APTIC
A fCTIIGD TOR CALCULATHiG POWHR
PLANT CMlbSrOK" RATI-S
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Roger T. S!ncjch?ra, Roy M. Ileulichi.
and
Halter S. Smith
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ABSTRACT
Federal new source performance standards governing emission from sta-
tionary sources require that emissions from fossil-fuel-fired steam
generating units of 250 X 10^ Btu/hr heat input be expressed in terms
of lb/10^ Btu heat input. Many State and local regulations also require
the same expression to be used. To express emissions in these terms re-
quires that the following be determined: (1) pollutant concentration.
(2) effluent volumetric flow rate, and (3) heat input rate (fuel rate X
fuel heat content). An alternative mechod is presented in this paper
for calculating emission rates in terms of 10^ Btu heat input without de-
termining (2) and (3) above. Constants for respective fossil fuels are
presented that permit (1) the calculation of emission rates.without the
measurement of dry effluent volumetric flow rate and heal input rate, (2)
the checking of sampling data accuracy for (1) vhen these quantities are
measured, and (3) the checking of accuracy of proximate and ultimate analyses.
i
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METHOD FOR CALCULATING
PCWF.R PL/'fiT EMISSION RATE
By
R. T. Shigehara, R M, Neulicht. ah'd \-L S, Smith
Introduction
In the final State Implementation Plans submitted by the 50 States,
the District cf Columbia, Puerto Rico, American Srjmoa, Guam, and the
Virgin Islands in response to the 1970 Clean Air Act, most of the regu-
lations for the control of particulate, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen
oxide emissions from fuel burning sources are expressed in pounds of
emissions per million Btu of heat input (lb/106 Btu)\ The Federal New
2
Source Performance Standards reyulating the seme pollutants frdm fossil
fuel-fired ste-c.m Generating units of more than 250 million Btu/hr heat
input arc expressed in the sanie terms. To arrive at this expression, the
Federal performance standard regulations call for the determination of the
pollutant concentration (C), the effluent volumetric flow rate (0 ), and the
«
heat input rate (Q^). In addition, the heat input rate must be confirmed,by
a material balance over the steei:i genera!or system.
The purpose of this paper is to preset an alternative method for arriv-
ing Ki'h improved accuracy at the c/.pressicn of lh/10^ Otu called Tor by the
St-iL' : . I I-.'icral ro^ulations "Uhout h;.v\o to deicrr.iir.e eifhirrt ens voin-
meii-'c rit-'-/ rate, fi'el rate, or fuel h.Wu content.
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Derivation of the F-Factor Method
Standard Method
In the standard method of calculating emission rates as published in
o
the federal Reqistcr:
C 0<;
^ = fi (1)
where: E ~ pollutant emission, lb/10^ Btu.
C - pollutant concentration, dry basis, lb/scfd.
Qs - dry effluent volumetric flow rate, sefd/hr.
r
Q){ - heat input rate, 10 Btu/hr.
F-Factor Method
When the laws of conservation of inass arid energy are applied, the
following must hold true:
& (2)
Qh ^ 20.9 j HHV V '
where: V$ = theoretical dry combustion products per pound of fuel burned,
scfd/lb.
HHV :: high heating Vcilue, 10^ Btu/lb.
20.9 - % 02
?(P GXcess a^r correction factor.
Solving Tquation 2 for the ratio 0p/0^ and substituting into Tquation 1
yield;,:
r r Lr] ) . .90.:q_ ) )
L L MIHV' Vu.y - 7- iy K'j)
2
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The amount" of dry effluent g&s (Vs) generated by combustion of a fossil
fuel can easily bo calculated from the ultimnlc analysis. The high heating
value can be. obtained from the proximate analysis. The ratio, F, between V
and HHV can be calculated for various fossil fuels; F is the effluent gas
4
generated per 10 Btu heat content:
vs
F = Hiirrrooy (4)
Values fur F calculated from data obtained from the literature are
summarized in Table I. Of course, this ratio can be calculated for each
specific case, but the dry effluent per lo'' Btu varies no more than about
+ 3 % within a fuel category. Tor this reason, these ratios will be
considered as constants and will hereafter be called "F Factors." The use
of these F Factors, as will be discussed later, eliminates the need for
ultimate and proximate analyses. A list of average F Factors derived
from Table I is shown in Table II.
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Tabic I
r Factor:, for Fossil Fuels
(Calculated -from Data
in Literature)
fuel
Lit.
Source
Sc1F.iT! Cb t
IJo.
sc
Avq. v
rd/10'
Btu" -
I'iil X .
FJev
*)
(-')
(-)
Coal
Anthracite
3
3
101.0
2.4
1.2
4
1
102.8
-
-
Total
or avg.
4
101.4
2.0
1.6
Bituminous
3
8
97.5
1 A
1.1
5
44
97.15
2.1
2.4
6
38
98.7
1.4
1.2
7
13
98.9
1.5
1.1
8
39
98.6
2.3
1.4
9
26
98.2
2.1
1.2
10
57
98.0
1.0
1 .2
4
1
99.3
-
-
Lignite
3
1
97.5
-
5
2
99.4
1.0
1 .0
Total
or uvg.
229
98.2
2.7
3.1
Oil
Crude 11,12
6
91.9
1.9
2.6
4
1
92.0
»
-
R;?s /duu.n
12
0
93.1
1 .9
2.1
D'hrillcte
2
91,1
0.5
1.5
Tii-1
11
O
91 ,5
1 .9
I .3
Total
or avn.
C ' ^
1G
92.2
2.8
3.0
'...r:l
s
1 f
> «
i
P'l C
( * .
n _
O.j
C. ;i
* ,0
o!i'
0. "1
i.)', 0 *
C\ _.\ !.M
i
'i
;,M.n
0.3
0.3
Into;"/.'
Tr-L-.l
or i-vtj.
o
r.7.4
2.2
1 .2
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Tahlc II. Average F Factors'1
Fuel
F Factors
srfd/10' Btub
Coal -anthracite
101.4
Coal-bituminous, lignite
98.2
Oil-crude, res 1 duiiim, distillate, fuel oil
92.2
Gas-natural, butane, propane
87.4
'"'Derived from Table I.
'¦"Standard conditions are 70T, 29.92 in. Hg, and 0 % excess air.
Use of F Factors
Emission Rate Calculation
When Qs end are not measured or are m.obt?.;liable, F FacLors can be used
to calculate Z, Substituting Equation 4 into Fetation 3 w? obtain:
1: = C I .'-y-) (b)
A
where: F F Factor from TuMe 11, i.-i mmJ/iO Btu.
Equation 5 shows th^t Z can ! cb!:c.ii,cc! by singly r::/y.:r inq the pollutant
concentration ?;:d porcciitcqs o,\y.;c,i :nd by i:r.'r^Isthe [y^\i oT fuol bein'i burned.
Qs and Qh are r.o longer required.
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Fuel Analysis Chock
If ultimate and proximate analyses ore iv.dde, r Factors can be used
to check the accuracy of such aiv.lyr.es by comparing,, them with V /MItV v/hich
1s the calculated airount of dry effluent gas generated per 10^ Btu heat
content.
Discuss ion
In the present method for calculating power plant emission rates, four
separate quantities inust be determined, each of which requires at least two
measurements, as shown in Table III.
Table III
Quantities and l-'-easurcnenis Required
For Calculation of Power Plant
Emission Rates (Regulation Method)
Quantity Used
1. Pollutant concentration, C
Z. LiTiucnc voiui.iouic flo,
rate, Q.
3. !' -*l v.y '!¦ /'.e, f
'I. I'atcri :1 I Lm.c-4 r :nf ir-
niiiuion
Quantity Measured
a. Pollutant mass
b. Dry cas volnno
<;. V'f-1oci;y iuad
h. Scad: Uv|j?>v',.ure
c. S-zl\ f;r i
d. Dry n.v, c:vi; ointion
(n.-r; i i ' c-Xs 0o, i:
o. I'nisL'jre cc:t¦ :u (neilr-
nir.. 'i c i
Mcj i i c oi H'j))
P)";
uvl
.1 rv->
C.: ?Iy s1s of
t'ffVrn1 volu'-rtric Flov
rai.'_' (dc.ccr;.intJ in
[II'¦v.. ' ii 11 vr> inf
i 'A if (c. ! .1 K k .J
from 2(d))
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From Table 1711 it is obvious chat the use oT I" Factors in calculating
E roquires fewer measurements than arc required by methodoloay in current
use. Because there are fewer measurements, the inaccuracies attendant to
measuring items 2 through 0 (except for ?d) arc no', included in the final
results. Granted that those Measurements in 2 must be made for isokinetic
sampling, but the errors r.^de c!o not contribute directly to the emission stan-
dard calculation.
Conclus ion
It hds been shown that, for a given type of fuel, a relationship exists
between the fuel heat value and dry effluent that permits a constant (F Tactor)
to be calculated within 3 deviation.
This implies that: (1) pollutant emissions in lb/10^ Btu can be easily
calculated when only pollutent concentration, 0^ concentration, and fuel type
are known, thus eliminating) the need for Measuring effluent volumetric flow rate
and heat, inpuc race; (2) the inconsistencies that arise in ineasurina the heat
input rale are eliminated while at f-.ost a maximum error of 3 " nav he pronaoated
frop the F racier to the pollui-ni emission rate; ar,d (3) if effluent volumetric
flow rale (0 ) c.d hGat inpu'; raio (Q[() are mec,vjred, an Fr recti r can be cal-
culalcrJ fre I V v?Hrr> rwiLh the F k.cior a rr.ss bal; n.-.e cl.eck.
)n sho.'t, uvj of i s.r !" rr lo'' - cwidi-'S a >:"'li or! 1{>s than rhn o*n
'¦'V I. ".'If It. I ; ;;! ::>{ ' :('b' iO': K' ' S i r'J i ' - 11' 1 -i r."' "hj
sr r I i.vj ('at'i.
V
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References
1Duncan, !.. J., Analysis of Final State Implementation PI ans -
Rules oiid Regulations Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Publication No. APTD-1334 (1972).
Federal Register, Standards of Performance for Mew Stationary Sources,
30:247, Part II (Dec. 23, 1971).
3. Perry, John H.s ed., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 4th ed., p. 9-3,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, N. Y. (1963).
4. North American Combustion Handbook, North American Manufacturing Co., 13,
Cleveland (19G9).
5. Hodgman, Charles D., Handbook of Chemistry and Physics/43rd ed.5 19"3 -
1944, Chemical Rubber Publishing Co., Cleveland (1961).
6. Analyses of Tipple and Delivered Samples of Cq.a1 t U. S. Dept. of Interior,
U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., Publication llo. USBMRI 7i3P8 (1^72).
7. U. S. Dept. or Interior, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, 0. C., Publica-
tion No. 11S.1Y.kj 7V>0 (1971).
8. U. S. Dept. of Ir.,,-vicv, U. S. I'tr/cv.! or fiinr/,, \'as!i in:'. Lon, 1). C. , Pu!li^;-
lion No. 7:16 (1970).
9. U. S. DepL oi fiic.iKV, U. S. ".'J r: ;: i i ¦ S s :a ^ i i i 11 ¦ ¦ :..i, IJ. I., i'.-.iiKc-
tion J!o. u^l'.uii 7(?19 (iCoU).
10. U. S. Dept. of Interior, U. S. l:urc\ui of Minos, Wa:.bii:qton, D. C., Publics-
n
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References(Continued)
11. ftodgnvn, Charles D.f ed. Handbook of Chriolstry and Physics, 43rd cd.,
193G, ChL;,)icul Rubbr.r Publishing Co., Cleveland (1961).
12. North Americai'i Combustion Handbook, North American Manufccturinci Co. , 31,
Cleveland (1955).
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