EPA-450/3-76-026g
June 1976
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT
OF THE URBAN
PARTICULATE PROBLEM
Volume IX -
Oklahoma City
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-76-026g
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN
PARTICULATE PROBLEM
Volume IX
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
FINAL REPORT
by
David A. Lynn
Becky S. Epstein
Frank Record, Project Director
GCA/Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Contract No. 68-02-1376, Task Order No. 18
EPA Project Officer: Thompson G. Pace
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
June 1976
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This final report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
the GCA/Technology Division in fulfillment of the requirements under Contract
No. 68-02-1376, Task Order No. 18. The contents of this report are reproduced
herein as received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency.
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FOREWORD
This document is part of a 16-volurae report assessing the urban particulate
problem, which was conducted by GCA/Technology Division for EPA.
This particular document i'3 one of Lhe 14 single city volumes tluiL provide
working summaries of data gathered jn tlie 14 urban areas during 1974 to
supporL an asses.sntent of the gfneral nature and extent of the TSP problem
nationwide. No attcmpL uab made to perform detailed or extensive analyses
in each urban area. RaLhcr, lhe city rcncrLs ai"e intended as a collection
of pertinent data which collectively forn a profile of each urban area. This,
in turn contributes to a comparative anaJysis oi data jmong the 3 4 areas
in an attempt to identify general patterns and factor", re 1?.Ling to attainment
of the TSP problem nationwide. Such an analysis has been made in Volume I
of Lhe study-National Assessment of the Urban Particulate Problem-National
Assessment. The reader is referred to this volume as the summary document
where the data is collectively analysed.
This and the other 13 city reports are viewed primarily as working documents;
thus, no effort was made to incorporate all the reviewer's comments into the
text of the report. The comments were, however, considered during the prepara-
tion of Volume I and are included herein in order to alert the reader to
different points of view. The 16 volumes comprising Lhe overall study are
as follows:
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volume
Volutr.c
Vol urne
Volume
Volvime
Volume
Volume
X - Seattle
SI - Cinc"uซruiti
XII - Cleveland
XIII - Sail Francisco
XIV - Miami
XV - St. Louis
XVI - Providence
I - National Assessment of the Urban Particulate Problem
II - Particle Characterization
III - Denver
IV - Birmingham
V - Baltimore
V] - Philadelphia
VTI - Chattanooga
IX - Oklahoma City
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgments viii
Executive Summary ix
Reviewers' Comments xi
Sections
I Introduction 1
II Analyses 14
III Conclusions A3
Appendix
A Particle Characterization 45
iv
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No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
2
5
6
8
10
11
12
22
24
25
25
27
28
30
31
34
35
LIST OF FIGURES
Location of Central Oklahoma AQCR and Oklahoma City and
County
Locations of Monitoring Sites in Oklahoma City
3
1974 Mean TSP Concentration (Mg/m ) at Monitoring Sites
Long-Terra Trend at NASN Site
Seasonal Pattern at Rural-Agricultural Sites in 1974
Seasonal Pattern at Suburban Sites in 1974
Seasonal Pattern at Center City-Commercial Sites in 1974
Location of Point Sources
Trend in Annual Rainfall
Seasonal Pattern of Rainfall Amounts
Seasonal Pattern of Days With Precipitation
Trend in Heating Demand
Smoothed Seasonal Patterns at NASN Site
Seasonal Pattern of Wind Speeds
Frequency of Wind Directions on Sampling Days at Site 2
Emission Limitations for Fuel-Burning Installations
Allowable Emissions From Industrial Process Sources
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3
7
9
15
16
18
19
37
41
48
48
49
50
51
LIST OF TABLES
Employment in Oklahoma City
Air Quality Summary
TSP Trends According to Land Use
Current Emissions Estimates by Source Category
Point Source Inventory Central Oklahoma AQCR
Fugitive Source Emissions Estimates
1970 Emissions as Estimated for SIP
Oklahoma City Hi-Vol Sites
Proportional Model Results
Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Will Rogers
World Airport, Oklahoma City)
Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, NASN Site No. 372200015
Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (200 North Walker No. 1 and S.W. 66th
and Denning No. 2)
Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (Bethany No. 14 and N.E. 13th and
Phillips No. 17)
Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (2045 M.W. 10th No. 18 and N.W. High-
Way and Meridian No. 19)
vi
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LIST OP TABLES (continued)
No. Page
A-3d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (S.E. 74th and High No. 21 and S.W.
2nd and Robinson No. 22) 52
A-3e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (Jones No. 5, N.E. 10th and Douglas
No. 10, and 428 W. California No. 15) 53
A-4a Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites
in Oklahoma City and Vicinity 54
A-4b Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites
in Oklahoma City and Vicinity 55
A-5 Results of Replicate Analyses of Oklahoma City Filters 56
A-6 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Oklahoma
City 57
A-7 Monthly and Annual Lead Concentrations From Hi-Vol Fitlers
in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma for 1974, yg/m 58
vii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
GCA/Technology Division wishes to sincerely thank those persons and organi-
zations who made significant contributions to this effort. On-going project
supervision was provided by Thompson G. Pace of EPA1s Control Programs
Development Division. The case study in Oklahoma City was greatly assisted
by the cooperation and helpfulness of John Gallion and the staff of the
State Air Pollution Control Division, and of Ben Cranor and the staff of
the Oklahoma City-County Health Department.
viii
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Oklahoma City is an institutional, light-industrial city located in
slightly rolling hills in the center of Oklahoma. The major fuel is
natural gas, and the biggest industrial categories are electric equip-
ment manufacture and food and agriculture products. Climatology is that
of the Great Plains, with hot summers and moderate winters, consistently
high wind speeds, and relatively light precipitation.
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS
Inventoried emissions from conventional sources are about 6,500 tons per
year, primarily from area source fuel use and transportation, including
a large aircraft contribution. Emissions from fugitive dust sources,
though not at all as well estimated, are certainly comparable and probably
much greater in magnitude.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
Oklahoma City climatology is typical of the southern Great Plains. Pre-
cipitation is light (averaging 31 inches per year) , but 1973 and 1974
had 42 and 39 inches, respectively. Winds are generally high, 12 to
15 mph, and are typically south-southeast except in winter, when northerly
winds prevail. Thunderstorms are frequent, and "dust storm" type condi-
tions occur, although air quality data representing the latter are
discounted.
ix
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REGULATIONS
Essentially similar regulations are enforced by both the state and city-
county agencies. Incinerator, process weight, and fuel combustion regu-
lations are moderate to weak in stringency, as is perhaps consistent with
the relative contribution from such sources.
URBAN ACTIVITY
A quantitative analysis of general traffic versus TSP was not possible,
but some sites have a clear influence from vehicular emissions and re-
entrainment. There has been a major downtown urban renewal project, in-
volving extensive demolition over the last 5 years. This has clearly
influenced levels at nearby sites, although a quantitative separation
of this effect has not yet been possible.
IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING
The Oklahoma SIP has been reviewed and revised twice since its original
submission, updating air quality information and revising calculations.
Adequate air quality data has been utilized, although levels believed
due to "dust storm" conditions have been deleted. Standard proportional
modeling has been used, but the lack of a complete emissions total has
made quantitative planning difficult.
CONCLUSIONS
Of the five sites where the primary standard has not yet been achieved,
one is because of significant traffic exposure, another because of adjacent
construction, and the other three, in the center city, because of CBD traf-
fic and urban renewal activity. The most appropriate action for improve-
ment in air quality is the estimation of emissions from, and the develop-
ment of control approaches for urban sources of fugitive dust.
x
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REVIEWERS' COMMENTS
The draft report for each city was submitted to interested EPA, state,
and local officials for comment on the contents and findings. Comments
of an editorial nature were reconciled; comments of a substantive nature
which reflect differences of opinion were compiled and are presented
below.
With respect to a data analysis that is cited on page 39, of
which the purpose is to "quantifiably separate the effects of the
urban renewal effort from the effects of other center city activity,"
it would be helpful if further details were given concerning the
methodology of the data analysis.
It was pointed out in the conclusions that there appeared to
be a relationship between precipitation patterns and TSP levels.
The report goes on to suggest that the "continued maintenance of
ambient standards at these sites is probably dependent on precipi-
tation patterns." In order to test the degree of association
between precipitation and particulate levels, we suggest that
the contractor perform a correlation analysis and, in particular,
develops a correlation coefficient for these two variables on both
an annual and a monthly basis.
It was also indicated in the conclusions that the particulate mea-
surements at five monitoring sites did not meet the primary
standards. The explanations that the contractor offered for these
violations appeared to be reasonable. We recommend, however,
that the contractor perform an analysis to substantiate these
suppositions.
Another comment is concerned with a statement in the conclusions
which reported that the regulations imposed on point source emis-
sions in the Oklahoma City area are moderate to weak in stringency.
The statement goes on to emphasize that the relative contribu-
tions from these sources is nominal when compared to the overall
particulate situation, and, therefore, "it seems very unlikely
that further emission reductions would be the most effective way
with which to improve particulate air quality."
xi
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Nevertheless, EPA policy asserts that point source emissions are
significant and that their effects should not be minimized. The
EPA has established emission limitation regulations for point
sources such as best available control technology and new source
performance standards. In addition, it should be recognized
that certain particulate emissions from stationary sources are
responsible for deleterious health effects.
It is not clear from the data on page 4 whether or not the 24 hour
NAAQS was actually violated, since it takes two excursions over
the standard to record a violation.
It is not clear whether dust storm days were removed from the
data.
The data for annual means are annual geometric means.
The inventory estimate of area sources in Tables 4 and 7 was
made circa 1970 and was not independently verified.
xii
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
NATURE OF THE OKLAHOMA CITY AREA
The Central Oklahoma AQCR consists of nine counties in the center of the
state, centered about Oklahoma County and Oklahoma City, the State capi-
tal (see Figure 1). Oklahoma City is set in gently rolling countryside;
its elevation is around 1250 feet above mean sea level, and the nearest
significant hills are the Arbuckles, 80 miles south. The North Canadian
River runs through the city, though it is often nearly dry.
Although some influence is exerted at times by warm, moist air currents
from the Gulf of Mexico, the climate of the Oklahoma City area falls
mainly under continental controls characteristic of the Great Plains
Region. The continental effect produces pronounced daily and seasonal
temperature changes and considerable variation in seasonal and annual
precipitation. Summers are usually hot, but discomfort is moderated by
low humidity and the prevalence of a moderate breeze. Winters are com-
paratively mild and short, with little snow and only moderate heating
demand.
The Oklahoma City area receives less precipitation than is typical of
the northeastern portion of the country, but is fairly well vegetated
and is not truly arid. Precipitation comes primarily in the spring and
summer, much of it in occassional heavy thunderstorms. Wind speeds are
generally high, averaging 12 to 15 miles per hour. There is a generally
prevailing flow from the south, except during January and February when
northerly breezes predominate.
1
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ฎ GUTHRIE
EL RENO
OKLAHOMA CO
OKLAHOMA
CITY
.CHICKASH A
ฆNORMAN
COLO.
OKLAHOMA
TEXAS
Figure 1. Location of Central Oklahoma AQCR and
Oklahoma City and County
2
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Economically, Oklahoma City is primarily an institutional city rather
than a manufacturing center. The 1970 population of the city was
366,734 (579 per square mile), an increase of 13.6 percent since 1960.
Approximately 30 percent of the population is employed in government.
Services, retail trade, and manufacturing are the other large employers
each with over 10 percent of the employees of the city (see Table 1).
The electrical equipment industry employs 18 percent of the manufacturing
work force, and 36 percent is employed by the food processing, machinery
and transportation equipment industries.
Table 1. EMPLOYMENT IN OKLAHOMA CITY
Category
Number of
employees
Percent
of total
Agricultural services
forestry, fisheries
1 ,000
< 1
Mining
7 ,000
2
Contract construction
19,000
6
Manufacturing
44,000
13
Transportation and other
public utilities
14,000
4
Wholesale
19,000
6
Retail
56,000
17
Finance, insurance
and real estate
20,000
6
Services
47,000
14
Government
99,000
30
Total
331,000
100
Source: "County Business Patterns (1973)"
3
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A cooperative state-local pollution control program is conducted by the
Oklahoma City-County Health Department and the Air Quality Service of
the Oklahoma State Department of Health, which is also located in Oklahoma
City.
AIR QUALITY PATTERNS AND TRENDS
The Oklahoma City-County Health Department operates a network of monitor-
ing sites for particulates within Oklahoma County. Complete data is
available on 1974 particulate levels from 14 of these hi-vol sites in the
Oklahoma City vicinity (see Figure 2). They are distributed geograph-
ically throughout the city and its environs and are located in areas of
differing land use. There is no truly indistrial site, however, because
there is no clearly concentrated heavy industrial district in Oklahoma
City.
During 1974, five of these sites had levels above the primary standard,
one was above the secondary standard, and the other eight sites had TSP
3
levels below 60 pg/m (see Table 2 and Figure 3). The five sites not
attaining the primary standard include three (Nos. 15, 17, 22) of the
four located in the central business area, one (No. 18) that is fairly
central and subject to heavy traffic, and one suburban site (No. 14)
subject to the influence of immediately local construction.
Most sites did not record violations of the 24-hour primary standard in
1974. The five sites that did, recorded violations for 3 percent or less
of the sampling periods (Table 2), the most frequent being violations
at site 15 in the CBD. There are violations of the 24-hour secondary
standard at almost all sites; only one rural site, No. 5 in Jones,
recorded no violations at all. Two sites in the center city area have
violations of the 24-hour secondary standard on 13 and 15 percent of
the sampling days in 1974. Three other sites two in suburban areas
and one in the center city area record violations of the secondary
standard over 5 percent of the time; the rest of the sites had few vio-
lations during the year.
4
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610
20
630
640
650
3950
16*
.*3
3930
10
UTM
3920
2
o 21
20 a
3910
3900
3890
Figure 2. Locations of monitoring sites in Oklahoma City
5
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610
620
630
640
650
39,
f6Z
3930
B9J
49)
LTTM
3920
3910
3900
3690
Figure 3. 1974 mean TSP concentrations (pg/ra"^) at
monitoring sites
6
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Table 2. AIR QUALITY SUMMARY
1974
Frequency of viola-
tion of 24 hour
geometric
mean TSP,
Pg/m3
standards, percent
Site No.
Site characteristic
Primary
Secondary
22
Center city
107
1
15
18
Center city
9C
2
7
15
Center city
92
3
13
17
Suburban
89
0
6
14
Suburban
80
0
9
19
Suburban
62
0
1
6
Suburban
59
0
3
1
Center city
55
2
2
21
Suburban
54
1
3
16
Suburban
53
0
1
10
Suburban
49
0
3
20
Rural-
agricultural
43
0
2
2
Rural-
agricultural
41
0
1
5
Rural-
agricultural
39
0
0
Trends in TSP Levels
The current sampling network in Oklahoma City was established in 197 2,
so there is almost no data available on historical air quality trends.
An NASN site had been sampling since 1964 at site 22 until it was moved
a few blocks away to site 15 in 1972. The continuous data available
for about 8 years at site 22 (Figure 4) shows a general decrease in
TSP levels. There is a dip in 1967-1969, a rise in 1970-1971, and the
beginning of another dip during 1972. The few extremely high readings
over the years are apparently the result of dust storm-like conditions
of very low precipitation and high winds.
7
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o
ea-
rn
o
o.
O
Z>
at
cc
o
o-
1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972
Figure 4. Long-term trend at NASN site
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Citywide TSP levels have been in the low 60's from 1972 to 1974. The
TSP levels for the 3 years are tabulated in Table 3 in groups according
to land use. Center city levels have clearly been the highest, ranging
3
from 86 to 99 pg/m ; the composite trend, which is slightly downward,
is a mixture of much more striking trends at the individual sites.
Sites 22 and 1, the highest and lowest CBD sites, respectively, both
had dramatic decreases over the 3-year period, while sites 15, 17, and
18 increased noticably between 1972 and 1973, and then decreased again
in 1974. The composite trend of the suburban sites increases over the
period; this is primarily the result of striking changes at site 19 and
expecially site 14. The three rural agricultural sites all show a very
similar trend, decreasing in 1973 and then increasing again in 1974.
Table 3. TSP TRENDS ACCORDING TO LAND USE
Site characteristic
Site numbers
Annual mean TSP
, 3
, Wg/m
1972
1973
1974
Center city-commercial
1,15,17,18,22
98.8
96.7
86.4
Suburban
6,10,14,16,19,21
54.1
57.4
58.2
Rural-agricultural
2,5,20
43.0
38.0
40.2
Yearly average
All sites
65.3
64.0
61.6
Seasonal Patterns of TSP Levels
Because the monitoring network in Oklahoma City operates on an every-
3-days sampling cycle, reliable monthly means and seasonal patterns can
be expected. Figures 5, 6, and 7 present the 1974 seasonal patterns
for the three groups of sites that were listed in Table 3; the combined
pattern for the entire network is also plotted in each of the three
figures. In Figure 5 it is apparent that the three outlying sites ex-
hibit generally the same seasonal pattern, and that the overall net-
work average also follows a similar pattern. At the suburban sites
(Figure 6) most of the sites also follow the typical pattern, with
9
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160
150
140
130
120
100
90
ro
E
J 80
Q.
to 70
ป-
60
50
#2
40
- -z
30
20
MONTH
*Mean for all sites in county.
Figure 5. Seasonal pattern at rural-agricultural sites in 1974
10
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160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
ro
E
s
60
50
40
30
20
MONTH
*Mean for all sites in county.
Figure 6. Seasonal pattern at suburban sites in 1974
11
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M J J A
MONTH
N D
*Mean for all sites in county.
Figure 7. Seasonal pattern at center city-commercial sites in 1974
12
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relative maxima in February, April, and July. Site 14, however, while
following the general shape of the pattern, exhibits a clear elevation
in levels for the first two-thirds of the year, falling back into
general agreement with the bulk of sites by September or October.
The seasonal patterns at the center city sites (Figure 7) are less con-
sistent with each other and the overall average pattern. Site 1, the
only center city site meeting the primary standard, is clearly lower than
the others, and shows a much less distinct July peak than any of the
other sites in the network. The April peak, consistent throughout the
rest of the network, is clear at three of the center city sites, but
not at all at sites 22 and 1. These two sites (22 and 1) are located
fairly close together and generally track each other quite well; both
show clear peaks in October, for instance. It appears that the primary
influence causing most of the departures from the common pattern is the
existence of very local influences, especially building demolition and
construction; we will return to this subsequently.
13
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SECTION II
ANALYSES
This section considers in turn the factors that likely influence partic-
ulate levels and the attainment of standards in Oklahoma City, providing
relevant information and presenting the analyses that have been under-
taken to assess the significance of the various factors. The following
issues are considered in turn in the following text: sources and emis-
sions, meteorology and climatology, regulations and control, network
design and siting, urban activity, and implementation planning procedures.
SOURCES AND EMISSIONS
Oklahoma City is a generally light industrial area, and the dominant fuel
is natural gas; consequently, emissions from traditional pollution sources
are relatively small. The most recent estimates of emissions in the
AQCR total about 6500 tons per year, mostly from area sources. As is
found in other areas as well, however, there is some degree of inconsis-
tency among estimates made by various sources at various times. Table 4
presents a complete emissions inventory compiled to represent the best
current estimate available to the Oklahoma State agency. The 5231 tons
per year area-source portion is based on a 1970 inventory developed for
SIP planning in 1972; the point source figures are based on the most re-
cent NEDS update, completed by the state agency in mid-1974, which is
summarized in Table 5.
14
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Table 4. CURRENT EMISSIONS ESTIMATES BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Source type
Point sources
Area sources
Fuel combustion
Residential
Distillate oil
23
Natural gas
232
Commercial/institutional/industrial
Distillate oil
12
327
Residual oil
0
66
Natural gas
29
286
Liquid petroleum gas
0
363
Electric generation
Bituminous coal
17
Distillate oil
125
Residual oil
0
Natural gas
288
Process losses
Food and agriculture
313
Mineral products
402
Other manufacturing
78
Refuse disposal
Open burning
0
Transportation
Gasoline vehicles
1113
Aircraft
2359
Other
462
1264
5231
Total point and area sources
6495
15
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Table 5. POINT SOURCE INVENTORY - CENTRAL OKLAHOMA AQCR
Source type
Emissions
, tons/year
Process loss
Fuel use
Total
Oklahoma County
Feed manufacturing
174
174
Feed manufacturing
78
18
96
Mineral processing
90
90
Electrical manufacturing
57
57
Asphalt plant
32
32
Asphalt plant
32
32
Asphalt plant
31
31
Asphalt plant
29
29
Asphalt plant
25
25
Feed manufacturing
22
22
Asphalt plant
19
19
Metal processing
15
15
Brick manufacturing
13
13
Power plant
9
9
Brick manufacturing
9
9
Asphalt plant
8
8
Asphalt plant
8
8
Tire manufacturing
1
6
7
Metal processing
5
5
Food/agriculture
4
4
Petroleum
3
3
Subtotal - Oklahoma Co.
652
36
688
Outside Oklahoma County
Power plant
223
223
Power plant
198
198
Asphalt roofing
49
10
59
Asphalt plant
50
50
Feed manufacture
20
20
Feed manufacture
15
15
Asphalt plant
5
5
Petroleum
4
4
Brick manufacture
2
2
Subtotal - outside Oklahoma
141
435
576
Co.
Total
793
471
1264
16
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As indicated in Table k , the largest point source emissions are from in-
dustrial processes, primarily feed manufacturing and asphalt batching,
and from the electric generating plants, the largest of which are outside
the immediate Oklahoma City-County area.
The bulk of the total inventory, however, is from area sources, with
the major categories being aircraft, gasoline vehicles, and commercial/
institutional/industrial fuel use, in that order. The details under-
lying these area source estimates were not available, but it appears
that conventional inventory techniques and emission factors were used,
and that the transportation categories represent only tailpipe, etc.,
emissions, as opposed to street or road dust entrainment. The high
contribution from aircraft is probably realistic; it represents opera-
tions not only at Will Rogers World Airport, the regional civilian field,
but also at Tinker Air Force Base, a major military facility. The en-
tire area source portion of the inventory has not been updated recently;
thus, it is likely that some contributions have changed somewhat.
Of greater concern for the accurate assessment of particulate problems
in the Oklahoma City area are the fugitive-dust area sources, that is,
particulate emissions from open area sources of entrained particulates
such as agricultural areas and construction sites. Both of these two
examples are readily apparent problems in the Oklahoma City area, as are
vehicle-entrained emissions from the yards and grounds of the area's
asphalt and concrete batching plants. In a more general sense, the
historical memories of the depression era "dust bowls" are a reminder
that wind and precipitation patterns can be highly significant in the
area.
Traditionally, the air pollution community has not utilized quantitative
estimates of emissions from this type of source in air quality planning,
and the Oklahoma City area is no exception. Recently, EPA contract efforts
have provided estimates of emissions from several fugitive dust sources;
the estimates for the Oklahoma City area are presented in Table 6. The
17
-------
figures in Table 6 amount to hundreds of thousands of tons per year. Ob-
viously, if these figures are even only roughly correct, sources such as
traffic on unpaved roads and open construction sites, especially the
former, will totally dominate the particulate situation in the area; how-
ever, it is not at all yet clear that these estimates should be regarded
as valid in this context. The estimates in Table 6 are part of a study
aimed at providing county-by-county estimates for the entire country;
as such, it involved data base selections and estimation procedures that
are not necessarily appropriate for urban or near-urban counties. In
general, based on similar estimates in more heavily industrialized areas,
the results do in fact seem to be very high; it is apparent, however, that
even if they were erroneously high by a factor of 100, this type of par-
ticulate source would still be of major significance in comparison with
the 6500 tons per year from traditional sources.
Table 6. FUGITIVE SOURCE EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
Source
Emissions
, tons/year
Oklahoma County
Central Oklahoma AQCR
Unpaved roads
85,920
708,393
Dirt air strips
0
0
Construction
85,140
142,631
Land filling
1,540
30.330
Total
172,600
863,354
Trends in Emissions
As in other areas, information on changes in emissions over time is rel-
atively scanty. Table 7 presents the emissions inventory utilized in
implementation planning, designed to represent emissions in 1970; the
data is compiled in such a format as to be comparable to the current es-
timated presented in Table 4. The total estimate has changed from
15,399 to 6,495 tons per year, a reduction of 8,904 tons per year, or
18
-------
Table 7. 1970 EMISSIONS AS ESTIMATED FOR SIP
Source type
Point sources
Area sources
Fuel combustion
Residential
Distillate oil
23
Natural gas
232
Commercial/institutional/industrial
Distillate oil
327
Residual oil
2
66
Natural gas
99
286
Liquid petroleum gas
10
363
Electric generation
Bituminous coal
18
Distillate oil
1
Residual oil
4
Natural gas
523
Process losses
Food and agriculture
Mineral products
7931
Other manufacturing
Refuse disposal
Open burning
1580
Transportation
Gasoline vehicles
1113
Aircraft
2359
Other
462
8588
6811
Total point and area sources
15,399
19
-------
about 58 percent, in the emissions from traditional sources. About one-
sixth of this represents the elimination of an estimated 1,580 tons
per year of particulate emissions from open burning; the balance is the
reduction in point source emissions.
A comparison of the point source emissions estimates in Tables 4 and 7
shows a reduction in each of the three major categories. Emissions from
electric power generation decreased 21 percent from 546 to 430 tons per
year, even with an apparent significant shift from natural gas to dis-
tillate oil, and commercial/institutional/industrial fuel use emissions
went from 111 to 41 tons per year. Since the detailed basis of the
earlier inventory is not available, it is not clear whether these dif-
ferences in emissions from point source fuel use are anomalies of the
inventory procedures, or represent changes in the heating load and
shifts in electric power demand between the two periods. The former
is more likely, but in any event the changes do not, of course, repre-
sent a major pollution control attack on emissions from fuel combustion,
since the use of natural gas precludes fuel combustion from being a
significant problem in the first place.
On the other hand, the 90 percent decrease in industrial process loss
emissions (from 7,931 to 793 tons per year) does apparently represent the
result of efforts to control emissions from process sources. Although
the 1970 inventory does not provide a breakdown by industry type within
the process loss category, the only significant industrial categories
are feed manufacturing and asphalt batching; indications from the state
and city-county agencies are that indeed sizable reductions did occur
in estimated emissions from these categories, especially the asphalt
plants.
With respect to the fugitive dust sources that may represent a signi-
ficant uninventoried portion of Oklahoma City's particulate burden, it
is not presently possible to clearly establish any trends over time,
20
-------
though such could be readily done once estimation procedures are es-
tablished. There is indirect evidence, however, to confirm the presump-
tion that the amount of such emissions is sensitive to trends in wind
speed and especially in precipitation. Hagen and Woodruff have
studied air pollution from dust storms during the 1950's at a number
of Great Plains locations, including Oklahoma City. In 1973, they
compared these results with similar information from the 1960's,
and discovered a roughly tenfold decrease in such entrained particulate
matter at most sites; the decrease at Oklahoma City (Will Rogers Field)
was 91 percent, from 27.1 to 2.3 tons per vertical square mile. Re-
gardless of the precise significance of Hagen and Woodruff's estimates,
this massive change in what may be a major portion of the particulate
load suggests the necessity of considering meteorological factors in
developing quantitative emission trends.
Geographic Distribution of Sources
In general, the industrial and population-related activities of the
AQCR (Figure 1) are centered in the central Oklahoma County; 82 percent
of the point source process emissions are in Oklahoma County. In con-
trast, the vast majority of the fuel use emissions are located outside
the central county, in particular the major power plant, which is just
to the west of the county line in Canadian County (see Figure 8). It
is presumed, though there is no documentation available, that area
source fuel use and transportation emissions are similarly concentrated
in Oklahoma City and County.
METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
The meteorological factors reviewed as possibly affecting particulate
levels in the various urban areas include: rainfall, wind direction
and speeds, and temperature. In Oklahoma City, the amount of rainfall
and number of days with precipitation have been investigated in
21
-------
620
I
630
640
ฆft
650
I
3950
3940
TONS PER YEAR
~ <25 TPY
0 25- 100TPY
H 100-500 TPY
B 500-1000 TPY
ฆ >1000 TPY
<0
G I
D 1
UTM
3920
3910
3900
3B90
Figure 8. Location of point sources
22
-------
particular, largely by considering the simularity of the time trends
and seasonal patterns of TSP and meteorological variables.
Precipitation
In general, there is only a 3-year period of data available at the
hi-vol sites- Average TSP levels for Oklahoma City did decrease be-
tween 1972 and 1974, though not far enough, or uniformly enough across
the region, as to constitute a significant trend or even a real dif-
ference in levels. As seen in Figure 9, rainfall was much heavier
than normal in 1973 and 1974, which may well account for the decrease
in levels at the rural-agricultural sites and those suburban sites
without other specific influences. At the NASN site, where trend data
is available from 1964 to 1972, there appears to be a rough correla-
tion between TSP (Figure 4) and annual rainfall higher TSP levels
during the dry raid-1960's, and lower levels during 1968 and 1970 than in
adjacent years. This annual-scale relationship could reflect the
longer-term influences of precipitation on changes in vegetation
patterns as well as, or perhaps more likely than, the shorter-term im-
pact through the supression of fugitive dust emissions.
Somewhat more obvious relationships can be seen in comparing seasonal
patterns of precipitation and particulate levels in 1974. Comparing
the seasonal pattern of precipitation in Figures 10 and 11 with TSP
patterns in Figures 5, 6, and 7, July stands out clearly with the high-
est TSP levels during the year and both the lowest amount of rainfall
and lowest number of days with precipitation. There is more rainfall
in May and a lower average suspended particulate level; rainfall in-
creases in August and September and particulate levels decrease then.
The inverse relationship of TSP and rainfall is most evident during the
warmer months, suggesting other factors must be more influential in the
winter season.
23
-------
60
50
40
NORMAL
30
20
1975
1970
I960
I
1955
1965
YEAR
Figure 9. Trend in annual rainfall
-------
10
JZ
o
<
CC.
co
>
<
o
oz
LlJ
m
2
Z3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
1974
NORMAL \ /
i i i i
JFMAMJ J A S 0 N D
MONTH
Figure~10. Seasonal pattern of rainfall amounts
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
As k /V
^ ^ / \
_ /
/\ ' 7 x \ 1974
/
/ \ / s
\ / \
r v / NORMAL
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 !
1 1 i
M
M
N
MONTH
Figure 11. Seasonal pattern of days with precipitation
25
-------
Unfortunately, no site in Oklahoma City samples every day, so the rela-
tionship between particulate levels and precipitation at the day-to-day
scale cannot be adequately determined. Thunderstorms are common in the
region. There were as many as seven a month during 1974 five or more
in February, April, May, June, and August but again, effects on TSP
levels cannot be accurately quantified due to a lack of necessary
sampling data. Sampling every 3 or 4 days is inconclusive because there
is a varied amount of time between meteorological occurrences and samp-
ling days, and because particulate levels are the result of the combined
effect of many factors.
Heating Demand
The number of heating degree days per year in Oklahoma City has been
fluctuating fairly evenly over the past 20 years (see Figure 12). The
average number of heating degree days is 3,695; in 1974 there were 3,392
heating degree days. Numbers of heating degree days have decreased from
1972 to 1974, as have citywide TSP levels. However, most of the fuel
used in Oklahoma City is natural gas, and emissions from fuel usage are
a very small percentage of the total, so it is unlikely that TSP levels
would reflect heating degree days.
In some urban areas, changes over the years in the pattern of fuel use
have resulted in changes in the TSP seasonal pattern. However, in
Oklahoma City, no clear seasonal patterns are apparent over the years at
the NASN site (Figure 13); what pattern of winter peaks there is before
1968 is the result of the extremely high TSP readings shown. These could
be accounted for by infrequent occurrences of high winds and lack of pre-
cipitation; data like this was excluded from the air quality data base
for the State's Implementation Plan.
26
-------
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
I I I I
1955
I960
Figure
J L
1965 1970 1975
YEAR
Trend in heating demand
-------
o_
LO
o
o.
31
o
f-O
Oo.
-------
Wind Speed and Direction
Winds in Oklahoma City are predominantly from the north during January
and February and from the south-southeast during the remainder of the
year. Winds are generally strong, but are calm an average of 3 percent
of the time. The seasonal pattern of wind speeds is shown in Figure 14.
There is no obvious correlation between wind speed and TSP levels in
1974; the relationship appears direct during the first 5 months of the
year, and inverse for the rest of the year. Winds speeds are normally
12.9 mph; in 1974 the average was 11.3 mph. The lowest speeds are
typically in the summer, and 1974 was no exception. This is roughly
coincident with peak TSP levels in July, but the other TSP concentra-
tion peak is in April, which has the highest wind speeds of the year.
Hence, it is unlikely that differences in wind speed are an important
influence on monthly-scale TSP levels in comparison to other factors.
It is very probable, for instance, that the April peak is caused by
spring plowing, since April is the beginning of the growing season
(in 1974, the last frost was April 5).
Wind directions around Oklahoma City tend to be standard throughout the
year (from the north in the winter and from the south-southeast during
the rest of the year). On the actual sampling days at the various sites
during 1974, winds were from the south-southeast (120 to 190 degrees)
on approximately half of the days and from the north (350 to 10 degrees)
on about 10 percent of the sampling days. Figure 15 shows the wind
direction frequency on days sampled at site 2 (near the airport) as an
example. Winds are from the south-southeast at this site on 51 percent
of the sampling days, from the north 13 percent of the time, and calm
2.5 percent of the time.
Analyses of average TSP levels versus wind direction were made at a
number of sites in Oklahoma City. In general, no overall pattern of
29
-------
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
NORMAL
\
974
JFMAMJJASOND
MONTH
Figure 14. Seasonal pattern of wind speeds
-------
o
in.
o.
r>
60
120 180 240
WIND DIRECTION, degrees
-T>rn-r
300
360
Figure 15. Frequency of wind directions on sampling days at site 2
31
-------
directional influences were found. There were, however, instances of
directional effects at specific sites involving specific local sources;
these are discussed subsequently.
REGULATIONS
The Oklahoma State Department of Health, under the provisions of the
Oklahoma Clean Air Act, enforces air pollution control regulations
throughout the state. In addition, the Oklahoma City-County Health
Department enforces the Air Quality Control Ordinance of Oklahoma City,
and identical ordinances adopted by all other municipalities in Okla-
homa County. In general, the state and city-county agency staffs are
in communication and operate in a cooperative fashion; the selection
of enforcement route is based on efficient application or on the relative
stringency of the restriction, in the cases where the two sets of regu-
lations differ.
Summary of Regulations
The Oklahoma State regulations include rules on open burning, motor
vehicle control devices, definitions, registration of sources, incin-
eration, fuel-burning equipment, visible emissions, industrial process
emissions, fugitive dust, reporting of equipment malfunctions, testing
methods, emissions reporting, and permit requirements.
The Oklahoma City regulations contain sections on administration, permit
and variance procedures, incineration, fuel burning, industrial processes,
fugitive dust, open burning and hot mix asphalt plants. The regulations
pertaining to particulate emissions are summarized below.
Open Burning Under both state and local regulations, open burning in
Oklahoma City is banned, although minor exceptions are made (for recre-
ational fires, fire control, and forest and wildlife management). Ex-
ceptions are also made for certain agricultural fires and for the disposal
32
-------
in outlying areas of residential refuse by burning when no alternative
method of disposal exists.
Incinerators New incinerators in Oklahoma City must be multichambered,
gas fired in the primary and secondary chambers, and water scrubbed.
With the exception of pathological incinerators, they must have a capacity
of 75 pounds per hour or greater. The emissions for an incinerator with
a capacity greater than 200 pounds per hour are limited to 0.20 grains
per dry standard cubid foot. Incinerators with a smaller capacity cannot
emit more than 0.30 grains per standard cubic foot.
Visible Emissions Both the Oklahoma City ordinance and the state regu-
lations prohibit the emission of smoke darker than Number 1 on the
Ringelmann chart. The emissions from incinerators can be as dark as
Number 2 on the Ringelmann chart for periods not exceeding 5 minutes
in any 60 minutes or 20 minutes in any 24 hours. For hot mix asphalt
plants, the emissions can be equivalent to Number 3 on the Ringelmann
chart for periods not exceeding 4 minutes in any 60 minutes.
Fuel Burning Installations Both state and local regulations provide an
identical allowable emissions restriction; it is plotted in Figure 16 in
comparison with the similar limitations in effect in other areas. The
city ordinance also provides for roughly equivalent limitations expressed
as percent collector efficiency by particle size, and as grain loading
per standard cubic foot; the most stringent of the three can be utilized
in each instance.
Industrial Process Losses Both sets of regulations provide an allowable
emission rate based on the actual process weight rate; this is plotted in
Figure 17 in comparison with other similar regulations.
Fugitive Dust Oklahoma City's dust regulations are contained in the
Process Equipment and hot mix asphalt plant sections and require that
33
-------
u>
-p~
1.0
a
ฃ
ID
o
~Z
O
OT 0.10
2
UJ
u.
o
u
X.
MAXIMUM STRINGENCY
"T
I
r_
J 1I I I I 11 I I I I i i i i i i i i i i i ฆ i ii
10'
102
J i i i t i i i i i i i i i i 11
10*
10
10"
FUEL INPUT RATE, 10 Btu/hr
Figure 16. Emission limitations for fuel-burning installations
-------
100
MINIMUM STRINGENCY
10
co
CO
MAXIMUM STRINGENCY
.0
- /
0.1
10
PROCESS WEIGHT RATE, lb/hr
Figure 17. Allowable emissions from industrial process sources
-------
good operating practices be maintained and dust controlled by suitable
measures. Hot mix asphalt plants must be equipped with a fugitive dust
control system. The state regulations applicable during 1974 merely
required "reasonable precautions," but a more extensive regulation has
been in preparation.
Regulation Comparison
Of the three types of comparable regulations those applicable in Oklahoma
City are generally on the less stringent side. The process weight curve
in Figure 17 is about average in stringency in comparison with other
cities. The allowable emission rates for fuel burning equipment (Fig-
ure 16) are much less stringent than the average, except for sources with
greater than 1000 million Btu per hour heat input. The Oklahoma City
emission standards for incinerators are among the least stringent of the
cities studied.
NETWORK DESIGN AND HI-VOL SITING
As part of the case study m Oklahoma City, field visits were made to
10 of the hi-vol sites. In addition, tabulated information on other
sites was assembled. A summary is displayed in Table 8. In general,
the network is adequate, with respect to both the overall coverage and
design and the placement of individual hi-vols. All types of land use
were appropriately covered, with the consideration that there is no
heavy industrial area in Oklahoma City. The hi-vols were all generally
well-exposed. While the sites on the Municipal Building (No. 1) and
Bethany (No. 14) are, at 70 feet and ground level respectively, higher
and lower than might be desirable, the majority of sites are at reason-
ably consistent heights. It would not be expected that the hi-vol net-
work in Oklahoma City would cause any anomalies in proper knowledge of
the particulate problem.
36
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Table 8. OKLAHOMA CITY HI-VOL SITES
SAROAD
code
Loca 1
code
no.
City
Address
Site char-
acteristics
Height
above
ground
Comments/influences
1974
geo. mean
TSP
37
2200 001 F02
1
Oklahoma
City
200 N. Walker
C-C
70
High office bldg, near urban renewal
55
37
2200 002 F02
2
Oklahoma
City
S.W. 66th and
Denning
R-A
14
Airport to east, agriculture to west
41
37
2180 005 F03
5
Jones
S.W. First and
Main
R-A
14
Agriculture to" south
39
37
1940 006 F06
6
.Midwest
City
300 Mid America
S
14
Fire station significant driveway
fugitive dust
59
37
1940 010 FOl
10
Midwest
Ci.y
N.E. 10th and
Douglas
S
14
Suburban fire station
49
37
0260 014 FOl
14
Bethany
3919 N. Rockwell
S
4
On grass, construction nearby
80
37
2200 015 F02
15
Oklahoma
City
428 W. California
C-C
15
Downtown fire station, higher
buildings near
92
37
0940 016 i'02
16
Edmond
14th & South
Broadway
S
15
53
37
2200 017 F02
17
Oklahoma
City
800 N.E. 13th
& Phillips
C-C
15
89
37
2200 018 F02
18
Oklahoma
City
2045 N.W. Tenth
C-C
8
Heavy traffic, stop-go on artenals
98
37
2200 019 F03/1
19
Oklahoma
City
N.W. Highway &
Meridian
s
15
Open fields, traffic and shopping
center distant
62
37
2200 020 FOl
20
Oklahoma
City
Ranger Station
Draper Lake
R-A
15
43
37
2200 021 F03/1
21
Oklahoma
City
S.E. 74th and
Highway
S
15
Near expressway-
54
37
3300 022 F02/1
22
Oklahoma
City
S.W. Second
& Robinson
C-C
12
Heavy traffic, expressway and ramp
107
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URBAN ACTIVITY
Beyond industrial activity and fuel combustion for various purposes, it
is increasingly apparent that in many locations other urban activities,
such as routine traffic and construction and demolition activities, are
a more major part of urban pollution problems than has been previously
recognized. In Oklahoma City, the prominence in the emission inventory
of area source categories that are minor in many other areas suggests
that these nontraditional sources are quite important there, and in fact,
it does appear that major contributions to ambient particulate loadings
at several of the monitoring sites are caused by vehicular traffic and
construction activities, particularly urban renewal demolition and con-
struction in the center city.
Vehicular traffic produces some direct, "tailpipe," emissions of particu-
lates , and also cause sizable increases in the particulate loading through
reentrainment of street dust. In some study areas, the ambient particu-
late levels at various sites correlate very well with average daily traffic
(ADT) levels on the streets adjacent to the sites, if one first adjusts
for the slant distance from the street to the hi-vol. A thorough quanti-
tative analysis of this type has not yet been possible in Oklahoma City,
for several reasons. At a few sites, current traffic data was not avail-
able from the highway department, usually because the adjacent street
or streets were not major enough to have traffic monitored frequently.
More importantly, at other sites the information on slant distance was
inadequate.
Regardless of the lack of a dominant overall relationship, however, it is
clear that at several sites the traffic is a significant factor and at
one it seems clearly dominant. The center city sites are all recording
strikingly high ambient levels and, although some of this is probably due
to nearby urban renewal activities, much of the day-in, day-out influence
38
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must necessarily come from the high levels of downtown traffic. Site
number 18, to the west of the center city, also exceeds the standards
significantly. It is located in a relatively open area, without the
dense development and tall buildings characteristic of the CBD, and is
removed from the most direct effects of the urban renewal. It is, how-
ever, exposed to very high levels of stop-and-go traffic, being located
at the intersection of major, dual-roadway, arterials.
The urban renewal activity in the CBD area has also, as noted, had some
rather apparent effects on the nearby center city sites. Much of the
center city area is involved in a significant demolition and rebuilding
effort that has been underway for over 5 years. Three sites (Nos. 1, 15,
and 22) are in or immediately adjacent to the project area, although of
course actual activity within the area moves about over any period of time.
The frequent violations of the short-term standards and the erratic trend
behavior of the sites, as well as the overall high ambient levels involved,
indicate some significant influence from the activity involved in the
project. Attempts are being made through data analysis to quantifiably
separate the effects of the urban renewal effort from the effects of
other center city activity.
One other site, No. 14 in Bethany, has been clearly influenced by con-
struction activity. The construction of apartment buildings on the prop-
erty adjacent to the site are believed to have caused increased ambient
levels during 1973 and 1974. This is responsible for a striking upward
trend over the 3 years 1972 to 1974, and for the departure of the seasonal
pattern for the site that was seen in Figure 6.
IMPLEMENTATION PLANNING PROCEDURE
The State of Oklahoma submitted an implementation plan in January 1972.
Certain portions were rejected and more study was done in those areas in
1972 and 1973, using newer data. A review of the entire implementation
39
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plan was completed m December 1974. The Oklahoma State Department of
Health's Air Quality Service has responsibility for the SIP, although as
noted previously they work closely with the Oklahoma City-County agency.
The Central Oklahoma AQCR was one of two cases used as model regions for
air quality planning in the original SIP. The original control strategy
for the Oklahoma Clean Air Act was based on maximum 24-hour particulate
3
concentrations of 443 |jg/m in the Central Oklahoma AQCR. This value was
subsequently labeled invalid, however, having occurred during a period of
high winds and low rainfall; the value was considered to be artificially
high due to natural phenomena, and not representative of the normal situ-
ation. Air quality data from 24 samplers in Central Oklahoma was then
used in the revised implementation plan, with abnormal values not in-
cluded. Data from the site with the highest annual geometric mean was
used in the model; this was site 15, with 8 months of data from April 5
3
to November 28, 1971, which provided an annual mean of 116.4 (ig/m . The
3
background concentration was assumed to be 30 |jg/m . The percentages of
reducLion needed to attain the national standards were then calculated
with a standard proportional model:
A-C
% reduction needed = - x 100,
A-B
where:
A is the highest particulate concentration in the area,
B is the background concentration, and
C is the target national standard.
Table 9 summarizes the resulting reductions in emissions necessary to
achieve national standard particulate levels in the Central Oklahoma
AQCR.
40
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Table 9. PROPORTIONAL MODEL RESULTS
Air quality
Sampler
Background
standard
7o reduction
(jg/m3
lig/m3
(ig/m3
required
116
30
75
48
116
30
60
65
It was calculated that a 48 percent reduction would be necessary to
achieve the national primary standard, and a 65 percent reduction would
be needed for the secondary standard.
The inventory to which these reductions were to be applied was the in-
ventory in Table 7, totalling 15,399 tons per year of particulate emis-
sions. Of this total, 6,811 TPY were from area sources, including 5,511
from open burning and transportation, and 8,588 TPY were from point
sources. Control strategy efforts were directed toward stationary sources
and open burning, and some reductions were estimated in tailpipe emissions
from transportation.
In the 1974 SIP reevaluation, much of the data base used in the original
SIP was reevaluated or newer data was substituted. In the original in-
ventory process sources were responsible for 80 percent of the particu-
lates, and 90 percent of the particulates were from point sources. In the
Oklahoma City area there were 34 major point sources, including: five
general manufacturing plants; 14 natural gas or natural gas compression
plants; three electric power plants; four grain or food processing plants;
and eight brick, stone, or asphalt plants. (Emissions from peanut process-
ing were not included, though they amount to 3 percent of the weight of the
peanuts processed.) In the new 1974 calculations, 1973 air quality data
was used with the proportional rollback model. Background TSP concentra-
tions were assumed to be the same. A new emissions inventory was also
used, though it was emphasized that this inventory is an estimation. The
resulting emissions tolerance schedule is a regional, not area calculation,
41
-------
specifically applicable to parts of the AQCR. Emissions source esti-
mates were based on total particulates, not total suspended particulates
and control strategies may have to be adjusted for this.
In summary, the original (January, 197 2) Oklahoma implementation plan
appeared to be appropriately formulated but, upon review, it was con-
sidered desirable to make revisions. The air quality and emissions
rates were reexamined, and parts of the plan were criticized and re-
written in the SIP Review of December 1974. This latest revision is
felt to be a workable one, and it does have the advantage of later data
and more current input on the factors affecting air quality and emissions
levels and control strategies. However, any emission-reduction calcula-
tion is fundamentally dependent on having a complete estimate of total
emissions, so that no plan can be completely satisfactory until good
estimates are available for area source emissions, including those from
fugitive dust sources, both those within the urban area and those that
can be considered natural "dust storms" from more remote rural areas.
42
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SECTION III
CONCLUSIONS
Of the five hi-vol monitoring sites at which the primary standard was
not achieved in 1974, one is because of exposure to very heavy arterial
traffic and one is because of the influence of immediately adjacent
building construction. The other three are all located in the center
city, and exceed the standard because of both the heavy traffic activity
in the area and the impact of a major urban renewal project involving
extensive building demolition and reconstruction. It is not clear
whether or not these sites would meet the standard in the absence of
the urban renewal effect. A fourth CBD site meets the standard because
it is located at a relatively high elevation (70 feet) above surface
activities.
Most of the other hi-vol sites meet the secondary standard; only one ex-
ceeds it slightly. It appears clear that precipitation patterns have an
effect on TSP levels, at both an annual and monthly-mean scale. This is
probably due to both conventional short-term influences, such as suppres-
sion of reentrainment, and longer-term influences on vegetation patterns.
Continued maintenance of the ambient standards at these sites is probably
dependent on precipitation patterns, and as such, these factors should be
quantitatively considered in ongoing air quality planning.
As is generally true, emissions inventory information is inadequate with
respect to area sources and particularly fugitive dust sources. Since
traditional point sources are not major in the Oklahoma City area, and
have been generally well controlled, the lack of good estimates of
43
-------
emissions from other sources is particularly detrimental to quantitative
planning.
Regulations imposed on traditional point sources of emissions are gen-
erally moderate or weak in stringency when compared with other urban
areas throughout the country. Thus it would probably be technically
possible to effect some further emission reductions from such sources.
However, considering the relatively small portion of the particulate
problem presented by such sources, it seems very unlikely that this
would be the most effective way with which to improve particulate air
quality. Rather, better knowledge of, and the development of control
approaches for the various sources of urban fugitive dust would appear
the more productive approach.
44
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APPENDIX A
PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION
For most of the study cities members of the GCA study team acquired hi-
vol filters from the 1974 filter banks of the cognizant local agencies.
In addition, several filter samples for 1974 and selected earlier years
were obtained from state and federal filter banks. Although some filters
underwent chemical and/or detailed physical analysis, the principal pur-
pose of obtaining filters was to utilize optical microscopy to identify
each of the constituents that comprised more than 5 percent of the partic-
ulate mass. The selected filters, which were representative of several
different site types and TSP levels within each study area, were returned
to a clean room at GCA/Technology Division and carefully inspected for
artifacts and evidence of sampler or filter malfunctions.
Each filter was then assigned a randomly generated five digit number which
served as the only identifier for the filter sample so that each analyst
had no information concerning the city, site, TSP loading or probable
local sources associated with the sample. Furthermore, the use of two
laboratories for the microscopy, coupled with the randomly generated iden-
tifying numbers, permitted a fairly comprehensive quality control program
in the form of blind replicate analyses. Since both laboratories utilized
more than one analyst, these procedures resulted in as many as four micro-
scopists observing samples from the same filter and, in some cases, the
same analyst examining replicate samples from the same filter as many as
three times.
The results of this quality control effort, which are presented in Volumes I
and II, warn against relying very heavily on the results of any one filter
45
-------
analysis. However,the random match-up between analyst and filter sample
should minimize systematic bias in composited results.
Twenty-seven filters from 11 sites were selected for analysis in Oklahoma
City and the meteorological data from the Will Rogers Airport for the
selected sampling days are summarized in Table A-l. To gain some insight
into the contribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too
small to be observed by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and
nitrate concentrations for the NASN site are shown in Table A-2. The
results for each of the 23 filters submitted for routine analysis are pre-
sented in Table A-3. The results for the filters at each site have been
averaged to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in
Table A-4. Three filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results
are presented in Table A-5.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Oklahoma
City that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table A-6, shows that
minerals, principally calcite and quartz, overhwelm the suspended partic-
ulate material. Oklahoma City ranked highest of the 14 study cities in
percent minerals, averaging 88 percent citywide. The only site that showe
any substantial deviation from the citywide trend was the Southwest 2nd
and Robinson location (No. 22) which also recorded the highest TSP levels
of all sites in 1974. That site averaged 72 percent minerals and a high
18 percent rubber. The high rubber values observed are no doubt caused
by the heavy vehicular traffic on the nearby expressway and ramp. In
fact on the filter from October 11, 1974 rubber particles as long as
500 nm were observed which would indicate a very local source. Oddly,
on that same day rubber particles as long as 300 um were observed on the
filter from the 200 North Walker site (No. 1) which is located 70 feet
above grade.
The Oklahoma City-County Health Department, Environmental Health Services,
Division of Air Quality Control, runs monthly composited analyses for lead
46
-------
and cadmium at each monitoring site. The monthly and annual values for
lead, presented in Table A-7, substantiate the influence of vehicular
traffic at some sites. The highest average lead concentration occurred
at site 22, where large amounts of rubber were also observed. The second
highest lead levels were observed at site 18 which is also suspected of
being heavily influenced by traffic.
47
-------
Table A-l. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (WILL ROGERS WORLD AIRPORT, OKLAHOMA
CITY)
Preclpi^aLiOn,
in.
Wind speed, mph
Wind direction, deg.
Date
Day of
obs.
Preced-
ing day
Average
Resultant
3-hour observation
Resul-
tant
5/09/74
0
0
11.8
11.0
140,
200,
160,
190,
140,
180,
180
ISO
180
6/29/74
0
0
16.5
15.5
150,
200,
150,
180,
170.
150,
200
180
180
7/16/74
0
0
5.8
3.8
C,
140,
210,
160,
320,
120,
140
no
1ซ0
10/11/74
0
0
13.2
13.0
150,
180,
150,
170,
150,
150,
160
160
IfiO
10/18/7&
0
0
10.2
9.6
320,
340,
340,
360,
320,
360,
310
10
340
12 / ! 6 / 7
ฐ
0
10.9
9.8
350,
320,
310,
330,
J30,
340,
31C
>20
32'
Nole C = Calm
Table A-2. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, NASN SITE
NO. 372200015 (ng/m3)
Sulfate
Nitrate
Year
Arithmetic
mean
Geometric
mean
Arithmetic
mean
Geometric
mean
197 2
6.65
5.85
2.98
2.62
1973
4.35a
4.00a
1.78
1.42
1974
4. 59a
3.33a
2.91
1.94
3Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
48
-------
Table A-3a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (200 NORTH WALKER - NO. 1 AND S.W. 66th AND DENNING - NO. 2)
Site
200 North Walker
- No
S.
W. 66th
and Denning No. 2
Dace
16 July 1974
11 Occober 1974
16 December 1974
9
May 1974
29
June 1974
18 October 1974
TSP ( g/a3)
92
70
46
38
204
55
Components
Quan*
t lty,
tenths
Size
range,
urn
Avg.
size,
lid
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
lim
Avg.
size,
Mm
Quan-
tlty,
tenths
Slzo
range,
lim
Avg.
size,
urn
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
Vjm
Avg.
size,
um
Quan-
tity,
tenths
SLze
range,
U m
Avg
size,
um
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range t
pQ
Avg
size,
um
Minerals
Quarts
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
(9)
1+
6
1-
1
<1-70
<1-70
<1-15
2
2
0.5
(8)
3
1-
1
<1-100
<1-150
<1-50
2
2
0.5
(8f)
5
2+
1-
1-
<1-100
<1-70
<1-20
1
2
0.5
(9-)
2
5+
1
<1-60
<1-60
<1-20
2
2
0.5
(9f)
4
3+
1+
<1-60
<1-30
<1-40
3
3
0.5
(9-)
2+
5
1
<1-80
<1-80
<1-20
2
2
0 5
Combustion
Products
U)
0-)
(1)
(1)
(1-)
(1)
Soot
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fl> ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned vood
Burned paper
Magnetite
i-
i-
1-50
0.5
1-
1-
<1-20
0.5
1-
1-
Biological
Mater Lai
(Of)
(Of)
(Of)
(1-)
(Of)
(0+)
Pollen
Scores
Pupc*-
Starch
Misc. piaut
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(Of)
(1+)
1+
<1-300
50
(1)
1
<1-250
(Of)
(Of)
(1-)
(l->
-------
Table A-3b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (BETHANY - NO. 14 and N.E. 13th AND PHILLIPS - NO. 17)
Site
Bethany No
14
N E.
13th and Phillips No
17
Dale
9
May 1974
29 June 1974
18 October 1974
y
May 1974
29
June 1974
18 October 1974
TSP
165
238
73
119
224
116
Components
Quan-
tu>
tenths
S ize
range,
v-ro
Avg.
size,
um
Quon-
tity,
tenths
S Ize
range
lim
Avg
size,
It m
Quan-
11 ty
cenths
Size
range ,
itm
Avg.
size,
|jm
Qu.rn-
t i ry
tenths
5 l?e
range,
y m
Avg
s ize,
p m
Quan-
t ity
tenths
S 1 7C
range.
u tn
Avg
s ize,
Quan-
tity,
cenths
S i ze
range,
Mra
size ,
urn
Minerals
Quartz
Calclce
Feldspars
he=utite
Mica
(9f)
4+
3+
1-
1
<1-75
<1-50
<1-40
3
3
0.5
(10)
frf
1+
1-
1+
<1-150
<1-150
<1-100
2
2
0.5
(&f)
1+
6
1-
1-
<1-50
<1-50
<1-10
2
3
0.5
(9+)
2+
6
1-
1-
<1-50
<1-50
<1-25
2
3
0.5
(5+)
2
4
1-
3
<1-70
<1-50
<1-30
2
3
0.5
(10)
3+
5
1-
1
<1-50
<1-50
<1-20
2
2
0 5
Combust ion
Prod*, cts
(1-)
( Of)
(1)
(1-)
(1-)
( Of)
Soot
Oil
Coal
Glass/
fl> ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
1-
<1-60
0.5
1-
1-
1-
Biological
y^tenal
(Of)
( Of)
(Of)
(Of)
(Of)
( Of)
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Hlsc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(Of)
( Of)
(1-)
1-
<1-50
10
(Of)
(Of)
( Of)
-------
Table A-3c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (2045 N.W. 10th - NO. 18 AND N.W. HIGHWAY AND MERIDIAN - NO. 19)
Sice
2045 N.W
lOch -
No. 18
N.W.
Highway and Meridian
No. 19
Dace
9 May 1974
29 June 1974
18 Occober 1974
16 July 1974
11 October 1974
16 December 1974
TSP (ug/o3)
97
202
123
83
49
46
Components
Quan-
tity,
tenths
SLze
range,
(j CD
Avg.
size,
pm
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
urn
Avg.
size f
pm
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
pra
Avg.
size,
pm
Quan-
t ity,
tenths
Size
range,
ptD
Avg.
size,
y m
Quan-
tlty,
tenths
Slze
range,
pm
Avg.
size,
yO
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range
Avg
size.
Minerals
(9)
(10)
(7)
CH)
(&f)
(9)
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
1+
6
1
<1-100
<1-100
<1-50
2
2
0.5
1+
7+
1-
<1-100
<1-160
<1-20
2
2
0.5
2+
2+
1+
<1-50
<1-50
<1-30
1
3
0.5
2
6
1+
<1-50
<1-50
<1-20
2
2
0.5
5+
2
1-
1-
<1-100
<1-100
<1-20
2
2
0.5
2+
5
1-
1
<1-60
<1-60
<1-10
2
2
0.5
Combustion
Products
(i-)
( Of)
(3)
(1-)
(1)
(1)
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
2+
(1-)
1-
1-
1-
<1-20
Biological
Material
(Of)
( Of)
(Of)
(Of)
(Of)
(Of)
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
(1-)
( w-)
(Of)
(Of)
(1-)
(Of)
Iron or steel
Rubber
1-
1-100
60
1-
<1-50
8
-------
Table A-3d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (S.E. 74th AND HIGH - NO. 21 AND S.W 2nd AND ROBINSON - NO. 22)
Site
S
E. 74th
and High
- No 21
s
W. 2nd and Robinson No 22
3ate
16
JuU I97A
11 OcLobcr 1974
16 December 1974
16
Julv 1974
11 October 1974
16 Dccc.Tber 1974
ISP < g/m3)
6 6
71
53
161
1 24
1 IS
Co"roncnts
Qun-
11 t v,
tenths
Size
rarge,
-n
A\'s
size,
l m
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
ran^c.
.in
Avg
size,
jim
Quan-
t 1 tv .
icnihs
S ise
r.Tni'c,
ฆ is
Avu
size.
Lm
Qua n-
L l ty.
tenths
Sire
rani c.
T
size,
urn
Quan-
city,
tenths
S 12C
ran;,e.
iim
Avg
size .
1.H
Quiin-
tity.
teicns
S izc
range ,
iC
sue .
m
vinerr1?
(9)
(9+)
CO
(8+)
(6+)
O)
Quit tz
Calcite
Feldfpars
Herat ite
Mica
2+
4+
l"
1+
vl-
<1-
<1-20
2
2
0 5
4
4
l-
l
<1-100
<1-100
<1-30
2
2
0 5
2+
5
1-
1
0 o ฉ
vO if) ซซ
1 i i
V v V
2
2
0 5
1
5+
1-
1+
<1-100
<1-100
<1-30
2
2
0 5
1
4+
L-
<1-150
<1-150
<1-
3
3
0 5
2
3+
1-
1
<1-100
<1-100
<1-100
5
5
0 5
Co-ibuse ion
Products
0)
a-)
(1)
O)
(1-)
(1)
Soot
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fl> asi
Burred wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
1
<1-50
0.5
1
<1-25
0.5
1-
<1-60
0 S
1-
1-
Biological
yla terial
(ซ-)
(Of)
(W-)
ซH->
(Ot)
Fo Lien
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellancous
((H)
((H)
(1-)
O)
m
Iron or steel
Rubber
1-
3
<1-500
50
2
<1-150
30
-------
Table A-3e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN
OKLAHOMA CITY AND VICINITY (JONES - NO. 5, N.E. 10th
AND DOUGLAS - NO. 10, AND 428 W. CALIFORNIA - NO. 15)
Sice
Jones No
5
N E 10th and
Douglas No 10
428 W California
No 15
Dace
29 June 1974
29
June 1974
29
June 1974
TSP (jg/m3)
53
119
237
Components
Quan-
CiCy,
tenths
S i?e
range,
urn
Avg
8 ize,
pro
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
pill
Avg
s ize,
li [Q
Quan-
11 ty,
tenths
Size
range,
p m
Avg.
s Ize.
p tn
Xirerals
(10)
(9+)
(*-)
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
6
2+
1-
1
<1-100
<1-150
<1-30
2
2
0.5
1+
7
1
<1-70
<1-70
<1-30
2
2
0.5
5+
3+
<1-200
<1-200
3
3
Conbusc ion
Products
( wo
(1-)
(1-)
Soot
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnet ice
1-
Biological
Material
( <ป)
(Of)
(CM-)
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plane
tissue
Miscellaneous
(
-------
Table A-4a. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND VICINITY
N.E 13th &
N.W Highway
North
Walker
S W 64th &
Bethany
Phillips
2045 N U
10th
& Meridian
Site
No
1
Dennlng
- No. 2
No
14
No
17
No
18
No
19
No 01 filters
3
3
3
3
3
3
QuantIty,
Quant lty ,
Quant lty,
Quantlty
Quant ity.
Quantlty,
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
Components
Avera ge
Range
Average
Range
Average
Ra nge
Average
Range
Average
Range
Average
Range
Minera Is
(84)
79-89
(89)
87-93
(93)
8/.-99
(95)
94-99
(85)
69-98
(89)
84-95
Quartz
32
15-50
28
20-40
42
15-65
26
20-35
18
15-25
33
20-55
Calcite
40
25-60
47
35-55
37
15-60
50
40-60
53
25-75
43
20-60
Feldspars
4
4
2
2-3
4
4
4
4
3
3-4
3
<1-4
Hematite
8
5-10
12
10-15
10
5-15
15
6-30
11
5-15
10
5-15
Mica
<1
<1
0-1
<1
Combust ion
( 9)
6-11
( 8)
7-9
( 5)
1-10
( 4)
1-6
(13)
2-31
( 9)
5-11
Products
Soot
Oil
4
2-6
4
3-6
3
1-5
3
1-4
10
2-25
6
4-8
Coal
3
2-4
3
2-4
1
<1-4
1
<1-1
2
<1-3
2
<1-4
Classy
2
1-2
1
1-2
1
<1-2
<1
<1-1
1
<1-3
1
<1-2
fly ash
Inc inerator
<1
<1
<1
flv ash
Burned wood
<1
Burned paper
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Magnetite
Biological
ซD
( 2)
<1-4
(<1)
( 1)
<1-2
(<1)
(<1)
Material
Pollen
"l
<1
<1
<1
Spores
<1
1
<1-2
<1
<1
<1
<1
Paper
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
Starch
<1
<1
<1
Misc. plant
<1
1
<1-?
<1
1
<1-2
<1
<1
tissue
Miscellaneous
( 7)
<1-15
( 1)
<1-4
( 2)
<1-6
(
-------
Table A-4b. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND VICINITY
s w
2nd a
N E. 10th ฃ.
S.E. 74ch &
Robinson
Douglas
428 W Calif
Sice
High - No. 21
No
22
Jones No 5
No 10
No 15
No. of filters
3
3
1
1
1
Quantity,
Quantity,
Quant 1 ty,
Quantity,
Quantity,
percent
percent
percent
percent
percent
Components
Average Range
Average
Range
-
-
-
MlncraIs
(91) 89-96
(72)
63-84
(99)
(96)
(93)
Quartz
30 25-40
13
10-20
60
15
55
Calclte
45 40-50
45
35-55
25
70
35
Feldspars
4 6
3
3-4
4
2
3
Hemat ite
12 10-15
10
5-15
10
9
Hica
<1
Combust ion
( 9) 4-11
( 9)
6-12
( 1)
( 4)
( 7)
Products
Soot
Oil
6 2-8
4
2-6
1
4
3
Coal
3 2-3
3
2-4
<1
<1
3
Glossy
<1 0-1
2
2
<1
<1
1
fly ash
lnc incrator
<1
0-1
<1
<1
fly ash
Burned wood
<1
Burned paper
<1
<1
Magnetite
Biological
(<1)
< 1)
ซD
ซn
(<1>
Material
Pollen
<1
<1
-------
Table A-5. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF OKLAHOMA CITY FILTERS
00
W. Calif.
Site
Bethany
- No. 14
No. 15
Dace
29 June 1974
18 Oct.
1974
29
June 1974
TSP (ug/mJ)
238
73
237
Laboratory
A
B
A
B
A
A
B
Analysis
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
Components
Minerals
(99)
(36)
(84)
(31)
(93)
(86)
(47)
Quartz
65
15
55
22
Calcite
15
60
35
59
Feldspars
4
4
3
Hemat ite
15
5
4
Mica
<1
<1
Combustion
( 1)
(64)
(10)
(53)
( 7)
(10)
(29)
Products
Soot:
Oil
1
)
4
1
3
Coal
<1
'
L
>6
3
/ 6
Unidenti-
(
(
fied soot
2
)
Coal fly ash
)
)
5
/
Glassy fly ash
<1
)
2
)
1
3
)
Incinera tor
( 63
<1
47
<1
23
fly ash
}
1
)
Burned wood
Burned paper
<1
Magnet ite
Biological
(<1)
(<1>
(
(<1)
( 3)
( 5)
Iron or steel
<1
<1
<1
Rubber
6
3
56
-------
Table A-6. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY
OF FILTER ANALYSES IN
OKLAHOMA CITY
No. of filters
27
Quantity,
percent
Components
Average
Range
Minerals
(88)
63-99
Quartz
29
10-65
Calcite
45
15-75
Feldspars
3
<1-4
Hematite
11
0-30
Mica
<1
Other
Combustion
C 8)
1-31
Products
Soot:
Oil
5
1-25
Coal
2
<1-4
Misc. soot
Glassy
1
0-3
fly ash
Incinerator
<1
fly ash
Burned wood
<1
Burned paper
<1
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
<
-------
Table A-7. MONTHLY AND ANNUAL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS FROM HI-VOL FILTERS IN
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA FOR 1974, |ig/m3
Site No.
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
arith-
metic
mean
1
1.41
1.24
0.67
0.43
0.62
0.61
0.70
0.47
0.45
1.16
0.42
0.46
0.72
2
0.33
0.17
0.13
0.12
0.17
Oo 14
0.22
0.11
0.14
0,15
0.07
0.11
0.18
5
0.34
0.13
0.10
0.10
0,14
0.12
0.14
0.07
0.21
0.27
0.23
0.17
0.17
6
0.83
0.41
0.40
0.52
0.34
0.39
0.52
0.39
0.65
0.39
0.38
0.36
0.47
10
0.87
0.46
0.45
0.61
0.26
0.38
0.75
0.47
0.49
0.44
0.42
0.43
0.50
14
0.94
0.28
0.40
0.34
0.38
0.41
0.54
0.39
0.65
0.37
0.25
0.30
0.44
15
2.22
2.21
0.95
1.49
0.92
1.11
1.27
1.88
1.77
1.08
1.01
0.84
1.40
16
2.38
0.52
0.32
0.41
0.40
0.48
0.49
0.68
0.51
0.51
0.27
0.26
0.60
17
0.48
0.51
0.39
0.44
0.31
0.39
0.53
0.39
0.62
0.34
0.56
0.43
0.45
18
0.94
1.43
1.47
1.78
1.23
1.60
1.67
1.54
1.92
1.99
1.28
1.20
1.50
19
1.19
0.86
0.45
0.61
0.58
0.53
0.87
0.78
0.67
0.74
0.32
0.35
0.66
20
0.19
0.19
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.12
0.11
0.27
0.12
0.14
0.15
21
0.58
0.57
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.46
0.30
0.26
0.53
0.35
0.31
0.38
22
2.13
1.82
1.67
1.59
1.02
1.22
1.83
1.61
1.39
2.36
0.86
0.98
1.54
-------
; I CUMCAL I'L1^ . ! U'\ .
n 'i ' / ' i / 'i i im'\ ' n '/ ซ / i - 'i i '
111 f OR I iNO 1 / I I * M i i i f'j i > Al L I . I (>r ^ Nป1
E PA_ 4 50/3-76-026g \
Ti I l.[ A .\ L> S I " i r J ป L L
National Assessment, of the Urban Particul a te Problem,
Volume IX - Oklahoma City
ui i On i inn
June 1976
11 111 i) IM1 N i , OMi.AMK-' I l')N COUl
PL Hi OHMING O H T, A i J i *! / *1 ION REPOnr NO
GCA-TR-76-25-G(9)
*David A. Lynn, Becky S. Epstein, Frank Record,
Project Director
HI HhOFI.vUNC, OIK '.iJIOMIU ! NAML' ANU AOmir.L. ,10 i'lllJi.llAM I l.i Ml Nl f-J.l
GCA Technology Dims ion j _
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> SPUNSOIlliNJG .UM NCV iMAMl. ANL) An'jlil 5S It I ^ 1'! Ol IU TOfil AMln 1 r.lOD COVI HI IJ
U. S. Environii.enta I Protection Agency . r i na 1
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards " At''
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 |
sumiM, mahmjoip. Voiume I, National Assessment - njA '1 ri 0/ 3 - 7 u - 02 4 , Volume II,
Particle Characterizatioii - LPA 450/3-76-025, Volumes III-XVI, Urban Area Reports -
EPA 450/3-76-025a _thru 026n.
lb Alls T R A C I
This document is one volume of a sixteen-volume report orienting an overall
assessment of the particulate problem, which wus conducted by CCA/Techno 1 ogy
Division for CPA.
This particular document is one of fourteen s mole-area ,/ol nines t ha t priv.de
working summaries of data gathered in the fourteen u>*ban areas studied 1 hese
city reports primarily provide documentation and background information for
Volume I of the study - National Assessment of the Particulate Problem - ,-inal
Report. Volume I should be considered the primary outpiiL of the report
ol' c row,
Particulate Matter
Total Suspended Particulate
* Ennssion Sources
Control Methods
Air Quality Measurements
M" W'*'l D' ANDOiaid i I Aซ>JALป A-*
' I ปf 1 < T l r l E. OPt fป t Nol U II 1 \ 1.
Optical Microscopy
! Secondot y Part icula t es
Fuel Co,,'.buslion
Process Ei'nssionc
Fugitive Emissions
fugitive Dust
Monitor Siting
Meteorol ociy
1 j DiSTR iUTiON 3T A T E. M L ซSJ I
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