311-314 (1967). Trace elements in sulfate
minerals at seep sites, in samples from discharge pumps In northern WeBt Virginia,
and in precipitates at pump sites were determined by emission spectroscopy. More
trace elements were detected in acid, high-iron drainage than in neutral, low-iron
drainage. Also, the mobilities of the various elements were evaluated. OR 67-205
MD67-19 ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT ~ WHERE DO WE STAND?
Core, J. F., Proc. 15th Ann. Pa. Clean Streams Clean Air Conf., 1967. pp 18-22.
The mine drainage problem, the implementation of the Clean Streams Act of Pennsyl-
vania, and some treatment methods are discussed. OR 67-43
MD67-20 HYDROLOGY OF CONTOUR STRIP MINES IN THE APPALACHIAN REGION OF THE
UNITED STATES
Davis, G. (Forest Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr.), Intern. Union Forest Res. Organizations
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74.
MD67-20 (continued)
Proc., 14th Congr., Munich, W. Germany, 1967. pp 420-443. The methods of surface
mining and auger mining are described to show how they can cause erosion, land-
slides, deterioration of water quality, and changes in stream flow and drainage.
Water quality change is discussed in detail with emphasis on acidity formed from
freshly exposed pyritic material and an increase in dissolved solids. The rocky
nature of spoils makes measurements of hydrologic changes difficult. Methods of
land reclamation, including grading, burying acid forming spoils, and revegetation,
are noted. OR 67-192
MD67-21 MINE WATER RESEARCH: NEUTRALIZATION
Deul, M. and Mihok, E. A., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 6987 (1967). 24 pp. Treatment of
acid mine water using lime, coarse limestone, and limestone followed by lime was
studied. Results from tests with nine mine waters covering a wide range of iron
and acid concentrations showed that coarse limestone, with abrasive agitation, is
potentially useful for treating mine water discharges. For mine waters containing
low to moderate concentrations of iron, the treated water had a pH of 7.0 to 8.0
and an iron concentration of less than 7.0 ppm. In the case of high iron mine
waters, a supplemental treatment with lime was necessary in order to reduce the
reaction time. OR 67-32
MD67-22 WASTE DISPOSAL MADE PROFITABLE
Dillon, K. E., Chem. Eng. ]Jl (6), 146-148 (1967). The use of mine water by Bethle-
hem Mines Corporation at the coal preparation plant in Marianna, Pennsylvania is
described. The raw coal content of calcium and magnesium carbonate provides more
than enough alkalinity to neutralize the acidic mine water. OR 67-172
MD67-23 ROLE OF THIOBACILLUS FERROOXIDANS IN THE OXIDATION OF SULFIDE MINERALS
Duncan, D. W., Landesman, J., and Walden, C. C., Can. J. Microbiol. L3, 397-403
(1967). To demonstrate that washed cell suspensions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
attack both insoluble ferrous iron and sulfide during the oxidation of chalco-
pyrite and pyrite, selective inhibitors of iron and sulfide oxidation were used.
This laboratory study explored the effect of source of the cell on rate of oxida-
tion. OR 67-63
MD67-24 MINE DRAINAGE, FART II: THE HYDR0GE0L0GIC SETTING
Dutcher, R. R., Jones, E. B., Lovell, H. L., Parizek, R., and Stefanko, R., Mineral
Ind., Pa. State Univ. 36 (4), 1-7 (1967). Suggestions are made concerning how
watershed management programs may benefit by utilizing the geology and hydrology of
a region. See MD66-17. OR67-53
MD67-25 ELIMINATION OF POLLUTION IN MINE DRAINAGE
Everson, W. A. and Shearer, R. E., MSA Res, Corp., MSAR 67-111, Progr. Rept. No. 6,
to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., 1967, 30 pp. This is a feasibility study on the
isolation, development, and use of bacteriophages to control the activity of iron
and sulfur bacteria in production of acid mine drainage. There was a significant
reduction in acid from piles of coal with water flowing through them by the addi-
tion of neutral mine effluents shown to have inhibitory powers. OR 67-18
MD67-26 THE ANALYSIS OF METALS IN ACID MINE WATERS BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Feige, W. A., M.S. Thesis, Univ. Cincinnati, 1967. 66 pp. The purpose of the re-
search described in this thesis was to develop procedures for the analysis of met-
als in acid mine drainage samples by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Optimum con-
ditions for the determination of dissolved iron, manganese, aluminum, and calcium
were investigated. OR 67-86
/
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75.
MD67-27 WATER RESOURCES OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN, WEST VIRGINIA
Friel, E. A., Wilmoth, B. M, , Ward, P. E., and Wark, J. W. (U.S. Geol. Surv.),
W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., 1967. 118 pp. The amounts and
sources of available water and the quality of these water resources in the study
area are presented. Results of chemical analyses are tabulated for silica, alumi-
num, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate,
chloride, fluoride, nitrate, dissolved solids, calcium carbonate hardness, specific
conductance, pH, color, and phosphate. Concentrations of boron, copper, and zinc,
as well as dissolved oxygen and temperature, are also listed for selected sampling
points. There is an extensive bibliography. OR 67-198
MD67-28 "OPERATION YELLOWBOY"... TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Girard, L. and Kaplan, R. A., Coal Age 11 (1), 72-74, 79 (1967). The "Yellowboy"
process uses lime neutralization-aeration-dewatering. Data in this article demon-
strate the range of mine drainage fluctuation and treatment economics. OR 67-3
MD67-29 THE CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION BY BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION AND
LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION TREATMENT
Glover, H. G, (Natl. Coal Board, U.K.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 129, Proc. 22nd Ind,
Waste Conf,, Purdue Univ., 1967. pp 823-847. A new process for the purification
of acid drainage from coal mining operations is described. Novel features include
the biochemical oxidation of ferrous salts in acid solution and the application of
mechanical attrition to limestone grit which is used for the chemical neutraliza-
tion of the oxidized drainage. (From author's Summary) OR 67-204
MD67-30 CORROSION STUDY IN INDIAN COAL MINES
Gupta, A. and Mukherjee, K. P., J. Mines, Metals, Fuels (3), 78-83 (1967). Fac-
tors such as temperature, humidity, and characteristics of pit waters have been
studied and their respective roles in the field of corrosion have been discussed
with reference to studies made by previous workers. The occurrence and disposal
of acid mine water poses special problems. The formation of acid by the natural
oxidation of sulfur is slow, but the presence of sulfur oxidizing bacteria enhances
the rate of formation of sulfuric acid. OR 67-124
MD67-31 A REPORT ON RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND USES RELATIVE TO
INTERSTATE WATERS IN THE KANAWHA RIVER
Henry, E. N., W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., Rept. to W. Va.
Water Resour. Bd., 1967. 33 pp.+ Tabulation of results of analyses of water
samples taken at a number of points are included. OR 67-5
MD67-32 A REPORT ON RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND USES RELATIVE TO
INTERSTATE WATERS WITH PENNSYLVANIA - MARYLAND
Henry, E. N., W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div, Water Resour., Rept. to W. Va.
Water Resour. Bd., 1967. 37 pp.+ This report on the Monongahela River Basin in
West Virginia includes tabulation of results of analyses of water samples taken at
a number of points, OR 67-9
MD67-33 A REPORT ON RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND USES RELATIVE TO
INTERSTATE WATERS WITH PENNSYLVANIA - OHIO - KENTUCKY
Henry, E. N., W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., Rept. to W. Va.
Water Resour. Bd., 1967. 41 pp.+ The Ohio River and its minor tributaries, includ-
ing the Little Kanawha River, are the subject of this report. Analyses of water
samples taken at a number of points are tabulated. OR 67-8
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76.
MD67-34 A REPORT ON RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND USES RELATIVE TO
INTERSTATE WATERS WITH VIRGINIA
Henry, E. N. , W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour,, Div. Water Resour., Rept. to W. Va.
Water Resour. Bd., 1967, 39 pp.+ The New River, the Gauley River and their tribu-
taries are the subject of this report. Tabulation of results of analyses of water
samples taken at a number of points are included. OR 67-6
MD67-35 A REPORT ON RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY CRITERIA AND USES RELATIVE TO
INTERSTATE WATERS WITH VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY
Henry, E. N., W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., Rept. to W. Va.
Water Resour. Bd., 1967. 35 pp.+ Tug Fork, Big Sandy River Basin and the Guyan-
dotte River Basin are covered In this report. Tabulation of results of analyses
of water samples taken at a number of points are included. OR 67-7
MD67-36 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY FROM THE EFFECTS OF MINE DRAINAGE
IN WESTERN MARYLAND
Hopkins, T, C., Jr., Md. Dept. Water Resour., Aug. 1967. 19 pp. A previous report
"Western Maryland Mine Drainage Survey 1962-1965" listed and evaluated effluents
from all mines which could be located in the seven watersheds In Garrett and
Western Allegany Counties. Quality of the waters of the rivers and the main feeder
streams affected by the mine drainages listed in that survey was assessed by sam-
ples taken at 44 designated stations. Values are given for field and laboratory
pH, air and water temperatures, flow rate, total and mineral acidity, total iron,
aluminum, manganese, sulfate, total alkalinity, and hardness. OR 67-197
MD67-37 ACID MINE DRAINAGE NEUTRALIZED IN MARIANNA'S PREP PLANT
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. A (3), 35-39 (1967). The prime method of treat-
ing Bethlehem Mines Corporation's Marianna acid mine drainage is to introduce a
controlled quantity into the coal preparation system. Research studies have estab-
lished that the action of coal on coal mine drainage is effective in increasing pH,
decreasing acidity, and removing iron. Some plant details and typical water analy-
ses at various points in the process are presented. OR 67-27
MD67-38 J 6. L INITIATES AMD CONTROL WITH LIME SLURRY PILOT PLANT
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. (7), 32-35 (1967), A full-scale plant for
treatment of acid mine drainage, constructed at the Thompson borehole discharge,
involves an automatically-controlled Mixmeter unit which feeds a slurry of lime
to a mixing tank, aeration, and settling. The product water has a pH of 8.0 or
higher and is almost free of iron. Sludge formed in the operation is discharged
into the abandoned Vesta No. 6 Mine. OR 67-28
MD67-39 TRACING WATER POLLUTION WITH AN EMISSION SPECTROGRAPH
Kopp, J. F. and Kroner, R. C., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. j!9 (10), 1659-1668
(1967). One facet of this study is a detailed analysis of samples from five rivers
affected by mine drainage—the Allegheny, Monongahela, Kiskiminetas, Youghiogheny,
and Ohio Rivers—compared to six samples of mine drainage analyzed for a number of
trace elements. OR 67-126
MD67-40 LACKAWANNA VALLEY MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Gannett Fleming Corddry & Carpenter, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Sanlt.
Eng., Publ. No. 19 (1967). 47 pp. This report is a study of the feasibility and
economic considerations of dewatering underground mine pools through the Butler
Water Tunnel. OR 67-67
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77.
MD67-41 FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE FORMATION OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION IN
APPALACHIA
Lorenz, W. C. and Stephan, R. W,, U.S. Bur. Mines, Area I Mineral Resource Office,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967. 17 pp. Research on pyrite oxidation is reviewed. There
are 53 references. OR 67-16
MD67-42 THE OXIDATION OF PYRITE ASSOCIATED WITH COAL MINES
Lorenz, W. C. and Stephan, R. W., U.S. Bur. Mines, Area I Miner. Resource Office,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1967. 21 pp. A survey of the literature and current research
on the oxidation of pyrite, both chemical and bacterial, is presented to indicate
progress in this field. (From authors' abstract) OR 67-147
MD67-43 THEY HAVE MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN EUROPE, TOO
Maneval, D. R., Coal Mining Process. 4_ (2), 26-31 (1967). Coal in Western Europe
is mined from areas with a saline coal bearing layer, and thus there is a saline
water pollution problem. In the United Kingdom, the acid mine drainage problem is
somewhat similar to that in the United States. A number of pollution control ap-
proaches investigated by the National Coal Board are discussed. OR 67-25
MD67-44 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF SURFACE WATER IN THE ALLEGHENY RIVER BASIN, PENNSYL-
VANIA AND NEW YORK
McCarren, E. F., U.S. Geol. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1835 (1967). 74 pp.+ The wa-
ter quality problems in the basin include wastes from coal mines and oil wells.
Chemical quality of a number of tributaries and at several sampling points on the
main stream are reported. OR 67-38
MD67-45 MINE DRAINAGE: NEW RESEARCH ON AN OLD PROBLEM
Coal Res., (28), 1-7 (1967). The involvement of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
since 1944, in field and laboratory studies to find methods to prevent stream
pollution from coal mine waters is described. The present research program at
BCR covers mine drainage formation, prevention, treatment, and sludge disposal.
OR 67-125
MD67-46 ORSANCO 1967: 19TH YEARBOOK
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1967. 40 pp. Activi-
ties of the Commission in its eight member states during the past year are reviewed.
OR 67-111
MD67-47 MATERIALS HANDLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL RESEARCH
Palowitch, E. R., Mining Congr. J. (4), 42-47 (1967). The research program of
the Pittsburgh Mining Research Center, Bureau of Mines, includes studies on water
flow into mines, and the effectiveness of air sealing abandoned deep mines above
drainage. OR 67-60
MD67-48 PENNSYLVANIA'S TEN YEAR MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM FOR
ABANDONED MINES
Pa. Dept. Health, Sanit. Water Bd,, Progr. Rept., 2nd ed., March 1, 1967. 13 pp.
This progress report outlines the objectives and budgetary considerations of the
program, and includes a list of research and development projects supported by the
Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries, the Appalachian Regional
Commission, Array Corps of Engineers, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion, the United States Bureau of Mines, the United States Forest Service, the coal
industry, and the Pennsylvania Department of Health. OR 67-175
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78.
MD67-49 ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES FOR THE RECLAMATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATERS
Pollio, F. and Kunin, R. , Environ. Sci. Technol. ^ (3), 235-241 (1967). This proc-
ess is based on the use of gel anion exchange resin, Amberlite IRA-68, which, used
in a column operation, functions in the bicarbonate cycle. The effluent water is
aerated and subsequently clarified to give useful water whose quality may be fur-
ther improved through lime softening prior to clarification. Process data presented
include some cost information. OR 67-47
MD67-50 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. RACCOON CREEK BASIN, OHIO
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int., 1967. (81 pp.) Seven subwatershed
areas are described in detail. An appendix reports the mine drainage source inven-
tory. Recommendations are made for a mine drainage abatement program. OR 67-144
MD67-51 REPORT TO THE SANITARY WATER BOARD ON POLLUTION OF SLIPPERY ROCK
CREEK - VOLUME II
Pa. Dept. of Health, Div, Sanit. Eng. Publ. No. 17, April 1967. 109 pp. In Sec-
tion I, Chester Engineers give the results of their survey of the acid pollution in
Slippery Rock Creek and its tributaries as well as make recommendations, including
cost estimates, for pollution abatement. Section II is titled, "The effects of the
present water quality on the occurrence and distribution of aquatic life in the
Slippery Rock Creek watershed." The qualitative and quantitative chemical and
biological analyses were carried out during the summer of 1966 by M. A. Shellgren
and J. F. Mclnroy of Slippery Rock State College and by E. D. Reitz of Clarion
State College. Their recommendations for improvement of the watershed are given.
OR 67-200
MD67-52 PROCESS OF PURIFYING OR RECOVERING MINE DRAINAGE WATERS AND THE LIKE
Rhodes, J. C., U.S. Pat. 3,347,787 (Oct. 17, 1967). 3 pp. Metallic iron is added
with air or oxygen to form ferric sulfate reducing the sulfuric acid content of the
water. The ferric sulfate is hydrolyzed to the insoluble basic form. OR 67-129
MD67-53 LAKE HOPE REPORT
Riley, C. V., Based on Yield Trip, June 12, 1967. Lake Hope, a state-owned lake
developed in 1939 receives drainage from a coal mining area. After an on-site tour
of Lake Hope which included collection of some water samples for analysis at Bitu-
minous Coal Research, Inc., a plan of Improvement was discussed. Attached is a
copy of the report "Lake Hope, Summary and progress report, June, 1957" compiled by
the Fish. Management Section of the Ohio Division of Wildlife. OR 67-83
MD67-54 CARING FOR A RIVER
Roe, A. V., Steelways _23 (4), 16-19, (1967). Water is treated for use, and re-
turned to the river at a higher quality level. The use of the acid waters of the
Mongahela River by industry, particularly steel mills, is described. OR 67-169
MD67-55 DETERMINATION OF MINE WASTE ACIDITY
Salotto, B. V., Barth, E. F., Ettinger, M. B., and Tolliver, W. E., Water Res. Lab.,
U.S. Dept. Int., Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 1967. 26 pp. These studies show that a
reliable measure of total acidity can be obtained at 25°C by oxidizing ferrous iron
with hydrogen peroxide and titrating to pH 7.3 with .IN sodium hydroxide solution.
Proper selection of sample volume overcomes dilution factors and also is shown to
minimize interference of manganese, aluminum, calcium, and magnesium. The method
developed was used on samples of mine drainage from the Elkins, West Virginia area.
Analyses of field samples with added standard solutions gave recoveries of 98 to
103 percent. Precision based on 5 or more determinations was of the order of 1 per-
cent. OR 67-195
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79.
MD67-56 MECHANISM OF BACTERIAL PYRITE OXIDATION
Silverman, M. P. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.), J. Bacteriol. 94 (4), 1046-
1051 (1967). This is a report of studies made to determine whether the indirect
contact or the direct contact mechanism or both take place during the bacterial
oxidation of pyrite. In the indirect mechanism, it is proposed that ferric ions
are reduced to ferrous ions when they oxidize metal sulfides. Bacteria then oxi-
dize ferrous ions to ferric thus regenerating the primary oxidant. The direct con-
tact mechanism is assumed to require only physical contact between bacteria and
sulfide mineral under aerobic conditions. Results of manometric experiments mea-
suring oxygen uptake suggest concurrent operation of both mechanisms. There are 21
references. OR 67-183
MD67-57 ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Smith, E. E. (Ohio State Univ.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 129, Purdue Univ., Proc. 22nd
Ind. WaBte Conf., 1967. pp 229-240. The first integrated acid mine drainage work
at Ohio State University, started in 1956, was a laboratory type project aimed at
finding the fundamental mechanism of the sulfide-to-sulfate reaction both chemically
and biologically on both a laboratory and "pilot" scale. A number of graphs illus-
trate the chemical mechanism studies which showed pyrite oxidation rates relative to
temperature, oxygen concentration, percent relative saturation, and bacteria concen-
tration. Microbiological studies in catalyzed reactions and pilot scale studies at
an actual mine are both discussed. OR 67-202
MD67-58 DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AN INJECTION WELL FOR THE SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL
OF ACID MINE WATER
Stefanko, R., Vonder Linden, K., and Til ton, J. G., Pa. State Univ., College Earth
Miner, Sci., Dept. Mining, SR-60, Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. (1967). 58 pp.+ The
results of this study were not conclusive because adverse geologic conditions pre-
vented injection of acid mine water into the well. However, a substantial amount
of subsurface geologic information was recorded. OR 67-12
MD67-59 POTENTIAL INJECTION WELL STRATA FOR ACID MINE WATER DISPOSAL IN
PENNSYLVANIA
Stefanko, R., Vonder Linden, K., and Tilton, J. G., Pa. State Univ., Dept. Mining,
SR-66, Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. (1967). 29 pp. Past practices and the need for
waste disposal are reviewed. Subsurface geology of the bituminous and the anthra-
cite coal fields is discussed. The disposal potential of several geologic units
is examined and recommendations for procedure are made. OR 67-143
MD67-60 REMOVAL OF IRON FROM MINE DRAINAGE WASTE WITH THE AID OF HIGH-ENERGY
RADIATION
Steinberg, M,, Pruzansky, J., Jefferson, L. R., and Manowitz, B., Brookhaven Natl.
Lab., BNL 11576, 1967. 23 pp. Preliminary experimental data are presented on the
removal of ferrous iron from acid mine drainage by neutralization with limestone
and oxidation Co60 gamma radiation treatment. Two irradiation processes are de-
scribed. The first is a low intensity, long holdup time system, while the second
is a high intensity isotopic source with a very rapid removal and low holdup proc-
ess. The limestone-radiation process yields a readily separated crystalline pre-
cipitate. OR 67-55
MD67-61 REMOVAL OF IRON FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE WASTE WITH THE AID OF HIGH-ENERGY
RADIATION. PART II
Steinberg, M., Pruzansky, J., Jefferson, L. R., and Manowitz, B., Brookhaven Natl.
Lab., BNL 12114 (1967). 17 pp. High iron content acid mine water from the Fulton
borehole in the Crooked Creek area was used in evaluating the effects of several
variables on the process of the oxidation and removal of iron from mine drainage
by high energy radiation. At the highest radiation intensity used, the difference
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80.
MD67-61 (continued)
in the rate of iron oxidation between irradiated and control samples was much great-
er and decrease in temperature had a much smaller effect than at lower intensity.
Additives and catalysts had little effect on the oxidation rate. Costs were com-
pared for radiation, neutralization, and chemical oxidation processes. OR 67-189
MD67-62 A REVIEW OF CURRENT RESEARCH ON COAL MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Stephan, R. W. and Lorenz, W. C., U.S. Bur. Mines, Area I Miner. Resource Office,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1967). 26 pp. The status of current research on methods for the
abatement or control of acid mine drainage is discussed. A literature review of
the current research is included. (From authors' abstract) OR 67-148
MD67-63 STREAM POLLUTION BY COAL MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admin., U.S. Dept. Int. (1967), 279 pp. This is a status
report of continuing studies on water pollution by drainage both from deep and sur-
face mines in Appalachia, The general discussion includes the causes of acid forma-
tion, effects of acid pollution, chemical and physical methods of evaluating the
extent of pollution, and control methods and their costs. Detailed information is
given on the sources of pollution and the water quality of the main streams and
their tributaries in 18 river basins in Appalachia. OR 67-182
MD67-64 PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION BY DRAINAGE FROM MINES
Struthers, P. H., Presented, 5th Meet., Water Develop. Coordinating Comm. Appalach-
ia, Atlanta, Ga., Feb., 1967. 11 pp. Some methods of reducing acid drainage are
discussed briefly. The effect of erosion and some means of reducing erosion are
also discussed. OR 67-21
MD67-65 SWATARA CREEK BASIN OF SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA. AN EVALUATION OF ITS
HYDR0L0GIC SYSTEM
Stuart, W. T., Schneider, W. J., and Crooks, J. W., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply
Paper 1829, (1967). 79 pp.+ Coal mine drainage in the northern part of the Basin
is one of the pollution problems. Maps showing the geology, water availability,
physical characteristics, and chemical characteristics of stream flow in the
Swatara Creek basin are included. OR 67-132
MD67-66 CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS IN MINED-LAND CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION
Sullivan, G. D., AIME Ann, Meet., Los Angeles, Calif., Feb. 1967. Preprint No.
67F65. 18 pp. Mining Eng. J^9 (3), 63-67 (1967). Hydrology, including mine drain-
age and impoundments is one of the subjects discussed. OR 67-11, OR 67-22
MD67-67 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN COMPACT
Interstate Advisory Comm. Susquehanna River Basin, Harrisburg, Pa., Revised, Jan.
1967. 54 pp. The text of the compact for the creation of a Susquehanna River
Basin agency comprising the states of New York and Maryland, the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, and the United States of America is presented. The aim of the com-
pact is to plan for the conservation, utilization, development, management, and
control of the water and related land resources on a regional basis for the great-
est benefits for all. OR 67-4
MD67-68 WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY SOUTH BRANCH AND NORTH
BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Mid. Atlantic Reg., FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int., Rept. to Corps Eng., U.S. Dept. Army,
Oct» 1967. 33 pp. The supply, quality, and present and projected use of water
in the Appalachia Region of the Potomac River Basin is surveyed and recorded as a
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MD67-68 (continued)
81.
means of evaluating proposed reservoirs. Mine drainage in the North Branch is noted
as a major cause of pollution. Summary data of water quality for two stations on
the North Branch are presented. Records of individual samples taken during the
month of August 1966 at two other stations are also given. OR 67-196
MD67-69 POLLUTION CONTROL IN MINING AND PROCESSING OF INDIANA COAL
Woodley, R. A. and Moore, S. L., J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. _39 (1), 41-49 (1967).
The extent of the pollution problem resulting from coal mining in Indiana is dis-
cussed and a brief history of the Indiana stream pollution control law is presented.
Some pollution control measures used in the state are: flooding final surface mine
excavations, diversion of run-off from active mines, rapid conveyance of precipita-
tion and seepage from mines, disposal of acid-producing refuse in surface mine ex-
cavations, clarification of coal wash water in settling ponds, reuse of coal wash
water, soil coverage of acid-producing refuse disposal sites, and soil coverage of
roads containing acid-producing material. OR 67-95
MD67-70 STREAMFLOW REGULATION FOR ACID CONTROL
Young, G. K. and Gitto, L. F. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA), IBM Sci. Computing Syrap.,
Water Air Resour. Management, 1967. 24 pp. This is a computer study of the han-
dling of the available mass of data on stream quality and flow in order to control
acid pollution. Examples are given of methods for determining the release of
water from dams in the Kiskiminetas River Basin to minimize acid flow into the
Allegheny, particularly in the summer when local storms can cause the "flush out"
effect which quickly lowers the pH of a stream and can result in fish kills.
OR 67-188
MD67-71 COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Young, E. F., Jr. and Steinman, H. E. (Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.), Eng. Ext. Ser.
No. 129, Purdue Univ., Proc, 22nd Ind. Waste Conf., 1967. pp 477-491. The complex
nature of the reactions in which mine drainage is formed, the differences in the
nature and character of the strata overlying the mines, and the different drainage
conditions in different mined areas are pointed out as reasons that there is no
typical mine drainage discharge. A variety of approaches to eliminate pollution
from mine drainage is illustrated by treatment of the drainage from five different
discharge points at three of Jones h Laughlin Steel Corporation's coal mining opera-
tions. OR 67-128
MD67-72 ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH AT BITUMINOUS COAL RESEARCH, INC.
Zawadzki, E. A., AIME Meet., Las Vegas, Nev., 1967. 12 pp. The chemical and physi-
cal properties df mine water are given as a background for the discussion of Bitu-
minous Coal Research, Inc., process development studies. These include the lime
treatment process, the limestone treatment process, and the sulfide treatment proc-
ess. There are 20 references. OR 67-190
MD67-73 STATUS OF MINE DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY
Zawadzki, E. A. (Bitum, Coal Res., Inc.), Attachment B to Boyer, J. F., Jr., State-
ment before Subcom. Air, Water Pollution, Comm. Public Works, U.S. Senate, July 13,
1967. 33 pp. The chemical, electrochemical, and bacterial formation of both acid
and alkaline mine waters is defined in Part 1 of this paper. In Part 2, the treat-
ment processes as summarized by Barthauer are discussed. The methods are evaluated
as to their feasibility, specific problems that arise from each one, and, where
such data has been available, the cost involved. Part 3 of the paper is concerned
with the problems of sludge handling and disposal. There are 62 references.
OR 67-179
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82.
1968
MD68-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT MEASURES FOR SELECTED AREAS WITHIN THE
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN
Gannett Fleming Corddry & Carpenter, Inc., Engineers, Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., Fed.
Water Pollut. Contr. Admin. (1968). 99 pp.+ NTIS, PB 220-158/0. Five study areas
in which raining has been carried on extensively are examined and reported on in de-
tail. In each area, active and inactive deep and strip mines are identified, and
water flow and acid drainage points are determined. Based on a review of 24 acid
mine drainage abatement measures, 8 preventative measures and 1 treatment measure
are considered to be effective in one or more of the study areas. A series of
abatement plans ranging from treatment alone through various degrees of preventa-
tive measures and treatment combined is presented for each study area. Costs are
given for all plans. OR 68-197
MD68-2 ACID-MINE DRAINAGE - PILOT PLANT
Baker, R. A. and Wilshire, A. G. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Mellon Inst.), Final Rept.,
Project 4447, for Appalachian Regional Comm. (Aug. 1, 1967 to Nov. 30, 1968). 59
pp. In the pilot apparatus, pyritic and associated mineral strata from actual mines
were subject to flow of feed water of known composition under controlled atmosphere.
Both horizontal and vertical packed-beds were used. Units seeded with a mixture of
cultures of Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans, and Ferrobacillus
ferrooxidans were compared with non-seeded reactors under aerobic and anaerobic con-
ditions. The microorganisms significantly accelerated the oxidation of ferrous
iron and sulfide released from pyrites but apparently did not alter the rate of
pyrite dissolution in an aerobic environment. It was concluded that mine sealing
will not eliminate acid formation since excluding oxygen does not prevent dissolu-
tion of pyrites. OR 68-203
MD68-3 CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Barnes, H. L. (1) and Romberger, S. B. (2) [(1) Pa. State Univ. and (2) Mich. State
Univ.}, J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. ^0 (3-Pt. 1), 371-384 (1968). Chemical reac-
tions and their limitations by oxidation potential and pH of mine drainage forma-
tion systems are described in detail. Also discussed are several techniques for
reducing the acid formation in mines and their chemical limitations: use of bac-
tericides, mine sealing, passivation, sulfate reduction, carbonate treatment, and
hydrologic control. The chemistry of neutralization of mine water both by carbon-
ate rocks and by dilution, especially with buffered water are discussed. Several
questions and problems encountered in the study of mine drainage have been defined.
The leading unknown is what reactions resulting in low pH take place at low oxygen
potential where essentially no dissolved oxygen is available. Another question is
how ferric oxyhydroxide can be removed from suspension by less costly methods than
at present. The problem of precipitation of ferric hydroxide on surfaces of cal-
cium carbonate rocks thereby preventing further neutralization has also been noted.
OR 68-158
MD68-4 ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY OF THE MAHONING RIVER IN OHIO
Bednar, G. A., Collier, C. R., and Cross, W. P., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply
Paper 1859-C (1968). 32 pp.+ Above Leavittsburg the Mahoning River is affected
mainly by mine drainage. Below Leavittsburg, between Warren and Lowellville, Ohio,
municipal and industrial wastes, including thermal loading, are added to the river.
The report is based on data collected from January 1963 to December 1965. Results
of water sample analyses are given in graphs, charts, and tables. There are also
maps illustrating the variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, chloride,
sulfate, and calcium carbonate alkalinity throughout the section of the river under
study. OR 68-198
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83.
MD68-5 WATER RESOURCES OF THE SCHUYLKILL RIVER BASIN
Biesecker, J. E., Lescinsky, J. B., and Wood, C. R., Pa. Dept. Forests Waters, Wa-
ter Resour, Bull. No. 3 (1968). 198 pp. Mine drainage affects many of the tribu-
taries and the entire main stem. A map shows sampling sites at which pH and spe-
cific conductance measurements were made in the spring and fall of 1965. The val-
ues are tabulated. Another map and table relate the water quality of coal mine dis-
charge to extent and flow path of underground mine water pools. In this case val-
ues determined in spring and fall 1965 are given for amount of discharge, dissolved
solids, sulfate, and acidity as H2S014.. Tables showing the chemical constituents in
streams and in ground-water of the various physiographic sections of the region in-
clude amounts of silica, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate,
sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, dissolved solids, hardness as calcium carbon-
ate, and specific conductance. There are 95 references. OR 68-201
MD68-6 APPLICATION OF MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL METHODS
Birch, J. J. (Barnes and Tucker Co.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa,, 1968. pp 372-375. The mine drainage control program has
included stream surveys to establish flow patterns and the chemical characteristics
of streams; dilution of fair quality water to improve the chemical characteristics;
improving mining practices to reduce or eliminate surface and underground waters
from the mining operations; determination of the effect of residual iron in treated
mine water on a clean stream and the fish population; and studies of aeration,
neutralization, and oxidation on laboratory, pilot plant, and full scale installa-
tions. OR 68-23
MD68-7 EFFECTS OF SURFACE MINING ON FISH AND WILDLIFE IN APPALACHIA
Boccardy, J. A. and Spaulding, W. M., Jr. (DIv. Fishery Serv.), U.S. Dept. Int.,
Bur. Sport Fisheries Wildlife Resour. Publ. 65 (1968). 20 pp. The general effects
of surface mining in Appalachia are described as destruction of vegetation (food
and cover for wildlife), land isolated by highwalls around hilltops, and water pol-
lution by acid, sediment, and silt. A team of specialists from six federal agencies
surveyed selected sites within the area and part of this report is based on their
observations. The effects of mining are summarized for Alabama, Kentucky, Maryland,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, The state laws regulat-
ing surface mining and the amount of reclamation required in each state are noted.
OR 68-180
MD68-8 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF 1967 ON WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL: COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F., Jr. (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 40
(6), 1158-1162 (1968). This comprehensive review of the literature on coal and
coal mine drainage Is based on the abstracts published in the 1967 Supplement to
the Mine Drainage Abstracts. Material listed presents a general picture of the
worldwide extent of mine drainage pollution; the definition of the problem in the
United States, particularly the Ohio River Valley; latest studies on the formation
of acid mine water; and recent work on treatment procedures. There are 39 refer-
ences. OR 68-159
MD68-9 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MINING FOR COAL: RESEARCH METHODS AND
RESEARCH NEEDS
Brock, S. M. (W. Va. Univ.), AIME Fall Meet,, Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 18, 1968.
Preprint No. 68K355. 13 pp. This paper discusses surface and auger mining costs
and uses data obtained from the Myles Job Mine in northern West Virginia. Included
are estimates of reclamation costs and mine drainage neutralization using lime.
The methodology used in the study is described, and some of the finds on the utili-
ty of cost-benefit analysis are summarized. OR 68-211
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84.
MD68-10 THE MYLES JOB MINE - A STUDY OF BENEFITS AND COSTS OF SURFACE MINING FOR
COAL IN NORTHERN WEST VIRGINIA
Brock, S. M. and Brooks, D. B., W. Va. Univ., Appalachian Cent., Off. Res. Dev.,
Res. Ser. 1, 1968. 61 pp. This is a detailed cost study of all items pertaining
to mining, acid drainage, and reclamation for the Myles Job Mine which produced
47,000 tons of coal - a rather small operation. Very detailed descriptions are
given on acid control, spoil bank material handling and revegation. The cost analy-
sis is tabulated in two appendixes. OR 68-210
MD68-11 AVOIDING POLLUTION FROM REFUSE DISPOSAL
Calhoun, F. P. (Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co.), Mining Congr. J. J54 (6), 78-80
(1968). In this article some basic principles are given for the building of new
refuse piles so that they will not cause problems. Among the important factors are
choice of a suitable site and its preparation, including drainage ditches; a size
consist that will pack with enough stability to support operation of heavy equip-
ment; prevention of the penetration of water into the pile; and finishing the pile
with top soil and vegetation. OR 68-167
MD68-12 TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE WITH LIMESTONE
Calhoun, F. P. (Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Co.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 386-391. This paper describes the lime-
stone treatment system being used at the R & P Lucerne 3A mine. OR 68-25
MD68-13 AN EVALUATION OF FACTORS AFFECTING ACID MINE DRAINAGE PRODUCTION AND THE
GROUND WATER INTERACTIONS IN SELECTED AREAS OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Caruccio, F. T. (Pa, State Univ.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa,, 1968. pp 107-151, Rock and water Bamples were collected from two
study areas near Clearfield, Pennsylvania; one with mines producing acid mine drain-
ages and the other with mines yielding nonacid drainages. The samples were analyzed
and compared to determine the cause of the difference in water quality. Leaching
tests showed acid production to be partly dependent on the sulfur content of a sam-
ple and greatly influenced by pyrite crygtallinity, iron bacteria, and calcium car-
bonate. Ground waters in the unmined portions of the acid drainage areas had low
pH, whereas ground waters in the nonacid mines had negligible sulfate concentrations
indicating the stability of pyrite in this region. OR 68-10
MD68-14 PENNSYLVANIA'S ABANDONED MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Charmbury, H. B., Buscavage, J. J., and Maneval, D. R, (Pa. Dept. Mines Miner.
Ind.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. 319-
333. Pennsylvania's program for mine drainage pollution abatement is described.
Details of the automatic lime treatment plant and its operation on Little Scrubgrass
Creek show its successful operation. OR 68-21
MD68-15 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PENNSYLVANIA STYLE
Charmbury, H. B. and Maneval, D. R. (Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind,)>AIME Ann. Meet.,
New York, N. Y., 1968. Preprint 68F18. 11 pp. The program funded by the state is
discussed in detail, A list of the projects gives the contractor and the cost for
each one. OR 68-29
MD68-16 GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY PERTAINING TO SURFACE MINING FOR COAL—SOUTHWESTERN
INDIANA
Corbett, D. M., Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
1968. pp 164-189. Cast overburden from surface mining for coal in southwestern
Indiana has formed ground-water aquifers capable of storing large volumes of water
from precipitation. During the three-year study period, it was found that these
-------
MD68-16 (continued)
85.
aquifers reduced flood flows and crests and increased flows during extended dry
periods. Data have been analyzed for two tributaries of the Fatoka River and three
tributaries of Busseron Creek. OR 68-12
MD68-17 COAL MINING EFFECT ON BUSSERON CREEK WATERSHED, SULLIVAN COUNTY,
INDIANA
Corbett, D. M. and Agnew, A. F., Ind. Univ., Water Resour. Res. Center, Rept.Invest.
No. 2 (1968). 200 pp. The extent of mine drainage pollution in the watershed was
determined by analyses of samples collected at eleven stations over a two-year
period. The importance of flush outs, i.e., "precipitation sufficient in amount
and intensity to cause storm runoff which can drastically change the quality of wa-
ter in the receiving stream" was emphasized, and runoff and flush-out data are tabu-
lated. OR 68-165
MD68-18 WASTE TIP STABILIZATION IN THE RUHR
Corner, J. T. (Dollery and Palmer, Ltd.),
(1968). This article describes in detail
for building and landscaping refuse piles
sion, and slippage. OR 68-189
MD68-19 COAL WASTE BANK STABILITY
Colliery Guardian 216 (5576), 250-253
the cultivation method used in the Ruhr
to prevent water and air pollution, ero-
Davies, W. E. (U.S. Geol. Surv.), Mining Congr. J. 54 (7), 19-24 (1968). Features
of spoil banks that reflect their instability are described. Saturation with
water is shown to be one of the main causes. Suggestions are given to improve the
stability of the piles. OR 68-168
MD68-20 THE ABATEMENT PROGRAM OF PEABODY COAL COMPANY
Deane, J. A. (Peabody Coal Company), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 392-395. The basic philosophy of Peabody's pollution
abatement program is prevention, not treatment, and this paper documents their ex-
perience in handling make-up water in the preparation plants, run-off from refuse
piles, discharges from active and inactive deep mines, and outflows from active,
inactive, and abandoned open pit mines. OR 68-26
MD68-21 TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS AS AN INDICATOR OF SOLIDS CONTENT OF NEUTRALIZED
MINE WATER
Deul, M, (U.S. Bur. Mines), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., 1968. pp 35-38. For acid mine waters neutralized with lime or lime-
stone, the suspended solids content, as estimated by a Jackson candle turbidity ap-
paratus, diverges greatly from the actual solids content determined gravimetrically.
(From author's abstract) OR 68-3
MD68-22 THE AQUATIC ECOLOGY OF TOMS RUN, CLARION COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, PRECEDING
WATERSHED RECLAMATION
Dinsmore, B. H. (Dept. Biol. Sci.), Clarion State College, Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines
Miner. Ind., Bur. Coal Res.; and Pa. Dept. Health, Bur. Sanit. Eng., Div. Water
Quality, Publ. No. 21 (1968). 71 pp. Toms Run, a tributary of the Clarion River,
is polluted by acid mine drainage but not severely damaged over its entire length.
This report gives the results of biological and chemical analyses of samples taken
at 21 stations. Stream quality is compared with one station on the Clarion River
and with Cathers Run, a clean stream also a tributary to the Clarion. OR 68-174
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86.
MD68-23 PROCESS OF TREATING COAL MINE ACID DRAININGS
Dixon, J. W., U.S. Pat. 3,403,099 (Sept. 24, 1968), 3 pp. This patent describes a
method of treating acid mine drainage by the addition of cationic electrolytic poly-
mer, neutralization, and addition of anionic electrolytic polymer in that sequence.
OR 68-192
MD68-24 ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT FACILITIES: CITY OF ALT00NA WATERSHED, PA.
Dobson, R. T., Gwln Engineers, Inc., Prelim. Design Rept., Operations Scarlift Proj.
SL-116, to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind. (1968). 100 pp.+ Since the city's water
supply exceeded the maximum limits set by the Pennsylvania Department of Health for
iron and manganese and since various potential sources of water were polluted by
acid mine drainage, the treatment plant described here was proposed to provide a
public water supply. Primary treatment would be by neutralization and secondary
treatment by the lime-soda ash method. The feasibility of disposing of sludge ei-
ther in deep or strip mines is discussed. Cost estimates of the facilities are
given. OR 68-190
MD68-25 THE MICROBIAL FLORA OF ACID MINE WATER AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO FORMATION
AND REMOVAL OF ACID
Dugan, P. R., Randies, C. I., Tuttle, J. H., McCoy, B., and MacMillan, C. (Water
Resour. Cent.), Ohio State Univ., Res. Proj. Completion Rept., Proj. No. A-002-OHIO
U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., Oct. 1968. 132 pp. Various aspects of
the research on the activities of microorganisms in acid mine water are reported in
five chapters, which are also being published separately. OR 68-193
MD68-26 EFFICIENCY IN VENTILATION AND DRAINAGE: MINE-DRAINAGE
Coal Age 7^3 (7), 202-203 (1968). Procedures for handling water are (1) keep the
water out of the mine; (2) return to outside by gravity flow; and (3) design for
high efficiency pumping. Each procedure is discussed emphasizing the variety of
conditions that may apply. The factors relating to low costs of water handling
are also considered. OR 68-177
MD68-27 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF DRAINAGE FROM DEEP BITUMINOUS MINES IN
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Emrich, G. H. and Thompson, D. R. (Pa. Dlv, Sanlt. Eng.), Second Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 190-222. The varying character-
istics of mine drainage are related to the geology of the coal seams which are the
source of the drainage. OR 68-13
MD68-28 VENTILATION AND DRAINAGE... PLANNING AND PRACTICE
Flowers, A. E., Coal Age 7Ji (10), 124-130 (1968). The most efficient and effective
methods for controlling water in mines are described. Basic to reducing pollution
from acid mine water is quick collection of water in the mines and its immediate
removal, keeping it out of contact with acid forming material. OR 68-170
MD68-29 MORAINE STATE PARK MINE DRAINAGE PROJECT
Foreman, J. W. (1) and Tarr, E. G. (2) [(1) Gwin Engineers, Inc. (2) Pa, Dept.
Forest. Waters], Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
1968. pp 246-254. The Moraine State Park, now under construction (in Butler
County), has 15,000 acres and will have a 3,225 acre lake. Control measures to
prevent acid pollution of Lake Arthur include sealing of mines and mine drifts,
removal or back fill of exposed acid producing materials, planting, and construction
of diversion ditches. Treatment plants will be considered only as a last resort.
OR 68-16
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87.
MD68-30 AEROBIC - ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF PYRITES
Halko, E. M. (Dept. Chem. Eng.). M.S. Thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1968. 67 pp. The
purpose of this study was to find the kinetics and mechanism of reactions of the
oxidation of pyrite in the forming of acid mine water as a step toward being able
to prevent acid formation. Both aerobic and anaerobic oxidation of two different
types of pyrite, museum grade sample, and sulfur ball, were studied. Results show
that aerobic and anaerobic reactions seem to be independent. OR 68-182
MD68-31 CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM ACTIVE MINES IN PENNSYLVANIA
Heine, W, N. (Dir., Div. Mine Drainage, Pa, Dept. Health), Presented, ORSANCO Eng.
Comm., Sept. 12, 1968. 3 pp. The author reviews the activity of the Sanitary
Water Board of Pennsylvania in regulating water pollution from mining. OR 68-202
MD68-32 TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE BY INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA
Heine, W. N. and Giovannitti, E. F. (Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Mine Drainage), 2nd
Mid-Atlantic Ind. Waste Conf., Philadelphia, Pa., Nov. 19, 1968. 18 pp. Mine drain-
age treatment including sludge handling and disposal is discussed with reference to
the experience at 5 treatment plants handling drainages produced from four coal
seams. In general, the mine drainage treatment plants operating to date can meet
the Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board discharge regulations of 7 mg/1 of iron, pH
between 6 and 9, and titratable alkalinity which exceeds titratable acidity. How-
ever, manganese is difficult to remove without increasing the pH further. OR 68-181
MD68-33 MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT: STATE OF THE ART AND RESEARCH NEEDS
Hill, R. D., U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1968). 101 pp. After the
nature and extent of the problem of pollution of mine drainage are characterized,
the following methods of treatment are reviewed: Neutralization, iron removal, ion
exchange, reverse osmosis, distillation, electrodialysis, crystallization (freez-
ing), and biological treatment. In each of these areas, research needs are empha-
sized. Iron removal is noted as a particularly critical problem with many studies
other than aeration and alkaline precipitation not tested on a pilot plant scale.
Research and development programs on mine drainage treatment sponsored by the Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Administration are listed. There are 53 references.
OR 68-150
MD68-34 FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF AN ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Holland, C. T., Corsaro, J. L., and Ladish, D. J. (W. Va, Univ.), Second Syntp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa,, 1968. pp 274-290. The lime treat-
ment plant was used to Investigate introduction of the feed water to the plant,
neutralization, oxidation, sludge settling, sludge handling and disposal, land re-
quirements, and costs. Two drainages of different quantity and quality were used
in the study. OR 68-19
MD68-35 RESEARCH ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
Holland, C. T., Corsaro, J. L., McGlothlin, C. W., and Ladish, D, J. (W- Va. Univ.),
W. Va. Coal Mining Inst. Ann. Meet., White Sulphur Springs, W. Va., 1967 (1968).
pp 115-148. This paper describes the two year research program established by
Northern West Virginia Coal Association at the School of Mines, West Virginia Univer-
sity. The hydrology of the area is reviewed both for control of water infiltration
and to determine central locations for treatment plants. The experimental treatment
plant uses feed water of different characteristics from two mines. A flow sheet and
description of the plant are given. Tables show the analyses of feed and overflow
water for the initial and a later period of operation. Sludge settling, handling,
and disposal are being investigated. Cost estimations for neutralizing highly,
moderately, and weakly acid water are given. OR 68-196
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88.
MD68-36 HOW J&L IMPOUNDS 40,000 GALLONS OF SLUDGE PER DAY
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. J5 (6), 52-54 (1968). Discharge at No. 1 Airshaft
of Shannopin Mine which has a pH of 2.4-3.0 and a high ferrous iron content was suc-
cessfully treated by aeration following neutralization. Resulting sludge is stored
in two lagoons which are used alternately so that the out of service lagoon can be
drained and the sludge given a chance to compact as much as possible by drying.
OR 68-149
MD68-37 COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Jukkola, W. H., Steinman, H. E., and Young, E. F., Jr. (Jones & I.aughlin Steel
Corp.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp
376-385. The drainage from the mines of the Vesta Shannopin Coal Division is var-
ied in quantity and composition. The variety of approaches required to eliminate
pollution is illustrated by the treatment of the drainage from four different dis-
charge points. OR 68-24
MD68-38 CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY'S ACHIEVEMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
Karkaria, N. J. (Consolidation Coal Co.), Mining Congr. J. ^4 (9), 46-51 (1968).
Included are descriptions of control of refuse pile seepage and runoff; treatment
of acid and alkaline mine drainages; impoundment of water in strip pits; and re-
search on microbial oxidation of ferrous iron, OR 68-143
MD68-39 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF FERROUS IRON OXIDATION IN ACID MINE WATER
Kim, A. G. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., 1968. pp 40-45. Samples of natural mine water were studied to deter-
mine the effect of aeration upon the rate of oxidation. Eight 1-liter samples were
used for each test. Four were aerated at rates of 200 cc/l/min and 2,000 cc/l/min;
two were in open containers to allow normal oxygen diffusion from the air into the
water and two were in closed containers with only the dissolved oxygen originally
present in the water. Aeration was found to have no beneficial effect upon a low
ferrous iron water (34 ppm) because the water had an adequate amount of dissolved
oxygen. It did decrease the time necessary for complete oxidation in waters with
175 to 260 ppm ferrous iron, evidently by keeping the water saturated with dissolved
oxygen. (From author's abstract) OR 68-5
MD68-40 AN INTEGRATED MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE
OHIO VALLEY
Klein, W. L., Dunsmore, D. A., and Horton, R. K. (Ohio River Valley Water Sanit,
Comm.), Environ. Scl. Technol. 2^ (10), 764-771 (1968). The robot monitor system
of fourteen stations and a data processing center is described. It measures pH,
oxidation-reduction potential, chloride, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, tempera-
ture, and solar radiation, although all measurements are not made at each statio.n.
Experience has shown that hourly sampling is adequate for evaluating variations
in water quality and that telemetering is preferable to onsite recording of data.
An example of a practical use of the system was the tracing of an acid slug and
showing that it was the cause of two fish kills hundreds of miles and several weeks
apart. OR 68-172
MD68-41 DESIGN OF MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PLANT AT MOUNTAINEER COAL COMPANY
(DIVISION OF CONSOLIDATION COAL COMPANY)
Kosowski, Z. V. and Henderson, R. M., Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. , 1968. pp 396-399. Some of the design features and capital expendi-
tures at a mine drainage treatment plant under construction at the Williams Mine
near Enterprise, W. Va., are summarized. The treatment plant is designed for
720,000 gpd of mine drainage characterized by pH 6.5; alkalinity, 252 mg/1; and iron,
109 mg/1. The treatment plant includes a mechanical flocculator, with flocculating
basins in each of the settling lagoons. OR 68-27
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89.
MD68-42 ANALYTIC METHODS REVIEW AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES AS RELATED TO A STATE
CONTROL AGENCY
Kupiec, A. R. (Pa. Dept. Health), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Pittsburgh,
Pa., 1968. 6 pp. Good sampling technique is described. Specific ions have been
selected by the Health Department to determine the pollutional characteristics of
mine drainage. The methods for determining these ions and the other characteristic
parameters are discussed. OR 68-4
MD68-43 MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL AT THE CHINOOK MINE
Lawson, A. E. (Ayrshire Collieries Corp.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 132, Purdue Univ.,
Proc. 23rd Ind. Waste Conf., 1968. pp 1018-1020. The two types of drainage waters
of the Chinook Mine near Staunton, Indiana, are from the pit areas and from the
coal preparation plant. The water from 15 water sample stations on the receiving
streams is collected monthly and analyzed for pH, total iron, and sulfate. The
control of drainage is carried out according to the 1967 reclamation laws; grading
is specifically described. OR 68-194
MD68-44 CLEAN STREAMS PROGRESS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Lyon, W. A. (Pa. Div. Sanit. Eng.), Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Pa. Mag. (1), 8,
10, 12-13 (1968). The work of the Pa. Sanitary Water Board, including its efforts
toward mine drainage abatement, is described. OR 68-98
MD68-45 THE LITTLE SCRUBGRASS CREEK AMD PLANT
Maneval, D. R. (Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind.), Coal Mining Process. j>4 (9), 28-32
(1968). The fully-automated neutralization process acid mine drainage treatment
plant on Little Scrubgrass Creek, Venango County, in Western Pennsylvania was
developed by the Commonwealth and is being tested on a "low iron" stream. The
equipment is described with diagrams showing operating details of the plant. Tables
contrast the water quality of the creek before and after treatment. Estimated
capital and construction costs and monthly operating expenses are given. Studies
by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission, approximately three months after the plant was
considered to be performing satisfactorily, showed that the creek vab being restored.
OR 68-169
MD68-46 MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH PROGRAM OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
Martin, E. J. and Hill, R. D. (FWPCA), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res, Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa,, 1968. pp 46-63. The development of treatment technology
under the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration mine drainage control pro-
gram is discussed. OR 68-6
MD68-47 THE ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE WATER. II. THE RELATIVE
INFLUENCE OF IRON, SULFATE AND HYDROGEN IONS ON THE MICROFLORA OF A
NON-ACID STREAM
McCoy, B. and Dugan, P. R. (Ohio State Univ.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 64-79. The effect of chemical variable on
growth and inhibition of four bacterial isolates from a non-acid stream was examined.
Correlation analysis using survival of microorganism under the experimental condi-
tions as a dependent variable and the ion concentrations as independent variables
was performed. The general conclusion was that test organisms could grow when pH is
above 5.3, iron from 1-100 jig-ml, and sulfate from 50-500 ug/ml. OR 68-7
MD68-48 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON ACID WINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH AT WEST VIRGINIA
UNIVERSITY
McGlothlin, C. W., Jr., Corsaro, J. L., Ladish, D. J., and Holland, C. T., W. Va.
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MD68-48 (continued)
90.
Univ. Rept. for Northern W, Va. Coal Assoc. (undated). 44 pp. The effects of min-
ing hydrology of northern West Virginia on mine drainage formation and the develop-
ment of mine drainage treatment processes are discussed. OR 68-95
MD68-49 A PILOT PLANT STUDY OF THE AUTOPURIFICATION OF SEWAGE EFFLUENT-ACID MINE
DRAINAGE MIXTURES
McLean, D. C. and Wernham, J. A., Pa. State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour.,
Res. Publ. No. 55 (1968). 42 pp. Laboratory work showing reduction in Iron, phos-
phate, chemical oxygen demand, and acidity with mixtures of sewage effluent and
acid mine drainage was confirmed by the pilot plant study described here. OR 68-164
MD68-50 FACTORS IN NEUTRALIZING ACID MINE WATERS WITH LIMESTONE
Mihok, E. A. and Chamberlain, C. E. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drain-
age Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 265-273. A continuous limestone neu-
tralization pilot plant capable of handling 100 gpm of acid-iron water was designed,
constructed, and operated to study some of the factors controlling neutralization
and oxidation processes. Rapid neutralization of acid water was achieved with the
use of coarse crushed limestone in a rotary-kiln-type reactor. Subsequent aeration
of neutralized water from the reactor removes soluble ferrous iron at the rate of 1
to 4 ppm per minute. Although the pH of the neutralized waters ranged from 6.5 to
7.5, sufficient alkaline activity was not achieved to bring about mass precipita-
tion of insoluble ferrous hydroxide, despite an excess of finely divided limestone
remaining in suspension. (From authors' abstract) OR 68-18
MD68-51 LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION—A LOW COST AND EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ACID
MINE WATERS
Mihok, E. A. and Deul, M. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Coal Age 73 (12), 65-70 (1968). The
Bureau of Mines method of neutralization of acid mine drainage is based on the use
of a fine limestone slurry in a revolving reactor. OR 68-151
MD68-52 MINE WATER RESEARCH: THE LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION PROCESS
Mihok, E. A. (1), Deul, M. (1), Chamberlain, C. E. (1), and Selmeczi, J. G, (2)
[(1) U.S. Bur. Mines, (2) Dravo Corp.], U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 7191 (1968). 23 pp.
The pilot plant set up for the limestone neutralization of acid waters containing
iron in solution is described in detail. A limestone slurry of fine particles is
produced in a revolving drum and added to the mine water to be treated. Figures
are given showing that the method is low in cost. The resulting sludge settles
more rapidly and compacts more highly than lime sludge. OR 68-166
MD68-53 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION STUDY
Washington County Planning Comm., Pa., Mar. 1968. (14 pp.) The source and extent
of mine drainage pollution in Washington County, Pa. have been presented graphical-
ly, and are shown on maps of watersheds of the county. OR 68-52
MD68-54 MINE AIR SEALING: A PROGRESS REPORT
Moebs, N. N. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 255-264. A small, abandoned, above drainage coal mine
in the Upper Freeport coal bed in Western Pennsylvania, sometimes referred to as
Decker No. 3 mine, was air sealed in 1966 to determine if the acidity and iron of
the discharge could be reduced. The mine effluent, flow rate, and quality have
been monitored continuously since 1963, Since the mine was sealed, the average to-
tal acidity of the effluent has continued to decrease despite an oxygen level of
16 to 18 percent and lack of any differential air pressure across the seal.
OR 68-17
/
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91.
MD68-55 MORAINE STATE PARK WATERSHED AREA, BUTLER COUNTY
Gwin Engineers, Inc., Altoona, Pa., Rept,- to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., Mine
Drainage Proj . MD-8A (1968). 109 pp. This report includes the results of the ex-
tensive survey of the geography, geology, and mining conditions of the area; identi-
ty of sampling points and flow and chemical quality of water at these points;
drilling logs for the mineral exploration project; and recommendations for abate-
ment. OR 68-92
MD68-56 MOUNTAINEER WATER TREATMENT PLANT HIGHLY EFFICIENT
Consol News (6), 22-24 (1968). The water treatment process at the Mountaineer
Coal Company Division of Consolidation Coal Company is described. Since the mine
discharge is alkaline, the water is aerated to precipitate out Iron and hold in
lagoons while the sludge settles out. Clear water is allowed to overflow into a
creek. Sludge disposal is a serious problem. The treatment plant is equipped with
lime storage and feeding facilities so that acid drainage from a nearby discharge
Point can also be treated. OR 68-153
MD68-57 WATER RESOURCES OF THE MIDDLESBORO AREA, KENTUCKY
Mull, D. S. and Pickering, R. J. (U.S. Geol. Surv.), Ky. Geol. Surv., Rept. Invest.
No. 9, Series X, (1968). 51 pp, 7 plates. This report describes the hydrology and
hydrography of the area. The effect of acid mine drainage on some streams and
some ground water supplies is shown by high iron and high sulfate content. Some
water supplies have been developed from water impounded in abandoned coal mines.
Maps, tables, and graphs give in detail the availability and quality of water in
the area. OR 68-184
MD68-58 NEUTRALIZED AMD OVERCOMES PLANT WATER SHORTAGE
Coal Mining Process. _5 (2), 40-41 (1968). Three separate drainage discharges at
the Pittsburgh Coal Company's Renton Mine are combined to provide an adequate sup-
ply of preparation water after lime neutralization. OR 68~86
MD68-59 ORSANCO 1968: 20TH YEARBOOK
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1968. 45 pp. Water
quality in the Ohio River and some of its tributaries during 1967 are summarized.
The locations of the electronic monitors, the Water Users Committee stations, and
the U.S. Geological Survey stations are mapped. One conclusion related to the mine
drainage problem is that the Monongahela is the most acid stream in the Ohio River
Basin with pH values of less than 5 recorded on 202 days of the year. OR 68-161
MD68-60 THE EFFECTS OF ACID STRIP-MINE EFFLUENTS ON THE ECOLOGY OF A STREAM
Parsons, J. D., Arch. Hydrobiol. ^5 (1), 25-50 (1968). Data collected at 11 stations
over 27 months showed that acid mine drainage from spoil and strip mine lake over-
flow affected Cedar Creek in Boone and Callaway Counties, Missouri continuously in
one area and intermittently, depending on rainfall and streamflow, further down-
stream. Community structure (species diversity and number) in six areas was related
to the degree of pollution of that area of the stream. Intermittent highly acid
flows had most effect on communities in less polluted areas, but these communities
also showed recovery after pollution episodes. OR 68-212
MD68-61 TOXICITY OF ACID MINE WATER TO TWO SPECIES OF SUNFISH
PeS8> W. J., M.S. Thesis, W. Va, Univ., 1968. 106 pp. Fish collected from the
Monongahela River and pond fish were subjected to combinations of acid mine water,
sulfuric acid, river water, constituted river water, and pond water. Static,
progressively increasing concentration, and constant flow-through methods of acid
toxicity testing were employed, with the flow-through system of testing found to be
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92.
MD68-61 (continued)
superior. All 24 hour, 48 hour, and 72 hour TLjj values from the flow-through ex-
change system for river pumpkinseeds, and river and pond blue gills ranged from 38
to 73 mg/1 as CaC03 cold total acidity, or from pH 3.54 to 3.19, The physical re-
sponses and appearance of sunfish under the stress of acid water indicated that
mortality resulted from asphyxiation, despite normal levels of dissolved oxygen.
(From author's abstract) OR 68-213
MD68-62 PENNSYLVANIA'S TEN YEAR MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAM FOR
ABANDONED MINES
Pa. Dept. Health, Sanit. Water Bd., Progr. Rept., 3rd ed,, April 1, 1968. 11 pp.
Pennsylvania's ten year program for abating pollution from abandoned mines is
outlined, and the current status is reviewed. OR 68-53
MD68-63 POLLUTION CAUSED FISH KILLS—1967
U.S. Dept.Int., Federal Water Pollut, Contr. Admin., CWA-7 (1968). 17 pp. This
is a summary of the reports of fish kills in 1967. Mining operation and the prob-
lem of acid drainage is reported as being responsible for the third highest number
of fish killed. OR 68-187
MD68-64 RECOMMENDED WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SURFACE WATERS—PITTSBURGH
AREA STREAMS IN THE OHIO RIVER BASIN
Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Sanit. Eng., Rept. to Sanit. Water Bd., July 24, 1968. 23
pp. This is part of the ongoing stream classification program and covers the sur-
face waters of the Ohio River basin in the Pittsburgh area that flow through Al-
legheny, Armstrong, Butler, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties. OR 68-99
MD68-65 STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF IRON(II) OXIDATION IN MINE DRAINAGE
Rozelle, R. B., Wilkes College, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., Final Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int.,
Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admin., Sept. 25, 1968. 135 pp. The purpose of this
investigation is to obtain information on Che rate of ferrous iron oxidation in
mine water in impoundments and in streams, and to develop and test a mathematical
model for the prediction of water quality following interaction of acid and alka-
line streams. The appendix gives methods and detailed results of analyses as well
as maps of stream sampling points. OR 68-186
MD68-66 STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF IRON FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Rozelle, R. B. and Simpson, D. G., Wilkes College, Final Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Bd.,
1968. 109 pp. Section 1 reviews the basic chemistry of iron in aqueous solution
applicable to mine drainage. Section 2 describes methods reported in the litera-
ture of removing iron from mine drainage or from aqueous solution. In sections 3,
4, and 5 aspects of the use of ozone for iron removal are discussed. The experi-
mental methods used for analysis of mine drainage are described in the appendix.
OR 68-108
MD68-67 REVERSE OSMOSIS FIELD TESTING ON ACID MINE WATERS AT NORTON,
WEST VIRGINIA
Rusnak, A. and Nusbaum, I., Gulf General Atomic, Final Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int.,
Office Saline Water (1968). 58 pp. This study reports results of runs made on
aerated, untreated mine water, as well as on mine drainage neutralized to more
than pH 6. In general, the reverse osmosis process is feasible for untreated mine
water; however, severe calcium sulfate fouling can be expected when mine waters
neutralized to a pH of 6 with lime are operated at recoveries approaching 75 per-
cent. Details of the apparatus, of the chronology of the program, of the methods
used for testing, and of the results are given in full. OR 68-183
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93.
MD68-68 REDUCTION OF ACID PRODUCTION IN COAL MINES WITH USE OF VIABLE ANTI-
BACTERIAL AGENTS
Shearer, R, E., Everson, W. A., and Mausteller, J. W., Second Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 98-106. Production of acid has
been inhibited in the laboratory in piles of coal washed by streams of tap water
and inoculated at widely spaced intervals with waters previously found inhibitory
to acid-producing bacteria. Acid produced in uninoculated piles averaged 3,3 times
as much over a 75-day period and was 31 times as much during one 3-day period as
produced in the inoculated piles. Tests showed that the inhibition is microbial
rather than chemical, but the specific agent was not identified. OR 68-9
MD68-69 DEVELOPMENT OF A NATURAL LABORATORY FOR THE STUDY OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE PRODUCTION
Shumate, K. S. and Smith, E. E., Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 223-235. McDaniel's Mine, a small drift mine has been
equipped with Instruments to permit a detailed study of the influence of oxygen
concentration, microbiological factors, and hydrologic features on the rate of
pyrite oxidation. OR 68-14
MD68-70 KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF FERROUS ION
Singer, P. C. and Stumro, W, (Harvard Univ.), Second Symp, Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 12-34. Various natural agents, such as
clays and minerals, copper, manganese, and sulfate, which might serve a catalytic
effect on the oxidation were investigated. An attempt was made to correlate the
laboratory results with observations made in acid mine streams. The oxidation of
iron pyrite by ferric iron at low pH occurs at a significantly more rapid rate
than the soluble Fe(II) oxidation. It is believed, therefore, that the FE(II)
oxidation is the rate determining step in the release of acidity to mine waters.
FE(XII) released by this oxidation is then available as an oxidant for FeS2> OR68-2
MD68-71 INTERACTION OF TREATED COAL WITH DILUTE ACID SOLUTIONS
Sloughfy, J. L. (Dept. Miner. Prep.), M.S. Thesis, Pa. State Univ., 1968. 170 pp.
This study was carried out to elucidate the findings of Lovell and Reese that coal
could reduce the acidity and iron content of mine drainage. Coals with a proven
response to acid solutions were used. Reduction of acidity by mineral constituents
of coal was verified. Further reduction of acidity by coalB which had been acti-
vated by steam at 750 to 8006C was indicated. OR 68-200
MD68-72 ACID MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
Smith, E. E. (Ohio State Univ.), Presented, Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Coram., Air-ground Tour Ohio Mines, Sept. 11, 1968. 10 pp. The significant results
of projects completed Bince 1956 at Ohio State University and their relation to
present or proposed work are discussed. Vapor phase oxidation of pyrite mineralog-
ical studies to account for the difference in reactivity of various pyritic materi-
als; and microbial studies are covered. The McDaniels mine which has been charac-
terized and instrumented to permit detailed measurement of various controlled con-
ditions and the effectB of the change in conditions is described. OR 68-163
MD68-73 SULFIDE TO SULFATE REACTION STUDIES
Smith, E. E., Shumate, K. S., and Svanks, K. (Ohio State Univ.), Second Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 1-11. The physical and
chemical parameters of the kinetics of the sulfide-to-sulfate reaction are dis-
cussed. Experimental observations for two types of pyrite oxidation, aerobic and
ferric ion (anaerobic), are presented, and a possible mechanism described. OR 68-1
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94.
MD68-74 SWATARA CREEK WATERSHED ABATEMENT PROJECT
Smith, G. E. (Pa. Dept. Mining Miner. Ind.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 236-245. Control of mine drainage flowing
into several tributary streams of the Swatara Creek Watershed includes rerouting
of several streams, reconditioning sections of stream beds, installing 72-inch
diameter concrete flumes across strip mine pits, and back filling. OR 68-15
MD68-75 LAGOONS IN THE COAL MINING INDUSTRY
Smith, G. N. (Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh, U.K.), Colliery Guardian 216 (5581),
471-472 (1968), Effluent from the mining or washing of coal may be discharged into
lagoons made in existing spoil heaps. The article gives guidelines for predicting
the behavior of water and its seepage path through the spoil heap in order to ana-
lyze the factor of safety against slippage. OR 68-155
MD68-76 FISH DISTRIBUTION AND ACID MINE POLLUTION IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER MAIN
STEM OF WEST VIRGINIA
Sotak, M. J., M.S. Thesis, W. Va. Univ., 1968. 56 pp. A twenty-nine mile section
of the Monongahela River and several clean and acid tributaries were studied in
1965 and 1966. Data were obtained for fish distribution, pH, acidity, hardness,
iron, turbidity, and water temperature. Graded reduction in total numbers of spe-
cies corresponding to gradients of decreasing pH occurred. The Monongahela River
was found to be chronically acid with a pH of 4.5 or less during eight months of
the year. The brown bullhead was considered to be the only acid tolerant species.
The bluegill, pumpkin-seed sunfish, and green sunfish were considered marginally
tolerant. Minnows and suckers were found to be intolerant of low pH and were
largely confined to backwaters with pH values of 5.0 or greater. (From author's
abstract) OR 68-214
MD68-77 SOURCES OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. RACOON CREEK WATERSHED,
PENNSYLVANIA
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int. Work Document No. 28 (1968). 45 pp.
Analyses of water samples from 157 identified mine drainage sources and from 12
stream stations are reported. Most of the mine drainages are acid and contribute
to the acidity of Raccoon Creek and its tributaries. OR 68-145
MD68-78 SOURCES OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. WHEELING CREEK WATERSHED,
OHIO
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int. Work Document No. 25 (1968). In the
field studies, samples were collected from 120 mine drainage sources, identified as
to location, type of mining operation and whether active or inactive. Although
mine discharges to Wheeling Creek tributaries were significant, the creek itself
was found to be alkaline over its entire length. Mine drainage effects were evi-
dent from orange precipitate in various areas and in high sulfate and specific
conductance at a sampling station near the mouth of the creek. OR 68-111
MD68-79 REMOVAL OF IRON FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE WASTE WITH THE AID OF HIGH
ENERGY RADIATION
Steinberg, M., Pruzansky, J., Jefferson, L. R., and Manowitz, B., Second Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 291-318. This work was
performed under the auspices of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Experimental
results on the Co60 gamma radiation oxidation and removal of ferrous iron from
Fulton Borehole acid mine drainage (488 ppm FE and pH ¦ 3.35) are presented and
compared with limestone neutralization. OR 68-20
/
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95.
MD68-80 REMOVAL OF IRON FROM ACID MINE WITH THE AID OF HIGH ENERGY RADIATION.
PART III
Steinberg, M., Pruzansky, J., Jefferson, L. R., and Manowitz, B., Brookhaven Natl.
Lab., BNL 12115 (1968). 6 pp. Agitation and aeration of mine water mixed with a
large excess of crushed limestone resulted in high rates of ferrous iron removal.
The tests were carried out at approximately 10 C to simulate field conditions.
Mechanical agitation, particle size, and ratio of limestone to mine drainage also
influenced the process. It is concluded that the increase of iron removal rate by
irradiation over the rate of iron removal with this process is not great enough to
justify the cost of irradiation, OR 68-199.
MD68-81 COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Steinman, H. E. (Vesta-Shannopin Coal Div. , Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.), 40th Ann.
Conf. Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Pa., University Park, Pa., 1968. 9 pp. Mine
drainage control of the Vesta—Shannopin Coal Division includes neutralization of
acid drainage; aeration of an alkaline, high iron drainage; and water handling to
minimize contact with acid forming material. OR 68-146
MD68-82 SURVEY OF COSTS ON METHODS FOR CONTROL OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
Stephan, R. W. and Lorenz, W. C., U.S. Bur. Mines, Area I Miner. Resour. Office,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1968) 35 pp. Capital investment and operating costs are given
for neutralization, iron removal, demineralization, and physical disposal by deep
well injection. Cost data are also presented for the reclamation of land disturbed
by surface mining. OR 68-50
MD68-83 HYDROLOGY OF SURFACE MINING—A CASE STUDY
Sternberg, Y. M. and Agnew, A. F. (Ind. Univ.), Water Resourc. Res. ± (2), 363-368
(1968), A mathematical model representing a strip mined area is formulated and
analyzed. Solutions are obtained for the changes in ground water elevation and
ground water flow that would occur in response to a uniform rate of deep percola-
tion over the spoil bank. The solutions developed are for a bounded one dimension-
al aquifer (spoil bank) where the water level in the last cut (ditch) is a function
of time described by an error function. The solution for the ground water flow can
be used to forecast maximum and minimum flows from the spoil bank to the last cut.
(From authors' abstract) OR 68-100
MD68-84 ION-EXCHANGE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Sterner, C. J. and Conahan, H. A. (Bethlehem Steel Corp.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 132,
Purdue Univ., Proc. 23rd Ind. Waste Conf., 1968. pp 101-110. A continuous counter-
current ion exchange pilot plant was operated to remove iron cations from acid mine
drainage containing about 270 ppm of ferric iron and 1,375 ppm total acidity. A
strong acid, styrene-based cation resin, cross-linked with divinyl benzene, was
used as the ion exchange medium, and sodium chloride was used as the resin regener-
ant. By this treatment the cations, including dissolved iron, are concentrated in-
to a waste stream which is only 1.7 percent of the volume of the original stream.
The operation of the 1 gpm pilot plant is described, the results of the tests are
given and methods for handling the waste regenerant stream are discussed. Because
of the wide variation in chemical composition, material costs given for this pilot
plant operation cannot be applied directly to other installations. OR 68-56
MD68-85 STREAM POLLUTION BY COAL MINE DRAINAGE, CAPTINA CREEK BASIN, OHIO
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int., Work Document No. 23 (1968). 14 pp.
In the field study of Captina Creek, a tributary to the Ohio River, twelve points
of mine drainage were located and documented as significant sources of mineralized
discharges. Results of analyses of stream samples and mine discharges are tabu-
lated. OR 68-35
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96.
MD68-86 STREAM POLLUTION BY COAL MINE DRAINAGE—UPPER OHIO RIVER BASIN
Wheeling Field Station, FWPCA, U.S. Dept. Int., Work Document No. 21 (1968). Ill
pp. Water quality data from sampling stations on the Allegheny, Monongahela, Bea-
ver, Muskingum, Hocking, Little Kanawha, Kanawha, Scioto, Guyandotte, Big Sandy,
and Ohio Rivers are summarized. OR 68-64
MD68-87 HYDROGEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEALING COAL MINES
Thompson, D. R. and Emrich, G. H. (Pa. Dept. Health, Div. Sanit. Eng.), 40th Ann.
Conf. Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Pa., University Park, Pa., 1968. 5 pp. After
describing early mine sealing experiments, the authors discuss the water-tight mine
seal method of preventing acid mine drainage. The hydrologic and geologic factors
that must be considered if a water-tight seal is to be successful are pointed out.
The method of developing the mine itself can determine whether or not the water-
tight seal will be effective. OR 68-152
MD68-88 TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE DISCHARGES
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Coal Mining Assoc., April
1968. 9 pp.+ This report has been compiled to provide information to assist mine
operators to decide upon a suitable neutralization and iron oxidation. A list of
the common alkalis which may be used to neutralize mine drainage provides extensive
information about the advantages and disadvantages of each. OR 68-106
MD68-89 ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE WATER. 1. INFLUENCE OF ACID
WATER ON AEROBIC HETEROTROPHS OF A NORMAL STREAM
Tuttle, J. H., Randies, C. I., and Dugan, P. R. (Ohio State Univ.), J. Bacterid.
95 (5), 1495-1503 (1968). The microorganisms of a stream contaminated by acid
drainage from a gob pile were compared to the organisms of a nearby, nonacid stream.
The nonacid stream contained relatively low numbers of acid tolerant heterotrophic
microorganisms which survived and increased when the stream became acid. Iron and
sulfur oxidizing bacteria were found wherever mine water entered a stream system.
A laboratory study in which the environmental variables were controlled substanti-
ated the field data. OR 68-160
MD68-90 ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC RESPONSES TO THE ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEM IN
APPALACHIA
Tybout, R. A., Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Cent., Proj. Completion Rept. to U.S.
Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res. (1968). 42 pp. The cost-benefit analysis is
based on empirical data from Pennsylvania mines and considers costs of treatment
and sealing and secondary costs. Benefits are found for municipal water treatment,
industrial water use and recreation as well as for several secondary benefits. The
problem of predicting the quality and quantity of mine drainage from geologic, hy-
drologic and mining conditions was also studied. OR 68-157
MD68-91 A COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF MINE DRAINAGE
Tybout, R. A. (Ohio State Univ.), Second Syrup. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 334-371. Estimates of abatement costs have been prepared
for abandoned and active mines aggregated on a county-by-county basis in Pennsyl-
vania. Inferences are drawn for costs by classifying mines as to type of operation,
coal seam, and associated geological conditions. Secondary costs in the form of
unemployment and derived income effects of unemployment are estimated with the aid
of community multipliers and coal demand functions from several sources. To take
account of approximations in the analysis, ranges of costs are given, county-by-
county. Estimates of benefits from abatement are made on a selective basis. These
include benefits to municipal water works and certain industries. Recreational bene-
fits are available only in selected cases where state-planned recreation projects are
linked to mine drainage abatement. OR 68-22
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97.
MD68-92 INFLUENCE OF TIME AND PRECIPITATION ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SPOIL
DRAINAGE
Vimmerstedt> J. P. and Struthers, P. H. (Ohio Agr. Res. Develop. Cent.), Second
Symp, Coal Mine Drainage Rea. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 152-163. Spoil
material from 19 Ohio strip mines, placed in lysimeters, has produced drainage con-
taining large and variable amounts of oxidation and secondary reaction products.
During an eight-year period, sulfate-salt production has generally declined with
continued weathering. Salts accumulated in the spoils during periods of low mois-
ture, and were leached out during subsequent periods of higher precipitation. The
relative proportions of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, manganese, iron, and
aluminum changed as weathering and leaching proceeded. OR 68-11
MD68-93 GROUND-WATER HYDROLOGY OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN IN WEST VIRGINIA
Ward, P. E. and Wilmoth, B. M. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Resour. Div.), W. Va. Geol.
Econ. Surv., River Basin Bull. 1 (1968). 59 pp. The geology, ground water availa-
bility, and water quality of the region is presented. Acid mine drainage is dis-
cussed as one of the effects of surface and deep mining on hydrology and also as
one of the water quality problems of the area. OR 68-173
MD68-94 RECORDS OF WELLS, SPRINGS, AND TEST BORINGS, CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF GROUND
WATER, AND SELECTED DRILLERS' LOGS FROM THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN IN
WEST VIRGINIA
Ward, P. E. and Wilmoth, B. M. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Resour. Div.), W. Va. Geol.
Econ. Surv., Basic Data Rept. No. 1 (1968). 73 pp. This is a companion volume to
River Basin Bulletin 1 "Ground-Water Hydrology of the Monongahela River Basin in
West Virginia." OR 68-207
MD68-95 WATER QUALITY SURVEY IN THE NORTH BRANCH - POTOMAC RIVER BETWEEN
CUMBERLAND AND LUKE, MARYLAND - AUGUST 1967
Chesapeake Field Sta., U.S. Dept. Int., Fed. Water Pollut. Contr. Admin., April
1968. 10 pp. Tables give date and time of sample, flow in cfs, BOD, DO, alkalinity,
acidity, temperature, and field pH. Ten survey stations reporting are described
and shown on a map of the study area. OR 68-206
MD68-96 WATER TREATMENT PLANT ATTRACTIVE AND EFFICIENT
Consol News 1_ (4), 6-7 (1968). The water treatment plant at Consolidation Coal
Company's Montour 4 Mine is described and pictured. The water is neutralized,
aerated, and solids allowed to settle out. The clear water overflows into Chartiers
Creek. Disposal of sludge is a problem as the treatment results in the equivalent
of 14 carloads of sludge per day. This relatively low cost treatment plant was
designed, built, and is operated by the Pittsburgh Coal Company Division. OR 68-176
MD68-97 THE EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF A STREAM FREE FROM
DOMESTIC POLLUTION
Weaver, R. H. and Nash, H. D. (Univ. Ky.), Second Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1968. pp 80-97. Cane Branch of Beaver Creek in McCreary
County, Kentucky, draining an area that was surface mined between 1955 and 1959 has
been compared to Helton Branch, draining an area where there has been no surface
mining. Studies of the bacteria, fungi, and algae of the streams have shown the
effects of distance from the sources of mining pollution, microenvironments in the
streams, season of the year, and the quantity of stream flow. OR 68-8
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98.
MD68-98 FEASIBILITY STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF VARIOUS GROUTING AGENTS, TECH-
NIQUES AND METHODS TO THE ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION. PART IV,
ADDITIONAL LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS FOR EVALUATING AND IMPROVING
METHODS FOR ABATING MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION
Wenzel, R. W., Halliburton Co., Draft Final Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Monon-
gahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project, 1968. 236 pp. In order to increase
the success of mine sealing as a method of controlling pollution from mine drainage,
studies were carried out on various types of plugs and on slurries used for grout-
ing. Procedures are fully described and results are given in detail. Section 4
gives details of a seismic survey carried out to locate hidden mine openings and
thin highwall sections. OR 68-156
MD68-99 STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STEEL INDUSTRY
Young, E. F., Jr. and Jukkola, W. H. (Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.), AIME Ann. Meet.,
New York City, Feb. 25-29, 1968. Preprint 68B38. 11 pp. One of the sources of
stream pollution in the steel industry is mine drainage. As part of the general
discussion, the authors describe and give a diagram of the abatement procedure that
combines lime neutralization and controlled settling with underground disposal of
sludge. OR 68-185
MD68-100 SULFIDE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Zawadzki, E. A. and Glenn, R. A,, Bituminous Coal Res., Inc., Final Rept. L-290, to
Appalachian Regional Comm. and U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA (1968). 94 pp. This approach
to the treatment of mine drainage is based on removing iron as an insoluble sulfide.
Of the various sulfides tested on samples of actual mine water, hydrogen sulfide,
used after adjusting the pH to more than 6 with limestone, is considered most
feasible. The sludge produced seems to be more compact and more easily filtered
than sludge from limestone treatment. A system for regenerating hydrogen sulfide
from the sludge is proposed but has not been developed. Comparative cost estimates
are given for limestone treatment and for the conceptual limestone-hydrogen sulfide
treatment. OR 68-195
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99.
1969
MD69-1 UPPER POTOMAC RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Aalto, J. A., Clark, L. J., and Jaworski, N. A., U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Chesapeake
Tech. Support Lab., Tech. Rept. No. 17 (1969). 140 pp. The report presents detail-
ed results of water sampling at a number of locations on the Upper Potomac River and
its tributaries. While the main emphasis of the report is on the bacterial, pesti-
cide, and nutrient loadings, the effects of mine drainage on the North Branch Poto-
mac River are also noted. OR 69-105
MD69-2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Appalachian Regional Comm., Rept. to President of the U.S., (1969). 126 pp. NTIS,
PB-243 096/5WP. The causes, extent, and effects of acid mine drainage pollution in
the area are reviewed. Twenty-four treatment and control methods are described.
Costs are given for the 12 techniques which are considered practical. OR 69-77
MD69-3 ACID MINE DRAINAGE: PREVENTION, CONTROL, TREATMENT; CONTROL CASE
HISTORIES
Coal Age _74 (7), 183-194 (1969). Lagooning, aeration, and neutralization with lime
and limestone are discussed in some detail. The ORSANCO publication, "Principles
and guide to practices in the control of acid mine-drainage" is- reproduced, with
additional case histories. OR 69-62
MD69-4 ACID MINE WATER + LIMESTONE = CLEAN STREAM
Coal Age Tj± (2), 112-114 (1969). The acid effluent of the Lucerne 3A Mine of the
Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company is mixed with finely ground limestone in a re-
volving drum and then discharged to a retention pond for sludge settling. The rev-
olution of the treatment drum provides a grinding action of the limestone, exposing
fresh surfaces for reaction with the mine drainage. Treatment increases pH from
approximately 3 to more than 6. Average monthly values of pH and iron content in
treated and untreated mine waters are compared. OR 69-3
MD69-5 HYDROLOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF COAL-MINE DRAINAGE IN INDIANA
Agnew, A. F. and Corbett, D. M. (Ind. Univ.), ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 13 (2),
137-149 (1969). The flush out effect in the Busseron Creek Watershed is described
by using analyses of samples taken during one particular heavy rainfall. Problems
in methods of analysis of mine waters and in correlating results are pointed out.
OR 69-17
MD69-6 AUTOMATIC STATION TREATS CANTERBURY COAL'S DRAINAGE
Coal Mining Process. b_ (9), 42-43 (1969). Drainage with pH of 2 and 200 to 300 ppm
iron from a worked-out portion of the mine is combined with water with pH 4 and 20
ppm iron collected from the active workings. The combined stream flows through an
aeration channel to the holding pond on the upstream side of the treatment plant.
Neutralization of the acid water is carried out with hydrated lime. A 45 foot
static thickener aids in sludge handling. OR 69-100
MD69-7 STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF GAS ATMOSPHERES ON PYRITE OXIDATION
Bell, W. E., Cyrus Wm. Rice & Co., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, April 1969.
58 pp. This report gives the experimental procedures and the results in detail.
Effluents from pyrite in various nitrogen atmospheres contained greatly reduced
amounts of acid, sulfate, and iron. OR 69-23
-------
100.
MD69-8 A STUDY OF INERT GAS ATMOSPHERES ON THE OXIDATION OF COAL MINE PYRITES
Bell, W. E. and Escher, E. D. (Cyrus Win. Rice & Co.), ACS Dlv. Fuel Chem. Preprints
13 (2), 42-49 (1969). In this laboratory experiment, columns of crushed pyrite are
exposed to demineralized water and to controlled atmospheres of air, nitrogen, and
nitrogen/carbon dioxide. The daily analyses of the effluent for pH, total acidity,
conductivity, and iron are plotted on detailed graphs for each column. Although
the air-free atmosphere does not seem to stop oxidation of pyrite completely, it
does markedly reduce the production of oxidation products. OR 69-6
MD69-9 ALGAE IN RELATION TO MINE WATER
Bennett, H, D., Castanea 34^, 306-328 (1969). W, Va. Univ. Bull. Ser. 70. (6-2)
(1969). Seventeen sampling stations in the Monongahela River Basin were chosen to
represent a broad geographic area and four different habitat groups: pond, rivers,
less acid creek, and acid creek. The bimonthly collections taken as far as possible
during an annual cycle were analyzed to identify the organisms and to determine
their general abundance. Water quality parameters determined for each station were
pH, total acidity, phosphate, nitrate, iron, calcium, and oxygen. The variety and
abundance of species depended on habitat and season of the year and on total acid-
ity, pH and iron concentration. While a few algae were most abundant in mine water,
many others found In mine water are common over a range of habitats. OR 69-70
MD69-10 AUGER MINE DRAINAGE STUDY
Berraan, D. and Stratakis, N., Green Eng. Co., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind,,
Coal Res. Board, CR-97 (1969). 74 pp. This study includes a field investigation
of 23 mines and a comprehensive collection and analysis of drainage samples carried
out from December 1968 through August 1969 to study seasonal effects. However,
there was low precipitation during the winter and the season variation in flow was
not as large as had been expected. All samples were analyzed for pH, alkalinity,
acidity, total iron, and sulfate and the results are tabulated. Recommendations
are made for restoring auger mined areas. Work on the development of an improved,
economical, and easily installed plug for auger holes is also recommended. OR 69-43
MD69-11 IN-SITU TREATMENT OF SULFIDE MINERALS TO REDUCE ACID DRAINAGE
Bloom, D. N. (1), Jennings, L. D. (1), and Bisque, R, E. (2) [(1) Earth Sciences,
Inc., (2) Colo. School Mines], AIChE Meet., Houston, Tex., Apr, 24-25, 1969. 5 pp.
Mono-, di-, and tri-chloro derivatives of silane are evaluated for in-situ treat-
ment of weathering sulfides. Among the advantages are that the compounds react
readily in the gaseous state with mineral sulfides, making their surface hydropho-
bic; bonding is stable in acid media; and there is no toxicity related to treated
sulfides. A disadvantage is that the gaseous silane derivatives react with water.
Plans for field testing are outlined, OR 69-35
MD69-12 BLUE COAL'S WANAMIE NO. 19 WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Coal Mining Process. 6^ (10), 56-58 (1969). The neutralization plant, located about
10 miles southwest of Wllkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, is designed to use lime, lime-
stone, or pebble lime, added by adjustable feed. The discharge is sprayed to either
of two settling ponds for aeration and precipitation. Overflow of the neutralized
water goes to a nearby creek. OR 69-48
MD69-13 A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF 1968 ON WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL: COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F., Jr, (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), J, Water Pollut. Contr, Fed. 41^ (6),
1178-1186 (1969). The second annual review of the literature is based on abstracts
included in the 1968 supplement to "Mine Drainage Abstracts—A Bibliography." Some
of the subjects covered in the review are microbiological studies, chemistry of
mine drainage, hydrology, treatment processes, iron removal, Pennsylvania's large
-------
MD69-13 (continued)
101.
and active abatement program, and Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
sponsored projects. There are 81 references. OR 69-32
MD69-14 STATEMENT
Boyer, J. F., Jr. (Bituminous Coal Res,, Inc.), Natl. Water Comm., Washington, D.C.,
Nov. 6, 1969. 18 pp. The mine drainage problem is reviewed with special emphasis
on the need for accelerating the progress in developing abatement and control tech-
nology. OR 69-65
MD69-15 LOYALHANNA CREEK WATERSHED ENGINEERING SURVEY
Brant, J. W., Buchart-Horn Consulting Eng. Planners, Progr. Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines
Miner. Ind., Project No. SL-122, July 31, 1969. 30 pp. Water analyses and flow at
seven sampling stations and two gaging stations of the Loyalhanna Creek from April
through July 1969 are recorded. Sources of pollution on the main stream and on the
tributaries are plotted on the schematic diagram of the watershed. Water pollution
characteristics are found to be diluted by rainfall except for the Getty Run tribu-
tary area. OR 69-75
MD69-16 NEUTRALIZATION AND PRECOAT FILTRATION OF CONCENTRATED SLUDGE FROM ACID
MINE WATER AT THE RUSHTON MINING COMPANY IN OSCEOLA MILLS, PA. PROJECT
CR-82
Brown, T, S. and Long, B. W., Johns-Manville Prod. Corp., Res. Eng. Center, Rept.
No. E412-8087-S1 to Pa. Coal Res. Bd., Nov. 3, 1969. 16 pp. Four filter aid grades
were evaluated for their ability to dewater sludge produced by neutralization of
mine water by limestone with magnesite. The filter aid showing the best character-
istics of flow rate and usage was used to evaluate the filter ability of sludge
from neutralization by limestone with lime and by lime with magnesite. The results
were verified by 24 hour runs with neutralization by limestone-magnesite compared
to neutralization by limestone alone. The costs given show limestone combined with
CELITE 501 as a filter aid to be most economical. OR 69-74
MD69-17 WATER QUALITY AND AGING OF STRIP-MINE LAKES
Campbell, R. S. (1) and Lind, 0. T. (2) [(1) Univ. Mo. and (2) Baylor Univ.], J,
Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. hi (11-Pt. 1), 1943-1955 (1969). A description of the
a8ing process of surface-mine lakes is based on the comparison of five lakes
studied intensively from 1962-67 and the changes in three of these lakes shown by
studies in 1940-41 and in 1949-50. Heat budgets, ionic composition, and light prop-
erties are among the factors compared. In general, aging results in a decrease in
potential acidity and in ionic content except that an increase in bicarbonate ion
is associated with the alkaline stage. OR 69-46
MD69-18 CHRISTOPHER ATTACKS MINE-DRAINAGE PROBLEM
Coal Age H. (9), 80-82 (1969). This article gives the details of the mine drainage
treatment plant of the Christopher Coal Company at the Pursglove No. 15 mine on
Dunkard Creek near Morgantown, West Virginia. Lime slurry is added to raw water
which then goes to an aeration pond where iron is oxidized. The sludge remains in
suspension until the water flows to the settling ponds. The raw water has a pH of
5.7 with about 600 ppm ferrous iron. Quality of treated water is pH 6.8 to 7.2,
iron 1 to 8 ppm, and alkalinity 40 to 100. Sludge from the settling ponds is
drained to a 30 million gallon holding lagoon. OR 69-85
MD69-19 CHRISTOPHER PLANT ATTACKS MINE DRAINAGE, SLUDGE PROBLEMS
Consol News j} (1), 2-3 (1969). The lime slurry treatment plant, including aeration
and settling ponds, at the Pursglove Mine near Morgantown, West Virginia, is
-------
MD69-19 (continued)
102.
described. Disposal of sludge remains the chief problem, OR 69-1
MD69-20 MINE DRAINAGE IN THE NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Clark, L. J., U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Chesapeake Tech. Support Lab., Tech. Rept. No.
13 (1969). 80 pp. A stream sampling program was carried out from March 1968
through May 1969. Data were collected for 16 survey areas on flow, pH, conductiv-
ity, temperature, total alkalinity, total hot acidity, and sulfate. Elk Run in West
Virginia is identified as the most critical stream in the entire basin. A compari-
son with earlier data indicates that the water quality above Luke, Maryland, has
deteriorated since 1965. Detailed cost estimates for abatement measures are based
on the maximum acidity loading for the seven watersheds considered. OR 69-87
MD69-21 INFLUENCE OF ACID MINE WATER ON THE MICROFLORA OF SEWAGE
Cook, H. A., Ph.D. Thesis, W. Va. Univ., 1969. 82 pp. The three-fold purpose of
this work was to study the microflora of a mine acid polluted river, the Mononga-
hela; to study the effects of acid mine water on the microorganisms in domestic
sewage; and to determine if raw sewage contains amino acids which could serve as
nutrients for the microflora in the receiving waters. Microbial population in sam-
ples from specified sites along the Monongahela River are reported as total number
and percentages of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. Temperature and pH in-
fluence the number and types of organisms present in incubated samples. Raw sewage
alone and mixed with acid mine water were analyzed for amino acids. Several of the
17 amino acids detected in the sewage could not be detected in the mine water-
sewage mixture and others were present in the mixture only in trace amounts. In
the mixture, ammonia concentration increases greatly. OR 69-95
MD69-22 ACID MINE-DRAINAGE PROBLEM OF THE PATOKA RIVER WATERSHED, SOUTHWESTERN
INDIANA
Corbett, D. M,, Ind. Univ., Water Resour. Res. Cent., Rept. Invest. No. 4 (1969).
173 pp.+ Analyses of 436 water samples, taken at 100 sites during the 3-1/2 year
study, and the flow rates at the sites are correlated with precipitation data and
acid character of the flush out effect. Water quality is shown to be influenced
more by mining debris and overburden having a high pyritic content than by exposed
coal seams. A pumping project by Enos Mining Company in developing one of its coal
fields in the area shows that overburden can act as a reservoir and help equalize
river flow. The U.S. Public Health Service Mine-sealing Project in Southern Indiana
in 1935-40 and available information about dams built in the area are reviewed.
Methods recommended to reduce acid production are described. OR 69-40
MD69-23 EFFECTS OF STRIP-MINING ON THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS
IN APPALACHIA
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta., Berea, Ky.), Intern. Symp. Ecology
Revegetation of Drastically Disturbed Areas, University Park, Pa., by Pa. State
Univ., 1969. 21 pp. Published in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land,"
Vol. 1, R, J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. pp
145-157. Effects of surface-mining on hydrology as reported in the literature are
summarized as background to continuing studies of Leatherwood Creek and Bear Branch
in Breathitt County, Kentucky. Measurements of precipitation and stream flow by
U.S. Geological Survey on Bear Creek recorded prior to the beginning of this study
are augmented by information from weirs installed in three subdrainage areas of
each watershed. Results of chemical and physical analyses made before, during and
after mining were gathered for a two year period. It is noted that stream acidity
did not change greatly, but that sulfate and magnesium increased. Sediment in the
streams increased in all areas during active mining but sediment production was ir-
regular when mining was not going on. OR 69-96
-------
103.
MD69-24 DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL INDICES TO POLLUTION LEVELS IN STREAMS
AFFECTED BY ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND OIL FIELD BRINE WASTES
Dambach, C. A. and Olive, J. H., Ohio State Univ., Natural Resour. Inst, and Water
Reaour. Cent., Res. Proj. Completion Kept, to U.S. Office Water Resour, Res. (1969).
90 pp. The upper Olentangy River and Whetstone Creek system in Southeastern Ohio
contains organic pollution from sewage treatment plants and septic tank drainage,
with chloride from oil field brines. Raccoon Creek, including the Sandy Run-Lake
Hope tributary, shows acid mine drainage, but very little organic pollution. Anal-
yses of samples taken over a two year period show that in the organic polluted
streams, good correlation between the species diversity index and the chemical com-
ponents of the water is not evident. Streams polluted with acid mine water show a
low diversity of species, and small numbers of tolerant organisms, in spite of the
fact that the waters were well oxygenated. Lake Hope showed a comparative abundance
and diversity of organisms, confirming that a reservoir improves the physiocobio-
logical conditions of an acid stream. There are 68 references. OR 69-60
MD69-25 LIMESTONE IN MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Deul, M. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Mining Congr. J. 55 (11), 88-91
both the volume of water entering a mine and retention time
results in smaller amounts of polluted water to be treated,
lower drainage volume are shown. OR 69-47
MD69-26 LIMESTONE IN MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Deul, M. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh), "Report on Coal Technology - 1969," Vol. 1,
Washington: American Mining Congress, 1969. 9 pp. Lime and limestone neutraliza-
tion of mine drainage are discussed. Reducing the volume of drainage to be treated
is suggested as a means of reducing treatment costs. OR 69-28
MD69-27 EFFECTS OF MINE DRAINAGE ON GROUND WATER
Emrich, G. H. (1) and Merritt, G. L. (2) [(1) Pa. Dept. Health and (2) W. Va. Univ.],
Ground Water 2 (3), 27-32 (1969), The Toms Run area of Northwestern Pennsylvania
illustrates the effect of coal mine drainage on ground water. Information on water
quality is tabulated for various aquifers and for discharge from oil and gas wells
and from raining. Ground waters near mining show low chloride, and lower pH and
higher sulfate and iron than ground waters in nonmining areas, indicating the move-
ment of acid mine drainage Into aquifers and explaining the source of various iron-
rich seeps and springs in the area. OR 69-56
MD69-28 ENGINEERING ECONOMIC STUDY OF MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES: APPEN-
DIX B TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Cyrus Wm. Rice and Co., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm. (1969). 281 pp. NTIS
PB-243 098/1WN. Twenty-three mine drainage abatement techniques were reviewed and
are categorized according to available cost information. No one method is out-
standing in cost effectiveness, so each drainage basin should be studied separately
to determine the method or combination of methods to use. OR 69-79
MD69-29 TREATMENT OF EARTH SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE FOR PREVENTION OF ACIDIC
DRAINAGE FROM THE SOIL
Flynn, J. p. (to Dow Chemical Co.), U.S. Pat. 3,443,882 (May 13, 1969). 3 pp. Acid
formation Is prevented by mixing an inorganic phosphate with pyrite-type rock or
soil thereby coating the sulfide mineral with a precipitate of ferrous phosphate.
Chlorine or bromine either in gaseous form or as decomposition products are also
recommended to supplement the chemical action of phosphates and prevent bacterial
oxidation of pyrites. Examples are given of treating surface mine refuse and roof
and floor of underground mines. OR 69-37
(1969). Controlling
of water in the mine
Savings attributed to
-------
104.
MD69-30 GAS REQUIREMENTS TO PRESSURIZE ABANDONED DEEP MINES
Cyrus Wra. Rice Co., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., Coal Res. Bd., and U.S.
Dept. Int., FWPCA (1969), 89 pp. The use of inert gas as a mine atmosphere to pre-
vent oxidation of pyrlte was evaluated. Although some pressure could be maintained
during barometric changes in the smaller of the two mines studied, leaks were found
to be a problem of this technique. Maps and photographs of the mined area, descrip-
tions of the equipment used, and details of the operation of the project are includ-
ed in the report. OR 69-61
MD69-31 MINE WATER TREATMENT—FRICK DISTRICT
Godard, R. R. (U.S. Steel Corp.), "Report on Coal Technology - 1969," Vol. 1, Wash-
ington: American Mining Congress, 1969. 45 pp. The author reviews U.S. Steel's
Frick Division's treatment of acid mine drainage from the neutralization plant built
in 1913 when the division was H. C. Frick Coke Company through the modern facilities
at Maple Creek, Karen, and Robena Mines. Early attempts at finding commercial uses
for sludge are discussed. OR 69-29
MD69-32 NEUTRALIZATION AND AERATION OF ACID MINE WATERS (A LITERATURE SURVEY)
Harrison, V. F., Canada Dept. Energy, Mines Resour., Mines Br., Ottawa, IC 227
(1969). 41 pp. The neutralization of acid mine water by lime and by limestone is
reviewed. There are 27 references. OR 69-90
MD69-33 ACID MINE WATER CONTROL
Hill, R. D. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio), Univ. Mo., Mining Environ.
Conf., Rolla, Mo., Apr. 16-18, 1969. 14 pp. This review of current research on
acid mine drainage is divided into three categories. The latest knowledge of mine
drainage chemistry is outlined under mechanisms of mine drainage chemistry. Under
prevention of mine drainage formation are considered methods applicable to surface
mines and to underground mines. Neutralization, biological treatment, reverse osmo-
sis and neutralization-aeration are among the subjects discussed In the section on
treatment of mine drainage. OR 69-22
MD69-34 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES, ELKINS,
WEST VIRGINIA
Hill, R. D. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA), ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 13 (2), 103-115
(1969). Air and water seals of deep mines, regrading, revegetation, and water di-
version are the control methods used. During the first year following the comple-
tion of the reclamation, water quality showed some slight improvement. Preliminary
data on costs for the various methods are given. OR 69-13
MD69-35 NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, D. W. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Athens, Ga.), -I» Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 41
(10), 1702-1715 (1969). The recycling of mine drainage sludge was evaluated in
laboratory studies. When stock solution of ferric sulfate Is adjusted to various
pH values, sludge recycle is somewhat effective below pH 4. Above pH 4, rates of
coagulation and settling are too fast for sludge recycle to make a noticeable dif-
ference, A two-step neutralization with removal of flocculant sludge at a pH of
about 4 results in alkali savings when carried out on dilute ferric sulfate solu-
tions, but not on more concentrated solutions, nor on an artificial acid mine drain-
age. Artificial dolomitic limestone is found to be less effective for neutraliza-
tion than limewater or slaked lime. In recirculation of sludge in a two-step neu-
tralization, the ratio of the neutralizing materials, slaked lime to artificial
dolomitic limestone, seems to be a more important factor than the presence of
sludge. OR 69-45
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105,
MD69-36 RECLAMATION AND REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINED LANDS FOR POLLUTION AND
EROSION CONTROL
Hill, R. D. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio), Am. Soc. Agr. Engrs. Winter
Meet., Chicago, 111., 1969. Paper No, 69-705. 31 pp. Also "Reclamation and reveg-
etation of 640 acres of surface mines - Elkins, West Virginia," Paper VII-6 in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol, 2, R. J, Hutnick and G. Davis,
Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach 1973. pp 417-450. The case history of a recla-
mation project in Elkins, West Virginia, serves as an illustration of control of
pollution from the acid drainage that can result from surface mining. Backfill and
revegetation are discussed in detail. Pollution load of the streams in the water-
shed area before reclamation is compared with wastes carried after reclamation.
Acidity is lower, but soil analyses show that sulfate remains in the soil to be
leached out as future acid pollution. OR 69-52
MD69-37 EXPERIENCE IN OPERATING AN EXPERIMENTAL ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
Holland, C. T. (W. Va. Univ.), ACS DIv. Fuel Chem, Preprints 13 (2), 124-136 (1969).
This paper is a continuation of the evaluation of the lime neutralization treatment
plant reported previously. Waters from two more mines are treated separately and
mixed. Results are given for quality of effluent, amount of sludge formed, and
costs of operation. Problems with slurry-feed apparatus and aeration equipment are
described. OR 69-16
MD69-38 SOME ASPECTS OF STREAM POLLUTION CONTROL FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Holland, C, T. (W. Va. Univ.), Proc. W. Va. Coal Mining Inst., Bluefield and White
Sulphur Springs, W. Va., 1968 (1969). pp 189-203. The author discusses corrective
measures to prevent and control mine drainage. The disadvantages of lime neutral-
ization are noted, particularly the resultant sludge that must be disposed of and
the hardness of lime-treated waters. Tables give flow and pH of streams in the
Monongahela watershed for 1961 and estimated costs of neutralizing mine waters of
various acidity with hydrated lime. OR 69-50
MD69-39 THE IMPACTS OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ON LOCATION DECISIONS OF MANU-
FACTURING INDUSTRY IN APPALACHIA: APPENDIX D TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE
IN APPALACHIA
The Fantus Co., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm. (1969). 304 pp. NTIS PB-243
100/5WN. Twenty case histories of plant location searches in which water supply
was a factor are discussed. In each case, one of several locations considered was
a mine drainage polluted area identified in the 1967 FWPCA publication, "Coal Mine
Drainage in Appalachia." The moBt critical aspects of mine drainage for several
types of industry are the amounts of iron and manganese in the water. In general,
water was one of the less significant reasons for choice of location, particularly
when unfavorable water conditions were compensated for by other favorable site
factors. OR 69-81
MD69-40 THE INCIDENCE AND FORMATION OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION: APPENDIX C
TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
U.S. Army Corps Eng., U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, and Bur. Mines, Rept. to Appalachian
Regional Comm. (1969). 411 pp. NTIS, PB-243 099/9WN. This appendix is also Vol-
ume 18 of "Development of Water Resources in Appalachia," U.S. Army Corps of Engi-
neers Report of Office of Appalachia, prepared under authority of Appalachian Re-
gional Development Act of 1965, Public Law 89-4. The report describes the extent
and intensity of mine drainage pollution in Appalachia and discusses in detail the
chemistry of mine drainage and mine drainage formation. A recommendation is made
that pollution control should be considered whenever any flood control projects are
planned in areas subject to mine drainage. OR 69-80
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106.
MD69-41 INVENTORY OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE SOURCES, SELECTED AREAS, UPPER OHIO
RIVER BASIN
U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Ohio Basin Region, Work Document No. 32 (1969). 110 pp.
The tabulated information for 45 minor watersheds of the upper Ohio River Basin
shows the type and number of acid pollution sources, total discharge, total net
acidity, total hardness, sulfate, total iron, and manganese. Rivers and streams
throughout the area are predominantly acid with most of the pollution coming from
inactive mines and abandoned refuse areas. The survey identifies specific areas to
be treated and gives information on which to base priorities. One abatement demon-
stration project is on the upper Tygart Valley River watershed where surface water
is being diverted from stripped and mined areas and land is being reclaimed.
OR 69-26
MD69-42 MINE ACID DRAINAGE AND ASSOCIATED FLOW FLUCTUATIONS
Jenkins, C. R. (1) and Carroll, H. C. (2) [(1) W. Va. Univ. and (2) N. Y. State
Dept. Conserv.], Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. (1969). pp 286-293. This paper reports
the amount and flow from the three major sources of mine drainage to the Left Fork
of Little Sandy Creek in West Virginia. Acid production varied directly with flow.
Sulfate, iron, and aluminum varied in much the same way. The pH was relatively con-
stant and remained independent of flow. The acid load from seven mine effluents
was shown to be the major source of acid in the receiving stream. OR 69-104
MD69-43 ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM ABANDONED COAL MINES BY MEANS OF IN-SITU
PRECIPITATION TECHNIQUES
Jones, J. B. and Ruggeri, S. (Parsons-Jurden Corp.), ACS Div. Fuel Chem, Preprints
13 (2), 116-119 (1969). In a planned demonstration project a slurry of limestone
or fly ash will be added directly to acid water in a mine. Laboratory tests have
indicated that sludge from the neutralization will fill and effectively seal the
mine. OR 69-14
MD69-44 THE BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WITH
PARTICULAR EMPHASIS TO THE WATERS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION: APPENDIX
F TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Katz, M. (Univ. Wash.), Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm. (1969). 65 pp. NTIS,
PB-243 101/3WN. (Bound with Appendix E). The effects of acid mine water on fish,
aquatic invertebrates, plants, and terrestrial vertebrates are reviewed and dis-
cussed. Aquatic life is severly curtailed below pH 5. Above that point it becomes
progressively more diverse and more stable as water becomes neutral. Since guide-
lines for water quality criteria for various uses have fairly uniform pH limits,
abatement measures will improve acid waters for multiple uses. There are 224 ref-
erences. OR 69-83
MD69-45 LAKE HOPE ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Koehrsen, L. G., Stanley Consultants, Rept, to Ohio Dept. Natural Resour. (1969).
38 pp. Acid mine drainage has contaminated man-made Lake Hope to the extent that
the pH of the water is in the range of 4.5 to 5.5 and sustains a meager fish popu-
lation. Comparison with early reports indicates a drop in pH of the water of the
lake over the years. A field study was carried out to verify sources of acid pol-
lution. Results indicate that natural unpolluted stream flows are alkaline. Also
evaluated are various pollution control techniques and their costs. Recommendations
include pollution control techniques and a monitoring system. OR 69-31
MD69-46 SURVIVAL AND ACTIVITY OF SEWAGE MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE WATER
Kralovic, R, C. and Wilson, H. A., W. Va. Univ., Appalachian Center, Water Res.
Inst., Res. Rept. 1 (1969). 30 pp. Samples of sewage and mine discharge were used
to investigate the effect of acid mine drainage on the organisms which decompose
-------
MD69-46 (continued)
107.
organic wastes. The addition of strongly acid water resulted in an initial rapid
decrease in sewage microorganisms. At about 4 C, the number of microorganisms con-
tinued to decrease. However, at 22 C and low pH the number of microorganisms in-
creased after the initial reduction. The types of microorganisms predominating were
related to pH. Above pH 4.5-5.0, there seemed to be more bacteria; between 3.5-4.5
there seemed to be more yeasts; and below pH 3.5 filamentous fungi seemed to pre-
dominate. OR 69-51
MD69-47 WATER IN KENTUCKY
Krieger, R. A., Cushman, R. V., and Thomas, N. 0. (U.S. Geol, Surv.), Ky. Geol.
Surv., Ser. X, Spec. Publ. 16 (1969). 51 pp. Water supply, water use, and water
quality in Kentucky are discussed. It is pointed out that acid mine drainage is a
serious problem in coal field areas. The bibliography includes publications of both
the U.S. Geological Survey and the Kentucky Geological Survey. OR 69-97
MD69-48 LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
Lamb, J. C., Public Works 100, 150, 152 (May 1969). Details are given of the lime-
stone neutralization process described in Bureau of Mines, RI 7191, Mihok, E. A.,
Deul, M., Chamberlain, C. E., and Selmeczi, J. G., "Mine water research: the lime-
stone neutralization process" (1968). OR 69-93
MD69-49 LITTLE SCRUBGRASS CREEK GOES FULL CYCLE
Coal Mining Process. 6^ (3), 47 (1969). This article describes the final step in
restoring Little Scrubgrass Creek. The surface mine which was generating acid has
been reclaimed. The mine drainage neutralization plant will be left in place until
pollution abatement is assured. OR 69-5
MD69-50 NEUTRALIZATION AND PRECOAT FILTRATION OF CONCENTRATED SLUDGE FROM MINE
WATER AT THE READING ANTHRACITE CO. IN ST. CLAIR, PA. PROJECT CR-82
Long, B. W., John8-Manville Prod. Corp., Res. Eng. Center, Rept. No. E412-8087 to
Pa. Coal Res. Bd., Sept. 15, 1969. 12 pp. This project evaluates filter aids used
in dewatering sludge by a rotary vacuum precoat filtration method. Since the sludge
was formed from limestone neutralization of acid mine drainage with about 23 mg/1
of iron, the problem was to produce enough sludge for the filter tests. The equip-
ment and results are described and costs are given for filter equipment and lime-
stone consumption. OR 69-73
MD69-51 FLY ASH DISPOSAL IN A DEEP MINE
Love, L. R. and Whirl, S. F. (Duquesne Light Co.), Coal Mining Process. 6 (3), 50-53
(1969), Fly ash disposal in an abandoned section of a deep mine neutralized acid
mine water. For 18 months, the discharge averaged over 2 million gallons per day
and was within the limits of water quality specified by the Pennsylvania Sanitary
Water Board. OR 69-99
MD69-52 BIOCHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF METAL SULFIDE OXIDIZING BACTERIA
Lundgren, D. G. and Tabita, F. R. (Biological Res. Lab., Syracuse Univ.), ACS Div.
Fuel Chem. Preprints 13 (2), 60-67 (1969). Iron oxidation, sulfur oxidation and
glucose oxidation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans are compared. Evaluation by elec-
tron microscope of the bacteria grown on different substrates shows differences in
structure. However, the main emphasis of the paper is to show that the metabolic
diversity of the organisms means that attempts to control them must consider their
whole metabolic potential. OR 69-8
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108.
MD69-53 WATER QUALITY AND DISCHARGE OF STREAMS 'IN THE LEHIGH RIVER BASIN,
PENNSYLVANIA
McCarren, E. F. and Keighton, W. B., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 1879-H
(1969). 48 pp. The quality of water in the Lehigh River varies over its length,
and is influenced by acid mine drainage and alkaline drainage from limestone forma-
tions. Water quality data collected systematically from 1944 through 1967 are sum-
marized and include sampling date and values, as available, for mean discharge,
silica, aluminum, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbon-
ate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, dissolved solids, hardness, total acid-
ity, specific conductance, pH, and color. OR 69-88
MD69-54 MINE WATER RESEARCH: CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN ACID MINE
WATER BY ACTIVATED CARBON
Mihok, E. A., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 7337 (1969). 7 pp. Laboratory batch flow tests
carried out on acid mine water with high ferrous iron content show that preacidified
activated carbon can significantly oxidize ferrous to ferric iron. In the single
run without aeration, the ferrous iron oxidation was as effective as in other runs.
The analyses of the feed and the effluent are tabulated along with flow and aspira-
tion rates for each of the 65 tests. OR 69-44
MD69-55 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION AND RECREATION IN APPALACHIA: APPENDIX E TO
ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Robert R. Nathan Assoc., Inc., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm. (1969). 114 pp.
NTIS,PB-243 101/3WN. The economic impact of recreation areas now in use and surveys
of differentiated use of water-based facilities are the basis for projection to 1980
of the need for more recreation facilities. Whether mine drainage abatement is nec-
essary depends on whether facilities presently in use become polluted (not consid-
ered likely)j whether nonpolluted facilities can be developed to meet increased de-
mands; and how tolerant the public is to effects of mine drainage pollution.
OR 69-82
MD69-56 YOUGHIOGHENY RIVER BASIN MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Moore, T, L. and Turcotte, J. A., Gibbs & Hill, Inc., Rept. of Phase 1, to Pa. Dept.
Mines Miner. Ind. (1969). (100 pp.) This detailed report contains basic informa-
tion about the Youghiogheny watershed necessary for the development of a mine drain-
age abatement program. Included In the description of the basin are the tributaries
In the system, the topology and geology, water use, rainfall, and stream quality.
Also included as a part of this report are three maps showing the 1,412 mines in
the area. OR 69-21
MD69-57 OXYGENATION OF IRON(II) IN CONTINUOUS REACTIONS
O'Melia, C. R. (Dept. Environ. Sci. Eng.), Univ. N. C., Water Resour. Res. Inst.,
Rept. No. 23 (1969). 53 pp. The use of thermodynamics and kinetics of ferrous iron
oxidation illustrates the development of an optimal design for a continuous treat-
ment process to remove iron from natural waters. Experimental work carried out to
test the design gave oxidation efficiencies considerably lower than was predicted.
Increasing the temperature at which the reaction was carried out gave more nearly
theoretical results. OR 69-68
MD69-58 0RSANC0 1969: 21ST YEARBOOK
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969. 28 pp. The re-
sults of the continuing water quality monitoring in the Ohio River and its tribu-
taries are included in this annual report. OR 69-94
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109.
MD69-59 THE COAL MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEM IN NORTHERN WEST VIRGINIA
Pash, E. A. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Wheeling, W. Va.), Soil Conserv. Soc. Am., W,
Va. Chapter, Ann. Meet., Jacksons Mill, W. Va., 1969. 11 pp. Measurements of
lengths of degraded streams, sources of pollution, and pollution load are given for
the major tributaries of the Monongahela River in West Virginia. The information
is based on the files and current studies of the Monongahela River Mine Drainage
Remedial Project. OR 69-57
MD69-60 POLLUTION CAUSED FISH KILLS—1968
U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, CWA-7 (1969). 17 pp. Pollution from mining is given as
one of the causes of fish kills in this listing of reports of fish kill Incidents.
OR 69-41
MD69-61 CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM COAL MINE REFUSE SITES AND SLURRY PONDS
Ramsey, J. P. (Truax-Traer Coal Co.), AIME Fall Meet., Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept.
17-19, 1969. Preprint No. 69F330. 4 pp. The demonstration project near Du Quoin,
Illinois, where a refuse site and slurry lagoon will provide basic data on the mine
drainage abatement, is described. OR 69-114
MD69-62 THE RAUSCH CREEK WATERSHED TREATMENT PLANT
Anthracite Res. Develop. Co. Inc., Preliminary Design Rept., Project No, SL-112,
for Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind. (1969). 10 pp. After study, lime neutralization
was recommended for Rausch Creek water. Pebble lime was recommended as most suit-
able for handling. The design calculations, a plot plan of the treatment plant and
an estimate of project cost and the operating and maintenance expense are given.
The 10 ragd capacity of the plant was based on flow records of the creek over a one
year period. Any excess flow will be passed directly to the polishing lagoon with
addition of sodium hydroxide for neutralization. OR 69-76
MD69-63 LIME SLURRY SYSTEM AT PURSGLOVE NO. 15 MINE
Ream, V. H. (Christopher Coal Co. Div., Consolidation Coal Co.), "Report on Coal
Technology - 1969," Vol. 2, Washington: American Mining Congress, 1969. 9 pp.
This discussion emphasizes the problems of continuously treating a large volume of
water in a confined area. Several experiences with sludge handling are described.
OR 69-30
MD69-64 ALLEGHENY RESERVOIR'S ROLE IN WATER QUALITY
Reilly, x. L. (Corps Eng., Pittsburgh, Pa.), J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 61^ (5), 261-
266 (1969). The initial experiences of coordinating the flows from the Klnzua Dam
and the other flood control dams in the Allegheny River Basin to maintain water
quality in the lower Allegheny River are reviewed. OR 69-106
MD69-65 MINE WATER BARRIER
Reinhold, R. H. (to Layne-New York Co., Inc.), U.S. Pat. 3,469,405 (Sept. 30, 1969).
4 pp. Seals are constructed in the mine using two parallel barriers of aggregate.
The space between the barriers is grouted and filled through bore holes, giving a
solid water-tight seal. OR 69-58
MD69-66 REPORT ON FEASIBILITY OF MINE WASTE POLLUTION ABATEMENT
Crawford, Murphy & Tilly, Inc., Rept. to Macoupin County, 111. Bd. Supervisors,
1969. 37 pp. The main source of pollution on the Cahokia Creek watershed is acid
drainage and erosion from refuse piles. The location and the ownership of the mine
refuse piles are tabulated and shown on maps. Laboratory analyses of drainages
from these piles are summarized. The proposed abatement project Includes
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MD69-66 (continued)
110.
determining whether a nearby worked out mine is flooded and can be used to receive
runoff diverted from the refuse pile; grading the pile; and, depending on the feasi-
bility of the first phase, either constructing a holding pond with a borehole spill-
way or covering the pile in some manner. OH 69-59
MD69-67 REVERSE OSMOSIS FIELD TESTING ON ACID MINE WATERS AT NORTON, WEST
VIRGINIA
Riedinger, A. B., Gulf General Atomic, Inc., Final Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., Office
Saline Water, Jan. 17, 1969. 21 pp. The equipment consisted of 18 modules in 6
pressure vessels, giving 900 square feet of membrane. The system was modified dur-
ing the operation to allow recycling of the brine in order to increase the recovery.
The performance of the unit at 600 psi, over a total operating time of more than
1600 hours, is given, in two detailed tables. Although there is some variation in
product flow, the overall conclusion is that a reverse osmosis unit can be operated
satisfactorily on acid mine waters at 600 or 800 psi. OR 69-4
MD69-68 EVALUATION OF COMMON ALKALIES IN NEUTRALIZING ACID MINE WATER
Sanmarful, I. de C., M.S. Thesis, The Pa. State Univ., 1969. 42 pp. The character-
istics and settling rates of sludges resulting from neutralization of mine water by
calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate were
studied. Synthetic mine water was neutralized in a transparent plastic cylinder,
and sludge settling rate was timed by visual monitoring of sludge-liquid interface
and by determining solids content at various levels of the column. Carbonates
sludges were granular and settled more rapidly. The hydroxides produced sludges
that were more flocculant and voluminous. Choice of neutralizing agent for a par-
ticular mine drainage would depend on availability, cost, sludge handling method to
be used, reaction time that can be accommodated, and disposal of the effluent.
OR 69-98
MD69-69 OXIDATION KINETICS OF PYRITIC MATERIALS IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
Sasmojo, S., Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1969. 182 pp. A critical discussion
of previous studies of oxidation of pyritic materials introduces these studies
which were carried out to clarify the oxidation mechanism in the formation of acid
mine drainage. Most of the work was performed under anaerobic conditions where the
ferric ion was the oxidant. The influence of pH, ferric-to-ferrous concentration
ratio, total iron concentration, and the effect of sulfate ion on the reaction rate
were Investigated. Here the reaction rate can be explained in terms of heterogene-
ous reaction kinetics. Two runs made in the presence of oxygen on pyrite samples
similar to those used in the anaerobic studies show that a direct reaction takes
place between the pyrite surface and oxygen. The bibliography contains 58 refer-
ences. OR 69-39
MD69-70 TREATMENT OF WATER
Selmeczi, J. C. (to Ionics, Incorporated), U.S. Pat. 3,420,773 (Jan. 7, 1969). 3 pp,
Method for removing anions from water by providing a body of weakly basic anion ex-
change resin in substantially its free base form, introducing carbon dioxide into a
stream of water to be purified, passing the water through the resin with removal of
the anions and regulating the carbon dioxide flow into the stream to control the
removal of anions from the water, the anions being removed In order of decreasing
exchange potential. Additionally, ferrous salts will precipitate out as ferrous
carbonate. (Abstract of the Disclosure) OR 69-115
MD69-71 EFFECT OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS ON MINE DRAINAGES. USE OF VIABLE ANTI-
BACTERIAL AGENTS TO REDUCE POLLUTION BY MINE DRAINAGES
Shearer, R. E. and Everson, W. A., MSA Res. Corp., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWI'CA,
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MD69-71 (continued)
111.
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser., 14010EGJ 11/69 (1969). 138 pp. NTIS, PB-191 215.
Some strains of caulobacter and certain Streptomyces species were found to inhibit
the action of iron bacteria in mine drainages. The experimental apparatus simulat-
ing mine drainage conditions is described and detailed results of chemical and bac-
teriological testing are given. OR 69-67
MD69-72 A MODEL FOR PYRITIC SYSTEMS
Shumate, K. S. (1), Smith, E, E. (1), and Brant, R. A. (2) [(1) Ohio State Univ.,
(2) ORSANCO], ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints 13 (2), 50-58 (1969). The authors pre-
sent a means of describing pyritic systems and considering kinetics of oxidation
reactions as a basis for intensive and critical discussion of the mine drainage prob-
lem. In their words, "The model is intended to identify and provide a framework for
integration of the numerous factors which determine the rate of acid release from
any type of pyritic system associated with mining activity." OR 69-7
MD69-73 OXYGENATION OF FERROUS IRON: THE RATE-DETERMINING STEP IN THE FORMATION
OF ACIDIC MINE DRAINAGE
Singer, P. C. and Stumm, W,, Harvard Univ., Final Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser., 14010 06/69 (1969). 216 pp. NTIS, PB-189 233.
This study of the chemistry of aqueous iron considers models describing pyrite oxi-
dation in order to increase the understanding of acid mine drainage. The solubility
of ferrous iron and the effects of sulfate and pH are also discussed. Experimental
data on ferrous iron oxidation lead to the conclusion that oxidation occurs more
rapidly in natural mine water because of microbial catalysis. The feasibility of
various methods of preventing mine drainage formation is examined. OR 69-64
MD69-74 THE RATE-DETERMINING STEP IN THE PRODUCTION OF ACIDIC MINE WASTES
Singer, P, C. and Stumm, W. (Harvard Univ.), ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints ]^3 (2),
80-87 (1969). A model of the oxidation of iron pyrite in natural mine waters is
proposed as the result of this laboratory and field study. The model consists of
release of ferrous iron by simple dissociation or by oxidation of the pyrite by
oxygen and a slow oxygenation of ferrous iron. Then a cycle is established in which
ferric iron rapidly oxidizes pyrite and is slowly regenerated through oxidation of
the resulting ferrous iron. Precipitated ferric hydroxide in the mine is considered
to be a reservoir for soluble ferric iron so that a significant supply is readily
available as an oxidant of pyrite. It is concluded that abatement of acid mine
drainage pollution appears to be dependent on the control of the oxidation of fer-
rous iron. OR 69-10
MD69-75 AEROBIC-ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF PYRITE
Smith, E. E., Svanks, K., and Halko, E. (Ohio State Univ.), ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Pre-
prints 13 (2), 68-78 (1969). This study of kinetics and mechanism of pyrite oxida-
tion compared reaction rates in a chemical system and in a biological system. The
ferric/ferrous ratio and the total iron in solution determine the anaerobic oxida-
tion rate of pyrite, while the oxygen concentration at the reaction site controls
aerobic oxidation rate. The independence of the reactions of the two systems is
shown by results of combined aerobic and anaerobic oxidation runs. OR 69-9
MD69-76 STATES MAKE HEADWAY ON MINE DRAINAGE
Environ. Sci. Technol. 3^ (12), 1237-1239 (1969). The general problem of mine drain-
age is discussed. Pennsylvania's program for dealing with this type of water pol-
lution is emphasized. OR 69-86
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112.
MD69-77 THE OXYGENATION OF IRON(11) SOLUTIONS: RELATIONSHIPS TO COAL MINE
DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Stauffer, T. E. and Lovell, H. L. (Pa. State Univ.). ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints
13 (2), 88-94 (1969). The effects of the variations of pH, temperature, iron con-
centration, and aluminum concentration on the rate of oxidation of ferrous iron are
determined in this laboratory study. Each parameter is found to develop changes in
the reaction rate. Of particular note are the major increase in rate occurring from
the change in pH from 5.1 to 5.35 and the modification of the oxidation rate in the
presence of aluminum ions. OR 69-11
MD69-78 SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL OF MINE WATER
Stefanko, R. (Pa. State Univ.), AIME Preprint No. 69-AIME-10 (1969). 16 pp.+ ACS
Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints (2), 95-102 (1969). The development of a deep well for
disposal of water from No. 58 Mine of Bethlehem Mines Corporation is described in
detail, from the geologic factors determining the location of the well, boring, test-
ing of the cores, and the fresh water injection tests. The work was abandoned be-
fore mine water was introduced since the injection tests showed that much higher
pumping pressures would be required than had been anticipated. OR 69-2
MD69-79 STREAM POLLUTION' BY COAL MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio (1969). 270 pp. This is a revision of the
status report with the same title published In 1967. Information from the completed
watershed studies has been included and discussions of costs have been omitted.
OR 69-38
MD69-80 SULFIDE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWPCA, Water Pollut. Contr. Ser.,
14010DLC 11/69 (1969). 65 pp. NTIS, PB-187 866. This report describes the use of
hydrogen sulfide with pulverized limestone to remove ferrous iron from mine waters.
Careful control of hydrogen sulfide feed is needed to keep it out of the treated
effluent. Ferric iron interferes in the process possibly forming elemental sulfur
which may form polysulfides. This condition requires more reactant to precipitate
the ferrous sulfide. OR 69-54
MD69-81 HYDROGEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR SEALING COAL MINES
Thompson, D. R. and Emrich, G. H., Pa. Dept. of Health, Bur. Sanit. Eng., Publ. No.
23, August 1969. 21 pp. The report illustrates the various factors of geology,
ground water, and mining development that must be considered for effective mine
seals. OR 69-108
MD69-82 STAINLESS STEEL CULVERTS CUT MINE ACID DRAINAGE COST
Thrope, J. S. (Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.), Coal Age ]k_ (5), 104-106, 113 (1969).
Photographs give visual evidence of the durability of stainless steel culverts
which carry acid mine water. Laboratory tests, as well as field service tests,
showing the successful use of stainless steel are described. OR 69-25
MD69-83 MICROBIAL DISSIMILATORY SULFUR CYCLE IN ACID MINE WATER
Tuttle, J. H., Dugan, P. R., MacMillan, C. B., and Randies, C. I. (Ohio State Univ.),
J. Bacteriol, 97^ (2), 594-602 (1969). The microbiological activity in a particular
stream contaminated with acid mine drainage is described. The stream flows through
a wood dust pile situated so that there is a pond on each side of it. Results of
analyses of water from sampling stations both upstream and downstream of the pile
are given. The data Indicate that microbial action on the wood dust provides nutri-
ents for sulfate reducing bacteria. One observation was that mixed cultures con-
taining sulfate reducing bacteria were active at pH 3.0 in the laboratory with
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113.
MD69-83 (continued)
sawdust as the only nutrient while pure cultures of sulfate reducing bacteria iso-
lated from the mixed cultures did not reduce sulfate below pH 5.5. OR 69-18
MD69-84 MICROBIAL SULFATE REDUCTION AND ITS POTENTIAL UTILITY AS AN ACID MINE
WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCEDURE
Tuttle, J. H., Dugan, P. R., and Randies, C. I. (Ohio State Univ.), Appl. Microbiol.
17 (2), 297-302 (1969). Mine water with an added source of carbon can be treated by
anaerobic sulfate reducing bacteria with resulting increase in pH and reduction of
sulfate to sulfide. The action of mixed cultures of bacteria on variously prepared
media at controlled temperatures is compared to see if the process can be acceler-
ated. Wood dust and other organic chemicals are used as a source of carbon. Com-
bining acid mine drainage with sewage, waste paper, or waste vegetable material for
abatement of water pollution is suggested. OR 69-19
MD69-85 U.S. STEEL SOLVES ACID-WATER PROBLEMS
Coal Age 74 (5), 64-68 (1969). Treatment plants at three mines in U.S. Steel's
Prick District are described and diagramed. At the Karen Mine, the effluent was
neutralized with lime and treated with flocculant. The sludge was settled and then
pumped into a mined out area. Operation of the plant ended in January, 1969, since
the coal was depleted. Water at the Maple Creek Mine is alkaline so that aeration
and settling to remove iron are all the treatment needed. Provision has been made
for lime neutralization equipment to be added ahead of the aerator if the drainage
ever becomes acid. The alkaline effluent from newer areas of the Robena Mine will
be us&d to help neutralize acid water from older areas. OR 69-24
MD69-86 AUTOMATIC MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT AT THE HANLEY COMPANY'S SUMMERVILLE
BRICK PLANT
Uhler, K. A. (Yost Assoc., Inc., Du Bois, Pa.), Feb. 1969. 12 pp. Acid drainage
from the mining of a clay seam adjacent to Clarion seam coal carries heavy loads of
suspended clay. Based on results of laboratory studies, a treatment method combin-
ing lime neutralization and use of commercial flocculant aid was developed. The
process treatment system described in detail included lime slurry feeders, aerators,
coagulent aid feeders, and a clarifier. Sludge is pumped to an abandoned section of
the mine. OR 69-110
MD69-87 VENTILATION AND DRAINAGE—PUMPING AND DRAINAGE
Coal Age _74 (10), 148-149 (1969). The lime treatment system for the 700,000 gpd
drainage from Eastern Associated Coal Corporation's mine in Delmont, Pennsylvania,
will be all underground in a large worked out section of the mine. Treated water is
discharged to a settling lagoon from which clear water is pumped 356 feet to a sur-
face discharge weir. It is estimated that the capacity of the settling lagoon will
be enough for the sludge produced during the life of the mine. OR 69-49
MD69-88 ABATEMENT PROCEDURES RELATED TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wayman, C. H, (Colo. School Mines), AIChE, Proc. Ind, Water Design for Water Pollut,
Contr., Vol. 2, pp 38-44 (1969). Presented, AIChE Meet,, Houston, Tex., Apr. 24-25,
1969. 19 pp. The present knowledge about acid mine drainage formation is discussed
and is related to pollution abatement and control methods that are either in use or
under consideration. OR 69-107, OR 69-36
MD69-89 THE MICROBIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Whitesell, L. B., Jr., Huddleston, R. L., and Allred, R. C. (Continental Oil Co.),
ACS Div. Fuel Chem., 157th Natl. Meeting, Minneapolis, Minn., Apr. 13-18, 1969. 19
PP. The treatment of mine drainage with bacteria capable of oxidizing ferrous to
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MD69-89 (continued)
114.
ferric iron at very low pH is investigated. The studies include a comparison of
cultures of bacteria from mine outfalls with cultures from laboratories in regard
to nitrogen and phosphorus requirement, the effect of varying the concentration of
ferrous ion, as well as the effects of temperature, pH, aeration, and C02 enrich-
ment. OR 69-20
MD69-90 SAW MILL RUN, ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, REPORT ON SOURCES OF
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Whitfield, E. J. and Zabban, W., Chester Engineers, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines
Miner. Ind. (1969). 33 pp. Four sources of acid mine drainage on Saw Mill Run
watershed are identified. Values for pH, acidity, alkalinity, solids, calcium, mag-
nesium, aluminum, iron, and sulfate are reported. The proposed treatment plant is
designed to handle the major pollutants, sewage and trash, as well as to neutralize
the acid drainage with caustic soda. OR 69-33
MD69-91 THE IMPACT OF MINE-DRAINAGE POLLUTION ON INDUSTRIAL WATER USERS IN
APPALACHIA: APPENDIX A TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN APPALACHIA
Whitman, I. L. Nehman, G. I., and Qasim, S. R., Battelle Memorial Inst., Final Rept.
to Appalachian Regional Comm. (1969). 253 pp. NTIS, PB-243 097/3WN. Surveys of
water use and water quality requirements of a number of Industries and of 22 Appa-
lachian power plants, focused on the cost of water used compared to an estimate of
savings from abatement of mine drainage pollution. General conclusions are that the
greatest savings are from pollution reduction at the source rather than from lime
treatment of acid water and that savings accrue most to those industries using the
largest amounts of water and obtaining it directly from rivers. However, since the
cost of adjusting to acid water supplies is an extremely low percentage of indus-
trial costs, it is also concluded that mine drainage abatement would have little
effect on the economy of the region. OR 69-78
MD69-92 EFFECT OF AN ACID-WATER ENVIRONMENT UPON THE SYNTHESIS OF GROWTH FACTORS
(VITAMINS) BY BACTERIA
Wilson, H. A. and Richardson, K. L., Jr., W. Va. Univ., Water Res. Inst., Inform.
Rept. 1 (1969). 6 pp. Three bacterial isolates from Monongahela River water and
two from untreated domestic sewage are used to find whether the acid environment
interferes with synthesis of growth factors, vitaminB, or other substances. The
particular isolates were all self-sufficient and showed growth below pH A. At 0.2
pH below the previously determined minimum pH for growth, various additions of vita-
mins, fatty acids, soil extract, sterilized domestic sewage, and several sources of
organic nitrogen were made to cultures of each organism. The only additive that
encouraged growth of all organisms was a vitamin enriched casein hydrolysate.
OR 69-84
MD69-93 WYOMING VALLEY MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Pa. Dept. Health, Bur. Sanit. Eng., Div. Mine Drainage, Publ. No. 25 (undated). 27
pp. Since discharge from the underground water pools in the Wyoming Valley do not
meet water quality standards, the Department of Mines and Mineral Industries has
proposed three alternate plans to treat the discharge before it enters the Lacka-
wanna and North Branch of the Susquehanna Rivera. The recommended plan provides
two treatment plants, one for the Delaware discharge and one for the combined South
Wilkes-Barre and Buttonwood discharges. Cost estimates are included. Also recom-
mended is possible surface reclamation which could help reduce drainage volume and
thereby lower treatment costs. OR 69-89
MD69-94 DESIGN OF LIMESTONE BARRIERS IN ACID MINE WATER STREAMS
Yen, A. F.-I,, M.S. Thesis, Pa. State Univ., Sept. 1969. 49 pp. The conclusion of
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115.
MD69-94 (continued)
this laboratory study is that the six significant parameters in design of a lime-
stone barrier for reduction of stream acidity are: stone size, flow rate, barrier
length, superficial velocity, retention time, and the initial acidity. OR 69-111
1970
MD70-1 ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM ABANDONED MINES IN PENNSYLVANIA: A
PROGRESS REPORT
Pa. Dept. Health, Sanit. Water Bd., Publ. No. 26 (Mar. 1, 1970). 33 pp. Pollution
abatement projects being carried out on Pennsylvania waters are listed by water-
sheds. Maps show representative streams affected. Abatement programs consist of
Phase I "Pollution source inventory," Phase II "Engineering studies," Phase III
"Construction," Phase IV "Operation and maintenance." The status of projects is
given by bar graphs showing phase completion. Cost estimates are also reported.
Publications resulting from abatement projects are listed. OR 70-41
MD70-2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE SURVEY - EAST BRANCH CLARION RIVER WATERSHED ELK
AND MCKEAN COUNTIES
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind,, Proj. No. SL-108
(1970). 379 pp. The survey of the East Branch Clarion River Watershed was carried
out to determine the water quality of the main stem and its tributaries and to iden-
tify the sources and loadings of mine drainage pollution. Information on the main
stem, the sub-basins of polluted tributaries, and unpolluted streams includes a
general description of the area, Identification of sources of pollution, summaries
of water quality data, comparison with previous water quality, and recommendations
for pollution abatement. Water samples were analyzed for pH, total acidity, free
acidity, total alkalinity, total iron, and sulfate. Selected samples were analyzed
for ferrous iron, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, calcium, and magnesium. Cost esti-
mates of recommended abatement methods are also presented. OR 70-113
MD70-3 A HYDROLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL ACID MINE POLLUTION FOR LAKE HOPE
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Ground Water 8^ (6), 19-24 (1970). The geology of the
Todd and McDaniel mining areas near Lake Hope, Ohio, shows that there are three
aquifers separated by impervious layers. The proposal Is made to decrease acid
drainage to the Lake Hope watershed by constructing weeping wells to convey water
from the mines to aquifers below them. OR 70-78
MD70-4 STRIP MINING - PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Proc. Conf. New Approaches to Strip Mining - The Planning
Concept, Lexington, Ky., by SCOPE and Environ. Awareness Soc,, 1970. pp 80-86. The
author describes the chemical cause of acid mine drainage and discusses the problem
of silt from surface mining. Work in progress to map acid producing areas by means
of thermal differences is also reported. OR 70-107
MD70-5 ALDER RUN WATERSHED MINE DRAINAGE STUDY
Skelly & Loy, Engineers, Consultants, Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., Proj.
No, SL-143 (1970). 108 pp. The survey of this tributary of the West Branch of the
Susquehanna River identified as pollution sources deep nines, unrestored surface
mine areas, and mining spoils. Effluent from deep mines in many cases had been in-
creased by water diverted by surface mining. Water quality taken at 56 sampling
sites is reported for July 1969 through May 1970. Information was compiled monthly
on weather, flow, pH, acidity, alkalinity, total iron, sulfate, and, for May 1970,
aluminum. Descriptions of each pollution source, abatement measures recommended
for it, and the cost of carrying out the recommendations are tabulated. Results of
a test boring program carried out to determine feasibility of mine sealing are pre-
sented. OR 70-72
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MD70-6
116.
EVALUATION OF CAULOBACTER AS AN INHIBITOR OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION
Baker, R. A. and Wilshire, A. G. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.), Rept. to U.S. Dept. Inte-
rior, FWQA, Res. Grant 14010 DKN (July 1970). 13 pp. A pilot plant study, and a
critique of a previous investigation, showed that the caulobacter had no effect on
the rates of acid mine drainage production. OR 70-54
MD70-7 EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Baker, R, A. and Wilshire, A. G. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.), Water Sewage Works 117
(6), IW/10-16 (1970). Four vertical packed-bed pilot plant reactors were operated
to show how core samples could be tested to find the acid forming potential of a
proposed mining site. Feed water of known composition flowed through the reactors
under controlled conditions. Two reactors were aerated and two, non-aerated. One
of each pair was seeded with equal amounts of Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. Ferro-
baclllus sulfooxidans, and Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Monitoring during 114 days of
operation showed that the overburden released enough alkalinity to water seeping
through it to limit pyritic oxidation. There were indications that native ferrous-
utilizing bacteria may have been present in the wild coal stratum. The experimental
apparatus and the specific results from each reactor are described in detail.
OR 70-56
MD70-8 MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION: A PILOT
PLANT STUDY
Baker, R. A. and Wilshire, A. G. (Carnegie-Mellon Univ.), Environ. Sci. Technol. 4^
(5), 401-407 (1970). This article gives the experimental procedure and the results
obtained with flooded, horizontal, packed-bed reactors used to simulate dynamic con-
ditions of actual formation of acid mine drainage by bacterial activity. It is a
part of the study completed by the authors for the Appalachian Regional Commission,
OR 70-44
MD70-9 MICROBIAL FACTOR IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION: II FURTHER OBSERVA-
TIONS FROM A PILOT PLANT STUDY
Baker, R. A. and Wilshire, A. G., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int.,
FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DKN 11/70 (1970). 68 pp. NTIS, PB-196
113. The effects of chemoautotrophic organisms on the production of acid mine drain-
age has been studied in horizontal pyritic packed-bed pilot plant reactors under
aerobic and monaeroblc conditions. Seeding of reactors was both by a mixture of
Thiobacillus thiooxidans, Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans, and Ferrobacillus sulfooxidans
and by each of the organisms separately. Feedwater of known composition was passed
through the system at predetermined rates, and effluents were analyzed for pH, acid-
ity, total iron, ferrous ion, and sulfate as function of flow rates. Aerobic sys-
tems were found to release greater amounts of Fe(II) and Sj.H ions and their oxi-
dation products than nonaerobic systems. The organisms accelerated Fe(II) oxidation
with no significant difference in effect on the production of acid mine drainage
among the three organisms used. In supplementary studies, acid mine drainage com-
ponents were increased with recycle, with forced aeration, with addition of carbon
dioxide gas, and directly related to available pyritic surface. There was no evi-
dence that mycelial growth which developed under aerobic conditions affected the
production of acid drainage. The experimental methods and equipment are described
in detail. Previous studies by the authors and by others on the role of bacteria
in formation of acid mine drainage are discussed. OR 70-76
MD70-10 PROCESS OF TREATING ACID MINE WATER
Birch, J. J. (to Barnes & Tucker Co.), U.S. Pat. 3,516,931 (June 23, 1970). 8 pp.
Water treatment for acid mine water which comprises first adding alkaline reactant
such as lime in powdered form, carrying the mixture of water and powdered reactant
through a rotating bed of limestone in the presence of air, thus adding calcium car-
bonate particles to the water, combining the water thus treated with raw acid mine
-------
MD70-10 (continued)
117.
water, aerating the mixture and allowing a flocculant precipitate or floe of ferric
hydroxide and alumina to separate out. {Abstract of the Disclosure) OR 70-135
MD70-11 THE EFFECT OF ACID MINE WATER ON FLOODPLAIN SOILS IN THE WESTERN
KENTUCKY COALFIELDS
Blevins, R, L,, Bailey, H. H., and Ballard, G. E. (Univ. Ky.)> Soil Sci. 110 (3),
191-196 (1970). Laboratory and greenhouse tests were carried out to assess the ex-
tent of contamination by acid drainage from surface mines in the Clear Creek flood-
plain, Hopkins County, Kentucky. Analysis of water samples from a stream channel,
groundwater, and ponding shows a low pH which tended to increase with distance from
the source of acid drainage. A comparison of the chemical properties of samples
from two series of soils taken from acid wash and non-acid wash areas shows definite
contamination from the acid drainage. The soils had not only a low pH, but also a
concentration of exchangeable aluminum well above the amount known to restrict plant
growth. In greenhouse tests, liming and fertilizer additions overcame the toxic
effects of acid soils. OR 70-90
MD70-12 COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F., Jr. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 42^ 1179-
1185 (1970). The third annual review of the literature is based on material includ-
ed in the 1969 Supplement to "Mine Drainage Abstract — A Bibliography." Topics
included are documentation of source of mine drainage; causes and effects of mine
drainage; the relation of bacteria to mine drainage; and mine drainage treatment
and abatement methods. There are 49 references. OR 70-63
MD70-13 EFFECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON WATER QUALITY OF A RESERVOIR
Brezina, E. R. (1), Campbell, R. S. (2), and Whitley, J. R. (3) [(1) Pa. Dept.
Health, (2) Univ. Mo., and (3) Mo. Dept. Cpnaerv.], J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 4£
(8, Pt. 1), 1429-1436 (1970). Sampling data are given to support the authors' find-
ings that Deepwater Creek carried acid mine drainage which altered the water quality
of the Montrose Reservoir, Missouri. Effect of acid drainage discharged into Deep-
water Creek was measured by hourly sampling at three stations during two heavy rain-
falls. Increase in acid drainage appeared to be countered by increased volume of
flow. OR 70-50
MD70-14 FRESHENING ACID MINE-WATERS
Browning, J, E., Chem, Eng. _77 (1), 40-42 (1970). Described in this article are
current mine drainage abatement activities of several companies', the limestone
treatment system of Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company; lime-limestone neutraliza-
tion of Peabody Coal Company; Mine Safety Appliance Research Corporation program to
inhibit bacterial activity; adaptation of flash-distillation by Westinghouse Elec-
tric Corporation; ozone oxidation by Brookhaven National Laboratory; ion exchange
treatment using Rohm and Haas Company Desal process; Tyco Laboratories, Inc. elec-
tro-chemical process and sodium silicate coating process; and the use of latex as a
soil sealant by Uniroyal. Costs are given for several of the processes. OR 70-34
MD70-15 THE QUANTIFICATION OF REACTIVE PYRITE BY GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Caruccio, F. T. (State Univ. Coll., New Paltz, N. Y.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drain-
age Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 123-131. A fine grained framboidal
form of pyrite is shown to be highly reactive and the cause of acid drainage. A
stable pyrite, identified and illustrated, remained stable even when pulverized to
2-5 micron particles. The proportion of reactive pyrite in a total sample is esti-
mated using various methods of microscopic analysis. The exact nature of the chemi-
cal difference between reactive and inert pyrite is currently being studied.
OR 70-11
-------
MD70-16
118.
CHARTIERS CREEK MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Ackenheil & Assoc., lac,, SL-102 Phase III Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner, Ind.
(1970). 272 pp. The 43 major sources of pollution of Chartiers Creek evaluated
here are the most Important of the 233 sources of pollution measured and catalogued
In Phase I of this 18 month study. Data obtained for the major sources during the
three month period of Phase II are included with the data obtained subsequently dur-
ing the ten. months of Phase III. Each source is described and also is located on a
detailed map. Minimum, maximum, and weighted average values of pH, flow, acidity,
iron, manganese, sulfate, hardness, acid load, and temperature are reported for each
source. The value of surface mine reclamation is indicated by the fact that many
more major sources of pollution are found in areas where surface mines are unre-
claimed than in areas where reclamation projects have been carried out. A recom-
mended priority of abatement based on percentage of acid contributed to Chartiers
Creek has been made for the major pollution sources. Cost analyses are given for
reclamation and for treatment, OR 70-29
MD70-17 INFLUENCES OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF PARTS OF
BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY, 1955-66
Collier, C. R, , Pickering, R. J., and Musser, J. J. (Editors), U.S. Geol. Surv.
Prof, Paper 427-C (1970). 80 pp. In this third report in a series on the environ-
mental affects of surface mining in McCreary County, Kentucky, Cane Branch, a stream
acid frota mining, is compared to Helton Branch which drains an unmined area. The
paper includes separate studies on precipitation and runoff, ground water, water
geochemistry, erosion and sedimentation, stream bottom fauna, fiah population, micro-
biology of streams, and tree growth. The most obvious effectB of surface mining
were on the chemical composition of the water, sediment characteristics of the
stream, aquatic biology, and on vegetation. The detailed data collected in the var-
ious studies are tabulated. OR 70-94
MD70-18 STRIP-MINING, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
Curtis, W, R. (Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr., Berea, Ky.), Ann.
Meet. Am. Soc. Agr, Engr., Minneapolis, Minn., 1970. 9 pp. Suspended sediment in
streams produced by surface-mining in watersheds is shown to depend more on the ex-
tent of area disturbed and whether mining operations axe active than on rainfall.
OR 70-91
MD70-19 DISPOSAL OF CHEMICAL SLUDGES AND BRINES
Dean, R. B. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Cincinnati, Ohio), Third Syrap, Coal Mine Drain-
age Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 367-375. Methods of dewatering and
disposal of treatment wastes are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages pre-
sented show that the problems are both technical and economic. Among dewatering
methods considered are lagooniag, freezing, vacuum filtration, and use of centri-
fuges. Underground storage, deep well injection, wet application of sludge on for-
est and agricultural land, and dumping brines into the ocean are disposal methods
discussed. OR 70-27
MD70-20 "OPERATION SCARLIFT" PROJECT SL-108 AMD POLLUTION OF THE EAST BRANCH
OF THE CLARION RIVER
Doyle, K. J. (Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.), Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Pa. Mag. (1),
12-14 (1970). The watershed survey showed that the total quantity of pollution
measured as sulfuric acid loading 1b about four tons per day, a relatively small
amount. However, much of the discharge goes directly into the East Branch Da® Res-
ervoir. The article describes the area, its mining history, past corrective meas-
ures used, the water quality, uater flow testing programs carried on under this
project, and problems encountered because of lack of records of early mining activ-
ity. OR 70-48
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119,
MD70-21 TREATMENT PLANT SECOND STAGE IN CLEAN STREAMS "OPERATION SCARLIFT"
ON CLARION RIVER BRANCH
Doyle, F. J. (Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.), The Baker Engr. 18 (1), 11-14 (1970). The
lime neutralization plant to be built above an inlet to the reservoir on the East
branch is described. OR 70-49
MD70-22 DRAINAGE
Coal Age ^75 (10), 134-136 (1970). Water handling methods and treatment facilities
at several mines in southwestern Pennsylvania are discussed in this issue on pro-
duction of coal for power plants in Chestnut Ridge. Water contact with acid-forming
materials is kept to a minimum. Details of the lime treatment at Barnes and Tucker
Lancashire No. 20 mine are given. OR 70-64
MD70-23 PANEL ON SLUDGE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
Draper, J. C. (1), Godard, R. R. (2), Olsen, D. (3), Rinne, W. W. (4), and Steinman,
H. E, (5) [(1) Duquesne Light Co., (2) U.S. Steel Corp., (3) Pittsburgh Coal Co.,
(4) U.S. Office Saline Water, and (5) Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.], Third Symp.
Coal Mine Drainage Res., Pittsburgh, Pa., May 19-20, 1970. Draper, Godard, and
Steinman discuss disposal of sludge in abandoned areas of mines. Steinman also dis-
cusses experience in permanent lagoon storage. Olsen emphasizes problems of sludge
draw-off from settling ponds and describes the "hydraulic rake" developed at Con-
solidation Coal to overcome rat-holing. Rinne's remarks- referred generally to
brines from all desalting processes and included discussion of sub-surface injection,
evaporation, and transport to the ocean as methods of disposal. OR 70-31
WD70-24 REMOVAL OF MINE WATER IONS BY MICROBIAL POLYERS
Dugan, P. R. (The Ohio State Univ.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 279-283. ZooRloea ramigera isolate 115, produced a
polysaccharide that had a strong affinity for metal ions. Both anions and cations,
particularly iron and sulfate, were adsorbed to a degree to warrant further investi-
gation. OR 70-23
MD70-25 AEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC BACTERIA INDIGENOUS TO pH 2.8 ACID MINE WATER:
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF ACID STREAMERS
Dugan, P. R., MacMillan, C. B., and Pfister, R. M. (The Ohio State Univ.), J. Bac-
terid. 101 (3), 973-981 (1970). The study of acid streamers from an identified
mine discharge suggests that they consist of microcoloniea of different types of
bacteria and precipitated inorganic compounds trapped in an extra-cellular fibrillar
polymer network. OR 69-91
MD70-26 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL - A PROGRESS REPORT
Escher, E. D. (Cyrus Wm. Rice Div., NUS Corp.), 31st Ann. Meet., Intern. Water Conf.,
Engr. Soc. West. Pa., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1970. 16 pp. Methods in use or under study
for controlling acid mine drainage are reviewed. Included are reclamation and re-
vegetation of surface-mined lands and neutralization and iron removal processes.
The bibliography gives sources of information for each abatement or treatment method
discussed. OR 70-81
MD70-27 EXPERIMENTAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT FACILITY HOLLYWOOD, PENNSYLVANIA
The Pa. State Univ., University Park, Pa. (undated). 2 pp. This small brochure
gives the flowsheet of the treatment plant. The operation of the plant and the six
types of mine drainage treatment systems which are available in this research facil-
ity are discussed. OR 70-100
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120.
MD70-28 EXTENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION: McMAHON CREEK WATERSHED, OHIO
U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Upper Ohio Basin Office, Work Document No. 34 (1970). 38 pp.
The area investigated in the field study is described in detail and the sources of
acid drainage from mining activity are identified. Results of stream water quality
studies are tabulated. Data are reported for flow, specific conductance, total net
acidity, hardness, sulfate, total iron, manganese, and aluminum. The report in-
cludes recommendations for further study and for a program of abatement of the pol-
lution of McMahon Creek. OR 70-39
MD70-29 FEASIBILITY STUDY MANUAL - MINE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATIONS
Rept. by U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 1A010 FLW 07/70
(1970). 65 pp. NT1S, PB-197 594. The procedures to be followed and the informa-
tion required in submitting an application for a grant under Section 14 of the Fed-
eral Water Pollution Control Act as amended are described. Appendix C gives a cur-
sory review of the present status of mine drainage abatement technology. Appendix
D "Typical data sources" lists, with their addresses, the governmental agencies and
River Basin Commissions which are sources of information on water resources, stream
quality, hydrology, geology, topography, and meterology. OR 70-74
MD70-30 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MINING COAL IN AN OXYGEN FREE ATMOSPHERE - A
DEMONSTRATION OF A NEW MINING TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF
MINE ACID IN AN ACTIVE DEEP MINE - PHASE I
Island Creek Coal Co. and Cyrus Wm. Rice Div., NUS Corp., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int.,
FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DZM 08/70 (1970). 163 pp. NTIS, PB-197
446. This is the first part of a four phase program to demonstrate that an oxygen-
free atmosphere in an active mine will prevent the formation of acid mine drainage.
The development of the life support system for the mines, the special equipment for
controlling the mine atmosphere, special personnel training programs, and methods
of collecting and recording data from the project are all described. Three mining
areas in the Kanawha and Big Sandy River Basins are evaluated for their suitability
as demonstration sites. Published Information on acid drainage In these areas is
compiled. Also, analyses of drainages for this study give values for alkalinity,
acidity, chloride, specific conductance, pH, calcium, magnesium, hardness, sulfate,
iron, aluminum, and manganese. pH ranges between 6.2 and 7.7. Cost of suits and
life support systems and additional capital and operating costs of mining in an
oxygen-free atmosphere are estimated. OR 70-87
MD70-31 SELECTION OF LIMESTONES AS NEUTRALIZING AGENTS FOR COAL MINE WATER
Ford, C. T. (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 27-51. From the study of the chemical and phys-
ical properties of 14 selected limestones, guidelines for the choice of limestones
for neutralizing mine water are given. The particle size should be at least as small
as 74 microns and preferably smaller. The most effective limestones are most nearly
pure calcium carbonate. The stones which have a relatively low calcium content but
which contain calcite and have a large surface area are also effective neutralizers.
Magnesite and dolomitic limestones are much less reactive. OR 70-6
MD70-32 EVALUATION OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCEDURES IN MORAINE STATE PARK
Foreman, J. W. (Gwin Engineers, Inc.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 304-333. Surface mine reclamation, deep mine wet seals,
grouting, surface sealing, refuse pile removal, and oil well plugging are remedial
methods being evaluated in a 25 square mile area in Butler County, Pennsylvania,
Samplings and flow measurements, at known mine drainage points have been made at
least once a month since May 1967. Information on flow in gallons per minute and
on pH, alkalinity, acidity, iron, and manganese has been tabulated. Discharges
both from deep mines that have been wet sealed and from reclaimed surface mine areas
have shown a reduction in acidity. The lake being made in the park has been sampled
-------
MD70-32 (continued)
121.
at intervals while it has been filling and has not been found acid. OR 70-25
MD70-33 FORESTRY RESEARCH: FREEING STREAMS FROM MUD & FLOOD
U.S. Dept. Agr., Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta., Forestry Sci. Photo Story No. 13
(undated). 4 pp. Methods of surface-mine reclamation designed to prevent erosion
and to control silt are illustrated. OR 70-106
*©70-34 FORESTRY RESEARCH: TOWARD A QUALITY WATER SUPPLY
U.S. Dept. Agr., Northeastern Forest F.xp. Sta., Forestry Scl. Photo Story No. 10
(undated). 4 pp. Tests carried out on three tributaries of Leathetwood Creek in
eastern Kentucky coal fields are described. Mining practices which minimize water
Pollution are briefly reviewed. OR 70-105
*©70-35 MINE WATER TREATMENT - FRICK DISTRICT
Godard, R. R. (U.S. Steel Corp.), Mining Congr. J. 56 (3), 36-40 (1970). The H. C.
Frick Coke Company used limestone neutralization of acid water from 1913 to 1926
and also investigated commercial uses of the sludge. OR 70-33
*®70-36 THE RELATION OF REFUSE PILE HYDROLOGY TO ACID PRODUCTION
Good, D. M., Rlcca, V. T. , and Shumate, K. S. (Ohio State Univ.), Third Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 145-151. The refuse pile
and its hydrologic characteristics are shown in a map. Data on precipitation, run-
off, and changes in ground-water storage are gathered from small watersheds instru-
mented with raingages, flumes, and observation wells. The results indicate that
the pyrite oxidation takes place only in the top several inches of the pile at a
uniform rate between rains and is flushed out during storms. OR 70-14
MD70-37 FERRIC ION OXIDATION OF PYRITE
Grove, D. R,, M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State Univ., 1970. 56 pp. The primary objec-
tive of the program was to test the assumption that free ferric ion is the active
oxidizing species of pyrite in the formation of acid mine drainage. The laboratory
method and the apparatus devised to carry it out are described. Also, the theoret-
ical basis of the work is discussed. A conclusion of the study is that the rate of
Pyrite oxidation by ferric ion is a function of the free ferric-ferrous ratio.
Some attention was given to effects of pH and of iron concentration, but further
study of these factors is recommended. OR 70-68
MD70-38 HIGH DENSITY SLUDGE PROCESS FOR TREATING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Haines, G. F., Jr. and Kostenbader, P. D. (Homer Res. Lab., Bethlehem Steel Corp.),
Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 12-26.
A controlled volume of sludge is recycled and mixed with lime slurry before being
added to mine water. The process is based on laboratory tests showing that sludge
recycling could increase the solid content of the sludge from treating high ferrous
iron water. Further work showed that ferrous to ferric iron ratio controlled the
character of the sludge. Laboratory and pilot plant studies to define the variables
affecting the process and to develop operating guidelines and engineering data are
given in detail. Operation of a demonstration plant at Bethlehem's Mines in Cam-
bria County, Pennsylvania, where resulting sludge web disposed of in an abandoned
area of the mine is described. OR 70-5
*©70-39 RECENT LEGISLATION AFFECTING MINE DRAINAGE RESEARCH
Hall, E. P, (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Washington, D.C.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drain-
age Res., Pittsburgh, Pa., by Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to 0RSANC0, 1970. 6 pp.
-------
MD70-39 (continued)
122.
The provisions of Section 14 of the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 are dis-
cussed. Programs funded under this section are to demonstrate feasibility of mine
drainage abatement techniques, OR 70-77
MD70-40 CONTROL OF ACIDIC MINE DRAINAGE
Hartford, W. H., Science 169, 504 (1970). This communication proposes the preven-
tion of pyrite oxidation by use of slightly soluble chromate dispersed in an adher-
ent hydrophilic coating applied to the mine face. OR 70-59
MD70-41 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION - STILL A STEPCHILD
Heine, W. N. (Skelly and Loy, Consulting Engrs.), Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc. Pa.
Mag. 3i (6), 4-7 (1970). The extent of the mine drainage problem, particularly from
abandoned mines, is reviewed. Legislative action to control pollution from active
mines and to provide funds to abate pollution from abandoned mines is discussed.
OR 70-101
MD70-42 TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE BY INDUSTRY IN PENNSYLVANIA
Heine, W. N. and Giovannitti, E. F. (Bur. Sanit, Eng., Pa. Dept. Health), J. Sanit.
Eng. Div., Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Engr. 9ti (SA 3), 743-755 (1970). The status of
mine drainage treatment technology as exemplified by five treatment plants in Penn-
sylvania is evaluated. Drainages are from the mining of Lower Kittanning, Clarion,
Upper Freeport, and Pittsburgh seams. One of the two drainages from the Pittsburgh
seam is highly alkaline. Treatment at each plant includes some combination of neu-
tralization, aeration, and settling. Values for plant and aeration influent and
effluent are tabulated for field and laboratory pH, field temperature, dissolved
oxygen, alkalinity, sulfate, turbidity, solids, magnesium, zinc, aluminum, manga-
nese, nickel, lead, iron, copper, chromium, calcium, and arsenic. Manganese removal,
lime feeding, sludge disposal, and aeration are also discussed. OR 70-84
MD70-43 ELKINS MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Hill, R. D. (U.S. Dept. Interior, FWQA, Cincinnati, Ohio), Third Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 284-303. The demonstration
project was begun in 1964 on an area containing a 3000 acre drift mine and a number
of smaller underground mines as well as over 1000 acres that had been disturbed by
surface mining. The effectiveness of mine sealing and land reclamation measures
for the first two years following their construction are evaluated in this report.
The tabulated data of pollution load of the main streams and subwatershed in the
area show that although the runoff from reclaimed and revegetated areas showed some
improvement, air sealing of underground mines was not successful. OR 70-24
MD70-44 LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, R. D. (1) and Wilmoth, R. C. (2) [(1) U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Cincinnati, Ohio
and (2) U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Norton, W. Va.], SME Fall Meet., St. Louis, Mo.,
1970. 24 pp. The state-of-the-art of limestone treatment of acid mine waters is
presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the method and its general applica-
bility are discussed. Low iron-low acid drainage is identified as easiest to treat
while high ferrous iron drainage is considered most difficult, OR 70-60
MD70-45 LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF A SECTION OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER (II)
Hiraes, C. L. and Rimple, R. (Bloomsburg State College), Pa. Acad. Sci. 44, 112-115
(1970). Daily and diurnal samples for dissolved oxygen (ppm and % saturation),
water temperature and pH, free carbon dioxide (mg/1), and total alkalinity (mg/1)
were taken at three stations on a section of the Susquehanna River, North Branch,
near Bloomsburg, Pa. in the summer of 1968. Data were compared to similar sampling
-------
MD70-45 (continued)
123.
in 1966 and 1963. Mine acid water treatment and more-normal rainfall seem to have
brought about an improvement in the quality of the river water. (Authors' abstract)
OR 70-133
MD70-46 AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER CON-
TAINING HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF FERROUS IRON WITH LIMESTONE
Holland, C. T. (W. Va. Univ.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burg, pa. (1970). pp 52-65. Results of the 12 tests reported from this ongoing
Program were obtained from November 1, 1968 through May 30, 1969. Acid mine water
was effectively treated with a combination of limestone and lime introduced in that
°rder at separate points. Aeration of untreated water, either in shallow holding
Ponds or through forced aeration, aids in the treatment since oxidation of ferrous
to ferric iron is enhanced. Ferric iron can then be readily precipitated by lime-
stone. in the brief discussion on sludge the difference between that formed from
lime treatment and that formed from limestone treatment is questioned. OR 70-7
MD70-47 SULFATE REDUCTION BY SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA
Hsu, C., M.S. Thesis, Syracuse Univ., 1970. 65 pp. Experiments have been carried
out to evaluate a treatment of acid mine water in which bacteria in the presence ol
a carbon source would reduce sulfate to sulfide. Sulfides would then combine with
ferrous iron to precipitate ferrous sulfide and also would form hydrogen sulfide
gas removing both sulfur and iron and raising the pH of mine water. Laboratory
studies indicate that the bacterial sulfate reduction treatment can be adapted to
raw mine water. OR 70-88
MD70-48 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER
Hsu, C. and Rice, P. A. (Syracuse Univ.), Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 137, Purdue Univ.,
proc. 25th Ind. Waste Conf., 1970. pp 662-672. The work carried out to evalu-
ate a proposed treatment of acid mine drainage by sulfate reducing bacteria is re-
Ported. OR 70-89
MD70-49 ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN CANE CREEK BASIN, NEAR 0AKMAN, WALKER COUNTY,
ALABAMA
Hyde, L. w., Geol. Surv. of Ala., Circular 64 (1970). 19 pp. This study, carried
out cooperatively with the Alabama Highway Dept., reports the effects of acid water
on materials used for road culverts. Test sections of pipes made from concrete,
galvanized steel, bituminous-coated galvanized steel, cladded aluminum, and bitum-
incus-coated cladded aluminum were installed in a stream site that had a pH of about
After one year in place, the concrete and uncoated metal pipes showed definite
deterioration. The coated pipes were corroded only where the bituminous coating
had been damaged, leaving unprotected areas. OR 70-124
MD70-50 INERT ATMOSPHERE IN MINES COULD ABATE ACID DRAINAGE
Chem. Eng. News 48 (21), 33-35 (1970). Cyrus Wm. Rice Division, NUS Corporation,
has proposed pressurizing deep mines with an inert gas to keep oxygen from pyrites
and reduce acid mine drainage. A life support system, described her®» allow
the principle to be applied to working as well as abandoned mines. OR 70-55
*¦©70-51 INVESTIGATIVE MINE SURVEY OF A SMALL WATERSHED
Halliburton Co., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser.
14010 DMO 03/70-A (1970). 89 pp. NTIS, PB-196 110. The project In the area of
Browns Creek, a tributary of the West Fork River in the Monongahela River watershed
includes a survey to locate sources of mine drainage and an evaluation of water
quality of the creek. Thirty openings in addition to 51 openings previously located
-------
MD70-51 (continued)
124.
were found, A conclusion is that there was such a variety of conditions in the mine
openings that no one abatement method would apply to all. Water quality data re-
ported for stream locations, mine openings, and wells include well fluid level,
stream flow, conductance, pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, iron, sulfate, and alu-
minum. A comparison of water quality data from mined and unmined areas shows that
while mining operations affect water table levels, they affect the quality of water
mainly in the streams. OR 70-75
MD70-52 GETTING THE FACTS AT HOLLYWOOD (PA.)
Jones, D. 0., Coal Mining Process. _7 (8), 28-33 (1970). The Hollywood Experimental
Mine Drainage Treatment Facility of The Pennsylvania State University is a pilot
plant designed to give information needed to control pollution from acid mine drain-
age. The three drainages available to the plant differ in acidity, volume, and in
content of total iron, ferrous iron, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and sulfate.
The treatment plant consists of a pumping station for each of the three sources,
a holding lagoon, feed units for lime, sodium hydroxide, and sodium carbonate, flash
mixer, oxidation unit, rock filter, Densator Unit, limestone neutralization unit,
polyelectrolyte feed unit, settling lagoon, drum sludge vacuum filter, sludge drying
lagoon, control building, and a garage-storage unit. The processes are monitored
either by probes measuring pH, oxidation-reduction potential, and dissolved oxygen
or by provisions for taking samples for laboratory analysis. Treatment plans being
evaluated are combinations of oxidation, neutralization, and sludge handling methods,
and include iron oxidation promoted by bacteria. OR 70-46
MD70-53 MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL—DESIGN FOR RECLAMATION AND NEUTRALIZATION
Koehrsen, L. G. (1) and Grandt, A. F. (2) [(1) Stanley Consultants (2) Peabody Coal
Co.], Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 137, Purdue Univ., Proc. 25th Ind. Waste Conf., 1970. pp
465-471. This paper describes neutralization work done by Peabody Coal Company at
their Will Scarlet Mine in southern Illinois. Peabody plans to reclaim the surface
mined area and to channel all the drainage acid water to a central location. Sev-
eral neutralization processes are being investigated. OR 70-129
MD70-54 THE RECLAMATION OF ACID MINE WATER BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Kremen, S, S., Nusbaum, I., and Riedinger, A. B. (Gulf Gen. Atomic, Inc.), Third
Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 241-266. Re-
verse osmosis in general and its early application to acid mine drainage improvement
is reviewed. Recent work, results of two 13 week field tests and a follow-up test
at Norton, West Virginia field site is reported in detail. Cost figures presented
are considered to be similar for projections for reverse osmosis treatment of any
brackish stream. OR 70-21
MD70-55 REVERSE OSMOSIS FIELD TESTING ON ACID MINE WATERS AT NORTON, WEST
VIRGINIA
Kremen, S. S., Riedinger, A. B., Sleigh, J. H., and Truby, R. L. (Gulf Gen. At.,
Inc.), U.S. Office Saline Water, Res. Develop, Prog. Rept. No. 586 (1970). 44 pp.
These studies of the demineralization of acid mine drainage by reverse osmosis were
conducted on various types of units. Feed water recovery up to 92 percent was
achieved without great difficulty. OR 70-114
MD70-56 BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE UPPER POTOMAC RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES
1966-1968
Labuy, J. L., U.S. Dept. Interior, FWQA, Charlottesville, Va., Data Rept. No. 4
(undated). 59 pp. Bottom macroorganisms were selected as indicative of the bio-
logical conditions in the stream. Samples collected at 92 stations indentified in
the report are recorded in two tables. One table gives the dominant forms of bottom
-------
MD70-56 (continued)
125.
organisms and the indicated water quality and the other lists the organisms found
and, when possible, gives quantitative results. The effects of mine drainage are
indicated either by lack of sensitive clean-water associated bottom organisms or by
the presence of pollution tolerant forms. OR 70-67
MD70-57 AN INVESTIGATION OF THE NATURAL BENEFICIATION OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Lachman, R. I. and Lovell, H. L., Pa. State Univ., Spec. Res. Rept, SR-76 to Pa.
Coal Res. Bd., May 15, 1970. 187 pp. This work was done to verify the fact that
mine drainage is upgraded as it flows in natural systems, although natural benefici-
ation shown by stream and pond studies did not bring the water quality up to s a e
standards. Change in the total loading of iron in the stream was the best measure-
ment of beneficlation. Some extra means of aeration was recommended to aid natural
beneficiation. OR 70-131
*©70-58 KINETICS OF PYRITE OXIDATION
Lares, A. L., M.S. Thesis, The Ohio State Univ., 1970. 40 pp. The broad program on
Pyrite oxidation at The Ohio State University is reviewed as the background for this
thesis. In this study, the rates of oxidation of samples of naturally occurring
coals and shales were determined in a Warburg-type apparatus as micrograms of oxygen
consumed per hour per volume of sample. The apparatus was calibrated against sul-
fur ball" pyrite. Oxidation rates were determined under three conditions: first
for samples as taken from the mine; then with the addition of bacteria, which are
not identified; and finally after the samples had been treated with chlorine. Bac-
teria are shown to significantly affect oxidation of pyrite in coal but not in
shale. Average oxygenation rates are tabulated. Values for ind v ua run
Siven in the appendix. OR 70-69
MD70-59 THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN PYRITE OXIDATION KINETICS
L*u, C. M., Shumate, K. S., and Smith, E. E. (Ohio State Univ.), Third Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa, (1970). pp u^-122' S*
cant findings are presented from the work to develop a kinetic model sufficiently
complete to quantitatively describe the rate of bacterial catalysis of pyrite oxl
Nation under any given set of environmental conditions.' Among the conclusions are
that the iron oxidizing bacteria are able to increase the rate of pyrite oxidation
by maintaining a high ferric/ferrous ratio in the solution in contact with pyrljs,
and that the cellular rate of production of ferric ions depends on the total number
cells near enough to allow diffusion of ferric iron back to the P^"e <""£"je*
The water/pyrite ratio determines oxygen and soluble iron diffusion r s P
the water as well as determining the degree of bacterial catalysis in a
the organisms reach a limiting concentration of 10 -10 cells/m . e
work was done on simulated ground water inoculated with drainage from an Oh
search mine site and a refuse pile near DuQuoin, Illinois. OR 70-10
MD70-60 COMMUNITY METABOLISM IN ACID AND ALKALINE STRIP-MINE LAKES
Lind, 0. T. (1) and Campbell, R. S. (2) [(1) Baylor Univ. and (2) Univ. of Missouri],
Trans. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 99 (3), 577-582 (1970). In this projectc
ic metabolism was measured for a 24 month period In three Missouri strip-mine J^es.
Water pH ranged from 3.2 to 8.1. Biotic diversity was inversely related to acidity.
°aily and annual photosynthesis values were monitored. Community function in these
acid and alkaline strip-mine lakes, judged by rates of photosynthesis and respira-
tion, compares favorably with community function in non-acid natural waters. (Fr m
authors' abstract) OR 70-122
MD70-61 THE PROPERTIES AND CONTROL OF SLUDGE PRODUCED FROM THE TREATMENT OF
COAL MINE DRAINAGE WATERS BY NEUTRALIZATION PROCESSES
Novell, H. L. (Pa. State Univ.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
-------
126.
MD70-61 (continued)
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 1-11. General information on sludge handling and physi-
cal and chemical properties of sludge are discussed. The Experimental Mine Drainage
Treatment Facility at Hollywood, Pennsylvania, described in detail, was set up to
evaluate various aspects of control of sludge formation, fluid-solid separation,
sludge dewatering, and sludge handling. OR 70-4
MD70-62 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT - THEORY & PRACTICE
Maneval, D. R. (Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind.), 84th Ann. Meet., Coal Mining Inst.
Am., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1970. 5 pp. The author reviews the formation and character
of acid mine drainage and describes Pennsylvania's program to deal with thiB type
of water pollution. OR 70-79
MD70-63 MULTI-STAGE FLASH EVAPORATION SYSTEM FOR THE PURIFICATION OF ACID
MINE DRAINAGE
Maneval, D. R. (1) and Lemezis, S. (2) f(l) Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind, and (2) West-
inghouse Electric Corp.], SME of AIME Fall Meet., St. Louis, Mo., 1970. Preprint
70B303. 11 pp. The theoretical background of a recirculating multistate flash
evaporator is given. A plant treating 5 million gallons per day of acid mine water
from an outfall near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania was being designed at the writing
of this paper. OR 70-103
MD70-64 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Mason, D. G. (Rex Chainbelt, Inc.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 227-240. A 200 gallon sample of mine drainage was ship-
ped from Pennsylvania to San Diego, California, for laboratory testing as the basis
for design of a demonstration field testing unit. Eighteen porous fiberglass tubes
of half inch diameter on which cellulose acetate membranes were cast directly were
connected in series to make up one module. The unit contained 70 modules. The mem-
branes were coated by a brown precipitate during the first 400 hours of testing.
Of several chemicals used to flush the unit, sodium sulfite was most successful in
improving the flow rate. OR 70-20
MD70-65 ACID MINE WASTE POLLUTION ABATEMENT SAND COULEE CREEK, MONTANA
McArthur, G. M., M.S. Civil Eng. Thesis, Montana State Univ., Final Rept. to Div,
Environ. Sanit., Montana Bd, Health, Dec. 1970. 133 pp. The extensive mine drain-
age pollution of Sand Coulee Creek and some of its tributaries is mainly From aban-
doned underground coal mines. A field survey was conducted to determine the extent
and sources of pollution. After a literature search several methods to reduce mine
water flow and to neutralize acidity were selected for laboratory evaluation. Based
on this work, two facilities are proposed for further study: a neutralization plant
using limestone in a revolving drum; and mine flooding using an earthfill dam. Cost
estimates for both facilities and detailed results of the field survey and of analy-
ses of samples of streams and mine discharges are given in appendixes. OR 70-123
MD70-66 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION, MORAINE STATE PARK, PENNSYLVANIA
McNay, L. M., U.S. Bur. Mines, IC 8456 (1970). 28 pp. The methods and costs of
reclaiming two different surface-mined areas within Moraine State Park were compared.
One purpose of reclamation was the control of acid mine drainage to Muddy Creek,
whose waters would fill the lake being formed in the park, OR 70-52
MD70-67 THE NEED FOR A HYDROGEOLOGIC EVALUATION IN A MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT
PROGRAM: A CASE STUDY: TOMS RUN, CLARION COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Merritt, G. L. and Emrlch, G. H. (Pa. Dept. Health), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 334-364. The geology and hydrology of
-------
MD70-67 (continued)
127.
the area are described. The water quality of the discharges of various aquifers is
given and compared with typical analyses of deep well brines and acid mine drainage
to show that mine drainage affects ground water. OR 70-26
MD70-68 APPLIED ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY TO ELIMINATE AERATION IN MINE WATER TREATMENT
Mihok, E. A. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). PP 181-187. Activated carbon catalyzed the
oxidation of ferrous to ferric iron in laboratory batch tests on raw mine water.
Details of the experimental work are given. OR 70-17
MD70-69 MINE MATER RESEARCH: PLANT DESIGN AND COST ESTIMATES FOR LIMESTONE
TREATMENT
Kihok, E. A., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 7368 (1970). 13 pp. The plant design and cost
estimates for limestone treatment of acid mine waters of widely varying qua y a
quantity are given. The holding pond ahead of the treatment plant is designed with
a capacity of at least three times the expected maximum daily mine water f:low. Two
sludge settling and concentration ponds are planned to be used alternatelyto perm
the sludge to compact, and are designed to accumulate sludge over a 10 year peri .
OR 70-2
MD70-70 USE OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR MINE WATER TREATMENT
Mihok, E. A. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.), ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints g
(1), 51-57 (1970). The results of laboratory work done at the Bureau of Mines are
given and show that ferrous iron oxidation in acid mine water is catalyzed by act
vated carbon. OR 70-36
MD70-71 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT MEASURES FOR THE BEECH CREEK WATERSHED
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Bept- Mi"e® ^1'
proj. No. SL - 111 (Dec. 31, 1970). 57 pp.+ The watershed is located in portions
of Centre and Clinton Counties, within the Susquehanna River Basin. In the field
survey, carried out from the fall of 1968 to the fall of 1969, 184 mine d"inag
discharge points were located. All discharges were gauged, sampled, and analy
during dry, normal, and wet weather, for pH, iron, acidity, and Job.b am
pies were also analyzed for aluminum, manganese, and total so .
routes into, through, and out of the deep mine workings were established asa pr -
Uminary to planning abatement measures. The recommended ab*te"^ *3**' J f
includes land reclamation, and water collection and treatment, is
«al parts to be carried out in different areas of the watershed. Cost estima
and priority for implementing the various stages of the plan are g van.
MD70-72 AIR-SEALING COAL MINES TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION
Moebs, N. N. and Krickovic, S., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 7354 (197°).33 pp. A77 acre
above-drainage coal mine was air sealed. A comparison a t e c d durinK
fche mine effluent during the two year, seven month period e ore s ,®. .
the two year, eight month period after sealing shows that t e ac o k«Ath-
reduced. The stratigraphy and hydrology of the mined area are 8*ve"'
LnS was investigated by making calculations based on acid load of effluent,
level from air sampling, and barometric pressure changes. The construction
°f the seal are described and the costs are summarized. OR 70-1
MD70-73 BEAVER IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Moore, J. a. (1) and Larson, J. S. (2) [(1) U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Outdoor ^crea-
tion (2) Univ. Mass., Mass. Coop. Wildlife Res. Unit], Chesapeake gel. 11 (1), 63
64 (1970). Beaver were observed living in a mine drainage polluted tributary
-------
MD70-73 (continued)
128.
Bingamon Creek, W. Va. close to clean non-acid water. The dams and beaver fur seem-
ed to be yellowed from iron hydroxide precipitate. OR 70-132
MD70-74 PYRITE SYSTEMS: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Morth, A. H., Smith, E. E., and Shumate, K. S. (Ohio State Univ.), Third Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 132-137. The development
of a mathematical model of mine drainage production will be based on data from the
McDaniels Research Complex, a small drift mine, and from the Truax Traer refuse
pile. OR 70-12
MD70-75 NEW MINE SEALING TECHNIQUES FOR WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT
Halliburton Co., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser.
14010 DM0 03/70 (1970). 163 pp. NTIS, PB-196 736. In this continuation of an
earlier study remedial work on seals placed previously and work to improve sealing
methods is carried out. Laboratory, pilot, and field studies are described in de-
tail and are illustrated by diagrams and photographs. Water quality and flow data
include values for conductance, pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness as CaC03, iron,
sulfate, and aluminum. A permeable plug of limestone to control and treat mine
drainage flow at the same time did not reduce the rate of flow in field testing, but
did noticeably improve the quality of the mine drainage. Costs of the work are
reported. OR 70-82
MD70-76 REPUBLIC STEEL COUNTERACTS ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Nickeson, F. H., Coal Mining Process. 7. (9), 36-38 (1970). The automated mine drain-
age treatment plant at the Banning No. 4 Mine in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
is described. Neutralization is carried out by lime slurry with sludge recycle.
Treated water of pH 8.3 is discharged to the Youghiogheny River and 5 percent efflu-
ent is pumped to a settling basin. OR 70-62
MD70-77 ORSANCO 1970: 22ND YEARBOOK
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm., Cincinnati, 1970. 36 pp. A major part of
the report is the summary of quality conditions in the Ohio River and some of its
major tributaries for 1969. OR 70-112
MD70-78 COAL MINE DRAINAGE SLUDGE UTILIZATION
Osman, M. A., Skelly, J. F., and Wood, C. D. (Swindell-Dressier Co.), Third Symp.
Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 376-401. Some suc-
cess was achieved using sludge as an additive to synthetic light weight aggregate,
to structural brick, and to iron ore concentrate pellets for blast furnace feed.
Work on recovery of iron and on application of gypsum technology to sludge was also
carried out. The results of various experiments are given in detail. OR 70-28
MD70-79 THE COAL MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEM IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Pash, E. A. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Wheeling, W. Va.), Spring Geography Conf.
Environ. Pollut., Calif. State Coll., California, Pa., April 1970. 13 pp. The dis-
cussion is based on information in files and from current studies of the Mononga-
hela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project. Conditions along the West Fork River,
Tygart Valley River, Cheat River, and their major tributaries, and along the main
stem of the Monongahela River are described in detail. Mine drainage source inven-
tory studies have shown that inactive, underground mines are the greatest single
contributor of stream pollution in the area, OR 70-45
-------
129.
MD70-80 THE EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM ON THE ACIDITY DETERMINATIONS OF MINE DRAINAGE
Payne, D. A. and Yeates, T. E. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Evansville, Ind.), Third
Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 200-226.
laboratory work shows that the presence of magnesium will result in much higher
than actual values for acidity when the "hot acidity" method of analysis is use .
OR 70-19
*©70-81 SLUDGE VOLUME FROM TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
^dlo, G. H., M.S. Thesis, W. Va. Univ., 1970. 51 PP. The effects on sludge volume
of PH, size of vessel used to measure settling, aeration of sl^ge, and decantatio
and evaporation are evaluated. Except for drainages with very g ac n
concentration, increase in PH results in increase in volume of *lud8e
of vessel does not affect sludge volume measurement. Aeration decreases si g
"»e. Dry solids from laboratory settling tests are related to dry ~JidB £ » ™bic
foot Of Sludge from a sludge pond to give a sludge volume ratio used to calcul
the volume of the sludge pond necessary for a particular drainage.
MD70-82 PROCESS CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR TREATING ACID MINE-POLLUTED WATERS
Qasim, S. R. (1), Whitman, I. L. (1), and Testin, R. F. (2) [<1)
Inst, and (2) Reynolds Metals Co.], Water Sewage Works 117 (Ref. No.),R240
(Nov. 1970). Data from 206 water quality observations were used to prepare general
ized curves of the amount of treatment chemical required per thousand gallons
feed water expressed as a function of pH and specific conductance. f
Prepared for several neutralization and ion-exchange processes. Treatment
face water by an industrial plant in Appalachia illustrates the use of the method.
OR 70-83
MD70-83 CONTROL OF ACID POLLUTION FROM COAL REFUSE PILES AND SLURRY LAGOONS
Ramsey, J. P. (Truax-Traer Coal Co.), Third SymP. Coal Mine Drainage Res jjrlatt,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 138-144. A coal refuse site containing both slurry
lagoons and a large Irregular refuse pile at the i active New Spleen Mine n«r
DuQuoin, Illinois, is being used as a demonstration project to f .
most effective and practical means of controlling pollution. Preparation o
site included Bradine, creating and instrumenting several water sheds, drilling,
and fitting test wells for sampling. Experimental plots toevaluatevariousmean
« refuse pile, were eat.bli.hed. The cover,
°f limestone treatment, topsoil, and planting. Black p y y „««ni»rion
sludge, and limestone sludge a.e also being evaluated as cover and in percolat
testa. OR 70-13
MD70-84 RAUSCH CREEK WATERSHED MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Anthracite Research and Development Co., Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. t '
Proj. No. SL-112 (undated). 86 PP.+ The watershed is in western Schuylkill County
where there are both active and abandoned deep and surface mines. ^
August 1968, a field study was carried out to identify all pol u
sampling program was undertaken to analyze the discharges for *H» ** Mde
and sulfate. Flow was also reco-ded. Cost summaries and recommendationsarema^
for treatment and fcr reclamatirof surface mined areas. Methods and cost est
mates for sludge handling and disposal are also presented. OR 7U-J.Z0
MD7Q-85 LIME SLURRY SYSTEM AT PURSGIOVE NO. 15 MINE
Ream, V. H. (Christopher Coal Co.), Mining Congr. J. 5£ (1), 55-59 <197JJ>*
ferrous iron mine drainage is treated by neutralization and aeration. The pr^
encountered in plant operation with control of lime flow and with wlu g
are discussed. OR 70-32
-------
130.
MD70-86 FL0CCULATI0N-FILTRATI0N STUDIES ON ACID COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Reese, R. D. and Neff, R. E., Am, Cyanamld Co. Rept., June 15-19, 1970, 16 pp.
This evaluation of Cyanamid floceulants and filter aids was carried out at the
Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility run by The Pennsylvania State Univer-
sity at Hollywood, Pennsylvania. Although all floceulants tested had some effec-
tiveness, SUPER-FLOC 127 Flocculant was judged to be most effective in regard to
settling rate, composition density, and overflow clarity on sludges from the four
different mine waters available through the treatment plant. The attempt to reduce
moisture in sludges by filter aids was not conclusive since the laboratory filtra-
tion feed had too low a solids content for efficient filtration. OR 70-65
MD70-87 COAL MINING IN AN OXYGEN-FREE ATMOSPHERE
Rice, J. K. (Cyrus Wm. Rice Div., NUS Corp.), ASME Winter Ann. Meet., New York, N.Y.,
1970. Preprint 70-WA/PID-4. 8 pp. The life-support suit, rebreather system, emer-
gency backup system, refuge station, and communication system proposed to allow coal
mining in an oxygen-free atmosphere are described. The dust and heat problems that
will be encountered are discussed. A prime purpose of the program is to show that
low oxygen in the mine will prevent formation of acid drainage. OR 70-98
MD70-88 THE USE OF INERT GAS TO ELIMINATE ACID PRODUCTION BY ABANDONED AND
ACTIVE DEEP MINES
Rice, J. K. (Cyrus Wm. Rice Div., NUS Corp,), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 169-179. The experimental program of filling
a mine with inert gas was applied to two abandoned mines. Air leaks are critical
to the success of the method and may be very difficult to find. In applying the
method to an active coal mine, a full suit and rebreather system as well as gaB
lock entries would be needed. The feasibility study has not yet shown any signifi-
cant technical obstacles. OR 70-16
MD70-89 A LIMNOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER. III. BETWEEN BERWICK
AND SHICKSHINNY, INCLUDING A SECTION WITH MINE-WATER DRAINAGE
Rimple, R. and Himes, C. L. (Bloomsburg State College), Pa. Acad. Sci. 44^ 116-121
(1970), Dally water samples taken at several stations between Berwick and Shick-
shinny in the summer of 1968 revealed that the water quality was above minimum
standards set in 1963 by the Department of Health. Quality of water in the section
where mine water entered was indicative of how a river can "clean" itself if there
is adequate rainfall to keep the water at a reasonable level. (Authors' abstract)
OR 70-134
MD70-90 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES
Rose, J. L. (Burns and Roe, Inc.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 267-278. A demonstration plant now under design will
be located near Philipsburg, Pennsylvania. The Desal Process, previously used suc-
cessfully on acid mine drainage, includes ion exchange of sulfates for bicarbonates;
two stage aeration to release carbon dioxide and to remove iron by oxidation and
precipitation; and a clarifier to remove calcium and magnesium. The cost figures
projected for 1 mgd and 10 mgd capacity are estimated to be within the range of
costs of water treatment by other desalting methods. OR 70-22
MD70-91 COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT - ELKINS DEMONSTRATION
PROJECT
Scott, R. B. (1), Hill, R. D. (2), and Wilmoth, R. C. (1) [(1) U.S. Dept. Int.,
FWQA, Elkins, W. Va. and (2) U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Ohio Basin Region], SME Fall
Meet., St. Louis, Mo., 1970. Preprint 70AG349. 22 pp. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA
Publ. No. 14010 —- 10/70) This is a preliminary report of the direct and indirect
costs of mine drainage control measures at the Elkins demonstration site. Tabula-
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MD70-91
(continued)
131.
tions show reclamation work performed and cost breakdowns for the various phases of
the project. The cost analysis procedures are described. OR 70-70
MD70-92 CHARACTERISTICS OF VIABLE ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS USED TO INHIBIT ACID-
PRODUCING BACTERIA IN MINE WATERS
Shearer, R, E. (1), Everson, W. A. (1), Mausteller, J. W. (1), and Zimmerer, R. P.
(2) [(1) MSA Res. Corp. and (2) Juniata Coll.], Third Syrap. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 188-199. Studies on two types of bacterial
inhibitors are reported. Certain strains of Caulobacter were isolated frotn natural
inhibitory waters and were shown to inhibit acid production of laboratory test
streams containing iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria. They also gave encouraging
results in field testing. Fifteen antibiotics were tested for their ability to
inhibit growth of all strains of known iron and sulfur oxidizing bacteria, both on
a8ar plates and in the laboratory acid producing flow. Three antibiotics, novobio-
cin, oleandomycin, and aureomycin, inhibited growth of all strains tested and re-
duced total acidity in the laboratory flow. OR 70-18
MD70-93 UNTITLED
Shellgren, M. (Slippery Rock State Coll., Pa.), Proc. Conf. New Approaches to Strip
Mining - The Planning Concept, Lexington, Ky., by SCOPE and Environ. Awareness Soc.,
1970. pp 87-94. The restoration of the Slippery Rock Creek watershed is reviewed
to show that surface mining does not irretrievably ruin land and water resources.
OR 70-108
MD70-94 ACIDIC MINE DRAINAGE: THE RATE-DETERMINING STEP
Singer, P. C. (1) and Stumm, W. (2) [(1) Univ. Notre Dame and (2) Harvard Univ.],
Science 167, 1121-1123 (1970). The authors review their work leading to their con-
clusion that control of oxidation of ferrous iron Is necessary for abatement of
mine drainage pollution. They discuss the acceleration of the rate of ferrous ion
oxygenation by microorganisms. OR 70-57
MD70-95 SLIPPERY ROCK CREEK MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Gwin Engineers, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., Proj. No. SL-110 (1970).
163 pp. The 292 square mile study area is between Muddy Creek Drainage Basin where
rehabilitation ia being done on Moraine State Park and the North Branch of Slippery
Rock Creek on which a mine drainage treatment plant has been constructed. The ge-
ology, hydrology, and stratigraphy of the area are described in detail. Results of
the stream quality evaluation include values for flow, pH, alkalinity, acidity,
total iron, and sulfate. Each of 37 project areas is shown on a separate map with
a description of pollution sources, the amount of acid produced, proposed abatement
methods, and estimated coats, A record of precipitation in the area during the year
of the study is also given. OR 70-73
MD70-96 SULFIDE TO SULFATE REACTION MECHANISM
Smith, E. E. and Shumate, K. S., Ohio State Univ., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA,
14010 FPS 02/70 (1970). 115 pp. NTIS, PB-199 835, In the first phase of this
study, the pyritic systems in coals are classified and described, and the effects
of humidity on various forms of hydrated sulfates are shown. In further work,
ferric ion and oxygen were found to be independent oxidizing agentB of pyrite. The
role of bacteria was also studied. In addition to the 27 references, the publica-
tions based on the work in this report are also listed. OR 70-3
MD70-97 DIRECT OXIDATION BY ADSORBED OXYGEN DURING ACIDIC MINE DRAINAGE
Smith, E. E. (1), Shumate, K. S. (1), Singer, P. C. (2), and Stumm, W. (3) [(1) Ohio
-------
MD70-97 (continued)
132.
State Univ., (2) Univ. Notre Dame, and (3) Harvard Univ.], Science 169, 98 (1970).
Smith and Shumate of Ohio State University dispute a conclusion by Singer and Stunrai
that direct oxidation of pyrite by adsorbed oxygen is insignificant in natural en-
vironments. Singer and StunuB answer the criticism of their use of "museum grade"
rather than "sulfur ball" pyrite to obtain data on which they based their conclu-
sions, OR 70-58
MD7Q-98 COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Smith, G. C., Steinman, H. E., and Young, E, F., Jr. (Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.),
Spring Meet. SME Coal Div., Pittsburgh, Pa., April 16-17, 1970. 10 pp. The discus-
sion of four different mine discharges at three of Jones & Laughlin's mining opera-
tions includes analyses of feed and effluent, water, flow diagrams and description
of treatment processes, variations needed in the treatments, and indications of suc-
cess of the treatment by improvement of receiving streams. OR 70-30
MD70-99 METHOD OF NEUTRALIZING ACID WASTE WATER
Spinola, A. A. (to U.S. Steel Corp.), U.S. Pat. 3,511,777 (May 12, 1970). 10 pp.
Cement-kiln flue dust is used to neutralize acid wastes. Results of laboratory and
small pilot plant tests are reported and show that the resulting sludge settles
rapidly and can easily be dewatered and handled. Analyses of mine drainage samples
and cement-kiln flue dusts used are tabulated. OR 70-42
MD70-100 RADIATION TREATMENT OF MINE WASTE WATERS
Steinberg, M. and Pruzansky, J. (to U.S. AEC), U.S. Pat. 3,537,966, (Nov. 3, 1970).
2 pp. A method of removing dissolved iron oxides from acidic aqueous solutions
comprising exposing the aqueous solution to gamma Irradiation while aerating and
contacting the solution with calcium carbonate to induce precipitation of the con-
tained iron oxides from the solution. (Abstract of the Disclosure) OR 70-130
MD70-101 SULFIDE TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Streeter, R. C. (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 152-168. Hydrogen sulfide can precipitate
ferrous iron and ferrous sulfide from mine water made alkaline with limestone. A
mine drainage treatment using this process would eliminate the need for an oxidation
step, but has a number of limitations that are discussed. OR 70-15
MD70-102 STUDIES ON LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind. and U.S. Dept. Int.,
FWPCA, 14010 EIZ 01/70 (1970). 96 pp. NTIS, PB-195 282. Four identified mine
waters, and synthetic mine water were used throughout the project. Fourteen lime-
stones were characterized by x-ray and spectrochemical analyses and their reactivity
in neutralization reactions evaluated. Effective limestones have high calcium con-
tent, low magnesium content, small particle size, and a relatively high specific
surface area. In catalyst studies activated carbon was found most effective for
ferrous iron oxidation. Sludge formation and factors affecting sludge characteris-
tics were also studied. Conversion of sludge to magnetic form is shown to reduce
sludge volume and increase solids content. Aluminum interferes with formation of
magnetic sludge. Coagulant aids were found to Increase the rate of settling of
sludges from synthetic mine water. OR 70-51
MD70-103 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN STUDY - PREVIEW
Susquehanna River Basin Study Coordinating Comm., Rept. to Water Resour. Council
(1970). 25 pp. This brochure summarizes briefly the Susquehanna River Basin Study
given in a main report and 11 Appendices. OR 70-117
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133.
MD70-104 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN STUDY - APPENDIX F - WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY
Susquehanna River Basin Study Coordinating Comm., Rept. to Water Resour. Council
(1970). 262 pp. Acid mine drainage is one of the considerations of this general
study of water supply, use, and quality in the study area. Only Sub-Basin I is not
affected by acid mine drainage. Sub-Basins III and IV show the greatest mine drain-
age pollution. Recommended abatement programs and estimated costs are presented.
OR 70-119
MD70-105 SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN STUDY - SUMMARY
Susquehanna River Basin Study Coordinating Comm., Rept. to Water Resour. Council
(1970). 157 pp. The summary describes the Susquehanna River Basin, its water needs
and resources and presents the recommended plan for development of water resources
of the area. Priorities are set by the recommendations being divided into an Early
Action Plan, which includes 13 mine drainage abatement projects, and a Framework
Plan, a guide to future work, which Includes 14 mine drainage abatement projects.
OR 70-118
MD70-106 MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OF MINE DRAINAGE
Tabita, R, , Kaplan, M., and Lundgren, D. G. (Biological Res. Lab., Syracuse Univ.),
Third Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 94-113.
This study was carried out on an alkaline effluent from a bituminous coal mine in
the Ohio River Valley. In assaying the water for iron oxidizing, sulfur oxidizing,
and heterotrophic bacteria, two types of thiosulfate oxidizing clones were isolated.
Both appeared to be Thiobacillus. One, an acid former, used thiosulfate as a pre-
ferred substrate and oxidized tetrathionate, elemental sulfur, and sulfite. The
lowest pH produced by the acid formers was about 4.0. The other organism, a base
former was a slower grower on thiosulfate, apparently only oxidizing thiosulfate
to tetrathionate, and failed to grow heterotrophically, It did not oxidize ferrous
iron during the period studies. OR 70-9
MD70-107 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Horizons Inc., Rept. to U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010
DEE 12/70 (1970). 88 pp. NTIS, PB-197 470. This paper describes the investigation
of three surfactants as foam producers to separate iron, calcium, magnesium, and
manganese from acid mine drainage. Tests were carried out on actual and synthetic
mine waters, with no treatment, with partial neutralization by lime, and with com-
plete neutralization by limestone. Major amounts of metal ions are removed but with
significant residual surfactant in the treated solution and with significant water
loss to foam. OR 70-86
MD70-108 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY OZONE OXIDATION
Brookhaven Natl. Lab., Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FMH 12/70
(1970). 87 pp. NTIS, PB-198 225. The study concludes that an ozone process is
feasible, compares economically with existing processes, and offers potential ad-
vantages in process control, reduced neutralization costs, and simplified AMD sludge
handling and disposal. Costs of ozone production by electric discharge and radia-
tion processes are compared both for on-site and central plant Installations. (From
authors' abstract) OR 70-97
MD70-109 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Rex Chainbelt, Inc., Kept, to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind. and U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA,
14010 DYK 03/70 (1970). 35 pp. NTIS, PB-195 200. Complete information is tabu-
lated for permeate quality from individual modules, ion balances for product water,
feed water, and brine concentrate, and mass balances for iron (II), magnesium, cal-
cium, sulfate, and manganese. Module failures were always associated with the use
-------
MD70-109 (continued)
134.
of sodium hydrosulfite In the chemical cleaning of the membranes necessitated by
iron fouling. OR 70-53
MD70-U0 PREVENTION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE: SILICATE TREATMENT OF COAL MINE
REFUSE PILES
Walitt, A., Jasinski, R. , Keilin, B., and Gruber, A. (Tyco Lab., Inc.), Third Symp.
Coal Mine Drainage Res., Pittsburgh, Pa., by Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to ORSANCO,
(1970), 17 pp. This paper is based on studies carried out for EPA, Water Quality
Office and published as "Silicate Treatment for Acid Mine Drainage Prevention,"
Water Pollution Control Research Series 14010 DLI 02/71. OR 70-109
MD70-111 AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ACID MINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Walsh, F. M., Rept. by Eco-Control, Inc. (Nov. 1970). 21 pp. Stalked iron bacteria
are isolated, identified, and shown to catalyze iron oxidation in the range of pH
3.5 to pH 4.5. The microbial activity produces an acid environment suitable for
Thiobaclllus ferrooxidans. Studies to develop methods of controlling acid mine
drainage by control of stalked iron bacteria are proposed. OR 70-80
MD70-112 WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT, ERNEST MINE COMPLEX: SPECIFICATIONS
AND CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Eng., prepared for Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind., Proj.
No, SL-107, (1970). 204 pp. The complete technical specifications for the general
and mechanical construction of an acid mine drainage neutralization plant located
at Creekside, Indiana County, Pennsylvania are included in this compilation of con-
tract documents. The electrical specifications, bid under a separate contract, are
also included. OR 70-128
MD70-113 THE WILKES-BARRE MINE WATER DEMORALIZATION PLANT — PART OF OPERATION
SCARLIFT
Westinghouse Electric Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. (undated). 5 pp. This brochure
features the flowsheet of the multistage flash evaporation process used in the
Wilkes-Barre Plant. OR 70-104
MD70-114 NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wilmoth, R. C. and Hill, R. D., U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res.
Ser. 14010 ETV 08/70 (1970). 40 pp. NTIS, PB-192 087. Lime, limestone, and soda
ash were used to neutralize high ferric iron mine water. Costs, reaction efficien-
cies, treated water qualities, and sludge characteristics are compared for the
three chemicals. Soda ash, the most expensive to use, gives a high sodium effluent.
Lime costs half as much as limestone, but the limestone sludge has smaller volume
and higher solids content. OR 70-85
MD70-115 NEUTRALIZATION OF HIGH FERRIC IRON ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wilmoth, R. C. and Scott, R. B. (U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA), Third Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1970). pp 66-93. Also published as
Wilmoth, R. C. and Hill, R. D., U.S. Dept. Int., FWQA, 14010 ETV 08/70, 1970. 38
pp. NTIS, PB-192 087. Lime, limestone, and soda ash are compared in neutralizing
high ferric iron acid mine water from Grassy Run, Norton, West Virginia. The major
differences noted are that soda ash produces high sodium and low calcium and hard-
ness, and is the most expensive to use. Lime is estimated to cost half as much as
limestone, but the limestone sludge has smaller volume and higher solids content.
The precision required for limestone feed control is not as great as that required
for lime feed control. There was no difference in neutralization efficiency between
dry feed and slurry feed of the three agents. Aeration decreased the retention time
-------
MD70-115 (continued)
135.
necessary after treatment, but the slight increase in neutralization efficiency was
not enough to justify the added cost if retention time is not restricted by minimal
lagoon capacity. The use of PVC piping and pumps with wetted parts made of 316
stainless steel in order to reduce maintenance costs of treatment systems is sug-
gested. OR 70-8
MD70-116 UNDERGROUND COAL MINING METHODS TO ABATE WATER POLLUTION
Wilson, L. W., Matthews, N. J., and Stump, J. L., W. Va. Univ., Coal Res. Bur.,
Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FKK 12/70 (1970). 50 pp. NTIS,
PB~214 697. This report encompasses a literature survey of acid mine water abate-
ment measures and mining hydrology. Mine water management is examined from the
aspects of preventing water entry, preventing formation of acidic waters, under-
ground water treatment, and water removal. Sealing methods and unique methods in
deep mines are also discussed. Those areas where further research efforts might be
applied are noted in the section on research needs. There are 67 references.
(From authors' Introduction) OR 70-120
MD70-117 THE EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERATIONS BY THERMAL LOADING AND
ACID POLLUTION IN THE COOLING RESERVOIR OF A STEAM-ELECTRIC STATION
Witt, A,, Jr., Campbell, R. S., and Whitley, J. R. (Univ. Mo. - Columbia), Mo. Water
Resour, ReB. Cent., Completion Rept. to U.S. Office Water Resour. Res., (Aug. 31,
1970). 99 pp. The reservoir on the middle fork of the Chariton River, Missouri,
receives mine drainage inflow and heated water discharge from a steam electric
plant. The drainage from inactive surface mines and a coal washery holding pond
has a pH of 2.8-3.4, free acidity 48-594 mg/1 as CaCOs, 1,000 - 26,000 mg/1 sulfate,
an absence of carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinity, and 1,300 - 43,000 umhos/cm
specific conductance. Water quality measurements showed that except for sulfate
levels, the acid water did not affect a wide area. Also, fish kills were restricted
to the immediate area of acid water inflow. Detailed results of studies of fish
growth, movement, and harvest in the Hotwater Arm and the Control Arm of the reser-
voir are reported. OR 70-111
1971
MD71-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Natl. Ind. Pollut. Contr. Council, Sub-Council Rept., Feb. 1971. 13 pp. This is a
very general summary of the nature of acid mine drainage and the programs for abate-
ment of mine drainage pollution. OR 71-21
MD71-2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONVERTED TO POTABLE WATER
Coal Mining FroceBS. Q (3), 38-42 (1971), The ion exchange system used to treat
mine drainage contaminated water to provide a public water supply for Smith Town-
ship Municipal Authority in Washington County, Pennsylvania is described. OR 71-13
MD71-3 ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION AND ABATEMENT
The Ohio State Univ. Res. Found., Rept. to U.S. EPA, WQ0, Water Pollut. Contr, Res.
Ser. 14010 FPR 04/71 (1971). 82 pp. NTIS, PB-199 835. A conceptual model of py-
ritic oxidation is developed. Physical, chemical, and biological factors involved
in the rate of acid formation and acid drainage from pyritic systems are discussed
in detail in separate sections of the report. The interpretation of data from
field projects on both deep and surface mines is also discussed. There are 69 ref-
erences. OR. 71-20
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136.
MD71-4 ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS TERMED SUCCESSFUL
Mining Congr. J. Jj7 (5), 53 (1971). The pilot plant for treatment of mine water
from Consol's Levi Moore plant near Fairmont, West Virginia is briefly described.
Bacteria are used to oxidize ferrous to ferric iron prior to neutralization of
acid water by crushed limestone. Treated water is retained in ponds to settle out
the precipitated sludge. OR 71-16
MD71-5 ACID MINE WATER NEUTRALIZATION
Colliery Guardian 219 (11), 520, 523 (1971). Bureau of Mines studies on the lime-
stone neutralization is described and a flow-sheet of the process is shown. Also
noted is catalytic oxidation of ferrous iron in mine drainage by activated carbon
treatment. OR 71-86
MD71-6 COAL-MINING HYDROLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, OR GIVE THE DEVIL HIS DUE
Agnew, A, F. (Wash. State Univ.), AIME Environ. Quality Conf., Washington, D.C.,
June 7-9, 1971. Paper EQC 37. 8 pp. Both the negative and positive aspects of the
relation of hydrology to water pollution from coal mining are reviewed. Examples
are cited to ahow how knowledge of hydrogeology can be used to alleviate or prevent
problems of acid mine drainage. OR 71-83
MD71-7 COAL MINING AND ITS EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Proc. Groundwater Pollut. Conf., St. Louis, Mo., 1971.
pp 13-52. The effects of surface and deep mining on water quality are discussed
in detail with conditions of mines in Ohio serving as the main examples. OR 71-115
MD71-8 A HYDROLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONTROL ACID MINE POLLUTION
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens, Ohio, by Ohio Univ.,
1971. 25 pp. Hydrology and geology of coal bearing areas are reviewed. The area
of Sheban Strip Mine in Ohio is specifically described and a plan for abatement of
acid production is suggested. OR 71-45
MD71-9 TEMPERATURE SURVEY OF COAL MINES PRODUCING ACID WATER
Ahmad, M. U. (1), Ghosh, B. A. (1), and Antalovlch, J. W, (2) [(1) Ohio Univ. and
(2) Kucera and Assoc., Inc.], Proc. 7th Intern. Symp. Remote Sensing Environ., by
Willow Run Lab., Univ. Mich., and U.S. Gov. Agencies, May 17-21, 1971. pp 1109-
1154, The ground temperature was measured with the help of a sensitive thermistor
at a depth of 2 feet. A temperature anomaly ranging from 3"C to 10°C was observed
between acid producing areas and non-acid producing areas. Surface temperatures
were also measured using Barnes PRT-5 at a distance of 2 feet above the ground and
an anomaly was observed ranging from 0.5°C to 3.5°C in the early morning and from
2.5°C to 7.5"C In the night. The temperature gradients were also measured for
depths up to 4 feet and a higher temperature gradient was observed in the acid pro-
ducing areas. The pyrite content and soil pH measured where the temperature read-
ings were taken show that higher temperature anomaly coincides with the higher
pyrite content and low soil pH. The magnitude of the surface temperature anomaly
is controlled by the air temperature. Infrared imagery pictures were obtained on
December 7, 1970. Acid producing areas are depicted warmer than non-acid producing
areas. (From authors' abstract) OR 71-81
MD71-10 FEASIBILITY STUDY - UPPER MEANDER CREEK MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT PROJECT
Anderson, R. H., Stanley Consultants, Cleveland, 0., Rept. to EPA, Office Res. Mo nit.,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser, 14010 HBQ 09/71 (1971). 53 pp. NTIS, PB-206 232.
This report is an evaluation of the feasibility of a mine drainage control demonstra-
tion project for the site in Mahoning County, Ohio. The area has been extensively
/
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MD71-10 (continued)
137.
surface mined for coal and has been graded to a moderately rolling terrain with the
exception of the final cut which created a deeply incised valley. Revegetation of
the spoil area had only limited success, leaving the site generally devoid of tree
and grass cover and subject to rapid runoff and severe erosion, and acid drainage.
Recommendations include: elimination of standing pools of acidic water; regrading
the final cut to provide positive drainage; preparation of a suitable seed bed
and planting of acid tolerant grasses, plants, and trees. Total estimated cost for
the project is $270,000. (Author's synopsis adapted) OR 71-66
MD71-11 EVALUATION OF PYRITIC OXIDATION BY NUCLEAR METHODS
Baker, R. A., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Rept. to EPA, WQO, Water Pollut. Contr. Res.
Ser. 14010 FII 03/71 (1971). 31 pp. NTIS, PB-198 523. It has been demonstrated
in this short feasibility study that the MOssbauer effect, a nuclear resonance ab-
sorption phenomenon, may be used in conjunction with a scattering-mode detection
system to monitor chemical oxidation of pyrltic material. Oxidized pyritic material
gave Mflssbauer spectra which could be separated to indicate presence of ferric hy-
droxide and ferric sulfate. (From author's conclusions) OR 71-7
MD71-12 POLLUTION CONTROL OF PREPARATION PLANT WASTES - A RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRA-
TION PROJECT
Barthauer, G. L. (Consolidation Coal Co.), AIME Environ. Quality Conf., Washington,
D.C., June 7-9, 1971. Paper EQC 38. 14 pp. The site of the project is an aban-
doned underground mining operation in southern Illinois and consists of a refuse
pile occupying approximately 40 acres and a slurry lagoon complex consisting of 50
acres. This paper presents the results of Phase I in which the system character-
istics and acid formation rate of the refuse pile were determined. Acid contribu-
tion from the slurry lagoons was not determined but appears to be negligible. Ex-
perimental vegetative covers were tested for both the refuse pile and the slurry
lagoon. Grass was successfully established with and without the use of topsoil,
weathering well for one year. (Author's abstract adapted) OR 71-80
MD71-13 CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINE MINERAL WASTES PHASE I - HYDROL-
OGY AND RELATED EXPERIMENTS
Barthauer, G. L., Kosowski, Z. V., and Ramsey, J. P., Truax-Traer Coal Co., Rept. to
EPA, Office Res. Monit., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DDH 08/71 (1971).
148 pp. NTIS, PB-206 194. A project has been underway since 1968, at an abandoned
mine located in southern Illinois, attempting to demonstrate practical means of
abating pollution from coal mine mineral wastes. The site included a refuse pile
occupying approximately 40 acres and a slurry lagoon complex of 50 acres. The
average rate of acid formation for this refuse pile is 198 pounds of acidity, as
CaC03, per acre per day. Acid contribution from the slurry lagoons appears to be
negligible. As an abatement measure, a number of experimental vegetative covers
were tested. Grass was successfully established with and without the use of top-
soil, weathering well for one year. The long-term effects of establishing a grass
cover directly on the refuse without the use of topsoil are not known at this time.
The eleven appendixes give the specific data collected in the project, a list of the
analytical procedures used, and cost estimates of vegetative teBt plots. (Authors'
abstract adapted) OR 71-69
MD71-14 TOUR OF MOUNTAINEER DIVISION OPERATIONS - AUGUST 4, 1971
Beafore, F. J. (Consolidation Coal Co.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens, Ohio,
by Ohio Univ., 1971. 7 pp. Three mine drainage treatment plants of Consolidation
Coal Company are described. The Levi Moore Plant is a neutralization plant with
temporary sludge impounding. The Edgell Treatment Plant is a neutralization plant
with permanent sludge impounding. The Micro-Bio Oxidation Plant is an experimental
facility at the Levi Moore Plant. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans are used to oxidize
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138.
MD71-14 (continued)
ferrous to ferric iron before neutralization. Conversion rates of 40 rag/1 per hour
are reported. OR 71-44
MD71-15 CONCENTRATED MINE DRAINAGE DISPOSAL INTO SEWAGE TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Benoit, R. J., Balakrishnan, S. , and Attwater, A. J,, Environmental Research & Appli-
cations, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Office Res. Monit., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser.
14010 FBZ 09/71 (1971). 76 pp. NTIS, PB-213 042. The effect of artificial iron-
rich acid brines on municipal sewage treatment processes was studied in small scale.
The raw brines even at a level of 20 percent or higher do not interfere with primary
settling, but activated sludge digestion is completely inhibited by the acid. The
brines when neutralized with lime improve primary settling and filtration, do not
inhibit activated sludge. At the very high concentrations used, the neutralized
brines give virtually complete removal of phosphate from primary effluent, activated
sludge effluent, or anaerobic sludge digester decant&te. Cost of reverse osmosis
treatment of acid mine drainage to produce the iron-rich acid brine is estimated to
be in the range of 73 cents per thousand gallons of acid mine water treated. Engi-
neering analysis and costs are shown for transporting the brine from the mine site
to the sewage treatment plant by rail, truck, and pipeline over distances ranging
from 10 to 50 miles, (From authors' abstract) OR 71-65
MD71-16 A BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATION OF THE POUND RIVER
WATERSHED
Rept. by Tech. Serv. Div., Va, State Water Contr. Board (undated), 54 pp. This
detailed study of the Pound River, located in Virginia near the Kentucky border, was
made after a preliminary investigation of a reported fish kill revealed acid mine
drainage pollution. Results of biological and chemical sampling carried out at
designated stations during 1970 are given. In many sections benthic life was found
to be depressed or non-existent. High manganese and zinc as well as acid and high
iron content were found in the most polluted sections of the river. In a live box
study of the ability of the stream to support fish life, fish did not survive beyond
24 hours. Sources of mine drainage are identified, OR 71-5
MD71-17 ION EXCHANGERS SWEETEN ACID WATER
Bowen, D. H. M., Environ. Sci, Technol. ^ (1), 24-25 (1971). This descriptive arti-
cle relates the method used to overcome the effects of alkaline mine drainage
on the public water supply of Smith Township, a community 20 miles west of Pitts-
burgh. Sulfate, calcium, and magnesium are removed by ion exchange in which both
anion and cation exchange resins are used. Some general costs are given for the
process, including the costs of regenerating the reBinB. OR 71-1
MD71-18 COAL, COAL BY-PRODUCTS, AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F., Jr, (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), J, Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 43 (6),
1008-1014 (1971), The 60 publications reviewed cover the formation of mine drainage,
effects of mine drainage on the environment, abatement demonstration projects, and
research on treatment methods. Several review papers on specific aspects of the
mine drainage problem are noted. OR 71-56
MD71-19 EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON SMALL-STREAM FISHES IN EAST CENTRAL KENTUCKY
Branson, B. A. and Butch, D. L., Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 84 (59), 507-518 (1971).
Leatherwood Creek and Bear Branch Creek, Breathitt County, Kentucky were monitored
to observe effects of surface mining on fish papulations, Siltation, not acidity
was the main pollutant resulting from surface mining. Numbers of bottom feeders
declined earliest. Investigation of the stream showed that this was at least partly
due to reduction of benthic food organisms and the reduction in darters and minnows,
either by prevention of mating or destruction of fry and eggs. Monitoring of the
streams is planned to be continued. OR 71-120
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139.
MD71-20 STREAM POLLUTION OF THE LOYALHANNA CREEK WATERSHED
Brant, J, W. (Buchart-Horn Consulting Engr. Planners), Water Pollut. Contr. Assoc.
Pa. Mag. k (1), 4-10 (1971). The Loyalhanna Creek and its tributaries are discussed
as examples of streams affected by mine drainage pollution. Among the recommenda-
tions are that the quality of upstream water be used for evaluation of downstream
pollution, that sulfate be used as a criteria of extent of acid mine drainage pol-
lution, and that any watershed investigation cover 3 to 5 water years. OR 71-12
MD71-21 SHALLOW GROUND-WATER FLOW SYSTEMS BENEATH STRIP AND DEEP COAL MINES AT
TWO SITES, CLEARFIELD COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Brown, R. L. and Parizek, R. R», Pa. State Univ., Spec, Res. Rept. SR-84 to Pa,
Dept. Environ. Resour,, May 1, 1971. 216 pp. The objective of this study was to
describe the ground-water flow systems in rock units associated with coals so that
acid mine drainage could be more effectively prevented, treated, isolated, or di-
luted as conditions may require. Two sites near Kylertown, Pennsylvania, were used
for the work. Flow systems at each site were found to be very similar. Flow nets,
even when interpretative are extremely useful for describing ground-water movement
and should be highly beneficial in designing projects to prevent, treat, or isolate
mine drainage. (From authors' Summation of Results) OR 71-106
MD71-22 ROTARY PRECOAT FILTRATION OF SLUDGE FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE NEUTRALIZA-
TION
Brown, T. S., Johns-Manville Products Corp., Rept. to Pa. Coal Res. Board and EPA,
WQO, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DII 05/71 (1971). 121 pp. NHS, PB-203 190.
During 1969 and 1970, rotary vacuum precoat filtration was investigated as a means
for dewatering sludge produced by the neutralization of mine drainage at four loca-
tions in Pennsylvania: Dark Water Mine, St. Clair; Rushton Mining Company, Osceola
Mills; Bennett Branch and Proctor No. 2, both in Hollywood. (Authors' abstract
adapted) OR 71-35
MD71-23 THE RECOVERY OF DAMAGED STREAMS
Cairns, J,, Jr., Crossman, J. S,, Dickson, K. L., and Herrlcks, E. E, (Va. Polytech-
nic Inst, and State Univ.), The ASB Bulletin 18 (3), 79-106 (1971). Case studies
include an experimental acute acid stress on Mill Creek, a tributary to North Fork
of Roanoke River, Virginia; a review of results of continuous acid stress in Indian
Creek, a tributary of the Youghiogheny in Pennsylvania; an assessment of the recovery
of Little Scrubgrass Creek in Pennsylvania with lime neutralization of its acid
headwaters; and the effects of an acid spill and a caustic spill in the Clinch River
in Virginia. The recoveries depend on the severity and duration of the stress, the
characteristics of the receiving stream, and the availability of organisms for re-
colonization. OR 71-88
MD71-24 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING WEST OF APPALACHIA
Cederstrom, D. J. (U.S. Geol. Sutv.), Mining Congr. J. 57 (3)> 46-50 (1971). The
author points out that cast ground In surface-mined areas may have a greater storage
potential for water than undisturbed ground because void space has been increased.
He cites Corbett's study that shows that in flat or gently rolling terrain stream
flow is sustained by drainage from surface-mined land. Methods of controlling
acidity by care in disposing of pyritic material are also discussed. The hydrologlc
as well as aesthetic and economic advantages of lakes formed on surface-mined lands
are noted. OR 71-15
MD71-25 VASCULAR AQUATIC PLANTS IN ACID MINE WATER OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER,
WEST VIRGINIA
Clarkson, R. B. and Moore, J. A,, W, Va. Univ., Water Res. Inst., Bull. 2 (1971).
8 pp. Six areas on the Monongahela, Tygart Valley, and Weat Fork Rivers were studied
-------
MD71-25 (continued)
140.
intensively. Measurements were made of nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, total acidity,
iron, and pH of the water; substrate grain size; water velocity; and water level.
The authors conclude that "substrate, phosphate, and water-level fluctuation are
the factors most important to growth of vascular aquatic plants in streams contain-
ing acid inine water." OR 71-2
MD71-26 CLEAN AIR AND WATER
Coal Miniflg Process. 8. (11), 65-66 (1971). The Kaiser Resources Ltd. program to
minimize air and water pollution at their coal mining and processing operations
at Sparwood, British Columbia, is described. OR 71-119
MD71-27 COAL, CONSOL AND THE ENVIRONMENT - A SPECIAL REPORT
Consol News JLO (1), (June 1971). 36 pp. Consolidation Coal Company's programs for
air and water pollution abatement and control include projects at the Hanna Divi-
sion, Mountaineer Div., Pittsburgh Coal Div., Blacksville Div., and the Trua* Traer
Division. OR 71-26
MD71-28 INFLUENCE OF ACID MINE WATER ON THE MICROFLORA OF SEWAGE
Cook, H. A. and Wilson, H. A., W. Va. Univ., Water Res. Inst., Bull. 3 (1971)- 24
pp. This bulletin reports the data obtained^ (a) from a study of the microflora of
the acid mine water-domea-lc sewage polluted. Monongahela River; (b0 from a study of
the effects of acid mine drainage on the microorganisms in domestic sewage; and (c)
from a determination of the anlno acids present in raw sewage which could serve as
nutrients for the microflora in the receiving waters. Microscopic studies showed
that low nuBbere of yeasts and filamentous fungi were present In near neutral sewage
but when the sewage was mixed with acid nine water, or made equally acid vitft
H2SO4 upon incubation the predominating flora changed from bacteria to yeast? and
iilamentertiB fungi, fifteen of t"he common amino acids were detected in raw sewage.
When acid mine water was mixed with sewage, several of these amino acids could no
longer be detected and some were only present in trace amounts. The aimionia con-
centration increased greatly in the sewage~aci4 mine water mixtures. (From Authors'
Introduction and abstract) OR 71-78
MD71-29 COOPERATIVE MINE DRAINAGE STUDY—SELECTED AREAS IK THE CLARION RIVER
BASIN
EPA, Office of Water Programs, Wheeling, W, Va, (June 1971), 144 pp. + app. In
1967, the watershed areas of Toby Creek (Elk and Jefferson Counties), Deer Creek,
Licking Ct&ek, Mill Creek, Piney Creek, and Toby Creek (Clarion County) were inven-
toried for mine drainage discharges. The wine drainage sources are described by
type and location and are also shown on watershed maps. Water quality analyses of
specific discharges Include pH, conductance, flow, acidity, alkalinity, hardness,
total iron, and manganese. Similar water quality analyses are also given for des-
ignated stream sampling stations. Values from the water quality survey of 1966
are also included in the report.. C®. 71-62
MD71-30 STJIIP-MINIMG, EROSION ASD SEDIKENTATICR
Curtis, U. S.j Trans. ASAE 14 (3), 434-436 (1971). Weathering and erosion, begin
on the spoil bank as soon as the mining operation exposes the unconsolidated and
unprotected material. The rate of weathering is faster in this freshly exposed
material than in unrained areas. Generally, larger storms produce more sediment,
but the maximum concentrations of sediment also depend on the area disturbed and
whether mining is active. (From author1s summary) OR 71-116
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141.
MD71-31 TERRACES REDUCE RUNOFF AND EROSION ON SURFACE-MINE BENCHES
Curtis, W. R., J. Soil Water Conserv. 26 (5), 198-199 (1971). A two-year study in
Breathitt, Kentucky indicated that terraces can effectively control runoff and ero-
sion on surface-mine benches. In an area where the spoil was predominantly shale,
peak flows on a terraced plot averaged 65 percent less than on a control plot, sedi-
ment yield averaged 52 percent less and total runoff averaged 42 percent less. Com-
parable figures on a set of plots having substantial amounts of sandstone were 65,
70, and 6 percent respectively. Average storm runoff duration was 1 percent higher
on the terraced plot of each pair. (Author's abstract) OR 71-117
MD71-32 VEGETATING STRIP-MINE SPOILS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), Proc. Revegetation Econ, Use
Surface Mined Land Mine Refuse Symp., Pipestera State Park, W. Va., Dec. 2-4, 1971.
pp 40-41. The functions and methods of vegetating strip mine spoils are discussed
generally. OR 71-118
MD71-33 NEUTRALIZATION OF FERROUS IRON-CONTAINING ACID WASTES
Cywin, A. (to United States of America, represented by the Secretary of the Interi-
or), U.S. Pat, 3,617,559 (Nov. 2, 1971). 4 pp. Acid waste waters containing fer-
rous iron are neutralized using limestone in a finely divided state. Substantial
amounts of a mixed valence, hydrous iron oxide sludge are recycled back to the
neutralization and aeration steps of the process to produce a dense, easily dewa-
tered sludge having improved handling characteristics. (Abstract of the disclosure)
OR 71-109
MD71-34 NEUTRALIZATION OF FERROUS IRON-CONTAINING ACID WASTES
Cywin, A. and Mihok, E. A. (to United States of America represented by the Secre-
tary of the Interior), U.S. Pat. 3,617,562 (Nov. 2, 1971). 5 pp. Ferrous iron-
containing acid waste waters are neutralized to form a dense, compact, and easily
settleable sludge. Ferrous to ferric iron ratios are adjusted prior to neutraliza-
tion by catalytic oxidation to conform approximately to that of magnetite: 1 Fe++
to 2 Fe+++. Neutralization of the acid waste and precipitation of a mixed valence
iron oxide is accomplished using a finely divided limestone slurry as the preferred
neutralizing agent. (Abstract of the disclosure) OR 71-108
MD71-35 FINAL REPORT: EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PROJECT IN THE TREATMENT OF MINE
DRAINAGE - HARWICK MINE OF DUQUESNE LIGHT COMPANY MONARCH SHAFT -
INDIANA TOWNSHIP ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Darkes, W. F., Jr., Charmbury, H. B,, and Maneval, D. R., Pa. Dept. Mines Miner.
Ind., Jan. 1971. 20 pp. The purpose of the project was to reduce the iron in the
water discharged from the mine to Little Deer Creek. Water in the mine pool was
aerated and treated with basic materials to precipitate the iron as ferric hydroxide.
Lime, lime slurry, and 50 percent sodium hydroxide solution were used separately.
Results of analyses of the mine water for iron showed that untreated water averaged
62 ppm, water treated with lime slurry averaged 35 ppm, and water treated with sodium
hydroxide solution averaged 44 ppm. The pH of water in pool during treatment aver-
aged 6.5. The time for a dye injected into the pool to be discharged into the re-
ceiving creek was also noted. It is suggested that iron was not reduced more than
50 percent because additional water flowed into the treated pool from adjacent areas
of the mine. OR 71-3
MD71-36 ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT PROGRAMS IN SURFACE MINING
Deane, J. A. (Peabody Coal Co.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens, Ohio, by Ohio
Univ., 1971. 4 pp. Abatement methods used by Peabody Coal Company in surface min-
ing in the rolling terrain of the midwest are described. The author credits control
measures advocated in ORSANCO Resolution 5-60 and in "Principles and Guide to Prac-
tices in the Control of Acid-Mine Drainage" as being the basis for good abatement
programs. OR 71-46
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142.
MD71-37 COSTS AND EFFECTS OF A WATER QUALITY PROGRAM FOR A SMALL STRIP MINING
COMPANY
Dreese, G. R. (1) and Bryant, H. L. (2) [(1) W. Va. Univ. and (2) Xavier Univ.],
Rept. to U.S. Army Engineers Institute for Water Resources, IWR Rept. 71-77 (1971).
150 pp. Several years of operation of an actual mining firm in southeastern Ohio
were analyzed to determine how the costs of pollution control (land reclamation
and mine drainage treatment) would affect its financial situation. The firm, whose
identity is disguised in the report, is a small marginal producer in an area domi-
nated by a larger producer. The study concludes that costs of pollution control
for small producers could force them out of business unless the price of coal in-
creases so that these costs can be passed on to the user. OR 71-63
MD71-38 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND REVEGETATION TRIALS
ON MINED LAND AT LUSCAR, ALBERTA
Etter, H. M., Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre, Edmonton,
Alberta, Internal Rept. NOR-3, Aug. 1971. 19 pp. This report concerns a project
around the Camp, Cabin, and Luscar Creeks in the Upper Foothills of western Alberta,
Canada. The project involved water sampling and testing in addition to a revegeta-
tion by hydroseeding on weathered sandstone and shale overburden. Five seed mix-
tures were used and a tabulation gives the grasses and legumes and their maximum
expected number of germinants. Several sketches and diagrams show the location
and position of the test areas. A detailed tabulation of the water sample analyses
is also given. Sediment, including coal particles, was also monitored. OR 71-107
MD71-39 EVALUATION OF A NEW ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT PROCESS
Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., Rept. to EPA, WQO, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser.
14010 DYI 02/71 (1971). 155 pp. An economic and engineering evaluation of a sub-
merged coal refuse combustion process to convert acid mine water (AMW) to potable
water has been made. In this process coal refuse is burned in molten iron to sup-
ply energy for distillation or reverse osmosis, and the coal refuse sulfur is
trapped in a slag for eventual recovery of sulfur. Laboratory experimentation on
slags indicated that sulfur is obtained, high slag sulfur partition ratios are
achieved, fluid slags are produced, and that desulfurized slags are not suitable
for neutralization. (From authors' abstract) OR 71-25
MD71-40 DETECTION OF ABANDONED UNDERGROUND COAL MINES BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Fisher, W., Jr. (HRB-Singer, Inc., Environ. Sci. Br.), Rept. to EPA and Pa. Dept.
Environ. Resour., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser, 14010 EHN 04/71 (1971). 94 pp.
NTIS, PB-211 554. Electrical resistivity, self-potential, infrared radiometry,
total field and differential magnetometry, seismic refraction and reflection,
very low frequency electromagnetic and induced polarization over well documented,
drift, coal mines were evaluated in field studies. Airborne infrared radiometry
proved to be an excellent tool for detecting and mapping acid mine/fresh water
sources, acid mine/fresh water drainage, and fracture traces under selected condi-
tions. Resistivity and magnetics anomalies coincide with some (not all) drift
mine entries. Induced polarization data shows some apparent correlations with
mine workings. Other methods tested did not yield correlatable information. There
are 90 references. (From author's abstract) OR 71-75
MD71-41 ACIDITY CONTROL IN BALD EAGLE CREEK AND WEST BRANCH SUSQUEHANNA RIVER,
CLINTON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Flippo, H. N., Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water Resour. Div., Harrisburg, Pa., Open-
File Rept., Feb. 1971. 28 pp. Regression analysis of chemical and physical data
collected on Beech Creek resulted in two curves that relate the concentration of
free hydrogen ion to the electrical specific conductance of the water, providing
a means of estimating, through use of data telemetered from a water-quality monitor
on Beech Creek, the acid load in the stream at any time. These estimates will
enable the operators of Foster Joseph Sayers Dam on Bald Eagle Creek to release
-------
MD71-41 (continued)
143.
sufficient alkaline water from the reservoir to prevent fish kills that could be
caused by the acid from Beech Creek. Some water in the reservoir may be used for
improving the quality of the West Branch when the river is unusually acid. (From
author's abstract) OR 71-84
MD71-42 STUDIES ON LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE. PART II
Ford, C. T. , Boyer, J. F., and Glenn, R. A., Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Rept.
to EPA, Office Res. Monit., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 EIZ 12/71 (1971).
140 pp. NTIS, PB-195 282. Laboratory studies were conducted with limestone as the
neutralizing agent for coal mine water. Batch tests were used to determine the
properties of limestone necessary for effective neutralization. Continuous flow
testa were used to determine conditions required for an effective neutralization
process. The following variables are of importance for limestone to be an effective
neutralizing agent: (a) particle size, (b) Ca and Mg content, and (c) surface area.
Limestones having the smallest particle size commercially available were tested
and found to be effective if criteria for variables other than particle size were
met. Data obtained with a small laboratory continuous flow test apparatus were
used in determining operating conditions for a continuous treatment process for
neutralizing mine water with limestone. An evaluation of this process indicated
technical feasibility, advantages and disadvantages, and need for further study of
certain aspects of this process. The cost of treating coal mine water with the
BCR limestone treatment process compares favorably with the published costs of treat-
ing mine water by other processes. (Authors' abstract) OR 71-68
MD71-43 DEEP MINE SEALING
Foreman, J. W. (Gwin, Dobson & Foreman, Inc.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens,
Ohio, by Ohio Univ., 1971. 27 pp. Both early and more recent experiences with
mine sealing are reviewed. Mining conditions which affect different types of seals
and their successful use are discussed. Diagrams and photographs illustrating the
seals and their uses are included. OR 71-47
MD71-44 STATEMENT
Garvey, J. R, (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), Conf. on Pollut. of Monongahela River and
Its Tributaries, Pittsburgh, Pa., by EPA, 1971. 5 pp. In his statement, Mr, Garvey
comments on and reacts to the Recommendations to the Conference by the Technical
Committee. OR 71-42
MD71-45 ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT IN OHIO
Gebhart, E. J. (Ohio Div, Forestry Reclamation), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens,
Ohio, by Ohio Univ., 1971. 7 pp. In this keynote address of the conference, the
acid mine drainage pollution in Ohio is described and work toward alleviating the
problem is summarized. OR 71-48
MD71-46 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
Goldberg, E. F. (Univ. Md. School of Law), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop, Athens,
Ohio, by Ohio Univ., 1971. 18 pp. Laws relating to water quality control and to
surface mining regulation in coal mining states are discussed. The constitutional
problems involved in reclaiming stripped areas by governmental bodies are pointed
out. There are 35 references, OR 71-49
MD71-47 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT SURVEY, PIERSONS RUN WATERSHED -
ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Gray, R. E., General Analytics, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Proj.
SL-157 (Sept. 20, 1971). 20 pp. + app. The results both of the field survey of
the watershed and of a search to obtain all available data on mining operations in
the area are presented. The headwaters of the stream are within Allegheny County
Regional Park No. 3 (Boyce Park) and the stream drains much of the park lands.
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MD71-47 (continued)
144.
There are several sources of acid drainage into the stream within the park. Water
sampling was carried out at 21 points and values are given for pH, flow, sulfate,
total iron, acidity, and alkalinity. Recommendations for abatement include back-
filling stripped areas, filling sink holes into deep mines, sealing of a small mine
opening which has a low volume of discharge, fly ash injection to alter deep mine
flow, and a lime treatment plant. OR 71-89
MD71-48 MINE SPOIL POTENTIALS FOR WATER QUALITY AND CONTROLLED EROSION
Grube, W. E., Jr., Jencks, E. M., Singh, R. N., Smith, R. M,, and Wilson, H. A.,
Div. Plant Sci. College Agr. Forestry, W. Va. Univ., Rept. to EPA, OWP Water Pollut,
Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 EJE 12/71 (1971). 206 pp. NTIS, PB-208 817. Coal over-
burden materials were characterized by standard techniques for coal, rock, and soil
analysis. With this knowledge, operators and reclaimers can handle spoil so that
acid production and water pollution are minimized and revegetation is encouraged.
OR 71-72
MD71-49 WATER TREATMENT - A WAY TO BREAK MININGS' POLLUTION CYCLE
Hall, E. P. and Cywin, A. (EPA, Water Quality Res.), AIME Environ. Quality Conf.,
Washington, D. C., 1971. 13 pp. The authors review EPA sponsored projects on
abatement of acid mine drainage pollution. OR 71-19
MD71-50 FOAM SEPARATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hanson, P. J., Horizons Inc., Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Serv. 14010
FUI 10/71 (1971). 59 pp. NTIS, PB-208 411. Laboratory studies of continuous flow
foam separation were conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for
maximum extraction of dissolved metal cations (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn and Al) from acid
mine drainage. The effects of Ph, chelate addition, surfactant type and concentra-
tion, air sparging rate, metal concentration and foam drainage were investigated.
The average extraction rate obtained was 1.9 x 10~7 moles total metal per cm2 col-
umn cross-section area per minute. Operation in simple and countercurrent foaming
modes produced similar extraction rates for acid mine drainage. The low extraction
capacity of foam fractionation renders the process economically unfeasible for the
treatment of acid mine drainage. Surfactant regeneration from collapsed foam by
the addition of base was investigated as a means for surfactant reuse and cost
reduction. (From author's abstract) OR 71-73
MD71-51 RESTORATION OF A TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT - THE SURFACE MINE
Hill, R. D. (Robt. A. Taft Water Res. Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), Presented, Assoc.
Southeastern Biologists, Richmond, Va., April 16, 1971. 22 pp. The ASB Bull, JJi
(3), 107-116 (1971). (EPA, WQO Publ. No. 14010 04/71). Techniques of surface min-
ing that minimize damage to land control water pollution, and facilitate reclamation
are described. OR 71-11
MD71-52 LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, R. D. (1) and Wilmoth, R. C. (2) [(1) EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio and (2) EPA,
Norton, W. Va.], Trans. AIME 250, 162-166 (1971). This paper was presented at the
SME Fall meeting, St. Louis, Mo,, 1970. OR 71-54
MD71-53 NEUTROLOSIS TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, R. D. (1), Wilmoth, R, C. (2), and Scott, R. B, (2) [(1) Robt. A. Taft Water
Res. Center, Cincinnati, Ohio and (2) Norton Mine Drainage Field Site, Norton, W.
Va,], 26th Ann. Purdue Ind. Waste Conf., Lafayette, Ind., 1971. 13 pp. EPA, WQO
Publ. No. 14010 05/71. The process consists of operation of reverse osmosis unit
at maximum recovery, neutralization of brine to pH 4.3 - 4.5, and recycle of neu-
tralized brine water to the reverse osmosis unit. Overall results of more than 98
percent water recovery and less than 2 percent sludge were obtained. The raw mine
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MD71-53 (continued)
145.
drainage used in this study is characterized by total iron of about 100 ppra with
high ferric to ferrous ratio, and acidity of 600 ppm as CaC03. The reverse osmosis
equipment had a rated capacity of 10,000 gpd. Membrane fouling was reduced by
flushing. Summary analyses of raw water, blended feed, brine, and product water
are tabulated. OR 71-17
MD71-54 ION-EXCHANGE SYSTEM BOASTS MORE PULLING POWER
Kunin, R. and Downing, D. G. (Rohm and Haas Co.), Chem. Eng. 78. (15), 67-69 (1971).
The Desal ion exchange process and its application to acid mine drainage treatment
is described. A process flowsheet is included. OR 71-30
MD71-55 LACKAWANNA RIVER MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT PART I
Albert E. Peters Associates, Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Proj. SL-139
(Nov. 30, 1971). 37 pp. + app. The study area of the upper Lackawanna River water-
shed is in portions of Susquehanna, Wayne, and Lackawanna Counties and includes
approximately 8.2 miles of the river. Both field and laboratory results of water
testing from 55 sampling locations are reported. The testing was carried out over
a period of 18 months from 1969 into 1971. Values are tabulated for flow, pH,
acidity, alkalinity, total iron, and sulfates. Specific means of redirecting both
surface and underground flow to minimize acid drainage into the river are recom-
mended as abatement measures and a neutralization plant is not considered necessary.
The general abatement plan is divided into separate projects which are given an
order of priority. A general cost estimate is presented for each project. OR 71-91
MD71-56 CARBONATE BONDING OF COAL REFUSE
LaRosa, P. J., Karnavas, J. A., and Pelczarski, E. A., Black, Sivalls & Bryson,
Inc., Rept. to U.S. EPA, Water Qual. Office, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010
FOA 02/71 (1971). 44 pp. NTIS, PB-198 230. A laboratory study of the operating
variables which affect the properties of carbonate bonded coal refuse has been made.
The carbonate bonding process utilizing coal refuse as a fill material consists of
mixing coal refuse with water and lime hydrate, compacting the mixture, and react-
ing it with a carbon-dioxide-rich gas to form a coherent structure bonded by a ma-
trix of calcite crystals. The resulting carbonate bonded coal refuse can be used
in road building or as a coal refuse pile sealant to minimize acid mine water pol-
lution. (From authors' abstract) OR 71-98
MD71-57 STUDY OF SULFUR RECOVERY FROM COAL REFUSE
LaRosa, P. J. and Michaels, H. J., Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc., Rept. to EPA, WQO,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FYY 09/71 (1971). 67 pp. NTIS, PB-203 488.
A feasibility study has been performed on a process producing sulfur from the refuse
from coal preparation. In this process, limestone and coal refuse are ground, pel-
letized and preheated before entering a desulfurizing shaft reactor where a hard,
fired ash pellet and an H2S-SO2 bearing offgas are produced. After sulfur, tar,
and other gases are removed, the resulting H2S-SO2 gas proceeds to a conventional
sulfur recovery plant. The economic evaluation of the bench scale laboratory re-
sults shows that the process is a feasible, and In some cases profitable, means of
abating water pollution due to rainfall percolating through high sulfur coal refuse,
(Authors' abstract adapted) OR 71-59
MD71-58 LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Lovell, H. L. (Dir., Mine Drainage Res. Sec., Pa. State Univ.), Mining Congr. J. 5^7
(10), 28-34 (1971). Theoretical considerations of acid mine drainage neutraliza-
tion, with emphasis on the use of limestone are discussed. Some experience operat-
ing the treatment plant at Hollywood, Pennsylvania Is described, and advantages
and disadvantages are listed. A tentative conclusion is that for successful treat-
ment, if ferrous iron is present at a concentration greater than 500 mg/1, it should
be oxidized before limestone neutralization. OR 71-93
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146.
MD71-59 LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE - AN APPRAISAL OF PROCESS
CAPABILITIES AND PARAMETERS
Lovell, H. L. (The Pa. State Univ.), Am. Mining Congr. Meet., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1971.
20 pp. The limestone reactor of the mine drainage treatment facility at Hollywood,
Pennsylvania and its operating parameters are described and discussed in the light
of theoretical considerations of limestone neutralization of acid mine drainage.
The conclusion from accumulated experience is that the lower the concentration of
ferrous iron in the drainage water, the more effective the treatment. Oxidation of
ferrous iron before neutralization is advantageous. OR 71-27
MD71-60 INORGANIC SULFUR OXIDATION BY IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA
Lundgren, D. G., Syracuse Univ., Rept. to EPA, WQO, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser.
14010 DAY 06/71 (1971). 149 pp. NTIS, PB-213 006. This study of the microbes
which are a cause of mine drainage pollution is reported and discussed under four
separate topics. The three sections concerned with Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are
studies of sulfur metabolism, studies of iron metabolism, and heterotrophic growth
under acid conditions. The fourth section reports the isolation and characteriza-
tion of a new Thiobacillus species from alkaline mine drainage. There are 98 ref-
erences. OR 71-64
MD71-61 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Lyon, W. A. (Dir., Bur. Sanit. Eng., Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.), Conf. on Pollut.
of Monongahela River & Its Tributaries, Pittsburgh, Pa., by EPA, 1971. 102 pp.
The Information presented by Pennsylvania in 1963 on water quality and pollution
control in its portion of the Monongahela River Basin is updated. Sources of pol-
lution and action on each are listed by county and according to status as industrial
waste, sewage, or drainage from deep or surface mines. OR 71-41
MD71-62 MINE DRAINAGE AND ACID WATER TREATMENT
Coal Age 26. (7), 186-192 (1971). Water handling to minimize acid mine drainage
formation and neutralization of acid water that does form are emphasized in this
practical guide to mine drainage pollution abatement. OR 71-28
MD71-63 MINE DRAINAGE REPORT TO CONFEREES
Enforcement Conf,, Monongahela River & Its Tributaries, Pittsburgh, Pa., by EPA,
1971. 22 pp. This report reviews the call to the first session of the Conference
held December 17-18, 1963 at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The conclusions and recom-
mendations of the 1963 Conferees are stated. Recommendation No. 4 advised the
establishment of a Technical Committee charged with determining the amount of pol-
lution of the Monongahela River Basin due to mining and with developing a remedial
program including cost estimates. The data developed by the Technical Committee in
carrying out its purposes are summarized. The seven recommendations submitted by
the Technical Committee to the 1971 session are included. A brief review of legal
problems encountered in implementing abatement procedures is also presented.
OR 71-39
KD71-64 MINE REFUSE PILE COVERINGS TO REDUCE WATER PERCOLATION
MSA Res. Corp., Sum. Rept. to Pa. Environ. Resour. Admin., 1971. 32 pp. The char-
acteristics and costs of a number of materials which could be used as mine waste
pile covers are discussed. Urethane foam, polyethylene sheeting, linseed oil, fly
ash, and polyvinyl chloride cocooning material were tested under conditions simulat-
ing use. Urethane foam and polyethylene sheeting did not deteriorate during the 15
month test period or during an additional 15 month period. Pile characteristics
and site preparation are also discussed. There are 38 references. OR 71-8
/
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147.
MD71-65 MONONGAHELA RIVER MINE DRAINAGE REMEDIAL PROJECT
U.S. EPA, Div. Field Invest., Cincinnati, Summary Rept. to Enforcement Conf.,
Monongahela River & Its Tributaries, 1971. 235 pp. The material presented in Mine
Drainage Report to Conferees is included here substantially without change. In
addition there are detailed sections on the geology and hydrology of the Monongahela
River Basin; mining methods; effects of mine drainage on stream quality; the stream
sampling program carried out by the Technical Committee; cost estimates for pollu-
tion abatement; and the regulations and abatement programs of Maryland, Pennsylvania,
and West Virginia. Attachment A gives summaries of inventories of pollution sources
by sub-basin. In Attachment B are recommendations of individual Technical Committee
members. Attachment C gives the status of active mines including effluent quality
data. OR 71-40
MD71-66 ACID MINE DRAINAGE: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Morth, A. H., Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State Univ., 1971. 165 pp. A mathematical
model has been developed which can be used to describe the drainage flow rates and
acid loads from a drift mine. The McDanlels Test Mine was used to develop this
model. The model's predictions of acid load and drainage flows match existing data
within twenty percent on a monthly basis and within five percent on an annual basis.
The model has been used to generate predictions of acid loads from McDanlels Mine
for future years under varying levels of precipitation and different concentrations
of oxygen in the mine atmosphere. The computer program used in developing the model
is given in detail. (Adapted from author's summary and conclusions) OR 71-22
MD71-67 DEWATERING OF MINE DRAINAGE SLUDGE
Moss, E. A., Coal Res. Bur., W, Va, Univ., Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res.
Ser. 14010 FJX 12/71 (1971). 90 pp. NTIS, PB-208 347. This report is a literature
review on thickening and dewatering of sludge resulting from lime or limestone neu-
tralization of coal mine drainage. The effects of mine water constituents and
methods of treatment on the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting
sludge are described. Such current practices as aeration, recirculation, and neu-
tralization are discussed. Additional techniques at various stages of development,
such as thickening, conditioning, and dewatering are evaluated for use in coal mine
drainage treatment. The most promising coal mine sludge dewatering technique ap-
pears to be vacuum filtration. Other methods such as sand bed filtration, pressure
filtration and centrifugation may also be applicable. Recommendations are made as
to the areas in coal mine drainage treatment and sludge densiflcation that need
further research. (Author's abstract) OR 71-67
MD71-68 NEUTRADESULFATING TREATMENT PROCESS FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Catalytic, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. ORD-14010 DYH 12/71
(1971). 102 pp. NTIS, PB-213 720. The raw water is neutralized with sodium bicar-
bonate to precipitate iron and aluminum, followed by cation exchange to remove sul-
fate. Barium is eluted from the exchange resin and reacts with sulfate in the water
to form a precipitate. Barium is recovered from the precipitate and is processed to
recharge the exchange resin. The water is further treated to remove hydrogen sul-
fide by conversion to sulfur as a saleable product. The project was terminated at
the end of Phase I due to the high estimated cost of treatment. (Author's abstract
adapted) OR 71-71
MD71-69 PREVENTION OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION BY WELL DEWATERING
Parizek, R. R., Pa. State Univ., Spec. Res. Rept. SR-82 to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resoun.,
April 15, 1971. 73 pp. Large quantities of ground-water may be encountered in deep
coal mines which must be treated to meet water-quality standards before being dis-
charged. Source bedB supplying leakage to deep mines may be dewatered during and
after mining under favorable hydrogeologic conditions to prevent pollution, thereby
minimizing treatment costs and improving working conditions. Requisite hydrogeologic
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MD71-69 (continued)
148.
data to determine the feasibility of dewatering may be obtained during the coal
exploration program provided that both hydrogeologic and coal exploration programs
are planned in advance and coordinated. Studies, including costs, for two hypo-
thetical rain.es are presented. (From author's Summation of Results) OR 71-105
MD71-70 PILOT SCALE STUDY OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
The Ohio State Univ., Res. Found., Rept. to EPA, WQO, Mater Pollut. Contr. Res.
Ser. 14010 EXA 03/71 (1971). 84 pp. PB-214 771. A research facility has been
developed to study pyrite oxidation and the resulting acid mine drainage on a
pilot scale basis. The test units include a small, long-abandoned drift mine (the
McDaniels Mine), and six 33-inch diameter auger holes, drilled for the express pur-
pose of furnishing comparable, isolated, experimental units. The effect of oxygen
concentration on acid production has been studied in the McDaniels mine. The re-
sponse time of the mine to imposed mine atmospheres of varying oxygen concentra-
tions, mine drainage data, and information derived from boreholes through the
overburden around the mine, provide the basis for describing sites of pyrite oxida-
tion and the significance of bacterial catalysis on oxidation rate. Results to
date indicate that the major reaction sites are located above the ground water ta-
ble where gas, rather than liquid, is the continuous phase. There is no indication
of significant bacterial catalysis of pyrite oxidation. (From authors' abstract)
OR 71-36
MD71-71 PROCEEDINGS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WORKSHOP
Athens, Ohio, by Ohio Univ., Aug. 2-6, 1971. 167 pp. These complete proceedings
of a workshop organized in cooperation with EPA, ORSANCO, Ohio Reclamation Assoc.,
CIAC-ORSANCO, and Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources were compiled by Moid U. Ahmad.
In addition to papers already abstracted, there are presentations at, or summaries
of, four separate workshops held on August 5, 1971. Option 1, a field trip included
visits to (a) Leading Creek Watershed for a demonstration of erosion and erosion
control led by Heber Lessig of U.S. Soil Conservation Service; (b) Lake Hope water
quality monitoring network led by David Papier of Ohio Dept. Natural Resources;
(c) McDaniel Demonstration Mine of Ohio State Univ. led by K. S. Shumate; (d) suc-
cessful reclamation project of Wayne National Forest Service led by Paul Brohn;
and (e) Glen Ebon acid producing areas including a presentation of the thermal in-
frared photographic study of Professor Ahmad and Bobba Ghosh of Ohio Univ. and John
Antalovich of Kucera and Assoc., Inc. Option 2 included two presentations of the
topic "Physical and chemical analyses of mine water." Howard Latz of Ohio Univ.
discussed "Chemical analysis of mine water" and conducted a laboratory session in
which analyses were carried out by colorimetry, by flame emission and by atomic
absorption. "Mine drainage monitoring" was the topic presented by Ronald D, Hill,
Chief, Mine Drainage Pollution Control Activities, Office of Research and Monitoring,
EPA. Option 3, "Identification of pyrite in rocks" was presented by Russell A.
Brant of ORSANCO. In Option 4, three papers on "Spoil bank chemistry and its rela-
tion to plant growth" were given by W. E. Grube, Jr., E. M. Jencks, R. N. Singh,
and R. M. Smith. The verbatim report of the panel discussion summarizing the work-
shop is also included in the proceedings. OR 71-96
MD71-72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF POLLUTION OF THE INTER-
STATE WATERS OF THE OHIO RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN THE WHEELING,
WEST VIRGINIA AREA (OHIO-WEST VIRGINIA)
Wheeling, W. Va., by U.S. EPA, Oct. 13, 1971. 385 pp. EPA, under the provisions
of the Water Pollution Control Act, amended, called Ohio, West Virginia, and Ohio
River Valley Water Sanitation Commission to confer on the condition of the Ohio
River in the 36 miles from Toronto, Ohio to McMechen, West Virginia. Although mu-
nicipal pollution and general industrial pollution are emphasized, acid mine drain-
age is acknowledged as being part of the problem. The report includes the verbatim
account of the public session and the conclusions and recommendations for pollution
abatement from the conferees' session. OR 71-100
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149.
MD71-73 PROCEEDINGS - SECOND SESSION OF THE CONFERENCE IN THE MATTER OF
POLLUTION OF THE INTERSTATE WATERS OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER AND ITS
TRIBUTARIES
Pittsburgh, Pa., by EPA, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maryland, August 24, 1971.
264 pp.+ This verbatim transcript gives statements, presentations and discussions
at the Conference as well as material requested later to be entered into the record.
OR 71-87
MD71-74 PURIFICATION OF MINE WATER BY FREEZING
Applied Sci. Lab., Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind. and EPA, WQO, Water
Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DRZ 02/71 (1971). 61 pp. NTIS, PB-213 121. Of
the five freezing methods Investigated, the use of a bayonet type heat exchanger
was judged most satisfactory and was the method used in the tests. Ice deposited
on the heat exchanger was melted in three steps and the product water of each step
was evaluated. Innermost layers of ice always showed most reduction in impurities,
up to 98 percent with some runs. The concentration of impurities in the layers of
ice is not greatly affected by the percent conversion to ice. Partial freezing
experiments were also carried out on acid mine water which had been treated with
lime and had a low amount of iron and aluminum. Product water showed good reduc-
tion of calcium, magnesium, and manganese, but poor reduction of sulfate. The ap-
parent poor sulfate reduction was in contrast to excellent sulfate reduction in
experiments with raw mine water and with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution. An
interference in the colorimetric analysis for sulfate is suggested as the reason.
Appendixes include information on the various freezing methods investigated; the
analytical data; and a bibliography with abstracts. OR 71-4
MD71-75 QUICK SOLUTION TO PROBLEM OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Mining Eng. (10), 42 (1971). This note describes the handling of a clean water
discharge at Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.'s Vesta #5 coal mine that suddenly turned
acid and "bright red." The discharge was diverted to a surface pond for settling
and acid drainage in the mine was diverted to a borehole where there was a treat-
ment plant to neutralize the acid. OR 71-94
MD71-76 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER
Rabolini, F. and Rice, P. A., Syracuse Univ., Final Rept. to EPA, FWQA, Grant No,
WP-01460-01 (July 1971). 77 pp. A detailed picture of the growth of sulfate-
reducing bacteria is given and the feasibility of treating acid mine water biologi-
cally with sulfate-reducing bacteria was tested. Actual acid mine water can be
treated biochemically with sulfate-reducing bacteria. The sulfate reduction rate
was found to be proportional to Che product of the organic substrate and bacteria
concentrations. Temperature and pH affected the rate, with no growth observed at
a reactor pH of 5.5 or below. Sodium lactate was the most effective substrate used,
but its cost is too high for Industrial application. Digester overflow sludge was
successfully used as an organic substrate and has the advantage of partially neu-
tralizing the acid mine water. (Authors' conclusions adapted) OR 71-77
MD71-77 RECOMMENDATIONS - MONONGAHELA. ENFORCEMENT CONFERENCE
Conf. on Pollut. of Monongahela River and Its Tributaries, Pittsburgh, Pa., (1971).
2 pp. These are the 9 recommendations from the Conferees at the session of the
Conference held on August 24 and 25, 1971. It is recommended that the Appalachian
Regional Commission cooperate with the Environmental Protection Agency in setting
abatement priorities and working toward their accomplishment; that EPA finance
a study of legal problems rising from abatement and control of water pollution
from mining; and that September 1, 1972 be set as the deadline for adoption of a
nation-wide policy by EPA to include discharge from active mines in its standards
program. The three recommendations from the Federal Conferees are concerned with
abatement of pollution by mine operators and with being informed by reports from
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MD71-77 (continued)
150.
the states about the status of mines and abatement plans for mining discharges.
Quarterly meetings of the Conferees until September 1, 1972 are also recommended.
OR 71-43
MD71-78 THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS GAS ATMOSPHERES ON THE OXIDATION OF COAL MINE
PYRITES
Robins, J. D. and Troy, J. C., Cyrus Win. Rice Div. NUS Corp., Rept. to EPA, WQO,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 ECC 08/71 (1971). 140 pp. NTIS, PB-203 679.
A number of experiments up to 150 days in length were conducted to study the acid
production rate of coal mine pyrites under various gas atmospheres. The gas at-
mospheres studied were air, nitrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide. The lower lim-
its of the oxidation process were studied by introducing small amounts of oxygen
along with the inert blanketing gas and by studying the effects of deaerated versus
air saturated feedwater. Acid production was found to be proportional to the avail-
able oxygen partial pressure. The acid parameters monitored continued to change
and had not completely reached a steady state by the termination of the work. The
acid production of nitrogen blanketed pyrite decreased to less than 1 percent of
that of identical columns under an air atmosphere. Nitrogen and methane gases were
equally effective in reducing acid production. Both of gases were slightly more
effective than carbon dioxide. A large amount of detailed experimental data is
presented. (Authors' abstract) OR 71-58
MD71-79 EVALUATION OF SHAVERS FORK KINE SEALS
Scott, R, B. (Norton Mine Drainage Field Site), EPA, WQO Publ. No. 14010—09/71
(1971). 14 pp. + app. Because of a fish kill in the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisher-
ies and Wildlife hatchery at Bowden, West Virginia, in 1966, a mine sealing pro-
gram was undertaken on all known abandoned deep mines discharging acid into three
tributaries of Shavers Fork. The appendix contains water quality data collected
intermittently over four years to check the effectiveness of the seals. Values
are recorded for temperature, flow in GPM, pH, acidity, calcium, magnesium, total
hardness, sulfate, total iron, conductance, aluminum, and alkalinity as CaC0$.
Results of the monitoring program indicated that sealing had not significantly
reduced the pollution load. OR 71-61
MD71-80 SILICATE TREATMENT FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE PREVENTION
Tyco Lab., Inc., Rept. to EPA, WQO, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DLI 02/71
(1971). 94 pp. A laboratory study was carried out on actual mine refuse to evalu-
ate the effectiveness of silicate based gels to prevent acid drainage from coal mine
refuse piles. Alumina-silica gel applied so that the gel penetrated the pile up to
6 inches was most effective. Acid drainage formation was retarded by neutraliza-
tion by the treatment materials as well as by coating of the pyritic refuse. How-
ever, treatment of acid mine water by sodium silicate and sodium aluminate was no
more effective than conventional lime treatment. Although weathering tests showed
that the gels were affected by extremes of temperature, washings of weathered test
materials showed that residual alumina and silica maintained effectiveness for an
equivalent of 120 inches rainfall. OR 71-9
MD71-81 ACID MINE WASTE TREATMENT USING REVERSE OSMOSIS
Sleigh, J. H. and Kremen, S. S., Gulf Environ. Systems Co., Rept. to EPA, WQO,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 DYG 08/71 (1971). 83 pp. Two reverse osmosis
test units were operated during the course of these tests; a nominal 10,000-gpd
unit equipped with eighteen 50-ft2 modules and a nominal 4,000-gpd unit equipped
with nine 50-ft2 modules. The modules used in these units consisted of both high-
selectivity and high-flux cellulose acetate membranes. The test program was car-
ried out at three different mine drainage sites. The mine drainage water at the
first site, Norton, West Virginia, contained greater than 98 percent of the iron
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MD71-81 (continued)
151.
present in the ferric form; at the other two sites, Morgantown, West Virginia,
and Ebensburg, Pennsylvania, the drainage water contained predominantly ferrous
iron. Discharges at the second site were so concentrated that recoveries were
limited to 50 percent; recoveries of 80 to 90 percent were attained at the first
and third sites. No iron fouling was encountered at any of the three sites. Spe-
cific salt rejections were greater than 97 percent at all sites. (From authors'
abstract). OR 71-34
MD71-82 ACID MINE POLLUTION EFFECTS ON LAKE BIOLOGY
Smith, R. W. and Frey, D. G., Ind. Univ., Water Resour. Res. Cent., Rept. to U.S.
EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 18050 EEC 12/71 (1971). 131 pp. NTIS, PB-210
709. Six coal surface-mine lakes in Pike County, southern Indiana ranging in pH
from 2.5 to 8.2 were studied from July 1969 to December 1970. Results of sampling
program for physical and chemical parameters and for biological parameters are re-
ported. Generally, differences between the lakes indicated successional trends
with increasing pH. OR 71-99
MD71-83 RATE OF PYRITE OXIDATION AND ACID PRODUCTION RATE IN THE FIELD
Smith, E. E. and Shumate, K. S. (The Ohio State Univ.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop,
Athens, Ohio, by Ohio Univ., 1971. 11 pp. Pyritic oxidation systems are described
and illustrated by the formation of acid mine drainage in an underground mine.
Application of this knowledge to abatement of mine drainage pollution under various
conditions of mining is summarized. OR 71-50
MD71-84 SODA ASH TREATS PA. MINE DRAINAGE
Mining Eng. 23 (10), 42 (1971). This is a brief description of the use of soda
ash to counter a massive acid flow into the West Branch of the Susquehanna River.
OR 71-95
MD71-85 REDUCTION OF HYDROUS FERRIC OXIDE TO A MAGNETIC FORM WITH SODIUM DITHI0-
NITE; IMPLICATIONS FOR COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Streeter, R. C., Ill (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), Ph.D. Thesis, The Pa. State
Univ., 1971. 210 pp. Reaction variables studied included temperature, pH, initial
iron concentration, mode of dithionite addition, effect of dissolved oxygen, and
interferences due to the presence of dissolved calcium. The most strongly magnetic,
densest, and fastest settling reaction products were obtained near pH 10, at tem-
peratures of 80°C or above, and in the absence of dissolved oxygen and other im-
purities such as aluminum and calcium. Based on data from experiments with both
synthetic and actual coal mine drainage samples, a conceptual treatment process
for coal mine drainage 1b outlined and presented in the form of a flowsheet. The
process involves oxidation of iron and fractional precipitation of hydrous ferric
oxide with lime, followed by sludge concentration and reduction with sodium dithio-
nite. Preliminary estimates indicate that the high reagent costs involved would
make this approach less attractive than methods currently employed for coal nine
drainage treatment. (From author's abstract) OR 71-23
MD71-86 REDUCTION OF HYDROUS FERRIC OXIDE TO A MAGNETIC FORM WITH SODIUM DITHIO-
NITE: IMPLICATIONS FOR COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Streeter, R. C. (1), McLean, D. C. (2), and Lovell, H. L. (2) [(1) Bituminous Coal
Res., Inc. and (2) The Pa. State Univ.], ACS Div. Fuel Chem. Preprints ^5 (2), 13-
25b (1971). This paper is based on the research reported in the first author's
thesis. OR 71-32
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152.
MD71-87 STUDIES OF DENSIFICATION OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE SLUDGE
Streeter, R. C., Young, R. K., and Glenn, R. A., Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
Rept. to EPA, Office Res. Monit., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 EJT 09/71
(1971). 113 pp. NTIS, PB-203 189. The work was restricted to bench-scale batch
experiments. In the first approach, lime neutralization and aeration procedures
were altered to produce a dense fast-settling, ferromagnetic sludge. Disadvantages
of the process were the requirement for sludge heating and its sensitivity to the
presence of small amounts of aluminum in the original mine water. In the second
approach, recognized conditioning methods applied to sludges included the use of
coagulant aids, sludge bulk addltivies (filter aids), seeding materials, and sludge
heating and freezing. In addition, exploratory tests were conducted on the intro-
duction of carbon dioxide into the mine water to promote coprecipitation of calcium
carbonate during lime addition. Among the sludge densification methods tested, only
magnetic sludge preparation, sludge freezing, and CO2 pretreatment appeared to be
promising. OR 71-70
MD71-88 TREATMENT OF ACID AND METAL-BEARING WASTEWATERS BY THE HIGH-DENSITY
SLUDGE PROCESS
Temmel, F. M. (Homer Res. Lab., Bethlehem Steel Corp.), Am. Iron Steel Inst., Reg.
Tech. Meet., San Francisco, Calif., Nov. 18, 1971. 16 pp. Bethlehem Steel Corpora-
tion developed a high density sludge process to treat acid mine waters and pickling
waste waters. By recycling a controlled volume of the settled sludge and mixing
the recycled sludge with lime slurry in a reaction tank prior to the neutralization
and separation steps, the high density sludge is formed. The volume of the sludge
is only about l/25th the volume of that prepared by conventional neutralization.
Thus, from 17 million gal/day of waste water, 43,000 gal/day instead of 990,000
gal/day of sludge is produced. OR 71-102
MD71-89 SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION WITH STREAM WATER CONTAMINATED BY ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Terkeltoub, R. W. (U.S. Dept. Agr. Northeast Watershed Res. Center, University Park,
Pa.), Water Resour. Res. 7_ (3), 704-708 (1971). In this study, stream water carry-
ing acid mine drainage was used in varying amounts according to a predetermined
schedule to supplement the deionized water used on barley plants growing in a green-
house. Analyses of the stream water showed a pH of 3.1, 11.2 ppm iron, 13.0 ppm
manganese, 1.1 ppm zinc, 0.12 ppm copper, 0,31 ppm cobalt, and 0.42 ppm nickel.
All the plants grew successfully and showed neither toxicity nor deficiency symptoms.
Also the pH and extractable concentrations of iron, zinc, cobalt, and nickel of the
soil were not increased. OR 71-85
MD71-90 TOBY CREEK MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
Lee-Simpson Associates, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Proj . SL-132
(undated). 33 pp. + app. The project covered a limited portion of the watershed
of Toby Creek in Elk County, Pennsylvania, which had been both deep rained and
surface mined with no reclamation. The only active mine in the area at the time
of the study was a surface mine where old spoil piles were being regraded and the
new mining was being backfilled and planted. Water samples were taken from March
1969 through early 1970 at 12 points in the study area and at the drainage discharge
of the Elk-Blue Valley Mine Complex. Results of analyses for pH, manganese, iron,
alkalinity, acidity, and sulfate as well as values for flow are given. The compari-
son of the project area with the geographically similar abandoned mine complex
indicates that with flow diversion to reduce the amount of acid generated in the
deep mines, natural alkalinity from limestone formations may aid in neutralizing
the acid flow. Mine sealing and water diversion are recommended as abatement
measures. Specific details and cost estimates are given. OR 71-90
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153.
MD71-91 TWO LICK CREEK MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROJECT
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engr., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Mines Miner. Ind,, Project
No. SL-109 (1971). 265 pp. This report gives the results of the survey to deter-
mine the source of water pollution in Two Lick Creek Watershed in Indiana County,
Pennsylvania. Analyses of eight sub-watersheds classified as polluted include rec-
ommended abatement procedures and cost beneficiation estimates. Priorities are
assigned to abatement recommendations. Four sub-watersheds have been designated
not polluted. Information for each watershed includes maps of sampling stations
and pollution sources; water quality data giving flow, pH, acid load, iron, and
sulfate; and a graph illustrating the relationship between streamflow, pollution
load, and weather. OR 71-37
MD71-92 ABATEMENT OF WATER POLLUTION
Vander Horst, J. M. A. (to United States of America), U.S. Pat. 3,694,356 (Sept.
26, 1972). 2 pp. A process for the purification of effluent from sewage treat-
ment combined with the simultaneous purification of acidic mine drainage by com-
bining the two streams in suitable proportions so as to precipitate water insoluble
iron phosphates. (Abstract of the disclosure) OR 71-110
*©71-93 DISTRIBUTION OF BIOTA IN A STREAM POLLUTED BY ACID MINE-DRAINAGE
Warner, R. W. (Div. of Field Invest., EPA, Denver), Ohio J. Sci. 71 W> 202-215
(1971). Acidic water draining from coal mines has severely restricted the diver-
sity of biota inhabiting Roaring Creek, eastern West Virginia, Polluted reaches
°f the stream (medium pH values ranging from 2.8 to 3.8) were inhabited by 3 to
12 genera of bottom-dwelling invertebrates and 10 to 19 species of periphytic algae.
Sections of Roaring Creek not severely polluted by acid drainage (pH medians of A.5
°r higher) supported diverse communities of 25 or more kinds of benthic animals and
27 or more species of periphytic algae. Because of the complex and varying chemi-
cal composition of the acid mine drainage, and also because of possible physical
influences, measurements of pH values in the stream seemed to provide the most
reliably as well as unique, index of the effects of acid mine-drainage on aquatic
life. (Author's abstract adapted) OR 71-82
MD71-94 WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY NETWORK - 1967
W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., 1971. 85 pp. This report lists
the water quality regulations for West Virginia including acid mine drainage control
measures. A discussion is included on the West Virginia Water Pollution Control
Act and its authoritative powers. Results of chemical and biological analyses and
Properties such as temperature, turbidity, and odor number from sampling stations
the major rivers and streams in West Virginia in 1967 are tabulated. OR 71-103
*©71-95 WEST VIRGINIA WATER QUALITY NETWORK - 1968
Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour., 1971. 149 pp. This report con-
tains the water quality regulation for the state of West Virginia including acid
mine drainage control measures. The report also contains water analyses data for
samples taken at the many sampling stations in the state. OR 71-104
*®7l~96 MICROBIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATERS
Whtteseli, L. B., Jr., Huddleston, R. L., and Allred, R. C., Continental Oil Co.,
PMPt* to EPA> Office Res. and Monitoring, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010
ENW 09/71 (1971). 78 pp. NTIS, PB-206 231, In laboratory studies, both pure cul-
tures and fresh field cultures of acidophilic, iron bacteria readily oxidized ferrous
n in synthetic and natural acid mine waters at rates up to 600 mg/l/hr. Approxi-
®at® requirements of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and phosphorus by the iron
bacteria were established. Hultistaging of oxidation vessels in series produced a
®ore effective microbial oxidation system than a single reservoir. Limestone
-------
MD71-96 (continued)
154.
neutralizations of partially oxidized acid mine waters showed that such waters
containing up to 90 mg/1 ferrous iron could be successfully neutralized and result
in discharge waters containing less than 7 mg/1 total iron. Attempts to duplicate
laboratory findings with a 2,000-gallon pilot plant were not completely successful.
Although sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from all of nine acid mine dis-
charges examined, attempts to grow the cultures or produce hydrogen sulfide at pH
values below 5.5 were unsuccessful. (From authors' abstract) OR 71-76
MD71-97 THE MICROBIOLOGICAL OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN MINE DRAINAGE WATER-
PILOT PLANT STUDIES
Whitesell, L. B,, Jr. (1), Huddleston, R. L. (1), and Kosowski, Z. V. (2) [(1) Con-
tinental Oil Co. and (2) Consolidation Coal Co.], Presented, ACS 162nd Natl. Meet.,
Washington, D. C., Sept. 12-17, 1971. 13 pp. There were significantly lower oxida-
tion rates of ferrous iron in the pilot plant treatment system than were predicted
by previous bench-scale work. Therefore, the approximately 500 ppm ferrous iron
mine water feed used in the pilot plant was treated in the bench-scale apparatus.
With the same bacteria count used in the pilot plant, a more rapid rate of ferrous
oxidation was observed in the bench-scale unit. It is suggested that the different
surface to volume ratio between pilot and bench-scale systems should be investigated
as a possible cause of the difference in oxidation rates. The methods and results
are reported in detail. OR 71-57
MD71-98 DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE FROM ACID MINE WATER NEUTRALIZATION
Yeh, S.-J. and Jenkins, C. R. (Dept. Civil Eng., W, Va. Univ.), J. Water Pollut.
Contr. Fed. 4_3, 679-688 (1971). The sludge used in the dewatering studies was
taken from the Christopher Coal Co. acid mine drainage treatment plant located
south of Mount Morris, Pa. The design of a thickener, a vacuum filter, and a
sand drying bed were determined in the laboratory. Thickening followed by sand-
bed drying may offer a reasonable process. Vacuum filtration was unsuccessful.
In greenhouse experiments, the addition of neutralization sludge and/or domestic
wastewater sludge to mine spoil raised the pH to the 7.0 to 8.0 range, and mixtures
of the sludges promoted growth, OR 71-92
/
-------
155.
1972
MD72-1 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ZOOPLANKTON COMMUNITY IN AN ACID POLLUTED RESERVOIR
Bible, J, L., Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. 44 (1), 32-39 (1972). This study was made to
examine the zooplankton community in the acid polluted Cheat Lake, West Virginia
and two of its backwaters. Results indicate the zooplankton population in the back-
Waters was much higher than it was in the high acid lake. Data information are tab-
ulated for each sampling station. Further study is needed to understand the ability
of acid water to maintain zooplankton populations of particular abundance and compo-
sition. OR 72-101
MD72-2 STATUS OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Boyer, J. F., Jr. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), Coal Mining & Process. 9 (1), 56-59
(1972). In reviewing the scope of the mine drainage problem, the author emphasizes
the fact that the major part of the problem is drainage from abandoned mines. The
role of industry and of state and federal governments is discussed in relation to
control measures which either can be permanent and prevent further formation or dis-
charge of mine drainage, or can be temporary, such as neutralization, and only effect
an improvement while they are being carried on. OR 72-47
MD72-3 COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F. and Gleason, V. E. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), J. Water Pollut. Contr.
Fed. 44 (6), 1088-1093 (1972). There are 52 references in this review of the liter-
ature of 1971. Included are basic studies on the formation of acid mine drainage,
studies of new abatement methods, watershed studies, and reports of neutralization
and sludge handling. OR 72-46
MD72-4 TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE
Burke, L. 0. and Cudmore, J. F., Australian Coal Industry Res. Lab. Ltd., P.R. 72-75,
¦June 1972. 25 pp.+ A survey has been made of different drainage types produced
from a number of operating collieries in both New South Wales and Queensland. A
laboratory study has been made of treatment of acid mine drainage using the princi-
ple of autogenous grinding of lump limestone in a tube mill. A number o£ techniques
have been described for evaluating the chemical, microscopic and grindability char-
acteristics of limestones. The design and operation of a pilot tube-mill has been
described and its method of operation, using an actual sample of acid mine drainage,
is illustrated. (From authors' Summary) OR 72-75
MD72-5 TRACE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION IN REACTIVE AND INERT PYRITE
Caruccio, F. T. (Univ. South Carolina), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 48-54. This is a report of a continuing study
°f the nature and distribution of pyrite which oxidizes to form the acid drainage
associated with coal mining. Previously, two forms of pyrite were identified, a
stable form and a highly reactive "framboidal" or fine grained form. Particle size
alone was not a factor in the difference in reactivity since stable pyrite did not
become reactive when it was finely ground. In further studies to Identify differ-
ences between the two forms a minute amount of sample was vaporized by laser beam
and the vapor analyzed by spectrometer. The presence of silver in reactive pyrite
and of more titanium in stable than in reactive pyrite are the only consistent
differences found in the analyses of 18 samples. No conclusions are drawn as the
study is continuing. OR 72-7
MD72-6 POLLUTION CONTROL UNDER THE PENNSYLVANIA CLEAN STREAMS LAW
Charlson, A., Univ. Pittsburgh Law Rev. 34^ (115), 115-129 (1972). The definition of
pollution under the Clean Streams Law is discussed. Pollution incidents at a number
of coal companies are used as examples. An attribute of Pennsylvania's system of
pollution control is that violation or compliance can be determined at the discharge
Point alone. OR 72-88
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156.
MD72-7 CLARION RIVER ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT PROGRAM, PENNSYLVANIA
U.S. Dept. Army, Washington, D.C,, Draft Environ. Impact Statement, May 1972. 15 pp.
NTIS, EIS-PA-72-4585-D. A program using several different mine drainage pollution
abatement techniques to improve the Clarion River is described and the probable
effects are discussed. OR 72-71
MD72-8 AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANT DISTRIBUTION IN CHEAT LAKE {LAKE LYNN),
WEST VIRGINIA
Clovis, J. F. (W. Va. Univ.), Castanea 36^, 153-163 (1971), A compiling of the
aquatic vascular plants of Cheat Lake, with notes as to their abundance and distrib-
ution, is given. Cheat Lake is fed by Cheat River, which is becoming increasingly
mine-acid polluted, and a record of the plants and some present conditions was con-
sidered important to future studies. Ten new county records and two new state rec-
ords are included. (Author's abstract) OR 72-54
MD72-9 A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND
BIOTA OF THREE STRIP MINE LAKES, SPENCER COUNTY, INDIANA
Coe, M. W. and Schmelz, D. V. (St. Meinrad College), Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 82, 184-
188 (1972). Three Spencer County surface mine lakes in the same immediate area,
each about 30 years old were studied. Differences between the characteristics of
the lakes are a function of the area/volume ratios, slopes of basins, and water-
sheds. These lakes are in the alkaline stage of recovery. The study results prove
that each lake is modified, chemically, physically, and biotically at its own rate.
OR 72-103
MD72-10 COOPERATIVE MINE DRAINAGE SURVEY - KISK.IM1NETAS RIVER BASIN
EPA, Wheeling Field Office (April 1972). 313 pp.+ app. Basic data on sources of
coal mine drainage In seven watersheds of the Kiskiminetas River basin: the Kis-
kimlnetas River - mainstem and tributaries; Loyalhanna Creek; Conemaugh River -
mainstern and minor tributaries; Blacklick Creek; Two Lick Creek; Little Conemaugh
River; and Stony Creek include an inventory of mine discharges; stream water samples
analyzed for pH, acidity, alkalinity, hardness, sulfate, total iron, and manganese;
and flow. The mine drainage discharges were analyzed for pH, specific conductance,
acidity, hardness, sulfate, total iron, manganese, and aluminum. A 1966 survey of
water quality In the basin is reviewed. Recommendations for a program to reduce
mine drainage pollution in the area are presented. OR 72-39
MD72-11 CHEMICAL CHANGES IN STREAMFLOW FOLLOWING SURFACE MINING IN EASTERN
KENTUCKY
Curtis, W. R. (Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agriculture, Ky.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 19-31. This Is a part of a
continuing study to evaluate effects of surface mining on small Appalachian water-
sheds. Since acid pollution is not a problem, other chemical effects of surface
mining can be followed. An undisturbed area was used for comparison with the mined
areas. Water quality data collected before and after mining in 5 mined watersheds
include values for specific conductivity, pH, iron, aluminum, manganese, sulfate,
calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, and alkalinity. All of the minerals except copper
showed an increase after mining activity. Aluminum and manganese concentrations
seem to peak and taper off quickly. Sulfate, calcium, and magnesium show the great-
est increase after mining although the increase in sulfate concentration appears
several months after other increases. Specific conductivity which Indicates overall
concentration of mineral salts 1b suggested as a single test to indicate degree of
water pollution. OR 72-3
MD72-12 DEWATERING SLUDGE BY USING ROTARY VACUUM PRECOATING FILTRATION
Davis, D, W., Brown, T. S., and Long, B, W. (Johns-Manville Products Corporation),
-------
MD72-12 (continued)
157.
Fourth Syrap. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 201-233.
In this process, a drum that has been thickly coated with a filter aid is rotated
through sludge to be filtered. In the continuous operation, liquid is drawn into
the vacuum system and solids are deposited on the drum. As the drum rotates out of
the sludge, air drawn through the deposit and the precoat further dewaters the
sludge, which is scraped off by an advancing knife edge ao that a clean surface is
exposed for filtration. Pilot studies were carried out on actual mine water aludges
at 9 sites in West Virginia and at 5 sites in Pennsylvania. Results obtained from
using various filter aids and alkali systems show CELITE 501 to be the best filter
aid and limestone-lime combination the best neutralization system. Cost estimates
are given for various treatment plants. OR 72-16
MD72-1J METHOD OF SUBSIDENCE AND ACID ENTRAINED DRAINAGE CONTROL AND ADMIXTURES
THEREFOR
Davis, w. A. (to Michael L. Vongrey, Jr., Kittanning, Pa.), U.S. Pat. 3,704,594
(Dec. 5, 1972). 9 pp. The purpose of this method is to fill underground mine voids
and to neutralize and control acid drainage coming from such voids. OR 72-70
*©72-14 FINANCING ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION: CASE STUDY APPALACHIA
Dee, N., Stacey, G., Bowman, J., and Qasim, S. (Battelle Memorial Inst.), Water
Resour. Bull. 8 (3), 473-482 (1972). A financing program for the prevention, con-
trol, and abatement of mine drainage pollution was developed using Appalachia aB a
case example. The financing program was selected by using three performance crite-
ria in a screening process—applicability of financing program to pollution problem,
feasibility of program to unit costs and capturing potential benefits, and feasi-
bility of program to economic and legal consideration. Effluent charges with some
modifications are suggested as the appropriate financing mechanism. (Authors
abstract) OR 72-63
MD72-15 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PLANKTON RESPIRATION IN AN ACID POLLUTED LAKE AND
ITS ACID FREE EMBAYMENTS
Diehl, W. T. (W. Va. Univ., Dept. Biol.), Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. 44 (1), 24-32
(1972). A 30-day study of community respiration in Cheat Lake, West Virginia, com-
pared communities in the acid lake and in two acid free backwaterB. Data indicated
a marked decrease both in surviving species and in species concentration in the
lake. It was suggested that the significant difference in community respiration
between the non-acid backwaters might be due to a difference in available nutrients.
72-100
MD72-16 AQUATIC-BIOTIC COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF POLLUTION
Hills, G. G. and Rogers, D. T., Jr., Geol. Surv. of Ala., Div. of Water Resour.,
University, Ala., Circ. 80, (1972). 25 pp. Bi-weekly sampling was carried out at
ten stations in the drainage basin of Cane Creek, Walker County, Alabama, from Feb-
ruary 1970 through January 1971. Water samples were analyzed in the field for dis-
solved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, pH, iron and manganese. Laboratory anal-
yses were carried out for turbidity, phosphate, nitrate, silica, alkalinity, hard-
ness, chromium, and chloride. Benthic samples were collected from riffles in the
same general area as the water samples. Mine drainage resulted in low community
diversity. OR 72-86
*©72-17 MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT EXPERIENCE
Draper, J. C. (Duquesne Light Co.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 415-422. A treatment plant to be run parallel to the
presently operating treatment plant at the Warwick No. 2 Mine is described. The
new plant 1b designed for a flow of 6 million gallons per day of mine water with
-------
MD72-17 (continued)
158.
1950 ppm acidity and 900 ppm iron. In the treatment process, mine water is neu-
tralized by lime, aerated, and sent to a sludge thickener. The overflow from the
thickener can go either to a polishing pond or to the receiving stream, the sludge
is disposed of in an abandoned mine. Modifications, based on experience with the
first plant, have been made in the new plant in the lime slurry feed system and in
the receptacle which serves as a sludge thickener. OR 72-29
MD72-18 THE EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING UPON NAVIGABLE WATERS AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES:
DISCUSSION AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Grad. Center for Public Works Admin., Univ. Pittsburgh for Corps of Engineers, U.S.
Dept. of the Army, July 1972. 94 pp. NTIS, AD-749 802. The emphasis of this re-
view of the literature is on the sedimentation and acid mine drainage attributable
to surface mining for coal. The effects of other types of surface mining are
briefly reviewed. OR 7 2-55
MD72-19 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION—A CONSOL OBJECTIVE SINCE 1948
Coal Age 77 (10), 122-138 (1972). The overall mine drainage, reclamation and waste
disposal program of Consolidation Coal Compaq is described. Fifteen water treat-
ment plants are in operation and three more in development stages. Major projects
for the company Include: Itmann preparation plant, Hanna Coal Company Division
reclamation program, the Pocahontas Fuel Company reclamation project, and Dents Run
surface and water cleanup. OR 72-79
MD72-20 AIRBORNE INFRARED DETECTION AND MAPPING OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Fisher, W., Jr. (HRB-Singer, Inc.). Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 331-339. Seasonal experiments over a subwatershed
illustrate the utility of this approach in establishing the relative quantity of acid
mine water with seasonal hydrologic change. Successful application of the IR tech-
nique is dependent on the optimum usage of the airborne operational parameters of
time of overflight, flight direction, altitude, and the spatial and thermal charac-
teristics of the system. Seasonal influences on ambient temperature, water flow and
vegetation also have to be considered In order to optimize the thermal contrast of
the water sources and drainage relative to their background. (From author's
abstract) OR 72-23
MD72-21 DEVELOPMENT OF A LIMESTONE TREATMENT PROCESS OR ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Ford, C. T. (Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res,
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 266-291. Laboratory studies on both actual
and synthetic mine waters with high ferrous iron content show that limestone treat-
ment is feasible. The process described in this paper includes recirculation of a
slurry of mine drainage sludge and treated effluent with coal mine drainage feed.
A flow diagram and unit design basis are presented for a plant treating 4.0 mgd of
water characterized by pH above 4 and ferrous iron concentration of about 100 mg/1.
Studies are underway to improve the process by increasing the rate of iron oxidation.
Cost estimates show that the BCS limestone treatment process compares favorably with
other neutralization processes. OR 72-19
MD72-22 EVALUATION OF MINE SEALING IN BUTLER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Foreman, J. W. (Gwin, Dobson 4 Foreman, Inc.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 83-95. Brief descriptions of various methods
of mine sealing are included in this report on two mine sealing projects to control
pollution in western Pennsylvania. In one project 69 hydraulic and 23 dry or sur-
face seals were Installed on openings draining into Muddy Creek, the source of water
for Lake Arthur in Moraine State Park. Eighty-five weirs, installed at known mine
drainage discharges, were used as sampling and flow monitoring polntB. Water quality
-------
MD72-22 (continued)
159.
was also monitored through mine observation holes. The other project was carried
out in the eastern, end of Slippery Rock Greet Watershed and included 32 hydraulic
mine seals and several hundred feet of grout curtain at two locations along the
coal outcrop. Water samples and flow measurements were obtained at seven locations
and further sampling was done through six mine observation holes in this second
Project. Water quality analyses and flow measurements made before and after sealing
in both projects show a decrease in mine water discharge and an improvement in water
quality. Costs are summarized. OR 72-10
HD72-23 ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF ACID MINE WATERS
Gaines, L., Jasinski, R., and Gruber, A. (Tyco Laboratories, Inc.), Fourth Symp.
Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 105-114. The elec-
trochemical oxidation of ferrous iron process is proposed as a substitute for the
commonly used aeration step. Laboratory studies on synthetic mine water at constant
flow rates, which were varied from 2 to 20 gallons per hour, show that this process
is technically feasible. The reactor design uses a packed bed of activated granular
carbon as an anode since theoretical consideration of mass transport limitation of
oxidation shows that an economical reactor must be based on a relatively large sur-
face area of anode per unit volume. OR 72-12
MD72-24 CONTROL OF POLLUTION FROM DEEP BITUMINOUS COAL MINES IN PENNSYLVANIA
Giovannitti, E. F. (Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Div. Mine Drainage & Erosion Con-
trol), AIME Ann. Meet., San Francisco, Calif., 1972. 72-F-85. 17 pp. The preven-
tion and abatement of acid mine drainage pollution is reviewed with emphasis on
sealing of abandoned mines and neutralization of acid waters. OR 72-73
MD72-25 LEGAL PROBLEMS OF COAL MINE RECLAMATION
Goldberg, E. F. and Power, G., Utiiv. Md., School of Law, Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut.
Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FZU 03/72 (1972). 236 pp. NTIS, PB-290 862. Coal mining
produces a variety of environmental problems — acid drainage, sedimentation, sur-
face subsidence and surface scars. This study reviews the response of legal insti-
tutions to these problems in Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Tech-
nological and economic concerns are also taken into account. The study examines the
way in which the property system allocates rights in coal and coal lands, the effi-
cacy of litigation, and present laws and regulations for preventing environmental
damage, and constitutional limitations on the ability of states to effectively re-
spond to the problems. A case study of the economics of the Maryland coal industry
is also presented. Model legislation giving the states the necessary powers to re-
spond to environmental problems, is proposed. (From authors' abstract). There are
345 references. OR 72-36
MD72-26 EFFECTS OF COAL MINING ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE TRADEWATER RIVER
BASIN, KENTUCKY
Grubb, H. F. and Ryder, P. D., U.S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 1940, (1972).
83 pp. The effects of coal-mine drainage on the water resources of the Tradewater
River basin, in the Western Coal Field region of Kentucky, were evaluated (1) by
synthesis and interpretation of 16 years of daily conductance data, 465 chemical
analyses covering iin 18—year period, 28 years of daily discharge data, and 14 years
of daily suspended-sediment data from the Tradewater River at Olney and (2) by
collection, synthesis, and interpretation of chemical and physical water-quality
data and water—quantity data collected over a 2-year period from mined and notimined
sites in the basin, (From authors' abstract) OR 72-85
-------
160,
MD72-27 SIGNIFICANCE OF WEATHERING IN A PENNSYLVANIA^ SANDSTONE TO POLLUTION
FROM STRIP MINES
Grube, W. E., Jr., Smith, R, M., Jencks, E. M., and Singh, R. N, (W. Va. Univ.),
Nature 70-71 (March 10, 1972). Sandstone that overlays upper Freeport coal in
northern West Virginia has been analyzed at various depths. Weathering has pene-
trated sandstone generally about 6 meters, and to a greater depth along rock frac-
tures. Pyrite and soil nutrients are mainly absent in the weathered layer. Lower
strata have sulfur content varying from several tenths of a percent near the coal
seam to less than one tenth of a percent near the top of the unweathered zone.
OR 72-34
MD72-28 MINE DRAINAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS
Hall, E. P. (Environmental Protection Agency), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 32. The major EPA demonstration projects are
summarized. OR 72-4
MD72-29 FOAM SEPARATION OF METALS FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hanson, P. J. (Horizons Research Incorporated), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 157-178. Laboratory scale apparatus was used
to determine the technical and economic effectiveness of continuous-flow foam separa-
tion for treating acid mine drainage. Results of the work carried out on synthetic
acid mine drainage were verified by tests run on mine drainage from Grassy Run near
Elkins, West Virginia. The process is not economically feasible since only a low
percentage of the metals present in the mine water is extracted. OR 72-14
MD72-30 THE RECOVERY OF STREAM MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES FRjOM THE EFFECTS OF ACID
MINE DRAINAGE
Herricks, E. E. and Cairns, J., Jr. (Va. Polytechnic Inst, and State Univ.), Fourth
Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 370-398. A
study was carried out on Indian Creek, a tributary of the Youghiogheny River in
Pennsylvania, to determine the ability of a stream to recover from effects of acid
mine drainage pollution. Stations for sampling water quality and the types and den-
sity of biological population were located both upstream and downstream of the drain-
age source and within the polluted area. Sampling was carried out from October 1970
through October 1971. Among the conclusions from the results of the sampling pro-
gram are: that the effects of acid drainage on aquatic communities Includes a re-
duction in diversity and density of organisms and a dominance by pollution-tolerant
organisms; and that recovery was shown by establishment of communities with a large
number of species most of which were represented by relatively few individuals.
OR 72-27
MD72-31 CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, R. D. {Chief, Mine Drainage Pollut. Contr. Act., Cincinnati, Ohio), Battelle
Conf., Columbus, Ohio, Nov. 1972. 12 pp. Also in Cycling and Control of Metals,
Proceed. Environ. Resour. Conf. Oct. 31-Nov, 2, 1972 (1973). pp 91-94. NTIS, PB-
216 184. Acid mine drainage formation and abatement of mine drainage pollution are
reviewed. OR 72-66
MD72-32 ELKINS MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROJECT—AN UPDATE
Hill, R. D. and Martin, J. F, (EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drain-
age Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 96-104. Information gained on the
Elkins, West Virginia mine drainage control project includes data showing long term
improvements in water quality, and establishment of grasses, legumes, and trees in
various areas. Each of the several subwatersheds into which the project is divided
is described. Mine sealing did not reduce oxygen concentration in the mines nor
decrease pollution load, but did reduce acidity and sulfate somewhat. Surface
-------
161.
MD72-32 (continued)
reclamation, haa been successful id decreasing pollution from surface drainage.
Greater precipitation over the area, resulting in larger flows in some years has
contributed to larger loadings of pollutants expressed as tons per year. Continuous
monitoring of water quality rather than intermittent sampling is recommended to give
better information on water quality changes. OR 72-11
MD72-33 ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT BY ION EXCHANGE
Holmes, J, G, and Kreusch, E. G., CuLligan International Company, Rept. to EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-72-056 (Nov. 1972). 215 pp. NTIS, PB-214
454. Laboratory studies were conducted on synthetic acid mine drainage treatment
vising ion exchange processes. During the first stage, five representative ion ex-
change resins were surveyed through laboratory column test studies. In the second
stage of the laboratory studies the three resins which were feasible in the treat-
ment of AMD in the first stages were selected and studied further in the treatment
of synthetic AMD containing 100% ferrous iron and containing 100% ferric iron.
Based on the laboratory studies, two complete processes for the treatment of AMD y
ion exchange techniques were established: a two resin system and the modified Desai
system. Treatment plants were designed for each system and cost estimates are pre-
sented in the report. (From authors' abstract) OR 72-61
MD72-34 ION EXCHANGE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Holmes, J. and Schmidt, K. (Culligan International Company), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 179-200. Five ion exchange
methods were evaluated for treating acid mine drainage. Three methods were consid-
ered to be of value for further study. Two of these methods, strong acid cation ex-
change in the hydrogen cycle and weak base anion exchange in free base cycle, are
combined into a two—step treatment which is a conventional ion exchange process.
Although the manganese in the effluent was considerably less than its concentration
in the synthetic mine water, there was more than the limit of 0.05 ppm manganese
required in potable water. It was necessary to increase the pH of the effluent to
9.90 with lime to remove sufficient manganese to meet this standard. The third ion
exchange method, a weak base anion exchanger in bicarbonate cycle, was combined with
lime treatment of its effluent for a second mine drainage treatment process. Both
mine drainage treatment processes were carried out on synthetic mine water with iron
all in the ferric state and with iron all in the ferrous state. OR 72-15
MQ72-35 THE EFFECTS OF ACID MINE WATER ON GROWTH (NUMBER AND SIZE) OF CHLORELLA
VULGARIS
Janeczek, W. A., Keller, E. C., Ill, Shoupp, W. J., and Keller, E. C., Jr., Proc.
W. Va, Acad. Sci. 44 (1), 40-49 (1972). Growth in Chlorella vulgaris was examined
under axenic conditions in a variety of Acid Mine Water (AMW) concentrations, and
inorganic nutrient media, to ascertain the relationship between cell number and cell
size, it was found that high concentrations of AMW (above 3/16) decreased the aver-
age cell size. Further, at concentrations of 3/16 AMW or more, cell number waB
greatly decreased. Finally, the normal relationship that exists between cell size
and cell number during growth was greatly modified by AMW concentrations greater
than 3/16. (Authors' abstract) OR 72-102
MD72-36 ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATERS
Jasinski, R. and Gaines, L., Tyco Laboratories, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Water Pollut.
Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FNQ 02/72 (1972). 81 pp. NTIS, PB-208 820. Experimental
and analytical evaluations of the direct electrochemical oxidation of ferrous acid
mine drainage have shown that this approach is economically superior to present lime
treatment and aeration methods. Through the use of a packed bed electrode, the size
of the oxidation reactor has been reduced to a stage where the capital Investment
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MD72-36 (continued)
162.
required for this equipment can be recovered by cost reductions in latter treatment
stages. Electrolytic hydrogen, produced during electrochemical oxidation, should
be economically recoverable at high AMD treatment rates. (From authors' abstract)
OR 72-32
MD72-37 PROGRESS IN THE RECOGNITION OF FRACTURED ROCK ZONES IN PREVENTION AND
ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE
Koppe, E. F. (1) and Thompson, D. R. (2) [(1) E, F. Koppe & Associates and (2) Pa.
Dept. Environ. Resour.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh,
Pa. (1972). pp 41-47. Fracture traces, or fractured rock zones, breaks in the
earth's surface varying from feet to miles in length, can alter ground water flow
and can result in mine roof problems or failure of mine seals. Aerial photography
aids in their identification. Examples are given of the application of this knowl-
edge to reducing the amount of water that must be handled during mining and that
might also need mine drainage treatment. OR 72-6
MD72-38 CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINE MINERAL WASTES
Kosowski, Z. V. (Consolidation Coal Co.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 423-424. Continuing work on the reclamation of
the refuse piles and slurry lagoons at the New Kathleen Mine, DuQuoin, Illinois is
described. The pile has been graded, covered with clean earth, fertilized, and
planted. Three test plots of approximately 10 acres each were covered with 1, 2,
and 3 foot thicknesses of earth. Half of the slurry lagoon area was treated with a
petroleum based non-toxic emulsion for dust abatement. The rest of the lagoon area
was fertilized and planted with grasses but without topsoil. Water quality monitor-
ing is presently going on. OR 72-30
MD72-39 MINING AND RECLAMATION TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL MINE DRAINAGE
Krause, R. R. (National Coal Association), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 425-430. Newer methods of mining and reclama-
tion which are reviewed are designed to minimize the problems associated with mining
in the steep areas of Appalachia. The basic purposes of the various methods are to
create a stable earth mass from the overburden that must be moved and to prevent
erosion, siltation, and landslides by controlling water runoff from rainfall and by
rapidly establishing a vegetative cover. OR 72-31
MD72-40 MINE DRAINAGE AND OTHER MINING IMPACTS AS A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONCERN
Lerch, 0. H., Maneval, D. R., and Montgomery, H. B. (Appalachian Regional Comm.),
Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972), pp 15-18.
The purpose and work of the Appalachian Regional Commission are described. Special
emphasis is given to the effect of mine drainage in the region and the Commission's
role in alleviating the problem, particularly in relation to the Monongahela River
Basin Project. OR 72-2
MD72-41 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EXPERIENCE IN THE OPERATION OF THE SLIPPERY ROCK
CREEK MINE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Lisanti, A. F. (1), Zabban, W. (1), and Maneval, D. R. (2) [(1) The Chester Engi-
neers and (2) Appalachian Regional Comm.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 399-414. While the plant is designed to treat
a flow of approximately 2100 gpm, the actual influent from the stream has averaged
2520 gpm. The lime slurry treatment of the creek water Increased the pH from about
4 to more than 7 and completely removed the iron which was present at a concentra-
tion of between 2 and 3 mg/1. The neutralized water is sent to a clarifier. The
settled solids go to a thickener and then to sludge storage lagoons where the sludge
compacted to about 7 percent total solids. Operators are present at the treatment
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MD72-41 (continued)
163.
facility during two shifts. The plant operates automatically during the third shift
with an alarm system tied into telephone lines to summon help if needed. OR 72-28
MD72-42 EXPERIENCE WITH BIOCHEMICAL-IRON-OXIDATION LIMESTONE-NEUTRALIZATION
PROCESS
Lovell, H. L. (Mine Drainage Res. Sect., Penn. State Univ.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res., Pittsburgh, Pa., by Coal Ind. Advisory Comm. to ORSANCO (1972).
10 pp. The long term experience of treating acid mine drainage by the two step
process of bacterial oxidation of ferrous iron and limestone neutralization is dis-
cussed. The influent mine water has a pH of about 3.0 and ferrous iron content of
about 430 mg/1. The treatment effluent has a pH of 6.5 and total iron content of
1 mg/1. Biochemical oxidation of ferrous iron in two different types of reactors
was compared. Oxidation in a surface reactor, similar in design to a conventional
sewage trickling filter occurred apparently several hundred times faster than oxi-
dation in a deep vat system in which the mine water and culture were mechanically
agitated. OR 72-20
MD72-43 OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH BIOLOGICAL IRON OXIDATION - LIMESTONE
NEUTRALIZATION TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Lovell, H, L. and Kaelin, D. E. (Mine Drainage Res. Section, Pa. State Univ.), AIME
Ann. Meet., San Francisco, Calif., 1972. 72-F-104. 7 pp.+ Treatment experience
with water containing up to 500 mg/1 ferrous iron is reported. OR 72-74
MD72-44 MULTISTAGE FLASH EVAPORATION SYSTEM FOR THE PURIFICATION OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Maneval, D. R. (1) and Lemezis, S. (2) {(1) Appalachian Regional Commission and
(2) Westinghouse Elec. Corp.], Trans, of the Soc. of Mining Engineers of AIME 252,
42-45 (1972). The system to treat drainage near Wilkes-Barre is described.
OR 72-41
MD72-45 PHYSIOLOGY OF ACIDOPHILIC BACTERIA OF ACID MINE WATER
Manning, H. L. and Cook, T. M. (Dept. Microbiology), Univ. Maryland, Completion
Rept. A-016-Md to U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., Feb. 1972. 50 pp.
Two new acidophilic bacteria (strains M-l and M-2) were isolated from acid mine
water and characterized. The range of pH over which they grow well is pH 2.5 to
4.5, and above pH 4.5 definite morphological abnormalities (swelling and rounding
of cells) occur. Their response to various metals and to organic and inorganic
sources of nitrogen has been determined. (Adapted from authors' abstract) OR 72-60
MD72-46 TWOFOLD ATTACK ON THE DRAINAGE PROBLEM
Mason, R. H., Coal Mining & Process. _9 (10), 44-48 (1972). The Whetstone Portal
Treatment Plant which treats water from Consol No. 20 Mine, of the Mountaineer Coal
Co. is described. The mine drainage is neutralized by hydrated lime and the efflu-
ent "of above state standards" goes Into Whetstone Run, a tributary of Buffalo
Creek In the Monongahela watershed. OR 72-67
MD72-47 REVERSE OSMOSIS DEMORALIZATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Mason, D. G. and Gupta, M. K. (Rex Chainbelt Inc.), Rept, to EPA, Office Res. Monit.,
and Pa. Dept. of Environ. Reaour., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 FQR 03/72
(1972). 110 pp. NT1S, PB-211 020. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1
consisted of laboratory bench scale investigations to determine methods for controll-
ing iron fouling and to select a process flow sheet. Phase II was the field opera-
tion located in Mocanaqua, Pennsylvania, using the discharge from an abandoned
underground anthracite coal mine. Treatment prior to RO consisted of filtration
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MD72-47 (continued)
164,
(10y) followed by ultraviolet light disinfection. The brine from the RO unit was
treated by neutralization, oxidation and settling. The results of a four-month test
indicated that it was feasible to demineralize acid mine drainage by reverse osmosis.
Membrane fouling due to iron was satisfactorily controlled. The recovery of product
water was limited to about 75% due to calcium sulfate fouling. Product water was of
potable quality in all respects except for iron, manganese, and pH. (From authors'
abstract) OR 72-37
MD72-48 COPPER, NICKEL, AND ZINC RELEASED FROM ACID COAL MINE SPOIL MATERIALS
OF EASTERN KENTUCKY
Massey, H. F. and Barnhisel, R. I. (Univ. of Ky,), Soil Science 113 (3), 207-212
(1972). Successive extractions and leachings of seven coal mine spoils were carried
out over a period of 35 weeks. Concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, and Na found
in the extractions were generally similar to those reported by other workers hut as
much as 122 ppm Ni, 85 ppm Cu, and 145 ppra Zn occurred in the soil solutions ana-
lyzed in this study. Concentrations of Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni were generally
higher in extracts of low pH. It is Suggested that possible toxicities from Ni, Cu,
and Zn must be considered in revegetating spoil banks. OR 72-40
MD72-49 THE USE OF RESISTIVITY TECHNIQUES TO DELINEATE ACID MINE DRAINAGE IN
GROUND WATER
Merkel, R. H. (Penn. State Univ.), Ground Water 10 (5), 38-42 (1972). This paper
describes a ground water resistivity project conducted in the Kylertown area of
Pennsylvania, to measure the extent of contamination by acid mine water. Chemical
analyses of streams and ground water samples were made to monitor the degree of
contamination. Data are shown on several charts which plot resistivity against ion
concentration. Variable resistivity of the coal associated with the acid water had
some undetermined affect on the water. OR 72-92
MD72-50 THE USE OF IONIC TRACERS IN DETERMINING THE SUBSURFACE FLOW OF MINE
DRAINAGE. A CASE STUDY.
Merritt, G. L. (1) and Angerman, T. W. (2) [(1) Pa. Dept. Environ. Res. and (2)
Huntley & Huntley, Inc.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. (1972), pp 340-343. Advantages and disadvantages of various kinds of
tracers are discussed. Ionic tracers, manufactured chemical compounds, can be most
reliable but also must be added with care not to cause harmful effects to the hydro-
logical environment. In the case study of three public water supply wells in the
Clarion River area a hydrogeological investigation provided the guidelines for the
use of tracers. The results of the study showed that the test well was in communi-
cation with both deep and surface mines. OR 72-24
MD72-51 U.S. BUREAU OF MINES PROGRESS IN MINE WATER RESEARCH
Mihok, E. A. and Moebs, N. N. (U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Mines, Pgh.), Fourth Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 33-40. Past and current
work reviewed includes continuing studies on effectiveness of mine sealing, develop-
ment of a limestone neutralization process, and collection and evaluation of field
data as the basis of developing technology for mine drainage control. OR 72-5
MD72-52 MINING GUIDEBOOK - MINE DRAINAGE AND ACID WATER TREATMENT
Coal Age 77_ (7), 159-165 (1972). Handling of acid mine drainage is discussed under
the following topics: gravity flow and diversion; selecting pumps; planning pipe-
line; handling water; acid-formation basics; prevention and control; and treatment
and disposal. OR 72-49
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165.
MD72-53 THE EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES ON THE OXYGEN LEVEL IN A SEALED
MINE
Moebs, N. N. and Chamberlain, C. E., U.S. Bur. Mines, RI 7606 (1972). 19 pp. The
atmosphere in part of an air-sealed coal mine in southwestern Pennsylvania was mon-
itored continuously through a drill hole for oxygen content to determine the effec-
tiveness of sealing a mine against the entrance of air and the major force that
caused the phenomenon of mine breathing through the overburden. The differential
pressure across the seal and the barometric pressure on the outside also were re-
corded. A general correlation obtained between the oxygen level, differential
pressure, and barometric pressure, indicates that changes in air pressure are the
cause for periodic replenishment of the oxygen in the mine. Mine effluent quality
was determined by conditions in many sections of the mine and could not be related
to the oxygen level at the drill hole. (Authors' abstract) OR 72-33
MD72-54 ACID MINE DRAINAGE: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Morth, A. H. (1) and Smith, E. E. (2) f(l) Ohio Geol. Surv. and (2) Ohio State
Univ.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res,, Pittsburgh, Pa. by Coal Ind. Advisory
Comm. to ORSANCO (1972). 11 pp. A mathematical model of an acid mine drainage
system has been developed for a drift mine. The model relates the rate of acid
formation by pyrite oxidation to the rate of pollution discharge from the system.
Input to the model includes a physical and chemical description of the system,
together with day-to-day record of temperature and precipitation. The portion of
the model used to calculate the oxidation rate of pyritic material is generally
applicable. Calculation of oxidation product removal rates requires information on
specific features of the system's hydrologic characteristics which are best deter-
mined from a few field observations. The model duplicates the seasonal pattern of
acid mine drainage for the mine modeled. Calculated acid loads and drainage flows
agree within 5 percent of the yearly values and within 20 percent of the monthly
rates. {From authors' abstract) OR 72-8
MD72-55 PYRITIC SYSTEMS: A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
Morth, A. H., Smith, E. E., and Shumate, K. S., The Ohio State Univ. Res. Found.,
Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-72-002 (Nov. 1972). 171 pp.
NTIS, PB-213 S87. A mathematical model of an acid mine drainage system has been
developed for underground mines. The model relates the rate of acid formation to
the rate of pollution discharge from the system. The input to the model is a phys-
ical and chemical description of the system. Acid removal kinetics were related to
three removal mechanisms: (1) leaching by water trickling downward through oxidized
pyritic material, (2) flushing of oxidation products by movement of the water table,
and (3) diffusion of oxidation products by continuous oxidation and adsorption of
moisture. Underground mines for which drainage data were available were modeled to
test the ability of the model to predict flow and acid load data from different
mines. The model accurately predicts yearly flow and acid loads and duplicates
seasonal patterns. (From authors' abstract) OR 72-59
MD72-56 REVERSE OSMOSIS - NEW SOLUTIONS AND NEW PROBLEMS
Nusbaum, I., Cruver, R. E., and Sleigh, J. H., Jr., Chem. Eng. Prog. 68 (1), 69-70
(1972). The value of reverse osmosis for treating many industrial aqueous wastes,
and municipal waste waters is explained. At the EPA Mine Drainage Field Site at
Norton, West Virginia reverse osmosis has been studied for three years. The water
treated had total dissolved solids of approximately 2,500 mg/1 and the product
stream, a 75% water recovery, was described as suitable for almost any use with pH
adjustment. OR 72-83
MD72-57 TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
O'Brien, W, S., Ph.D. Thesis, W. Va. Univ., 1972. 380 pp. Univ. Microfilms, 72-26,
887. Acid mine drainage formation and treatment are reviewed and a mathematical
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MD72-57 (continued)
166.
model for mine water is developed. In testing the model, "a simple neutralization
process is simulated to demonstrate that the model operates over all ranges of iron
water compositions." OR 72-93
MD72-58 A NEW FILTRATION DEVICE FOR CONCENTRATING NEUTRALIZED AMD SLUDGE
Page, B. W. (1), Copley, M. J. (1), and Shackelford, J. M. (2) [(1) Aqua-Ion Corp.
and (2) EPA, Washington, D.C.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 234-243. The permeable, vertically-hung, hose-type
filter unit is one part of an acid mine drainage treatment system which also uses
ion exchange. Synthetic mine water was used in this work. The treated mine water,
neutralized by calcium carbonate and brought up to a pH of about 10 with lime, was
pumped through the hose-filter. Sludge was compacted at the bottom of the hose and
an essentially saturated solution of calcium sulfate filtered through it. Sulfate
was removed by ion exchange and calcium removed by carbonation of the ion exchange
effluent. This step resulted in a stream of potable water and calcium carbonate
that could be used in the neutralization step. Some of the ion exchange stream was
treated with lime and used to regenerate the ion exchanger. Treatment of the neu-
tralized mine water was carried out at about 275 gal/hour at pump pressure of less
than 19 psi and gave a filtrate containing less than 0.5 mg/1 iron and a compacted
sludge of about 25 percent solids. OR 72-17
MD72-59 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT USING HYDROGEOLOGICAL
AND GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
Parizek, R. R. (1) and Tarr, E. G. (2) [(1) The Pa. State Univ. and (2) Knox, Berg-
man, Shearer Corp.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1972). pp 56-82. The use of natural systems to treat and control formation of
mine drainage is advocated as an alternative to building treatment plants. Hydro-
geological systems indicate which of a number of diversion or water control methods
will be of value in a particular situation. The discussion includes a comparison
between mining updip and mining downdip; description of surface water diversion,
factors involved in ground water diversion through wells connecting aquifers which
are at different levels; and ways in which alkaline ground water can be used to neu-
tralize acid drainage. OR 72-9
MD72-60 COMBINED TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER AND ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Pearson, F. H. and Nesbitt, J. B., Pa. State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour.,
Res. Publ. No. 73, Dec. 1972. 43 pp. NTIS, PB-222 936. Laboratory studies were
carried out on actual acid mine drainages combined with municipal waste water from
nearby sources. Best results occurred when iron of the acid mine drainage was in
the ferrous state, and when the pH of the combined waters was adjusted to 8. Cost
analyses showed that there is a limit to the distance that It is economical to pump
the acid mine drainage. OR 72-87
MD72-61 LEACHATE QUALITY FROM ACIDIC MINE SPOIL FERTILIZED WITH LIQUID DIGESTED
SEWAGE SLUDGE
Peterson, J. R. and Gschwind, J., J. Environ. Qual. 1, (4), 410-412 (1972). Labora-
tory studies of leachate from various sludge-spoil mixtures and from spoil alone
showed that sludge would increase pH, reduce aluminum, iron, soluble salts and
acidity, and increase ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. OR 72-91
MD72-62 HYDROCARBON EXTRACTION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Powell, R. W., M.S. Thesis, Pa, State Univ., Dept. Chera. Eng., 1972. 107 pp. In
the application of this well-known separation technique to treatment of acid mine
drainage, n-heptane was chosen as the solvent from three hydrocarbons studied. It
was found that at 518 F the extraction was carried out most efficiently and that
-------
MD72-62 (continued)
167.
there were no noticeable reactions or emulsion effects. A minimum of four stages
was needed for 90 percent recovery of pure water at a solvent-to-feed ratio of 6.5
to 1. The economics of the process were discussed. OR 72-104
MD72-63 PRIORITY DETERMINATION PROCEDURE - FOR THE SELECTION OF POLLUTION
ABATEMENT PROJECTS IN THE M0N0NGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Rivkin/Carson, Inc. with Arthur W. Edwards, Associates, Rept. to Appalachian Region-
al Comm. (March 1972). 107 pp. This report describes a method of drawing a "pro-
file" of the subbasins of the Monongahela River as a criterion to determine the pri-
ority of pollution abatement projects. Both economic and water quality factors of
the region are considered. The laws of the states in which the area lies are re-
viewed in an appendix. OR 72-42
MD72-64 EVALUATION OF WASTE WATERS FROM PETROLEUM AND COAL PROCESSING
Reld, G. W. and Streebin, L, E., Oklahoma Univ., Norman Res. Inst., Rept. to EPA,
Office Res. Monitoring, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-72-001 (Dec. 1972).
205 pp. NTIS, PB-214 610. The coal section has detailed information on the coal
industry and its problems, and includes a review of treatment processes for mine
acids, and coal cleaning and handling processes. OR 72-68
MD72-65 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ACID MINE WATER
Rice, P. A. and Rabolini, F. (Syracuse Univ.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 293-306. A treatment process is proposed in
which the sulfate in mine drainage is bacteriologically reduced to sulfide with the
resulting recovery of elemental sulfur and removal of iron in sludge. Since process
technology is well established for sulfur recovery by the Claus process, these lab-
oratory studies are limited to defining the parameters for the action of Desulfo-
vibrio desulfrleans. Acid mine water must be neutralized before bacterial treatment
because minimum pH for bacterial action is 5.5 and optimum pH is 7-7.5. An organic
substrate is also necessary. Results show that both of these conditions can be met
with sewage digester sludge. For the process to be economically feasible, the
organic substrate should be a waste product that is available at little or no cost.
OR 72-21
MD72-66 RECLAMATION AND MINE TIP DRAINAGE IN EUROPE
Riley, C. V. and Rinier, J. A. (Kent State Univ.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 1-14. British and western European,
especially German, experience in reclaiming coal refuse piles iB reviewed. OR 72-1
MD72-67 EVALUATION OF BULKHEAD SEaLS
Scott, R, B. (Crown Mine Drainage Control Field Site, Rivesville, W. Va.), U.S. EPA,
Office Res. Monitoring, Environ. Res. Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 1972. 29 pp.
In September 1969, the Norton Mine Drainage Field Site began to monitor mine seals
previously installed by the Halliburton Company. Four kinds of seals were placed:
(1) grouted limestone, (2) grouted cloth retainers placed in layers, (3) inner and
outer sodium silicate cement walls with a grouted limestone aggregate or cement
core, and (4) a permeable limestone aggregate seal. Diagrams Illustrate each seal
and tabulated data show the measurements taken during the evaluation. At the Clarks-
burg, West Virginia location, bulkheads significantly reduced discharge thereby re-
ducing acid loads, iron and sulfate , The permeable type aggregate seal was more
effective since seepage thru the seal was of better quality than leakage thru bulk-
head seals. None of the discharges after sealing would meet the West Virginia or
Pennsylvania discharge standards. OR 72-80
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168 ~
MD72-68 DESIGN OF OXIDATION SYSTEMS FOR MINE WATER DISCHARGES
Selmeczi, J. G. (Dravo Corporation), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972), pp 307-330. The author presents the theoretical considera-
tions in ferrous iron oxidation and shows how they may he used as the basis for de-
sign of the treatment plant. Since the amount of dissolved oxygen itv the water to
be treated will affect the rate of ferrous iron oxidation above pH 4.5 various means
of aerating mine water and conditions affecting solubility of oxygen in water are
discussed in detail. OR 72-22
MD72-69 THE GROWTH OF CHLORELLA VULGARIS IN SEWAGE AND ACID MINE WATER
Skinner, W. F. and Keller, E. C., Jr. (W. Va. Univ., Dept. Biol.), Proc. W. Va.
Acad. Sci. 44 (1), 49-56 (April 1972). This research was done to determine the
effects of sewage, acid mine water and their interaction on the growth of the uni-
cellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris (Pratt strain) . The nutrient media were com-
posed of sterile synthetic sewage and/or acid mine water diluted to the desired con-
centrations with a standard Inorganic culture medium. Maximum growth was obtained
with the 1/2 sewage treatment, the least growth occurred with 1/8 acid mine water
plus 1/2 sewage treatment. High concentrations of sewage in combination with high
concentrations of acid mine water inhibited algal growth. (From authors1 abstract)
OR 72-96
MD72-7Q THE ADVANTAGE OF A CROWD FOR ACID WASTE LIQUORS
Smith, J. H., Ill (Bethlehem Steel Corp.), Mining Eng. Ih. (12), 57-59 (1972). Per-
sonnel of the Homer Research Laboratories report that when settled solids from mine
drainage treatment are recycled back through the treatment plant, the final sludge
has significantly increased solids content and improved settling characteristics.
OR 72-72
MD72-71 AUFWUCHS ACCRUAL IN STRIP-MINE LAKES
Stickney, R. R. and Campbell, R. S. (Univ. Mo.), J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 44,
2172-2177 (1972). The purpose of this study was to compare growth patterns of
Aufwuchs in a series of strip-mine lakes with pH ranging from 3 to 8. The study was
based on the rate of weight accrual of Aufwuchs on artificial substrates. Presum-
ably the accrual rate is indicative of production. This rate was significantly
greater in alkaline than in acid waters as shown by both estimates of accrual rate
and data on the organic standing crop. (From authors' text) OR 72-64
MD72-7 2 DIE BAKTERIELLE OXYDATION VON FY HIT (BACTERIAL MEDIATION IN THE
OXIDATION OF PYRITE)
Stumm-ZoHinger, E. (Harvard Univ.), Arch. Mikrobiol. 83_, 110-119 (1972). (In
German with English summary). The oxidation of pyrite by bacteria has been studied.
Rate of reaction and factors affecting it are discussed, OR 72-43
MD72-73 CHRONIC EFFECT OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE ON CERTAIN SPECIES OF AQUATIC ANIMALS
Sykora, J. L., Smith, E. J., Shapiro, M. A., and Synak, M. (Univ. Pittsburgh),
Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 347-369.
The effects of various concentrations of iron as suspensions of ferric hydroxide on
the mortality, egg production, spawning and hatching of fathead minnows, brook trout,
freshwater shrimp and caddisfly are reported. In summary, the authors conclude that
"the most important effect of suspended iron on aquatic fauna is of physical nature,
producing high turbidities which prevent fish from eating (in high concentrations)
or exerting some effect on the most susceptible stages of the fish life cycle -
eggs and hatched fry - in low concentrations." OR 72-26
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169.
MD72-74 EFFECT OF LIME NEUTRALIZED IRON HYDROXIDE SUSPENSIONS ON JUVENILE BROOK
TROUT (SALVELINUS FONTINALIS, MITCHILL)
Sykora, J, L., Smith, E. J,, and Synak, M. (Unlv. Pittsburgh, Grad. School Public
Health), Water Res. 6, 935-950 (1972}. There was a definite trend in the size of
young trout with increasing concentration of suspended ferric hydroxide, with the
largest trout in 6 rag Fe per liter and In the control. The average growth rate
computed for five different groups of fish revealed a sudden decline In growth of
brook trout exposed to 12, 25, and 50 mg Fe 1""*-. It is assumed that impaired vis-
ibility due to high turbidity prevented the fish from feeding which la turn resulted
In slow growth in high iron concentrations - 12, 25, and 50 mg Fe 1 . (From
authors' abstract) OR 72-78
MD72-75 SIMULTANEOUS POLARDGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF IRON (II) and IRON (III)
COAL MINE WASTE WATER
Tackett, S. L. and Wieserman, L. F., Anal. Lett. 5^ (9), 643-651 (1972). The method
uses sodium carbonate-oxalic acid as an electrolyte. Samples were taken in the
field and analysis done to measure how the two iron contents vary according to
sampling locations. Near the source, the Fe(II) content was higher. Samples taken
farther down the stream showed increases in Fe(III), decreases in Fe(II) and de-
creases in pH, As sampling moved farther from the source, Fe(III) decreased as it
precipitated. OR 72-90
MD72-76 TENNESSEE VALLEY STREAMS: THEIR FISH, BOTTOM FAUNA, AND AQUATIC
HABITAT, SEQUATCHIE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN, JUNE 1970
U.S. TVA, Dlv. Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Develop., Norris, Tenn., July 1972.
6 pp.+ Big Brush Creek is noted as having a low diversity index and standing crop
~f fish because of periodic acid mine drainage. Sampling stations are listed and
described. There are tabulations of results of the fish and faunal sampling pro-
grams and of water quality analyses, OR 72-76
MD72-77 USE OF LATEX AS A SOIL SEALANT TO CONTROL ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Tolsma, J, and Johnson, A. N., Uniroyal, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Office Res. Monlt.,
and Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 14010 EFK 06/72
(1972). 84 pp. NTIS, PB-213 040. A study was made to test the feasibility of
using latex as a soil sealant to prevent water seepage into subterranean abandoned
mines. A variety of latexes were screened in laboratory tests using reconstructed
soil columns. The moat promising latex (an SBR rubber latex) was then field tested
on selected 1/4 acre plots near Lanee, Pennsylvania. In general the field tests
confirmed the laboratory finding that latex doea reduce the permeability of soil to
water. However, the economics are not attractive and most of the latex is deposited
in the top foot of soil where it is subject to damage by microbiological attack,
frost and surface vegetation. (Authors' abstract) OR 72-50
MD72-78 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN CHEAT LAKE,
WEST VIRGINIA
Volkaar, R. D. (W. Va, Univ., Dept. Biol.), Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci. 44 (1), 14-22
(1972). In this study on the effect of acid mine water on phytoplankton in Cheat
Lake, samples were taken from two backwater areas, Rubles Run and Morgan Run, and
in the main lake near the dam. Detailed water analyses were run and the data are
tabulated. Definite temperature profiles were noted in the Cheat Lake thermal
readings. Primary productivity was correlated with the water chemistry and mineral
acid was found eo have a significant Influence on carbon assimilation in the lake,
but more study is needed to fully understand the relation of acidity to primary
productivity. OR 72-99
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170,
MD72-79 THE USE OF AQUATIC PLANTS IN THE REHABILITATION OF ACID POLLUTED STREAMS
Wagner, R. H., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour., Pa. State Univ., Rept. to U.S. Office
Water Resour. Res., Proj. No. A-025-PA, June 1972. 9 pp. NTIS, PB-213 507. This
study was concerned chiefly with the general ecology of Eleocharis aclcularis (L.)
R. & S. and its relation to acid polluted streams. Growth was optimal in the pH
range of 3.6 to 5.0 and inversely proportional to the phosphorus concentration.
Other mineral factors appear to be unrelated to IS. aclcularis distribution. The
adult plant also is able to grow at 32°C and overwinter in a vegetative state at
4°C. Under proper conditions of moisture or cold treatment, the seeds will germin-
ate readily with a germination rate of 80%. (From author's abstract) OR 72-69
MD72-80 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF ACID MINE POLLUTION
Walsh, F. and Mitchell, R. (Harvard Univ.), J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 44_ (5),
763-768 (1972). An organism capable of catalyzing iron oxidation between pH 3.5
and 4.5 has been identified as a precursor of T?. ferrooxidans. Three pollution
control methods suggested are based on interfering with the activity of the pre-
cursor. OR 72-38
MD72-81 A pH-DEPENDENT SUCCESSION OF IRON BACTERIA
Walsh, F. and Mitchell, R., Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 (9), 809-812 (1972). A fila-
mentous iron bacterium significantly catalyzes iron oxidation in the pH range 4.5-
3.5. At pH greater than 4.5, abiotic iron oxidation proceeds rapidly. At pH less
than 3.5, Thlobaclllus ferrooxidans significantly catalyzes iron oxidation. The
activity of the filamentous iron bacteria in this succession of events may directly
affect the rate of acidity production in coal mine waters. (From authors' abstract)
OR 72-97
MQ72-82 WATER POLLUTION, FISH KILLS, AND STREAM LITTER INVESTIGATIONS 1972
Ohio Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Wildlife, Publ. 7, (undated). 27 pp. Results of
investigations of pollution incidents are listed. Mine acids are the cause in
several cases. OR 72-77
MD72-83 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN A STREAM RECEIVING
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Weed, C. E. (1) and Rutschky, C. W,, III (2) [(1) Mansfield State College, Pa. (2)
Pa. State Univ.], Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 46^, 41-47 (1972). A survey of benthic organ-
isms in the Tioga River, Pennsylvania was carried out May through November 1970.
Results of sampling stations above and below drainage from mined areas showed that
the number and diversity of the organisms are related to the acidity, sulfate and
iron in the water and to the accumulation of ferric hydroxide deposits on the stream
bed. OR 72-94
MD72-84 KINETICS OF LIMESTONE DISSOLUTION BY ACID WASTE WATERS
Wentzler, T. H. and Apian, F. F., Proc. AIME Environ. Control Symp., San Francisco,
Cal. (1972). pp 513-523. This study was conducted to learn the kinetics of lime-
stone dissolution in the presence and absence of inhibiting calcium sulfate and iron
hydroxide precipitates. The rate of limestone dissolution was found to be first
order with respect to the hydrogen ion concentration, and data indicate that lime-
stone dissolution is transport controlled. (From authors' abstract) OR 72-95
MD72-85 CORROSION OF NAVIGATION FACILITIES
West, Col. E. C. (U.S. Army Engineer District, Pgh.), Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drain-
age Res. Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 344-346. The empirical results of
mine drainage pollution on locks and dams of the upper Ohio River and its tributar-
ies are described. Various kinds of protection being tested include protective
painting, use of non-corrosive materials and cathodic protection. OR 72-25
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171.
MD72-86 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Wilmoth, R. C. and Hill, R. D. (Nat. Environ. Res. Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), SME of
AIME Fall Meet., Birmingham, Ala. (1972). Preprint No. 72F343. 28 pp. This paper
reviews the research sponsored and conducted by EPA since 1966 on the use of reverse
osmosis for treatment of acid mine drainage. OR 72-52
MD72-87 TREATMENT OF FERROUS IRON ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Wilmoth, R. C. (1), Mason, D. G. (2), and Gupta, M, K. (2) [(1) EPA, Norton, W. Va.
and (2) Rex Chalnbelt, Inc.], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Pitts-
burgh, Pa. (1972). pp 115-156. This project was undertaken to determine whether
the difficulty encountered in a previous study of reverse osmosis treatment using a
tubular system was the result of iron fouling of the membrane. Three treatment sys-
tems, tubular, spiral wound, and hollow fiber, were used with the same water treated
previously, a discharge with 80 mg/1 total iron, 68 mg/1 ferrous iron, and 800 mg/1
sulfate. Since laboratory investigation showed that bacterial oxidation of iron and
resulting ferric hydroxide precipitation occurred, ultraviolet light to kill the
iron oxidizing bacteria was installed as part of each of the three treatment systems.
The ultraviolet light prevented bacterial iron oxidation as did an acid injection to
lower the pH of the feed to 2.9. Calcium sulfate fouling occurred as product stream
recovery increased over 75 percent. The productivity of the tubular system was lower
and its initial cost higher than the hollow fiber and the spiral wound systems.
OR 72-13
MD72-88 COMBINATION LIMESTONE-LIME TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wilmoth, R. C. (1), Scott, R. B. (1), and Hill, R. D. (2) [(1) Norton Mine Drainage
Field Site, W. Va. and (2) EPA, Ohio], Fourth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1972). pp 244-265. The treatment process developed from
the laboratory batch testing and pilot plant tests reported in this paper is carried
out in two stages. Mine drainage is first neutralized by limestone to a pH of about
4 with retention time of 20-30 minutes. Then the pH can be raised to any desired
level with lime. Both lime and limestone used alone were compared to various com-
binations of the two reagents. Quality of effluents from the different treatments
was comparable. There was a higher percentage of sludge solids and a lower sludge
volume produced by combination treatment than by lime treatment. However these
sludge characteristics were less favorable than those from sludge produced by lime-
stone treatment. Cost of materials for the combination treatment of ferric iron
water is shown to be 25 percent less than the cost of either lime or limestone neu-
tralization. Costs projected for treatment of ferrous iron waters indicate that the
combination process has an economic advantage. OR 72-18
MD72-89 THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE ALDERFLY, SIALIS AEQUALIS BANKS, IN AN ACID MINE
STREAM
Woodrum, J. E. and Tarter, D. C., Amer. Midi. Natur. 8£ (2), 360-368 (1972). The
life history of the alderfly, Slalis aequalis Banks, was studied intensively in an
acid mine stream, Camp Creek of Twelvepole Creek, Wayne Co., West Virginia, between
July 1970 and June 1971. (From authors' abstract) OR 72-89
MD72-90 CONVERSION OF COAL-MINE DRAINAGE TO POTABLE WATER BY ION EXCHANGE
Zabban, W., Fithian, T., and Maneval, D. R., J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 64, 775-780
(Nov. 1972). The following water treatment methods and their possible application
to treatment of acid mine drainage are reviewed: flash distillation, ion exchange,
reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and refrigeration. The ion exchange treatment
plant for water supply in Smith Township, southwestern Pennsylvania is described.
The initial operating experience, in 1971, mainly of the "shakedown-type" is dis-
cussed. OR 72-57
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172.
MD72-91 CONVERTING AMD TO POTABLE WATER BY ION EXCHANGE TREATMENT
Zabban, W. (1), Fithian, T. (1), and Maneval, D. R. (2) [(1) The Chester Engineers,
Inc. and (2) Appalachian Regional Comm.], Coal Age 77. (7), 107-111 (1972). Mine
drainage flows through limestone or calcareous shales to the reservoir for water
supply for Smith Township in southwestern Pennsylvania. The resulting raw water is
characterized by pH of 6.5-8.4, 1500-2000 mg/1 total dissolved solids, and 400 mg/1
sulfate. The ion exchange resin treatment, termed the SUL-biSUL process, used to
Improve the water quality is described. Pilot plant studies have been carried out
on "short-term duration" while mechanical problems were being solved. The results
obtained indicate that the method can be used economically for continuous operation.
OR 72-48
MD72-92 REVEGETATI0N AUGMENTATION BY REUSE OF TREATED ACTIVE SURFACE MINE
DRAINAGE - A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Zaval, F. J. and Robins, J. D., Cyrus Wm. Rice Div. - NUS Corp., Rept. to EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-72-119 (Nov. 1972). 147 pp. NTIS, PB-214
458. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting a
full-scale demonstration project on the use of neutralized acid mine drainage to
irrigate new vegetative cover on regraded spoil banks. A site in the Western Coal
Field of Kentucky, near Madisonville, was evaluated as the most suitable for imple-
mentation of the revegetation concept. Based upon the analyses performed, a flow
diagram of a suitable limestone neutralization facility was developed. Four irriga-
tion techniques were evaluated before a high pressure spray system was selected as
the most practical means of delivering the treated drainage. Pertinent cost esti-
mates were developed for the construction, installation and operation of the entire
system at the selected demonstration site. (From authors' abstract) OR 72-63
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173.
1973
MD73-1 HYDROLOGY OF A WATERSHED CONTAINING FLOOD-CONTROL RESERVOIRS AND COAL
SURFACE-MINING ACTIVITY, SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA
Agnew, A. F. and Corbett, D. M. (Ind. Univ.). in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devas-
tated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G, Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper II-3. pp 159-173. Hydrologic studies of Busseron Creek watershed are
reported. Monitoring water quality during normal, high, and low flow and during
"flush out" has shown the effects of flushouts on chemical quality of creek water.
OR 73-80
MD73-2 ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL METHODS
Akers, D. J., Jr. and Lawrence, W, F,, W. Va. Univ., Coal Res. Bur., Morgantown,
W. Va.f Rept. No. 86, 1973. 10 pp. (Presented SME of AIME, Chicago, 111., Feb.
1973). The causes of acid formation in the mine and the processes of prevention
and control are discussed. Restriction of water entry is a major approach and con-
trol of the acid forming reaction is essential. A novel method of reducing the
oxygen-pyrite contact being examined by Island Creek Coal Company is mining in a
nitrogen, nitrogen and methane, or all methane atmosphere. Conventional treatment
methods discussed are neutralization, reverse osmosis, and ion exchange. There is
a list of references. OR 73-45
MD73-3 DEWATERING OF MINE DRAINAGE SLUDGE - PHASE II
Akers, D. J., Jr. and Moss, E. A., Coal Res. Bur., W. Va. Univ., Rept. to EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-73-169 (Feb. 1973). 152 pp. NTIS, PB-221
145. Sludges from four lime or limestone treatment plants were used in this study
of the dewatering and conditioning characteristics of coal mine drainage sludges.
In the sampling'program, carried out over 17 months, chemical analyses were made on
the acid mine feed water and on the sludges from the treatment plants. Settling
characteristics and solid content of the sludges were also evaluated. The condi-
tioning methods studied were freezing, use of flocculants and use of filter aids.
The six dewatering systems evaluated were: conventional rotary vacuum filtration;
rotary precoat vacuum filtration; pressure filtration; porous bed filtration; and
centrifugation. No single dewatering system was found best for all acid mine drain-
age sludges. However, on the basis of cost, the most promising acid mine drainage
sludge dewatering techniques appear to be centrifugation, conventional rotary vacuum
filtration, and rotary precoat vacuum filtration. (Report abstract adapted) OR 73-7
MD73-4 THE USE OF ERTS-1 MSS DATA FOR MAPPING STRIP MINES AND ACID MINE DRAINAGE
IN PENNSYLVANIA
Alexander, S. S., Dein, J., and Gold, D. P. (Pa. State Univ., Office Remote Sensing
Earth Resour.), Symp. on Significant ResultB Obtained from Earth Resources Technical
Satellite-1 Vol. 1 Technical Presentation Section A: Natl. Aeronautics and Space
Admin. Rept. NASA SP-327 (1973). pp 569-575. Paper E3. The use of digital proc-
essing of ERTS-1 MSS data for areas around the West Branch of the Susquehanna River
permits identification of stripped areas including ones that are not discernible
from visual analysis of ERTS-1 imagery. Preliminary results indicate that ERTS data
can be used to monitor not only the total extent of stripping in given areas but
also the effectiveness of reclamation and pollution abatement procedures. OR 73-69
MD73-5 ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Kept, to Appalachian Regional Comm., Feb. 1973. 436 pp.
Also published as Doyle, F. J., Bhatt, G., and Rapp, J. R., Michael Baker, Jr.,
Inc., Rept. to EPA, 670/2-74-009 (1974). NTIS, PB-233 026/4WP. The purpose of this
publication is to provide data which will enable the Commission to estimate costs of
pollution abatement in the Monongahela River Basin. Pollution both from coal mining
and from non-coal sources is considered. Abatement methods discussed include mine
-------
MD73-5 (continued)
174.
sealing, stream diversion, and mine drainage treatment. OR 73-8, OR 74-11
MD73-6 ACID MINE DRAINAGE - THE PROBLEM, THE TREATMENT, THE COST
Aston, W. M., Green Lands (3), 14-15 (1973). This article reviews work on the
mine drainage problem at the Water Research Institute at West Virginia University.
Biological treatment, neutralization, and reverse osmosis, as well as costs of treat-
ment are discussed. OR 73-21
MD73-7 MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTOR IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE FORMATION: PART II -
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS FROM A PILOT PLANT STUDY
Baker, R. A. and Wilshire, A. G., Sci. Total Environ. 411-426 (1972/1973). This
study examined the effect of the organisms Ferrobacillus ferrooxidarts, Ferrobacillus
sulfooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans in the formation of acid mine drainage
from pyrltic mineral associated with coal mining. Under aerobic conditions, acidity,
ferrous and total iron and sulfate concentrations are zero order with respect to
flow expressed in reciprocal time units and much greater than under non-aerobic con-
ditions. Total acidity is lower for seeded than for non-seeded aerobic conditions
at higher retention times. (From authors' abstract) OR 73-46
MD73-8 SOIL AS A MEDIUM FOR THE RENOVATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Beers, W. F., Jr., M.S. Thesis, Pa. State Univ., Dec. 1973. 145 pp. Also, Ciolkosz,
E. J., Kardos, L. T., and Beers, W. F., Pa. State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Re-
sour., Res. Proj. Tech. Compl. Rept, to Office Water R.esour. Res., Dec. 1973. 135
pp. NTIS, PB-228 868. This study was done to determine the ability of Rayne silt
loam and Guernsey silty clay loam soils to renovate acid mine water and to determine
the effect of various soil properties on acid mine water. Soil samples came from
the University Soil Characterization Laboratory. Acid water came from the Univer-
sity mine drainage treatment facility at Hollywood (Clearfield County), Pennsylvania.
Of the soil properties studied, soil pH, CaC03 and Cation-Exchange Capacity (CEC)
were found to be the most influential in the renovation of acid mine water. (Adapt-
ed from text) OR 73-54
MD73-9 INVESTIGATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE EFFECTS ON RESERVOIR FISHERY
POPULATIONS
Benson, A., W. Va. Univ., Final Rept. to Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U.S.
Dept. Int., Contract No. 14-16-0005-3034, 1973. 135 pp. Tygart Lake, W. Va., a
multiple-use reservoir, part of the upper Ohio River basin flood control system, is
in a major coal mining area. This study was carried out in 1966-1967 to determine
the relation between acid conditions and fish population of the lake. Data collect-
ed at a number of sampling stations include water temperature, turbidity, pH, and
acidity, and fish census. Comparison with reservoirs having similar drawdown re-
gimes indicates that the acidity of Tygart Lake results in a much lower fish popula-
tion. OR 73-77
MD73-10 ECONOMICS OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Bhatt, H. G. (Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Beaver, Pa.), Presented, Seminar on Design
of Coal Mine Drainage Treatment Facilities, Pa. State Univ., University Park, Pa.,
November 12-14, 1973. 113 pp. Also published In Eng. Ext. Ser. No. 145, Purdue
Univ., Proc. Ind. Waste Conf., 1974. pp 686-703. This seminar presentation is
based on the Michael Baker, Jr. report to Appalachian Regional Commission, "Analysis
of Pollution Control Costs." OR 73-34
MD73-11 WATER QUALITY MAINTENANCE
Boettger, T. E. and Koza, T. A., Pa. Bar Assoc. Quart., 196-202 (January 1973).
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175.
MD73-11 (continued)
The legislative and judicial background of Pennsylvania's regulation of acid mine
drainage is reviewed. OR 7 3-58
MD73-12 COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F. and Gleason, V. E. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), J. Water Pollut. Contr.
Fed. V5 (6), 1179-1184 (1973). There are 58 references in this review of the lit-
erature of 1972. Topics covered include pyrite oxidation, effects of acid drainage
and its components on aquatic animals and organisms, and controlling and treating
acid mine drainage. OR 73-16
MD73-13 LOWER pH LIMIT FOR THE EXISTENCE OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE: EVOLUTIONARY AND
ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Brock, T. D. (Univ. Wis.), Science 179 (4072), 480-483 (1973). Environments affect-
ed by acid mine drainage are among those where absence of the algae was confirmed.
OR 73-25
MD73-14 FISHERY MANAGEMENT IN STRIP MINE LAKES
Burner, C. C. (Fish Wildlife Serv., USDI), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1973). pp 304-318. A study of ten surface mine lakes in Kansas and six in Indiana
has demonstrated that surface mine lakes can support good quality sport fishery.
Fish population can be established in lakes that have drainage from a fairly large
watershed instead of only adjacent spoil banks; have an area greater than a half an
acre; have a depth of over five feet; and a pH no less than 6. Fish stocking guide-
lines for these waters are given and suggestions are made of combinations of species
and the conditions under which they should be used. OR 73-81
MD73-15 FISH AND FOOD ORGANISMS IN ACID MINE WATERS OF PENNSYLVANIA
Butler, R. L., Cooper, E. L., Hales, D. C., Wagner, C, C., Kimmel, W. G., and Craw-
ford, J. K., Pa. State Univ., Rept. to EPA, Ecological Res, Ser. EPA-R3-73-032 (Feb.
1973). 158 pp. NTIS, PB-221 515. Common fish species normally distributed over
several watersheds were absent where there was severe acid mine drainage. Ten
species exhibited some tolerance to acid mine drainage (values of pH 5.5 or less).
All five aquatic insect species survived exposure for four days to pH levels from
6.5 to 4.0. The 96-hour TLm values ranged from 3.31 for the most sensitive animal,
Stenonema sp., to 1.72 for the most tolerant insect, Nigronia fasciata. (From
authors' abstract) OR 73-15
MD73-16 AN ECOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE WEST FORK OF THE OBEY RIVER, TENNESSEE WITH
EMPHASIS ON THE EFFECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Carrithers, R. B. and Bulow, F. J. (Tenn. Technol. Univ.), J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 48
(2), 65-72 (1973). This study was a one-year survey to determine water quality,
aquatic and fish population. A secondary objective was to determine the effects of
acid mine drainage from a small tributary stream. Thirteen water quality parameters
and 25 invertebrate families and 29 species of fish were monitored at six stations.
Damage to fish population by acid mine drainage is through deterioration of the
stream bottom. This condition can smother fish eggs and disrupt food availability.
Natural productivity of the West Fork did not appear to be significantly reduced by
acid mine drainage, but damage was done to the small section directly below the
polluted tributary. OR 73-50
MD73-17 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION IN ILLINOIS
Carter, R, P., Zimmerman, R. E., and Kennedy, A. S., Argonne National Laboratory,
Energy and Environ. Studies Dlv., Rept. to 111. Inst. Environ. Qual., Dec. 1973.
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MD73-17 (continued)
176.
296 pp. A survey of lands affected by surface raining and by coal refuse piles be-
fore the passage of legislation requiring reclamation is the basis for this compre-
hensive study. Water quality data show that the Kaskasia, Big Muddy, and Saline
are the major Illinois rivers in which significant mine-related pollution occurs.
Water treatment costs and reclamation costs are presented. There is also an anal-
ysis of tax revenue over a number of years from representative parcels of land.
OR 73-38
MD73-18 CHARACTERIZATION OF STRIP-MINE DRAINAGE BY PYRITE GRAIN SIZE AND
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF EXISTING GROUNDWATER
Caruccio, F. T., in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J.
Hutnik and G. Davis, Ed., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. pp 193-226. This
paper was presented at the 1969 International Symposium on the Ecology and Revegeta-
tion of Drastically Disturbed Areas and gives a continuation of work reported pre-
viously. OR 73-42
MD73-19 INVESTIGATION OF USE OF GEL MATERIAL FOR MINE SEALING
Chung, N. K., Dravo Corp., Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-
73-135 (Jan. 1973). 67 pp. NTIS, PB-221 247. Laboratory testing of commercially
available chemical grouts was conducted to evaluate their potential, with a cheap
filler, for remote sealing of mine voids. A slurry mix of an acrylamide grout with
flyash or mine refuse as a filler produced a strong controllable gel which resisted
chemical attack in the laboratory over an eleven week exposure period. An attempt
was made to apply the selected grout slurry through a borehole from the surface,
forming the seal by controlling of setting time and distribution of the slurry with-
out the use of retaining bulk heads. Application to a mine entry with high flow was
not successful, although the technique may be applicable in dry or low flow situa-
tions. (Author's abstract adapted) OR 73-2
MD73-20 COAL MINE DRAINAGE IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN
Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants, Rept. to Susquehanna River Basin Comm.,
Sept. 1973. 297 pp. This publication updates and expands upon the 1968 report
titled, "Mine Drainage in the Susquehanna River Basin" by the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration. Coal mine drainage water quality data for all affected
streams in the basin are compiled. Factors discussed in detail include topography
and climate, water use, sedimentation, mine drainage impact, benefits, and abate-
ment measures. All tributaries in the bituminous and anthracite regions are also
described fully. A detailed table shows benefits and costs associated with land
and stream restoration. OR 73-61
MD73-21 COAL MINE DRAINAGE IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants, Rept. to Susquehanna River Basin Comm.,
Sept. 1973. 49 pp. This summary includes the significant information on the im-
pact of mine drainage on the rivers and streams in the Susquehanna River Basin, the
abatement measures recommended, and the projected costs and benefits. OR 73-62
MD73-22 EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS IN
APPALACHIA
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Reclamation of
Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and
Breach, 1973. Paper II-2. pp 145-157. In eastern Kentucky, six subdrainages have
been instrumented to record pre-mining conditions, changes during active mining
operations, and the rate of recovery after mining. Stream turbidity and peak flows
increase during mining, but on one subdralnage, turbidity returned to near pre-
mining condition within about 6 months after mining. Storm runoff durations
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MD73-22 (continued)
177.
apparently do not change. Sulfate and magnesium in the streamflow have Increased
since mining. (From author's abstract) OR 73-82
MD73-23 DEBRIS BASIN CAPACITY NEEDS BASED ON MEASURED SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM
STRIP-MINED AREAS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Davis, J. R, and Hines, B. J. (Soil Conservation Ser., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 260-276. Accumulations in some sediment
debris basins less than one year old indicated that sediment yield of 0.28 acre-feet
per acre of disturbed land could be expected for a three-year design period. It
was assumed, based on research experience, that in three years a vegetative cover
could be developed that would effectively control erosion. The engineering standard
for basin construction, which was developed by the Soil Conservation Service, is
appended to this paper. OR 73-83
MD73-2A DETERMINATION OF ESTIMATED MEAN MINE WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY FROM
IMPERFECT DATA AND HISTORICAL RECORDS - VOL. I-IV
Environ. Qual. Systems, Inc., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., Jan. 1973. A
volumes (Vol I - 166 pp.; Vol. II-IV - computer printouts). This report is part
of the work done to carry out one recommendation of the 1971 Enforcement Conference
on the Monongahela River and Its Tributaries: "develop methods to assign priorities
to areas or subbasins that are to receive abatement measures." As nearly as can be
determined, all of the raw data which exists for the 14 standard mines which were
used in the analysis and for all of the 2,298 sources of mine drainage in the Monon-
gahela River Basin have been brought together for the first time In one place. Vol-
ume I discusses the data, describes the mathematical modeling technique and presents
results and summaries of results. Titles of other volumes are Volume II - "Results
of Standard Mine Data Analyses;" Volume III (A sections) - "Synthesized NSS (non-
standard sources) Time-Load Profiles;" and Volume IV - "Source Rankings by Acidity
Load." OR 73-1A
MD73-25 RECLAMATION METHODS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION IN THE MORAVA RIVER
WATERSHED
Draskovic, D. (Chamber of Economy, Kraljevo, Yugoslavia), in "Ecology and Reclama-
tion of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon
and Breach, 1973. Paper VII-2. pp 361-378. Reclamation methods to prevent soil
erosion are emphasized in this paper. OR 73-84
MD73-26 ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF STRIP MINING LEGISLATION: THE SMALL FIRMS
Dreese, G. R. and Bryant, H. L., Soc. of Mining Eng. AIME Ann. Meet., Chicago, 111.,
Feb. 25-March 1, 1973. Preprint No. 73F15. 26 pp. Costs and production figures
are given to show the economic impact of reclamation and pollution control legisla-
tion in Ohio on large and small mining companies. From the experience of a small,
typical surface mine, the conclusion is drawn that "only the most efficient and
therefore probably the largest firms will be able to remain profitable under in-
creasingly rigid mining legislation." Confirming this, the trend toward bigger
firms in the coal industry is noted. OR 73-26
MD73-27 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE APPALACHIAN COAL INDUSTRY
AND THE REGIONAL ECONOMY: VOL. II - THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND
OTHER POLICIES ON THE APPALACHIAN COAL INDUSTRY
Charles River Associates, Inc., Rept. No. CRA 173-22 to Appalachian Regional Comm.,
Jan. 1973. 495 pp. This report includes sections on water pollution from coal,
mines in Appalachia, and on technology of acid mine drainage control. OR 73-27
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178.
MD73-28 EVALUATION OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO LOST CREEK AND
BROWN'S CREEK WATERSHED, WEST VIRGINIA
Ackenheil & Associates Geo Systems, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., Rept. to Appalachian
Regional Commission, Washington, D.C., (undated). 71 pp.+ Four major drainage
sources identified within the watershed discharge 600 lbs/day iron, and a combined
acid load of 4800 lbs/day. Costs and benefits are considered for volume reduction
methods and for several treatment methods including lime neutralization, ion ex-
change, and reverse osmosis. Water quality data on acidity, alkalinity, aluminum,
sulfate, iron, and manganese are given for a number of sampling stations. The
abatement plan recommended consists of surface reclamation at two sites and lime
neutralization plants at two other locations. OR 73-33
MD73-29 FEASIBILITY STUDY LAKE HOPE MINE DRAINAGE DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Ohio Dept. Natural Resour., Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-
73-151 (March 1973). 97 pp. NTIS, PB-227 343. The feasibility of demonstrating
refuse pile disposal and mine sealing in the Lake Hope area in Vinton County, Ohio
is evaluated. There were 107 mine openings with the total acid discharge of over
700,000 lbs/year. The recommended program consisted of burying some of the refuse
and sealing of the mine openings. At the present time Lake Hope pH is between 4.0
and 5.0. Final figure is expected to be 6.0 to 7.0 pH. Expansive concrete seals
or plain concrete plugs were used for sealing. Water quality data from the sur-
veillance program are included. OR 73-5
MD73-30 FEDERAL AND STATE EFFORTS TO CONTROL WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY ACID
DRAINAGE FROM MINES
Rept. by the Comptroller General of the United States, to the Conservation and
Natural Resources Subcomm., Comm. Govern. Operations, U.S. House Representatives,
B-177011 (Aug. 14, 1973). 61 pp. The mine drainage projects discussed include
programs active and completed of EPA, Department of the Interior, Department of
Agriculture, Corps of Engineers, and the Appalachian Regional Commission, from 1967
through 1972. Total costs, including the federal expenditures, are given. OR 73-66
MD73-31 TREATMENT OF FERROUS ACID MINE DRAINAGE WITH ACTIVATED CARBON
Ford, C. T. and Boyer, J. F., Jr., Bituminous Coal Res., Inc., Rept. to EPA, Environ.
Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-73-150 (Jan. 1973). 123 pp. NTIS, PB-219 826.
The following variables influence the removal of Iron with activated carbon: (a)
amount and particle size of the carbon; (b) pH, flow rate, concentration of iron,
temperature, and total ionic strength of the water; and (c) aeration rate. Adsorp-
tion as well as oxidation are the mechanisms involved In iron removal by this proc-
ess. An evaluation of this process indicated technical feasibility which would
permit acid mine drainage neutralization using an inexpensive reagent, such as
limestone. The major disadvantage is the cost of the activated carbons since they
are rendered inactive after relatively short use by apparently irreversible adsorp-
tion of Iron. (From authors' abstract) OR 73-9
MD73-32 EVALUATION OF POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROCEDURES, MORAINE STATE PARK
Foreman, J. W. and McLean, D. C., Gwin, Dobson & Foreman, Inc., Rept. to U.S. EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-73-140 (Jan. 1973). 71 pp. NTIS, PB-221
337. Surface mine reclamation, underground mine sealing, grouting, surface sealing,
refuse pile removal, and oil and gas well plugging were carried out to prevent mine
drainage pollution of Lake Arthur which was formed In the park by impounding the
waters of Muddy Creek. Each separate abatement project is described and project
costs are shown to vary widely. Analyses of water quality in Muddy Creek and in
Lake Arthur are reported and indicate the benefits from the various abatement meth-
ods. OR 73-3
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179.
MD73-33 TRACING GROUND WATER BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
Greenfield, R. J. and Stoyer, C. H. (Pa. State Univ.)> SME Fall Meet, and Exhibit,
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1973. 73-F-346. 16 pp. Also published as "Monitoring ground-
water contamination with geophysical methods," Trans. AIME 260, 20-23 (1976), Di-
rect current electrical resistivity, and electromagnetic induction (E-M) were used
to study the movement of highly conductive ground water at a field site in Kyler-
town, Clearfield County, Pa. Results of the two methods were comparable but E-M
could be carried out much more quickly. OR 7 3-30
MD73-34 REGRESSION TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATION OF SULFATE IN STREAMS DRAINING AN
AREA AFFECTED BY COAL MINING
Grubb, H. F. and Ryder, P. D. (U.S. Geol. Surv.), Proc. 3rd Ann. Environ. Eng. &
Sci. Conf., Louisville, Ky. (1973), pp 129-137. This paper describes the develop-
ment of a regression equation which gives the relationship between specific elec-
trical conductance and sulfate concentration. Coefficients for the formula (Y ¦
a + bX) were determined using data from 465 chemical analyses made over a 17-year
period at the stream gaging station at Olney, Kentucky. This formula makes it
possible to monitor long term effects of coal mining on stream water chemistry with
specific conductance measurements and a limited number of chemical analyses.
OR 73-63
MD73-35 HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE FORMATION AND NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID WATERS
DRAINING FROM UNDERGROUND COAL MINES OF WESTERN MARYLAND
Hollyday, E. F. and McKen2ie, S. W., Md. Geol. Surv., Rept. Invest. No. 20, 1973.
50 pp. The flows from 18 underground mines for which mine maps are available in the
bituminous coal basins of western Maryland were measured, and water samples were
collected for determination of 27 major dissolved constituents and chemical prop-
erties and 28 minor elements. Natural neutralization is taking place in the under-
ground environment and the most nearly neutralized acid mine drainage is associated
with flow from an upper mine to a lower mine through the intervening rock strata,
(From authors' abstract) OR 73-65
MD73-36 MICRO-ECOSYSTEMS SIMULATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN THERMAL AND ACID
MINE WATER LOADINGS RELATED TO WATER USE OF THE M0N0NGAHELA RIVER
Keller, E, C., Jr. e£ al. (W, Va. Univ.), Water Res. Inst., Completion Rept. B-001-
WVA, W. Va. Univ. Bull., 1973. 442 pp. This program was set up to study the
effects of acid mine water, thermal loading and sewage on algal population growth.
Both laboratory and field studies were carried out. Field studies were made in
areas of the Monongahela River that included an acid tributary, and two power
plants, one of which has a Primary Sewage Treatment Plant located adjacent to it.
Water temperature, chemical parameters, BOD, turbidity, Diversity Index and Biomass
were measured and microbiological analyses were run. Information about the two
power plant sites was compared by evaluating the correlation of 13 independent
variables with the biomass, the dependent variable. Variables which are components
of acid mine drainage are found to have the most significant effect on the level of
biomass. OR 73-64
MD73-37 SODIUM HYDROXIDE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Kennedy, J. L., U.S. EPA, Crown Mine Drainage Field Site, Rivesville, W. Va., Feb.
1973. 6 pp.+ A 10% concentration of sodium hydroxide was used in a treatment proj-
ect done at the Norton Mine Drainage Field Site in West Virginia. Cost proved to be
considerably higher than that for lime, limestone, or soda ash. Sludge volume
averaged 2% of the original volume treated. OR 73-6
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180.
MD73-38 ORGANIC WASTES AS A MEANS OF ACCELERATING RECOVERY OF ACID STRIP-MINE
LAKES
King, D. L. and Sintmler, J. J., Univ. Mo., Water Resour. Center, Completion Rept.
to U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., Feb. 20, 1973. 65 pp. The buffering
action of iron and aluminum in retarding the recovery of surface mine lakes was
Btudied in the laboratory. Addition of sewage as a source of organic carbon for
sulfate reducing bacteria in the simulated lake environment showed that activity
of the bacteria could be enhanced to accelerate the recovery of acid lakes.
OR 73-12
MD73-39 CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE FROM COAL MINE MINERAL WASTES: PHASE II -
POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND MONITORING
Kosowski, Z. V., Consolidation Coal Co., Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection Technol.
Ser. EPA-R2-73-230 (May 1973). 83 pp. NTIS, PB-222 252. This final report gives
the result of an extensive project on mine drainage control and reclamation of the
New Kathleen Mine Site. Tests showed that a one-foot soil cover controlled acid
production as well as a 3-foot cover. A number of vegetative covers were tested
using standard agricultural techniques. Maintenance on the pile the first year
showed that it is important to reseed and recover bare spots. Acid production was
reduced from 198 lbs/acre/day to 16 lbs/acre/day. OR 73-13
MD73-40 METHOD FOR TREATING ACID WATER CONTAINING METALLIC VALUES
Kostenbader, P. D. (to Bethlehem Steel Corp.), U.S. Pat. 3,738,932 (June 12, 1973).
7 pp. This patent outlines a method of treating acid water such as mine water and
pickle liquor with an alkali slurry of high calcium lime. The mixture from the
first reactor is then aerated and passed to a second reactor. A sludge separates
and some of this sludge ia then recycled to the first reactor. About 20 pounds of
solids in the sludge are required for each pound of solids precipitated from the
acid water. The resulting water is suitable for plant use or cart be discharged
without pollution. OR 73-28
MD73-41 THE TRUE COST OF REVERSE OSMOSIS
Kremen, S. S. (Gulf Environ. Systems, San Diego, Calif.), Ind. Wastes 1^9 (6), 24-26
(1973). The use of reverse osmosis for abating acid mine drainage pollution has
received much attention. The costs of the process and of its applications are dis-
cussed in detail. OR 73-44
MD73-42 STATE OF THE ART - ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
Lombardo, J. L., Amer. Mining Congr. Conv., Denver, Colo., Sept. 9-12, 1973. 12 pp.+
Acid mine drainage Is classified into three categories. The mine drainage treat-
ment processes at Consolidation Coal Company's Pittsburgh area mines, the Mingo,
McMurray, and Whetstone plants, are described and flow charts for each of these
plants are included. Cost comparisons are also shown. Consol mines coal in seven
states and must meet the effluent standards which vary from one state to another.
OR 73-22
MD73-43 CONSTRUCTING NON-POLLUTING COAL MINE WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Lounsbury, R. E. (Monterey Coal Co.), Mining Eng. 25 (6), 48-51 (1973), The coal
refuse slurry and coal washery water handling systems at Monterey Coal Co, No. 1
Mine in Macoupin County, Illinois are described. Clarified water is recycled from
the slurry ponds into the coal preparation plant with make-up as needed from a
fresh water reservoir and drainage finally to Spanish Needle Creek. Construction
of refuse piles to meet Illinois and U.S. EPA water pollution control requirements
is discussed. OR 73-79
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181.
MD73-44 AN APPRAISAL OF NEUTRALIZATION PROCESSES TO TREAT COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Lovell, H. L., Pa. State Univ., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour. and U.S. EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-73-093 (Nov. 1973). 347 pp. NTIS,
PB-231 249/AS. The results of neutralization studies of four different mine waters
at the Hollywood, Pennsylvania mine drainage treatment plant are reported. Eight
different neutralizing reagents were used. In addition, water handling, sludge,
and biochemical oxidation of ferrous iron received attention. Costs of using the
different reagents are also compared. OR 73-39
MD73-45 COAL MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION - 197 3
Lovell, H. L., Pa. State Univ., Earth and Miner. Sciences kl_ (7), 54-55 (April 1973).
This general article provides a quick guide to the successive steps taken, and the
progress made, through legislation, research, and action programs toward cleaning
up streams polluted by mine drainage. OR 73-19
MD73-46 PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY OF THE SOUTH FORK OF THE LITTLE
CONEMAUGH RIVER DURING 1972
Mackey, H. E., Jr. (Univ. of Pittsburgh at Johnstown), February 1973. 23 pp. A
detailed water quality survey of the watershed of the South Fork of the Little
Conemaugh River in southeastern Cambria County, Pennsylvania, indicates that there
are seven significant sources of acid mine drainage input, one of which is the
largest source within the entire Kiskiminetas River Basin. Typical pH, sulfate,
and total iron values are given. Sewage contamination from storm and sewage drains
and individual homes of Beaverdale, Allendale, Dunlo, Sidman, and St. Michael is
also described. (Author's abstract) OR 73-1
MD73-47 PREVENTING THE SEDIMENTATION OF STREAMS IN A PACIFIC NORTHWEST COAL
SURFACE MINE
McCarthy, R. E. (Washington Irrigation & Development Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 277-286. Drainage from a surface mine near
Centralia, Washington is discharged into Hanaford Creek. Because the claylike soil
tended to remain in suspension, polyelectrolyte flocculant treatment and settling
ponds were used to clarify the water. The process was designed to handle the ex-
tended periods of high runoff and occasional peak flows common to the area. It
has also been automated to continually monitor the water flow and to add the correct
amount of flocculant into the turbid water. Water analysis three times a day above
and below the mine, assures that the overflow from the final settling pond does not
carry siltation. Acid forming materials are not present. OR 73-85
MD73-48 SURFACE MINE SILTATION CONTROL
McCarthy, R. E., Am. Mining Congr., Coal Convention, Report on Coal Technology,
Vol. II, 1973. 9 pp. In clarifying turbid water from the mining operation, sus-
pended sediment is flocculated with a polyelectrolyte. The suspension settles out
in ponds and clear water overflows into the receiving stream. OR 73-86
MD73-49 A CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THREE MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS
McPhilliamy, S. C. and Green, J., U.S. EPA, Region III, Wheeling Field Office, Sur-
veillance Anal. Div., Work Document No. 47 (1973). 76 pp. Chemical and biological
sampling was conducted at three mine drainage treatment plants operated by the Jones
and Laughlin Steel Corp. and at an untreated mine discharge on Little Indian Creek
north of Rivesville, West Virginia. Samples were taken of the effluents before and
after treatment and in the receiving streams above and below the discharges monthly
from May through August 1972. In addition to parameters generally associated with
mine drainage, values were determined for manganese, aluminum, calcium, magnesium,
-------
MD73-49 (continued)
182.
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. The treatment plants were gener-
ally effective, but, on occasion, two of the plants discharged excessive acidity arid
iron and this noticeably affected the benthos in the receiving streams. (Authors'
abstract adapted) OR 73-60
MD73-50 METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF NON-
POINT SOURCES OP POLLUTANTS
U.S. EPA, Office Air Water Programs, EPA-430/9-73-014, 1973. 261 pp. Acid mine
drainage and sediment from surface mining and underground mining for coal are one
of the areas considered in this report. OR 73-56
MD73-51 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION WATERSHED SURVEY, THE NORTHERN YOUGHIOGHENY
RIVER COMPLEX: CHERRY CREEK, CASSELMAN RIVER WATERSHEDS, GARRETT
COUNTY, MARYLAND: VOL. I
Baker-Wibberley and Associates, Inc., Rept, to Md. Dept. Natural Resour., May 1973.
101 pp-+ The geology, hydrology, and climate of the area are presented in detail.
The appendixes include results of analyses of water taken in the sampling program;
amounts o£ stream-flow; aquatic biota sampling data; description of active mines
and recommendation for abatement; and location and description of mines needing no
abatement. As a result of the survey, twelve abatement projects, mainly on abandoned
underground mines or on surface mined areas with drainage problems, are recommended
with cost estimates. OR 73-76
MD73-52 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION WATERSHED SURVEY, THE NORTHERN YOUGHIOGHENY
RIVER COMPLEX, CHERRY CREEK AND CASSELMAN RIVER WATERSHEDS, GARRETT
COUNTY, MARYLAND: VOL. II
Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants, Rept. to Md. Dept. Natural Resour., May
1973. 368 pp. This is Appendix A of "The Cherry Creek - Casselman River Improve-
ment Plan" report from the Maryland Department of Natural Resources to the Appa-
lachian Regional Commission. It gives the details of the abandoned mine drainage
problem, inventories drainage sources, recommends abatement plans and priority
pollution abatement projects, and estimates abatement costs. The report also con-
tains a short paper on limestone use for surface mine reclamation and a comprehen-
sive bibliography. OR 73-68
MD73-53 UTILIZATION OF NEUTRALIZED ACID MINE DRAINAGE LIQUOR IN HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION
Minnick, L. J., Webster, W. C., and Hilton, R. G., G, & W. H. Corson, Inc., Final
Rept. to U.S. EPA, Office Res. Monitoring, Contract DOT-FH-11-7879, Dec. 1973.
22 pp. Neutralized acid mine drainage sulfate sludge was used with other waste
materials to produce road base and synthetic aggregate compositions. Field and
laboratory demonstrations showed that necessary strengths and mechanical properties
were obtained. Other waste materials used were brine sludge, bottom ash, fly ash,
and crushed battery cases. The test data are tabulated. OR 73-78
MD73-54 EFFECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON THE STREAM ECOSYSTEM OF THE EAST FORK
OF THE OBEY RIVER, TENNESSEE
Nichols, L. E,, Jr. and Bulow, F. J. (Tenn. Technol. Univ.)> Tenn. Acad. Sci. 48
(1), 30-39 (1973). In this 1970 study, a survey of watet quality, macroinverte-
brates, fish, and aquatic flora showed effects of acid mine drainage. At the samp-
ling station just above the confluence with the West Fork and the entrance into the
reservoir they feed, the East Fork was found to be recovering from acid mine drain-
age effects. The alkaline West Fork, was also considered to have a buffering effect
on the East Fork. OR 73-35
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183.
MD73-55 ORSANCO YEARBOOK 1973
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Twenty-fifth Annual Rept., Cincin-
nati, Ohio, 1973. 16 pp. This brief report of the ORSANCO activities for the
year 1973 contains short articles on water quality, monitoring and work in progress,
A large map outlines the area of the activities and a financial report is included.
OR 73-57
MD73-56 GEOLOGIC EVALUATION OF PROBABLE RESULTS OF MINING OF UPPER FREEPORT
COAL NEAR MAPLE RUN MONONGALIA COUNTY WEST VIRGINIA
Overbey, W. K., Jr. (W. Va. Univ.), Prepared for Cheat Lake Area Environmental Con-
servancy, Morgantown, W. Va., April 10, 1973. 17 pp.+ The survey indicates that
the area is extremely faulted and is unfavorable for deep mining. The formation of
acid mine drainage is also predicted. OR 73-37
MD73-57 LABORATORY STUDY OF SELF-SEALING LIMESTONE PLUGS FOR MINE OPENINGS
Penrose, R. G. , Jr. and Holubec, I., Cyrus Wm. Rice Div. - NUS Corp., and E.
D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection Technol.
Ser. EPA-670/2-73-081 (Sept. 1973). 217 pp. NTIS, PB-228 586/AS. Pilot plant
operations utilized limestones selected from results of a previous neutralization
study; synthetic mine waters prepared to EPA formulations for ferric, ferrous, and
ferric/ferrous solutions; and mixtures of bentonite, fly ash and air-cooled blast
furnace slag additives with the aggregate to form the plugs. Experimental results
indicated that permeability, compressibility and strength of a limestone plug are
primarily a function of the particle size distribution and density. Plug perform-
ance was most effective with high limestone placement density and smaller gradation
of stone. Ferric waters were controlled most effectively. Additive effects were
less significant throughout the tests. (From authors' abstract) OR 73-48
MD73-58 PREPARATION OF PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT
ACTIVITIES IN CHERRY CREEK WATERSHED, MARYLAND
Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants, and Zollman Associates, Rept. to Appalachian
Regional Comm., ARC Contract #73-35/RPC 767, 1973. (109 pp.+) Detailed plans and
cost estimates are given for specific projects to abate drainage from six surface
and two deep mines in the watershed. This is a part of the project reported in
73-68 and 74-20. OR 73-90
MD73-59 PROBLEMS CAUSED BY COAL MINING NEAR FEDERAL RESERVOIR PROJECTS
Rept. by the Comptroller General of the United States, to the Conservation and
Natural Resources Subcomm., Comm. Govern. Operations, U.S. House Representatives,
B-177092 (Oct. 2, 1973), 53 pp. Eight water resources projects of the Corps of
Engineers in Kentucky and West Virginia ifere reviewed to determine effects on the
projects of coal mining. Major problems included sedimentation, acid mine drainage,
improperly constructed and maintained access roads, careless dumping of coal refuse,
and hillside scars. The recommendations emphasize the government regulations which
should be enforced and legislation which is needed. OR 73-67
MD73-60 PROCESSES, PROCEDURES, AND METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION FROM MINING
ACTIVITIES
Skelly and Loy Rept. to U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., EPA-430/9-73-011, Oct. 1973.
390 pp. Methods for controlling and abating water pollution from both deep and
surface mining are described. OR 73-29
MD73-61 RECLAMATION: RESTORING BEAUTY AND BALANCE IN US STEEL'S GOAL
Coal Age 78 (11). 100-104 (1973). Broadcasting, hydroseeding, aerial seeding, and
seedling planting have been used to revegetate 17,000 reclaimed acres in Kentucky,
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MD73-61 (continued)
184.
West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Alabama. Lime neutralization is used to treat mine
drainage where needed. Although a lime storage tank has been built before the aera-
tor at the Maple Creek water treatment plant, the water presently is alkaline so
that only aeration and settling are required. The water from the Robena complex
ranges from mildly alkaline to highly acid, and the treatment includes neutraliza-
tion plus aeration and settling. OR 73-20
MD73-62 RELATIVE ACID-PRODUCING POTENTIAL OF COAL
Renton, J. J. (1), Hidalgo, R. V. (1), and Streib, D. L. (2) [(1) W. Va. Geol. Surv.
and (2) Ohio Geol. Surv.], W. Va. Geol. and Econ. Surv., Morgantown, W. Va., Environ.
Geol. Bull. No. 11, (Aug. 1973). 7 pp. A modified Soxhlet extraction of specially
prepared samples of a series of 40 coals representing 19 different coal seams was
carried out to determine the acid producing potential of the coals upon weathering.
Pittsburgh, Upper Freeport, and, to a lesser extent, Bakerstown coal were determined
to be the major acid producers with the data for the Pittsburgh seam showing less
variation than data for Upper Freeport coal. The report also includes results of
a study to find a good field indicator of acidity and Suggests the conductivity/
sulfate ratio. OR 73-18
MD73-63 ACID MINE DRAINAGE QUANTITY AND QUALITY GENERATION MODEL
Ricca, V. T. and Chow, K. (Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio), AIME 102nd Ann. Meet.,
Chicago, 111., 1973. 38 pp. The authors present a computer model which predicts
average daily mine water discharge, acid loading, and average daily flow in receiv-
ing streams. They show its application to the McDaniels mine in southeastern Ohio.
OR 73-31
MD73-64 BASE DATA AND RECLAMATION COST DEVELOPMENT FOR THE INITIATION OF A
COMPREHENSIVE LONG RANGE RECLAMATION PLAN
Robins, J. D., Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants, Tech. Rept. to Bd. on Unre-
claimed Strip Mined Lands, Ohio Dept. Natural Resour., Pro j . No. 73-D6, 1973. 181
pp.+ Both published information and field studies were used to compile an inven-
tory of surface mined lands and sources of acid mine drainage in the eastern Ohio
coal field. The area was divided into 79 watersheds for ease in handling data.
Based on the results of the survey the watersheds were combined into priority
groupings. Fifteen watersheds were identified as being major acid producing areas
in which extensive reclamation was recommended as soon as funding becomes available.
OR 73-89
MD73-65 GAS REQUIREMENTS TO PRESSURIZE ABANDONED DEEP MINES
Robins, J, D., Cyrus Wm. Rice Div. - NUS Corp., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.
and U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-73-054 (Aug. 1973). 192
pp. NTIS, PB-224 831. The work was done to determine gas injection rates needed
to develop and maintain slight pressures in a mine over ambient conditions during
changes in the barometric pressure. The purpose was to determine the feasibility
of blanketing an abandoned deep mine with an inert gas in order to eliminate pyrite
oxidation and resulting acid mine drainage. Tests at the larger (50 acres) test
mine were inconclusive, but the final tests at the smaller (IS acres) mine were
encouraging. General observations Indicated that this method of acid mine drainage
abatement is not economically feasible where there are certain conditions which
could result in many unidentifiable air passage ways to the surface. (Author's
abstract adapted) OR 73-24
MD73-66 SEALING OF COAL REFUSE PILES
Scott, R. B. (Natl. Environ. Res. Center, Crown, W. Va.), U.S. EPA, Natl. Environ.
Res. Center, Office of R&D, Cincinnati, Ohio, Program Element 1B2040, July 1973.
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MD73-66 (continued)
185,
15 pp. Several methods of sealing refuse piles developed under EPA sponsorship were
evaluated in field trials carried out for almost a year. Seven 14* x 14' x 12" deep
containers were constructed for the coal refuse so that water percolating through the
pile could be measured. Plastic covering, carbonate bonding, clay-type soil, sodium
silicate, sodium silicate and sodium aluminate were tested. Leachates were tested
for conductance, pH, acidity, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, sulfate,
and total iron. The results show that the plastic cover was the most successful
sealant although it required constant attention to keep it in place. Sodium sili-
cate was the second most successful treatment but seemed to be losing its effective-
ness at the end of the test period. Carbonate bonded layers at first were success-
ful but broke up under weathering. OR 73-17
MD73-67 WATER REUSE IN INDUSTRY: PART 3 - MINE WATER
Shackelford, J. M., Mech. Eng. £5 (6), 32-34 (1973). The problem of acid mine
drainage is outlined and a number of treatment methods developed with EPA support
are described. OR 73-11
MD73-68 WATER STORED IN ABANDONED MINES AS A MINERAL RESOURCE
Shotts, R. Q. (Univ. Alabama, Dept. Civil Miner. Eng.), AIME Ann. Meet., Chicago,
111., Feb. 25 - March 1, 1973. Preprint No, 73AG5. 11 pp. The use of abandoned
mines in the Cahaba coal fields of Alabama as water reservoirs is advocated. Esti-
mates of water in several coalbed areas is 7.6 billion gallons. Since drainage from
abandoned mines may need treatment, it is suggested that the treated water be used
for industrial purposes where feasible. OR 73-53
MD73-69 THE STATUS OF ACTIVE DEEP MINES IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
U.S. EPA, Region III, Wheeling Field Office, Surveillance Anal. Div., Work Document
No, 46 (1973). 129 pp. As a result of the Monongahela Enforcement Conference in
1971, the survey of mines in the area, carried out after the first conference in
1963, was updated. Each of the active underground mine sites previously listed was
revisited to determine current operational status and to sample any mine drainage
discharges. Although new mine sites were not actively sought, any that were encoun-
tered in the course of the survey were added to the inventory. The detailed results
of the inventory are presented including results from water analyses for pH, acid-
ity, iron, sulfate, and amount of flow. OR 73-10
MD73-70 ABATEMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION BY UNDERGROUND PRECIPITATION
Stoddard, C. K., Parsons-Jurden Div., The Ralph M. Parsons Co., Rept. to EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-73-092 (Oct. 1973). 125 pp. NTIS, PB-
229 407/AS. Field tests to confirm laboratory tests showing sealing effect of
sludge from lime or limestone neutralization were conducted in an abandoned coal
mine. The results of pumping hydrated lime and limestone slurries behind rubble
harriers in the mine indicates that only temporary sealing of the outflow was
achieved, and that neutralization took place when the interior water flow conditions
were favorable. Placement of the injection outlets, dispersion of the lime slurry,
volume of water flowing, and direction of flow in the mine relative to other outlets
greatly affect the efficiency of sealing and neutralization of the mine drainage
effluent, (From author's abstract) OR 73-51
MD73-71 SURFACE MINING DISTURBANCE AND WATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Striffler, W, D. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Reclama-
tion of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J, Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York! Gordon
and Breach, 1973. Paper 11-4. pp 175-191. A survey of water quality was conducted
in eastern Kentucky during the summer of 1966. A total of 180 sampling points,
including all fourth-order and larger watersheds, were measured. Field measurements
-------
MD73-71 (continued)
186.
included stream discharge, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation-reduc-
tion potential and specific conductance. Laboratory determinations included Al, Ca,
Mg, total Fe, Mn, and sulfates. In summary, although acid pollution is a very seri-
ous problem on small, severely disturbed watersheds, it is not important on the
larger watersheds or major rivers during low-flow conditions in eastern Kentucky.
(From author's abstract) OR 73-87
MD73-72 FACTORS CONTROLLING SLUDGE DENSITY DURING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION
Svanks, K, and Shumate, K, S., Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Center, Proj. Com-
pletion Rept. No. 392X, to U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., 1973. 156
pp. This laboratory project was done to develop procedures for obtaining denser
settled sludges from synthetic acid mine drainage by lime precipitation. Results
showed that precipitation of iron from acid mine drainage in the form of high den-
sity magnetite is possible, but the problem of slow conversion of green rust II to
magnetite at temperatures below 25°C together with severe interference of aluminum
to the formation of magnetite makes the application in the field unlikely. Related
literature is discussed and extensive sections cover formation of magnetic sludges
and their neutralizations. A list of 93 references is given. (Adapted from Intro-
duction) OR 73-55
MD73-73 CASE HISTORY ON ACID MINE DRAINAGE CONTROL
Temmel, F. M., Amer. Mining Congr. Conv., Denver, Colo., Sept. 9-12, 1973. 18 pp.+
The high density sludge process developed by Bethlehem Steel Company for treating
acid mine drainage is now in use at the major mine water discharges at the Cambria
Division. Settled sludges contain at least 40% solids. This process differs from
the conventional lime neutralization in that it recycles a controlled volume of the
settled sludge and mixes this sludge with lime slurry in a reaction tank prior to
neutralization and separation steps. The pictures show the plant units and charts
give the performance data. The process is also used by Bethlehem to treat waste
acid from their pickling operations. OR 73-23
MD73-74 STRIP-MINED WATERSHED HYDROLOGIC DATA ACQUISITION STUDY
Tschantz, B. A., Water Resour. Res. Cent., Univ. Tenn., Res. Rept. No. 35 (Aug. 27,
1973). 17 pp. NTIS, PB-223 558. This was an aerial photographic study made using
infrared methods to define two small East Tennessee watersheds. The information is
to be used for hydrologic and land-use purposes. Three flights were made covering
5,041 acres of watershed representing 847 acres of disturbed bench, slope and slide
areas. A list of 15 figures shows the mapped areas and several pictures give the
overall view of the watershed area. Low level altitude infrared photography is use-
ful for mapping and measuring surface-mine disturbed areas. OR 73-88
MD73-75 DISSOLVED ALUMINUM IN ACID SULFATE SPOILS AND IN ACID MINE WATERS
van Breemen, N., Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 37_, 694-697 (1973). Analytical data on
water samples from acid sulfate soils and acid mine spoils indicate that the upper
limit of dissolved Al is regulated by a basic aluminum sulfate with the stoichio-
metric composition AlOHSOi,. The observed solubility relationship, pAl + pOH + pSOi,
» 17.23, can be useful in defining environmental conditions in terms of pH and
dissolved sulfate for the occurrence of Al concentrations toxic to plants.
(Author's abstract) OR 73-41
MD73-76 FIGHTING POLLUTION WITH A POLLUTANT
Van der Horst, J. M. A. (Surface Research, Inc.), Effluent Water Treat. J. 13 (7),
495, 497 (1973). This article advocates mixing typical sewage containing phos-
phates with acid mine drainage to precipitate iron and other heavy metal phosphates,
-------
®73~76 (continued)
187.
thus reducing both phosphate and metals in the polluted effluents. The populous
upper Ohio Valley is seen as an area with both the acid mine drainage and sewage
available to utilize this idea. OR 73-59
MD73-77 EFFECT OF STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY
Vimmerstedt, J. P., Finney, J. H., and Sutton, P., Ohio Agr. Res. Develop. Cent.,
Wooster, Ohio, Rept. to Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Cent., Columbus, Ohio, Jan.
1973. 54 pp. NTIS, PB-217 872. This report covers two separate topics. In the
study of the effect of surface-mining on water quality of Little Mill Creek, Ohio,
four sampling points were selected and used over a 236-week period. Results showed
that manganese concentrations near the mining area exceeded standards 80% of the
time while this same chemical in a creek not affected by mining exceeded standards
only 13% of the time. Sulfate, magnesium, calcium, iron, aluminum and hydrogen ion
concentration were also monitored and found to have higher values in stream flow
affected by surface mining. Objective of the second phase was to measure infiltra-
tion rates on spoil banks and to correlate variations with spoil characteristics.
Analysis of several variables did not account for variation in the infiltration,
OR 73-49
MD7 3-78 ACID COAL MIKE DRAINAGE EFFECTS ON AQUATIC LIFE
Warner, R, W. (EPA, Denver, Colo,), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land,"
Vol. 1, R, j. Hutnik and G. Davis, Ed., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. pp 227-
237. The finding that "pH may provide a reliable index to damages to the biota of
streams polluted by acidic coal mine drainageis based on a survey of several
streams in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. OR 73-43
MB73-79 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ELEMENT FOR THE KENTUCKY RIVER AREA DEVELOPMENT
DISTRICT COMPREHENSIVE WATER AND SEWER PLAN
Mayes, Sudderth & Etheredge, Inc., Lexington, Ky., Rept. to Kentucky River Area
Development District, June 1973. 77 pp. The Kentucky River is polluted from three
main sources: coal mining activities, untreated domestic waste, and municipal plant
effluent. The report includes population trends, water and sewer plans, water qual-
ity considerations, and implementation of water and sewer plans. Extensive water
quality and point source pollution data are charted and tabulated, and mapB give
the stream locations and their pollution circumstances. An outline of water quality
standards is given for the state of Kentucky. OR 73-36
MD73-80 APPLICATIONS OF REVERSE OSMOSIS TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Wilmoth, R. C. (Crown Mine Drainage Control Field Site), U.S. EPA, Environ. Protec-
tion Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-73-100 (Dec. 1973). 159 pp. Spiral-wound reverse os-
mosis systems were tested on four different acid mine drainage discharges in West
Virginia and Pennsylvania. At all sites, the limiting factor in high recovery oper-
ation was calcium sulfate insolubility. Application of reverse osmosis was demon-
strated to be technically feasible for a large percentage of acid mine drainage dis-
charges. A process called "neutrolosis" was developed in which the reverse osmosis
brine is neutralized and clarified, and the supernatant recycled to the influent
to the reverse osmosis unit. Neutrolosis recoveries as high as 98.8 percent were
achieved at a ferric iron acid discharge site. (From author's abstract) OR 73—52
MD73-81 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL VIA REVERSE OSMOSIS
Wilmoth, R. C. and Hill, R. D., Min. Eng. 25 (3), 45-47 (1973). The application of
reverse osmosis in the neutrolosis process is described. OR 73-47
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188.
MD73-82 SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT ALTERNATIVES
Young, G. K., Taylor, R. S., and Selekof, J. S., Water Resources Engineers, Inc.,
Springfield, Va., Rept. to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore, Md., Jan. 1973.
70 pp.+ NTIS, AD-757 782. This study of the Tioga River Basin in Pennsylvania
evaluates a computer model which simulates three abatement methods: mine sealing,
surface water diversion, and lime treatment. Summary conclusions indicate control
costs of $400,000/yr and that lime neutralization is favored over diversion ditches
in abatement alternatives. OR 73-32
MD73-83 WATER INFILTRATION CONTROL TO ACHIEVE MINE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL -
A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Zaval, F. J. and Robins, J. D., Cyrus Wm. Rice Div. - NUS Corp., Rept. to W. Va.
Dept. Natural Reaour. and U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-73-142
(Jan. 1973). 185 pp. NTIS, PB-217 886. The Dents Run Watershed, Monongalia County,
West Virginia, the site selected for the study, contains strip mines, drift mines,
auger mines, refuse dumps, soil banks, and discharge boreholes, all discharging acid
mine water. Project feasibility is based upon the performance and results of inves-
tigative measures which included: investigation of each mined area and abandoned
drift openings, which resulted in a detailed description of each site; sampling and
analysis of all receiving streams and discharge pits to determine the severity of
acid mine water pollution; and evaluation and selection of weir structures, monitor
enclosures and instruments to be placed in unattended areas to provide a continuous
record of stream conditions. Recommendations are made for reclamation and treatment
at each site; and pertinent cost estimates are developed for the construction,
installation and operation of monitoring facilities as well as the reclamation work.
(From authors' abstract) OR 73-4
1974
MD74-1 ACID MINE DRAINAGE FIT TO DRINK
Rohm and Haas Reporter, Winter, 1974-1975. pp 19-21. The Rohm and Haas plant at
Hawk Run near Philipsburg, Pennsylvania has demonstrated that a modification of the
Desal ion exchange process to treat acid mine water can produce water for the public
supply, OR 74-67
MD74-2 COAL MINING AND ITS EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), in "Extraction of Minerals and Energy: Today's Dilemmas,"
R. A. Deju, Ed., Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1974. pp 49-56.
The effect on water quality of both surface and underground mining Is discussed.
The hydrology of the Sheban Mine, Mahoning County, Ohio is used as an example of a
typical surface mine. OR 74-5
MD74-3 COAL MINING AND ITS EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Water Resour. Problems Related to Mining, Am. Water Re-
sour. Assoc., Proc. No. 18, June 1974. pp 138-148. The author discusses mine water
and drainage problems of coal mining including the mechanics of acid production, and
hydrological studies of deep and surface mines. Constituents found in Illinois
coals are tabulated. OR 74-90
MD74-4 WEATHERING OF CLAY MINERALS BY SIMULATED ACID COAL SPOILBANK SOLUTIONS .
Barnhisel, R. I. and Rotromel, A. L. (Univ. Ky.), Soil Scl. 118 (1), 22-27 (1974).
Kaolinite and mica clay minerals were agitated with various concentrations of sulfu-
ric acid for periods of up to six months to simulate leaching by coal-related acid
drainage. Aluminum, iron, potassium, and silicon were released into the solution
phase. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that kaolinite and mica clays would
weather at the same rate. OR 74-60
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189.
MD74-5 SOIL AS A MEDIUM FOR THE RENOVATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE WATER
Beers, W. F. (2), Ciolkosz, E. J. (1), and Kardos, L. T. (1) [(1) Pa. State Univ.,
Dept. Agronomy and (2) Roy F. Weston, Inc.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 160-
171. Also published as Pa. State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour., Reprint Ser.
No. 37, Two soil samples were used as treating agents for acid nine drainage in an
experimental laboratory project. The soils were placed in columns AO inches high
and 5 inches of acid mine water were added each week for a period of 42 weeks. Ef-
fluent samples were analyzed weekly for potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese,
copper, aluminum and sodium. The behavior of each soil with respect to each element
18 discussed and the analytical data from the effluent samples are shown in graphs.
Both initially and throughout the study period the soils showed substantial but
different ability to renovate acid mine water. This ability is dependent on the
soils' physical and chemical characteristics, particularly their CaC03 content,
OR 74-38
MD74-6 ECOLOGY OF IRON-OXIDIZING BACTERIA IN PYRITIC MATERIALS ASSOCIATED WITH
COAL
Belly, R, t. and Brock, T. D. (Univ. Wis., Dept. Bacteriology), J. Bacterid. 117^
(2), 726-732 (1974). This work describes a method for measuring C02 uptake by
chemolithotrophic bacteria directly in pyritic materials associated with coal and
coal refuse. Maximal 14C02 uptake occurred in coal refuse material 2-3 years old,
and only slight incorporation was demonstrated in fresh material or material 40
years old. Surface samples demonstrated maximal ^COa uptake as compared to sam-
ples below 8-10 cm with only slight activity. Optimum uptake activity occurred at
20-30°C, and a moisture content of 23-35%. Heterotrophic fungi and yeasts were
routinely isolated in high numbers from acidic coal refuse. There was good corre-
lation between llfC02 uptake and the most probable number of iron-oxidizing bacteria.
(From authors' abstract) OR 74-4
MD74-7 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT METHODS
Bhatt, H. G. (Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 331-356.
This paper reviews the various methods available for treatment of acid mine drain-
age and in many cases gives cost estimates. The main emphasis is on neutralization,
with differentiation between treating high ferric and high ferrouB iron drainage.
Neutralization is also considered in combination with electrochemical, biochemical,
and ozone oxidation. Several different neutralizing agents are discussed. The most
commonly used are lime and limestone and their advantages and disadvantages are
pointed out. Lime is used in full-sized treatment plants, several of which are de-
scribed. The only plant identified as using limestone was treating a drainage of
about 150 gallons per minute having moderate levels of iron, mostly ferric. Lime-
stone has been used in a number of experimental processes which are also described.
OR 74-49
MD74-8 PILOT PLANT STUDIES; PURIFICATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY NEUTROLOSIS
PHASE I
Blackshaw, G. L., Pappano, A. W., and Arakali, V. S. (Dept. Chem. Eng.), W. Va.
Univ., Rept. to U.S. EPA, National Environ. Res. Cent., Cincinnati, Ohio, Proj. No.
14010 HED, undated. 30 pp. This report outlines the pilot Bcale work done on a
continuous reverse osmosis unit designed to handle 60,000 gal/day of acid mine
drainage. The continuous run was set for 240 hours to demonstrate the operating
capability. The plant operated satisfactorily purifying ferrous iron acid mine
waters at 50% recovery. A detailed description of the plant and its operation is
included. The work reported was completed as of May 1973. OR 74-12
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190.
MD74-9 PILOT PLANT TREATMENT OF AMD BY REVERSE OSMOSIS BASED TECHNIQUES
Blackshaw, G. L., Pappano, A. W., and Arakali, V. S. (W. Va. Univ., Dept. Chem.
Eng.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 312-330. The design, construction, and ini-
tial operation of the reverse osmosis treatment facility at Crown, West Virginia are
described. The plant is capable of producing 60,000 gallons per day of nearly pot-
able water from predominately ferrous mine drainage. OR 74-48
MD74-10 THE IMPROVED DENSIFICATION OF SLUDGE FROM NEUTRALIZED ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Bosnian, D. J., J. S. Afr. Inst. Mining Met. 7j4 (9), 340-348 (1974). This paper de-
scribes an acid water treatment devised to neutralize acid mine drainage from the
workings of Coronation Collieries, Kromdraai, South Africa. Since limestone was
not readily available, the company decided to use the Bethlehem Steel Company ap-
proach of adding a lime slurry plus recirculated sludge to the main drainage flow.
This gave a sludge density of 22 percent when gradual mixing techniques were used.
Diagrams of the pilot treatment plant are shown and data are tabulated. The treated
mine drainage flows into Loskop Dam from which water is used almost exclusively for
irrigation. OR 74-19
MD74-11 COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F. and Gleason, V. E. (Bituminous Coal Res., Inc.), J. Water Pollut. Contr.
Fed. 46 (6), 1290-1294 (1974). There are forty references in this review of the
literature of 1973. Topics covered include river basin studies in coal producing
areas of the East; effects of mine drainage on ecosystems; costs of abatement; means
to prevent acid mine drainage formation; and studies on mine drainage sludges.
OR 74-16
MD74-12 PALEOENVIRONMENT - PREDICTOR OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE PROBLEMS
Caruccio, F. T. and Ferm, J. C. (Univ. S.C., Dept. Geol.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Syap. Coal Mine Drainage Res, Preprints, Louisville, Ky.
(1974). pp 5-10. The extensive research program that is attempting to predict the
occurrence and mode of distribution of sulfur in coal by identifying the environment
of deposition of that stratum is summarized. Factors identified as generating acid
mine drainage are shown in the preliminary study to be related and incorporated into
a sedimentary model based on present day analogues that categorize the environments
into back barrier, lower delta plain, upper delta plain and alluvial sequences.
(Authors' Summary and Conclusions Modified) OR 74-28
MD74-13 THE CHERRY CREEK-CASSELMAN RIVER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN
Md. Dept. Natural Resour., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., Jan. 1974. 62 pp.
This comprehensive study of the watershed area in Maryland describes exiating prob-
lems including mine drainage, municipal and industrial discharges, air pollution
sources, and solid waste disposal. Specific reclamation projects are recommended
for mine drainage abatement. Individual sources are identified, acid production
and abatement costs are listed, and an inventory of municipal and industrial dis-
charges is also included. OR 74-20
MD74-14 THE USE OF A FLUIDIZED BED ELECTRODE FOR THE REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED IRON
FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Crane, M., Ph.D. Thesis, N.Y. Univ., School Eng. and Sci., 1974. 73 pp. University
Microfilms, 74-21,543. A one-inch diameter bed of copper particles was used suc-
cessfully to remove ferrous and ferric ions from synthetic acid mine drainage at
flow rates of .211 to .411 cc/sec. In a single pass through the bed, up to 67 per-
cent of the ferrous ion was removed, OR 74-84
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191.
MD74-15 SEDIMENT YIELD FROM STRIP-MINED WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt, Sta., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 88-100. Erosion rates and sediment yields from surface
mined areas in eastern Kentucky watersheds were determined by studies of three
settling basins built on mined and unmined areas in Breathitt County. Data on sedi-
mentation, watershed size, disturbed acreages, dates of mining, and precipitation
were used to develop sediment basin specifications and requirements. Results showed
highest sediment yield during the first six months after mining. Erosion rates de-
creased to fairly low levels within three years. Revegetation is given as the most
effective sediment-control measure when done in minimum time following mining.
Also, an area mined using a number of "head of the hollow" fills and ridge top re-
moval showed reduced sediment yield. OR 74-85
MD74-16 DESIGN OF SURFACE MINING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: VOLUME I - SUMMARY
Mathematica, Inc. and Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc., Engineers, Kept, to Ky. Dept.
Natural Resour, Environ. Protection and Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-71—66-T1
(Jan. 1974). 98 pp.4- The viewpoints of environmentalist coalitions, the regula-
tory agency, and the surface mining industry are summarized to provide perspective
on the kinds of issues that motivated this study. Also included is a detailed
summary of the relevant characteristics of surface mining and regulation in 1971—
72, including industry characteristics, economics, and mining practices; regulatory
procedures and results; and environmental impacts. Progress to date in mining,
regulation, and reduction of environmental impact is summarized, and areas where
further progress is needed are identified. Recommendations for modernizing and
improving existing regulatory and mining practices are made. (Authors' abstract
adapted) OR 74-9
MD74-17 LIMESTONE FOR CONTROLLING ACID MINE DRAINAGE AND FOR TREATMENT OF ACID
MINE WATER
Deul, M. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Tenth Forum Ind. Miner. Proc., Columbua, 0., by Ohio
Geol, Surv., 1974. pp 43-46. Limestone can be used effectively in treating acid
mine water. Aside from a lower cost than for other treatment agents, limestone has
the advantages of easy storage and effectiveness even when impure and in slack sizes.
Limestone incorporated into waste piles in layers or as riprap can inhibit acid for-
mation; limestone rubble packed in a mine entry offerB promise in formation of a
low-cost autogenous resilient seal. (Author's abstract) OR 74-79
MD74-18 DEVELOPMENT OF AN OVERALL ECONOMIC/ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN FOR THE
MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Gibbs and Hill, Inc., Rept, to Appalachian Regional Comm., Sept. 1974. Coal min-
ing related problems including acid mine drainage, mine refuse piles, and unre-
claimed surface mines are emphasized in this detailed survey of water and air pollu-
tion and land use problems of the Monongahela River Basin. This information is
correlated with social and economic factors in developing priorities for environ-
mental improvement of the three state, 18 county area. OR 74—53
MD74-19 MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AS AN INDICATOR OF ACID MINE
POLLUTION
Dills, G. (1) and Rogers, D. T., Jr. (2) t(1) Haywood Tech. Inst., Clyde, N. C.
(2) Univ. Ala., Birmingham], Environ. Pollut. 6. (4), 239-262 (1974). Water quality
parameters and biological surveys at 10 sampling stations in Cane Creek, Alabama,
showed that diversity of species was strongly affected by pH and was lowest in the
most acid areas. Species diversity showed seasonal variation at unpolluted sta-
tions but not in polluted areas. OR 74-82
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192.
MD74-20 ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS—DEER PARK DAY-LIGHTING
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Dougherty, M. T. (1), Moomau, H. F. (2), and Matis, J. R. (3) [(1) Ackenheil &
Assoc. Geo Systems, Inc., (2) Potomac Eng. & Surveying, and (3) Md. Dept. Natur.
Resour.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 70-87. This paper describes the feasi-
bility study of a project to reduce formation of mine drainage from a 70 acre site
in Lostland Run Watershed of the Upper Potomac Basin near Deer Park in Garrett
County, Maryland. The abatement method to be used, termed daylighting, includes
removing the overburden, the entire remaining coal, and regrading the land. A 300-
foot core sample at the project site showed a 50-inch seam of coal to be removed,
48 to 52 feet below the surface at the boring site. The overburden was evaluated
and found to be favorable for vegetation with careful placement. Coal quality
evaluation showed that as a whole the coal was high in sulfur and ash but that
the 30 inch bottom section was a good grade. A water sampling program showed that
the pollution load in the watershed area would be reduced by an estimated 500 lbs/
day acid with elimination of mine drainage from the project site. OR 74-32
MD74-21 STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY OF MODEL RECLAMATION OF STRIP-MINED LAND
Elzam, O. E. (Case-Western Reserve Univ.), in "Extraction of Minerals and Energy:
Today's Dilemmas," R. A. Deju, Ed., Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
1974. pp 211-230. In a reclamation project at an experimental surface mine site
of 60 acres in Ohio, three hills of about 20 acres each were formed. Topsoll
removed prior to mining was spread evenly over one hill. Two hills were terraced,
one with and one without topsoil. All three hills were seeded. The water sampling
program was set up so that the effect of reclamation on water quality could be
evaluated and compared to water quality from undisturbed as well as partially re-
claimed land. The results of the study showed that a combination of burying acid
producing materials, land terracing, and topsoil application resulted in fast re-
vegetation, reduction of erosion, and improvement in water quality. OR 74-7
MD74-22 SELECTION OF LIMESTONES AS NEUTRALIZING AGENTS FOR COAL MINE WATER
Ford, C. T. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.), Presented 10th Forum Geology Ind. Miner.,
Columbus, Ohio, April 18, 1974. 37 pp. Criteria for selecting limestones for acid
mine drainage treatment include small particle size, preferably smaller than 200
mesh, and composition which is most nearly pure calcium carbonate. If calcium con-
tent is relatively low, limestones will be effective neutralizers if they contain
calcite and have a high surface area. OR 74-55
MD74-23 USE OF LIMESTONE IN AMD TREATMENT
Ford, C. T. (Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.),Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth
Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 205-228. This
paper reports the evaluation of the limestone treatment process for all types of
acid mine drainage and the results of the investigation into the use of activated
carbon as an oxidation catalyst for ferrous iron to overcome one of the defects in
the process. (From text) OR 74-42
MD74-24 MINE SEALING AS A CONTROL METHOD
Foreman, J. W. (Gwin, Dobson, Foreman, Inc.), Interstate Mining Compact Comm.,
Spring Meet., Pipestem, W. Va., by U.S. EPA, May 16, 1974, 12 pp. The types of
seals discussed are air-trap seals, dry seals, hydraulic seals, and mine barriers.
Regulated discharges and water diversion are also used where sealing alone is not
feasible. Water transfer methods may also be used to blend acid and alkaline water
where possible. Results of various mine sealing projects are discussed and sketch-
es are attached to illustrate the different typeB of mine seals. OR 74-68
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193.
MD74-25 A PROGRESS REPORT—EVALUATION OF MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT PROJECTS IN
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Foreman, J. w, (Gwin, Dobson & Foreman, Inc.). Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 128-
132. Since 1967, 82 construction contracts for mine drainage abatement have been
successfully completed in western Pennsylvania, most under a special state appro-
priation tnade in 1968. Among projects described are that at Moraine State Park,
where work included deep mine sealing, surface sealing, surface mine reclamation,
refuse pile removal, and well plugging; Argentine and Whiskerville Mines in Butler
County where hydraulic deep nine seals were used; and the Shaw MlneB Complex in
Somerset County where the project included sealing of deep mine subsidence areas,
excavation and installation of clay seals, surface mine reclamation and daylight-
lug, diversion ditches, installation of deep mine hydraulic seals and grout cur-
tains. OR 74-35
MD74-26 ELECTROCHEMICAL REMOVAL OP HEAVY METALS FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Franco, N. B. and Balouskus, R. A., ECOTROL, Inc., Rept. to EPA, Environ. Protection
Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-74-023 (May 1974). 87 pp. NTIS, PB-232 764/AS. This re-
port outlines laboratory and field studies to learn the economics of ferrous iron
oxidation in a cell containing conductive particles. A 5 gal/min pilot plant was
run. at an actual mine site to compare results of treating a 40 and 250 ppm ferrous
iron drainage at pH levels of 2 and 5. About 86% of the ferrous iron was oxidized
in treating the low pH water. Conversion was lower with the pH 5 drainage due to
ferric hydroxide coating the electrodes of the system. Aluminum and manganese con-
centrations were also decreased. Results Indicate that capital and operating costs
for electrochemical treatment would be higher than those for aeration. OR 74-13
MD74-27 CONTROLS ON HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE AND GROUND WATERS AFFECTED BY COAL
MINE DRAINAGE: CLARION RIVER - REDBANK CREEK WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA
Gang, M. W. and Langmuir, D. (Pa. State Univ., Dept. Geosciences), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Syiap. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1974). pp 39-69. In the Clarion River - Redbank Creek Watershed of
northwestern Pennsylvania, waters from 6 springs, 15 wells (13 flowing abandoned
oil and gas wells), and 31 surface waters were analyzed for their amounts of, and
controls on major and trace constituents including Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr,
Ag, and Pb. Fe, Mil, dissolved solida, acidity, and trace metal levels increase
with increased amounts of stripping, and with decreased amountB of limestone Btrata.
Regression equations relate Zn to the other trace metals in these streams and allow
prediction of trace metal values in the strteams from stream discharge or from limit-
ed water quality data. (Authors' abstract modified) OR 74-31
MD74-28 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SURFACE MINING OF COAL
Grim, E. C. and Hill, R. D, (EPA Natl. Environ. Res. Cent., Cincinnati, Ohio),
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-74-093 (Oct. 1974). 277 pp.+ Section
X discusses acid mine drainage and its control and treatment. OR 74-59
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194.
MD74-29 HYDROLOGICAL INFLUENCES IN PREVENTIVE CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE FROM
DEEP COAL MINING
Gunnett, J. W., M.S. Thesis, Pa. State Univ., Dept. Miner. Eng., 1974. 89 pp.+
An active, deep mine in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania was studied to determine
the effects of the geology, hydrology, and mineralogy of the area on the quality and
quantity of the mine water discharge. Determination of fracture traces and surface
and underground jointings indicated that they correlated with seepage into the mine
in "uncaved" workings. Tabulations include flows from the mine drainage treatment
pond in 1971 and in June, July and August 1972; and results of analyses of waters
from representative areas of the mine, sampled in September 1972. A procedure for
determining the most effective control of drainage from coal mines was suggested.
OR 74-66
MD74-30 DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH PRODUCT WATER RECOVERY SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT
OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY REVERSE OSMOSIS
Gupta, M. K., Envirex Inc., R&D Progr. Rept. No. 939 to U.S. Office Saline Water
<1974). 51 pp. NTIS, PB-230 756. Extensive laboratory feasibility studies were
conducted on Proctor #2 mine waters of the Hollywood site of Penn. State Univ.
Brines saturated with calcium sulfate were produced via a portable RO unit employing
hollow fiber B-9 membranes for a multitude of neutralization and softening tests.
Effects of CaS04 seeding, sludge recycling, and addition of sequestering agents
such as "Calgon" were also studied. Hybrid RO systems in which a tubular RO unit
was placed down stream of the hollow fiber RO unit were evaluated for supersatura-
tion of the AMD brines. (From author's abstract) OR 74-63
MD74-31 EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
Hall, E. P. (U.S. EPA, Office Water & Hazardous Materials), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Syiap. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky.
(1974). pp 1-4. The author gives the background for the development of Public Law
92-500, the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. There is dis-
cussion of the five separate sections of the act which are the basis for EPA to de-
velop effluent limitations, guidelines and standards to be achieved by July 1, 1977.
The author describes the procedures to be followed to promulgate regulations and
indicates where the regulations will affect the coal industry. OR 74-27
MD74-32 COAL HUMATES FOR THE REMOVAL OF WATER POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE
USE OF COAL
Harlan, S., Green, J., and Manahan, S. (Univ. Mo., Dept. Chera.), ACS Div. Environ.
Chem. Preprints JU (1), 282-284 (1974). Laboratory studies showed that specially
treated coal would effectively remove both ferric and ferrous iron as well as cad-
mium, copper and sulfuric acid from water. OR 74-52
MD74-33 THE RECOVERY OF STREAMS STRESSED BY ACID COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Herricks, E. E. (1) and Cairns, J., Jr. (2) [(1) Union Carbide Corp. and (2) Va.
Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth
Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 11-24. The
complex interactions between physical, chemical, and biological systems within the
Indian Creek Watershed in southwestern Pennsylvania, as they relate to the recovery
of the stream, are discussed. The study shows that effects of acid mine drainage
can be moderated and that waste discharges can be assimilated by streams if the
physical, chemical and biological limitations are known and applied. (Authors'
Summary modified) OR 74-29
MD74-34 REHABILITATION OF STREAMS RECEIVING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Herricks, E. E. and Cairns, J., Jr., Va. Polytech. Inst. State Univ., Water Resour.
Res. Cent., Bull. 66 (undated). 284 pp. This study, carried out in 1971-1972,
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MD74-34 (continued)
195.
investigates the effect of mine drainage on the numbers and varieties of organisms
that live on the bottom of the streams. Experiments for the study were carried out
in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Roanoke River, and in two streams in Pennsylvania
that receive acid mine drainage, Indian Creek and Little Scrubgrass Creek. Data
collected determine the time and distance needed for artificial and natural recovery
°f the bottom-atream population. These data can be used to select proper rehabili-
tation procedures and to help locate mining sites that will least affect the water-
shed of the area around coal mines. (From authors' Preface) OR 74-26
MD74-35 PREPLANNING MINING OPERATIONS TO REDUCE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINE
DRAINAGE ON STREAMS
Herricks, E. E. (1), Cairns, J., Jr. (2), and Shanholtz, V. 0. (2) [(1) Union Car-
bide Corp. (2) VPI & SU], Water Resour. Problems Related to Mining, Am. Water Re-
sour. Assoc., Proc. No. 18, June 1974. pp 1-11. The mining operation is planned
to keep the assimilative capacity of streams in mined areas at a high level. The
four step process recommended includes mapping the watershed area and noting con-
straints to mining; incorporating the area to be mined on the planning map; base-
line data acquisition, and selecting permanent sites for water quality and biolog-
ical sampling; and continuous data acquisition to monitor the mining operation.
OR 74-83
MD74-36 OVERVIEW OF USE OF CARBONATE ROCKS FOR CONTROLLING ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Hill, R. D. (U.S. EPA, Mining Pollution Contr. Branch), Tenth Forum on Geology of
Industrial Minerals, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio, April 18, 1974. 8 pp.+
This paper discusses the sources of acid mine drainage and formation of acid from
pyrite. Treatment methods are discussed including the advantages of lime, lime-
stone, and the merits of using both. Diagrams of lime treatment plants are in-
cluded as well as several limestone treatment layouts. Figures are given on the
amounts of lime and limestone currently in uBe for neutralizing acid mine water.
OR 74-3
MD74-37 UNDERGROUND MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL
Hill, R. D. (U.S. EPA, Mine Drainage Control Branch), Interstate Mining Compact
Comm., Spring Meet., Pipestem, W. Va., by U.S. EPA, May 16, 1974. 14 pp. The
problems of preventing acid mine drainage by mine sealing are discussed and studies
on various methods of sealing are described. There are ten references to recent
work and one on the mine sealing program of the thirties. OR 74-69
MD74-38 REVERSE OSMOSIS-NEUTRALIZATION PROCESS FOR TREATING MINERAL CONTAMINATED
WATERS
Hill, R, d., Wilaoth, R. C., and Scott, R. B. (to United States of America rep. by
Administrator, EPA), U.S. Pat. 3,795,609 (March 5, 1974). 6 pp. Acid mine drain-
age is pretreated and then processed by reverse osmosis. The result is a stream
containing at least 90% of the feed water. The remainder is a brine stream con-
taining a heavy concentration of mineral contaminants. This fraction is then
treated to produce a sludge product and a recycle brine stream which Is returned
to the reverse osmosis treatment. Ultimate products of the process are purified
water and a small volume of inert sludge. OR 74-8
MD74-39 EFFLUENT POLISHING IN BASE METAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Huck, P. M., Kucharski, J., and Le Clair, B. P. (Wastewater Tech. Cent., Environ.
Canada), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp, Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 286-301. Effluent from base metal mine
drainage has been treated by the conventional method of neutralization! precipita-
tion, and clarification may contain higher concentrations of copper, zinc, lead and
-------
MD74-39 (continued)
196.
iron than are considered acceptable. Consequently, a laboratory and pilot plant
program for evaluating several methods of polishing effluents was carried out. The
initial processes studied were ion exchange, carbon adsorption, coprecipitation,
and reaction with calcium, magnesium, or aluminum. Other methods studied which
showed promise for reducing effluent metal content were polymer addition and sand
filtration. Sulfide addition was considered to have little advantage over conven-
tional neutralization with lime unless plant conditions are non-ideal. OR 74-46
MD74-40 EVALUATION OF ION EXCHANGE PROCESSES FOR TREATMENT OF MINE DRAINAGE WATERS
Intorre, B. J., Kaup, E. G., Hartman, J. L., Feiler, H. D., and Szostak, R, M.,
Burns and Roe Construction Corp., R&D Prog. Rept. 74-925 to Office of Saline
Water, U.S. Dept. Int., Jan. 1974. 183 pp. NTIS, PB-227 734. This report des-
cribes laboratory and pilot scale work on modified Desal, Sul-biSul, and convention-
al ion exchange processes to evaluate their performance on acid mine drainage feed
waters. The purpose was to produce potable water from acid mine waters and to de-
termine the economics. The demonstration plant was located at Hawk Run, Pennsylva-
nia. The modified Desal process can produce potable water from acid mine drainage
whereas the Sul-biSul process is not effective with acid mine waters, but works on
alkaline feed water. Extensive data are tabulated and charted. Regeneration and
waste disposal operations cause some problems. OR 74-14
MD74-41 UNSUSPECTED SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION IN SOUTHWESTERN PA.
Khoury, S. G. (1) and Hipwell, R. M. (2) [(1) Dames and Moore, (2) Univ. Pitts-
burgh], Pa. Geol., Oct. 1974. pp 2-4. The large volume of water required for
greens and tees on a golf course, built on about 6% stripped land, drains Into an
underlying coal seam which has also been mined. The water eventually emerges as
acid mine drainage. It Is suggested that golf courses built over shallow mines
be designed with a closed drainage system that allows water recycle. OR 74-62
MD74-42 ACID STRIP MINE LAKE RECOVERY
King, D. L., Simmler, J. J., Decker, C, S., and Ogg, C. W. (Univ. Missouri), J.
Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 46^ (10), 2301-2315 (1974). Clays and associated aluminum
are identified as buffers in acid surface mine lakes. Also, organic material plays
a necessary role in establishing conditions for sulfate reducing bacteria whose
action results in evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas. The interaction between these
two systems with other complex factors in the recovery of surface mine lakes is dis-
cussed. The authors suggest accelerating recovery of acid surface mine lakes by
addition of organic waste in such a way that aeration could be used to slow the rate
of bacterial action if H2S were being evolved more quickly than it could be dis-
persed. OR 74-24
MD74-43 THE USE OF AMBERLIT^® ION EXCHANGE RESINS IN TREATING ACID MINE WATERS
AT PHILIPSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
Kunin, R. (1) and Demchalk, J. J. (2) [(1) Rohm and Haas Co. (2) Pa. Dept. Environ.
Resour.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 302-311. An ion exchange process has
been used to make potable water from acid mine drainage at a demonstration plant
operated by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania since early in 1973. The plant was
designed for 500,000 gpd, increased to 800,000 gpd, and it is expected that the
capacity can be further increased. The ion exchange resin removes sulfate and
chloride in the stream. The effluent contains calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese,
and aluminum which are removed by degasiflcation, aeration and softening. Each
section of the plant is described and the methods of coping with the problems relat-
ing to each one are discussed. OR 74-47
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197.
MD74-44 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL - A STATE VIEWPOINT
Kyle, G. E. (Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.), Interstate Mining Compact Comm. Spring
Meet., Pipestem, W. Va., by U.S. EPA, May 16, 1974. 6 pp. Mine drainage control
projects of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources have included
several mine sealing methods, different types of water diversion, daylighting,
inundation, and neutralization. OR 74-70
MD74-45 STUDIES IN THE TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE BY BIOCHEMICAL IRON
OXIDATION AND LIMESTONE NEUTRALIZATION
Lovell, H. L., Pa. State Univ., Coll. Earth Miner. Sci., Spec. Res. Rept. SR-98
to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., Feb. 28, 1974. 110 pp. This is a continuation of
studies at the Hollywood Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility. Section I
covers the biochemical iron oxidation-limestone neutralization system for the treat-
ment of coal mine drainage. ThiB system uses a rotary limestone reactor to produce
limestone slurry. Details of the lagoon storage of water to be treated and the
treating equipment are given. Also tabulated are power requirements and costs and
water analyses showing the effectiveness of the system. Section II discusses the
biochemical oxidation of iron II in a surface reactor. A plastic cover over the
reactor controlled the water temperature in winter. Water and sludge analyses are
recorded. Section III covers the use of waste limestone dust, called hot lime, as
a treating agent; and gives analyses showing results of treatment. OR 74-18
MD74-46 HYDROGEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES IN PREVENTIVE CONTROL OF MINE DRAINAGE FROM
DEEP COAL MINING
Lovell, H. L. and Gannett, J. W. (Dept. Miner. Eng.), The Pa. State Univ,, Spec.
Res. Rept. SR-100, to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour. (1974). 89 pp. In this study of
an active deep mine in Clearfield County, Pa., it was found that the major source
of Infiltration was the caved areas, and that jointing associated with surface frac-
ture traces was the primary infiltration route in uncaved portions of the mine.
Further, mine waterB were subject to degradation while draining to sumps and during
retention in pools. Recommendations made for diverting ground water flow and for
changes in procedure for handling drainage within the mine should result in a sig-
nificant reduction in the quantity, as well as improvement in the quality, of mine
drainage. (From authors1 abstract) OR 74-74
MD74-47 DEEP MINE POLLUTION - SOLVING THE HOLE PROBLEM
L°y, L. D., Jr. (Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants), Interstate Mining Compact
Comm. Spring Meet., PipeBtem, W. Va. by U.S. EPA, May 16, 1974. 8 pp. In reviewing
the state of the art, the author points out that although only a small part of the
needed technology for mine drainage abatement has been developed, that technology
should be utilised to the fullest extent to facilitate further development. New
abatement methods discussed are alkaline overburden, mine roof collapse, Blurry
trenching, and alkaline surface mine regradtng. Emphasis for research and develop-
ment programs are placed on Daylighting-Total Resource Recovery, effects of con-
trolling water flow, defining mine workings, and further studies on development and
use of mine seal. OR 74-71
MD74-48 DESCRIPTION OF NEW, INNOVATIVE AND THEORETICAL MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Loy, L. D., Jr. (Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Synrp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky.
(1974). pp 146~159. A number of different material handling methods which can be
used to minimize and control mine drainage are described and diagramed. These In-
clude use of refuse for roadbed material; reuse of treatment plant effluent either
in coal cleaning or outside the plant in other uses such as irrigation; use of an
evaporation pond; a regulated discharge from lagoons and settling ponds when re-
ceiving streams can assimilate waste water; swale regrading for water diversion;
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MD74-48 (continued)
198,
alkaline regrading; slurry trench; preplanned flooding of underground mine; bore-
hole seal; gunite mine seal; and clay type mine seal against low water pressure.
OR 74-37
MD74-49 QUALITY OF EFFLUENTS FROM COAL REFUSE PILES
Martin, J. F. (U.S. EPA, Natl. Environ. Res. Cent., Cincinnati, Ohio), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,First Symp. Mine Preparation Plant Refuse Disposal
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 26-37. Effluents from refuse piles in Penn-
sylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana were sampled in the spring of 1974
and results of water analyses are tabulated and compared with analyses from the lit-
erature including analyses of effluents in Illinois. Amounts of metal ions and acid-
ity and alkalinity are related to the coal seams and their geochemical characteris-
tics. Pollution is also related to refuse pile construction. Suspended sediment
seems to be more of a pollution problem than acid or metals in an area covering
southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. OR 74-51
MD74-5Q pH AND SOLUBLE CU, NI AND ZN IN EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL MINE SPOIL
MATERIALS
Massey, H. F., Soil Science 114 (3), 217-221 (1972). On the basis of studies with
4 spoil materials, the effects of liming on solution concentrations of Zn, Cu and
Ni can be roughly estimated from pH measurements. More accurate estimates could be
obtained by making a few determinations on each spoil materials. Of the 3 elements
studied, Ni appeared to be most likely to remain in the soil solution in toxic
amounts once the pH has been adjusted to a point which would otherwise be satisfac-
tory for plant growth. (From author's Summary) OR 72-84
MD74-51 STUDIES OF LIME-LIMESTONE TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
McDonald, D. G., Yocum, H., and Grandt, A. F. (Peabody Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville,
Ky. (1974). pp 229-245. A joint study by EPA and Peabody Coal Co. on treating
large volumes of acid mine drainage at the Will Scarlet Mine in Illinois was carried
out from March 1973 to February 1974. A full scale water treatment plant processed
accumulated mine water which had been diverted to inactive pits and closed basins.
The main objective was to determine the most economical method of treating large
Volumes of AMD. Neutralization was done using limestone and lime alone and in com-
bination. Factors evaluated were effects of detention time, sludge recirculation,
and neutralizing agent. The most economical method of treatment was a combination
of lime and limestone treatment lines in series, both with sludge recirculation.
OR 74-43
MD74-52 WATER POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF MINE SPOILS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION
McWhorter, D. B., Skogerboe, R. K., and Skogerboe, G. V. (Colo. State Univ.), Natl.
Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res. Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 25-38. The chemical characteristics of spoils produced
by surface mining of coal at the Edna Mine in northwest Colorado and the Navajo Mine
in New Mexico were determined using a saturated soil paste method. The soluble
salts in both spoils and the amount of water necessary to leach them were also de-
termined. Since water availability at the Navajo site is very limited, the possi-
bility of significant percolation through the bulk of the spoil banks is remote
except where runoff is concentrated in closed depressions. Some salts will be re-
moved by surface runoff. More water is available at the Edna Mine, and in-stream
water quality variations were observed and related either to increased contribution
of mine drainage or to dilution of mine drainage by Increased snow melt at higher
elevations. Sampling was carried out at eight stations either on the Trout River
or on drainage to it. Samples were also collected from groundwater seeps and obser-
vation wells. (Authors' Summary and Conclusions modified) OR 74-30
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199.
MD74-53 SEEPAGE AND MINE BARRIER WIDTH
Miller, J. T. (1) and Thompson, D. R. (2) [(1) Rummel, Klepper and Kahl, Consulting
Engineers and (2) Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bltum. Coal Res.,
Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res, Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 103-
127. The question of whether or not coal barriers commonly left In mines for safe-
ty are sufficient to restrict drainage Is investigated. Ground water availability
Is discussed. Also presented are permeability data which were gathered for seepage
analysis investigations at various sites in five different geologic settings. Gross
data relationships are indicated and briefly discussed In an effort to gain insight
Into the nature of seepage at depth. Selected well data are presented and randomly
chosen drillers' logs are tabulated to illustrate rock type variations in a limited
stratigraphic section. Values of permeability need to be related to depth below the
ground surface, to rock types, and to fracture characteristics, in order to deter~
mine the nature of flow around and through a coal barrier. (Adapted from text)
OR 74-34
MD74-54 MIXERS AGITATE POWDERED LIME TO NEUTRALIZE ACID WATER DRAINAGE
Coal Age 7!? (12), 80 (1974). Treatment of acid water drainage from surface mines In
Consolidation Coal Company's Central Division, Cadiz, Ohio Is described. OR 74-58
MD74-55 OAKMONT MINE TRIES PVC PIPE—AND LIKES IT
Coal Age 7j> (12), 73-74 (1974). A fast coupling ductile PVC pipe is being used to
pump acid mine water into an abandoned section of the mine for permanent impound-
ment. Since pumping Is not continuous and "yellow boy" builds up when water is sta-
tionary for sometime the pipe must be cleaned out about every six weeks. OR 74-57
MD74-56 CHEMICAL IONIC EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVED IN MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION AND TREATMENT
O'Brien, W. S. (1), Galli, A. F. (2), and Wen, C.-Y. (2) [(1) Southern 111. Univ.,
Thermal Environ. Eng. Dept. and (2) W. Va. Univ., Chem. Eng. Dept.], Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1974). pp 192-204. The theoretical mathematical model which simulates
mine drainage neutralization was derived for acidic-Iron water with measurable prop-
erties such as total sulfate, acidity, and ferrous-ferric iron as independent varia-
bles and is baBed on the various ionic species reaching aqueous equilibrium when
treated with the neutralizing agent being studied. When the model was used to sim-
ulate Ca(0H)2 neutralization of acid water of a given composition, computed values
of pH versus the amount of Ca(0H)2 added matched experimental data quite well.
Other problems in mine drainage neutralization being studied by this model include
the effect of oxidation of ferrous iron on the determination of acidity; the char-
acterization of sludges from mine drainage treatment; and the carbonate neutraliza-
tion process. OR 74-41
MD74-57 ORSANCO IN REVIEW 1974
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, Ann. Repc., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1974.
26 pp. The annual report of the Commission surveys the activities In 1974 and
summarizes the results of the monitoring program on the Ohio River and its main
tributaries. OR 74-81
MD74-58 PLUGGING OF PERMEABLE MATERIALS
Parks, C. F. and Goddard, J. E. (to the Dow Chemical Co.), Can. Pat. 941,600 (Feb.
12, 1974). 11 pp. Organic compounds, particularly tannins or lignlns, are reacted
with an acidic aqueous solution containing multivalent metal cations (e.g. acid mine
water) to form precipitates in a porous material. This plugging effect prevents the
movement of acidic underground waters. OR 74-73
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200.
MD74-59 STOWING IN ABANDONED MINES FOR DRAINAGE CONTROL
Patterson, R. M., Interstate Mining Compact Comm. Spring Meet., Pipestem, W. Va.,
by U.S. EPA, May 16, 1974. 7 pp. The use of the Dowell hydraulic backfilling tech-
nique in filling mine voids is suggested as a method of controlling water entering
abandoned mines. It is suggested that the addition of water swellable polymers to
the slurry will result in a tight seal of the mine void area. A demonstration proj-
ect of the method is recommended. OR 74-72
MD74-60 EVALUATION OF PROTOTYPE CRUSHED LIMESTONE BARRIERS FOR THE NEUTRALIZATION
OF ACIDIC STREAMS
Pearson, F. H. and McDonnell, A. J., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour., The Pa. State
Univ., Res. Publ. No. 80, June 1974. 101 pp. NTIS, PB-234 551. At four prototype
limestone barriers that had been constructed to neutralize acidic streams, analyses
showed that the pH of stream water was increased by up to 3 pH units at low stream-
flow, to pH 7 or above, demonstrating that limestone barriers are capable of reno-
vating acidic streams to the point that normal aquatic life can be restored.
OR 74-23
MD74-61 NEUTRALIZATION OF ACIDIC WASTES BY CRUSHED LIMESTONE
Pearson, F. H. and McDonnell, A. J. (Penn. State Univ., Dept. Civil Eng.), Penn.
State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour., Res. Publ. No. 79 (June 1974), 157 pp.
Summarized in "Chemical kinetics of neutralization of acidic water by crushed lime-
stone," in Water Itesour. Problems Related to Mining, Am. Water Resour. Assoc. Proc.
Ser. No. 18, 1974. pp 85-98. In these laboratory studies, dilute sulfuric acid
solutions, pH from 2 to 7, were circulated over limestone in the size range of 2-1/2
to 4 inches to determine the kinetics of the two rate limiting neutralization reac-
tions. The rate of neutralization is controlled by reaction between hydrogen ions
and limestone when the pH is low and by the evolving of carbon dioxide from solution
above approximately pH 5. Rate constants for the reactions were found to be func-
tions of temperature, ionic strength, and water turbulence, and for the first reac-
tion, bicarbonate ion. The addition of salts of iron, aluminum and manganese to
the acid water and a thin clay coating on the limestone were found to have no ob-
servable effect on kinetics. Also, the experimental data were shown to fit the
mathematical model of the system which was constructed from two linked differential
equations governing the hydrogen ion concentration and the balance of carbonic
species in the water being neutralized. Surface area of the crushed stone was
estimated. (Authors' conclusion adapted) OR 74-64
MD74-62 ACID MINE DRAINAGE AS A CHEMICAL COAGULANT FOR TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL
WASTEWATER
Pearson, F. H. and Nesbitt, J. B. (Pa. State Univ., Dept. Civil Eng.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitua. Coal Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1974). pp 181-191. Since iron salts will remove phosphorous from
municipal waste water, this study was set up to evaluate acid mine drainage aB a
source of iron for phosphorous removal. Samples were taken from three locations
in Pennsylvania where a source of AMD was near enough to waste water treatment
plants to consider combined treatment. Laboratory studies evaluated a range of
conditions of pH and mixing ratio of AMD to waste water. Analyses of both raw
waters and of the effluent from combinations were made for turbidity, total phos-
phorous, BOD, total organic carbon, ferrous iron, total iron, aluminum sulfate,
and acidity or alkalinity. Some of the authors' conclusions are (1) at pH 8,
the treatment process was just about optimal in reducing total phosphorous, ferrous
iron, and turbidity; (2) when a significant part of the iron in acid mine drainage
was in the ferric form combined treatment was ineffective; (3) in the economic feas-
ibility studies, it was shown that there is a maximum distance for which it is
economical to pump AMD to a waste treatment plant. OR 74-40
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201.
MD74-63 LIMESTONE SELECTION FOR PERMEABLE PLUG MINE SEALS
Penrose, R. G., Jr. (Cyrus Wm. Rice Div. - NUS Corp.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974).
PP 133-145. A laboratory project was conducted to evaluate several limestone types
and sizes as possible permeable plug mine seals. Several additives were also stud-
ied. Three synthetic mine waters, high ferric, high ferrous, and a combination of
ferric and ferrous iron, were allowed to percolate through sample filled columns.
Among the conclusions are that limestone aggregate plugs are a feasible means of
sealing underground mines which discharge water with ferric iron; the type of lime-
stone found In previous tests to best neutralize acid mine waters had the best over-
all performance; the 3/8 inch to dust grade of stone was the most satisfactory size
tested; increasing fines content of commercially available stone to twice the orig-
inal amount results in improved performance; and high placement densities are
essential for satisfactory plug performance. OR 74-36
MD74-64 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, PINAL REPORT
Phillips, N. P. and Wells, R. M., Radian Corp., Rept. to EPA, National Environ. Res.
Cent., Research Triangle Park, N. C., EPA-650/2-74-033, May 1974. 268 pp. NTIS,
PB-233 144. This publication covers many waste solids including acid mine drainage
sludge. The nature of sludge, disposal techniques for sludge, sludge conditioning,
dewatering techniques, sludge handling, ultimate sludge disposal are all discussed.
Actual plant case studies of Whetstone Portal Treatment Plant, Edgell Treatment
Plant, and Levi Moore Treatment Plant of Consolidation Coal Company are also includ-
ed. OR 74-21
MD74-65 GROUND WATER QUALITY AT A STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION AREA IN WEST CENTRAL
ILLINOIS
Pletz, R. I., Peterson, J. R., and Lue-Hing, C. (Metropolitan San. Dist. Greater
Chicago), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol.
Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 124-144.
Twenty-four groundwater monitoring wells were established both on non-disturbed
and on surface mined land In Fulton County, Illinois, to provide baseline environ-
mental data for twenty-three chemical characteristics. These lands are being re-
claimed to agriculture by applications of digested sewage sludge from Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. Water samples were analyzed monthly from
December 1971 to December 1973. Data show that mine Spoil groundwaters have higher
metal contents as well as greater concentrations of chlorine, sulfate, and Kjeldahl
nitrogen. Also groundwaters of the mined areas have a greater number of signifi-
cant monthly, seasonal, and well-to-well variations in the chemical constituents
analyzed for. Data from a typical mined area monitoring well were used to explore
the possibility of using the monitoring data for evaluation of future groundwater
quality. OR 74-86
MD74-66 PLANT AN ACID-LOVING PLANT TO START NEW WORLDS OF LIFE IN ACID STREAMS
Coal Age 79 (1), 78 (1974). Perm State's Assistant Professor, Dr. Richard Wagner,
has observed an acid-loving plant, Eleocharia acicularla, that grows in quiet pools
or where an acid atream has only a slight downhill grade. The plant Is a bright
green and has been known since 1908. As yet, there are no commercial suppliers,
but it is easy to obtain from several natural locations. OR 74-1
MD74-67 REMOTE SENSING OF COAL MINE POLLUTION IN THE UPPER POTOMAC RIVER
Amblonlcs, Inc., Final Rept. to NASA Langley Res. Cent., Contract No. NAS-1-12673
(undated). 66 pp. NTIS, N74-34817. Conclusions from the study are that the com-
bined approach of ERTS imagery, corresponding aircraft photography, and ground study
are needed for an effective program of continuous mine acid pollution monitoring;
and that methods of detecting mine acid polluted water from aircraft imagery, and
methods of monitoring surface mine activity from ERTS imagery have been developed.
OR 74-76
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202.
MD74-68 ACID MINE DRAINAGE QUANTITY AND QUALITY GENERATION MODEL
Ricca, V. T. and Chow, K. (Ohio State Univ.). Trans. AIME 256, 328-336 (1974). AIME
Ann. Meet., Chicago, Feb. 1973, Preprint 73AG106. The authors present a computer
model which predicts average daily mine water discharge, acid loading, and average
daily flow in receiving streams. They show its application to the McDaniels mine
in southeastern Ohio. OR 74-56
MD74-69 REMOVAL OF MANGANESE FROM MINE WATERS
Rozelle, R. B. and Swain, H. A., Jr. (Wilkes Coll.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Biturn. Coal
Res., Inc.,Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974).
pp 357-369. The kinetics of the oxidation of manganese (II) ion in solution by
ozone, hypochlorite ion, and by chlorine gas were studied in a static system. It
was found that ozone and hypochlorite ion can reduce manganese solution concentra-
tions by oxidation of manganese (II) from above 10 ppm to below 0.1 ppm at practical
pH's and temperatures and in relatively short times (=1-5 min.). The reaction of
chlorine was found to be so slow as to be not practical. Costs of ozone and hypo-
chlorite ion treatment are compared. (From authors' abstract) OR 74-50
MD74-70 GYPSUM SCALING IN AMD TREATMENT PLANTS - AN ABSOLUTE INDEX OF SCALING
POTENTIAL
Selmeczi, J. G. (1) and Miller, J. P, (2) [(1) Dravo Corp. and (2) Univ. Pittsburgh,
Dept. Civil Eng.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 262-285. This paper describes
how to calculate the gypsum scale-forming potential of treated mine drainage so that
the treatment procedure can be adjusted to minimize this problem. OR 74-45
MD74-71 SHALLOW GROUND WATER IN SELECTED AREAS IN THE FORT UNION COAL REGION
Ground-water Subgroup, Water Work Group, Northern Great Plains Resour. Program,
U.S. Geol. Surv. Open File Rept. 74-371 (1974). 72 pp.+ NTIS, PB-244 848/8WP.
The Gascoyne area in North Dakota, the Gillette area in Wyoming, and parts of the
Birney-Decker area in Montana were surveyed to give a preliminary indication of
the effect of surface mining on water supply and quality in the Fort Union coal
region. The hydrogeological information available showed that while supply from
shallow aquifers may be interrupted until mines are backfilled, supply from deeper
aquifers will probably not be affected. Minimal discharge is expected from mining.
Tabulated data include Identification of wells and results of analyses of water from
selected wells in the area. Ground water generally has considerable amounts of
dissolved solids and leachate studies of coal overburden indicate that drainage
through spoils would augment the dissolved solids level. Studies needed to define
further the effects of mining on the regional ground water system are discussed.
OR 74-78
MD74-72 RIVERINE RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT-MATHEMATICAL MODELING
Shane, R, M., Carnegie-Mellon Univ., Final Rept, (1974). 109 pp. NTIS, PB-238 350.
For assessing the availability and use of water-based recreation on the Allegheny
River close to Pittsburgh, two computer models were developed. One model evaluated
effectB of acid mine drainage and its abatement on a branched river system and was
based on a generally applicable water quality computer model developed for the state
of Illinois. This model was applied to the Kiskiminetas River, the most severe
source of mine drainage for the Allegheny River. It showed that clean-up of the
Loyalhanna Creek would have only local effects and that pollution from the Conemaugh
River and other mine drainage sources along the Kisklminetas would be affected only
slightly. A survey of available water quality data for the Allegheny River in the
urban section showed that it was suitable mainly for boating and general fishing.
The second model was a participation rate model based on a number of socio-economic
factors with the primary source of data a 1967 Home Interview Survey conducted by
the Southwestern Pennsylvania Regional Planning Comm. Although user age and income
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203.
MD74-72 (continued)
were shown to be important factors in recreational use, the importance of accessi-
bility and water quality could not be determined from the data available. OR 74-75
MD74-73 SLIPPERY ROCK CREEK ACID MINE WASTE STUDIES
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm.,
Contract 68-24/RP-012, April 1974. Ill pp. This comprehensive study of Slippery
Rock Creek was made to determine the effects of acid mine drainage on aquatic life.
Extensive data were taken at 6 individual stations, water analyses were recorded in
detail, and the aquatic life at each location was surveyed. The results of these
studies show that practically all species are eliminated when pH drops below 6 and
when iron floe is present. OR 74-15
HD74-74 ACID PRODUCTION IN MINE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
Smith, M. J. (Wright State Univ.), in "Extraction of Minerals and Energy: Today's
Dilemmas," R. A. Deju, Ed., Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1974.
pp 57-75. This chapter discusses mine drainage formation from the standpoint of
microorganisms which are believed to promote oxidation reactions with pyrite. Indi-
cations are that little is known about the actual behavior of Thiobacillus thio-
oxldans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans because of great diversity of conflicting
data. OR 74-6
MD74-75 MINE SPOIL POTENTIALS FOR SOIL AND WATER QUALITY
Smith, R. M., Grube, W. E., Jr., Arkle, T., Jr., and Sobek, A., W. Va. Univ. (College
Agr. & Forestry, Div. Plant Sci.), EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/
2-74-070 (Oct. 1974). 302 pp. NTIS, PB-237 525/AS. The purpose of this detailed
study of coal overburden and coal related strata is to enable coal surface miners to
plan the overburden placement in reclamation so that acid runoff is reduced and the
most favorable soils are available for plant growth. Specific suggestions are made
for dealing with overburden associated with particular coal seams. The results of
the extensive overburden sampling and testing program in West Virginia are tabula-
ted, and the step-by-step analytical procedures used are presented so that they can
be followed by others carrying out similar studies on lands to be mined. OR 74-25
MD74-76 NATURAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE SALT MARSH MOSQUITO IN THE ACID MINE
DRAINAGE SWAMPS OF WESTERN KENTUCKY
Spencer, H. T., Baker, C. D., Leuthart, C., and Shawler, M. E. (Univ. Louisville,
Speed Scientific School), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res. Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 172-180. The sale marsh
mosquito heavily infested the acid mine drainage swamps of Clear Creek Watershed in
western Kentucky in 1953, the condition becoming epidemic in 1956. Intensive spray-
ing programs were initially used for control since draining the swamps was not eco-
nomically feasible. Also, an extensive levee system made 300 acrefl of former breed-
ing ground available for farming. A water plant, Chara, is now so abundant that it
acts as a mosquito control agent by producing high levels of dissolved oxygen which
seems to prevent development of mosquito larvae. OR 74-39
MD74-77 ACID TOLERANCE IN THE BROWN BULLHEAD ICTAIURUS NEBULOSUS (LE SUEUR)
Sprague, B. E., M.S. Thesis, W. Va. Univ., 1974. 98 pp. Fish taken from the Monon-
gahela River and Cobun Creek were exposed to various acid levels using water made up
to simulate Monongahela River water. Water temperature also varied. Results tend
to indicate that the bullhead is one of the most acid tolerant species In the Monon-
gahela River. Mortality with increasing acidity was mainly due to mucus formations
on the gill filaments. Acid tolerance seemed to be greater at lower temperatures.
OR 74-77
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204,
MD74-78 SURFACE MINE WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN THE EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELDS
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engineers, Rept. to Ky. Dept. Natural Resour. Environ.
Protection and Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-71~66-T5 (March 1974), 92 pp.+
This report is concerned with acid mine drainage and other forms of chemical water
pollution attributed to surface mining in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field and gives
primary emphasis to identifying coal seams with the highest acid producing potential.
The parameters, criteria, and methodology developed and used to achieve this end are
described. The research effort included a general evaluation of existing water
quality data for all the major drainage basins in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field,
followed by a concentrated study in the Kentucky, Big Sandy, and Cumberland River
Basins. (Adapted from Summary) OR 74-10
MD74-79 HYDROLOGIC STUDY OF A RECLAIMED SURFACE MINED AREA ON THE BLACK MESA
Thames, J. L., Patten, R. T., and Crompton, E. J. (Univ. Ariz.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 106-116. Two 5-acre watersheds, 3/4 mile
apart, one on recontoured mined land and one on undisturbed land, were monitored in
this study of water availability and quality in the arid southwest. There was no
runoff from rain in the study time reported. However, from about the same amount
of snowfall there was much greater runoff from the undisturbed area than from the
mined area. Water quality analyses showed that while runoff water from the mined
area had a higher content of salts than runoff from the unmined area, it was some-
what similar to local municipal water supplies and had lower salt content than water
used for irrigating cropland and orange groves in the region. OR 74-87
MD74-80 ACID MINE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Treharne, R. W. and Wright, D. E. (Kettering Sci. Res. Inc., Yellow Springs, 0.),
U.S. Pat. 3,823,081 (July 9, 1974). 5 pp. In an electrolysis cell, the acid mine
water becomes basic and iron hydroxide is precipitated in the cathode compartment
while sulfuric acid is concentrated in the anode compartment. The cathode and
anode compartments are separated by a sand barrier. OR 74-61
MD74-81 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF STRIP COAL MINING IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA -
EMPHASIS: ONE YEAR OF MINING NEAR DECKER
Van Voast, W. A., Montana Bur. Mines Geol. Bull. 93, June 1974. 24 pp. A study of
the hydrologic effects of the Decker Coal Co. surface mine showed that the total
water movement into and out of the mine is about 400,000 gals/day. As mining and
reclamation proceed, it is expected that the water flow through the area will de-
crease. If the mining cut is completely filled, maximum water-level recoveries will
result but minimum recoveries will occur if the cut is left completely unfilled.
Extensive flow rate and chemical data are included. Several maps give the details
of the watershed area. OR 74-88
MD74-82 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR SAMPLES TAKEN AT EASTERN KENTUCKY SURFACE
COAL MINES VISITED DURING THE FALL 1972 FIELD SURVEY
Appendix G in "Design of Surface Mining Systems in Eastern Kentucky," Vol. Ill,
Mathematica, Inc., and Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc., Engineers, Rept. to Ky. Dept.
Natural Resour. Environ. Protection and Appalachian Regional Comm., Rept. ARC-71-
66-T1 (Jan. 1974). pp G1-G27. Results of analyses of 26 water samples for tur-
bidity, alkalinity, hardness, iron, sulfate, and acidity are reported. Sang>ling
points are identified. OR 74-80
MD74-83 EFFECT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON THE QUALITY OF STREAMS IN COLORADO, 1971-72
Wentz, D. A., Colo. Water Resour. Circ. No. 21, Colo. Water Conserv. Bd., 1974.
115 pp.+ Summarized in "Stream quality in relation to mine drainage in Colorado,"
in Water Resour. Problems Related to Mining, Am. Water Resour. Assoc. Proc. Ser.
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MD74-83 (continued)
205.
No. 18, 1974. pp 158-173. Since areas of ore deposits do not generally overlap
coal regions in Colorado, separate surveys were made to determine the effects of
coal and metal mining on stream quality. Water quality was also monitored at 13
control sites. The results of the surveys are tabulated and include field obser-
vations of water conditions and biota and results of laboratory analyses for 15
trace elements and sulfate. Since Colorado coal is mainly low sulfur, coal mine
drainage is generally not acid and also does not contain the trace elements found
in drainage from metal mines. OR 74-22
MD74-84 WEST VIRGINIA ACID MINE DRAINAGE STUDY IN NORTH BRANCH POTOMAC RIVER
BASIN
W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Water Resour. (1974). All acid mine drainage
sources in the North Branch Potomac River Basin were mapped and measured and recom-
mendations were made for reclamation of specific areas as well as for more effective
mine drainage treatment and control. OR 74-54
MD74-85 SEDIMENT CONTROL USING MODIFIED MINING AND REGRADING SYSTEMS AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL STRUCTURES
White, J. R. (1) and Plass, W. T. (2) [(1) Pioneer Fuel Co. (2) Forest Serv., USDA],
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-
Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 117-123. The sediment con-
trol program described is near Beckley, West Virginia on an area of 400 acres where
three coal seams were mined. The details of the construction of three impoundments
in the control system are given. Head-of-the-hollow fills, designed and built to
help control drainage, each contained a French drain. Regrading and revegetation
were carried on during mining. Stream flow measurements and sediment records made
during the 21 month observation showed that the control system was effective in
trapping storm runoff and preventing coarse size fragments and sediment from enter-
ing streams. OR 74-89
MD74-86 LIMESTONE AND LIMESTONE-LIME NEUTRALIZATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wilmoth, R. C,, U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-74-051 (June
1974). 91 pp. NTIS, PB-234 607/AS. The critical parameters affecting neutraliza-
tion of ferric-iron acid mine waters were characterized in comparative studies
using hydrated lime, rock-dust limestone, and a combination of the two as neutral-
izing agents. On the ferric-iron test water, combination limestone-lime treatment
provided a better than 25-percent reduction in materials cost as compared to
straight lime or limestone treatment. Significant reduction in sludge production
was noted by the use of rock-dust limestone and by the use of combination treatment
as compared to hydrated-llme treatment. Emphasis on optimizing limestone utiliza-
tion efficiencies resulted in an increase from approximately 35-percent to 50-
percent utilization. Studies using limestone that had been ground to pass a 400-
mesh screen resulted in utilization efficiencies near 90 percent. (From author's
abstract) OR 74-17
MD74-87 OBSERVATIONS ON IRON-OXIDATION RATES IN ACID MINE DRAINAGE
NEUTRALIZATION PLANTS
Wilmoth, R. C., Kennedy, J. L., and Hill, R. D. (U.S. EPA, Crown Field Site), Natl.
Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 246-261. Field oxidation studies carried out for the
design of EPA's Crown, W. Va., Mine Drainage Site were found to differ significantly
from previous laboratory studies. An investigation included both a study of oxida-
tion rates at nine different AMD discharges and neutralization with continuous-flow,
continuoue-lime-feed. OR 74-44
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206.
MD74-88 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID-PRODUCING SANDSTONE
WARRANT PREFERENTIAL STRIP AND BURIAL MINING METHODS
Wiram, V. P. (1) and Deane, J. A. (2) [(1) Amax Coal Co. and (2) Peabody Coal Co.],
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bltum. Coal Res., Inc..Fifth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res. Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 88-102. In carrying out reclamation at the
Latta Mine in northwestern Green County, Indiana, Peabody Coal Company was directed
to cover toxic spoil banks to prevent acid drainage. Cover had to be brought into
the mined area, both increasing costs and causing a problem when a shortage of suit-
able material developed. To aid in alleviating this problem, the pyrite bearing
sandstone was identified through an extensive sampling and analytical program.
Overburden handling was then planned so that the acid forming sandstone was buried
at the bottom of the advancing cast-overburden bank. In this way re-exposure of
acid-producing sandstone and acid mine drainage seepage was prevented and oxidation
of the pyrite was and will be held at a minimum under aqueous (ground water) con-
ditions. OR 74-33
MD74-89 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION CONTROL DEMONSTRATION GRANT PROCEDURES AND
REQUIREMENTS
Zaval, F. J. and Burns, R. A. (NUS Corp.), U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Technol.
Ser. EPA-670/2-74-003 (Oct. 1974). 100 pp. The report provides an interpretation
of Section 107 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, "Mine Water
Pollution Control Demonstrations." Procedures and requirements for grant applica-
tion as well as the feasibility study, engineering, construction, operation, mon-
itoring, and reporting for authorized projects are discussed in detail. OR 74-65
1975
MD75-1 ACID MINE WATER - A BIBLIOGRAPHY
U.S. Dept. Int., Water Resour. Sci. Inform. Cent., Washington, D.C., WRSIC 75-202
(Feb. 1975). 564 pp. The 365 entries were compiled by computer printout from U.S.
Department of Interior's "Selected Water Resources Abstracts." Entries were
arranged by accession number and Include abstracts. Both author and subject index
are permuted. Information is given for obtaining those items available from
National Technical Information Service. OR 75-2
MD75-2 A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN DRAWDOWN AND SULFATE
PRODUCTION IN STRIP MINE SPOIL DAMS DUE TO PYRITIC CHEMICAL REACTION
Amend, J. H., Ill, Ph.D. Thesis, Va. Polytech. Inst, and State Univ., 1975. 113 pp.
University Microfilms, 75-23,691. The mathematical derivation of the model is
presented. Appendixes give information on the computer program which is used to
calculate solutions for a number of soil permeabilities and dissolved oxygen
reaction coefficients. OR 75-21
MD75-3 WATERSHED EVALUATION AND DATA NEEDS FOR HYDROLOGIC AND ACID MINE
DRAINAGE MODELING
Biemel, G. D., M.S. Thesis, Ohio State Univ., 1975. 98 pp. The data needed to
develop and verify mathematical models of mine drainage polluted watersheds have
been determined. Published watershed studies were found to be most deficient in
data on stream flow, precipitation, and evaporation. Daily collection of this
information is recommended. Information on mining parameters was also noted to
be lacking. Also recommended is dally collection of water quality data for surface
mine and refuse pile drainage which may respond quickly to change in surface drain-
age, and data for deep mine discharges which may have long-term variations.
OR 75-26
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207.
MD75-4 COAL AND COAL MINE DRAINAGE
Boyer, J. F. and Gleason, V. E. (Bituminous Coal Rea., Inc.)> J- Water Pollut. Contr.
Fed. V7 (6), 1466-1473 (1975). Fifty-six publications are listed in this review of
the literature of 1974. Topics covered include treatment methods; techniques of re-
ducing mine drainage; effects of mine drainage on stream or ground waters; and fac-
tors causing or influencing acid drainage. OR 75-44
MD75-5 A CASE STUDY OF MINE WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION, MAINSFORTH COLLIERY,
COUNTY DURHAM
Cairney, T. and Frost, R. C. (Teeside Polytechnic, Great Britain), J. Hydrol. 25,
275-293 (1975). Water analyses made during various pumping cycles and pumping rates
showed that generally water quality improved when flooding and dewatering were not
allowed to occur. Water quality was also improved when the mine water was kept at
a constant level. OR 75-18
MD75-6 A STUDY OF COAL-ASSOCIATED WASTES RESULTING FROM THE MINING PROCESSING
AND UTILIZATION OF COAL: LITERATURE SURVEY—COAL ASSOCIATED WASTES
(1900-1972)
Coalgate, J. L., W. Va. Univ., Coal Res. Bur., Interim Rept. No. 2 to U.S. ERDA,
R&D Rept. 75 (1975). Section A: Acid Mine Drainage: Origin, Treatment and
Utilization contains 112 references. OR 75-20
MD75-7 INVESTIGATION OF MINING RELATED POLLUTION REDUCTION ACTIVITIES AND
ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Doyle, F. J., Chen, C. Y., Malone, R. D., and Rapp, J. R., Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.,
Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-72-89/RPC-707 (1975). 416 pp. NTIS, PB-
244 352-1WN. This study was performed to provide information on economically attrac-
tive projects to abate water pollution related to mining in order to encourage ac-
tivities by the private sector. Methods suggested for reducing acid drainage from
mines include control of water infiltration into mines, and surface mining and re-
claiming previously deep mined areas. Case studies of these methods are presented.
Pollution problems resulting from coal refuse piles are explored and the British
experience in dealing with them is reviewed. A preliminary inventory of coal refuse
piles in the study area is given in Appendix A. Among the suggestions for eliminat-
ing coal refuse piles and their attendant pollution problems were coal recovery; use
as fill in highway and construction projects, and in surface mine reclamation; and
use in manufacturing building materials. The results of a detailed laboratory In-
vestigation of the engineering properties of bituminous coal mine refuse are also
included. OR 75-36
MD75-8 DRAINAGE HANDBOOK FOR SURFACE MINING
W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour. Div. Planning Develop, and Div. Reclam., Revised Jan.
1, 1975. 372 pp. The handbook gives detailed criteria for sediment control struc-
tures required for mining in West Virginia. Specifications for Valley Fill method
of overburden placement are included. OR 75-37
MD75-9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AT MORTON COLLIERY IN THE NORTH DERBYSHIRE AREA
Colliery Guardian 223 (7), 257-259 (1975). Drainage from this mine was alkaline
enough to be successfully treated by aeration and settling. Total iron of 140 mg
per liter was reduced to less than 10 mg per liter and total suspended solids up
to 200 mg per liter was reduced to less than 50 mg per liter. Aeration was accom-
plished by passing the discharge through a cascade system consisting of a series of
seven earth-walled lagoons built on terraces on the slopes of the colliery's waste
heap. OR 75-5
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208.
MD75-10 ULTRASONIC ASSIST IN FILTERING NEUTRALIZED MINE WATER SLURRY
Fairbanks, H. V. and Hacket, W. L., W. Va. Univ., Coal Res. Bur., Tech. Rept. No.
117, Oct. 1975. 13 pp. The influence of ultrasonic radiation on the filtration
rate and filtering efficiency of neutralized acid mine drainage slurry was studied.
Test runs were made at various pressure drops and ultrasonic intensities. Results
showed that ultrasound substantially increased both filtration rate and filtering
efficiency, and also appeared to increase coagulation of gelatinous particles.
OR 75-25
MD75-11 COAL MINING, WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Glover, G., National Coal Board, Yorkshire, England, Sept. 1975. 18 pp. This
general discussion of water in coal mining operations includes consideration of in-
flow from ground, surface and use of public supplies; contamination of drainage and
surface water; waste water treatment; restrictions on drainage; and monitoring the
quality of discharges. Data on analyses of various waters are tabulated. OR 75-6
MD75-12 STREAM REHABILITATION THROUGH CONTROL OF NON-POINT SOURCES OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Herricks, E. E. (1) and Cairns, J., Jr. (2) [(1) Union Carbide Corp. (2) VPI & SU],
Proc. Non-Point Sources Water Pollut., Southeastern Reg. Conf., by Va. Water Resour.
Res. Cent., Blacksburg, Va., May 1,2, 1975. pp 239-256. Much of the study showing
the impact of acid mine drainage on Indian Creek, Pennsylvania is presented. Meth-
ods of controlling polluted drainage from steep slope and area mining operations
and from coal processing plants are illustrated. "Biotic preserves" are suggested
as a source of organisms to recolonize damaged areas. OR 75-45
MD75-13 HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY MODELING OF SURFACE WATER DISCHARGES FROM
MINING OPERATIONS
Herricks, E. E., Shanholtz, V. 0., and Contractor, D. N., Va. Polytech. Inst, and
State Univ., Dept. Agr. Eng., Res. Div. Rept. 159, Jan. 1975. 44 pp. This report
summarizes an inter-disciplinary effort directed toward evaluating the feasibility
of mathematically modeling the hydrologic and related water quality problems assoc-
iated with surface mining activities. The overall objective was to explore possible
methods of providing a more reliable, efficient and effective tool to evaluate po-
tential environmental hazards from a given surface mining strategy. Studies dis-
cussed include generating synthetic daily stream flow data for ungaged watersheds;
developing a model to predict SO^ concentrations in the stream system; determining
particles on stream bed that can be moved as a function of stream discharge; and
developing a finite element overland flow model. (From Introduction) OR 75-10
MD75-14 MODELS TO PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF MINE DRAINAGE ON STREAMS
Herricks, E. E. (1), Shanholtz, V. 0. (2), Contractor, D. N. (2) [(1) Union Carbide
Corp., Tarrytown, N. Y. (2) VPI S. SU], Trans. ASAE 18 (4), 657-663, 667 (1975).
The Stanford Watershed Model was calibrated on the Poplar Run sub-basin of Indian
Creek, Pennsylvania for generation of stream-flow data. The main difficulty in
using the calibrated model for generating flows in other parts of Indian Creek Basin
was the lack of necessary hourly precipitation data. Also, the model did not take
into account snow melt. Data from the model were used to investigate sulfate con-
centrations and sediment movement and thus evaluate the impact of mine drainage on
the watershed. OR 75-27
MD75-15 NON-POINT POLLUTION FROM MINING AND MINERAL EXTRACTION
Hill, R. D. (Mining Pollution Control Branch, U.S. EPA), Proc. Conf. Non-Point
Sources Water Pollution, Blacksburg, Va., by Va. Water Resour. Res. Cent., 1975.
pp 67-81. This review of mining and its related problems emphasizes acid mine
drainage abatement and control from abandoned mines and from surface mining;
-------
MD75-15 (continued)
209.
control of erosion and sedimentation from surface mining; and reclamation of surface
mines especially in regard to quality of drainage from mined and reclaimed areas.
OR 75-14
MD75-16 SEDIMENT CONTROL AND SURFACE MINING
Hill, R. D. (U.S. EPA, Mining Pollut. Contr. Br., Cincinnati, Ohio), Proc. Polish-
U.S. Symp. Environ. Protection in Openpit Coal Mining, by U.S. EPA and Cent. Res.
Design Inst. Opencast Mining, Poland (POLTEGOR), Denver, Colo., May 27-29, 1975.
Publ. by Univ. Denver Res. Inst., Sept. 1975. pp 89-95. NTIS, PB-249 300. This
review of sediment control discusses the influence of topography, mining methods
that minimize erosion, the use of mulches and revegetation, and the design of sedi-
ment ponds. OR 75-34
MD75-17 PURIFICATION OF WATERS FROM STRIP LIGNITE MINES
Janiak, H. (POLTEGOR), Proc. Polish-U.S. Symp. Environ. Protection in Openpit Coal
Mining, by U.S. EPA and Cent. Res. Design Inst. Opencast Mining, Poland (POLTEGOR),
Denver, Colo., May 27-29, 1975. Publ. by Univ. Denver Res. Inst., Sept. 1975.
pp 59-68. NTIS, PB-249 300. This is a summary of the work reported elsewhere.
OR 75-32
MD75-18 PURIFICATION OF WATERS FROM STRIP LIGNITE MINES
Janiak, H., et^ al., Central Res. Design Inst. Opencast Mining, POLTEGOR (Poland),
1st Interim Rept. to U.S. EPA, Special Foreign Currency Program Project 05-534-3,
July 1975. 131 pp.+ Since an important pollution problem of waters from lignite
mines in Poland is suspended solids, laboratory studies were carried out on three
mine waters to test the effectiveness of 17 flocculents, 13 produced in the United
States and 4 in Poland. Best results were obtained with cationic polyelectrolytes.
The effect of radiation on settling was also studied in the laboratory and seemed
to vary with the source of the water and change in pH. The plan of field work is
described. An actual mine drainage will be tested with the successful flocculents
used in the laboratory studies. The construction of the experimental settling basin
for the field work has already begun and is pictured. OR 75-15
MD75-19 HYDR0GE0L0GICAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN POLISH OPENPIT
MINING
Libicki, J. (POLTEGOR), Proc. Polish-U.S. Symp. Environ. Protection in Openpit Coal
Mining, by U.S. EPA and Cent. Res. Design Inst. Opencast Mining, Poland (POLTEGOR),
Denver, Colo., May 27-29, 1975. Publ. by Univ. Denver Res. Inst., Sept. 1975.
pp 37-45. NTIS, PB-249 300. Two types of problems resulting from surface mining
of coal below the natural ground water level are outlined. When ground water Is
pumped out of an area to keep the pits dry, subsidence can result and vegetation
depending on subsurface water can be affected. Also, if strip pits are used for
coal refuse and ash disposal there may be effects on the quality of the ground water.
OR 75-30
MD75-20 DENTS RUN WATERSHED PROJECT
Light, B. A. (Consolidation Coal Co., Christopher Coal Co. Div.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol.
1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 148-151. Consol's part in the cooperative project to
clean up the watershed, located in northern West Virginia, was concentrated on treat-
ing six discharges from the Osage Mine. The two treatment plants built for combined
discharges are described. Typical analyses of drainage and treated water show the
success of the treatment plants in meeting water quality standards. OR 75-38
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210.
MD75-21 THE EFFECTS OF MODERN STRIP MINING ON WATER RESOURCES
Light, E., Campaign Clean Water, Charleston, W. Va,, March 1975. 18 pp. Informa-
tion from 51 references Is used in this discussion of sedimentation, water quality,
and changes in hydrology resulting from surface mining. OR 75-1
MD75-22 REFUSE BANK RUN-OFF, ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND DISPOSAL
Maneval, D. R. (Appalachian Regional Comm.), Proc. Polish-U.S. Symp. Environ.
Protection In Openpit Coal Mining, by U.S. EPA and Cent. Res. Design Inst. Opencast
Mining, Poland (P0LTEG0R), Denver, Colo., May 27-29, 1975. Publ. by Univ. Denver
Res. Inst., Sept. 1975. pp 69-78. NTIS, PB-249 300. Control of drainage from coal
refuse and methods of treating acid drainage from refuse and water from coal clean-
ing plants are described. OR 75-33
MD75-23 POTOMAC RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY STATUS AND TREND ASSESSMENT 1962-1973
Mason, W. T,, Jr., Palmer, R. N., Sheer, D. P., and Combs, B. J., Interstate Comm.
Potomac River Basin, IC PRB Tech. Publ. 75-3, March 1975, 161 pp. Bacteriological,
chemical, and physical parameters at 37 stations throughout the Potomac River Basin
are recorded. Acid mine drainage Is indicated as the predominant pollutant in the
North Branch and headwater tributaries. OR 75-4
MD75-24 SULFUR OCCURRENCE IN COAL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACID WATER FORMATION:
LITERATURE REVIEW
McMillan, B. G., W. Va. Univ., Coal Res. Bur., Tech. Rept. No. 110, Undated. 18 pp.
The bibliography lists 24 references which are the basis for discussion of the con-
tribution of various forms of sulfur, elemental, organic, pyritic, and sulfates, to
mine water pollution. The literature indicates that framboidal pyrite is a major
source of acid mine drainage. OR 75-24
MD75-25 WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN MINE SPOILS: UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN
McWhorter, D. B., Skogerboe, R. K., and Skogerboe, G. V. (Colo. State Univ.), U.S.
EPA Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-75-048 (June 1975). 99 pp. NTIS,
PB-242 908/AS. This study was made to identify water quality problems resulting
from runoff and water percolation thru mine spoils in the Upper Colorado River
Basin. Significant soluble salts were monitored entering receiving waters. No
heavy metal salts were found in coal mine spoils studied but metal mine refuse did
produce heavy metal salts. A method of estimating future salt production was de-
veloped. OR 75-7
MD75-26 UP-DIP VERSUS DOWN-DIP MINING: AN EVALUATION
Mentz, J. W. and Warg, J. B. (Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants), U.S. EPA
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-670/2-75-047 (June 1975). 74 pp. NTIS, PB-
244 420/6WP. The report presents detailed results of a feasibility study of down-
dip mining, a technique that appears to offer an alternative to sealing or permanent
treatment of polluted effluents from coal mines after abandonment. The project in-
cluded an evaluation of a pair of nearly identical abandoned underground mines in
Clearfield County, Pennsylvania - one developed to rise, one developed to dip - to
confirm the theory that discharge water quality in down-dip mines Is substantially
better than that In up-dip mines. A nearby active mine with units operating up-dip
and down-dip was also evaluated to ascertain economic and engineering limitations,
costs in varying situations, and other major disadvantages or disadvantages of each
mode of operation. Health and safety, national water quality, and economic impacts
resulting from widespread use versus non-use of the technique were also assessed.
(Authors' abstract modified) OR 75-8
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211.
MD75-27 SEDIMENT CONTROL DURING MINING AND MINE RECLAMATION
Nawrocki, M. A. (Hittman Assoc,, Inc.), Proc. Non-Point Sources Water Pollut.,
Southeastern Reg. Conf., by Va. Water Resour. Res. Cent., Blacksburg, Va., May 1,
2, 1975. pp 257-266. Sediment control problems related to surface mining are dis-
cussed. Erosion Is reduced by controlling runoff, minimizing area exposed, and
soil stabilization. Sediment can be contained by traps, stoney filtering areas,
and vegetated buffer zones and by diversion of drainage into detention ponds.
OR 75-46
MD75-28 EVALUATION OF SEDIMENTATION PONDS USED IN SURFACE COAL MINING
Nawrocki, M. A. and Vir Kathuria, D. (Hlttman Associates, Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol.
2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 42-47. In this project the objective was to deter-
mine the overall effectiveness of sedimentation ponds in removing suspended solids.
Nine ponds in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia were selected for the pro-
gram. Field sampling was done to learn efficiencies of removal In runoff flows.
Water quality measurements and flow rates were recorded at both the influent to and
the effluent from the ponds. Characteristics of the ponds are listed and individual
descriptions are also given. The ponds had a wide range of suspended solids removal
efficiencies during rainfall conditions. Results indicated that the efficiency of
dugout type ponds built off the natural waterway is greater than that of ponds built
across the natural waterway. OR 75-39
MD75-29 TREATMENT OF COAL MINE DRAINAGE WITH THE ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR
Olem, H. and Una, R. F. (Pa. State Univ., Dept. Civil Eng.), 30th Ann. Purdue Ind.
Waste Conf., 1975. 40 pp. Discharge from abandoned Proctor No. 2 mine at the
Hollywood, Pennsylvania, Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility was provided
to two RBC units. One unit was run continuously from May 1974 through March 1975 to
study ferrous iron oxidation with varied disc rotation rates and hydraulic loadings.
The other unit was operated at constant disc rotation rate from August 1974 through
March 1975 to study solids formation and the microbiology of the process. Since
results show that the apparatus effectively oxidized ferrous iron in unmodified acid
mine drainage, it is concluded that the RBC has potential application as a first
step in a mine drainage treatment process, OR 75-12
MD75-30 RELATIONSHIP OF GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Pennington, D. (John McCormick and Associates, Devon, Pa.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Rea,, Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 170-178. This paper describes the surface conditions
and the underground water conditions in the Mahanoy Creek watershed of eastern
Pennsylvania. Since water enters the drainage system from outside the watershed
and moves miles through a series of more than thirteen interconnected underground
mine pools, surface mine reclamation in the area has not significantly reduced mine
drainage. The reduction of discharges brought about by surface reclamation and the
costs of the Improvements are tabulated. OR 75-40
MD75-31 CHANGES IN WATER CHEMISTRY RESULTING FROM SURFACE-MINING OF COAL ON
FOUR WEST VIRGINIA WATERSHEDS
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Princeton, W. Va.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 152-169. Also in Green Lands 6_ (1), 22-27 (Winter 1976).
Water quality In contiguous watersheds was monitored from May 1969 through April
1974 in order to provide much needed information on normal variations in water qual-
ity so that valid comparisons of water quality before and after mining can be made.
Sampling was done every two weeks and analyses were made for pH, specific conduct-
ance, alkalinity, sulfate, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, iron, aluminum, mangan-
ese, zinc, and potassium. Results of analyses were evaluated for before-mining
-------
MD75-31 (continued)
212,
variations between samples taken in growing and dormant seasons and for water years
1970, 1971, and 1972 which cover a wide range of precipitation. Also, each factor
for which analyses were made is discussed and the effect on the parameter of mining
in the various watersheds is evaluated. OR 75-41
MD75-32 WATER QUALITY MODELS FOR A CONTOUR MINED WATERSHED
Plass, W. T. (1), Connell, J. F. (2), Contractor, D. N. (2), and Shanholtz, V. 0. (2)
[(1) Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Princeton, W. Va,, (2) VPI and SU], Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res. Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 179-199. The production of sulfate and other
chemicals at a strip mine and their transport to local streams is a complex process
that involves the kinetics of the chemical reactions and the hydrology and geology
of the area. This study attempts to understand the interactions involved and to
relate various water quality parameters to the hydrology of the area. Data was
furnished by the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Princeton, W. Va. from
the Stover B watershed which they had monitored. (From Introduction) OR 75-42
MD75-33 QUICK-CONNECT PIPE CUTS INSTALLATION COSTS AT BARNES & TUCKER MINES
Coal Age 8£ (7), 102-104 (1975). In this description of the use of filament-wound
fiberglass/epoxy pipe for water handling systems, the pipe's capability of carrying
acid mine drainage water to the surface at line pressures of more than 300 psi is
noted. It is also mentioned that yellow boy can be cleaned out of the pipe by
forcing a special polyurethane-covered foam cylinder through the line. OR 75-3
MD75-34 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNDERGROUND MINE WATER POOLS AND SUBSIDENCE IN THE
•NORTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA ANTHRACITE FIELDS
A. W, Martin Associates, Inc., Rept. to Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour., and Appalachian
Regional Comm., ARC-73-111-2553 (1975). 130 pp. and Appendixes A through D. This
study analyzes the relationship between the effects of mine pools on underground
mine voids and subsidence in the Northeastern Anthracite Coal Fields of Pennsylvania.
Some 29 mineable coal seams exist in this area. Data assembled Include time and
locations of subsidences, precipitation records, mine pool elevation, dates of mine
closure, and subsurface information. Appropriate control measures recommended in-
clude variations of flushing methods which have been most successful, and the use
of pressure-relief boreholes. (Adapted from Executive Summary) OR 75-17
MD75-35 CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPING POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS FOR INACTIVE AND
ABANDONED MINE SITE
Robins, J. D. and Hutchins, J. C., Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants, Rept. to
U.S. EPA, Office Water Hazardous Materials, EPA-440/9-75-008, 1975. (510 pp.)
Both surface and underground coal mines are considered in this report. Discussion
includes environmental impacts of mining and effects of reclamation; sources of
financial and technical aid; and legal problems. The Appendix summarizes programs
in Illinois, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Kentucky, and Ohio for reclamation
of abandoned mined lands. OR 75-29
MD75-36 REMOVAL OF MANGANESE FROM MINE DRAINAGE BY OZONE AND CHLORINE
Rozelle, R. B. and Swain, H. A., Jr. (Wilkes College), U.S. EPA Environ. Protection
Technol. Series EPA 670/2-75-006 (1975). 47 pp. NTIS, PB-241 143. Laboratory
studies showed that treatment of synthetic mine drainage with ozone or with hypo-
chlorite ion reduced manganese concentration to less than 1 mg per liter. Labora-
tory methods and results including solubility and kinetic studies are rep'orted.
Cost estimates of both treatment methods are presented. OR 75-9
-------
213.
MD75-37 INACTIVE AND ABANDONED UNDERGROUND MINES - WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION
& CONTROL
Scott, R. L. and Haye, R. M., Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Rept. to U.S. EPA Office
Water Hazardous Materials, EPA-440/9-75-007 (1975). 338 pp. This report discusses
in Part I the chemistry and geographic extent of mine drainage pollution in the
United States from inactive and abandoned underground mines; underground mining
methods; and the classification of mine drainage control techniques. Available at-
source mine drainage pollution prevention and control techniques are described and
evaluated in Part II of the report and consist of five major categories; (1) Water
Infiltration Control; (2) Mine Sealing; (3) Mining Techniques; (4) Water Handling;
and (5) Discharge Quality Control. Actual cases illustrate the use of techniques
and include cost data. OR 75-16
MD75-38 INFLUENCE OF WATER QUALITY ON THE CORROSION AND ELECTROCHEMICAL
BEHAVIOR OF MILD STEEL IN SYNTHETIC ACID MINE WATERS
Subrahmanyam, D, V, and Hoey, G. R. (Dept. Energy, Mines, Resour., Ottawa, Canada),
Corrosion 31^ (6), 202-207 (1975). Mild steel panels which had been carefully
cleaned were exposed to synthetic acid mine waters containing Fe+3, Fe+2, Cu2,
Mg+2, Ca+2, K*, SO4-2, CI", and S03~z in various combinations. Ferric and cupric
ion content and, in some cases, sulfite, increased the corrosion rate of the steel.
Where no copper is present, corrosion rate is directly proportional to the ferric
ion reduction rate. Although polarizing the steel will reduce the corrosion rates
significantly in solutions containing ferric ions, the current density required
makes the feasibility of cathodic protection doubtful under these conditions.
OR 75-19
MD75-39 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON SPAWNING OF BROOK TROUT IN LIME NEUTRALIZED IRON
HYDROXIDE SUSPENSIONS
Sykora, J. L., Smith, E. J., Synak, M., and Shapiro, M. A. (Univ. Pittsburgh, Grad.
School Public Health), Water Res. 9, (4), 451-458 (1975). The long-term effect of
lime neutralized suspended iron on brook trout spawning and egg hatchability was
assessed in a flow-through environment with a modified proportional diluter. Re-
sults of a two year study reveal low survival of maturing fish and a decline in egg
production at higher suspended iron concentrations. Brook trout egg hatchability
was unaffected in concentrations of lime neutralized iron hydroxide ranging from
0.75 to 12 mg Fe per liter. A comparison of data on survival, growth, and egg hatch-
ability Indicates that the safe level of lime neutralized iron hydroxide suspensions
for brook trout in an enclosed, intermittent-flow testing system presumably lies
between 7.5 and 12.5 mg Fe per liter. (Authors' abstract) OR 75-11
MD75-40 HYDROLOGY OF BLACK MESA RECLAIMED LAND
Thames, J. L., Patten, R. T., and Crompton, E. J. (Univ. Ariz., Dept. Watershed
Management), Mining Congr. J. 61 (7), 16-20 (1975). A study by Peabody Coal Co.
and the University of Arizona is being made on two watersheds, one on reclaimed
land and one on an undisturbed 5-acre area. Both have been instrumented to measure
a number of hydrologic variables including precipitation, amount and quality of run-
off, and spoil permeability. OR 75-43
MD75-41 TOLERANCE AND SYNTHETIC ABILITY OF SEWAGE MICROORGANISMS IN ACID MINE
WATER
Thompson, F. C. and Wilson, H, A., W. Va. Univ., Water Res. Inst., Bull. 5, 1975.
60 pp. This paper describes laboratory work using synthetic mine waters of variouB
pH values and iron content to study two selected microorganisms and their ability
to utilize sewage nutrients. The results showed that bacteria in acid mine waters
contribute little cleansing action and under extreme acid conditons no bacteria were
present. OR 75-22
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214.
MD75-42 GEOHYDROLOGIC RECONNAISANCE OF THE UPPER POTOMAC RIVER BASIN
Trainer, F. W. and Watkins, F, A., Jr., U.S. Geol. Surv., Water-Supply Paper 2035,
1975. 68 pp.+ Geologic conditions in the basin and their effect on water quality
are described. A short section is included on acid mine drainage and its contribu-
tion to the water problems of the North Branch Potomac River. OR 75-23
MD75-43 USE OF PHOTO INTERPRETATION AND GEOLOGICAL DATA IN THE IDENTIFICATION
OF SURFACE DAMAGE AND SUBSIDENCE
Earth Satellite Corporation, Final Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-73-111-
2554, 1975. 104 pp.+ This survey of the Northern Anthracite Coal Field shows that
remote sensing techniques can also be used to determine sources and movement of acid
mine water and sources of surface infiltration into mined out areas. OR 75-35
MD75-44 HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH IN STRIP-MINED AREAS OF SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA
Van Voast, W. A. (1,2), Hedges, R. B. (2), and Pagenkopf, G. K. (3) [(1) Mont.
College Miner. Sci. Technol. (2) Mont. Bur. Miner. Geol. (3) Mont. State Univ.],
Proc. Polish-U.S. Symp. Environ. Protection in Openpit Coal Mining, by U.S. EPA and
Cent. Res. Design Inst. Opencast Mining, Poland (POLTEGOR), Denver, Colo., May 27-
29, 1975. Publ. by Univ. Denver Res. Inst., Sept. 1975. pp 47-57. NTIS, PB-249
300, The plan of study of the Birney-Decker area, some observations of effects of
mining on water quality and hydrology, and some preliminary results of laboratory
simulation are reviewed. OR 75-31
MD75-45 MINE DRAINAGE POLLUTION REDUCTION BY INHIBITION OF IRON BACTERIA
Walsh, F. and Mitchell, R. (Harvard Univ., Lab. Applied Microbiol,), Water Res. 9^,
525-528 (1975). In the laboratory, synthetic acid ground waters with three levels
of Iron concentration were directed through coal shale columns, some innoculated
with Thiobacillus ferrooxldans and Metallogenium. With high iron influent, the rate
of total iron and acidity release from the coal shale was reduced. Results also
indicate the possibility that bacterial activity is inhibited. OR 75-28
MD75-46 HYDRA-SLUDGE REMOVAL SYSTEM FOR MINE DRAINAGE AND COAL PREPARATION
PLANT SLUDGE
Werner, R. H. (Barrett Haentjens and Co. of Pittsburgh), AIME Ann. Meet. New York,
N. Y., 1975. Preprint No. 75F83. 13 pp. An automatically controlled commercial
pumping system, which will hydraulically remove sludge materials from a settling
pond or thickener, is described. OR 75-13
1976
MD76-1 COAL PILE LEACHATE QUANTITY AND QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Anderson, W. C. and Youngstrom, M. P. (Pickard and AndexBon), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bltum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky, (1976).
17 pp. A coal storage pile at Cornell University heating plant was monitored for
quality and quantity of leachate in order to design treatment facilities for the
runoff. The quantity depends on the topography and drainage area of the coal pile
site, configuration of the pile, and the volume, type and intensity of precipitation.
The quality depends upon the foregoing and the coal type, quality and particle size,
and the reaction time, which 1b the time between precipitation incidents when re-
tained moisture in the pile is dissolving minerals. The dissolved contaminants are
flushed out at the beginning of a precipitation event, and continuing precipitation
produces lower fairly constant levels of dissolved materials. A method is presented
to characterize the leachate quality and quantity for any desired design precipita-
tion condition. OR 76-4
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215.
MD76-2 . HOT SURFACTANT SOLUTION AS A DEWATERING AID DURING FILTRATION
Baker, A. F. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Natl, Coal Assoc./Bitum, Coal Res., Inc., Second
Symp. Preparation, Louisville, Ky. (1976). 9 pp. Laboratory studies are being
carried out on the use of surfactant solution to improve the dewatering of fine
coal by vacuum filtration. The best moisture reduction was obtained by washing
the filter cake with hot surfactant solution, then heating with steam. OR 76-23
MD76-3 FEASIBILITY OF USING REVERSE OSMOSIS TO TREAT ACID MINE WATERS
Blackshaw, G. L., Pappano, A. W., Thomas, G. E., Jr., and Cheng, S. Y. (W. Va. Univ.,
Dept. Chem. Eng.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 18 pp. A discussion of the general use and
theory of reverse osmosis, its application to acid mine drainage treatment, and the
experience with RO at EPA's Crown Mine Drainage Field Site Introduces the report of
the development and experimental studies of a combined treatment process. The ion
exchange-reverse osmosis (IX-RO) treatment was used with acid mine drainage having
significant amounts of ferrous iron. The feed to the ion exchange unit is acidified
to prevent iron fouling of the resin. The IX effluent, essentially calcium-free, is
demineralized in its RO unit. The regeneration of the IX resin can include the use
of the RO concentrate. OR 76-9
MD76-4 EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOSE DOWN PROCEDURES -
EASTERN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES
Bucek, M. F., Emel, J. L., Petrus, C. A., and Schad, J. A. (HRB - Singer Inc.),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.,
Louisville, Ky. (1976). 5 pp. This paper summarizes the results of a study that
attempted to assess the effectiveness of the closures, mainly sealing methods, im-
plemented in a large geographic area. Criteria that were developed related to the
effect on mine effluent quality and quantity. (From authors' Introduction)
OR 76-20
MD76-5 CHARACTER OF DRAINAGE AS A FUNCTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF FRAMBOIDAL
PYRITE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Caruccio, F. T., Geidel, G., and Sewell, J. M. (Univ. S. C.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976).
16 pp. In a field study, the paleoenvironments of a number of coal seams were
identified and the distribution of framboidal pyrite was determined. Framboidal
(reactive) pyrite occurred fairly widely, but seemed to be more abundant in coal
seams of marine-brackish water paleoenvironment. In the study area, strata produc-
ing acidic drainage had most of the pyrite in the framboidal form and low buffering
capacity in the water. Strata producing low to high sulfate-neutral drainages
usually had a much lower amount of pyrite in the framboidal form and were associated
with highly buffered alkaline-water systems. OR 76-3
MD76-6 WATER QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS AS A FUNCTION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE INPUTS
INTO THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER
Cline, J. T. (1) and Balla, R. (2) [(1) Wilkes College (2) Luzerne County Conserv.
Diet,], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 15 pp. Physical, chemical and biological data col-
lected in 1973 in a section of the North Branch of the river were correlated by a
factor analysis program. The area studied received sewage and industrial pollution
as well as mine drainage. Acid and iron components of mine drainage were determined
to be most detrimental to biota although the river appeared to recover from mine
drainage effects within a short distance downstream. OR 76-5
MD76-7 COAL, NPDES, AND YOU
Cloward, W. H. (U.S. EPA, Atlanta, Georgia), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
-------
MD76-7 (continued)
216.
Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 2 pp. The def-
initions of "existing" and "new" pollutant sources and requirements for permits for
each under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System are discussed.
OR 76-14
MD76-8 COMPACT LAMELLA THICKENERS IN COAL PREPARATION PLANTS
Cook, R. L. (Parkson Corp.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Symp.
Preparation, Louisville, Ky. (1976). 10 pp. The theory, design, and development
of the Lamella Thickener, an inclined shallow depth sedimentation device, is des-
cribed. Operation and results at full scale preparation plants are presented.
OR 76-21
MD76-9 UTILIZATION OF WASH WATER SLUDGE
Crossmore, E. Y. (Crossmore and Miller), Natl. Coal /Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Second Symp. Preparation, Louisville, Ky. (1976). 10 pp. Sludge is made into bri-
quettes with drying and then with addition of rock salt (sodium chloride) as binder.
Temperature and pressure are controlled so that the binder produces dendritic crys-
tals, resulting in a product which is Impervious to moisture. OR 76-22
MD76-10 NATURAL BENEFICIATION OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE BY INTERACTION OF STREAM
WATER WITH STREAM SEDIMENT
Crouse, H. L. (1), and Rose, A. W. (2) [(1) D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Inc.,
(2) Pa. State Univ., Dept. Geosci.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 33 pp. Babb Creek
in. Tioga County, Pennsylvania, the stream investigated, runs through sparsely-pop-
ulated heavily-forested land. Its main pollutants are drainage from surface mining
and coal refuse piles. Natural beneficiation was determined to be the result of
dilution; neutralization by natural alkalinity, and interaction with stream sedi-
ments. Iron concentration in the stream appears to be controlled by the solubility
of ferric oxyhydroxides. Aluminum concentration appears to be controlled by kao-
linite in alkaline and slightly acid water and by gibbsite in more acid water.
OR 76-18
MD76-11 AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROJECT TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN AN
AREA OF ABANDONED MINES
Davis, R. S. (1) and Maneval, D, R. (2) [(1) U.S. EPA Phila., Pa., (2) Appalachian
Regional Comm.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine
Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 16 pp. An.abatement program has been de-
veloped for Settler's Cabin Park near Pittsburgh. A number of sources of acid mine
drainage from unreclaimed surface mines and an abandoned deep mine pollute Pinker-
ton's Run which goes through the park, A cost sunmiary and projected water improve-
ments are presented. OR 76-13
MD76-12 EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING ON STREAM WATER QUALITY: PRELIMINARY
RESULTS
Dettoanrv, E. H., Olsen, R. D., and Vinikour, W. S. (Argonne National Laboratory),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.,
Louisville, Ky. (1976), 17 pp. A study is being carried out on the Tongue River
in the Powder River Basin in Wyoming and Montana. Samples from upstream and down-
stream of the Big Horn Mine and from the mine discharges were analyzed for a number
of components. Results suggest that impacts of mining on water quality may be rela-
tively small and that biota respond to overall water quality trends rather than
impacts from mining. OR 76-6
-------
217.
MD76-13 HYDROLOGIC AND SOIL PROPERTIES OF COAL MINE OVERBURDEN PILES IN
SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA
Farmer, E. E. and Richardson, B, Z. (Intermountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta.,
U.S. Dept. Agr.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bltum. Coal Res., Inc., Fourth Symp. Surface
Mining and Reclamation, Louisville, Ky. (1976). 11 pp. This paper reports the re-
sults of research conducted in 1973 and 1974 on the infiltration and erosion rates
of bare overburden piles and examines the influence of several soil variables on
these hydrologic characteristics. The work was done at the Decker Mine. (From
authors' Introduction) OR 76-24
MD76-14 DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE FROM ACID MINE DRAINAGE NEUTRALIZATION
Grube, W. E., Jr. and Wilmoth, R. C. (Crown Mine Drainage Control Field Site, U.S.
EPA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.,
Louisville, Ky. (1976). 20 pp. In a spray-irrigation study, sludge was applied
to mine refuse materials. Comparison of the test plot with a control and an area
that received a comparable quantity of tap water showed that sludge might have a
slight beneficial effect on vegetative growth and that while sludge did not erode
much during light precipitation, erosion was a problem during heavier rainfall. A
drying bed study was carried out both in cold and warm weather. The problems caused
by freezing are discussed. In warm weather, lime-neutralized, coagulant-treated
sludge appeared to stabilize at 20 percent solids within 20 days drying time. Drain-
age rate and effluent quality were monitored. OR 76-11
MD76-15 SEDIMENTATION PONDS - A CRITICAL REVIEW
Hill, R. D. (EPA, Ind. Environ. Res. Lab., Cincinnati, 0.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 10
Pp. Design factors and maintenance of sedimentation ponds are evaluated for their
effects on the deposit and retention of suspended solids. OR 76-15
MD76-16 CUSTOM DESIGNED SURFACE MANIPULATION AND SEEDING EQUIPMENT FOR
EROSION CONTROL AND VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT
Jensen, I. B. and Hodder, R. L. (Mt. Agr. Expt. Sta.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bltum. Coal
Res., Inc.,Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 12 pp.
The earth moving machinery described was developed to prepare soil banks and land
to be reclaimed so that rainfall would not be lost as runoff. Equipment developed
as gougers make shallow elongated depressions on gentle slopes. Dozer basins are
depressions formed on steep slopes by a specially designed blade which excavates
and roughens the uphill surface and compacts the soil deposited on the down slope.
The use of the diesel plow to break up compacted soils and the development of an
Improved broadcast seeder are also described. OR 76-16
MD76-17 POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF VEGETATIVE FILTER FOR MINE DRAINAGE SEDIMENT
CONTROL
Kao, D. T. Y. (1), Lyons, A. E., Jr. (2), and Barfield, B. J. (1) [(1) Univ. Ky.
(2) AMINOIL, U.S.A.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 12 pp. In this laboratory study,
plastic "grasses" of three levels of flexibility were prepared to simulate vege-
tation and glass beads sized from 0.001 to 0.025 inches simulated sediment. Water
and sediment were sent over the artificial grasses on the floor of a 16 foot flume.
A high trapping efficiency was observed. OR 76-17
MD76-18 AT-SOURCE CONTROL THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF SEVERAL ABATEMENT
TECHNIQUES
Kllngensmith, &. S., Miorin, A. F., and Sallunas, J. R. (Gannett Fleming Corddry
and Carpenter, Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal
Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 15 pp. The various abatement
-------
MD76-18 (continued)
218.
techniques used at Catawissa Creek Project, Beech Creek, and Little Sandy Run Project
and Tioga River Project are described. They Include reconstructing stream beds,
daylighting, sealing deep mine workings, and reclaiming surface mined areas. The
application of at-source controls as part of the surface mine operation is also
described. OR 76-19
MD76-19 EFFLUENT GUIDELINES: GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY OR GOVERNMENT VERSUS
INDUSTRY???
Loy, L. D., Jr. (Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). A pp.
The cooperative program between the coal industry, represented by NCA, and EPA to
establish the effluent guidelines is described as an example of how input from in-
dustry during the development of guidelines can lead to realistic environmental
regulations. OR 76-12
MD76-20 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL DURING SURFACE MINING IN THE EASTERN
UNITED STATES
Mills, T. R. and Clar, M. L. (Hittman Associates, Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 14 pp.
The manual of practice for formulating and Implementing erosion control plans, pre-
pared by the company for EPA, is summarized. OR 76-26
MD76-21 ALUMINA-LIME-SODA PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR RECOVERING POTABLE WATER FROM
ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Nebgen, J. W., Weatherman, D. F., Valentine, M., and Shea, E. P. (Midwest Research
Institute), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage
Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976). 14 pp. The process has been field tested at the
Hollywood, Pennsylvania, Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility. In the
first process stage, raw water is treated with sodium aluminate and lime to pre-
cipitate a calcium sulfoaluminate sludge. In stage II the alkaline effluent of
stage I is blended with raw water, the amount predetermined to give a desired
sulfate level in the product, and then is neutralized by carbon dioxide addition
to a pH 10.3 where calcium carbonate is least soluble. Solids removed at this step
also include metal hydroxides. The emphasis of this paper is on stage I and the
following topics are discussed: sensitivity of sulfate removal to pH; iron and
aluminum residuals; lime requirements of reaction product solids; dewatering char-
acteristics of solids. Process economics for three different size plants and the
effect of drainage compositions on chemical costs are summarized. OR 76-8
MD76-22 MICROBIAL OXIDATION OF FERROUS IRON IN COAL MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT
Olem, H. and Unz, R. F. (Pa. State Univ., Dept. Civil Eng.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res., Louisville, Ky. (1976).
17 pp. The application of the rotating biological contactor to mine drainage treat-
ment is described. It required no bacterial preseeding or nutrient supplement. The
feed water used was from the Proctor No. 2 discharge at the Hollywood, Pennsylvania,
Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility and had a ferrous iron concentration
that ranged from 16-313 mg/1. Tests were run on one unit to evaluate oxidation at
varied disc rotation rates and hydraulic loadings. A second unit was operated at
a constant rate for 8 months for studies on solids formation and microbiology.
OR 76-10
MD76-23 HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF STRIP MINING IN THE SUBBITUMINOUS COAL FIELDS
OF MONTANA
Van Voast, W. A., Hedges, R. B., and McDermott, J. J. (Mt. Bur. Mines Geol.), Natl.
Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Fourth Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation,
-------
MD76-23 (continued)
219.
Louisville, Ky. (1976). 13 pp. Effects of surface mining on the quality and
availability of water bto discussed* Mainly local impacts particularly on water
quality are expected. Since many aquifers presently used are in the coal seams,
aquifers below levels disturbed by wining are suggested as alternate water sources.
OR 76-25
MD76-24 COMBINATION LIMESTONE-LIME TREATMENT OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE
Wilmoth, R. C. and Kennedy, J. L. (Crown Mine Drainage Control Field Site, U.S.
EPA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sixth Symp. Coal Mine Drainage Res.,
Louisville, Ky. (1976). 37 pp. The test facility constructed at the Crown Field
site and the testing carried out there are described in detail. Previous work on
lime and limestone treatment is summarized. The actual mine water used as feed for
these tests contained moderately high amounts of iron, mainly in the ferrous state.
Sludge recycle was incorporated into several tests. Effluent quality and sludge
characteristics were monitored. Results indicated sludge and effluent characteris-
tics comparable to those obtained with lime treatment and also indicated a cost ad-
vantage for combined treatment. OR 76-7
-------
220,
AUTHOR INDEX
Aalto, J. A.
MD69-1
Agnew, A. F.
MD68-17
MD68-83
MD69-5
MD71-6
MD73-1
Ahmad, M. U.
MD70-3
MD70-4
MD71-7
MD71-8
MD71-9
MD71-71
MD74-2
MD74-3
Akers, D. J.
, Jr.
MD73-2
MD73-3
Alexander, S
. S.
MD73-4
Allred, R. C
#
MD71-96
MD69-89
Amend, J, H,
, III
MD75-2
Andelman, J.
B.
MD66-43
Anderson, P.
W.
MD63-1
MD63-6
Anderson, R.
H.
MD71-10
Anderson, W.
MD54-1
MD76-1
Angerman, T,
W.
MD72-50
Antalovich,
J. W.
MD71-9
MD71-71
Apian, F. F.
MD72-84
Arakali, V.
S.
MD74-8
MD74-9
Arkle, T., Jr.
MD74-75
Ash, S. H.
MD41-2
MD46-1
HD46-2
MD46-3
MD47-1
MD48-1
MD49-1
MD50-1
MD50-2
MD50-3
MD51-1
MD52-1
MD53-1
MD53-2
MD53-3
MD54-2
MD55-2
MD55-3
MD55-4
MD56-1
MD57-2
Ashmead, D.
MD55-5
MD56-2
Aston, W. M.
MD73-6
Attwater, A.
J.
MD71-15
Baas Becking, L. G. M.
MD60-1
Bach, H.
MD32-1
Bailey, H. H.
HD70-11
Bakels, P. S.
MD63-3
Baker, A. A.
MD67-3 MD67-4 MD67-5
Baker, A. F.
MD76-2
Baker, A. R.
MD66-3
Baker, C. D,
MD74-76
Baker, R. A.
MD68-2 MD70-6 MD70-7
MD70-8 MD70-9 MD71-11
MD73-7
Balakrlshnan, S.
MD71-15
Balla, R.
MD76-6
Ballard, G. E.
MD70-11
Ballinger, D. G.
MD66-36
Balouskus, R. A.
MD74-26
Barfleld, B. J.
MD76-17
Barnes, K. L.
MD68-3
Barnes, I.
MD6A-1 MD64-2 MD65-1
Barnhisel, R. I.
MD72-48 MD74-4
Barth, E. F.
MD67-55
Barthauer, G. L,
MD66-4 MD67-6 MD71-12
MD71-13
Beafore, F. J.
MD71-14
' Beal, G. D.
MD49-2 MD53-4
Bednar, G. A.
MD68-4
Beers, W. F., Jr.
MD73-8 MD74-5
Beery, W. T.
MD65-2
Bell, R.
MD56-3
Bell, W. E.
MD69-7 MD69-8
Bellaman, W. C.
MD63-4
Bellano, W.
MD64-3
Belly, R. T.
MD74-6
Bennett, H. D.
MD69-9
Benoit, R. J.
MD71-15
Benson, A.
MD73-9
-------
Bertnaci, D.
MD69-10
Bhatt, H. G.
KD73-10 MD74-7
Bible, J. L.
HD72-1
Biemel, G. D.
KD75-3
Bieeecker, J. E.
MD66-5 MD6S-5
Birch, J. J.
MD67-7 MD68-6
Bisque, K. E.
MD69-11
Blackahaw, G. L.
MD74-8 MD7A-9
Blakeley, A, G.
MD16-1
Blevins, R. L.
MD70-11
Bloom, D. H.
MD69-11
Boardraan, R, M.
MD63-4
Boccardy, J. A,
MB6S-7
Boettger, T. E.
MD73-11
Boroe, J, A.
MD67-9
Boaman, D, J.
MD74-10
Bowen, D. H. K.
MD71-17
Bowman, J.
MD72-14
Boyer, J, F., Jr.
MD67-10 MD68-8
MD69-14 MD70-12
MD71-42 KD72-2
MD73-12 MD73-31
MD75-4
Braley* S. A.
MD50-4 MD50-5
MD51-3 MD51-7
MD52-3 MD52-4
MD54-3 MD54-4
MD54-6 MD54-7
MD54-9 MD54-10
MD55-S MD56-4
MD57-3 MD57-4
MD59-2 HD59-3
MD60-3 MD60-4
MD60-11 MD61-2
MD62-3 MD62-4
MD62-6 MD62-19
MD6S-4 MD6S-5
Bramer, H. C.
MDGG-6
Bransaa, &. A.
MD72-19
MD70-10
MD76-3
MD69-13
MD71-18
MD72-3
MD74-11
MD51-2
KD52-2
MD53-10
HD54-5
MD54-8
MD54-15
MD56-8
MD58-1
HD60-2
MD60-5
KD61-3
MD62-5
MD65-3
221,
Brant, J. W,
MD69-15 MD71-20
Biant, H. A.
MD59-4 MD60-J MJ60-11
MD61-9 MD62-L2 MD63-7
MD69-72 MP71-71
Brezina, E. K.
MD66-7 MD70-13
Brock, S. M,
MD68-9 MD68-10
Brock, T. D.
MD72-13 MD73-13 MD74-6
Brohn, P.
MD71-71
Brooks, D, B,
MD68-10
Brown, R. L.
MD71-21
Brown, T. S.
MD69-16 MD71-22 MD72-12
Browning, J. E.
MD70-14
Bryants H. L.
ME71-37 MD73-26
Bucek, M. F,
MD75-4
Bullard, W. E.
MD65-6
Bulow, F. J,
MD71-16 MD73-54
Burke, L. 0.
J&72-4
Burke, S, P.
KD38-1
Burner, C. C.
MD73-14
Burns, R. A.
MB74-89
tuBcavage, J. J.
MD65-7 MD68-14
Butch, D. L.
MD71-19
Butler, R. L.
MD73-15
Cairney, T.
MD75-5
Cairns, J,, Jr.
MD71-23 MD72-30 MD74-33
MD74-34 MD74-35 MD75-12
Calhoun, F. P.
MD68-11 ME66-12
Calverley, J. G.
MD40-1
Campbell, R. S.
MD64-4 MD65-8 MD66-7
MD69-17 KD70-13 MD7Q-60
MD70-117 MD72-71
Carpenter, L. V.
KD30-1 HD30-2 MD33-1
MD34-1
-------
222.
Carrithera, R. B.
MD73-16
Carroll, H. C.
MD69-42
Carter, R. P.
MD73-17
Carucclo, F. T,
MD67-11 MD68-13 MD70-15
MD72-5 MD73-18 MD74-12
MD76-5
Cassap, W. E.
MD47-1 MD48-1
Cederstrom, D. J.
MD71-24
Chamberlain, C. E.
MD68-50 MD68-52 MD72-53
Chance, E. M.
MD17-1
Chapman, C. L.
MD38-2
CharIson, A.
MD72-6
Charmbury, H. B.
MD65-31 MD65-32 MD65-33
MD67-12 MD67-13 MD68-14
MD68-15 MD71-35
Chen, C. Y.
MD75-7
Cheng, S. Y.
MD76-3
Chow, K.
MD73-63 MD74-68
Chubb, R. S.
MD46-4
Chung, N. K.
MD73-19
Clolkosz, E. J.
MD74-5
Clar, M, L.
MD76-20
Clark, C. S.
MD62-7 MD64-5 MD65-9
MD65-10 MD66-8
Clark, H. H.
MD13-1
Clark, L. J.
MD69-1 MD69-20
Clarke, F. E.
MD64-1 MD65-44
Clarkson, R. B.
MD71-25
Cleary, E. J.
MD61-4 MD67-15
Clifford, J. E.
MD54-11
Cllne, J. T.
MD76-6
Clovls, J. F.
MD72-8
Cloward, W. H.
MD76-7
Coalgate, J, L.
MD75-6
Coe, M. W.
MD72-9
Cole, V. W.
MD60-8
Collier, C. C.
MD62-9
Collier, C. R.
MD68-4 MD70-17
Collins, C. P.
MD23-1
Colmer, A. R.
MD47-2 MD50-6 MD51-10
MD51-11 MD51-12 MD51-13
Combs, B. J.
MD75-23
Compton, E. J.
MD74-81
Conahan, H. A.
MD68-84
Connell, J, F.
MD75-32
Conrad, J. W.
MD66-9 MD67-16
Contractor, D. N.
MD75-13 MD75-14 MD75-32
Cook, H. A.
MD69-21 MD71-28
Cook, L.
MD58-2 MD60-11 MD62-10
Cook, R. L.
MD76-8
Cook, T. M.
MD72-45 MD74-50
Cooke, U. B.
MD66-10
Cooper, E. L.
MD73-15
Copley, M. J.
MD72-58
Corbett, D. M.
MD65-12 MD68-16 MD68-17
MD69-5 MD69-22 MD73-1
Corbett, R. G.
MD67-17 MD67-18
Core, J. F.
MD67-19
Comer, J. T.
MD68-18
Corriveau, M. P.
MD66-11
Corsaro, J. L.
MD68-34 MD68-35 MD68-48
Cotton, E. R.
MD47-7 MD54-12
Covill, R. W.
MD66-12
Crane, M.
MD74-14
Crawford, B. T.
MD42-1
-------
Crawford, J. K.
Dein, J.
MD73-15
MD73-4
Crichton, A. B,
Demchalk, J. J.
MD23-2 MD26-1
MD27-1
MD74-43
Crompton, E. J.
Dettmann, E. H.
MD74-79 MD75-40
MD76-12
Crooks, J. W.
Deul, M.
MD67-65
MD67-21 HD68-21
Cropper, W. H.
MD68-52 MD69-25
MD59-7
MD74-17
Cross, W. P.
Devaul, R. W.
MD68-4
MD62-17
Grossman, J. S.
Dexter, G. M.
MD71-23
MD49-3
Crossmore, E. Y.
Dickson, K. L.
MD76-9
MD71-23
Crouse, H. L.
Diehl, W. T.
MD76-10
MD72-15
Cruver, R. E.
Dierks, H. A.
MD72-56
MD55-2 MD55-3
Cudmore, J. F.
MD56-1 MD57-2
MD72-4
MD62-11
Curtis, W. R.
Dillon, K. E.
MD69-23 MD70-18
MD71-30
MD67-22
MD71-31 MD71-32
MD72-11
Dills, G. G.
MD73-22 MD74-15
MD72-16 MD74-19
Cushman, R. V,
Dinsmore, B. H.
MD69-47
MD68-22
Cywin, A.
Dixon, J. W.
MD71-33 MD71-34
MD71-49
MD68-23
Dixon, S. G.
Dambach, C. A.
MD10-1
MD52-6 MD66-13
MD69-24
Dobson, R. T.
Darkes, W. F., Jr.
MD68-24
MD71-35
Dougherty, M. T.
Davidson, A. H.
MD74-20
MD30-2
Downing, D. G.
Davies, B. A.
MD71-54
MD50-3
Downs, R.
Davies, W. E.
MD38-1
MD68-19
Doyle, F. J.
Davis, D. W.
MD70-20 MD70-21
MD72-12
Drake, C. F.
Davis, G.
MD31-1 MD31-2
MD62-19 MD67-20
MD73-1
Draper, J. C.
MD73-18 MD73-22
MD73-25
MD70-23 MD72-17
MD73-71 MD73-78
DraBkovitf, D.
Davis, J. R.
MD73-25
MD73-23
Dreese, G. R.
Davis, R. S.
MD71-37 MD73-26
MD76-11
Dugan, F. R.
Davis, W. A.
MD66-16 MD68-25
MD72-13
MD68-89 MD69-83
Dean, R. B.
MD70-24 MD70-25
MD70-19
Duncan, D. W.
Deane, J. A.
MD67-23
MD66-14 MD68-20
MD71-36
Dunsnore, D. A.
MD74-88
MD68-40
Decker, C. S.
Durfor, C. N.
MD74-42
MD63-6
Dee, N.
Dutcher, R. R.
MD72-14
MD66-17 MD67-24
MD68-51
MD69-26
MD55-4
MD57-5
MD75-7
MD68-47
MD69-84
-------
Eaton, V. L.
MD47-1 MD48-1 HD49-1
MD50-2 MD52-1 MD62-11
Elzam, 0. G.
MD74-21
Emel, J. L.
MD76-4
Emrich, G. H.
MD65-13 MD68-27 MD68-87
MD69-27 MD69-81 MD70-67
Engelbrecht, R. S.
MD65-35
Enos, G. M.
MD23-3
Escher, E. D.
MD69-8 MD70-26
Etter, H. H.
MD71-38
Ettiriger, M. B.
MD67-55
Everson, W. A.
MD65-42 MD67-25 MD68-68
MD69-71 MD70-92
Fairbanks, H. V.
MD75-10
Falconer, R. A.
MD65-29
Farmer, E. E.
MD76-13
Fatzinger, R. W.
MD50-3
Faust, S. D.
MD56-5
Feige, W. A.
MD67-26
Feller, H. D.
MD74-40
Felegy, E. W.
MD48-2 MD51-1 MD55-2
Fellows, P. A.
MD37-1
Ferm, J. C.
MD74-12
Finney, J. H.
MD62-16 MD73-77
Fisher, D. W.
MD64-2
Fisher, E. H.
MD60-11
Fisher, W,, Jr.
MD71-40 MD72-20
Fithian, T,
MD72-90 MD72-91
Flippo, H. N., Jr.
MD71-41
Flowers, A. E.
MD68-28 '
Flynn, J. P.
MD69-29
224.
Ford, C. T.
MD70-31 MD71-42 MD72-21
MD73-31 MD74-22 MD74-23
Foreman, J. W.
MD68-29 MD70-32 HD71-43
MD72-22 MD73-32 MD74-24
MD74-25
Foresman, F. J.
MD64-6
Foster, W. R.
MD59-4
Franco, N. B.
MD74-26
Frey, D. G.
MD71-82
Friel, E. A.
MD67-27
Frost, R. C.
MD75-5
Gaines, L.
MD72-23 MD72-36
Galli, A. F.
MD74-56
Gang, M. W.
MD74-27
Garrels, R. M.
MD60-9
Garvey, J. R.
MD57-8 MD71-44
Gebhart, E. J.
MD71-45
Geidel, G.
MD76-5
Gelling, W. T.
MD64-4 MD65-8
George, J. R.
MD61-12 MD66-5
Ghosh, B. A.
MD71-9 MD71-71
Ghosh, M. M.
MD65-35
Gilbert, J. C.
MD50-2 MD50-3
Glllenwater, L. E.
MD55-6 MD57-6
Giovannitti, E. F.
MD68-32 KD70-42 MD72-24
Girard, L,
MD65-14 MD66-18 MD67-13
MD67-28
Gitto, L. F.
MD67-70
Gleason, V. E.
MD72-3 MD73-12 MD74-11
MD75-4
Glenn, R. A.
MD65-2 MD65-15 MD68-100
MD71-42 MD71-87
Glover, G.
MD75-11
-------
225.
Glover, H. G.
Hall, E. P.
MD65-56 MD67-29
MD52-I0 MD58-3
HD59-5
Gluskoter, H. J.
MD60-10 MD60-11
MD61-8
MD65-16
MD65-17 MD65-18
MD65-19
Godard, R. R.
MD70-39 MD71-49
MD72-28
MD69-31 MD70-23
MD70-35
MD74-31
Goddard, J. E.
Hall, G. L.
MD74-58
MD38-3
Gold, D. P.
Handy, J. 0.
MD73-4
MD26-2
Goldberg, E. P.
Hanna, G. P.
MD71-46 MD72-25
MD61-9 MD62-12
MD63-7
Good, D. M.
Hanson, P. J.
MD70-36
MD71-50 MD72-29
Grandt, A. F.
Harlan, S.
MD70-53 MD74-51
MD74-32
Gray, R. E.
Harp, G. L.
MD71-47
MD64-4 MD65-8
Green, J.
Harrison, V. F.
MD73-49 MD74-32
MD69-32
Greenfield, R. J.
Hartford, M. H.
MD73-33
MD70-40
Griffith, E.
Hartman, J. L.
MD45-1
MD74-40
Grim, E. C.
Hatch, B, F.
MD74-28
MD34-2
Gross, C. D.
Hayes, J.
MD51-5
MD66-20
Gross, M. M.
Hays, R. M.
MD62-19
MD75-37
Grove, D. R.
Hebley, H. F.
MD70-37
MD48-3 MD50-7
HD50-8
Growitz, D. J.
MD50-9 MD53-5
HD54-13
MD67-17
MD55-7 MD57-7
MD57-8
Grubb, H. F.
MD58-3 MD59-6
MD72-26 MD73-34
MD74-29
Hedges, R. B.
Grube, W. E., Jr.
MB75-44 MD76-23
MD71-48 MD71-71
MD72-27
Heine, W. N.
MD74-75 MD76-14
MD68-31 MB68-32
MD70-41
Gruber, A,
MD70-42
MD70-110 MD72-23
Hellvig, D, H. R.
Gschwlnd, J.
MD62-13
MD72-61
Hem, J. D.
Gunnett, J. W.
MD59-7
MD74-29 MD74-46
Henderson, R. M.
Gupta, A.
MD68-41
MD67-30
Hendricks, E. L.
Gupta, M. K.
MD65-20
MD72-47 KD72-87
MD74-30
Henry, E. N.
Gurnham, C. F.
MD67-31 MD67-32
MD67-33
HD65-17
MD67-34 MD67-35
Herbert, D. W. M.
Hacket, VJ, L.
MD63-8
MD75-10
Hemdon, L. K.
Haines, G. F., Jr.
MD30-3 MD31-3
MD33-1
MD70-38
MD36-1 MD38-4
Halee, D. C.
Herrlcks, E. E.
KD73-15
MD71-23 MD72-30
MD74-33
Halko, E.
MD74-34 MD74-35
MD75-12
MD66-30 MD69-75
MD75-I3 MD75-14
Hert, 0. H.
MD58-4 MD60-12
-------
226.
Hidalgo, R. V.
MD73-62
Hill, D. W.
MD69-35
Hill, R. D,
MD68-33 MD68-46
MD69-33
MD69-34 MD69-36
MD70-43
MD70-44 HD70-91
MD70-114
MD71-51 MD71-52
MD71-53
MD71-71 MD72-31
MD72-32
MD72-86 MD72-88
MD73-81
MD74-28 MD74-36
MD74-37
MD74-38 MD74-87
MD75-15
MD75-16 MD76-15
Hilton, R. G.
MD73-53
Himea, C. L.
MD70-45 MD70-89
Hinea, B. J.
MD73-23
Hinkle, M. E.
MD45-2 MD46-5
MD46-6
MD46-7 MD46-8
MD47-2
MD47-3 MD47-4
MD48-4
MD50-6
Hipke, J. L.
MD64-16
Hipwell, R. M.
MD74-41
Hoak, R. D.
MD54-14
Hodder, R. L,
MD76-16
Hodge, W. W.
MD34-3 MD36-1
MD36-2
MD37-2 MD37-3
MD38-5
MD45-2 MD53-6
Hoey, G. R.
MD75-38
Hoffert, J. R.
MD47-5 MD50-10
Hohnka, L. C.
MD59-8
Holbrook, E. A.
MD36-3
Holland, C. T.
MD68-34 MD68-35
MD68-48
MD69-37 MD69-38
MD70-46
Hollyday, E. F.
MD73-35
Holmes, J. G.
MD72-33 MD72-34
Holubec, I.
MD73-57
Holy, W. E.
MD36-4
Hopkins, X. C., Jr.
MD64-7 MD65-21
MD67-36
Horsfall, W. R.
MD56-7
Horton, R. K.
MD68-40
Hower, C. S.
MD53-1
Hsu, C.
MD70-47 MD70-48
Huck, P. M.
MD74-39
Huddleston, R. L.
MD69-89 MD71-96 MD71-97
Hughes, K.
MD48-1 MDA9-1
Hummer, E. D,
MD65-22
Hunt, J. W.
MD65-56
Huston, K. H.
MD55-2
Hutchins, J. C.
MD75-35
Hutnick, R. J,
MD73-1 MD73-18 MD73-22
MD73-25 MD73-71 MD73-78
Hyde, L. W.
MD70-49
Hynes, H. B. N.
MD60-13
Haley, L. C.
MD13-1
Intorre, B. J.
MD74-40
Ivanov, M. V.
MD63-13
Jackson, D., Jr.
MD63-9
James, H. M.
MD50-2
Janeczek, W. A.
MD72-35
Janiak, H.
MD75-17 MD75-18
Janus, Z. L
KD63-10
Jasinski, R.
MD70-110 MD72-23 MD72-36
Jaworskl, N. A.
MD69-1
Jefferson, L. R.
MD67-60 MD67-61 MD68-79
MD68-80
Jencks, E. M.
MD71-48 MD71-71 MD72-27
Jenkins, C. R.
MD69-42 MD71-98
Jenkins, H. E.
MD50-2
Jennings, L. D.
MD69-11
Jensen, I. B.
MD76-16
Johnson, A. N.
MD72-77
-------
227.
Johnson, C. J.
Kennedy, J. L.
HB63-11
MP73-37 MD74-87
MD76-24
Johnson, E. A.
Ketiyon, W. G.
MD65-24
MD65-S6
Jotmson, L. H.
KeyeB, D, B.
MB46-9 MB47-1
MD48-2
MD33-2
Jones, D. C,
Khoury, S. G,
TO66-21 tH)66-22
KD67-37
MD74-41
MD67-38 MM8-36
HD70-52
Kim, A. G.
Jones, E. B.
KD68-39
MD66-17 MD67-24
Kimmel, W, G.
Jones, P.
MD73-15
MD61-10
King, D. "L.
Jones, J. B.
MD73-38 MD74-42
MD69-43
Kinney, E. C.
Jones, W- G,
WD64-8
MD63-12
Kin&el, N. A,
Joseph, J. M.
MD56-8 MD59-9
MD60-14
MD52-7 MD53-S
Klashman, L. M.
Jukkola, V, H.
MD62-19
MP68-37 MD68-99
Klein, W. L.
ME6B-40
K&dner, M.
Klisae, W. L.
MW1-11
MD61-4
Kaelir,, D. t.
Klingensinlch, R, S.
MD72-43
MD62-19 ME76-ifi
Kao, D. X. V.
Koehler, W. A.
MD76-17
MD46-5 MD46-6
MD46-7
Kaplan, B. B.
MD46-8 MD47-3
MD47-4
MD32-2
MD48-4 MD48-7
MD49-7
Kaplan, X. R.
MD50-18 MD50-19
MD54-20
KD60-1
Koehrsen, L. G.
Kaplan, M.
MB66-3 MD69-45
MD70-53-
MD70-106
Kopp, J. P.
Kaplan, R. A.
HD67-39
MD66-18 WD67-28
Koppe, E, F,
Kardoa, L. T.
KD72-37
MD74-5
Koaowsfci, Z. V.
Kaxkaria, N. J.
MD68-41 MD71-13
KU71-97
MD6B-3S
MD72-38 KD73-39
Karnavas, J. A.
Koetenbader, P. D.
1® 71-56
MD70-38 MD73-40
Katz, K.
Koza, T. A.
MD69-44
MD73-11
Kaup, E. G.
Kralovic, R. C.
MD74-40
MD69-46
Keighton, W. B,
Krause, R. R.
MD69-53
MD72-39
fteilin, B.
Kremen, S. S.
HD70-110
KD70-54 MD70-55
MD71-81
Keller, E. C., Jr.
KD7 3-41
KD72-35 MD72-69
HD73-3f«
KreuBch, I. G-
Keller, E. C., Ill
MD72-33
MD72-35
Xrlckovlc, S.
Kemp, H, A,
MD65-25 MD65-26
MD66-23
MD50-12
MD7D-72
Kennedy, A. S.
Krlager, R.. A»
MD73-17
MM 9-4 7
Kennedy, D. 0.
Kroner, R. C.
MD50-2 MD51-1
MD53-1
MD67-39
KD55-2 MD56-1
Kuchareki, J.
MD74-39
-------
228.
Kunln, R.
Lemezls, S.
MD67-49 MD71-5A
MD74-43
MD65-28
MD70-63
MD72-44
Kupiec, A, R,
Lerch, 0. H.
MD68-42
MD72-40
Kuznetsov, S. I.
Le8cineky, J.
B.
MD63-13
MD68-5
Kyle, G. E.
Lesser, H. H.
MD74-44
MD50-13
MD53-1
MD55-3
Kynor, H. D.
HD55-4
MD50-2 MD50-3
MD55-3
Lessig, H.
MD55-4
MD71-71
Letter, J. E.
, Jr.
Labuy, J. L.
MD65-8
MD70-56
Leuthart, C.
Lachraan, R. I.
MD74-76
MD65-29 MD70-57
Lewis, U. M,
Lackey, J. B.
MD54-16
MD56-9
MD38-6
Liblcki, J.
Ladish, D. J.
MD75-19
MD68-34 MD68-35
MD68-48
Light, B. A,
Lamar, W. L.
MD75-20
MD51-6
Light, E.
Lamb, J. C.
MD75-21
MD69-48
Lind, 0. T.
Landesman, J.
MD64-4
MD65-8
MD69-17
MD67-23
MD70-60
Langmuir, D.
Link, H. B.
MD74-27
MD50-2
MD53-2
MD54-2
Larez, A. L.
Lisanti, A. F
MD70-58
MD72-41
LaRosa, P. J.
Lombardo, J.
L.
MD71-56 MD71-57
MD73-42
Larson, J. S.
Long, B. W.
MD70-73
MD69-16
MD69-50
MD72-12
Latham, R.
Lorenz, W. C.
MD62-14
MD62-15
MD63-14
KD66-24
Latz, H.
MD67-41
MD67-42
MD67-62
MD71-71
MD68-82
Lau, C. M.
Lounsbury, R.
E.
MD70-59
MD73-43
Lawrence, W. F.
Love, L. R.
MD73-2
MD69-51
Lawson, A. E.
Lovell, H. L.
MD68-43
MD65-29
MD65-37
MD66-17
Leathen, W. W.
MD66-37
MD67-24
MD69-77
MD51-7 HD52-8
MD53-9
MD70-57
MD70-61
MD71-58
MD53-10 MD54-15
MD55-8
MD71-59
MD71-86
MD72-42
MD56-8 MD59-10
MD72-43
MD73-44
MD73-45
Le Clair, B. P.
MD74-45
MD74-46
MD74-39
Lovry, G. L.
Lee, C.
MD62-16
HD51-5
Loy, L. D., Jr.
Lee, G. F.
MD74-47
MD74-48
MD76-19
MD61-19
Lucas, J. R.
Lee, J» C» H., Jr*
MD60-15
MD61-9
MD63-7
MD65-27
Lue-Hing, C.
Leiste, C.
MD74-65
MD54-18
Lundgren, D. I
S.
Leltch, R. D.
MD59-12
MD59-13
MD65-30
MD28-1 MD28-2
MD30-4
MD69-52
MD70-106
MD71-60
MD30-5 MD31-4
MD31-5
Lyalikova, N.
N.
MD31-6 MD32-3
MD32-4
MD63-13
MD35-1 MD38-7
HD40-1
-------
Lyon, W. A.
MD66-25 MD68-44 MD71-61
Lyons, A. E., Jr.
MD76-17
Lyons, E. W.
MD34-4 MD35-3
-------
Mac, See also Mc
Mackenthun, K. M.
MD63-24
Mackey, H. E., Jr.
MD73-46
MacMillan, C. B.
MD68-25 MD69-83
MD70-25
Madison, K. M,
MD49-4 MD50-14
Maize, R.
MD52-9
Malone, R. D.
MD75-7
Manahan, S.
MD74-32
Maneval, D. R.
MB65-31 MD65-32
MD65-33
MD66-25 MD66-26
MD67-13
MD67-43 MD68-14
MD68-15
MD68-45 MD70-62
MD70-63
MD71-35 MD72-40
MD72-41
MD72-44 MD72-90
MD72-91
MD75-22 MD76-11
Manning, H. L.
MD72-45 MD74-50
Manowitz, B.
MD67-60 MD67-61
MD63-79
MD68-80
Mapstone, G. E.
MD54-17
Marchello, J. M.
MD66-41
Martin, E. J.
MD68-46
Martin, J. F.
MD72-32 MD74-49
Mason, D, G.
MD70-64 MD72-47
MD72-87
Mason, R. H.
MD72-46
Mason, W. T., Jr.
MD75-23
Massey, H. F.
MD72-48 MD74-50
Matis, J. R.
MD74-20
Matthews, N. J.
MD70-116
Maupin, J. K.
MD54-18
Mausteller, J, W.
MD68-68 MD70-92
Maxwell, B. W.
MD62-17
Mc, See also Mac
McArthur, G. M.
MD70-65
McCarren, E. F.
MD61-12 MD64-9
MD67-44
MD69-53
McCarthy, R. E.
MD73-47 MD73-48
230.
McCoy, B.
MD68-25 MD68-47
McDermott, J. J.
MD76-23
McDonald, D. G.
MD74-51
McDonnell, A. J.
MD74-60 MD74-61
McElroy, D. L.
MD43-1
McGee, E. I.
MD53-11
McGlothlin, C. W.
MD68-35 MD68-48
Mclntyre, L. D.
MD53-10
McKenzie, S. W.
MD73-35
McLean, D. C.
MD66-47 MD68-49 MD71-86
MD73-32
McMillan, B. G.
MD75-24
McNay, L. M.
MD70-66
McPhilliaicy, S. C.
MD73-49
McWhorter, D. B.
MD74-52 MD75-25
MentE, J. W.
MD75-26
Merkel, P. P.
MD46-4
Merkel, R. H.
MD72-49
Merritt, G. L.
MD69-27 MD70-67 MD72-50
Michaels, H. J.
MD71-57
Mlhok, E. A.
MD67-21 MD68-50 MD68-51
MD68-52 MD69-54 MD70-68
MD70-69 MD70-70 MD71-34
MD72-51
Miller, J. P.
MD74-70
Miller, J. T.
MD74-53
Miller, P. S.
MD51-1 MD55-2 MD55-3
MD55-4 MD56-1 MD57-2
Mills, T. R.
MD76-20
Mlrmick, L. J.
MD73-53
Miorin, A. F.
MD76-18
Mitchell, R.
MD72-80 MD72-81 MD75-45
Moebs, N. N.
MD66-29 KD68-54 MD70-72
MD72-51 MD72-53
-------
Montgomery, H. B.
MD72-40
Moomau, H. F.
MD74-20
Moore, D.
MD60-1
Moore, J. A.
MD70-73 MD71-25
Moore, S. L.
MD67-69
Moore, T. L.
MD69-56
Morgan, L. S.
MD31-7 MD42-2 MD53-12
MD62-19
Morgan, P. V.
MD66-43
Morth, A. H.
MD66-30 MD70-74 MD71-66
MD72-54 MD72-55
Moss, E. A.
MD71-67 MD73-3
Moulton, E. Q.
MD57-10 MD60-7
Moyer, F. T.
MD62-11
Mukherjee, K. P.
MD67-30
Mull, D. S.
MD68-57
Musser, J. J.
MD63-15 MD65-34 MD70-17
Nash, H. D.
MD68-97
Nawrocki, M. A.
MD75-27 MD75-28
Nebgen, J. W.
MD76-21
Keff, R. E.
MD70-86
Nehman, G. I,
MD69-91
Nelson, H. W.
MD33-2
NelBon, W. L.
MD52-10
Nesbltt, J. B.
MD72-60 MD74-62
Newton, R.
MD34-3
Nichols, L. E., Jr.
MD73-54
NickerBon, F. H.
MD70-76
Nlehaus, E. J.
MD36-2
Noone, W. H.
MD63-16
Nuhfer, E. B.
MD67-18
231.
Nusbaum, I.
MD68-67 MD70-54 MD72-56
O'Brien, W. S.
MD72-57 MD74-56
O'Connor, J. T.
MD65-35
Ogg, C. W.
MD74-42
Olem, H.
MD75-29 MD76-22
Olive, J. H.
MD69-24
Olsen, D.
MD70-23
Olsen, R. D.
MD76-12
O'Melia, C. R.
MD69-57
Orford, H. E.
MD56-5
Osman, M. A.
MD70-78
Overbey, W. K., Jr.
MD73-56
Page, B. W.
MD72-58
Pagenkopf, G. K.
MD75-44
Palmer, R. N.
MD75-23
Palowitch, E. R.
MD67-47
Papier, D.
MD71-71
Pappano, A. W.
MD74-8 MD74-9 MD76-3
Parizek, R. R.
MD66-17 MD67-11 MD67-24
MD71-21 MD71-69 MD72-59
Parks, C. F.
MD74-58
ParBons, J. D.
MD55-10 MD56-11 MD57-12
MD64-11 MD68-60
Parsons, W. A.
MD56-5
Parton, W. J.
MD47-6
Paeh, E. A.
MD69-59 MD70-79
Patten, R. T.
MD74-79 MD75-40
Patterson, J. A.
MD58-6
Patterson, R. M.
MD74-59
Paul, J. W.
MD35-2
Payne, D. A.
MD70-80
-------
Pearson, F. H.
Randies, C. 1.
MD72-60 MD74-60
MD74-61
MD61-9 MD63-7
MD74-62
MD68-25 MD68-89
Peeler, C. E., Jr.
MD69-84
MD63-18
Rapp, J. R.
Pegg, W. J.
MD75-7
MD68-61
Ratliff, W. C.
Felczarski, E. A.
MD22-1
MD71-56
Ream, V. H.
Pennington, D.
MD69-63 MD70-85
MD75-30
Reese, R. D.
Penrose, R. G., Jr.
MD65-29 MD65-37
MD73-57 MD74-63
MD70-86
Peters, C.
Reid, G. W.
MD54-16 MD56-9
MD72-64
Peterson, J. R.
Reilly, J. D.
MD72-61 MD74-65
MD65-38
Petrus, C. A.
Reilly, T. L.
MD76-4
MD69-64
Pfister, R. M.
Reinhold, R. H.
MD70-25
MD69-65
Phillips, H. W.
Remson, I.
MD67-18 MD74-64
MD65-39
Phillips, N. P.
Renton, J. J.
MD74-66
MD73-62
Pickering, R. J.
Reppert, R. T.
MD68-57 MD70-17
MD64-13
Pietz, R. I.
Rhodes, J. C.
MD74-65
MD67-52
Plass, W. T.
Rhodes, R. L.
MD74-85 MD75-31
MD75-32
MD63-4
Podgorski, E. J.
Ricca, V. T.
MD47-1
MD70-36 MD73-63
Pollio, F.
Rice, J. K.
MD67-49
MD70-87 MD70-88
Porges, R.
Rice, P. A.
MD66-36
KD70-48 MD71-76
Powell, R. W.
Richards, J. M,
MD72-62
MD63-8
Power, G.
Richardson, B. Z.
MD72-25
MD76-13
Preissler, G.
Richardson, K. L., Jr
MD57-13
MD69-92
Pruzansky, J.
Ridley, C. N.
MD67-60 MD67-61
MD68-79
MD29-1
MD68-80 MD70-100
Riedinger, A. B.
Pudlo, G. H.
MD69-67 MD70-54
MD70-81
Riley, C. V.
Pyle, G. R.
MD60-11 MD60-19
MD34-1
MD65-41 MD67-53
Rimple, R.
Qasim, S. R.
MD70-45 MD70-89
MD69-91 MD70-82
MD72-14
Rinne, W. W.
MD66-39 MD70-23
Rabolini, F.
Rinnier, J. A.
MD71-76 MD72-65
MD72-66
Raleigh, W, A., Jr.
Robins, J. 0.
MD58-7 MD60-18
MD71-78 MD72-92
Ramsey, J. P.
MD73-65 ML73-83
MD69-61 MD70-83
MD71-13
Roe, A. V.
MD67-54
MD65-54
MD69-83
MD66-37
MD74-68
MD72-65
MD70-55
MD62-20
MD72-66
MD73-64
MD75-35
-------
Roetman, E. T.
MD47-7
Rogers, D. T., Jr.
MD72-16 MD74-19
Rogers, T. 0.
MD64-16 MD66-40
Rogoff, M. H.
MD60-20 MD61-18
Romberger, S. B.
MD68-3
Romischer, W. M,
HD47-1 MD48-1 MD49-1
MD5Q-2 MD54-2 MD55-3
MD55-4
Rose, A. W.
MD76-10
Rose, J. L.
MD70-90
Rosella, J. J.
MD55-2
Rotromel, A. L.
MD74-4
Rozance, J. L.
MD59-5
Rozelle, R. B.
MD65-43 MD68-65 MD68-66
MD74-69 KD75-36
Rubelmann, R. J.
MD63-22 MD64-14
Rudolfs, W.
MD37-S MD53-6
Ruggerl, S.
MD69-43
Runmel, W.
MD57-14 MD57-15 MD57-16
Rusnak, A.
MD68-67
Rutmann, R. A.
MD61-17
Rutachky, C. W., Ill
MD72-83
Ryder, P. D.
MD72-26 MD73-34 MD74-29
Saliunas, J. R.
MD76-18
Salotto, B. V.
MD67-55
Sanmarful, I. de C.
MD69-68
Sasmojo, S.
MD69-69
Sawyer, L. E.
MD62-19
Sayers, R. R.
MD30-5 MD32-4
Schad, J. A.
MD76-4
Schaefer, M. L.
MD62-19
Schmelz, D. V.
MD72-9
233.
Schmidt, K.
MD72-34
Schnaitman, C. A.
MD65-30
Schneider, W. J.
MD67-65
Schroeder, M. E.
MD51-6
Schroeder, W. C.
MD66-41
Scott, R. B.
MD70-91 MD70-115 MD71-53
MD71-79 MD72-67 MD72-88
MD73-66 MD74-38 MD75-37
Scott, R. L,
MD75-37
Selekof, J. S.
MD73-82
Selmeczi, J. G.
MD68-52 MD69-70 MD72-68
KD74-70
Selvig, W. A.
MD22-1
Sewell, J. M.
MD76-5
Shackelford, J. M.
MD72-58 MD73-67
Shane, R. M,
MD74-72
Shanholtz, V. D.
MD74-35 HD75-13 MD75-14
HD75-32
Shapiro, M. A.
MD66-43 MD72-73 MD75-39
Shaw, J. R.
MD63-23
Shawler, M. E.
MD74-76
Shay, D. E.
MD52-7
Shea, E. P.
MD76-21
Shearer, R. E.
>©65-42 MD67-25 MD68-68
MD69-71 MD70-92
Sheer, D. P.
MD75-23
Shellgren, M,
MD70-93
Sherlock, C. C.
MD18-1
Shotta, R. Q.
MD73-68
Shoupp, W. J.
MD72-35
Shuler, J. H.
MD66-44
Shumate, K. S.
MD68-69 MD68-73 MD69-72
MD70-36 MD70-59 MD70-74
MD70-96 MD70-97 MD71-71
MD71-83 MD72-53 MD73-72
-------
234.
Sidio, A. D.
MD63-24
Silverman, M. P.
MD59-12 MD59-13
MD60-20
MD61-18 MD67-56
Simmler, J. J.
MD73-38 MD74-42
Simpson, D. G.
MD65-43 MD68-66
Singer, P. C,
MD68-70 MD69-73
MD69-74
MD70-94 MD70-97
Singh, R. N.
MD71-48 MD71-71
MD72-27
Skelly, J. F.
MD70-78
Skinner, W. F.
MD72-69
Skogerboe, G. V.
MD74-52 MD75-25
Skogerboe, R. K,
MD74-52 MD75-25
Slack, K. V.
MD65-44
Sleigh, J. H., Jr.
MD70-55 MD71-81
MD72-56
Sloughfy, J. L.
MD68-71
Smirnov, V. V.
MD63-25
Smith, E. E.
MD61-9 MD63-7
MD66-30
MD66-45 MD67-57
HD68-69
MD68-72 MD68-73
MD69-72
MD69-75 MD70-59
MD70-74
MD70-96 MD70-97
MD71-83
MD72-54 MD72-55
Smith, E. J.
MD72-73 MD72-74
MD75-39
Smith, G. C.
MD70-98
Smith, G, E.
MD68-74
Smith, G. N.
MD68-75
Smith, J. H., III
MD72-70
Smith, M. J.
MD74-74
Smith, R. M.
MD71-48 MD71-71
MD72-27
MD74-75
Smith, R. W.
MD71-82
Snavely, C. A.
MD54-11
Snow, R. D.
MD33-2
Snyder, R. H.
MD47-8
Sobek, A.
MD74-75
Sotak, H. J.
MD68-76
Spaulding, W. M.
MD68-7
Spencer, H. T.
MD74-76
Splnola, A. A.
MD70-99
Spokes, E. M.
MD52-12
Sprague, B. E.
MD74-77
Stacey, G.
MD72-14
Stauffer, T. E.
MD69-77
Stefanko, R.
MD65-47 MD65-48 MD66-17
MD66-50 MD67-24 MD67-58
MD67-59 MD69-78
Steinberg, M.
MD67-60 MD67-61 MD68-79
MD68-80 MD70-100
Steinman, H. E.
MD60-21 MD60-22 MD66-46
MD67-71 MD68-37 MD68-81
MD70-23 MD70-98
Stephan, R. W.
MD67-41 MD67-42 MD67-62
MD68-82
Sternberg, Y. M.
MD68-83
Sterner, C. J.
MD68-84
Stevenson, W. L.
MD32-5
Stickney, R. R.
MD72-71
Stoddard, C. K.
MD73-70
Stoyer, C. H.
MD73-33
Stratakis, N.
MD69-10
Streebin, L, E.
MD72-64
Streeter, R. C., HI
MD66-47 MD70-101 MD71-85
MD71-86 MD71-87
Streib, D. L.
MD73-62
Striffler, W. D.
MD73-71
Struthers, P. H.
MD64-15 MD65-49 MD65-50
MD67-64 MD68-92
Stuart, W. T.
MD64-2 MD67-65
Stumm, W.
MD61-19 MD65-51 MD68-70
MD69-73 MD69-74 MD70-94
MD70-97
-------
Stumm-Zollinger, E.
MD72-72
Stump, J. L.
MD70-116
Subrahmanyara, D. V.
MD75-38
Sullivan, 6. D.
MD67-66
Sutton, P.
MD73-77
Svanks, K.
MD68-73 MD69-75
MD73-72
Swain, H. A., Jr.
MD74-69 MD75-36
Sykora, J. L.
MD72-73 MD72-74
MD75-39
Synak, M.
MD72-73 MD72-74
MD75-39
Szostak, R. M.
MD74-40
Tabita, F. R.
MD69-52 MD70-106
Tackett, S. L.
MD72-75
Tarpley, E. C.
MD63-14 MD65-53
Tarr, E. G.
MD68-29 MD72-59
Tarter, D. C.
MD72-89
Taylor, R. S.
MD73-82
Temroel, F. M.
MD71-88 MD73-73
Temple, K. L.
MD48-7 MD49-6
MD49-7
MD50-6 MD50-17
MD50-18
MD50-19 MD51-9
MD51-10
MD51-11 MD51-12
MD51-13
MD52-13 MD52-14
MD52-15
MD54-20
Terkeltoub, R. W.
MD71-89
Testin, R. F.
MD70-82
Thames, J. L.
MD74-79 MD75-40
Thomas, G. E., Jr.
MD76-3
Thomas, N. 0.
MD69-47
Thompson, D. R.
MD68-27 MD68-87
MD69-81
MD72-37 MD74-53
Thompson, F. C.
MD75-41
Thompson, M. E.
MD60-9
Thrope, J. S.
MD69-82
235.
Tilton, J. G.
MD65-48 MD67-58 MD67-59
Tlsdale, E. S.
MD34-4 MD35-3 MD36-6
Tolliver, W. E.
MD67-55
Tolsma, J.
MD72-77
Tracy, L. D.
MD21-1
Trainer, F. W.
MD75-42
Travers, J. T.
MD28-3
Trax, E. C.
MD10-2 MD16-2 MD33-3
MD34-5
Treharne, R. W.
MD74-80
Troy, J. C.
MD71-78
Truby, R. L.
MD70-55
Tschantz, B. A.
MD73-74
Turcotte, J. A.
MD69-56
Tuttle, J. H.
MD68-25 MD68-89 MD69-83
MD69-84
Tybout, R. A.
MD66-48 MD68-90 MD68-91
Udall, S. L.
MD66-49
Uhler, K, A.
MD69-86
Unz, R. F.
MD75-29 MD76-22
Valentine, M.
MD76-21
van Breemen, N.
MD73-75
Van Den Berg, L. A.
MD66-36
van Steenderen, R. A,
MD62-13
Van Voast, W. A.
MD74-81 MD75-44 MD76-23
Vander Horst, J. M. A.
MD71-92 MD73-76
Vimmerstedt, J. P.
MD65-50 MD68-92 MD73-77
Vinikour, W. S.
MD76-12
Vir Kathuria, D.
MD75-28
Volkmar, R. D.
MD72-78
Vonder Linden, K.
MD65-47 MD65-48 MD66-50
MD67-58 MD67-59
-------
Wagner, C. C.
MD73-15
Wagner, R. H.
MD72-79
Walden, C. C.
MD67-23
Walitt, A.
MD70-110
Walker, J. G.
MD65-54
Walsh, F. M.
MD70-111 MD72-80 MD72-81
MD75-45
Ward, P. E,
MD67-27 MD68-93 MD68-94
Warg, J. B.
MD75-26
Wark, J. W.
MD61-12 MD67-27
Warner, R. W.
MD71-93 MD73-78
Watklns, F. A., Jr.
MD75-42
Watson, K. S.
MD47-7 MD50-20
Wayman, C. H.
MD69-88
Weatherman, D. F.
MD76-21
Weaver, R. H.
MD68-97
Webster, W. C.
MD73-53
Wedeklnd, C.
MD56-13
Wedeklnd, C.-L.
MD56-13
Weed, C. E.
MD72-83
Weigle, W. K.
MD66-51
Wells, J. R.
MD54-18
Wells, R. M.
MD74-64
Wen, C. -Y.
MD74-56
Wender, I.
MD60-20 MD61-18
Wentz, D. A.
MD74-83
Wentzler, T. H.
HD72-84
Wenzel, R. W.
MD68-98
Werner, R. H.
MD75-46
Wernham, J. A.
MD68-49
West, Col. E. C.
MD72-85
236.
Westfield, J.
MD46-2 MD46-3
MD47-1
MD48-1 MD48-2
MD49-1
Whalte, R. H.
MD52-1 MD53-3
MD62-11
Wheeler, W.
MD62-19
Whetstone, G. W.
MD63-26 MD65-55
Whirl, S. F.
MD69-51
White, J. R.
MD74-85
Whitesell, L. B., Jr.
MD69-89 MD71-96
MD71-97
Whitfield, E. J.
MD69-90
Whitley, J. R.
MD66-7 MD70-13
MD70-117
Whitman, I. L.
MD69-91 MD70-82
Wieserman, L. F,
MD72-75
Wilbar, C. L., Jr.
MD63-27
Williams, N. E.
MD60-11
Wilmoth, B. M.
MD67-27 MD68-93
MD68-94
Wilmoth, R. C.
MD70-44 MD70-91
MD70-114
MD70-115 MD71-52
MD71-53
MD72-86 MD72-87
MD72-88
MD73-80 MD73-81
MD74-38
MD74-86 HD74-87
MD76-14
MD76-24
Wilshire, A. G.
MD68-2 MD70-6
MD70-7
MD70-8 MD70-9
MD73-7
Wilson, H. A.
MD64-16 MD66-40
MD69-46
MD69-92 MD71-28
MD71-48
MD75-41
Wilson, L. W.
MD70-116
Wiram, V. P.
MD74-88
Withrow, J. R.
MD38-4
Witt, A., Jr.
MD70-117
Wood, C. D.
KD70-78
Wood, C. R.
MD68-5
Woodley, J. N. L.
MD60-25
Woodley, R. A.
MD67-69
Wood rum, J. E.
MD72-89
-------
Wright, B.
MD58-11
Wright, D. E.
MD74-80
Yant, W. P.
MD28-2 MD30-4 MD30-5
MD32-4
Yeatea, T, E.
MD70-80
Yeh, S. -J.
MD71-98
Yen, A. P. -I.
MD69-94
Yocum, H.
MD74-51
Young, C. H.
MD40-2
Young, C. M.
MD16-3 MD21-2
Young, E. F., Jr.
MD67-71 MD68-37 MD68-99
MD70-98
Young, G. K.
MD67-70 MD73-82
Young, R. K.
MD71-87
Youngstrom, M. P.
MD76-1
Zabban, W.
MD69-90 MD72-41 MD72-90
MD72-91
Zaval, F. J.
MD72-92 MD73-83 MD74-89
Zawadzkl, E. A.
MD67-72 MD67-73 MD68-100
Zlmmerer, R. P.
MD70-92
Zimmerman, R. E.
MD73-17
Zurbuch, P. E.
MD63-28
-------
238,
GENERAL INDEX
Abatement methods and programs (See also Backfilling; Barnes & Tucker Company;
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.; Cherry Creek, Maryland; Cost-benefit analysis;
Daylighting; Deep-well injection; Dents Run Project; Down-dip mining; Elkins
Demonstration Project; Flood prevention projects; Health, Education and Welfare,
Department of; Humphrey Project; Lost Creek, Maryland; Mine sealing; Mines,
Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior; Monongahela River Basin; Moraine
State Park; National Symposium on the Control of Coal Mine Drainage; Peabody
Coal Company; Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources; Pennsylvania
Department of Mines and Mineral Industries; Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board;
Plugging permeable materials; Pressurizing deep mines; Prevention of mine drain-
age formation; Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, CIAC case histo-
ries; Ohio surface mined lands; Refuse piles; Settler's Cabin Park; Sheban Proj-
ect; Treatment methods; Water handling)
costs
MD73-5
criteria for development of programs
MD75-35
demonstration projects, U.S. Government
MD69-34 MD71-49
Indiana mining
MD67-69
Pennsylvania mining
MD76-18
priority determination
MD72-63
research programs
MD63-7
review
MD62-3 MD62-19 MD64-5 MD65-5 MD66-27 MD67-64
MD69-28 MD69-88 MD70-41 MD70-116 MD71-71 MD73-30
MD73-60 MD74-48 MD75-15
state of the art
MD60-7 MD74-47
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
MD74-73
Acid mine drainage (See also Abatement; Acid mine drainage survey; Analysis of mine
water; Drainage from—; Germany, East, lignite mines; Industrial water use;
Intermittent acid flows; Maryland mine discharges; McDaniels Mine; Mine discharge
quality; Ohio surface mined lands; Public water supply; Surface mine drainage)
classification
MD61-5
composition and flow
MD23-1
MD27-1
KD54-6
control
MD52-4
review
MD30-1
MD34-5
MD42-2
MD43-1
MD47-5
MD53-4
MD53-5
MD53-6
MD53-12
MD54-3
MD55-7
MD57-7
MD58-3
MD58-10
MD59-6
MD60-24
MD61-8
MD61-9
MD62-1
MD65-3
MD65-15
MD65-17
MD65-18
MD65-20
MD65-46
MD66-6
MD66-26
MD66-36
MD67-19
MD67-62
MD69-14
KD69-33
MD69-76
MD71-1
MD72-2
MD72-31
MD73-45
MD73-67
MD74-3
West Virginia
MD58-8 MD58-11
Acid mine drainage effects; See Augmented flow; Beaver; Biological effects; Corro-
sion; Federal water projects; Fish; Flood plain soils, western Kentucky; Ground
water; Indian Creek, Pennsylvania; Industrial development; Industrial water UBe;
Insulation for electrical conductors; Macro-invertebrate community structure;
Modeling the mining operation; names of rivera, streams, and lakes; Natural
-------
239.
Acid mine drainage effects (continued)
beneficiation; Plants irrigated with mine drainage water; Public water supplies;
Recreational use of water; Sewage and—; Sulfate concentration; Surface mining
effects.
Acid mine drainage formation (See also Bacteria in mine drainage; Ground water geo-
chemistry; Modeling acid mine water systems; Prevention of mine drainage forma-
tion; Pyrite oxidation; Stratigraphy; Weathering)
MD16-3 MD33-2 MD38-1 MD45-2 MD46-5 MD46-6 MD47-4
MD50-5 MD50-17 MD50-19 MD51-2 MD52-15 MD54-4 MD54-10
MD60-1 MD68-13 MD69-40
atmosphere in mines
MD46-7
chemistry
MD68-3
effect of ferric sulfate on
MD52-13
overburden materials, clay minerals
MD74-4
overburden materials in Ohio surface mines
MD60-19
in West Virginia characterized
MD74-75
potential of West Virginia coal seams
MD73-62
prediction, West Virginia
MD73-56
sulfide to sulfate reaction
MD66-30
sulfur balls
MD47-3
sulfur forms in coal
MD75-24
Acid mine drainage survey (See also Biological Survey; Drainage—)
MD64-8
Maryland
MD64-14
Ohio
MD57-10
Pennsylvania
MD28-1
Acid mine drainage use; See Boiler feed water; Irrigation; Public water supply;
Washery water
Acid resistant pipe (See also Water handling, fiberglass/epoxy pipe)
MD38-7
Acid tolerance; See Brown bullhead; Trout
Acid toxicity to fish (See also Fish)
MD56-9 MD68-61
Acidity in rivers, streams and lakes; See under Surface mine lakes; names of rivers
and streams
Ackenhell & Associates, Inc.
MD70-16
Ackenhell & Associates Geo Systems, Inc.
MD73-28
Activated carbon; See Iron oxidation
Air and Water Programs, Office of, U.S. EPA
MD73-50 MD73-60
Alabama Geological Survey
MD70-49 MD72-16
Alabama, University of
Department of Biology
MD74-19
-------
240.
Alabama, University of (continued)
Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering
MD73-68
Alder Run, Pennsylvania
MD70-5
Alderfly
MD72-89
Algae (See also Chlorella vulgaris)
MD69-9 MD73-13 MD73-36
Alkaline drainage
HD71-17 MD71-60 MD75-9
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corporation
MD69-82
Allegheny River, New York, Pennsylvania (See also Augmented flow)
MD31-1 MD31-2 MD66-43 MD68-86 MD74-72
sewage in
MD50-14
trace elements in
MD67-39
and tributaries
MD67-44
Allied Chemical Corporation, Semet-Solvay Division
MD63-16
Aloe Coal Company, Imperial, Pennsylvania
automatic lime feeder
MD66-2
Alumina-lime-soda process
MD76-21
Aluminum (See also Acid mine drainage formation, overburden materials, clay min-
erals', Analysis of mine water; Surface mine lakes)
MD73-75
effect on iron oxidation
MD69-77
Ambionics, Inc.
MD74-67
American Cyanamid Company
MD7O-06
American Standards Association, recommended practice for drainage of coal mines
MD57-1
Analysis of mine water (See also Iron analysis; Lower Kittanning Coal Bed; Sampling
procedures; Trace elements; Upper Freeport Coal; See also under names of coal
companies)
MD23-2 MD46-5 MD66-11
determination of acidity
MD57-3 MD67-55
effect of iron and aluminum on
ME22-1
effect of magnesium on
MD7G-80
determination of iron, manganese, aluminum, calcium
KD67-26
laboratory methods
MD54-5 MD60-10
rapid field method
MD46-B
suspended solids, inaccuracy of turbidity measurements of neutralized mine
water
MD68-21
Analysis of public water supply with mine drainage pollution
MB34-1 MD34-3
Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa
Mil 7 4-10
-------
241.
Anthracite coal region (See also Backfilling; Corrosion, pump materials; Drainage
from coal seams; Flood prevention projects; Flooding in—; Schuylkill River;
Silt from coal mining; Subsidence; Surface-water seepage; Swatara Creek)
acid mine drainage studies
MD48-2 MD64-2
geochemistry
MD65-1
quality and quantity of drainage
MD51-1
review of water problems
MD57-5
water movement
MD75-43
Anthracite Research and Development Company, Inc.
MD69-62 MD70-84
Appalachia (See also Appalachian Regional Commission; Appalachian rivers and
streams; Appalachian Water Research Survey; Mines, Bureau of, Area I Mineral
Resource Office; also under names of rivers and streams in Appalachia)
financing abatement costs
MD72-14
mine drainage pollution
MD32-1
surface mine hydrology
MD67-20
Appalachian Regional Commission, U.S. Government
MD66-49 MD68-100 MD72-40 MD72-63 MD73-5 MD73-24 MD73-27
MD73-28 MD73-58 MD74-13 MD74-16 MD74-18 MD74-73 MD74-78
MD74-82 MD75-7 MD75-34 MD76-11
comprehensive mine drainage report
MD69-2 MD69-28 MD69-39 MD69-40 MD69-44 MD69-55 MD69-91
Appalachian rivers and streams
MD65-34 MD66-5 MD67-63 MD69-79
biological survey
MD73-78
Appalachian Water Research Survey
MD65-27
Applied Science Laboratories, Inc.
MD71-74
Aqua-Ion Corporation
MD72-58
Aquatic plants
Eleocharis acicularis, for acid stream recovery
MD72-79 MD74-66
in Monongahela River
MD71-25
survey of Cheat Lake, W. Va.
MD72-8
Argonne National Laboratory
MD73-17 MD76-12
Arizona, University of, School of Renewable Natural Resources
MD74-79 MD75-40
Army Corps of Engineers; See CorpB of Engineers, U.S. Army
Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. Government (See also Brookhaven National Laboratory)
MD70-100
Aufwucha
MD72-71
Auger mining, drainage from
MD69-10
Augmented flow
MD36-3 MD42-3 MD57-9 MD67-70
-------
242.
Augmented flow (continued)
mine drainage effects on reservoirs for
MD67-2
Allegheny River
MD69-64
Australia; See Chain Valley Colliery
Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories Ltd.
MD72-4
Ayrshire Collieries Corporation
MD65-12
Chirtoofc Mine, Xnd.
MD68-43
Babb Creek, Pennsylvania
MD76-10
Backfilling (See also Mine sealing)
MD74-59
anthracite mines
MD46-2
Bacteria in mine drainage (See also Bacterial treatment; Pyrite oxidation; Refuse
piles; Rotating biological contactors; Surface mine lakes, effect of bacteria
on recovery of)
MD46-7 MD47-2 MD47-4 MD48-4 MD49-6 MD50-18 MD51-7
MD51-11 MD51-12 MD52-8 MD52-13 MD52-14 KD53-9 MD53-10
MD54-20 MD68-25 MD74-74
acid streamers
MD70-25
acidophilic strains M-l and M-2
MD72-45
inhibited by antibacterial agents
MD68-68 MD69-71
by Caulobacter
MD70-6
by Caulobacter and by antibiotics
MD70-92
by high iron concentration
MD75-45
by phage
MD65-42 MD67-25
by quaternary ammonium compounds, lack of oxygen and pH
MD56-2
iron oxidizing
MD50-6 MD51-9 MD51-10 MD54-15 MD59-12 MD59-13 MD65-30
MD69-52
iron oxidizing characterized
MD56-8
iron and sulfur oxidizing bacterium
MD59-9 MD60-14 MD67-23 MD71-60
precursor of Thlobacillus ferrooxidans
MD70-111 KD72-81
review
MD59-10 MD63-13
Russian studies
MD63-25
sulfate reducing
MD66-16 MD69-83
sulfur oxidieing
MD48-7 MD49-7 MD51-13 MD7D-106
studies in acid thiosulfate media
KD55-8
studies with rapid manometrlc technique
MD60-20
-------
243.
Bacteria in mine drainage (continued)
studies with Warburg technique
MD61-18
Bacteria in mine drainage streams (See also Sewage in mine drainage streams)
sulfur and iron oxidizing
MD68-89
survey of viable organisms
MD53-8
vitamin synthesis
MD69-92
Bacterial treatment of mine drainage (See also Bacteria in mine drainage, inhibited
by—; Limestone neutralization, with bacterial oxidation of iron; Rotating bio-
logical contactor)
MD67-29 MD69-89 MD71-4 MD71-96 MD71-97 MD72-43 MD74-45
controlling stalked iron bacterium
MD72-80
polysaccharide adsorption of iron and sulfate
MD70-24
sulfate reducing bacteria (See also Surface mine lakes)
MD69-84 MD70-47 MD70-48 MD71-76 MD72-65
Bacteriophages; See Bacteria in mine drainage, inhibited by-
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.
MD70-2 MD70-20 MD70-21 MD73-5 MD73-10 MD74-7 MD75-7
MD75-37
Baker-Wibberley Associates, Inc.
MD73-51
Bald Eagle Creek, Pennsylvania
MD71-41
Barnes & Tucker Company
MD66-22 MD67-7 MD70-10 MD75-33
abatement programs
MD68-6
Barrett Haentjens and Company, Pittsburgh
MD75-46
Battelle Memorial Institute
MD54-11 MD72-14
Bear Branch Creek, Kentucky
MD69-23 MD71-19 MD73-22
Beaver Creek, Kentucky
MD62-9 MD68-97
Basin
MD63-15 MD70-17
Beaver, effects of mine drainage on
MD70-73
Beaver River, Ohio, Pennsylvania
MD68-86
Beech Creek, Pennsylvania
MD70-71
Belgium
MD63-3 MD66-25 MD67-43
Benthic organisms
MD54-18
Bethlehem Mines Corporation (See alBO Operation Yellowboy)
MD67-22 MD67-37 MD69-78
Bethlehem Steel Corporation
MD67-1 MD67-58 MD68-84 MD70-38 MD71-88 MD72-70 MD73-40
MD73-73
Bibliographies
MD57-10 MD62-15 MD65-2 MD67-42 MD67-62 MD75-1 MD75-6
annual literature reviews
MD67-9 MD68-8 MD69-13 MD70-12 MD71-18 MD72-3 MD73-12
HD74-11 MD75-4
-------
244.
Bibliographies (continued)
neutralization
MD69-32
sludge dewatering
MD71-67
stream fauna
MD57-12
sulfur in coal
MD75-24
surface mining effects
MD72-18
Big Muddy River, Illinois
MD73-17
Big Sandy River, West Virginia
MD67-35 MD68-86
Bingamon Creek, West Virginia
MD70-73
Biological effects of acid mine drainage (See also Algae; Bacteria In mine drainage;
Beaver; Biological surveys; Biota; Recovery from pollution; Sewage—>
MD60-13 MD68-7 MD68-47 MD68-97 MD69-44
acid tolerant microorganisms
MD68-89
ferric hydroxide effect on aquatic animals
MD72-73
Ohio
MD69-24
Biological surveys; See Appalachian rivers and streame; Aquatic plants; Cane Creek;
Fish; Little Sewickley Creek; Monongahela River Basin; North Branch Potomac
River; Obey River; Pound River; Slippery Rock Creek; Tioga River; Youghiogheny
River
Biological treatment; See Bacterial treatment
Biota (See also Alderfly; Algae; Aufwuchs; Biological effects of acid mine drainage;
Macroinvertebrate community structure; Mosquitoes; Plankton)
affected by acid drainage
MD71-93
aquatic food organism
MD73-15
in Missouri streams
MD68-60
in Missouri surface mine lakes
MD42-1
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
MD68-1Q0 MD69-8 MD70-31 MD70-101 MD70-102 MD71-42 MD71-87
MD72-21 MD73-31 MD74-22 MD74-23
Industrial Research Fellowship Mo. 11, West Virginia University
MD45-2 MD46-5 MD46-6 MD46-7 MD46-8 MD47-3 MD47-4
MD48-7 MD49-6 KD49-7 MD50-6 MD50-17 MD50-18 MD50-19
MD51-9 MD51-10 KD51-11 MD51-12 MD51-13 MD52-13 MD52-14
MD52-15 MD54-20
Research programs
MD67-45 MD67-72
Black lick Creek, Pennsylvania
MD31-5
Black Mesa hydrology
MD74-79 MD75-40
Black, Sivalls & Bryson, Inc.
MD71-39 MD71-56 MD71-57
Bloomsburg State College, Pennsylvania
MD70-45 MD70-89
Blue Coal Corporation, Pennsylvania
MD69-12
-------
245.
Boiler feed water
MD16-1 MD17-1
from blended mine water
MD29-1
Brinkerton overflow, Improvement in water quality
MD62-6
Brookhaven National Laboratory
HD67-60 MD67-61 MD68-79 MD68-80 MD70-108
Brown bullhead
acid tolerance
MD74-77
in Monongahela River
MD68-76
Browns Creek, West Virginia
MD70-51 MD73-28
Buchart-Horn Consulting Engineers and Planners
MD69-15
Buffalo Creek, Pennsylvania
MD31-6
Bureau of; See other part of name
Buried valley of the Susquehanna River
MD50-1
Burns and Roe Construction Corporation
MD74-40
Burns and Roe, Inc.
MD70-90
Busseron Creek, Indiana
MD68-16 MD68-17 MD69-5 MD73-1
By-products from mine drainage treatment; See Prussian Blue; Sludge from mine
drainage neutralization
Cahokie Creek, Illinois
MD69-66
Calcium sulfate scaling
MD74-70
Camp Creek, West Virginia
MD72-89
Campaign Clean Water, Charleston, West Virginia
MD75-21
Canada {See also Environment Canada; Kaiser Resources Ltd.)
Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources
MD69-32 MD75-38
Department of Environment, Forestry Service
MD71-38
Cane Creek, Alabama
MD70-49
aquatic community survey
MD72-16 MD74-19
Canterbury Coal Co., Pennsylvania
MD69-6
Captina Creek Basin, Ohio
MD68-85
Carnegie-Mellon University (See also Mellon Institute)
MD68-2 MD70-6 MD70-7 MD70-8 MD70-9 MD71-11 MD74-72
Casselman River, Maryland, Pennsylvania
MD63-24 MD65-21 MD67-36
abatement program
MD73-51 MD73-52 MD74-13
Catalytic, Inc.
MD71-68
Cedar Creek, Missouri
MD55-10 MD56-11 MD68-60
-------
246.
Cements, attacked, by and made with acid mine water
MD40-1
Central Pennsylvania Open Pit Mining Association
MD59-8 MD61-13 MD63-9
Chain Valley Colliery, Vales Point, N.S.W,
MD63-10
Chariton River, Missouri
MD70-117
Charles River Associates, Inc.
MD73-27
Chartiers Creek, Pennsylvania (See also Settler's Cabin Park, Pennsylvania)
MD70-16
Cheat Lake Area Environmental Conservancy
MD73-56
Cheat Lake, West Virginia
MD72-1 MD72-8 MD72-15 MD72-78
Cheat River, West Virginia, Pennsylvania
MD30-3 MD63-24 MD73-56
Cherry Creek Watershed, Maryland, Pennsylvania
abatement program
MD73-51 MD7 3-52 MD74-13
specifications for abatement projects
MD73-58
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory, FWPCA, U.S. Department of the Interior
MD68-95 MD69-1 MD69-20
Chester Engineers, Inc.
MD67-51 MD69-90 MD72-41
Chlorella vulgaris
HD72-35 MD72-69
Christopher Coal Company; See Consolidation Coal Company; Humphrey Project
Cincinnati, University of
MD67-26
Clarion River, Pennsylvania (See also Toms Run)
MD67-2 MD70-2 MD70-20 MD72-7
Basin
MD71-29
heavy metals in
MD74-27
lime neutralization plant
MD70-21
tracer study
MD72-50
Clarion State College, Pennsylvania
MD67-.51 MD68-22
Clay; See Drainage from clay seam; Acid mine drainage formation, overburden mate-
rials, clay minerals
Cleat Creek, Kentucky
MD74-76
Coal Advisory Committee; See Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
Coal barriers; See Drainage restricted by—
Coal cleaning; See Washery water
Coal Industry, Advisory Committee; See Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
Coal Industry (Patents) Ltd.
MD65-56
Coal l&achate; See Drainage from coal storage piles
Coal reactions with mine drainage; See Iron removal and metal removal by coal
humates; Neutralization by coal
Coal refuse combustion process
MD71-39
Coal treatment for acid mine drainage; See Neutralization by coal
Coal washery water; See Washery water
-------
247.
Coating of acid forming materials {See also Plugging permeable material; Refuse
pile coverings)
MD70-110
phosphates
MD69-29
silanes
MD69-11
silicates
MD63-18 MD71-80
Cobun Creek, West Virginia
MD74-77
Colorado River Basin
MD75-25
Colorado School of Mines
MD69-11
Colorado State University, Fort Collins
MD74-52 MD75-25
Colorado surface mined lands; See Drainage from spoil banks
Colorado Water Conservation Board
MD74-83
Comptroller General of the United States
MD73-30 MD73-59
Computer programs; See Water management; See under Modeling
Conference on Interstate Pollution of the Waters of the Monongahela River; See
Monongehela River and Its Tributaries Conference
Conference on Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution; See Non-Point Sources of Water
Pollution, Conference on
Congress of the United States; See House of Representatives, U.S. Congress; Senate,
U.S. Congress
Conowingo Tunnel Project
MD55-3 MD55-4 MD56-1
Consolidation Coal Company (See also Dents Run Project; Hutchison Mine)
MD59-1 KD60-10 MD68-38 MD71-27 MD71-97 MD72-19 MD73-42
MD73-69 MD74-55
Central Division, limestone neutralization
MD74-54
Christopher Coal Company Division (See also Humphrey Project)
MD57-4 MD69-18 MD69-19 MD69-63 MD70-85 MD71-98
Hanna Coal Company Division
MD65-38
Mountaineer Coal Company Division
MD68-41 MD68-56 MD71-14
Levi Moore treatment plant
MD71-4
Whetstone Portal treatment plant
MD72-46
Pittsburgh Coal Company Division
MD68-96 MD70-23
analysis of Montour No. 1 Mine drainage
MD23-3
Midland Mine sealing
MD62-5
Renton Mine
MD68-58
Truax-Traer Coal Company Division (See alBO New Kathleen Mine)
MD69-61 MD71-13
Consulting Biologists, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MD59-1
Continental Oil Company
MD69-89 MD71-96 MD71-97
Controlled discharge of mine drainage (See also Impoundment and—)
Copper; See Drainage from surface mined lands, Kentucky
-------
248.
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army (See also Appalachian Water
Research Survey)
MD67-2 MD67-68 MD69-40 MD69-64 MD72-7 MD72-85 MD73-59
bibliography
MD72-18
Institute for Water Resources
MD71-37
Corrosion (See also Acid-resistant pipe; Cements attacked by acid mine water;
India; Insulation of electrical conductors)
MD61-5 MD70-49
alloys in actual mine drainage
MD23-3
chain conveyors
MD66-44
locks and dams, Ohio river
MD72-85
pump materials in Anthracite region
MD55-2
resistance of stainless steel
MD69-82
steam boilers and residential plumbing, Pittsburgh area
MD21-2
studies in synthetic acid mine water
MD75-38
G, & W. H, Corson, Inc.
MD73-53
Cost-benefit analysis
MD68-9 MD68-10 MD68-90 MD68-91
Costs (See also Financing abatement programs; Operation Yellowboy)
of mine drainage abatement
MD66-19
of mine drainage pollution (See also Corrosion; Elkins Demonstration Project;
Financing abatement programs; Reverse oBmosis)
MD35-3 MD66-48
of mine drainage treatment (See also Limestone neutralization plants)
MD68-82 MD73-10
of pollution abatement, for a small company
MD71-37 MD73-26
Crawford, Murphy & Tilly, Inc.
MD69-66
Crossmore & Miller
MD76-9
Crown Mine Drainage Field Site (See also National Environmental Research Center,
Crown, West Virginia)
MD74-9 MD74-87 MD76-14
Cucumber Run, Pennsylvania
MD61-7 MD61-10
Culligan International Company
MD72-33 MD72-34
Cumberland River, Kentucky
MD74-78
Cyanide treatment of acid mine drainage
MD32-2
Daguscahonda Run, Pennsylvania
MD31-6
E. D'Appolonia Consulting Engineers, Inc.
MD73-57 MD76-10
Daylighting
MD61-13
Deer Park, Maryland, Demonstration Project
MD74-20
-------
249,
Decker Coal Company, Montana
MD74-81
Decker No. 3 Mine, Pennsylvania; See neutralization; Mine sealing
Deep Creek Lake, Maryland
MD65-21 MD67-36
Deep-well injection
MD65-47 MD65-48 MD66-50 MD67-58 MD67-59 MD69-78
Demonstration grants; See Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Dents Run Project, West Virginia
MD73-83 MD75-20
Department of; See other part of name or subordinate agencies for United States
government departments; See name of state for agencies of state governments
Diamond Alkali Company
MD63-18
Dilution to increase pH of mine drainage (See also Augmented flow; Controlled dis-
charge of mine drainage)
MD30-2 MD51-5
Distillation (See also Flash distillation)
MD71-39
Diversion of water from mines (See also Water Handling)
pumping ground water
MD71-69
Dorr-Oliver, Inc.; See Operation Yellowboy
Dow Chemical Company
MD69-29 MD74-58 MD74-59
Down-dip mining for pollution control
MD72-59 MD75-26
Drainage from clay seams, Pennsylvania
MD69-86
Drainage from coal seams
Pennsylvania
anthracite
MD16-1
Freeport
MD32-4
Sewickley
MD52-14
West Virginia
MD36-1 MD37-2 MD38-5
Drainage from coal storage piles
MD76-1
Drainage from mines (See also Alkaline drainage; Auger mining; Mine waters; Remote
sensing techniques; Wheeling Field Station)
Improvement In quality of, from abandoned mines
MD62-6
metal mines (See also Drainage from spoil banks)
MD74-39
Maryland
MD65-»21
hydrogeology
MD73-35
Ohio
MD54-11
Pennsylvania mines
MD26-1 MD32-3
Clearfield County
' MD75-26
Freeport coal seams
MD32-4
Monongahela River Basin
MD63-27
-------
250.
Drainage from mines (continued)
Susquehanna River Basin
MD68-1
West Virginia (See also Trace elements)
MD31-3 MD33-1 MD69-42
Fairmont area
MD38-6
Monongalia County
MD67-17
Drainage from spoil banks (See also Modeling seepage through spoil dams)
in Colorado and New Mexico
MD7A-52
in Colorado and New Mexico compared to metal mine drainage
MD75-25
Drainage from surface mined land (See also Lake Hope)
MD67-66 MD71-24 MD71-51 MD75-21
contouring to reduce pollution
Indiana
MD65-12
Kentucky
MD73-71
analysis of effluent
MD74-82
copper, nickel, and zinc in
MD72-48 MD74-50
minerals in
MD72-11
Missouri
MD68-60
Ohio, Sheban Project
MD60-11
Pennsylvania
MD63-9 MD63-12
revegetation
MD71-38
sources identified by temperature
MD71-9
Drainage into mines (See also Burled valley of the Susquehanna River; Surface water
seepage)
from golf course
MD74-41
Drainage restricted by coal barriers
MD74-53
Dravo Corporation
MD68-52 MD73-19 MD74-70
Dunkard Creek, West Virginia, Pennsylvania
MD63-24 MD65-4
Duquesne Light Company
MD69-51 MD70-23
Harwick Mine
MD71-35
Warwick Mine treatment plane
MD72-17
EPA; See Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government
Earth Sciences, Inc., Colorado
MD69-11
Eastern Associated Coal Corporation
MD69-87 MD73-69
Eastern Coal Corporation
MD67-8
-------
251.
Eastern Gas and Fuel Associates, Coal Division, water handling
MD62-8
Eastern Kentucky University
MD71-19
Eco-Control, Inc.
MD70-111
Economic studies; See Appalachian Water Research Survey; Costs of pollution abate-
ment, small company; Financing abatement programs, Appalachia; Mine sealing,
costs
ECOTROL, Inc.
MD74-26
Arthur Edwards Association
MD72-63
Effluent polishing
MD74-39
Electrochemical treatment
MD72-23 MD72-36 MD74-26
patent
MD74-80
Elklns Demonstration Project, West Virginia
MD65-6 MD69-36 MD70-43 MD72-32
costs
MD70-91
Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Government
MD75-6
Enforcement Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Interstate Waters of the
Monongahela River and Its Tributaries; See Monongahela River and Its Tributaries
Enforcement Conference
England; See Great Britain
Enos Coal Corporation, Division Old Ben Coal Company
MD69-22
Enos Mining Division, Interlake Steel Company
MD65-12
Envirex, Inc.
MD74-30
Environment Canada, Wastewater Technology Centre, Burlington, Ontario
MD74-39
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government (See also Abatement programs,
demonstration projects, U.S. Government; Air and Water Programs, Office of;
Crown Mine Drainage Field Site; Dents Run Project; Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory; Mine Drainage Control Branch; Monongahela River and Its
Tributaries Enforcement Conference; National Environmental Research Center;
National Field Investigations Center; Ohio River and Its Tributaries, Ohio-West
Virginia, Pollution Conference; Research and Monitoring, Office of; Reverse
osmosis, EPA program review; Special Foreign Currency Program; Water and Hazard-
ous Materials, Office of; Water Programs, Office of; Water Quality Office;
Wheeling Field Office)
MD70-116 MD71-40 MD71-50 MD71-67 MD71-68 MD71-76 MD71-82
MD72-25 MD72-28 MD72-36 MD72-58 MD74-38 MD74-69 MD76-11
Environmental Protection in Openpit Coal Mining - Symposium by EPA and POLTEGOR,
Denver 1975
MD75-16
Environmental Quality Systems, Inc.
MD73-24
Environmental Research and Applications, Inc.
MD71-15
Erosion and Sedimentation (See also Flocculents; Machinery for reclamation; Sedi-
ment control; Sediment ponds)
MD70-4 MD70-18 MD71-30 MD71-31 MD71-32 MD73-22 MD74-15
MD75-16 MD75-21 MD76-13
coal-haul roads
MD66-51
-------
252.
Erosion and Sedimentation (continued)
control
MD69-36 MD70-33 MD73-25 MD75-27 MD76-20
Escherichia coli. viability in acid streams
MD52-7
FWPCA; See Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
FWQA; See Federal Water Quality Administration
The Fantus Company, New York
MD69-39
Fauna; See Flora and fauna; Stream fauna
Federal legislation, hearings on proposed bills
MD47-9
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Section 14, Demonstration Grant Procedures
MD70-29 MD70-39
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
Section 107, Demonstration Grants
MD74-31 MD74-89
Effluent guidelines
MD76-19
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
MD76-7
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior
(See also Chesapeake Technical Laboratory; Elkins Demonstration Project; Mine
Drainage Control Activities; Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project;
Ohio Basin Office; Southeast Water Laboratory; Wheeling Field Station)
MD66-43 MD67-3 MD67-39 MD67-63 MD67-70 MD68-1 MD68-30
MD68-46 MD68-65 MD68-100 MD69-30 MD69-40 MD69-71 MD69-73
MD69-79 MD69-80 MD70-102
Middle Atlantic Region
MD67-68
Federal water projects affected by mine drainage
MD73-59
Federal Water Quality Administration, U.S. Department of the Interior (See also
Norton Mine Drainage Field Site; Upper Ohio Basin Office)
MD70-6 MD70-9 MD70-30 MD70-44 MD70-51 MD70-75 MD70-96
MD70-107 MD70-109
Charlottesville, Virginia
MD70-56
Ferric hydroxide suspension
effect on aquatic animals
MD72-73
effect on trout
MD75-39
Ferric iron drainage, neutralization (See also Iron oxidation)
MD70-114
Filtration (See also Rotary precoat vacuum filtration)
non-vacuum
MD72-58
Financing abatement programs, Appalachia
MD72-14
Fine coal dewatering (See also Silt)
MD76-2
Fish (See also Acid toxicity; Brown bullhead; Fish kills; Fishery management in
surface mine lakes; Trout; Youghiogheny River, aquatic life survey)
in Kansas surface mine lakes
MD54-18
in Kentucky streams
MD71-19
in Pennsylvania waters
MD73-15
-------
253.
Fish (continued)
in southern Illinois surface mine lakes
MD54-16
in Tennessee streams
MD72-76
in Tygart Lake, West Virginia
MD73-9
Fish kills
MD51-5 MD68-63 MD69-60 MD70-117 MD71-79 MD72-82
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
MD73-14
Fishery management in surface mine lakes
MD73-14
Flash distillation (evaporation)
MD65-28 MD65-52 MD70-63 MD70-113 MD72-44
Flocculents (See also Washery water, treatment with—)
MD70-86 MD73-47 MD73-48 MD75-17 MD75-18
Flood prevention projects, anthracite mines (See also Conowingo Tunnel Project)
MD46-3 MD47-1 MD48-1 MD62-11
dewatering reserves
MD50-3
final report
MD57-2
pumping (See also American Standards Association)
MD50-2 MD50-13 MD53-1
Flooding in anthracite coal region
MD41-2 MD45-1 MD46-1
Floodplain soils, Kentucky
MD70-11
Flora and Fauna (See also Aquatic plants; Irrigation; Stream Fauna)
in acid mine waters
MD38-6
in surface mine lakes
MD70-60
Fluidized bed electrode
MD74-14
Flush-outs
MD68-17 MD69-5 MD69-22 MD73-1
Fly ash disposal in deep mine
MD69-51
Foam fractionation
MD70-107 MD71-50 HD72-29
Ford, Bacon, & Davis, Inc., Engineers
MD74-16 MD74-82
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (See also Intennountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station; Northeastern Forest Experiment Station)
MD74-85
Fort Union Coal Region, Montana (See also Montana hydrology, Birney-Decker Area)
MD74-71
Fractured rock zones; See Hydrology
Freeport Coal Seam; See Drainage from coal seams, Pennsylvania
Freezing
MD71-74
H. C, Frick Coke Company (See also United States Steel Corporation)
Calumet Mine, Pennsylvania, limestone neutralization
MD21-1
analysis of drainage
MD23-3
drainage from abandoned mines
MD62-6
Fungi
MD66-10
-------
254.
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc. (See also Operation Yellowboy)
MD67-40 MD68-1 MD68-88 MD70-71 MD76-18
Gauley River, West Virginia
MD67-34
General Analytics, Inc.
MD71-47
Geochemistry (See also Anthracite coal region; Hydrology)
MD65-55, MD67-24
Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior
MD59-7 MD61-12 MD62-9 MD62-17 MD63-1 MD63-6 MD63-15
MD63-26 MD64-1 MD64-2 MD64-9 MD65-34 MD65-44 HD66-5
MD67-27 MD67-44 MD67-65 MD68-4 MD69-53 MD72-26 MD75-42
Water Resources Division
MD68-93 MD68-94 MD73-34
Harrisburg
MD71-41
Georges Creek, Maryland
MD65-21 MD67-36
Germany
MD32-1 MD63-3
Germany, Democratic Republic of (East)
drainage from lignite mines
MD57-14 HD57-16
industrial water supply from mine drainage
MD57-13
Schwartze Pumpe program
MD61-11
Germany, Federal Republic of (West)
MD66-25 MD67-43
Huettenwerk Oberhauser Aktiengesellschaft
MD68-18
Ruhr Valley refuse pile reclamation
MD72-66
Gibbs & Hill, Inc.
MD69-56 MD74-18
Glen Alden Coal Co.
MD64-3
Gob pile; See Refuse pile
Grassy Run, West Virginia (See also Norton Mine Drainage Field Site)
MD65-6
Great Britain (See also Coal Industry (Patents) Inc.; Lothians Area; Mainsforth
Colliery; Morton Colliery; National Coal Board; Water Pollution Research Lab-
oratory)
MD60-25 MD63-3 MD66-25 MD67-43
refuse pile reclamation
MD72-66
review of mine drainage problem
MD75-11
Green Engineering Company
MD69-10
Ground water
affected by reclamation, Pennsylvania
MD75-30
Clarion County, Pennsylvania
MD69-27
extent of acid mine drainage pollution measured by resistivity
MD72-49 MD73-33
flow systems
MD65-39 MD71-21
Fort Union coal region
MD74-71
-------
255.
Ground water (continued)
geochemistry
MD64-1
Illinois and Indiana coal regions
MD65-16
infiltration
MD65-13
infiltration prevented by grouting
MD63-10
western Kentucky coal region
MD62-17
Grouting; See Mine sealing; Ground water infiltration
Gulf Environmental Systems Company
MD71-81
Gulf General Atomic, Inc.
MD68-67 MD69-67 MD70-54
Guyandotte River, West Virginia
MD67-35 MD68-86
Gwin, Dobson & Foreman, Inc.
MD72-22 MD73-32 MD74-24
Gwin Engineers, Inc.
MD68-24 MD68-29 MD68-55
Gypsum; See Calcium sulfate
HRB-Singer, Inc.
MD71-40 MD72-20 MD76-4
Halliburton Company
MD67-3 MD67-4 MD67-5
Halotrichite formation
MD59-4
Hanaford Creek, Washington
MD73-47 MD73-48
Hanley Company, Summerville, Pennsylvania
MD69-86
Hanna Coal Company; See Consolidation Coal Company
Harbison-Walker Refractories Company
Smith Mine, Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania
MD62-18
Harvard University
MD68-70 MD69-73 MD69-74 MD72-72 MD72-80 MD75-45
Department of Sanitary Engineering
MD61-19
Division of Geological Sciences
MD60-9
Laboratory of Applied Microbiology
MD72-81
Haywood Technical Institute, Clyde, North Carolina
MD74-19
Health, Education and Welfare, U.S. Department of (See also Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center)
review of abatement program
MD65-26
Heat; See Thermal pollution
Heavy metals in mine drainage; See Clarion River; Drainage from spoil banks in
Colorado and New Mexico; Drainage from surface mined land, Kentucky
Heyl & Patterson, sludge thickening process
MD67-1
High density sludge; See Sludge recycle
Hillman Coal & Coke Company, analysis of Edna No. 2 Mine drainage
MD23-3
Hittman Associates, Inc.
MD75-27 MD75-28 MD76-20
MD70-55
MD74-25
MD70-32 MD70-95
MD68-98 MD70-51 MD70-75
-------
256.
Hocking River, Ohio
MD68-86
Hollywood, Pennsylvania, Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility
MD70-27 MD70-52 MD70-61 MD70-86 MD71-58 MD71-59 MD73-44
MD74-30 MD74-45 MD75-29 MD76-21
Horizons, Inc.
MD70-107 MD71-50 MD72-29
House of Representatives, U.S. Congress
Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Conservation and Natural
Resources
MD73-30 MD73-59
Committee on Public Works
MD62-1
hearings
MD64-6
Humphery Project
MD65-4
Huntley & Huntley, Inc.
MD72-50
Hutchison Mine, Pennsylvania, Consolidation Coal Company
MD59-5
HYDRA-aludge removal system
MD75-46
Hydrocarbon extraction
MD72-62
Hydrogen sulfide; See Sulfide treatment
Hydrology (See also Appalachia, surface mine hydrology; Black Mesa; Drainage—;
Ground water; Indiana, hydrology; Ionic tracers; Kentucky hydrology; Maryland
mine discharges; Mine sealing; Modeling hydrology; Montana hydrology; Pennsyl-
vania, hydrology; Poland, surface mine hydrology; Schuylkill River, Basin;
Toms Run; Water handling; Water retention in spoil; West Virginia hydrology)
MD67-24 MD71-6 MD71-7 MD71-8 MD71-40
data acquisition
MD73-74
effect of fractured rock zones
MD72-37
Hypochlorite treatment for manganese removal
MD75-36
Illinois coals, trace elements in
MD74-3
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality
MD73-17
Illinois, Macoupin County, Board of Supervisors
MD69-66
Illinois State Geological Survey
MD65-16
Illinois surface mine lakes
MD54-16
vegetation in
MD56-3
Illinois surface mine lands
MD73-17
Illinois, University of, Urbana, Department of Entomology
MD56-7
Impoundment and controlled discharge, Pennsylvania
MD32-5
India, corrosion in coal mines
MD67-30
Indian Creek, Pennsylvania
MD31-6 MD50-4
-------
257.
Indian Creek, Pennsylvania (continued)
computer model calibration
MD75-14
effect of mine discharge on
MD71-23
pollution litigation
MD32-1 MD32-5
recovery from pollution
MD72-30 MD74-33 MD74-34 MD75-12
Indiana (See also Abatement methods and programs; Fatoka River; Surface mine drain-
age control)
hydrology
MD69-22 MD73-1
surface mine lakes
MD71-82 MD72-9 MD73-14
flora and fauna in
MD38-6
Indiana State Board of Health
MD58-4
Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board
MD66-38
Indiana University
MD68-83
Water Resources Research Center
MD65-12 MD68-16 MD68-17 MD69-5 MD69-22 MD71-82
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
MD72-75
Industrial development
MD69-39
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio
MD76-15
Industrial Haste Treatment Laboratory, U.S. EPA, Rivesville, West Virginia
MD74-B6
Industrial water supply; See Germany, Democratic Republic of (East)
Industrial water use (See also Corrosion)
MD69-91
Infiltration of water into mines; See Ground water infiltration
Insulation of electrical conductors, effects of acid on
MD13-1
Interior, U.S. Department of {See also Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion; Federal Water Quality Administration; Mines, Bureau of)
Recommendations for surface mine reclamation in Appalachia
MD66-49
Intermittent acid flows
MD56-11
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
MD76-13
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
MD50-12 MD50-16 MD58-10 MD59-11 MD60-17 MD75-23
Johns Hopkins University study
MD54-12
Waste Treatment Guide
MD47-7
Ion exchange treatment (See also Neutradesulfating Treatment; Phllipsburg, Penn-
sylvania demonstration plant; Reverse osmosis)
MD67-49 MD68-23 MD68-84 MD69-70 MD70-90 MD71-2 MD71-17
MD71-54 MD72-33 MD72-34 MD72-58 MD72-91 MD74-1 MD74-40
Ionic tracers of subsurface flow
MD72-50
Ionics, Incorporated
MD69-70
-------
258.
Iron (See also Ferric iron)
addition
MD67-52
analysis (See also Analysis of mine water)
determination of ferric and ferrous iron simultaneously
MD72-75
EDTA titration
MD62-13
bacterial action inhibited by high concentration of
MD75-45
chemistry
in mine drainage
MD65-51
in natural waters
MD59-7
oxidation (See also Aluminum, effect on—; Bacteria in mine drainage; Bacte-
rial treatment; Electrochemical treatment; Iron removal; Lime neutraliza-
tion; Ozone treatment; Radiation treatment)
MD54-14 MD61-19 MD68-65 KD75-29
activated carbon
MD69-54 MD70-68 MD70-70 MD73-31 MD74-23
aeration (See also Iron removal)
MD68-39 MD72-68
before neutralization, patent
MD71-34
effects of mine drainage parameters on
MD69-77
in mine drainage formation, rate determining step
MD68-70 MD69-73 MD70-94
oxides, hydroxides; See Sludge from mine drainage neutralization
removal (See also Bacterial treatment; Fluidized bed electrode; Foam fraction-
ation; Iron oxidation; Magnetic iron oxide formation; Natural beneficia-
tion; Sulfide treatment)
MD65-43
aeration
MD65-35 MD75-9
by oxidation in continuous reactor
MD69-57
in-situ neutralization
MD71-35
and metal removal by coal humates
MD74-32
Irrigation
of greenhouse plants
MD71-89
of revegetated surface mined land
MD72-92
Island Creek Coal Company
MD65-23 MD70-30
Johns Hopkins University
MD54-12 MD55-1 MD62-7 MD65-9
Johns-Manville Products Corporation
MD69-16 MD69-50 MD71-22
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation
MD60-22 MD68-99 MD70-23 MD70-98
Vesta-Shannopin Coal Division
MD60-21 MD65-45 MD66-46 MD67-14 MD67-38 MD67-71 MD68-36
MD68-37 MD68-81 MD71-75 MD73-49
Juniata College, Pennsylvania
MD70-92
-------
259.
Kaiser Resources Ltd.
MD71-26
Kanawha River, West Virginia
MD67-31 MD68-86
Kansas surface mine lakes
MD54-18 MD73-14
Kaskaskia River, Illinois
MD73-17
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
MD74-16 MD74-78
Kentucky Geological Survey
MD68-57 MD69-47
Kentucky hydrology (See also Beaver Creek, Basin; Drainage from surface mined
lands; Floodplain soils; Ground water; Water quality)
MD68-57 MD69-23 MD73-22
Kentucky River Area Development District
MD73-79
Kentucky River Basin
MD74-78
Kentucky surface mined lands (See also Drainage from surface mined land, Kentucky)
MD74-16
sediment
MD74-15
Kentucky, University of
MD70-11 MD72-48 MD74-4 MD76-17
Department of Microbiology
MD68-97
Kettering Scientific Research, Inc.
MD74-80
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engineers
MD70-112 MD71-91 MD74-78
Kiskiminetas River, Pennsylvania
MD31-1 MD66-43 MD67-70 MD74-72
River Basin
MD72-10
trace elements in
MD67-39
Kizel Coal Region, USSR
MD63-25
-------
260.
Lackawanna River, Pennsylvania
MD48-2 MD67-40 MD69-93 MD71-55
Lady Jane Collieries, Inc., Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
MD75-26
Lagoons; See Sludge handling; Coal washery water
Lake Hope, Ohio (See also McDaniels Mine)
MD67-53 MD69-24 MD69-45 MD70-3 MD73-29
watershed
MD59-4
Lamella Thickener
MD76-8
Langley Research Center, U.S. NASA
MD74-67
Latex soil sealant
MD72-77
Laurel Run, West Virginia, Maryland
MD63-24
Layne-New York Company, Inc.
MD69-65
The League of Women Voters, Pennsylvania
MD62-21
Leatherwood Creek, Kentucky
MD69-23 MD70-34 MD71-19 MD73-22
Lee-Simpson Associates, Inc.
MD71-90
Legal action on mine drainage pollution (See also Indian Creek, Pennsylvania)
MD18-1 MD26-1 MD50-15
Legislation (See also Federal legislation; Federal Water Pollution Control Act;
House of Representatives, U.S. Congress; Surface mined lands, reclamation,
eastern coal states)
MD23-2 MD57-8 MD71-46 MD72-6 MD72-25
Lehigh River, Pennsylvania
MD48-2
Basin
MD69-53
Lime neutralization (See also Aloe Coal Company; Canterbury Coal Company; Clarion
River; DuqueBne Light Company; Eastern Associated Coal Corporation; Hanley
Company; Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Vesta-Shannopin Coal Division;
Little Scrubgrass Creek; Rochez Brothers, Inc.; Shirley Machine Company;
Slippery Rock Creek; Tasa Coal Company)
MD26-2 MD46-9 MD51-3 MD52-5 MD53-7 MD62-18 MD66-9
MD69-38
mobile treatment plant, Pennsylvania
MD65-31 MD65-33
Ohio surface mine lakes
MD60-8
rate of iron oxidation in
MD74-87
Schwartze Pumpe program
MD61-11
treatment plant, West Virginia
MD68-34 MD69-37
Lime-limestone neutralization
KD74-51 MD76-24
patent
MD70-10
-------
261.
Limestone
barriers in acid streams
MD69-94 MD74-60
neutralization
MD51-3 MD63-28 MD66-20 MD67-29 MD68-20 MD68-50 MD68-51
MD68-52 MD69-25 MD69-26 MD69-48 MD71-5 MD72-21
comprehensive study
MD74-61
kinetics
MD72-84
patent
MD28-3
specifications for neutralizing agent
MD70-31 MD70-102 MD71-42 MD72-4 MD74-22
state of the art
MD70-44 MD71-52 MD74-17 MD74-23
with bacterial oxidation of iron
MD65-56 MD72-42
with lime
MD70-46 MD72-88
comparison studies
MD74-86
neutralization plants (See also Blue Coal Corporation; Consolidation Coal
Company, Central Division; H, C. Frick Coke Company; Rochester &
Pittsburgh Coal Company)
design and coat estimates
MD70-69
plugs
MD70-75 MD73-57 MD74-63
Literature reviews; see Bibliographies
Little Conemaugh River, Pennsylvania
MD73-46
Little Deer Creek, Pennsylvania
MD71-35
Little Kanawha River, West Virginia
MD67-33 MD68-86
Little Mill Creek, Ohio
MD73-77
Little Sandy Creek, West Virginia
MD69-42
Little Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania
MD48-2
Little Scrubgrass Creek, Pennsylvania
MD69-49
automatic lime-treacnient plant
MD62-2 MD68-14 MD68-45
Little Sewickley Creek, Pennsylvania, biological survey
MD59-1
Little Toby Creek, Pennsylvania
MD31-6
Lost Creek, West Virginia, abatement program
MD73-28
Lothians area, Scotland
MD66-12
Low flow augmentation; See Augmented flow
Low water (drought) effects on stream acidity
MD31-4 MD31-5
Lower Kittanning Coal Bed, analyses of drainage from
MD28-2
Loyalhanna Creek, Pennsylvania
MD69-15 MD71-20 MD74-72
-------
262.
Luxembourg
MD66-25 MD67-43
Lysimeter studies
MD62-16 MD64-15 MD65-49 MD68-92
MSA Research; See Mine Safety Appliance Company
Machinery for reclamation
MD76-16
Macroinvertebrate community structure
MD74-19
Magnesium; See Analysis of mine water, effect of magnesium on
Magnetic iron oxide formation
MD71-85 MD71-86
Mahanoy Creek, Pennsylvania
MD75-30
Mahoning River, Ohio
MD68-4
Mainsforth Colliery, County Durham, Great Britain
MD75-5
Manganese
in mine water
MD61-3
removal
MD72-34 MD74-69 MD75-36
Mansfield State College, Pennsylvania
MD72-83
A. W. Martin Associates, Inc.
MD75-34
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
MD73-51 MD73-52 MD74-13 MD74-20
Maryland Department of Water Resources, Water Quality Division
MD65-21 MD67-36
Maryland Geological Survey
MD73-35
Maryland streams; See Water quality; See also under names of rivers and streams
Maryland, University of
MD52-7
Department of Chemical Engineering
MD66-41
Natural Resources Institute
MD64-13
School of Law
MD71-46 MD72-25
Water Resources Research Center
MD72-45
Maryland Water Pollution Control Commission
MD64-14
Water Quality Survey and Study Section
MD63-22
Mathematica, Inc.
MD74-16 MD74-82
Mathematical models; See Modeling—
Mayes Sudderth & Etheredge, Inc.
MD73-79
John McCormick and Assoc., Devon, Pennsylvania
MD75-30
McDaniels Mine, Vinton County, Ohio (See also Modeling mine drainage production)
MD60-15 MD68-69 MD70-74 MD71-70 MD71-83
McMahon Creek, Ohio
MD70-28
Meetings; See Conference—; Environmental Protection in Qpenpit Coal Mining,
EPA-POLTEGOR
-------
263.
Melcroft Coal Company, Pennsylvania, hydrated lime treatment
MD27-1
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (See also Carnegie-Mellon University;
Sewage in mine drainage streams)
MD51-2 MD51-3 MD53-9 MD53-10 MD54-14 MD54-15 MD55-8
MD56-8 MD59-10 MD60-2
Fellowship No. 326
MD49-4
Fellowship No. 326B
MD50-4 MD51-7 MD54-10
Fellowship No. 326B-6
MD52-3 MD52-8
Fellowship No. 370-4
MD58-1
Fellowship No. 370-5
MD59-2
Research Project No. 370-6
MD60-5
Research Project No. 370-7
MD60-4 MD61-2 MD61-3
Research Project No. 370-8
MD62-4
Research Project No. 4370-8
MD62-5 MD62-6
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
MD72-61 MD74-65
Midwest Research Institute
MD76-21
Mine dewatering
MD59-5 MD67-40 MD70-3
Mine discharge quality
MD60-5
Mine Drainage Control Activities; FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio
MD68-33 MD69-33
Mine Drainage Control Branch, U.S. EPA
MD74-37
Mine Drainage Treatment Manual
MD66-28
Mine drainage treatment
review
MD50-7 MD54-13 MD66-4 MD67-6 MD67-10 MD67-73 MD68-33
MD68-46 MD70-14 MD70-26 MD72-64 MD72-90 MD74-28
selection of method
MD74-7
Mine Safety Appliance Company
MSA Research
MD67-25 MD68-68 MD69-71 MD70-6 MD70-92
MD71-64
Mine sealing (See also Elkins Demonstration Project; Limestone plugs; Moraine
State Park; Plugging permeable material; Slippery Rock Creek)
MD30-2
MD36-6
MD47-5
MD74-24
MD34-2
MD37-1
MD50-4
MD74-37
MD34-4
MD37-3
MD52-3
MD75-37
evaluation
MD3S-1
MD37-4
MD54-8
MD35-2
MD38-8
MD71-43
MD35-3
MD41-1
MD72-24
MD36-5
MD42-3
MD73-29
bulkhead seals,
MD72-67
construction of seals
MD67-5
costs
MD60-6
Decker No. 3 Mine
MD63-20 MD65-25
MD68-54
-------
264.
Mine sealing (continued)
demonstration project, Bureau of Mines
MD66-29 MD70-72
demonstration project, FWPCA
MD69-34
effectiveness
MD76-4
evaluation
MD62-4
feasibility study, Bureau of Mines
MD28-2
grouting agents
MD67-4 MD68-98
acrylamide
MD73-19
hydrogeologic factors
MD68-87 MD69-81
Indiana
MD30-4 MD30-5
Lake Hope project
MD73-29
Maryland
MD38-3
McDaniels Mine, field study
MD60-15
Ohio
MD57-1Q
oxygen level change with atmospheric pressure variation
MD72-53
patent
MD69-65
patent, backfilling with neutralization
MD72-13
Pennsylvania
MD59-2
Pittsburgh Coal Company, Midland Mine
MD62-5
sludge deposited from in-situ neutralization
MD69-43 MD73-70
West Virginia
MD36-1 MD37-2 MD38-5 MD67-3
Shavers Fork.
MD71-79
Tygart River Basin
MD38-2
West Fork River
MD67-3
Mine voids, location of
MD71-40
Minerals in mine drainage; See Aluminum; Analysis of mine water; Iron—; Magnesium;
Manganese; Water quality
Mines, Bureau of, U.S. Department of Interior (See also Mine sealing, demonstration
project)
MD13-1
MD31-6
MD46-9
MD50-3
MD54-2
MD62-11
MD70-66
MD22-1
MD32-3
MD47-1
MD50-13
MD55-2
MD63-14
MD71-33
MD28-2
MD38-7
MD48-1
MD51-1
MD55-3
MD63-20
MD71-34
MD30-4
MD40-1
MD48-2
MD52-1
MD55-4
MD65-53
MD30-5
MD41-2
MD49-1
MD53-1
MD56-1
MD67-56
MD31-4
MD46-2
MD50-1
MD53-2
MD57-1
MD69-26
MD31-5
MD46-3
MD50-2
MD53-3
MD57-2
MD69-40
Area 1 Mineral Resource Office, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
MD66-24 MD67-41 MD67-42 MD67-62 MD68-82
/
-------
265.
Mines, Bureau of, U.S. Department of Interior (continued)
Coal preparation and analysis laboratory
MD76-2
Division of Solid Fuels Technology
MD60-20
Literature review
MD62-15
Mine sealing studies
MD65-25
Pittsburgh Coal Research Center
MD61-18
Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center
MD67-21 MD68-21 MD68-39 MD68-50 MD68-51 MD68-52 MD68-54
MD69-25 MD69-54 MD70-68 MD70-69 MD72-53
review of abatement programs
MD65-26 MD67-47 MD72-51
Testimony at Senate hearings
MBA7-9
Missouri Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit
MD56-11 MD57-12 MD64-11 MD68-60
Missouri surface mine lakes
MD42-1 MD55-10 MD64-4 MD64-11 MD65-8 MD69-17 MD70-60
MD72-71
Montrose Lake
MD66-7 MD70-13
Missouri, University of
MD55-10 MD69-17 MD70-117 MD72-71 MD74-42
Department of Chemistry
MD74-32
Department of Zoology
MD64-4 MD66-7
Water Resources Research Center
MD73-38
Mixing mine waters of differing quality (See also Modeling water quality for
surface mining)
MD65-29 MD67-7
Modeling
abatement plan results
MD73-82
acid mine water systemB
MD72-57
hydrology of surface mined areas
MD75-13
mine drainage production from pyritic systems (See also Modeling watershed
acid production)
MD69-72 MD70-74 MD71-3 MD71-66 MD72-54 MD72-55 MD73-63
MD74-68
the mining operation to reduce environmental impact
MD74-35
neutralization
MD74-56
seepage through spoil dams
MD75-2
water quality
blending acid and alkaline streams
MD68-65
for surface mining
MD75-32
watershed acid production
MD75-14
data needed
MD75-3
-------
266.
Monongahela River, West Virginia, Pennsylvania (See also Drainage from active mines,
West Virginia; Public Water Supply)
MD31-2 MD34-3 MD41-1 MD63-19 MD63-26 MD65-10 MD66-40
MD66-43 MD67-54 MD68-86 MD71-25 MD71-28
classification
MD63-21
effects of acid on fish
MD68-61 MD74-77
fish found in
MD68-76
sewage in
MD50-14
treatment for public water supply
MD31-7
Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia, Pennsylvania (See also Monongahela River
Mine Drainage Remedial Project)
MD37-2 MD63-24 MD64-5 MD67-27 MD67-32 MD69-38
abatement costs
MD73-5
abatement program
MD74-18
aquatic plants
MD71-25
biological survey
MD73-49
hydrology
MD68-93 MD68-94
pollution abatement survey
MD75-7
priority of abatement projects
MD72-63
Monongahela River and Its Tributaries Enforcement Conference (See also Monongahela
River Mine Drainage Remedial Project)
MD63-19 MD63-23 MD63-27 MD66-19 MD71-44 MD71-61 MD71-63
MD71-72 MD71-77
Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project
MD66-42 MD67-3 MD67-4 MD67-5 MD68-98 MD69-59 MD70-79
MD71-65 MD73-24 MD73-69
Montana Agricultural Experiment Station
MD76-16
Montana Board of Health
MD70-65
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology
MD75-44 MD76-23
Montana hydrology (See also Tongue River)
MD76-23
Birney-Decker area
MD74-81 MD75-44
related to spoil piles, Decker Mine
MD76-13
Montana State University
MD70-65
Monterey Coal Co., Illinois
MD73-43
Montrose Lake, Missouri; See Missouri surface mine lakes
Moraine State Park, Pennsylvania
MD68-29 MD68-55 MD70-32 MD70-66 MD72-22 MD73-32
Morava River, Yugoslavia
MD73-25
Morton Colliery, North Derbyshire, Great Britain
MD75-9
-------
267.
Mosquitoes
breeding in coal waste waters, Illinois
MD56-7
salt marsh
MD74-76
Mountaineer Coal Company, West Virginia; See Consolidation Coal Company
Muskingum River, Ohio
MD68-86
Myles Job Mine
MD68-9 MD68-10
NUS Corporation (See also Cyrus Wm. Rice Div.)
KD7A-89
Robert R. Nathan Associates, Inc.
MD69-55
National Coal Association (See also Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.)
testimony at Senate hearings
MD47-9
National Coal Board, Great Britain
MD67-29
mine water classification
MD61-5
Scottish Division (See also Lothlans Area)
MD55-5 MD56-2
National Environmental Research Center, U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio
MD73-5 MD73-80 MD74-8 MD74-26 MD74-28 MD74-49 MD74-89
MD75-25 MD75-26 MD75-36
Crown, West Virginia (See also Crown Mine Drainage Field Site)
MD73-66
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
MD74-64
National Field Investigations Center, EPA, Denver, Colorado
MD71-93
National Symposium on the Control of Coal Mine Drainage
MD62-19
Natural beneficiation of streams (See also Recovery of streams from pollution)
MD70-57
with stream sediment
MD76-10
Netherlands
MD63-3 MD66-25 MD67-43
Department of Soil Science and Geology
MD73-75
Neutradesulfating treatment
MD71-68
Neutralization (See also Fly ash disposal; Iron oxidation; Lime neutralization;
Lime-limestone neutralization; Limestone barriers; Limestone neutralization;
Melcroft Coal Company; Mine sealing by sludge, neutralization; Modeling neutral-
ization; Neutrolosis treatment; Slaked lime neutralization; Sludge from mine
drainage neutralization; Swartze Pumpe Works; Underground neutralization)
MD30-2 MD50-8 MD54-11 MD71-62 MD72-24 MD72-52
ammonia
MD50-4
bibliography
MD69-32
by coal
MD65-29 MD65-37 MD66-37 MD67-37 MD68-71 MD74-32
carbon dioxide adsorption on sludge
MD57-14
cement-kiln flue duBt
MD70-99
-------
268.
Neutralization (continued)
ignited magnesite
MD56-13
lime and limestones
MD67-21 MD74-36
lime, limestone, and soda ash compared
MD70-114 MD70-115
lime, limestone, and sodium hydroxide in mine pool, compared
MD71-35
lime and soda ash
MD17-1
oxidizing agents
MD68-6
Racoon Creek Watershed, Ohio
MD54-11
review
M068-88
simulated, to demonstrate acid mine drainage model
MD72-57
sodium carbonate (See also above, lime, limestone, and soda ash compared;
lime and soda ash)
MD51-3 MD62-18 MD71-84
sodium carbonate and lime, boiler feed water
MD17-1
sodium carbonate and lime, Decker No. 3 Mine
MD65-53
sodium hydroxide (See also above, lime, limestone, and sodium hydroxide—)
MD69-90 MD73-37
using various alkalies
MD33-1 MD69-68
Neutrolosis treatment
MD71-53 MD73-80 MD73-81 MD74-8
patent
MD74-38
New Kathleen Mine, DuQuoin, Illinois
MD70-36 MD70-83 MD71-12 MD71-13 MD72-38 MD73-39
New Mexico surface mined land; See Drainage from spoil banks
New River, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia
MD67-34
New York, State University of, New Paltz
MD70-15
New York University, School of Engineering and Science
MD74-14
Nickel; See Drainage from surface mined lands, Kentucky
Non-point source pollution
MD73-50
Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution, Conference on, Virginia Water Resource
Research Center, May 1975
MD75-15
North Branch Potomac River, Maryland
MD57-9 MD65-21 MD67-36 MD68-95 MD69-1 MD69-20 MD74-67
MD75-23 MD75-42
biological survey
MD70-56
survey of mine drainage sources
MD74-84
North Branch Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania (See also Glen Alden Coal Company)
MD63-4 MD69-93 MD70-45 MD70-89 MD76-6
North Carolina, University of, Water Resources Research Institute
MD69-57
-------
269.
Northeast Watershed Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University
Park, Pennsylvania
MD71-89
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
MD73-71
Berea, Kentucky
MD66-51 MD69-23 MD70-18 MD70-33 MD70-34 MD71-30 MD71-31
MD71-32 MD73-22
Princeton, West Virginia
MD75-31 MD75-32
Northern Great Plains Resource Program
MD74-71
Norton Mine Drainage Field Site, U.S. EPA (See also Elkins Demonstration Project)
MD68-67 MD69-34 MD69-67 MD70-54 MD70-55 MD70-114 MD70-115
MD71-53 MD71-79 MD72-67 MD72-87 MD73-37
Obey River, Tennessee
Biological Survey
MD73-16 MD73-54
Office of; See other part of name
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Agronomy
MD62-16 MD64-15
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
MD65-50 MD68-92 MD73-77
Ohio Basin Region, FWQA
MD70-80
Ohio coal beds, acid formation
MD62-12
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
MD51-6 MD66-3
Board on Unreclaimed Strip Mines
MD73-64
Division of Wildlife
MD54-11 MD72-82
Ohio Geological Survey
MD59-4
Ohio mining
MD71-45
Ohio Reclamation Association
MD58-2
Ohio River, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois
(See also Corrosion)
MD23-2 MD66-43 MD68-86
Indiana portion
MD66-38
pollution survey
MD42-3 MD43-2
sewage in
MD50-14
water quality change during steel mill shutdown
MD61-16
water quality monitoring
MD61-4
water quality. Wheeling District
MD36-2
Ohio River Basin, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and
Illinois (See also Trace elements)
MD40-2 MD50-20 MD66-13 MD68-40 MD68-64 MD69-41
acid and sewage load in Pittsburgh area
MD21-2
-------
270.
Ohio River Basin, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois
(continued)
tributaries
MD57-17
in Ohio
MD51-6
West Virginia
MD67-33
Ohio River and Its Tributaries, Ohio-West Virginia, Pollution Conference
KD71-72
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
MD49-5 MD50-15 MD50-20 MD51-8 MD52-11 MD53-13 MD54-19
MD55-9 MD56-10 MD57-11 MD57-17 MD58-5 MD58-7 MD60-18
MD61-9 MD61-16 MD62-22 MD63-17 MD63-23 MD64-10 MD65-36
MD66-34 MD67-46 MD68-59 MD69-5B MD70-77 MD73-55 MD74-57
automatic water quality monitoring
MD61-4 MD63-2 MD68-40
book
MD67-15
Coal Advisory Committee
Mellon Institute Fellowship No. 370-4
MD58-1
Mellon Institute Fellowship No. 370-5
MD59-2
Mellon Institute Fellowship No. 370-6
MD60-2 MD60-5
Mellon Institute Fellowship No. 370-7
MD60-4 MD61-2 MD61-3
Coal Industry Advisory Committee
MD62-10 MD63-20
case histories
MD64-12 MD69-3
Mellon Institute Research Project No. 370-8
MD62-4
Mellon Institute Research Project No. 4370-8
MD62-5 MD62-6
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Compact
MD48-5
Ohio State University (See also McDaniels Mine)
MD63-7 MD66-16 MD66-45 MD69-69 MD69-72 MD69-75 MD70-37
MD70-58 MD74-68
Department of Chemical Engineering
MD68-30 MD71-66 MD72-54
Department of Civil Engineering
MD75-3
Department of Microbial and Cellular Biology
MD68-47 MD68-89 MD69-83 MD69-84 MD70-24 MD70-25
Department of Minerology
MD59-4
Engineering Experiment Station
MD57-10 MD60-7 MD61-9 MD68-73
review
MD67-57
Mining Engineering Division
MD60-15
Research Foundation
MD70-59 MD70-96 MD71-3 MD72-55
research programs
MD68-72
Water Resources Center
MD68-25 MD68-90 MD68-91 MD69-24 MD70-36 MD73-77
-------
271.
Ohio surface mine lakes
ecology
MD60-19
treated with lime
MD60-8
Ohio surface mined land
inventory of mine drainage sources and development of reclamation program
MD73-64
Perry County abatement program
MD66-3
reclamation
MD74-21
Ohio University
MD71-9
Oklahoma University, Norman Research Institute
MD72-64
Operation Yellowboy
MD65-14 MD65-32 MD66-18 MD66-26 MD66-32 MD67-13 MD67-28
Bethlehem Mines Corporation
MD66-31
costs
MD66-33
ORSANCO; See Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
Otter Creek, West Virginia
MD63-28 MD66-20
Overburden materials
causing acid drainage; See Acid mine drainage formation, overburden material
handling to prevent mine drainage formation
MD74-88
Oxygen-free mines (See also Pressurizing Deep Mines; Fyrite oxidation In oxygen-
free atmosphere)
mining in
MD70-30 MD70-87
Ozone treatment
MD70-108
for iron removal
MD68-66
for manganese removal
MD75-36
Parkson Corporation
MD76-8
Parsons-Jurden Corporation
MD69-43
Parsons-Jurden Division, The Ralph M, Parsons Company
MD73-70
Patoka River, Indiana
MD65-12 MD68-16 MD69-22
Peabody Coal Company
abatement programs
MD68-20 MD71-36
Black Mesa
MD74-79 MD75-40
Indiana mines
MD66-38
Latta Mine
MD74-88
Will Scarlett Mine, Illinois
MD70-53 MD74-51
Pennsylvania Anthracite Fields; See Anthracite Coal Region; Subsidence In north-
eastern Pennsylvania
-------
272.
Pennsylvania Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
MD63-4 MD63-21 MD63-27 MD65-40 MD67-40 MD68-22 MD68-27
MD68-32 MD68-87 MD69-81 MD69-93 MD70-67
stream classification program
MD68-64
Pennsylvania Coal Mining Association
MD68-88
Pennsylvania Coal Research Board (See also Operation Yellowboy)
MD65-37 MD65-48 MD67-7 MD67-58 MD67-59 MD68-22 MD68-66
MD69-10 MD69-16 MD69-30 MD69-50 MD70-57 MD71-22
review
MD65-7 MD68-15
Pennsylvania Department of Commerce
MD63-1
Industrial Development Bureau
MD58-6
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (See also Pennsylvania Department
of Mines and Mineral Industries)
MD71-21 MD71-40 MD71-61 MD71-64 MD71-69 MD72-50 MD72-77
MD73-44 MD73-65 MD74-46 MD74-53 MD75-34
Land Reclamation and Research Branch
MD74-43
Operation Scarlift Reports
MD71-47 MD71-55 MD71-90
review of mine drainage control projects
MD74-25 MD74-44
Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters
MD63-1 MD68-5 MD68-29
Pennsylvania Department of Health (See also Pennsylvania Bureau of Sanitary
Engineering; Pennsylvania Sanitary Hater Board)
MD10-1 MD50-4 MD52-3 MD52-8 MD54-10 MD65-7 MD68-42
Bureau of Environmental Health
MD62-19
Pennsylvania Department of Mines and Mineral Industries (See also Abatement
programs, Pennsylvania; Little Scrubgrasa Creek, automatic lime-treatment plant;
Operation Yellowboy)
MD65-31 MD65-33 MD65-52 MD67-25 MD68-55 MD68-74 MD69-56
MD69-90 MD70-102 MD70-109 MD71-74 MD72-44
Operation Scarlift Reports
MD68-24 MD69-15 MD69-62 MD70-2 MD70-5 MD70-16 MD70-20
MD70-21 MD70-71 MD70-84 MD70-95 MD70-112 MD71-91
program review
MD67-12 MD70-62
Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Committee on Fisheries, hearing,
April 15, 1965
MD65-3 MD65-15
Pennsylvania hydrology
Clearfield County
MD71-21
Pennsylvania laws and regulations (See also Mine Drainage Treatment Manual)
MD51-4 MD59-8
review
MD73-11
Pennsylvania parks; See Moraine State Park
Pennsylvania Sanitary Water Board
MD32-5 MD49-4 MD50-7 MD50-9 MD5-10 MD51-2 MD51-3
MD51-4 MD51-7 MD52-5 MD66-28 MD66-35 MD67-51 MD68-44
mine drainage abatement plan
MD67-48 MD68-62 MD70-1
program review
MD68-31
-------
273.
Pennsylvania State Planning Board
MD48-6
Pennsylvania State University (See also Hollywood, Pennsylvania, Experimental Mine
Drainage Treatment Facility)
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences
MD66-17 MD67-58 MD67-59 MD69-77 MD70-57 MD71-69 MD72-42
MD72-43
Department of Agronomy
MD73-8
Department of Biology and Cooperative Fisheries Unit
MD73-15
Department of Chemical Engineering
MD72-62
Department of Civil Engineering
MD69-68 MD69-94 MD74-62 MD75-29 MD76-22
Department of Geology and Geophysics
MD67-11 MD68-13 MD71-21
Department of Geosciences
MD72-49 MD72-59 MD73-33 MD74-27 MD76-10
Department of Materials Science
MD72-84
Department of Mineral Engineering
MD74-29 MD74-46
Department of Mineral Preparation
MD66-47 MD68-71 MD71-85 MD71-86
Department of Mining
MD69-78
Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources
MD68-49 MD72-60 MD72-79 MD74-5 MD74-60 MD74-61
Mineral Industries Experiment Station
MD65-37 MD65-48
Office of Remote Sensing of Earth Resources
MD73-4
Pennsylvania surface mined land (See also Moraine State Park)
MD73-4
Pennsylvania waters (See also Fish in--; Moraine State Park; Pennsylvania hydrology;
names of rivers and streams; Stratigraphy; Water quality)
Washington county rivers and streams
MD68-53
Albert E. Peters Associates
MD71-55
Philipsburg, Pennsylvania, demonstration plant for ion exchange treatment
MD74-1 MD74-43
Phosphates; See Coating of acid forming materials
Pickard and Anderson
MD76-1
Pierson Run, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
MD71-47
Pigment by-products of acid mine drainage treatment
Prussian blue
MD32-2
Pine Creek, Pennsylvania
MD61-13
Pioneer Fuel Company, West Virginia
MD74-85
Pittsburgh Coal Company; See Consolidation Coal Company
-------
274.
Pittsburgh, University of
Department of Biological Science
MD60-14
Department of Civil Engineering
MD74-70
Graduate Center for Public Works Administration
MD72-18
Graduate School
Division of Natural Science
MD59-9
Division of Social Science
MD60-6
Graduate School of Public Health
MD66-43 MD72-73 MD72-74 MD75-39
Pittsburgh, University of, at Johnstown
MD73-46
Plankton, in Cheat Lake, West Virginia
MD72-1 MD72-15 MD72-78
Plugging permeable material
MD74-58
Pocahontas Fuel Company, West Virginia
MD65-11
Poland
lignite surface mine drainage, removal of suspended solids
MD75-17 MD75-18
surface mine hydrology
MD75-19
POLTEGOR, Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining, Wroclaw,
Poland
MD75-17 MD75-18 MD75-19
Potassium permanganate treatment
MD66-22
Potomac River, West Virginia, Maryland (See also Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin; North Branch Potomac River)
MD63-11 MD67-68
Pound River, Virginia, biological and chemical survey
MD71-16
Powell Coal Co., Armstrong County, Pennsylvania
MD63-20 MD65-25
Precipitation (weather)
effects on mine drainage
MD59-2
infiltration on spoil banks
MD73-77
Pressurizing deep mines (See also Pyrite oxidation, in oxygen-free atmosphere)
MD69-30 MD70-50 MD70-88 MD73-65
Prevention of mine drainage formation (See also Bacteria in mine drainage,
inhibited by—; Coating of acid forming materials; Diversion of water from
mines; Overburden materials, handling; Pyrite oxidation in oxygen-free
atmosphere; Water handling)
MD56-4
chemical inhibitors
MD54-12 MD62-7
chromate
MD70-40
review
MD73-2
surface mines
MD52-2
-------
275.
Public Health Services, U.S. Government
MD38-6 MD42-3 MD62-1
Acid Mine Drainage Pollution Control Demonstration Program
MD65-6
Stream Pollution Investigation Station, Morgantown, West Virginia
MD41-1
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
MD57-9 MD63-24 MD66-10
Public water supply (See also Analysis of—; Surface mining, effects on water
supply)
developed from mine discharge
MD36-4 MD65-11
from mine drainage polluted water, Altoona, Pennsylvania
MD68-24
from Monongahela River
MD16-2 MD31-7 MD33-3
West Virginia
MD38-5
Pumping (See also Diversion of water from mines, pumping—; Flood-prevention
projects)
MD6Q-25
automatic equipment, Russia
MD61-17
effect on water quality
MD75-5
Pyrite
analysis of
MD63-14
framboidal form
occurrence related to paleoenvironment
MD74-12 MD76-5
oxidation of
MD70-15 MD72-5 MD73-18
oxidation (See also Acid mine drainage formation; Iron oxidation; McDaniels
Mine; Modeling pyritic systems; Pyrite, framboidal form, oxidation of;
Pyrite weathering)
MD66-45 MD68-73
bacterial action
MD61-18 MD63-14 MD67-56 MD68-2 MD69-75 MD70-9
MD70-58 MD70-59 MD72-72
pilot plant studies
MD70-7 MD70-8 MD73-7
by acid iron sulfate solution
MD60-9
conglomerates
MD60-2 MD60-3
effect of particle size
MD52-14
electrochemical theory
MD54-12 MD62-7 MD65-9 MD65-10 MD66-8
studies
MD64-2
ferric ion
MD70-37
in oxygen-free atmosphere (See also Pressurizing deep mines)
MD69-7 MD69-8 MD71-78
mechanisms
MD68-30 MD69-69 MD70-96
controversy
MD70-97
monitored by measuring Mttssbauer effect
MD71-11
-------
276.
Pyrite (continued)
rate of
MD69-74
research
MD65-54
review
MD67-41 MD67-42
weathering (See also Halotrichite formation)
MD54-17 MD61-2
Racoon Creek, Ohio
MD52-6 MD54-11 MD56-6 MD67-50 MD69-24
Racoon Creek, Pennsylvania
MD68-77
Radian Corporation
MD74-64
Radiation treatment
MD67-60 MD67-61 MD68-79 MD68-80
patent
MD70-100
Rausch Creek, Pennsylvania
MD69-62 MD70-84
Recovery from pollution; See Aquatic plants; Indian Creek; Natural beneficiation
Recreational use of water
MD69-55 MD74-72
Ohio
MD52-6 MD66-13
Refuse piles (See also Great Britain; Germany, Federal Republic of; Sulfur recovery
from coal refuse)
MD75-7
activity of iron oxidizing bacteria
MD74-6
construction
MD52-10 MD68-11 MD68-18 MD68-19 MD73-43
coverings and seals
MD71-56 MD71-64 MD71-80
comparison in field trials
MD73-66
reclamation
MD73-17
runoff and hydrology (See also New Kathleen Mine, DuQuoin, Illinois)
MD51-5 MD56-9 MD73-29 MD74-49 MD75-22
Illinois
abatement
MD69-61 MD69-66
Lake Hope, Ohio, Project
MD73-29
Remote sensing techniques
MD72-20
anthracite coal region
MD75-43
North Branch Potomac River
MD74-67
Pennsylvania
MD73-4
Tennessee
MD73-74
Republic Steel Corporation
MD70-76
Research and Development, Office of, U.S. EPA
MD73-44 MD73-57 MD73-65 MD73-70
-------
277.
Research and Monitoring, Office of, U.S. EPA
MD71-10 KD71-13 MD71-15 MD71-42 MD71-96 MD72-33 MD72-47
MD72-64 MD72-77 MD72-92 MD73-3 MD73-15 MD73-19 MD73-29
MD73-31 MD73-32 MD73-39 MD73-53 MD73-83
Resistivity measurements; See Ground water
Reverse osmosis treatment (See also Neutrolosis treatment; Sewage treated with
reverse osmosis brines)
MD66-39 MD68-67 MD69-67 MD70-54 MD70-55 MD70-64 MD70-109
MD71-39 MD71-81 MD72-47 MD72-56 MD72-87 MD74-9 MD74-30
combined with ion exchange
MD76-3
cost
MD73-41
EPA program review
MD72-86
Rex Chainbelt, Inc.
MD70-64 MD70-109 MD72-47 MD72-87
Cyrus Wm. Rice and Company (Also Division, NUS Corporation)
MD69-7 MD69-8 MD69-30 MD70-30 MD70-50 MD70-87 MD70-88
MD71-78 MD72-92 MD73-57 MD73-65 MD73-83 MD74-63
Rivkin/Carson, Inc.
MD72-63
Roaring Creek, West Virginia
MD65-6 MD71-93
Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal Company
MD68-12 MD69-4
Rochez Bros. Inc.
portable lime neutralizer
MD62-2 MD62-14
Rohm and Haas Co.
MD67-49 MD71-54 MD74-1 MD74-43
Rotary vacuum precoat filtration; See Johns-Manville Products Corporation
Rotating biological contactors
MD75-29 MD76-22
Ruramel, Klepper, and Kahl, Consulting Engineers
MD74-53
Russia (See also Klzel Coal Region)
automatic pumping equipment
MD61-17
Rutgers University, New Jersey
MD56-5
St. Meinrad College, Indiana
MD72-9
Saline River, Illinois
MD73-17
Saline water conversion processes
MD66-41
Saline Water, Office of, U.S. Department of the Interior
MD68-67 MD69-67 MD70-23 MD70-55 HD74-40
Sampling procedures
MD54-5 MD68-42
Sand Coulee Creek, Montana
MD70-65
Sandstone weathering
MD72-27
Sangamon River, Illinois
MD51-5
-------
278.
Savage River, Maryland
MD65-21 MD67-36
Saw Mill Run, Pennsylvania
MD69-90
Schuylkill River, Pennsylvania (See also Anthracite Coal Region)
MD46-4 MD48-2 MD50-11
Schuylkill River Basin, Pennsylvania
MD68-5
Schwarze Pumpe Works
MD57-13
Scioto River, Ohio
MD68-86
Sealing o£ abandoned mines; See Mine sealing
Sediment (See also Erosion and sedimentation)
MD61-8
control
MD74-85
Handbook
MD75-8
vegetative filters, laboratory study
MD76-17
ponds
MD73-23 MD75-28 MD76-15
Senate, U.S. Congress
Select Committee on National Water Resources
MD60-24
Sequatchie River, Tennessee
MD72-76
Settler's Cabin Park, Pennsylvania
MD76-11
Sewage
accelerates recovery of surface mine lakes
MD73-38
microorganisms in mine water
MD10-1 MD69-21 MD69-46 MD71-28 MD75-41
and mine drainage
combined for pollution abatement
MD66-47 MD68-49 MD71-76 MD71-92 MD72-60 MD73-76
MD74-62
patent
MD71-92
effect on Chlorella vulgaris
MD72-69
in mine drainage streams {See also Escherichia coll, viability)
MD33-1 MD33-3 MD36-3 MD46-4 MD49-2 MD50-14 MD64-16
MD66-40 MD73-36
Mellon Institute Fellowship
MD49-4
treated with reverse osmosis brines
MD71-15
Sewage sludge
and mine drainage sludge
greenhouse studies
MD71-98
on surface mined land, leachate
MD72-61
on reclaimed surface mined land, effect on
water quality
MD74-65
Sewickley Creek, Pennsylvania
MD66-42
-------
279.
Shavers Fork, West Virginia
MD71-79
Sheban Project, Mahoning County, Ohio
MD60-11 MD65-19 MD71-8 MD74-2
Shirley Machine Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
MD58-9 MD63-5 MD66-1
Silanes; See Coating of acid forming materials
Silicates; See Coating of acid forming materials
Silt from coal mining
abatement in eastern Pennsylvania
rivers
MD50-10
in Schuylkill River
MD50-11
Slnnemahoning Creek, Bennett Branch, Pennsylvania
MD31-4
Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants
MD70-5 MD73-20 MD73-21 MD73-52 MD73-58 MD73-64 MD74-47
MD75-26 MD75-35
Slaked lime neutralization
MD23-1
Slippery Rock Creek, Pennsylvania
MD65-40 MD67-51 MD70-93 MD70-95
biological survey
MD74-73
mine sealing project
MD72-22
treatment plant
MD72-41
Slippery Rock State College, Pennsylvania
MD67-51
Sludge from coal washery water (See also Washery water)
use in briquettes
MD76-9
Sludge from mine drainage neutralization (See also Ferric hydroxide suspension;
HYDRA-Sludge Removal System; Lime neutralization; Mine sealing, sludge
deposited—)
MD57-16 MD70-23 MD70-46 MD70-61 MD74-64
densification (See also Flocculants; Heyl & Patterson sludge thickening
process; Magnetic iron oxide formation; Sludge recycle)
MD71-87 MD73-72 MD74-10
dewatering
MD57-15 MD69-16 MD69-50 MD71-22 MD71-67 MD71-98 MD72-12
MD72-58
comparison of processes
MD73-3
with ultrasonics
MD75-10
disposal
in abandoned mines
MD66-46 MD68-99
on agricultural lands
MD66-9
lagoon storage
MD68-36 MD68-56
spray irrigation and drying bed studies
MD76-14
handling
MD69-63 MD70-19
-------
280.
Sludge from mine drainage neutralization (continued)
recycle
MD70-38 MD71-88 MD72-70 MD73-73
laboratory study
MD69-35
patent
MD71-33 MD73-40
salable products
MD21-1
settling
MD68-23
used in road base material
MD73-53
utilization
MD70-78
volume
MD56-5 MD70-81
Sludge, sewage; See Sewage sludge
Smith Township, Pennsylvania, treatment plant
MD71-2 MD71-17 MD72-90 MD72-91
Snowy Creek, West Virginia, Maryland
MD63-24
Soda ash; See sodium carbonate under Neutralization
Sodium hydroxide; See Neutralization
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
MD73-23
Soils for renovation of acid mine water
MD73-8 MD74-5
South Africa, Republic of (See also Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa)
Coronation Collieries
MD74-10
Douglas Colliery
MD54-1
South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, National Institute
for Water Research
MD62-13
South Carolina, University of
Department of Geology
MD72-5 MD74-12 MD76-5
Southeast Water Laboratory, FWPCA, Athens, Georgia
MD69-35
Southern Illinois University
MD54-16
Cooperative Fisheries Research Laboratory
MD56-9
Cooperative Wildlife Studies
MD56-3
Department of Thermal and Environmental Engineering
MD74-56
Spanish Needle Creek, Illinois
MD73-43
Special Foreign Currency Program, U.S. EPA
Poland
MD75-17 MD75-18
Spoil weathering (See also Lysimeter studies)
MD65-24 MD65-50
Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior
MD64-8 MD68-7 MD73-9
Stanley Engineering Company (Stanley Consultants)
MD66-3 MD69-45 MD70-53 MD71-10
Steel mill effluents, effects on Ohio River and tributaries
MD61-16
-------
281.
Stratigraphy
Allegheny Group
MD67-11
effect on acid production of Ohio coal seams
MD62-12
effect on drainage from Pennsylvania mines
MD68-27
Stream fauna
MD57-12
Subsidence (See also Backfilling)
In Pennsylvania anthracite fields
MD75-34 MD75-43
Subsurface disposal; See Deep-well injection
Sulfate
concentration of, related to specific conductance of mine drainage streams
MD73-34
removal (See Bacterial treatment; Neutradeaulfating treatment)
MD67-52
Sulfide
from sulfate reducing bacteria
MD69-83
treatment
MD68-100 MD69-80 MD70-101
Sulfur (See also under Pyrite)
forms in coal
MD75-24
recovery from coal refuse
MD71-57
Sunnyhill Coal Co., Pennsylvania
MD49-3
Surface mine drainage (See also Drainage from surface mined land; Blkins Demon-
stration Project; Lysimeter studies; Overburden, characterization, handling;
Precipitation, infiltration on spoil banks; Water handling)
contouring to reduce pollution
MM 9-3
control, Indiana
MD58-4 MD60-12
Surface mine hydrology (See also Appalachia,—; Beaver Creek Basin; Indiana
hydrology; Kentucky hydrology; Montana hydrology; Poland,—; Sheban Project)
MD68-83
Surface mine lakes (See also Cheat Lake, West Virginia; Deep Creek Lake, Maryland;
Illinois—; Indiana—; Kansas—; Lake Hope, Ohio; Missouri—; Moraine State
Park, Pennsylvania, Lake Arthur; Ohio—; Sheban Project)
MD65-41 MD66-14
construction
MD62-20
effect of iron, aluminum, and sulfate reducing bacteria on recovery of
MD73-38 MD74-42
Surface mine lands (See also Acid mine drainage, overburden materials; Dents Run
Project, West Virginia; Drainage from—; Illinois—; Kentucky—; Moraine State
Park, Pennsylvania; Ohio—; Pennsylvania—; Upper Meander Creek, Ohio, abate-
ment project)
reclamation in Appalachian states
MD75-35
-------
282.
Surface mining (See also Bibliographies; Central Pennsylvania Open Pit Mining
Association; Consolidation Coal Company, Hanna Coal Company Division; Cost-
benefit analysis; Drainage from—; Elkins Demonstration Project; Erosion and
sedimentation; Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; Poland, lignite surface
mine drainage; Hater retention in spoil)
effect on Beaver Creek, Kentucky
MD62-9 MD63-15
water supplies, Pennsylvania
MD47-8
Fort Union, Montana, coal region
MD74-71
regulation
MD50-9
shallow underground mines, See Daylighting
water pollution control
MD60-23 MD72-39
Surface water seepage (See also Uater handling)
anthracite coal region
MD52-1 MD53-2 MD53-3 MD5A-2
Suspended solids; See flocculents
Susquehanna River Basin Commission
MD73-20 MD73-21
Susquehanna River Basin Compact
MD67-67
Susquehanna River Basin Study Coordinating Committee
MD70-103 MD70-104 MD70-105
Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania (See also Anthracite coal region; Buried valley of
the—; North Branch, Susquehanna River; West Branch, Susquehanna River)
MD48-2 MD62-21 MD66-24 MD71-84
Basin
MD68-1
mineral industry water requirements
MD66-24
survey
MD73-20
water quality at Harrisburg
MD63-1
Swatara Creek, Pennsylvania
MD61-12 MD67-65 MD68-74
Swindell-Dressier Company
MD70-78
Syracuse University
MD70-47 MD70-48
Department of Bacteriology and Botany
MD59-12 MD59-13 MD69-52
Department of Biology
MD71-60
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
MD71-76 MD72-65
Robert a Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; See Public Health
Service, U.S. Government
Tannery waste, effect on acid stream
MD30-3
Tasa Coal Company
MD67-16
Teeslde Polytechnic, Great Britain
Department Civil and Structural Engineering
MD75-5
Temperature of acid aoil; See Drainage from surface mined land, sources identified
by-
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283.
Tennessee Technological University
MD73-16 MD73-54
Tennessee, University of
Water Resources Research Center
MD73-7A
Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Government
Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development
MD72-76
Thermal pollution
MD65-44 MD66-7 MD70-117 KD73-36
Tibbs Run, West Virginia
MD34-3
Tioga River, Pennsylvania
survey of benthic community
MD72-83
Tips; See Refuse piles
Toby Creek, Elk County, Pennsylvania
MD71-90
Toledo, University of, Ohio
MD52-7 MD53-8
Toms Run, Pennsylvania
MD68-22 MD69-27 MD70-67
Tongue River, Montana, Wyoming
MD76-12
Trace elements (See also Heavy metals; Illinois coals)
in Ohio River Basin waters and mine effluents
MD67-39
in West Virginia mine effluents
MD67-17 MD67-18
Tradewater River Basin, Kentucky
MD72-26 MD73-34
Travers-Lewis Process Corp.
MD28-3
Treatment of acid mine drainage (See also Abatement programs; Alumina-lime-soda
process; Bacteria in mine drainage inhibited by—; Bacterial treatment, sulfate
reducing bacteria; Calcium sulfate sealing; Coal refuse combustion process;
Coating of acid forming materials; Cost-benefit analysis; Costs of—; Cyanide
treatment; Dilution to increase pH; Effluent polishing; Flash distillation;
Fluidized bed electrode; Foam fractionation; Freezing; Hollywood, Pennsylvania,
Experimental Mine Drainage Treatment Facility; Hydrocarbon extraction; Hypo-
chlorite treatment; Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin; Ion
exchange; Iron addition; Iron oxidation; Iron removal; Mine Drainage Treatment
Manual; Mine drainage treatment review; Mine sealing; Mixing mine waters of
differing quality; Neutradesulfsting treatment; Neutralization; Neutrolosis
treatment; Ozone treatment; Pigment by-products of mine drainage treatment;
Potassium permanganate treatment; Public water supply; Radiation treatment;
Reverse osmosis; Saline water conversion processes; Sewage and mine drainage;
Sludge recycle; SoIIb renovation of acid mine drainage; Sulfate removal;
Sulfide treatment; Treatment plants; also under names of coal companies)
chemistry of
MD68-3
estimating amount of treatment chemicals needed
MD70-82
Treatment plants (See also Lime neutralization; Limestone neutralization; Smith
Township, Pennsylvania; under names of coal companies)
complete specifications for
MD70-112
Pennsylvania
MD68-32 MD70-22 MD70-42
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284.
Trout
in ferric hydroxide suspensions
MD72-74 MD75-39
in washery water
MD63-8
Youghiogheny River, tolerance test
MD64-13
Trout River, Colorado
MD74-52
Truax-Traer Coal Company; See Consolidation Coal Company
Tug Fork, West Virginia, Kentucky
MD67-35
Two Lick Creek, Pennsylvania
MD71-91
Tyco Laboratories, Inc.
MD70-110 MD71-80 MD72-23 MD72-36
Tygart Lake, West Virginia
MD73-9
Tygart River, West Virginia (See also Grassy Run; Roaring Creek)
MD38-2 MD63-24 MD71-25
Ultrasonics; See Sludge dewatering
Underground neutralization (See also Iron removal, in-situ neutralization; Mine
sealing, sludge deposited from in-situ neutralization)
MD69-87
Underground water pools
reservoir, Alabama
MD73-68
subsidence
MD74-34
survey
MD49-1
Uniroyal, Inc.
MD72-77
United States Steel Corporation
MD70-23 MD70-99 MD73-61
Frick District Mines
MD69-31 MD69-85 MD70-35
Gary, West Virginia
MD65-22
University of; See other part of name
Upper Freeport Coal Bed
analyses of drainage from
MD28-2
Upper Meander Creek, Ohio, abatement project
MD71-10
Upper Ohio Basin Office, FWQA
MD70-28
Vesta-Shannopin Division; See Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
MD71-23 MD72-30 KD74-33 MD74-35 MD75-2 MD75-12 MD75-13
MD75-14 MD7S-32
Water Resources Research Center
MD74-34
Virginia State Water Control Board
MD71-16
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285.
Washery water (See also Fine coal dewatering; HYDRA-Sludge Removal System;
Lamella Thickener; Silt; Sludge from coal washery water; Trout)
MD47-6 MD48-3 MD52-12 MD53-5 MD54-13 MD55-6 MD55-7
MD57-7 MD58-3 MD61-8 MD61-15 MD63-16 MD66-24 MD67-8
MD72-64 MD73-43
closed circuit handling
MD56-12
disposal in lagoons
MD68-75
Eastern Coal Corporation
MD67-8
from effluent of Marlanna Mine No. 58, Bethlehem Mines Corporation
MD67-22
from treated anthracite mine drainage
MD46-9
Pittsburgh Coal Company, Renton Mine
MD68-58
pumping
MD65-22
runoff into rivers
MD48-6
treatment with flocculante
MD37-5
West Virginia
MD58-8
West Virginia treatment guide
MD55-6
Washington County Planning Commission
MD68-53
Washington Irrigation and Development Company
MD73-47 MD73-48
Water handling (See also Eastern Gas and Fuel Associates; Flood prevention projects;
Ground water infiltration; Humphrey Project; Latex soil sealant; Mine dewatering;
Mixing—; Pumping; Sheban Project; Washery water)
MD51-4 MD52-3 MD52-5 MD53-7 MD54-7 MD60-16 MD61-6
MD65-23 MD66-15 MD66-21 MD66-23 MD68-26 MD68-28 KD70-22
MD71-26 MD71-62 MD72-52 MD74-24 MD75-37
fiberglass/epoxy pipe
MD75-33
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe
MD74-55
prevention of infiltration into mines
MD74-46 MD75-7
pumps and piping (See also American Standards Association)
MD53-11
reducing acid mine drainage formation
MD57-4 MD60-22 MD72-59
reducing drainage volume
MD69-25
surface mines and mining
MD54-9 MD61-14 MD75-12
Water and Hazardous Materials, Office of, U.S. EPA
MD75-35 MD75-37
Water management, computer program for
MD67-70
Water Pollution Research Laboratory, Stevenage, Herts. U.K.
MD63-8
Water Programs, Office of, U.S. EPA
MD71-48
Wheeling, West Virginia
MD71-29
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286.
Water Quality (See also Acid mine drainage; Appalachian rivers and streams;
Augmented flow; Biota; Drainage from surface mined land; Fort Union coal
region; Ground water; Modeling—; Names of rivers and streams; Pumping,
sludge)
County mines
MD74-46
MD63-6
MD71-95
Water Quality Office, U.S. EPA
MD71-3 MD71-11 MD71-22 MD71-39 MD71-56
MD71-70 MD71-74 MD71-78 MD71-80 MD71-81
Water Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, FWPCA
MD67-55
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
MD73-82
Water Resources Research, Office of, U.S. Department of
MD66-7 MD66-47 MD72-45 MD72-79 MD73-36
MD74-32 MD74-34 MD74-60
Water retention in spoil
MD68-16
Watersheds; See West Virginia watersheds; See under names of rivers and streams
Weather; See Low water (drought) effects; Precipitation
Weathering; See Pyrite oxidation, weathering; Sandstone weathering; Spoil weathering
West Branch, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania (See also Bald Eagle Creek)
MD64-9 MD65-44 MD67-7 MD73-4
West Creek, Pennsylvania
MD31-6
West Fork River, West Virginia
MD31-3 MD67-3 MD71-25
West Penn Water Company, Pennsylvania
MD49-3
West Virginia (See also Drainage from coal seams in—; Mine sealing)
coals, analyses of
MD36-1
watersheds
MD38-4
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources (See also Dents Run Project)
MD63-28 MD75-8
Division of Water Resources
MD67-27 MD67-31 MD67-32 MD67-33 MD67-34 MD67-35 MD69-42
MD71-94 MD71-95 MD74-84
West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey
MD68-93 MD68-94 MD73-62
West Virginia hydrology (See also Monongahela River Basin, hydrology)
MD68-48 MD68-93
effect on—; Sewage
determinations
MD59-3
Colorado streams
MD74-83
Kentucky
MD69-47
Maryland streams
MD63-22
Ohio streams
MD71-7
Pennsylvania
Clearfield
MD74-29
streams
MD58-6
West Virginia
mined-land
MD75-31
streams
MD71-94
MD71-57 MD71-60
MD71-87
the Interior
MD73-38 MD73-72
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MD75-10 MD75-24
MD72-69 MD72-78
MD76-3
287.
West Virginia State Water Commission
MD57-6 MD58-11
State Water Resources Board
MD61-1
West Virginia University
MD72-8 MD73-9
Appalachian Resource Center
MD68-9 MD68-10
Coal Research Bureau
MD70-116 MD71-67 MD73-3 MD75-6
College of Agriculture and Forestry
MD72-27
Division of Plant Sciences
MD71-48 MD74-75
Department of Biology
MD72-1 MD72-15 MD72-35
Department of Chemical Engineering
MD74-8 MD74-9 MD74-56
Department of Civil Engineering
MD71-98
Department of Economics
MD71-37 MD73-26
Department of Geology and Geography
MD67-17 MD67-18
Department of Plant Pathology, Bacteriology, and Entomology
MD64-16 MD66-40
Department of Sanitary Engineering
MD30-2
Engineering Experiment Station
MDA6-5
MD48-4
MD50-19
MD52-U
School of Mines
MD68-34 MD69-37 MD70-46
Research programs
MD68-35 MD68-48
Water Research Institute
MD68-61 MD68-76 MD69-9
MD71-28 MD73-36 MD74-77
Review of programs
MD73-6
Westinghouse Electric Corporation (See also Flash distillation)
MD65-52 MD70-113
Wheeling Creek, Ohio
MD68-78
Wheeling Field Office, West Virginia, U.S. EPA
MD72-10 MD73-49
Wheeling Field Station, West Virginia, FWPCA (See also Monongahela River Mine
Drainage Remedial Project)
MD67-2 MD67-50 MD68-77 MD68-78
Whetstone Creek, Ohio
MD69-24
Wilkes College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
MD68-65 MD68-66 MD74-69 MD75-36
Wills Creek, Maryland
MD65-21 MD67-36
Wisconsin, University of
Department of Bacteriology
MD73-13 MD74-6
MD33-1
MD47-3
MD50-17
MD51-13
MD45-2
MD47-4
MD50-18
MD52-13
MD46-6
MD48-7
MD51-9
MD52-15
MD46-7
MD49-6
MD51-10
MD54-20
MD46-8
MD49-7
HD51-11
MD47-2
MD50-6
MD51-12
MD69-21
MD75-41
MD69-46 MD69-92 MD71-25
MD68-85 MD68-86 MD69-41
MD76-6
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288.
Xavier University
Department of Economics and Finance
MD71-37 MD73-26
Yellowboy; See Operation Yellowboy; Sludge from mine drainage neutralization
Yost Associates, Dubois, Pennsylvania
MD69-86
Youghiogheny River, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania (See also Cucumber Run)
MD10-2 MD63-24 MD64-7 MD65-21 MD66-43 MD67-36 MD70-76
aquatic life survey
MD64-13
Basin
MD69-56
trace elements in
MD67-39
Young and Son Coal Co., Butler County, Pennsylvania
MD66-32
Yu go slavia, reclamation
MD73-25
Zinc; See Drainage from surface mined lands, Kentucky
Zollman Associates, Inc.
MD73-58
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