WORKING DRAFT
03/11/88
Ambient Water Quality Advisories For
CODALT1
Prepared by
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Superior, Wisconsin 54880
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Criteria and Standards Division
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Washington, D.C.
Through
Battelle Memorial Research Institute
Bioenvironmcntal Science Section
Columbus, Ohio 43201
EPA Contract No. 68-01-6986
Work Assignment No. 2-45
Amendment No. 6
1This document has been prepared according to the "Guidelines for
deriving ambient aquatic life advisory concentrations" of May 1987
These "Guidelines" are being reviewed and the format and data contained
in this document must be considered provisional contingent upon the
outcome of peer review.
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NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards DivisicSn, Office
of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for distribution
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the Criteria and Standards
Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S EPA, Washington, DC.
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FOREWORD
The Criteria and Standards Division of the Office of Water Regulations
and Standards has instituted water quality advisories as a vehicle for
transmitting the best available scientific information concerning the aquatic
life and human health effects of selected chemicals in surface waters
Advisories are prepared for chemicals for which information is needed quickly,
but for which sufficient data, resources, or time are not available to allow
derivation of national ambient water quality criteria
Data supporting advisories are usually not as extensive as required for
derivation of national ambient water quality criteria, and the strength of an
advisory will depend upon the source, type, and reliability of the data
available We feel, however, that it is in the best interest of all concerned
to make the enclosed information available to those who need it.
Users of advisories should take into account the basis for their
derivation and their intended uses. Anyone who has additional information
that will supplement or substantially change an advisory is requested to make
the information known to us. An advisory for an individual chemical will be
revised if any significant and valid new data make it necessary.
We invite comments to help improve this product.
Edmund M Notzon, Director
Criteria and Standards Division
11 i
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AQUATIC LIFE
Mary D. Balcer, author
University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI
HUMAN HEALTH
l v
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword 11 1
Acknowledgments iv
I Executive Summary l-l
II 1ntroduct1 on I I-1
III. General Information III-l
A Biological, Chemical and Physical Properties III-
B Occurrence III-
IV Aquatic Toxicity IV — 1
V. Pharmacokinetics V-l
VI. Health Effects VI-I
A Human Health Effects
B Animal Health Effects
VII. Quantification of ToxicoIogica1 Effects
A Human Health
1. Water Exposure
a. One-Day HA
b. Ten-Day HA
c. Longer-Term HA
d. Lifetime HA
e Cancer Risk Assessment
2. Fish and Water Exposure
VIII. Other Criteria and Standards
IX EPA Contacts
X References
v
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SECTION I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
AQUATIC LIFE
If the estimated or measured ambient concentration of cobalt exceeds
in fresh or salt water, one or more of the following options must
be completed within a reasonable period of time:
1. Obtain more measurements of the concentration.
2. Improve the estimate of the concentration.
3. Reduce the concentration.
4 Obtain additional laboratory and/or field data on the effect of
cobalt on aquatic life so that a new aquatic life advisory or water
quality criterion can be derived.
After a reasonable period of time, unless a consideration of all the available
data concerning the ambient concentration and the effects of cobalt on aquatic
life indicates that the ambient concentration is low enough, it must be
reduced
1-1
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SECTION IV. AQUATIC TOXICITY
Introduction
Aquatic life advisory concentrations are conceptually different from
national aquatic life water quality criteria. Aquatic life criteria are based
on toxicity and bioconcentration data for a sufficiently diverse group of
animals and plants to provide reasonable confidence in the appropriateness of
the criteria. Advisories are issued for selected chemicals for which
sufficient data are not available to allow derivation of national water
quality criteria for aquatic life. Because aquatic life advisories are
intended to be used to identify situations where there is cause for concern
and where appropriate action should be taken, the advisory concentration for a
chemical is derived to be equal to or lower than what the Criterion Continuous
Concentration (Stephan et al 1985) would be if a national water quality
criterion for aquatic life could be derived for the chemical. If the
concentration of a chemical in a variety of surface waters is found to exceed
the aquatic life advisory concentration, this may indicate that the U.S. EPA
should consider deriving aquatic life water quality criteria for that
chemical.
The literature searching and data evaluation procedures used in the
derivation of aquatic life advisories are identical to those used in the
derivation of water quality criteria for aquatic life (Stephan et al. 1985).
However, advisories do not contain a section on "Unused Data" as in a criteria
document. This aquatic life advisory concentration for cobalt was derived
using the procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Ambient Aquatic
Life Advisory Concentrations" (Stephan et al. 1986). A knowledge of these
guidelines is necessary in order to understand the following text, tables, and
calculations. The latest comprehensive literature search for information for
this aquatic life advisory was conducted in May 1987.
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Effects on Freshwater Organisms
Acceptable data on acute toxicity of cobalt to freshwater organisms are
available for nine species of invertebrates and one fish (Table I). The
cladoceran Daphn i a magna was the most sensitive species tested with a Species
Mean Acute Value (SMAV) of 1,347 /ig/L (Table 2). SMAVs for a planar-
lan, an annelid worm, a snail, an isopod, two amphipods, a crayfish and a
mayfly ranged from 10,200 to > 45,000 /ig/L. The fathead minnow Pimephales
promelas was also quite resistant to cobalt (SMAV = 21,800 /ig/L).
No acceptable data on chronic toxicity of cobalt to freshwater organisms
are available at this time. However, several authors have exposed organisms
to cobalt for extended periods (Table 3). In a 21-day unmeasured exposure,
Biesinger and Christensen ( 1972) observed decreased reproduction in Daphni a
magna at a cobalt concentration of 10 (ig/L. They calculated a 21-day EC50
(reproduction) of 12 /ig/L and a 21-day LC50 of 21 /ig/L for this
cladoceran Boutet and Chaisemartin (1973) reported 30-day EC50s
(immobilization) of 790 and 880 /ig/L, respectively, for fed and unfed
crayfish (Orconectes 1imosus). In embryo-larva tests, Birge (1978) and Birge
et al ( 1979) exposed embryos of rainbow trout (SaJjno galrdnerl). goldfish
(Carassius auratus). and a non-resident toad (Gastronhrvne carollnens i s ) to
cobalt until four days after hatching. EC50s (death and deformity) were 470,
810, and 50 \ig/L, respectively. An LC50 of 23,930 /ig/L was calculated
for carp embryos exposed to cobalt until hatching occurred (Kapur and Yadav
1982).
Additional data on effects of cobalt on freshwater organisms are provided
in Table 3. Growth and chlorophyll synthesis of blue-green algae were
affected by concentrations of 100 to 236 /xg/L. In green algae, growth
inhibition was observed at concentrations of 100 to 1,000 /ig/L. Protozoans
and rotifers were quite resistant to cobalt, with adverse effects observed
only at concentrations > 180,000 /ig/L The reaction of Daphnia magna to
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external stimuli was decreased after exposure to 5,000 fig/L for 48 hr.
Warnick and Bell (1969) found that 32,000 ng/L caused 50% mortality in the
stonefly Acroneuria lycorias and in the caddisfly Hvdropsvche betteni after 7
to 8 days of exposure. A 96-hr LC50 of 17,590 fig/L was reported by
Khangarot et al. ( 1985) for a non-resident frog (Rana hexadacty1 a).
Effects on Saltwater Organisms
Acceptable data on the acute toxicity of cobalt to saltwater organisms are
available for only two species (Table 1). The copepod Ni tocra spinipes was
sensitive to cobalt exposure (SMAV = 4,500 fig/L) while the mummichog
Fundulus heteroc 1itus was quite resistant (SMAV = > 524,000 /Jg/L). Addi-
tional data are available describing other lethal and sublethal effects of
cobalt on saltwater organisms (Table 3) A concentration of 10,200 fig/L
reduced the population growth of the diatom Nitzchia closterium by 50% in 96
hr. The filtration rate and burrowing activity of bivalves were reduced by
short-term exposures to 1,700 and 20,000 ng/L, respectively When bivalves
were exposed to cobalt concentrations of 20 to 100 pg/L for 21 days, their
bi oconcentratlon factors ranged from 4.1 to 35. Watlin ( 1983b) reported that
concentrations as low as 10 pg/L decreased the settling of Pacific oyster
larvae (Crassostrea glgas) and reduced the growth of spat Amiard (1976b)
determined the concentrations of cobalt that caused 50% mortality of several
species of crustaceans in 96 hr. The values included concentrations of
< 4,500 ng/L for the spinous spider crab (Mai a squinado). 4,500 to
23,000 ng/L for the lobster (Homarus vul gari s). 23,000 ptg/L for 1st zoea
of the green crab (Care l nus maenas). and 23,000 to 45,000 /jg/L for first
zoea of the pink shrimp (Pa 1aemon serratus). Adult green crabs and pink
shrimp (Pa 1aemon serratus) were more resistant to cobalt than younger stages.
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Calculation of Advisory Concentration
A total of twelve Species Mean Acute Values (SMAVs) and Genus Mean Acute
Values (GMAVs) are available for freshwater and saltwater organisms (Table
2). The values ranged from 1,347 fig/L for Daphnia magna to > 524,400 for
Fundulus heteroclitus. The lowest Genus Mean Acute Value (1,347 pg/L) is
divided by a factor of , in accordance with the advisory guidelines,
resulting in an Advisory Acute Value (AAV) of Mg/L. Due to the
absence of any acceptable data on chronic toxicity of cobalt to aquatic
organisms, an empirical value of is used as the Advisory Acute-Chronic
Ratio (AACR). Division of the AAV ( /ig/L) by the AACR ( ) results in
an Advisory Concentration of Mg/L- This value may not be low enough to
protect certain freshwater cladocerans and larvae or spat of saltwater
molluscs, which have exhibited some adverse effects after exposure to cobalt
concentrations as low as 10 pg/L
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Table 1 Acute Toxicity of Cobalt to Aquatic Animals
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Spec i es
PI ana r i an
(j uveniIe) ,
Duces i a 11 an no
Uet had
S, U
ChemicaI^
Cabalt
chloride
Hardness LC5Q Species Mean
(m g/L as or ECSO Acute Value
CaCOj) f jjq/L) (nq/L)
130 It.350 11.350
References
Ewel1 et al 1986
Worm
(j uveni1e),
LumbricuIjs varieaotus
S, U
Cobalt
chloride
1 30
> 45.400
> 45.400
Exel[ et al 1986
Snail
(j uvenlie),
Helisoma trivoIv i s
S, U
CobaIt
chloride
130
> 45,400
) 45,400
Ewel I et al 1986
CIadoceran
(< 24 hr) ,
Dophn i a magna
S, U
Cobalt
chloride
45 3
1,110
Biesinger and
Christensen 1972
CI adoceran
(1st and 2nd inst ar),
Daphnia magna
S, U
Cobalt
chloride
130
,450
EoelI et al 1986
CIadoceran ,
Paphn i a magna
S, U
Coba1~
chloride
240
,520
,347
Khangarot et a I
1987
Isopod
(juvenile),
As el I us in t ermedius
S, U
Coba1t
chloride
130
> 45.400
> 45,400
E wel1 et a I 19B6
Amphipod
(odu 11, 4 mm),
Cranaonvx pseudograciIis
R, U
Coba1t
chloride
50
39.200
39,200
Martin and Holdich
1986
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Tablet (Conti nued)
Spec i es
Amphipod
(juvenile),
Gammarus f osc i o t us
Cray fis h
(19-32 mm),
Orconec t es Iimosus
MayfIy ,
[phemerelI a subvorio
fathead minnow
(juvenile),
PimeohoIes promelas
Method" Chemi caI^
S, U Cobalt
chloride
S. M Cobalt
chloride
S, U Cobalt
sulfate
S, U Cobalt
chloride
Spec i es Uet hod" Chemi coIb
Copepod, S, U Cobalt
Nitocro spinipes chloride
Mummichog S, U Coba 11
( 2 7 g) , carbonate
FunduI us heteroclitus
Mummichoq
(2 7 g),
fundulus heterocIi tus
S, U
Cobalt
carbonate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCOj)
130
LC50
or EC50
> 45,400
Species Uean
Acute Value
lu 45,400
References
EwelI et al I 966
10,200
I 0,200
Boutet and
Chais emart in 1973
50
16,000
16,000
Warm ck and Bel I
1969
130
21 , 800
21 ,800
EwelI et al I 986
SALTWATER SPECIES
Salinity
f q/Kq)
7
LC50
or EC50
l^g/i)
4, 500
Species Uean
Acute Volue
t^g/Ll
4, 500
References
Bengtsson 1978
7 9
> 1,000,000
Dorfman 1977
18 8
> 1,000,000
Dorfman 1977
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Table I (Cont inued)
Spec i es
Met hod
ChemicoI
Sali n«t y
f <1 / Kg)
Mummichoq
(2 7 g),
funduIus he)erocIifus
S, U
Cobalt
chloride
5 0
Mummi choq
(2 7 g),
f unduI us het erocIit us
S, U
Cobalt
chloride
25 3
S = static, R = renewal, M = measured, U = unmeasured
Results are expressed as cobalt, not the chemical tested
LC5Q Species Uedn
or EC50 Acute Value
f «q/L] ( Uq/L) Ref erences
275,000 - Dorfman 1977
275,000
> 524,000
Dorfman 1977
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11
10
9
8
7
S
5
4
3
2 Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
Genus Mean Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
(ua/Ll Spec!es (»q/L)^ Rat i o
> 524,400 Mummichog, > 524,400
FunduI us het erocI11 us
> 45,400 Worm, > 45,400
lumbri cuius uar i eqot us
> 45,400 Snai1 , > 45.40D
He Iisomu t rivoIvis
> 45,400
1sopod,
> 45,400
Ase11 us in termedius
> 45,400
Amphipod ,
> 45,400
Gammarus fasciatus
39,200
Amphipod,
39,200
Cranaonvx pseudoaraci1is
21,800 Fathead minnow, 21,800
Pimepha1es proma1 as
I 6,000 Mayfly, 16,000
Cphemer e11 a s ubvaria
I I ,350 PIanar i an, II,350
Quaes i o tiarina
10,200
Cray fis h ,
Orconec t es Iimosus
10,200
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Table 2 (Conti nued)
Rank
Genus Uean
Acute Value
("q/U
Spec i es
Species Uean
Acute Value
f /jq/L)b
Species Uean
Acute-Chroni c
Rot i o
4,500 Copepod,
Hit oc ra s pinipes
4,500
,347
Cladoceran,
Poplin i o manna
I ,347
Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value
From Table I
Advisory
Advisory
Advisory
Acut e Value =
Acut e-Chron i c
Concent rat i on
Ratio =
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Table 3 Other Data on Effects of Cobalt on Aquatic Organisms
fRESHWATER SPECIES
Spec i es
Chemi col 0
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
Durat i on
Effect
Concentrat i on
((iq/L)
Ref erence
Blue-green alga,
Anabaenoosis raciborskii
Coba1t
chloride
8 days
Maximum growt h
obtained
59
Sharma and Si ngh
1 984
Blue-green algo,
Anabaenocsis raciborskii
Cobalt
chloride
-
8 days
Decreased growth
1 1 8
Sharma and Singh
1 984
Blue-green alga,
Anaboenoosis raciborskii
Coba1t
chloride
-
8 days
Growth reduced
by 50*
236
Sharma and Si ngh
1 984
Blue-green alga,
Anacvstis nidu1ans
Coba1t
nitrate
-
1-6 days
Decreased
ch 1 orophy11
synthesis
100
Csatorday et al
1 984
Blue-green alga,
TolvDothrix tenuis
Coba1t
acetate
-
6 weeks
Completely
inhibited growth
100
CI Nawawy et al
1973
Blue-green alga,
To 1vcot hr i x tenuis
Coba1t
acetate
-
6 weeks
Reduced dry
weight
0 5
El Nawawy et al
1973
Green alga,
Chiamvdomonas euaametos
-
-
12 days
Reduced eel 1
replication
1 ,000
Hutchinson 1973
Green alga,
Ch1omvdomonas reinhcrdi
Cobalt
chloride
""
14 days
Increased cystine
and decreased homo-
cystine levels
41.200
Warr and Gibbons
1973
Green alga,
Chlorella pvrenoidosa
Cobalt
sulfate
20
9 days
Decreased
population growth
830
Wong 1980
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Toble 3 (Centinued)
Spec i es
Green alga,
ChIorelI a pyrencidosa
Chemi coI
Cobalt
sulfate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CoCOj)
400
Durati on
9 days
Green alga,
ChIorelI a pyrenoidoso
Cobalt
s u 1 fate
20
7 days
Green alga,
ChI ore I 1o vulgaris
Cobalt
chloride
3-4 mo
Green alga,
ChI ore 11 a vulgaris
Cobalt
chloride
3-4 mo
Green alga,
ChIorelIo vuloaris
Cobalt
nitrate
3 weeks
Green alga,
ChIorelIo vulgaris
12 days
Green alga,
Haemotococcus cogens i s
I 2 days
Green olga,
Ped i ast rum tet ras
Cobalt
nit rat e
3 weeks
Green alga,
Scenedesmus acuminot us
6-8 days
Green alga,
Scenedesmus acutiformis
6-8 days
Green a I ga, Cobalt
Scenedesmus guadriCauda chloride
215
96 hr
Effect
Decreased
population growth
505! mort a I i t y
Concent ration
Iwq/Ll
830
10,000
Ref erence
Wong 1980
Wong I 980
Growt h
inhibited
No growth
inhibition
Reduced popuI ation
growth
CompIet eIy inhibited
cell replication
Reduced eel I
replication
Reduced population
growth
EC50
(population growth)
EC50
(population growt h)
EC50
(populotion growt h)
480
250
550
500
I ,000
550
100
250
I ,000
De Jong I 965
De Jong I 965
Coleman et al I 971
Hutchinson 1973
Hut c hinson I 973
Coleman et a I 1971
Stokes 1981
Stokes 1981
Bringmann and
Kuhn 1959
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Table 3. (Continued)
Spec i es
Eugleno id ,
EuoIenq qroc i I i s
EugIenoi d,
EuaIeno aroci 1 is
Euglenoid,
Euq1eno oroci I is
EugIenoid,
Eugleno virid i s
Chemi coI
Coba 11
nitrate
Cobalt
ch 1 ori de
Coba 11
chloride
Cobalt
nitrate
Hardness
(mg/L as
CoC03)
Durot i on
9 days
7 doys
15 days
3 weeks
Protozoan,
Ch iIomonos
Cobalt
chloride
I 0 mi n
Protozoan,
Ch i1omonos
Coba 11
chloride
3 hr
Protozoan,
Peranemo
CobaIt
chloride
I 0 mi n
Protozoan,
Peron emo
CoboIt
chloride
3 hr
Rotif er.
PhiIod i no ocuticornis
Cobalt
chloride
25
48 hr
Cladoceran,
Dophn i o magna
Clodoceran
(< 24 hr) ,
Dophnia moqno
Cobalt
chloride
Cobalt
chloride
215
45 3
48 hr
48 hr
Effect
Concentrat i on
I noil.)
Reference
Inhibited 59,000
population growth
Decreosed population 29,000
grout h
Population growth 180,000
totally inhibited
Reduced population 550
growt h
Let ho I > 2,500,000
Reduced survival > 1,000,000
Lethal > 5,000,000
Reduced survival > 2,500,000
EC50 {mob i1i ty) I 83,000
EC50 (reaction)
5,000
Simeroy and
De1cour t 1979
Bariaud and Mestre
1984
Bariaud and Mestre
1984
Co Ieman et a I I 971
Ruthven and Cairns
I 973
Ruthven and Cairns
1973
Ruthven and Cairns
1973
Ruthven and Cairns
1973
Buikema et al 1974
Bringmann and Kuhn
I 959
EC50
(immobi1ization,
fed)
I .620
Biesinger and
Christensen 1972
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Table 3.
(Cont i nued)
Spec i es
CIodoceran
(< 24 hr ) ,
Dophn i a magna
Chemi col
Cobo It
chloride
Hardness
(mg/L os
CoCOj)
45 3
Durot ion
21 days
CI adoceran
(< 24 h r) ,
Dophnia magna
Cobalt
chloride
45 3
21 days
CIodoceran
(< 24 hr) ,
Dophn i o magna
Cobalt
chloride
45 3
21 days
Amph i pod Cobalt
(odu11, 4 mm), chloride
Cranoonvx pseudoaroc i1i s
50
48 hr
Cray fi sh
(19-32 mm),
Orconectes Iimosus
Cobalt
chloride
3G days
(not fed)
Cray fish
(19-32 mm) ,
Orconectes Iimosus
Cobalt
chloride
30 days
(fed)
St onef I y ,
Acroneurio Ivcor i os
Cobalt
sulfate
50
8 days
CaddisfIy,
Hvdropsvche betteni
Rainbo» trout
(embryo-1arvo) ,
SaI mo goirdneri
CobaIt
sulfate
Cobo 11
nitrate
46
104
7 days
26 days
(4 days
pos t-hat ch)
Effect
LC5Q
EC50
(reproduction)
Dec reased
reproduction
LC50
EC50
(immobiIiza 11on)
EC50
(immobiIiza 11on)
5OX mor t a 111 y
507. mort o I i ty
EC50 (deoth and
def ormi t y)
Concent ration
Iuq/L ) Ref erence
21 Biesingcr and
Christensen 1972
12 Biesinger and
Christensen 1972
IQ 8iesinger and
Christensen 1972
167,000 Martin and Holdich
1986
880 Boutet and
Chaisemart in 1973
790 Boutet and
Cha i senior! in 1973
32,000 Warnick and Bell
1969
32,000 Warnick and Bell
1 969
470 Birge 1978,
Birge et a I 1980
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Table 3 (Continued)
Species
Chemi coI
Hardness
(mg/L as
CoCO,)
Co I d fis h
(3-5 g).
Corossius ourot us
Cobalt
chI or i de
Very soft
Goldfish
(3-5 g),
Carossius ourot us
Cobalt
chloride
Hard
Go Idf i sh
(3-5 g).
Co rossius ourot us
Cobalt
chloride
Very soft
Goldf i sh
(embryo-larva),
Corossius ourot us
CobaIt
nitrate
195
Carp
(embryo),
Cyprinus carpio
Cobalt
chloride
360
Narrox-mouthed toad Cobalt
(embryo-larva), nitrate
Gast rophrvne carolinensis
195
Frog
(20 mm tadpole),
Rang hexodact yI a
Cobalt
chloride
20
Salinity
Spec i es Chemi co10 (a/Kg)
Diatom. Cobalt
W11 zc hia cIos t er i um sulfate
Durot i on
Effect
Concent rat i on
(na/L) Reference
28-29 hr Lethal
450,000 El I is 1937
30-31 hr Lethal
450,000 Ellis 1937
168 hr Reduced survival
45,000 Ellis 1937
7 days
(4 days
pos *1—hatch)
EC50 (death and
def orm11 y)
810
Bi rge I 978,
Birge et al I 979
To hatch LC50
23,930
Kapur and Yadav
1982
7 days
(4 days
pos t-h a t c h)
EC50 (death ond
def orm11 y)
50
B i rg e 1978,
B i rge et a I 1979
96 hr
LC50
I 7,590
Khangarot et al
1985
SALTWATER SPECIES
Duration Effect
Concent rat i on
t fjq/L)
Reference
96 hr
EC50 population
growth
10.200
Rosko and Rachl i n
I 975
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Toble 3 (Cont i nued)
Spec i es
ChemicoI
Salinity
Iq/Kq)
Curati on
BivaIve,
BuI Ii a r hodost oma
Cobalt
chloride
21 days
Paeifie oys ter ,
Crassost rea q i qqs
Cobalt
chloride
21 days
Pacific oyster
(I 9 day Iarva) ,
Crossos t rea qiqos
20 days
Pacific oyster
(51 day old spat),
Crass os t rea qigas
14 days
Bivalve,
Donax serra
Cobalt
ch1 or ide
21 days
C1 am
(8-12 mm),
Maconta balthica
Cobalt
chloride
24 hr
exposure
CI am
(8-12 mm).
Mocomo bo 11 h i ca
Cobalt
chl on de
24 hr
Brown mussel
(60-80 mm),
Perna perna
Cobalt
chloride
I hr
Pink shrimp
(1st zoea),
Palaemon serratus
Cobalt
chloride
96 hr
Pinlt shr imp
(adult),
PoIoemon serra t us
Cobalt
chloride
96 hr
Concent rat i on
Effect (fjq/L)
Reference
BCF = 35
20 Wat Iin and Wat Ii n
1983
BCF = 4 I
100
Wot I in 1983a
Decreased set 11i ng
rate
I 0
Watlin 1983b
Decreased growth
I Q
Watlin 1983b
BCF = 33
20 WatlinandWatlir
1983
Significantly
reduced burrowi ng
activity
20,000
EI don et a I I 98ft
Siphons
damaged
30,000
Eldon et al 1980
EC50 (filtration
rate)
I 700
Wat Ii n and Wat Iin
I 982
Changed orientation 45,000 - 230,000 Amiard 1976a
to light
50/! mor t a I11y
230,000 - 450,000 Amiard 1976b
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Table 3 (Cont i nued)
Speci es
Pink shrimp
(1st zoea) ,
Pa 1 demon serrotus
Chemi col
Coba 1t
chloride
Sal inity
U/Kg)
Duroti o
96 hr
Lobst er
(3rd zoea) ,
Homarus vulgaris
Cabal t
chloride
96 hr
Green crab
(1st zaea),
Care i nus maenos
CobaIt
chloride
96 hr
Green crab
(1st zoea),
Core i nus maenas
Cobalt
c hI orid e
96 hr
Green crab
(adult) ,
Care i nus maenos
Coba 11
chloride
96 hr
Green crab
(1st zoea) ,
Care i nus moenos
CobaIt
chloride
96 hr
Spinous spider crab
(1st zoea) ,
Ma i a sauinado
CobaIt
chloride
96 hr
a Results are expressed as cobalt, not the chemical tested
Effect
Concent rat ion
(
-------
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