UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D C. 20460
OFFICE OF
THE ADMINISTRATOR
TECH TRANSFER
July 25, 1988
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Report on Nonpoint Source Impacts on Aquatic Life
The Monitoring and Data Support Divison contracted with
Research Triangle Institute to report on the extent of
current information on the effects of NPS pollution on
aquatic biota. The attached final report is intended to
provide an overview which is representative of the existing
literature and provide some guidance to those involved in
NPS monitoring programs.
attachment
cc: Carl Myers
Mattie Ruffin
FROM:	Steven A. Dressing
Nonpoint Sources Branch (WH-585)
TO:
All Regional Nonpoint Source Coordinators
SUBJECT: NPS Impacts on Aquatic Life

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RESEARCH TRIANGLE INSTITUTE
July 1988
NONPOINT SOURCE IMPACTS ON
AQUATIC LIFE—LITERATURE REVIEW
by
Dr. Patricia A. Cunningham
Center for Environmental Systems
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Work Assignment No. 18
Contract No 68-03-3423
Work Assignment Manager: Mattie M. Ruffin
Project Officer: Mattie M. Ruffin
MONITORING AND DATA SUPPORT DIVISION
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
401 M STREET. SW
WASHINGTON. DC 20460
POST OFFICE BOX 12194 RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH CAROLINA 27709-21 94

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NONPOINT SOURCE IMPACTS ON
AQUATIC LIFE—LITERATURE REVIEW
by
Dr. Patricia A. Cunningham
Center for Environmental Systems
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Work Assignment No. 18
Contract No. 68-03-3423
Work Assignment Manager: Mattie M. Ruffin
Project Officer: Mattie M. Ruffin
MONITORING AND DATA SUPPORT DIVISION
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
401 M STREET SW
WASHINGTON, DC 20460

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CONTENTS
Section	Page
1	Introduction		1-1
2	Literature Acquisition		2-1
2.1	Computerized Data Base Search		2-1
2.2	Telephone Contacts with EPA Regional and State
Personnel		2-2
3	Literature Review		3-1
3.1	EPA Region and State Designation		3-1
3.2	Waterbody		3-1
3.3	Nonpoint Source		3-1
3.4	Impacts on Aquatic Biota		3-3
3.5	Source		3-3
4	Annotated Bibliography		4-1
5	Results		5-1
5.1	National NPS Trends		5-2
5.2	Regional NPS Trends		5-4
5.2.1	Agricultural Activities		5-4
5.2.2	Urban Runoff		5-9
5.2.3	Construction Runoff		5-13
5.2.4	Mining Activities		5-15
5.2.5	Forestry Activities		5-15
5.2.6	Acid Deposition		5-15
5.3	Biomonitoring Trends		5-21
6	Literature Cited		6-1
Appendixes
A NWQEP Annotated NPS Bibliography Topic Outline		A-l
B Listing of Books, Symposia Proceedings, and Review
Articles Used to Locate Primary Sources		B-l
C Matrix Data Sheets		C-l
D Annotated Bibliography			D-l
i i i

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FIGURES
Number	Page
1	EPA Regions	 2-3
2	Matrix data sheet	 3-2
3	Relative causes of nonsupport in various aquatic
ecosystems	 5-3
4	States reporting nonpoint sources as a special
concern in their 1986 305(b) reports	 5-5
5	Nonpoint sources reported as major causes of use
impairments in State waterbodies	 5-6
6	NPS pollution parameters most widely reported by States	 5-7
7	Annual average water-caused soil erosion on all
cropland in 1982	 5-8
8	Location of U.S. cities with populations of more than
200,000 inhabitants	 5-10
9	States reporting mining-related problems as a special
concern in their 1986 305(b) reports	 5-16
10	Percentage of commercial forest land in each State	 5-17
11	States reporting acid deposition as a special
concern in their 1986 305(b) reports	 5-19
12	1985 Contour and selected station map of pH in
rain over the United States	 5-20
13	Nonpoint sources represented in this literature review	 5-22
14	Representative groups of biota used to monitor
effects of NPS pollution on aquatic communities	 5-23
v

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TABLES
Number	Page
1	Offices of the U.S. EPA Nonpoint Sources Program
and Regional Coordinators		2-4
2	EPA Regional Staff and State Contacts		2-7
3	U.S. Cities with 1980 Population Greater Than
200,000 Inhabitants		5-11
4	Soil Erosion from Construction Sites		5-14
vi i

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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Congress has enacted the Water Quality Act of 1987, including Section
319, which encourages States to strengthen their nonpoint source (NPS) water
pollution management programs. Over 4 years from the date of enactment, $400
million is authorized to help States implement their NPS pollution control
responsibilities. Currently, in some States NPS runoff is the largest remain-
ing uncontrolled source of pollution and is the principal cause of remaining
water quality problems.
This report was prepared to examine the extent of current information on
the effects of NPS pollution on aquatic biota by EPA Region, State, and type
of nonpoint source. It is not intended to be an exhaustive review of all
available literature; rather, it is hoped that the report provides an overview
of primary sources representative of NPS pollution impact studies on aquatic
biota. In addition, the report should offer some guidance from the scientific
literature to EPA Regional and State personnel who are responsible for
reviewing and implementing appropriate State monitoring programs to evaluate
site-specific NPS pollution problems.
After the initial acquisition process in which more than 300 references
were identified, 68 primary sources (e.g., research papers and reports) were
selected for review and inclusion in this document. Secondary sources (e.g.,
books or literature review articles) identified in the acquisition process
were used exclusively to locate primary sources. Although the data reviewed
are insufficient to establish definitive trends in National or Regional NPS
pollution problems, this collection of primary sources does provide an
overview of where NPS pollution effects on aquatic life have been investigated
over the past 20 years, including the specific waterbodies studied, site-
specific nonpoint sources of pollution, monitoring and assessment techniques
used to evaluate the biological community, and resulting impacts on the
aquatic biota. In response to the statement of work, geographic (Regional)
trends in the types of NPS pollutants also are discussed (see Section 5).
1-1

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SECTION 2
LITERATURE ACQUISITION
The Research Triangle Institute (RTI) conducted a two-tiered search of
the available information on the effects of NPS pollution on aquatic biota.
First, standard data base and open literature searches of secondary sources
were conducted to identify primary sources for review. Second, appropriate
EPA Regional and State personnel involved in assessing NPS pollution problems
or conducting NPS research were contacted by telephone or in person as part of
RTI's assistance to approximately 30 States in preparation of their 304(1)
reports.
2.1 COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE SEARCH
A computerized data search was conducted of the Nonpoint Source Annotated
Bibliography System at the National Water Quality Evaluation Project (NWQEP)
run by North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, to compile
the bibliographic entries. At present, there are approximately 3,000 entries
in the NPS library. Complete information on this NPS data base is provided in
Appendix A for readers interested in accessing this system.
The computerized data base search encompassed all holdings of the NWQEP
Nonpoint Source Annotated Bibliography System, with the following limitations:
•	A preliminary key word search included "aquatic," "biological
monitoring," "macroinvertebrate," "fish," "algae," "aquatic
impacts," "bioaccumulation," "bioavailability," and "biological
impacts."
•	An intensive topic search included all parameters marked with
an asterisk (*) on the newly published NWQEP topic outline (see
Appendix A, page 15). Note: the asterisk (*) applies to all
subheadings appearing below the main item starred.
•	Only papers and publications printed in the English language
were reviewed.
2-1

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Of the more than 300 references identified, 68 were selected for
inclusion in this literature review. Several criteria were used to
select papers for this report:
•	Only primary sources related to research studies of NPS
pollution effects on aquatic biota conducted within one of the
10 EPA Regions were reviewed (Figure 1).
•	Only papers presenting data on NPS pollution effects on aquatic
biota derived from field monitoring activities were reviewed.
Results of laboratory research derived solely from bioassay or
microcosm studies were not included in this review unless the
authors also validated their laboratory findings in field
tests. Papers that extrapolated potential effects of chemical
or physical water quality changes on aquatic populations
without directly monitoring biota were not reviewed.
•	Only papers published within 20 years of initiation of the data
base search were reviewed. Initially the entries reviewed were
limited to documents published since 1977 to keep the
bibliography timely. However, because some topical areas
(e.g., effects of organochlorine pesticides on aquatic life)
were intensively researched from the late 1960's to mid-1970's
but have not been researched as intensively since that time,
the search was extended to the past 20 years with efforts
concentrated on obtaining and reviewing the most recent and
timely papers and reports.
All secondary sources (e.g., books and review articles) obtained directly
from the computer data base search that were used to identify primary sources
for review are listed in Appendix B. In addition, the June issues of the
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation from 1977 to 1987, which
contain annual reviews of NPS pollution and eutrophication papers, were
reviewed to identify appropriate primary sources.
The two computerized data searches and manual review of books, symposia
series, and review articles on appropriate NPS topics provided approximately
80 percent of the primary sources reviewed in this document.
2.2 TELEPHONE CONTACTS WITH EPA REGIONAL AND STATE PERSONNEL
A second method of identifying primary sources for inclusion in this
literature review was to contact appropriate EPA Regional staff who supervised
NPS projects or who had been involved with State personnel conducting NPS
research for their respective States. Table 1 lists important NPS Program
staffincluding the Branch Chief and 10 Regional Coordinators. Table 2 lists
2-2

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WASHINGTON
MAINE
NORTH DAKOTA 1 MINNESOTA
OREGON
WISCONSIN
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEW YORK
MICH GAN
WTOMING
PENNSYLVAN
OHIO ¦	——z^lJ
NEVADA
NEBRASKA
ILLINOIS
COLORADO
KANSAS
VIRGINIA
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
CALIFORNIA
^ NO. CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
OKLAHOMA \ ARKANSAS i	r JFIs. so-
CAROUNA
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
ALASKA
Figure 1. EPA Regions

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TABLE 1. OFFICES OF THE U.S. EPA NONPOINT SOURCES
PROGRAM AND REGIONAL COORDINATORS
EPA Office	Contact (phone)	States within Region
Headquarters
Office of Regulations and
Standards
Nonpoint Sources Branch (WH-585)
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
401 M. St., SW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA Region 1
Water Management Division
John F. Kennedy Office Bldg.
Rm. 2203
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3478
Carl Myers, Chief
(202) 382-7100
Bart Hague
(617) 565-3547
Connecticut
Maine
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
Rhode Island
Vermont
EPA Region 2
Water Management Division
26 Federal Plaza, Rm. 90
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-2513
EPA Region 3
Water Management Division
841 Chestnut St.
Philadelphia, PA 19107
(215) 597-9410
U.S. EPA Cheseapeake Bay Program
410 Savern Ave.
Annapolis, MD 21403
Rick Balla
(212) 264-0711
Harvey Mack
(215) 597-9911
Lynn Shuyler
(301) 266-6873
New Jersey
New York
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Del aware
District of Columbia
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
Delaware
District of Columbia
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
(continued)
2-4

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TABLE 1. (continued)
EPA Office
Contact (phone)
States within Region
EPA Region 4
Water Management Division
345 Courtland St., NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 347-4450
Bo Crum
(404) 347-7788
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Mississippi
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee
EPA Region 5
Water Management Division
230 S. Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
(312) 886-0148
Tom Davenport
(312) 886-0124
II1inois
Indiana
Michigan
Minnesota
Ohio
Wisconsin
EPA Region 6
Water Management Division
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
(214) 655-7100
Susan Alexander
(214) 655-7140
Arkansas
Louisiana
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Texas
EPA Region 7
Water Management Division
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KS 66101
(913) 236-2812
EPA Region 8
Water Management Oivision
999 18th St., Suite 1300
Denver, CO 80202
(303) 293-1542
Bob Steiert
(913) 236-2817
Roger Dean
(303) 293-1571
Iowa
Kansas
Missouri
Nebraska
Colorado
Montana
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
(continued)

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TABLE 1. (continued)
EPA Office
Contact (phone)
States within Region
EPA Region 9
Water Management Division
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415) 974-8115
Kathryn Kuhlman
(415) 974-8285
Arizona
Cal i form' a
Hawaii
Nevada
American Samoa
Guam
EPA Region 10
Water Oivis ion
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 442-1237
Elbert Moore
(206) 442-4181
Alaska
Idaho
Oregon
Washington
2-6

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TABLE 2. EPA REGIONAL STAFF AND STATE CONTACTS
Contact
Affi1iation
Peter Nolan
Tom Fikslin
Judith Weis
Jim Green
Leonard Nowak
Dave Lenat
Allan Thomas
Andrew Smith
Jean Spooner
Kelly Tindle
Geoffrey Scott
Wayne Davis
Michal Bastian
Russ Bowen
Glenda Gross
Jim Piatt
Region 1
Lexington, MA
Region 2
Edison, NJ
Department of Zoology and Physiology
Rutgers University
Newark, NJ
Region 3
Wheeling, WV
Region 4
Atlanta, GA
Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development
Raleigh, NC
U.S. Forestry Service
Asheville, NC
U.S. Soil Conservation Service
Raleigh, NC
NCSU School of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Water Quality Group
Raleigh, NC
School of Public Health
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC
Region 5
Chicago, IL
Region 6
Dallas, TX
New Mexico Environmental
Improvement Division
Santa Fe, NM
(continued)
2-7

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TABLE 2. (continued)
Contact
Affiliation
Norman Crisp
John Houlihan
Bill Wuerthele
Del Nimmo
Loren Bahls
Milt Tunzi
Evan Hornig
Region 7
Kansas City, MO
Region 8
Denver, CO
Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences
Helena, MT
Region 9
San Francisco, CA
Region 10
Seattle, WA
2-8

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other EPA Regional staff and State agency personnel who were contacted by RTI
and who provided reports to RTI on NPS pollution problems.
The telephone contacts approach, although successful in identifying sev-
eral reports that could be included in this literature review, provided only
20 percent of the primary sources reviewed. Several Regions indicated that
reports germane to this literature review would not be available in final form
until after this document was finalized.
2-9

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SECTION 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Once a primary source was identified and obtained in hard copy, the paper
or report was reviewed and pertinent information was extracted and transferred
to matrix data sheets (Figure 2) to highlight the most important findings of
the research effort.
3.1	EPA REGION AND STATE DESIGNATION
The matrix data sheets are arranged by EPA Region in Appendix C. Within
each Region, the references are alphabetized by State.
3.2	WATERBODY
The name of the waterbody studied and the county in which the waterbody
occurs are given when available.
3.3	NONPOINT SOURCE
The nonpoint source and associated pollutants are identified for each
entry and may fall into one or more of the following categories:
1.	Agricultural activities (sediment, nutrients, pesticides,
bacteria, total dissolved solids)
2.	Forestry activities (sediment, nutrients, pesticides)
3.	Urban runoff (sediment, nutrients, pesticides, bacteria, total
dissolved solids, heavy metals)
4.	Mining activities (sediment, total dissolved solids, heavy
metals, acids)
5.	Construction activities (sediment, nutrients, pesticides)
6.	Hydromodification activities (sediment, total dissolved solids)
7.	Landfill leaching (sediment, pesticides, heavy metals, other
toxics)
8-. Acid deposition.
3-1

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SUU	W«t*rbodjr
CO
I
ro
EPA REGION I
W
Figure 2. Matrix data sheet

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3.4	IMPACTS ON AQUATIC BIOTA
This section of the matrix data sheet summarizes the effects of a
specified nonpoint source activity and associated NPS pollutants (when known)
on a designated biological community (e.g., aquatic plants, algae, periphyton,
zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, fish, or aquatic birds).
Some pertinent data from the primary reference may be tabulated for the reader
to highlight a specific biological response. In cases where the primary
source is extremely lengthy, only generalized summary statements are given to
describe general trends noted by the author(s).
3.5	SOURCE
The literature source is the last entry on the matrix data sheet, and the
reader need only refer to the annotated bibliography in Appendix D to look up
the corresponding reference for that paper. The annotated bibliography is
arranged alphabetically by author and is cross-referenced in the lower right
corner to the corresponding matrix data sheet by EPA Region number(s) and
State abbreviation(s).
3-3

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SECTION 4
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
•Appendix D contains the annotated bibliography of NPS pollution documents
written by Federal, State, and private researchers that are reviewed in this
document. It is not intended to be an exhaustive listing of all available
primary sources; rather, it is hoped that the bibliography provides an
overview of the principal research areas studied over the past 20 years that
are generally representative of NPS pollution impact studies.
The bibliographic entries are arranged alphabetically by author. Besides
containing information on the paper or report title, authorship, publication
date, publisher, page length, and report number(s), each entry also has an
abstract adapted from the primary source document. If the complete document
or paper is needed, the reader can obtain it by writing to the publication
source ("available from:") listed on the bibliographic sheet.
Moreover, each bibliographic entry is cross-referenced in the lower right
corner to the corresponding matrix data sheet using the EPA Region number and
State abbreviation(s).
4-1

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SECTION 5
RESULTS
One of the original objectives of this review was to assess geographic
(Regional) trends that might emerge from the literature on nonpoint sources of
pollution. The primary sources collected, however, do not lend themselves to
analysis of Regional trends. Due to time and funding constraints, the
literature review was not exhaustive. In addition, many primary sources that
dealt solely with chemical or physical changes in water quality parameters
resulting from NPS pollution could not be included in this review because they
failed to meet the criteria for inclusion in the literature review (i.e., they
failed to provide biomonitoring data for assessing changes in aquatic biota).
This literature review is biased toward primary sources published in
peer-reviewed journals or EPA reports; the review does not identify a large
body of literature (primarily State water quality reports) that address
current NPS pollution problems. Thus, trends that might emerge from a review
of this small number of subjectively chosen primary sources cannot be assumed
to be indicative of either the magnitude or distribution of NPS pollution
problems in the United States. Finally, despite efforts to identify research
projects conducted in each Region, the EPA Regions are not equally represented
by the reviewed literature. Distribution of the primary sources by Region is
as follows:
Reg i on
No. of sources
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8
6
9
14
11
3
3
4
5
5
5-1

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This difference in Regional representation precludes any discussion of
Regional NPS pollution trends of the reviewed literature.
A far less biased approach to assessing current trends is available by
using responses of all States to a set of NPS issues such as can be gleaned
from America's Clean Water: The States' Nonpoint Source Assessment (1985),
prepared by the Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control
Administrators (ASIWPCA), or from the more recent report, National Water
Quality Inventory 1986 Report to Congress (U.S. EPA, 1987). Several national
trends are also noted in the latter based on information supplied by each
State in their respective 1986 305(b) reports.
5.1 NATIONAL NPS TRENDS
Nationwide, NPS pollution is a significant problem that is responsible
for 76 percent, 65 percent and 45 percent, respectively, of the impairment of
lakes, rivers and streams, and estuaries reported by States in their 1986
305(b) reports (Figure 3).
Among the 31 States that provided statewide data on lakes not fully
supporting uses, nonpoint sources were the principal sources affecting 76
percent of assessed lakes. Point sources affected 9 percent of impaired lakes
(8 percent municipal, 1 percent industrial), while 12 percent impairment was
related to natural and 3 percent to unknown sources.
Among the 37 States providing data on river miles not fully supporting
uses, nonpoint sources were again the principal source, affecting 65 percent
of assessed river miles where designated uses were impaired. Point sources
affected 27 percent of impaired rivers and streams (17 percent municipal, 9
percent industrial, and 1 percent combined sewer overflows), while natural and
unknown sources accounted for 6 percent and 2 percent, respectively, of use
impai rment.
Among the 16 States reporting on sources of pollution in estuarine waters
that do not support designated uses, nonpoint sources were the principal cause
of impairment (45 percent), while point sources affected 34 percent (22 '
percent municipal, 8 percent industrial, and 4 percent combined sewer
overflows), and unknown and natural sources accounted for 18 percent and 3
percent, respectively, of use impairment.
The magnitude of NPS pollution is becoming increasingly evident as the
States-improve their ability to assess the causes of use impairments. Sixteen
States identified nonpoint sources as an issue of special concern in their
5-2

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UNKNOWN (3.0*) INDUSTRIAL (I.OS'
XATVSAl. (12.0%)
MUNICIPAL (17.OS)
~KOUSTftm. (9.OX)
UNKNOWN (2.OX]
NATURAL (6.OX)
Rivers and
Streams
NONPONT (I3.0X)
INDUSTRIAL (8.OX)
UNKNOWN (tlOXJ
NATURAL (J.OK)
Estuaries
VIUNIDPAL (22,OK)
CSOl <»,0X)
NONPOtNT (45.0X)
Figure 3. Relative causes of nonsupport in various aquatic
ecosystems (adapted from U.S. EPA, 1987).
5-3

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1986 305(b) reports (Figure 4). Of 52 States and territories that ranked the
impact of nonpoint sources, 33 found nonpoint sources to be a major problem,
14 found them to be a moderate problem, 1 reported only minor impacts, and 4
reported that nonpoint sources were a problem of unknown magnitude (U.S. EPA,
1987).
The nonpoint sources reported as major causes of use impairment of State
waterbodies are shown in Figure 5. Agricultural activities and urban runoff
were reported by more than half the States as the major causes of waterbody
impairment, followed by construction runoff, mining activities, landfill
leaching, hydromodification, and forestry activities. The most widely
reported NPS pollutant of concern was fecal coliform bacteria, followed
closely by nutrients, turbidity (sediment), and biochemical oxygen demand
(B0D)/dissolved oxygen (DO) (Figure 6). Other pollutants included heavy
metals, pesticides/organics, and pH/acidity (U.S. EPA, 1987).
5.2 REGIONAL NPS TRENDS
Regional trends in nonpoint sources can be constructed from several
sources of information collected by States, by EPA, or by other Federal
agencies. Information on geographic trends is presented on maps where
practical. Not all information sources are as current as others, and some
trends are based on specific assumptions made from the available data.
Readers should consult the original papers cited for specific information on
sampling procedures and specific criteria used in data analysis. With these
limitations noted, some geographic trends in NPS pollution are presented in
the following discussion.
5.2.1 Agricultural Activities
Agricultural activities include crop production and animal production
operations. NPS pollutants from agriculture fall into five basic categories:
sediment, nutrients, pesticides/herbicides, bacteria, and total dissolved
salts (U.S. EPA, 1983). Figure 7 shows the extent of water-caused erosion
(tons of soil lost/acre) from the estimated average annual erosion on all U.S.
cropland in 1982 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1987). The reader should
note that water-caused erosion includes sheet and rill erosion, but excludes
loss of soil from wind erosion that can be significant, particularly in the
arid western States.
5-4

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WASHINGTON
NORTH DAKOTA 1 MINNESOTA
OREGON
WISCONSIN
SOUTH DAKOTA
MICHIGAN
PENNSYLVANIA
OHIO
_ DE
DC cAcC3-.MD
ILLINOIS
COLORADO
KANSAS
VIRGINIA
KENTUCKY
SO.
CAROLINA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
NEW MEXICO
HAWAII
Figure 4. States reporting nonpoint sources as a special concern
in their 1986 305(b) reports (from U.S. EPA, 1987).

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ms&m
URBAN CONSTRUCTION MINING LANDFILL HYDROMOD FORESTRY
AGRICULTURE
Figure 5. Nonpoint sources reported as major causes of use impairments in State waterbodies
(adapted from U.S. EPA, 1987-National Water Quality inventory).

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50
i	i	i	r—~— i	r™— "i" "
BACTERIA NUTRIENTS TURBIDITY BOD/DO METALS PEST/ORG. PH/ACIDITY
Figure 6. NPS pollution parameters most widely reported by States
(from U.S. EPA, 1987-National Water Quality Inventory).

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Tons of soil lost/acre
8.1 -10
6.1 -8
E2 4-1-6
MONTANA	I NORTH DAKOTA
W\
NEW MEXICO
ALASKA

HAWAII
Figure 7. Annual average water-caused soil erosion on all cropland in 1982
(adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1987).

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The magnitude of soil erosion on cropland is assumed to be directly
proportional to the intensity of agricultural practices in a given State. As
seen in Figure 7, water-caused erosion from agricultural cropland is most
severe in Region 7 (IA, MO) and Region 4 (KY, TN, AL, GA, MS, NC), followed by
Region 5 (IL), Region" 3 (VA), and Region 9 (HI). The Caribbean territories in
Region 2 (U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico) are not shown on the map, but
have the highest overall erosion rate (11.05 tons of soil lost/acre). Water-
bodies in the geographic areas exhibiting high water-caused erosion rates are
likely to have the highest potential for NPS pollution impacts from sediment,
nutrients, total dissolved solids, pesticides/herbicides, and bacteria.
5.2.2 Urban Runoff
Urban runoff results from precipitation that flows over urban areas and
gathers airborne particles and chemicals; it also results from the subsequent
runoff water that collects sediment, bacteria, nutrients, pesticides/herbi-
cides, and other toxic chemicals as it flows across paved and unpaved urban
surfaces. The resulting polluted runoff is often discharged into receiving
waterbodies via storm sewers.
Figure 8 shows the location of U.S. cities with populations of more than
200,000 inhabitants as of 1980 (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983). It has
been assumed for this discussion that the extent of urban runoff is related to
the number and sizes of cities in a given area. The 1980 U.S. population for
cities with a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants is given in Table 3.
The total number of cities with a population of more than 200,000 is
summarized by Region below:
Number of cities
Region
>200.000 inhabitants
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
5
7
13
12
13
4
2
13
2
5-9

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WASHINGTON
>3,000,000
^ 1 3.000.000
£ 500.000 1.000.000
• 200.000-500.000
MONTANA
NORTH DAKOTA \ MINNESOTA
OREGON
IDAHO
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
; WISCONSIN
\MICHIGA
NEW YORKj
NEVADA
NEBRASKA
UTAH

IOWA
ILLINOIS
IN
OHIO
COLORADO
CALIFORNIA
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO

KANSAS


•
MISSOURI^


I *

' I OKLAHOMA
ARKANSAS^
KENTUCKY
TENN^SEE
MS
ALASKA
TEXAS
LA
WV
'VIRGINIA
NO.^AROLINA.
SO.
. CAROLINA/
GEORGIA
ALABAMA]
FL
o
HAWAII
Figure 8. Location of U.S. cities with populations of more than 200,000 inhabitants
(adapted from U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983).

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TABLE 3. U.S. CITIES WITH 1980
POPULATION GREATER THAN 200,000 INHABITANTS3
City
Population
City

Population
EPA Reqion 1




Boston, MA
562,994



EPA Reqion 2




New York, NY
7,071,639
Rochester, NY

241,741
Buffalo, NY
357,870
Jersey City, NY

223,532
Newark, NJ
329,248


EPA Reqion 3




Philadelphia, PA
1,688,210
Virginia Beach,
VA
262,199
Baltimore, MD
786,775
Norfolk, VA

266,979
Washington, DC
638,333
Richmond, VA

219,214
Pittsburgh, PA
423,938


EPA Reqion 4




Memphis, TN
646,356
Louisville, KY

298,451
Jacksonville, FL
540,920
Birmingham, AL

284,413
Nashvilie-Davidson,
TN 455,651
Tampa, FL

271,523
Atlanta, GA
425,022
St. Petersburg,
FL
238,647
Miami, FL
346,865
Lexington-Fayette, KY
204,165
Charlotte, NC
314,447
Jackson, MS

202,895


Mobile, AL

200,452
EPA Reqion 5




Chicago, IL
3,005,072
Cincinnati, OH

385,457
Detroit, MI
1,203,339
Minneapolis, MN

370,951
Indianapolis, IN
700,807
Toledo, OH

354,635
Milwaukee, WI
636,212
St. Paul, MN

270,230
Columbus, OH
564,871
Akron, OH

237,177
Cleveland, OH
573,822
Dayton, OH

203,371
EPA Reqion 6




Houston, TX
1,595,138
Austin, TX

345,496
Dallas, TX
904,078
Tulsa, OK

360,919
San Antonio, TX
785,880
Baton Rouge, LA

346,029
New Orleans, LA
557,515
Albuquerque, NM

331,767
El Paso, TX
425,259
Corpus Christi,
TX
231,999
Oklahoma City, OK
403,213
Shreveport, LA

205,820
Fort Worth, Tx
385,164



(continued)
5-11

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TABLE 3. (continued)
City
Population
City
Population
EPA Reqion 7



Kansas City, MO
St. Louis, MO
448,159
453,085
Omaha, NE
Wichita, KS
314,255
279,272
EPA Reqion 8



Denver, CO
Colorado Springs, CO
492,365
215,150


EPA Reqion 9



Los Angeles, CA
San Diego, CA
Phoenix, AZ
Honolulu, HI
San Francisco, CA
San Jose, CA
Long Beach, CA
2,966,850
875,538
789,704
762,874
678,974
629,442
361,334
Tucson, AZ
Oakland, CA
Sacramento, CA
Fresno, CA
Anaheim, CA
Santa Ana, CA
330,537
339,337
275,741
218,202
219,311
203,713
EPA Reqion 10



Seattle, WA
Portland, OR
493,846
366,383


aData from U.S. Department of Commerce, 1983.
5-12

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Regions 4, 5, 6, and 9 have the largest number of cities in this category
(>200,000 inhabitants). However, the six most densely populated cities are in
Regions 2 (New York), 3 (Philadelphia and Baltimore), 5 (Chicago and Detroit),
6 (Houston), and 9 (Los Angeles). Within Regions 1, 2, and 3, the megalopolis
extending from Boston', New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore to Washington, DC
contains a densely populated interstate urban corridor. A similar interstate
urban area exists in the Midwest (Region 5) encompassing Detroit, Toledo, and
Cleveland. Within Region 6 in Texas, the cities of Fort Worth, Dallas,
Austin, San Antonio, and Houston form a large but more dispersed urban
cluster. In Region 9 in California, two highly urbanized clusters are formed
by San Francisco, Oakland, San Jose, and Sacramento and also by the Los
Angeles, Long Beach, Santa Ana, Anaheim, and San Diego corridor and in Hawaii,
by Honolulu on the island of Oahu.
5.2.3 Construction Runoff
Although construction activities are temporary events, they are
responsible for a large amount of localized environmental damage to nearby
waterbodies associated with erosion of disturbed surface soils. By volume,
sediment is the major pollutant resulting from construction projects (e.g.,
highway, residential, or industrial building). An acre undergoing
construction may produce sediment losses of 40,000 times that of an adjacent
acre of undeveloped woodland (U.S. EPA, 1983).
A study conducted by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (1978-1979) to
assess construction site erosion found it accounted for only 1.4 percent of
all erosion (U.S. EPA, 1983); however, construction sites in 10 States
accounted for more than 60 percent of all construction erosion nationwide (see
Table 4). Of these 10 States, those in Region 4 (AL, NC, GA, TN, KY)
accounted for 38 percent; Region 6 (LA, OK, TX) accounted for 16 percent;
Region 3 (PA) accounted for 3.9 percent; and Region 5 (OH) accounted for
3.8 percent. Total annual erosion from construction activities for Alabama
was twice that of the next highest State monitored. The remaining 40 States
together accounted for less than 39 percent. Population shifts to the sunbelt
States are likely responsible for increasing highway, residential, and
industrial construction, particularly in Region 4, which contributes to the
trend toward increased construction runoff.
5-13

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TABLE 4. SOIL EROSION FROM CONSTRUCTION SITES
(adapted from U.S. EPA, 1983)
Tons of erosion	Percent of
Region	State	(in thousands)	national total
3
Pennsylvania
3,126
3.9
4
Alabama
13,653
17.1
4
Georgia
3,817
4.8
4
Kentucky
2,970
3.7
4
North Carolina
6,674
8.3
4
Tennessee
3,280
4.1
5
Ohio
3,004
3.8
6
Louisiana
5,071
6.3
6
Oklahoma
4,231
5.3

Total of 10 States
49,354
61.7

Total of other 40 States
30,586
38.3

Total erosion
79,940
100%
5-14

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5.2.4	Mining Activities
NPS impacts to rivers and lakes are produced from a variety of mining-
related activities. Acid mine drainage occurs when sulfur-bearing minerals
are exposed during mining operations, resulting in the formation of sulfuric
acid in the presence of water and air. The resulting acidic waters may
dissolve heavy metals from geologic formations. Major NPS pollutants of
concern associated with mining activities include pH/acidity, heavy metals,
and sediment.
Figure 9 shows the nine States that cited mine drainage as a special con-
cern in their States' 1986 305(b) reports. By Region, the States include:
Region 1 (ME), Region 3 (PA, MD, WV), Region 4 (KY, AL), Region 7 (MO), Region
8 (MT), and Region 9 (CA). Region 3 contains the largest number of States
reporting mining activities as a NPS concern.
5.2.5	Forestry Activities
Silviculture activities encompass the cultivation and harvest of timber
for commercial uses. NPS impacts can result from site preparation, tree
harvesting activities, fertilization, pesticide/herbicide use, reforestation
activities, fire suppression activities, and road building (U.S. EPA, 1983).
NPS pollutants from silviculture activities include sediment, nutrients, and
pesticides/herbicides.
The percentage of land area in each State in commercial forest production
is shown in Figure 10.* NPS pollution impacts from forestry activities appear
to be most likely in Region 1 (ME, VT, NH, MA, CT, Ri), Region 3 (WV, PA, VA)
Region 4 (AL, GA, NC, SC, MS), and Region 10 (OR, WA) based on the percentage
of commercial forest land. According to U.S. Forest Service estimates, timber
production will continue to be concentrated primarily in the Pacific Northwest
States and the South (U.S. EPA, 1983). Although it can be a severe local
problem, silviculture-related pollution does not appear to be a problem of
widespread national significance (U.S. EPA, 1983).
5.2.6	Acid Deposition
Acid deposition occurs in the United States due largely to sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen dioxide emissions from industrial processes, combustion, and
'Approximately 67 percent (500 million acres) of forest land is classified as
commercial forest — land capable of producing 20 cubic feet of woody fiber per
acre per year (U.S. EPA, 1983).
5-15

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WASHINGTON
NORTH DAKOTA \ MINNESOTA
OREGON
IDAHO
SOUTH OAKOTA
WYOMING
NEVADA
UTAH
COLORADO
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
ALASKA


o
WISCONSIN
^MICHIGAN)
NEW YORK
NEBRASKA
IOWA
ILLINOIS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
IN
OHIO
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
ARKANSAS
LA
MS
DC 1
"VIRGINIA
NO. CAROLINA i
SO.
.CAROLINA/
GEORGIA
FL
HAWAII
Figure 9. Slates reporting mining-related problems as a special concern
in their 1986 305(b) reports (from U.S. EPA, 1987).

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Percent of land area
in commercial forest
NORTH DAKOTA Utflh
H Over 65%
Q 51 - 65%
f2J 36 -50%
0 10-35%
n o -10%
SOUTH DAKOTA
WYOMING
NEVADA
NEBRASKA
UTAH
ARIZONA
NEW MEXICO
ALASKA
IOWA
KANSAS
ILLINOIS
TEXAS
c>
HAWAII
Figure 10. Percentage of commercial forest land in each State
(adapted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1980).

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mobile sources; however, oxidants such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and
organic free radicals are also associated with and required for the production
of sulfuric and nitric acid, which cause acidic rain (National Acid Precipita-
tion Assessment Program, 1987).
Acid deposition was cited in the 1986 305(b) reports of 13 States as an
NPS problem of concern. These States are shown in Figure 11 and include
Region 1 (ME, NH, MA, CT), Region 2 (NY, NJ), Region 3 (PA, MD), Region 4 (FL,
TN), Region 6 (LA), and Region 8 (MT, WY). Most of these 13 States cited
lowering of rainwater pH as evidence of potential problems (U.S. EPA, 1987).
Based on rainwater pH, the New England States (Region 1) and Mid-Atlantic
States (Regions 2 and 3) appear to be most severely affected by the acid
deposition problem (U.S. EPA, 1987).
A slightly more extensive area affected by acid deposition has been
reported in several other recent studies. Figure 12 shows a map of pH in
rainfall over the United States based on 1985 annual precipitation-weighted pH
values from the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). The
most acidic rain encompassed by the 4.2 pH contour includes western
Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and northern sections of West Virginia and
Maryland. Rainfall with a pH of 4.4 or less encompassed Region 1 (southern
ME, VT, NH, MA, CT, RI), Region 2 (NY, NJ), Region 3 (PA, DE, MD, WV, VA),
Region 4 (western NC, TN, KY), and Region 5 (OH, IN, MI, eastern IL). An
almost identical spatial distribution pattern is reported for median pH of
rainfall from a study by Semonin et al. (1987) using National Acid Deposition
Program (NADP) network data. Knapp et al. (1988) reported that the 10 NADP
sites where the most acidic rain was collected from January 1979 to December
1984 were located in Region 2 (NY), Region 3 (PA and WV), and Region 5 (OH).
In their study, sites with a median pH £5 were all located west of a line
extending from northwestern Wisconsin to the Gulf Coast of Texas. Because
precipitation is greater in the East than in the western United States, both
the intensity and amount of acidic inputs to both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems are greater in the East (Knapp et al., 1988). Acid deposition
appears to be a more severe NPS pollution problem in the eastern United States
than in the western United States.
5-18

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WASHINGTON
NORTH DAKOTA ) MINNESOTA
OREGON
vr
WISCONSIN
IDAHO
SOUTH DAKOTA
\MICHIGAN
IOWA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
OHIO
DE
MD
ILLINOIS
UTAH
DC
COLORADO
KANSAS
VIRGINIA
MISSOURI
KENTUCKY
CALIFORNIA
NO. CAROLINA
SO. >
CAROLINA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
NEW MEXICO
MS
GEORGIA
ALABAMA
TEXAS
ALASKA
HAWAII
Figure 11. States reporting acid deposition as a special concern
in their 1986 305(b) reports (from U.S. EPA, 1987).

-------
cn
I
ro
o
f.i
• i
• i
11
• >
i.i
4.2
•.2
• « ••
4.9
6.0 4.8 4.6
4.4
«l
4«
4«
4.»
•4.»>
• 4
4 •
4 7
1985 Annual
Pracipitation-Weightad pH
Rgure 12. 1985 Contour and selected station map of pH in rain over the United States
(from National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, 1987).

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5.3 BIOMONITCRING TRENDS
Even though the nature of this literature review precludes any discussion
of Regional NFS pollution trends on aquatic life, some trends emerge with
respect to the type of nonpoint sources studied using biomonitoring techniques
and the nature of the aquatic community chosen to monitor NPS impacts. With
respect to the nonpoint sources studied, 69 percent of the reviewed primary
sources reported effects on aquatic biota from agricultural activities,
forestry activities, or urban runoff. Agricultural activities (including
7 percent land use studies), forestry activities, and urban runoff represented
38, 16, and 15 percent, respectively, of the nonpoint sources of pollution in
the literature review. The remaining 31 percent reported impacts to aquatic
biota from mining activities (13 percent), construction activities (12 per-
cent), acid deposition (3 percent), hydromodification activities (1.5 per-
cent), and landfill leaching (1.5 percent) (see Figure 13).
With respect to the effects of NPS pollution on aquatic biota, 65 percent
of the papers reviewed reported changes to only one group of biota, 25 percent
reported changes to two groups, and 10 percent reported changes to three or
more different groups of biota at various trophic levels in the aquatic
community. Of those authors using only one group of biota to monitor NPS
pollution effects, 68 percent selected macroinvertebrates, 21 percent selected
fish, and 11 percent selected other groups (i.e., amphibians, algae/periphy-
ton, aquatic plants, or zooplankton). Of those authors using two groups of
biota to monitor NPS pollution effects, 60 percent used both macroinverte-
brates and fish, while 40 percent used various combinations of macroinverte-
brates or fish with another group. Of those using three or more groups, all
monitored effects on both macroinvertebrates and fish in addition to a variety
of other groups of aquatic biota.
Macroinvertebrates and fish were the predominant groups of choice as
bioindicators of NPS pollution for the literature reviewed. Overall, 47
percent of the primary sources reviewed monitored changes in the
macroinvertebrate community, 25 percent in the fish community, 17 percent in
the algal or periphyton community, 5 percent in aquatic plants (macrophytes),
3 percent in zooplankton, 2 percent in amphibians, and 1 percent in aquatic
birds (Figure 14). The statistical analysis of biological monitoring data was
most extensive and rigorous for the macroinvertebrate and fish communities
5-21

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o
I664J kVWWSJ
i	i	i	i	i	i	r~——i
AGRICULT FORESTRY URBAN MINING CONSTRUCT ACID DEP LANDFILL HYDROMOD
Figure 13. Nonpoint sources represented in this literature review.

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ALGAE/PERIPHYTON (17.0%)
FISH {25. OX)
AQUATIC PLANTS (5.0%)
AMPHIBIANS (2.0%)
AQUATIC BIRDS (1.0%)
ZOOPLANKTON (3.0%)
MACROINVERTEBRATES (47.0%)
Figure 14. Representative groups of biota used to monitor effects
of NPS pollution on aquatic communities.

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studied and included (1) the use of a variety of species versity indexes and
biotic condition indexes, as well as (2) the analysis of taxa richness,
eveness, density, biomass, and the presence or absence of recognized
pollution-intolerant or pollution-tolerant species for assessing the effects
of NPS pollutants.
5-24

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SECTION 6
LITERATURE CITED
Association of State and Interstate Water Pollution Control Administrators.
1985. America's Clean Water: The States' Nonpoint Source Assessment.
Appendix.
Knapp, W. W., Bowersox, V. C., Chevone, B. I., Krupa, S. V., Lynch, J. A., and
McFee, W. W. April 1988. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States,
Part 1: Summary of Ion Concentration Variability, 1979-1984. Volume 3.
New York State Water Resource Institute, Center for Environmental
Research. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1987. Interim Assessment:
The Causes and Effects of Acidic Deposition. Executive Summary. Volume
1. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. Office of the
Director of Research, Washington, DC. 100 pp.
Semonin, R. G., Bowersox, V. C., Stensland, G. J., Peden, M. E., Doty, K. G.,
Gatz, D. F., Lockard, J. M., Bachman, S. R., Skowron, L. M., Su, J., and
Dossett, S. R. 1987. Study of Atmospheric Pollution Scavenging.
Illinois State Water Survey Division, Atmospheric Chemistry Section,
University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 340 pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. January 1980. An Assessment of the Forest
and Rangeland Situation in the United States. Forest Service Publication
F-AFS-A65/2/-00, Washington, DC.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. September 1987. Basic Statistics: 1982
National Resources Inventory. Soil Conservation Service, Iowa State
University Statistical Laboratory. 153 pp.
U.S. Department of Commerce. April 1983. 1980 Census of Population. Volume
1-Characteristics of the Population. Chapter A-Number of Inhabitants.
Part 1-United States Summary. Bureau of the Census, Washington,' 0C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1983. Nonpoint Source Runoff:
Information Transfer System. EPA 430/9-83-009. Office of Water,
Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. November 1987. National Water Quality
Inventory: 1986 Report to Congress. EPA-440/4-87-008. Office of Water,
Washington, DC. 141 pp.
6-1

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Appendix A
NCSU-WQ Inventory Package

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ANNOTATED MPS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Version 87.1
August, 1987
NCSU Water Quality Group
.Project Personnel
Jean Spooner
Richard P. Maas
Len C. Stanley
Lane Wyatt
Alicia L. Lanier
Sarah Brichford
David W. Miller
Kelly Tindle
Michael D. Smolen, Principal Investigator
Frank J. Humenik, Project Leader
USDA Cooperative Agreement: 12-05-300-4 72
EPA Interagency Agreement: AD-12-f-0-037-0
Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department
North Carolina State University
615 Oberlin Road, Suite 100
Raleigh, North Carolina 27 605

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The efforts of the current supporting staff are appreciated.
The staff includes:
Linda Blalock
Terri Hocutt
Naomi Muhammad-Feaste
William Berryhill
The following past personnel have contributed to the initiation and
development of this NPS library system:
Steven A. Dressing
Catherine A. Jamieson
Fred A. Koehler
Avis A. Newell
JoAnna D. Johnson
Jonathan M. Kreglow
JoAnna Wood
Doug Houck
Khalida Haseeb
Kerry Humenik
1

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the NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS LIBRARY
INTRODUCTION
The NCSU Water Quality Group has about 3,000 holdings in its computerized
Non-Point Source (NPS) Library at present. Each holding is assigned a holding
number which identifies it in our library. The protocol for these assignments
is to number them chronologically as they are received. The holdings consist
of articles from refereed journals, reports from state and federal agencies,
chapters from books and conference proceedings, NPS project reports, and non-
refereed research reports presented at meetings. The NWQEP library has hard
copies of most of the holdings, which may be made available for loan.
A topic number outline (see TOPIC OUTLINE section) is available which
includes such main categories as Agricultural Pollution and Management Prac-
tices , Water Quality, Data Treatment, Crops, Legislation, and Agencies. Sub-
level topics for each of these categories give more detail to each topic
number. Further delineation to sublevel topic is designated by successive
digits in the topic number. Each holding has been reviewed and assigned a
topic number from the topic number outline. Four additional topic numbers
(referred to as subtopcis) can be assigned to an article.
A short annotation of up to 20 typed lines (72 characters per line), is
written to summarize those aspects of the article which pertain to agri-
cultural or urban water quality issues, control practices, or effects. If the
annotation is the author's abstract, the annotation begins with 'ABS.1 Other-
wise, it was written by one of the NWQEP staff. Annotations too long to fit
in the allotted space on the computer system are shortened.
The computerized library may be accessed through the card file or by an
interactive retrieval program which runs SAS jobs to search the data base
either by keywords on titles and/or annotations, author, or by topic number.
Using the interactive program, articles can be retrieved by author even if the
author requested is not the primary author, but appears as one of the second-
ary authors. A search by a general topic number will yield all subtopics
nested within that number. A more specific topic number request will retrieve
only those subtopics nested below in the outline, along with the requested
subtopic. The user is given the choice of requesting both the citations with
annotations or just the citations in any given search.
The attached bibliography is a listing of the current computerized
library arranged in major topic number order within each topic number, arti-
cles are arranged by year of publication and article number.
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
The Nonpoint Source Control Water Quality Evaluation and Technical
Assistance Library System (LS) was created to meet five objectives:
(1) To document the availability of publications related to various
aspects of nonpoint source control.
2

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(2)	To identify publications on a topic-specific basis so that the user
may efficiently search the literature.
(3)	To enable easy access from one point in the system to any other
point in the system.
(4)	To provide a continuous update of information for the preparation of
reports on BMP effectiveness.
(5)	To provide enough flexibility to allow for expansion of the system
beyond Objective 1.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The LS consists of six components which are integrated in such a way that
the user may find information at several levels (Figure 1). The user has
access from one point in the system to any other point in the system as shown
in Figure 1.
Outline. The outline is arranged by topic with each major level and sublevel
assigned a decimal number. Major topic levels (e.g. legislation, agencies,
agricultural management practices) are assigned integral numbers (1,2,3,etc.)
and topic sublevels (e.g. Federal, statewide, fertilizer) are given decimal
fraction numbers (1.1, 1.11, 1.111, etc.). In the event that more than nine
topic sublevels exist at any level in the outline, the upper case letters
(A,B,C, etc.) are used (e.g. 1.8, 1.9, l.A, l.B, etc.). Changes and additions
to the outline are facilitated by the fact that the outline is open-ended.
Each article is assigned a primary topic. It may have up to 4 additional
topics, referred to as subtopics.
A complete description of the outline is included at the end of this
section.
3

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TITLE
CARDS
ANNOTATED
CARDS

TOPIC

OUTLINE
t

\
f
COMPUTBR RETRIEVAL
SYSTEM
ABBREVIATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
DOC UMENTS
igure 1. Flow Diagram of Library System Components
4

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Title Cards. Each publication has a corresponding title card located in the
NCSU Water Quality group title card file. Title cards list the title, authors,
topic number, subtopic numbers, source number, citation, and the location of
the hard copy in the NWQEP's library (Ofiling cabinet, B-bookshelf, F*micro-
fich^, P*project files). No complete bibliography is provided. Below is the
format of a title card:
Topic number (subtopics)
Source No.

Location Code
Title

Authors

Ci tation

Title cards are utilized most often by the librarian, while updating the
library, or by users who know the title of a work of interest.
Annotation Card. The annotated bibliography is arranged alphabetically by
author on cards. On each card is a complete bibliography, short annotation,
source number, topic number, subtopic numbers, additional keywords, cross
reference article numbers, and hard copy location:
Topic number (subtopics)
Source No.

Location Code
Authors

"Title"

Source citation

Year of publication

Annotation

KEYWORDS:

XREF:

Abbreviated Bibliography. The abbreviated bibliography a printed document
arranged numerically by source number (aka 'the Black Book'). Each entry has a
source number, the first author, the first 60 characters in the title, primary
and subtopic numbers, and location of the hardcopy. This is not included in
this publication, but is maintained by the NCSU Water Quality Group librarian.
Computerized System. The attached listing is a printout of the current com-
puterized annotated bibliography. It is sorted by primary topic number, year
of publication, and article number in this printout.
The computer retrieval system consists of a data file, complete with
citations, annotations, and article and topic numbers (it is essentially a
copy of the annotated card file). There is also a record of the entry date
into the computer, the year of publication, and the code for the hard copy
location in the library holdings.
5

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This file can be searched by a program which will retrieve articles by
keywords on the title and/or annotation, by authors, or topic number. "Output
will include all citations for a given search, accompanied by annotations if
desired.
Keyword, Topic, and Author Searches. We have the capability to do keyword
searches on the titles and/or annotations in our NPS library. We can also
perforin searches for author names and for topic numbers.
Searches for topic numbers will be on both primary and subtopic numbers for
the articles.
The topic outline is hierarchical in design. If you ask for a search on topic
3. you will get ALL articles under 3, including 3.1, 3.2, ..., 3.6, 3.62, etc.
Therefore, you need to be as specific as possible or your search will be
larger than you might suspect. A list of each topic number and how many arti-
cles would be found in a topic number search is shown in Table 1.
The current keyword search, by default, looks to see if ANY of the requested
words are found. Optionally, you may request that the article be retrieved
only if ALL of the keywords are found.
The retrieval request form must be completed and sent to NCSU Water Quality
Group, ATTN: NPS librarian. Form is shown in Figure 2. A separate form is
required for each type of search. However, multiple searches for a field are
accepted. For example, several authors, etc.
The output of a search is in the same format as the printed library. It is
sorted by major topic number and publication date and contains the complete
citation and annotation.
The price of the search is a function of the number of /pages requested. A
processing charge of $5.00 plus $0.06 per page will be assessed. Any special
services will have a $20.00/hr. charge. First class postage fees usually range
between $1.00 to $3.00 and will be charged to the requester.
Documents. . Library holdings consist of articles from refereed journals, re-
ports from state and federal agencies, chapters from books and conference
proceedings, Nonpoint Source project reports, and non-refereed research re-
ports presented at meetings. The NCSU Water Quality Group Library has hard
copies of most of the citations in the annotated file.
6

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Table 1. Tabulation of frequency of articles with a given topic or subtopic
number! Due to counting of subtopics, the number is greater-
than the number of articles. Version 87.1. August, 1987.
Topic
Freq.
Topic
Freq.
Topic
Freq.
Topic
Freq.
Topic
Freq
1.0
2
3.42"
71
4.4
3
5.61
33
6 .52
1
1. 1
14
3.43
43
4.5
24
5.62
12
7.0
16
1. 11
4
3.44
52
4.6
1
5.63
6
7.1
16
1.2
15
3.5
35
4.8
15
5.64
2
7.11
1
1.3
3
3.5A
21
4.9
7
5.65
1
7.111
1
1.4
1
3.51
5
5. A
64
5.651
1
7.12
1
2.1
4
3.52
26
5.A1
45
5.652
1
7 .122
1
2.11
7
3.521
2
5.A2
16
5.7
16
7.13
3
2. 12
20
3.522
25
5. A3
4
5. 71
13
7.14
1
2.2
4
3.523
5
5.A4
13
5.72
5
7.2
19
2.21
1
3.524
3
5.B
1
5. 73
1
7 .21
8
2.211
2
3.525
1
5.B1
1
5.75
1
7.22
2
2.212
2
3.53
15
5.B3
1
5.8
92
7 .222
4
2.218
2
3.531
12
5.C
1
5.81
50
7.3
9
2.3
1
3.532
4
5.D
3
5.82
1
7 .31
5
2.31
22
3.533
5
5.E
3
5.83
6
7 .32
4
2.4
17
3.534
2
5.0
69
5.84
17
7 .4
7
2.5
31
3.54
1
5.1
13
5.9
6
7.5
20
3.0
27
3.55
44
5.11
29
5.94
1
8.1
2
3.1
134
3.56
31
5.12
13
6.0
24
8.131
1
3. 11
15
3.563
1
5.13
1
6.1
25


3.12
13
3.57
45
5.14
4
6.11
35


3. 13
225
3.58
33
5.15
3
6.111
16


3. 14
149
3.581
1
5.2
195
6.112
16


3. 144
1
3.59
20
5.2A
1
6.113
20


3. 15
22
3.6
85
•5.21
44
6.12
9


3. 16
4
3.6A
7
5.22
17
6.121
4


3.2
84
3.6B
12
5.23
8
6. 122
7


3.20
1
3.61
40
5.24
5
6.123
2


3.21
12
3.62
43
5.3
170
6.13
6


3.22
1
3.63
145
5.30
1
6.131
5


3.223
1
3.631
40
5.31
1
6.132
4


3.23
4
3.64
51
5.4
19
6. 133
2


3.24
34
3.65
18
5.41
1
6.2
44


3.25
25
3.651
30
5.43
2
6.21
61


3.26
23
3.652
16
5.5
39
6.22
23


3.27
33
3.653
19
5.51
51
6.23
27


3.28
8
3.654
18
5.511
38
6.24
46


3.281
2
3.66
17
5.512
8
6.25
73


3.282
118
3.67
18
5.513
1
6.26
17


3.3
112
3.68
17
5.514
10
6.261
1


3.31
8
3.69
9
5.515
1
6.3
7


3.32
166
4.A
5
5.52
8
6.31
9


3.321
17
4.B
3
5.521
9
6.32
161


3.322
35
4.C
4
5.522
3
6.33
2 79


3.323
162
4.0
10
5.523
1
6.34
29


3.324
80
4.1
8
5.525
1
6.35
30


3.4
50
4.2
6
5.551
1
6.4
3


3.41
122
4.3
19
5.6
76
6.43
1


7

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Figure 2.
FORM FOR NWQEP NPS LIBRARY RETRIEVAL REQUEST
Please fill in items 1 and 2. Then complete item 3 oi: 4 or 5 according to
the type of search you are requesting.
1. Requestor's	Name:		 Date
Request Date:	 Processed 		
Address:		(Leave Blank
Phone No.: ( )
2. Type of Search: (Circle 1) Author (go to #3)
Topic	(go to #4)
Keyword (go to #5)
If a keyword search is requested, circle one or both of the fields to search:
TITLE and/or ANNOTATION.
3. Topic Search:
List topic number from the NPS library topic outline you would like
printed. Articles with primary and subtopic numbers that match request will
be printed. Be as specific as possible. For example topic //3 will yield
300 pages, but 3.62 produces about 5-10 pages.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4. Author Search:
List authors you would like to search for articles. They do not have to be
first authors.
a.
b.
c.
d.
5. Keyword Search:
Problem Description:
List the keywords you would want identified in the title and/or annotation
field (See #2 above). Please indicate if you would like ALL of the words
found for the article to be cited. The default is to cite the article if
ANY one of the.keywords is found. Each line below represents a separate
search:
a.
b.

-------
FULL NAME
ABBREVIATIONS
AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
All State Extension Services
American Society of Agricultural Engineers
American Society of Civil Engineering
American Water Resources Association
XX Ag. Ext. Service
(XX's State Abb.)
ASAE
ASCE
AWRA
Chesapeake Research Consortium
Comptroller General of the United States,
General Accounting Office
Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology
CRC
Comptrol. Gen. US, GAO
CAST
Financial Management Assistance Program
Food and Drug Administration
FMAP
FDA
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency-
Water Pollution Control
International Hydrological Decade, World
Health Organization
International Joint Commission
—Pollution from Land Use
Activities Reference Group
ILEPA-WPC
IHD-WHO
IJC
—PLUARG
Iowa Department of Water, Air and Waste
Management
IA Dept. WA Air Wst Mg.
National Association of Conservation Districts
National Council of the Paper Industry for
Air and Stream Improvement, Inc.
National Research Council of the United States
National Technical Information Service
National Water Quality Evaluation Project
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development—Division of
Environmental Management
North Carolina State University Water Quality Group
NACD
NCASI
Nat. Res. Council, US
NTIS
NWQEP
NRCD
NRCD-DEM
NCSU
Water Quality Group
Office of Technology Assessment
OTA
9

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Royal Society of Canada
Rural Clean Water Program
Surface Water, Section of the University
of Illinois
Southwestern Illinois Metropolitan and
Regional Planning Commission
Royal Soc. of Canada
RCWP
SWS
SWIL-MAPC
United States Department of Agriculture	USDA
--Advances in Agricultural Technology	—AAT
--Agricultural Conservation Program	—ACP
—Agricultural Research Service	—ARS
—Agricultural Stabilization and
Conservation Service	—ASCS
—Cooperative Extension Service	—CES
—Economic Research Service	—ERS
—Economics and Statistics Service	—ESS
--Science and Education	—SE
—Soil Conservation Service	—SCS
—Field Office Communication and
Automation System	—FOCAS
United States Environmental Protection Agency	USEPA
—Water Planning Division	—WPD
United States Geological Survey	USGS
United States Water Resources Council	US. Water Res. Council
Utah State University Foundation	Utah St. Univ. Found.
Water Resources Research Institute	WRRI.
10

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JOURNALS
FULL NAME
Agrichemical Age
American Journal of Agricultural
Economics
Bulletin of the Geological Society of America
Chemosphere
Environmental Management
Environmental Science and Technology
Groundwater
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Journal of Environmental Health
Journal of Environmental Science and Health
Journal of Environmental Quality
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation
National Association of Conservation Districts
Science
Soil, Biology, Biochemistry
Soil Conservation Society of America
Soil Science Society of America Journal
Transactions of the American Society of
Agricultural Engineers
Transactions of the American Society of
Civil Engineers
Water, Air and Soil Pollution
Water Quality Bulletin
Water Research
Water Resource Bulletin
Water Resource Research
ABBREVIATIONS
Agr. Age
Am. J. Agr. Ec.
Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.
Chemosphere
Environ. Manage.
Environ. Sci. Tech.
Groundwater
J. Agr. Food Chem.
J. Envir. Eng.
J. Envir. Health
J. Envir. Sci. Health
J. Envir. Qual.
JSWC
JWPCF
NACD
SCI
S, Biol, Biochem.
SCS Am.
Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.
Trans. ASAE
Trans. ASCE
Water, Air Soil, Pol.
Water Qual. Bull .
Water Res.
Water Res. Bull.
WRR
11

-------
TOPIC OUTLINE
Explanatory Notes
These notes are to describe the library topic number system, and to aid in
the process of choo-sing topic numbers for new acquisitions or literature
searches. The text will go through each section and describe prior uses of
each number assignment.
Library topic numbers are assigned for use in identifying topic areas. A
main topic should be selected, and secondary topics may be added in parenthe-
ses.
1.	Legislation - Any legislation or sunsnaries of legislation with the ex-
ception pf that dealing with water quality, belong here. So do reports on
progress of programs set up by the particular legislation. At present the
outline includes only state, federal, regional and local categories. Room is
available for subtopics for each, but none have been assigned.
Example: If you have a copy of the federal clean air act, it would
receive #1.1 State versions of similar legislation would be given number 1.2,
etc. water quality concerns are under 5.1.
2.	Agencies - Again any literature about particular agencies, programs, etc.
on a federal, state or local level belong here. Several agencies are included
as subtopics. State reports by the Division of Environmental Management about
'water quality or soils or agriculture do not get categorized here. This cate-
gory is for information about the agency itself or their role in government.
3.	Agricultural Pollution and Management Practices - This topic has led to a
bit of confusion due to overlap between some of the subtopics. Interpretation
of the subtopics should be done in a very general way. Consideration of other
available subtopics should also be made. An attempt will be made here to give
specific examples which might highlight the gray areas.
3.1	Fertilizer - This includes soil testing, liming, application of N, P, K,
S. This topic area includes articles and information about fertilizers,
assessing application methods, crop requirements, nonpoint sources and manage-
ment.
This topic area has also been used for articles on monitoring or modeling
the movement of the nutrients through soil. If you are looking for movement of
nutrients through soils, search under 3.1. If you are looking at nutrient
movement or concentrations in waterbodies, use topic 5.a runoff water quality
series. If you are looking more generally at the fate of nutrients on fields
and in water, you might want to run a search on both topics 3.1 and 5.A.
3.2	Animal wastes - These topics are for articles dealing with the storage,
handling, and land application of animal waste.
3.3	Sediment/Soils - This topic has been used for. subjects concerned with
erosion and sedimentation such as control, causes and effects, and models
which predict or describe soil erosion and deposition. This heading should
also be used for articles about soils.
12

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3.4	Water - This has been used only for water "topics concerning the quantity
of water and the quality of water from irrigated and/or drained lands. Salini-
ty is used for papers addressing the effects of salinity, management of saline
water and the relationships between saline water and agricultural practices.
3.5	Pesticides - This topic area has been broken down extensively and is
self-explanatory. Subtopics here for surface runoff, groundwater leaching,
etc. apply strictly to pesticides, not to other topics such as fertilizer,
nutrients or water quality.
3.6	Best Management Practices - This topic area is for literature about de-
velopment implementation, or assessment of BMP's. The subtopics are self
explanatory. The subtopics here overlap with the topics listed above under
Ag. Management. This area is for papers primarily concerned with BMPs, al-
though they may also contain background information.
4.	Crops- This topic area is for literature concerned with particular crops,
rather than other topics included in the outline. Articles of a general
nature on forestry have also been placed here under 4.3, Forestry. Crop head-
ings are described in more detail on the following two pages of the outline.
5.	Hater Quality
5.1	Legislation - For legislation concerning water quality, as well as pro-
gress reports on programs resulting from water quality legislation.
5.2	Assessment - This topic should be interpreted in a general way. For in-
stance, an article describing the use of algal communities to assess water
quality would go here, while an article describing the method used to describe
the algal conmunity would go under 6.113. This topic area may overlap with
others, in particular, 5.3, management. Articles describing the chemical,
physical or biological condition of a water body should go here as well.
5.3	Management - This topic should be for articles describing water quality
management, including the use of aerators, copper sulfate, weed cutting, de-
tergent bans, and other remedial efforts which affect water quality.
5.4	Standards - This topic area is for articles or information regarding
existence or development of water quality standards, including information on
specific standards.
5.5-5.E These subtopics refer to water body types and are self explanatory.
Four sub-subtopics have been added to several of the water quality sub-
subtopics as follows: 5.61 nutrients, 5.62 sediment, 5.63 pathogens 5.64 toxic
contaminants. Two additional subtopics have also been added; 5.A surface
runoff quality studies, and 5.B wetlands. These would also include the sub-
subtopics mentioned above, and are listed as 5.A1, 5.A2 etc.
6.	Data
6.1	Collection methods - This topic area is for articles describing methods
of obtaining data, especially from water, sediment, and biota.
6.2	Methods - Another method category, this is for describing analytical
methods for analysis with subtopics for water, sediments, and biota. An arti-
cle of results, however, would probably go under 5.2, water quality assess-
ments. Two other subtopics have been added to 6.2-6.24 Land use, and 6.25,
13

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Economic cost-benefit analysis. Treatment (6.3) covers the use of numbers
generated by 6.2; assessment follows that.
6.3 Treatment - This relates to articles about data treatment, storage, sta-
tistics, and models. Although this area would seem to overlap with 6.2, the
former is for the chemical or biological analyses, while this is for treatment
of the data obtained by that analysis.
7.	Urban Pollution and Management Practices - This is a new topic and cur-
rently contains articles pertaining to pollutant type, sources, BMP's, moni-
toring and evaluation, economics, and impact of urban NPS pollution.
8.	Special Topics - Description of policies, (e.g., point/nonpoint source
trading policies set up by EPA), case-studies, and assessment of pollution
source control tradeoffs and their effects on water quality. This topic is to
be used for new issues in NPS Water Quality. This is a new topic.
14

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
1. Legislation
1.1 Federal
1.11 Conservation Reserve and Other 1985 Farm Bill Programs (CRP)
1.2 State
1.3	Regional
1.4	Local
2. Agencies
2.1	Federal
2.11	U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
2.12	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2.2	State
2.21 Statewide
2.211	Dept. of Natural Resources & Community
Development "
2.212	Division of Soil and Water Conservation
2.213	Division of Forest Resources
2.214	Coastal Resources
2.215	Groundwater
2.216	Division of Land Resources
2.217	Division of Community Assistance
2.218	Cooperative Extension Service
2.22	N.C.	Regional
2.221	Triangle J Council of Governments
2.222	Land-of-Sky Council of Governments
2.23	Local
2.3	Independent
2.31 NCSU Water Quality Group
2.4	Task Forces
2.41 Agricultural Task Force
2.411	Members
2.412	Activities
2.4121	Chowan River
2.4122	Union/Anson Counties
15

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
2.4123	Wayne/Lenoir Counties
2.4124	Wake County Demonstration Farm
2.4125	Land-of-Sky
2.5 International Joint Commission
3. Agricultural Pollution and Management Practices
Fertilizer
3.11
Soil Testing
3.12
Liming
3.13
Nitrogen
3.14
Phosphorus
3.15
Potassium
3.16
Sulfur
Animal Waste
3.21
Broiler Litter
3 .22
Turkey Litter
3.23
Caged Layer Waste
3 .24
Dairy Cattle Waste
3.25
Beef Cattle Waste
3.26
Swine Waste
3.27
Treatment
3.28
Recycle
3.281 As feed
3.2 82 Land Application
3.3	Sediment/Soil
3.31	Types
3.32	Movement/Erosion
3.321	Types
3.322	Cause/Effect
3.323	Control Practices
3.324	Modeling
3.4	Water
3.41	Irrigation
3.42	Drainage
3.43	Salinity
3.44	Runoff Quantity
*3.5 Pesticides
3.51 Fungicides
~Computer-searched.
16

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NWQEP ANNOTATED MPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
3.52 Herbicides
3.521	Paraquat
3.522	Atrazine
3.523	2,4D
3.524	Other Triazines
3.525	Alachlor
3.53	Insecticides
3.531	Organochlorines
3.532	Carbamates
3.533	Organophosphates
3.534	Synthetic Pyrethroids
3.54	Nematocides
3.55	Surface Runoff Studies (sediment)
3.56	Groundwater - Soil Leaching
3.57	Persistence/Degradation
3.58	Toxicity/Ecosystem Effects (Aquatic)
3.59	Drift and Volatilization
3.5A	Soil Adsorption/desorption
*3.6 Best Management Practices (BMPs)
3.61	Fertilizer
3.62	Animal Waste
3.63	Sediment
3.631 Conservation Tillage
3.64	Water
3.65	Pesticides
3.651	Conservation Tillage
3.652	Other SWCPs (Disposal)
3.653	Application Timing and Techniques
3.654	Integrated Pest Management
3.66	Salinity
3.67	Targeting/Critical Areas
3.68	Farmer Attitudes
3.69	Stream Protection
3.6A Filter Strips
3.6B Conservation Tillage
4. Crops
4.1	Fiber (e.g. cotton, flax, sugarcane)
4.2	Forage Crops (e.g. alfalfa, fescue)
4.3	Forestry
4.4	Fruits (e.g. cranberries, grapes, tomatoes, blueberries,
strawberries, watermelon, pineapples)
4.5	Grain Crops (e.g. corn)
17

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
4.6	Lawn and Turf
4.7	Nursery/Ornamentals (e.g. shrubs)
4.8	Oil Crops (e.g. peanuts, soybeans, sunflower)
4.9	Small Grain Crops (e.g. barley, oats, rice, sorghum, wheat)
4.A Tobacco
4.B Tree Fruits (e.g. apples, cherries, grapefruit, lemons,
olives, oranges, peaches, pears, plums,
prunes, tangelos, tangerines)
4.C Vegetables (e.g. artichokes, asparagus, green beans,
snap beans, beets, broccoli, brussels sprouts,
cabbage cantaloupes, carrots, cauliflower, celery, sweet
corn, cucumbers, eggplant, escarole, garlic, lettuce,
honeydew melons, mint, onions, peas, green peppers,
spinach, potatoes, sweet potatoes)
5. Hater Quality
5.1 Legislation
5.11	Federal
5.12	State
5.13	Regional
5.14	Local
5.15	International
*5.2 Assessment (description of the existing water quality conditions)
5.21	Nutrients
5.22	Sediment
5.23	Pathogens
5.24	Toxic Contaminants
5.3	Management
5.4	Standards
5.41	Standards
5.42	Sediment
5.43	Pathogens
5.44	Toxic Contaminants
*5.5 Lakes
5.51 Natural
5.511	Nutrients
5.512	Sediment
5.513	Pathogens
5.514	Toxic Contaminants (e.g. Pesticides, PCB's,
heavy metals, etc.)
5.515	Chlorophyll
*Computer-searched.
18

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
5.52 Impoundments
5.521	Nutrients
5.522	Sediment
5.523	Pathogens
5.524	Toxic Contaminants (e.g., pesticides, PCB's,
he^vy metals, etc.)
5.525	Chlorophyll
*5.6 Rivers, Streams, Creeks
5.61	Nutrients
5.62	Sediment
5.63	Pathogens
5.64	Toxic Contaminants (e.g., pesticides, PCB's,
heavy metals, etc.)
*5.7 Estuaries and Bays
5.71	Nutrients
5.72	Sediment
5.73	Pathogens
5.74	Toxic Contaminants
5.75	Wetlands
(e.g., pesticides,
PCB's, heavy metals)
5.8 Groundwater
5.81	Nutrients
5.82	Sediment
5.83	Pathogens
5.84	Toxic Contaminants (e.g. pesticides, PCB's,
heavy metals)
5.9 Farm Ponds
5.91	Nutrients
5.92	Sediments
5.93	Pathogens
5.A Surface Runoff Quality (edge of field)
5.A1 Nutrients
5.A2 Sediment
5.A3 Pathogens
5.A4 Toxic contaminants (e.g. Pesticides, PCB's,
heavy metals)
*5.B Wetlands
5.B1	Nutrients
5.B2	S edimen t
5.B3	Pathogens
5.B4	Toxic Contaminants (e.g., pesticides, PCB's, heavy metals)
*5.C Acid	Deposition
*Computer-searched.
19

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
5.D Recreation
5.E Health
6. Data
6.1 Col lection Methods
6.11 Water
6.111	Chemical Parameters
6.112	Physical Parameters
*6.113 Biological Parameters
6.12 Sediment/Soils
6.121	Chemical Parameters
6.122	Physical Parameters
*6.123 Biological Parameters
*6.13 Biota
6.131	Benthic Macroinvertebrates
6.132	Fish Surveys
6 .133 Fish Tissue
6.2	Analysis Methods
6.21	Water
6.22	Sediment/Soils
6.23	Biota
6 .24 Land Use
6.25	Economic or Benefit/Cost analysis
6.26	Algal Bioassay
6.3	Treatment
6.31	Storage
6.32	Statistics
6.33	Models
6.34	Indices
6.35	Monitoring Design
6.4	Soils
7.0 Urban NPS Pollution and Management Practices
7.1 Sources (Description and Evaluation)
7.11 Sediment
*Computer-searched.
20

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NWQEP ANNOTATED NPS BIBLIOGRAPHY TOPIC OUTLINE (Ver 87.1)
7.12	Nutrients
7.121	Nitrogen
7.122	Phosphorus
7.13	Toxic Contaminants (e.g., pesticides, PCB's, heavy metals)
7.14	Pathogens
*7.2 BMP1 s
7.21	Sediment
7.22	Nutrients
7.221	Nitrogen
7.222	Phosphorus
7.23	Toxic Contaminants (e.g., pesticides, PCB's, heavy metals)
7.24	Pathogens
7.3	Monitoring and Evaluation
7.31	Hydrology
7.32	Water Quality Parameters
7.4	Economics
"^.5 Impact of Urban NPS
8.0 Special Topics
8.1 Pollution Reduction Trading
8.11	Policy
8.12	Case Studies
8.13	Assessment
8.131	Economics
8.132	Loading
*Compu ter-searched.
21

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Appendix B
Secondary Sources Used to Locate
Primary Sources

-------
APPENDIX B
SECONDARY SOURCES USED TO LOCATE PRIMARY SOURCES
Allan, M. A., and Hakkarinen, C. May 1986. A Review of the National Academy
of Science Report--Acid Deposition Long-Term Trends. Electric Power
Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. 20 pp.
American Society for Testing and Materials. 1981. Ecological Assessments of
Effluent Impacts on Communities of Indigenous Aquatic Organisms. ASTM
Publication 730, (eds.) J. M. Bates and C. I. Weber. American Society of
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 333 pp.
Butler, P. A. 1973. Organochlorine Residues in Estuarine Mollusks, 1965-1972
National Pesticide Monitoring Program. Pesticide Monitoring Journal
6:238-363.
Canter, L. W. 1985. Environmental Impact of Water Resources Projects. Lewis
Publishers, Chelsea, MI. 352 pp.
Clark, E. H., J. A. Haverkamp, and W. Chapman. 1985. Eroding Soils--The Off-
Farm Impacts. The Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC. 252 pp.
Fisher, D., J. Ceraso, T. Mathew, and M. Oppenheimer. 1988. Polluted Coastal
Waters: The Role of Acid Rain. Environmental Defense Fund, New York,
NY. 102 pp.
Gillett, J. W. 1970. The Biological Impact of Pesticides in the Environment.
Environmental Health Science Series 1. Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR. 210 pp.
Guenzi, W. D. (ed.). 1974. Pesticides in Soil and Water. Soil Science Soci-
ety of America, Inc., Madison, WI. 562 pp.
Haines, T. A. 1981. Acidic Precipitation and Its Consequences for Aquatic
Ecosystems: A Review. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 110(6):669-707.
Hakkarinen, C. February 1986. Summary Report on Acidic Deposition Issues.
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. 9 pp.
Hurlbert, S. H. 1975. Secondary Effects of Pesticides on Aquatic Ecosystems.
Residue Reviews 57:81-148.
Johnson, D. W. 1968. Pesticides and Fishes--A Review of Selected Literature.
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 97:398-424.
B-3

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Kobriger, N. P., T. V. Dupuis, W. A. Kreutzberger, F. Stearns, 6. Gunten-
spergen, and J. R. Keough. Effects of Highway Runoff on Wetlands-. Final
Report. Prepared for National Cooperative Highway Research Program,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
353 pp.
Lews, E. A. 1981. Aquatic Pollution. John Wiley 'and Sons, Inc., New York,
NY. 482 pp.
Livingston, R. J. 1976. Dynamics of Organochlorine Pesticides in Estuarine
Systems: Effects on Estuarine Biota. In: Estuarine Processes, Vol. 1.
Academic Press, NY. pp. 507-522.
Livingston, R. J. 1977. Review of Current Literature Concerning the Acute
and Chronic Effects of Pesticides on Aquatic Organisms. CRC Critical
Reviews in Environmental Control, pp. 325-351.
McCabe, J. M., and C. L. Sandretto. 1985. Some Aquatic Impacts of Sediment,
Nutrients, and Pesticides in Agricultural Runoff. Limnological Research
Laboratory Publication 201. Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michi-
gan State University, East Lansing, Ml. 79 pp.
Morton, J. W. 1977. Ecological Effect of Dredging and Dredge Spoil Disposal:
A Literature Review. U.S. Fish and Wild. Service Technical paper 94.
33 pp.
National Research Council. 1986. Acid Deposition Long-Term Trends. National
Academy Press, Washington, DC. 506 pp.
North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute. 1987. NCWRRI Listings.
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Overcash, M. R., and J. M. Davidson (eds). 1980. Environmental Impact of
Nonpoint Source Pollution. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., Ann
Arbor, Ml. 449 pp.
Schaller, F.-W., and G. W. Bailey (eds.). 1983. Agricultural Management and
Water Quality. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 472 pp.
Sprague, J. B. 1986. Toxicity and Tissue Concentrations of Lead, Zinc, and
Cadmium for Marine Molluscs and Crustaceans. International Lead Zinc
Research Organization, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC. 215 pp.
Soil Conservation Service. 1985. Special Issue: Nonpoint Source Water
Pollution. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40(1):1-176.
Stern, E. M., and W. B. Stickle. 1978. Effects of Turbidity and Suspended
Material in Aquatic Environments--Literature Review. Dredged Material
Research Program. Technical Report D-78-21. Department of the Army,
Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS.
B-4

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U.S. Department of the Interior. July 1982. Manual of Stream Channelization
Impacts on Fish and Wildlife. FWS/0BS-82/24. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington, DC. 166 pp.
U.S. Department of Transportation. 1986. Highway Runoff Water Quality
Training Course: Student Workbook Section 7--Water Quality Impacts,
federal Highway. Administration, National Highway Institute, Washington,
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985. Estuarine Pollution Control and
Assessment: Proceeding of a Conference. Vols. I and II. EPA Conference
on Estuary Pollution Control, Pensacola, FL. Office of Water Planning
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. February 1980. Characteristics of
Nonpoint Source Urban Runoff and Its Effects on Stream Ecosystems. EPA
600/3-80-032. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and
Development, Corvallis, OR. 99 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 1976. Ecological Research Series
Impacts of Construction Activities in Wetlands of the United States.
EPA-600/3-76-045- Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. April 1979. Effects of Suspended
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Review. EPA-600/3-79-042. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, Corvallis, OR. 110 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 1979. Impacts of Sediment and
Nutrients on Biota in Surface Waters of the United States. EPA-600/3-79-
105. Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and
Development, Athens, GA. 333 pp.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 1983. Nonpoint Source Runoff:
Information Transfer System. EPA/430-9-83-009. Office of Water,
Washington, DC.
Vernberg, W. B., A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurburg, and F. J. Vernberg (eds.)
1979. Marine Pollution: Functional Responses. Academic Press, New
York. 454 pp.
Vernberg, W. B., A. Calabrese, F. P. Thurburg, and F. J. Vernberg. 1987.
Pollution Physiology of Estuarine Organisms. University of South Caro-
lina Press, Columbia, SC. 458 pp.
Waddell, T. E. (ed.). 1985. The Off-site Costs of Soil Erosion. The Conser-
vation Foundation, Washington, DC. 284 pp.
Wauchope, R. D. 1978. The Pesticide Content of Surface Water Draining from
Agricultural Fields--A Review. J. Environmental Quality 7{4):459-471.
B-5

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Appendix C
Matrix Data Sheets

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EPA REGION 1

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SiiU
NaUrMy
ME	Fiah Kivtr drolnogo
ilk n«rth«fn MiIn
F»r«tiry tciiviliM
(lfr»|ln0 of corboryl [S«v1a
4-ol I) for tprac« budworai
control)
ETA REGION 1
Ii^utt on aquatic bloto
9 itroMt atudlod: I control otroono novor oxpoaod to tho choiical,	Cowrtinweh
0 itroMo troatod it o roto of 640 g A.I./ha (1-jroar itfi—) , and 3	ond Qtbbt,
itfi>w> troatod ot rotoo of 040 g A.I./ho ond 1.120 g A.I./ho tho	1000
previous yoor (2-yoor itrnw).
prjft gomgto colfoctiono
Control - drift nwaboro ond diversity roaoinod otoblo throughout otudjr
period. Moot orgonlom were olive ot colloctton.
1-yoor	atresias - drift increased In i»u4>fi up to 110 tlioi 2 diyt
posttreetownt end oil orgsnloao were deed. Plocoptoro, Ephoworoptoro,
•nd Diptera «oro comma. Moot ibundont tan Included tho Plecoptera,
Lowctro UnfMa, L. forrufllooe. L. tonulo. A—lilwuwrt mil tho Cyhwwr-
optera Portlootophjoblo op., Epoorus op. end Lithobrooche recurveto: end
tho Olptoro 5l*u|iy* tpp. »nd ChlrMoaidM. Two of tho three otroooo
hod i ncroeeed CMnaUrt of tone poottroit—nt.
2-yeer	itroMt - drift Incroeeed In only 2 of tho 9 >tfin.
Dipterene - SIwmI[um yenustua, $. %ub+ro»um. $. Iitiw. or Psoudol Iswto-
phiJf or PioodoIiwnooh 1 lo op. conetltuted ovor 90S of orgenlooie. Tho
number of tout did not Incroooo.
1-yoor	itrim - lawedlotely of tor tropin—nt oony Eph iwropUrt end
Plocoptoro were found dood. Saw Trtchoptoro were dlatreeaed ond look-
ing their coooo. Thirty to 00 doyo poottrootawnt, Plocoptoro nuabere
ooro reduced to xoro In oil oomploa. Epheoeroptora mwbin wore elgnlf-
Icontly roducod. Tri chop tor o were roducod In 2 of tho 1 «tfiiw, Olptoro
•nd 01 Igochooto «oro not significantly roducod.
2-yoor	otrooao - thooo stroono woro loot offoctod thon l-y*ar itr«MO.
Plocoptoro populetlone ooro ot or noor tore prior to trootoant ond woro
roducod or soro 30 ond 00 doyo pee t tree t*ent. Ephoaieroptere ticilar In
epeclee ooyaoltlon ond density to 1-yoor ond control itrnm, Trtchoptoro
nuofcere wer* not olgnlfIcentty roducod except In 1 of tho I 2-yoor otroomo.
Olptoro ond 01 Igochooto ooro not olgnlf leant I y roducod.
Srnmri
Carboryl woo t«ilc to oil Plocoptoro, Moot Epheoeroptere, ond aowo
Trtchoptoro ond Olptoro. Totol nuebera of orgonlooo In trootod streewe
ooro not roducod but woro roplocod by othor graupe. Long-Ur« offocta on
Plocoptoro populotlono woro obeerved for opocloo thot ooro oupprooaod for
eere thon 1 yoor. Epheawroptera ond Trlchoptero repopuleted quickly escept
for IIthobroncha rwcurvota.		
(continued)

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EPA REGION 1 (continued)
StaU	f»Urb«tfjr	MPS pollutant	iMpwii on aquatic biota	Source
IE (con.) Little RvsmI I Streaai Forestry ftefciviiUt	two iirnwt Mr* »twdi«d. Litti* RuimII Streaai «n treated with car- HiImi, 1981
(trMUd tirtMi)	(tfriylng carbaryI[Sevln-4-olI] baryl at l.( lbs A.1./acre on Jun* 7 and Jiim 14. Brook trout (Salve-
Logan Brook	for «pruc« budwor* control)	lUut fofitlnaf la) wtr« co I ItcUd by •l«ctr«fist»lng In both atreeata
(control itrm)	2 wooka and 1 and $ day a prior to Um flrat carbaryl application and
aeveral houra, 1, 3, and 6 daya poatepplIcatSon for the flrat aprey-
(Study area in	)nff and aeveral houra, X and 3 daya, and 4 week a poatappl lcatlon for
Seboowook, Sowaraet,	the second ipraylng.
and Piscatequla
Counties)	Mean flail brain AChE activity «ai algftlfIcantIy lower (16-34*) In flah
froai the treated atreaa, but the depreaalon 41aappeared 24-48 hour*
later. The ahort duration ef Inhibition of AChE auggeata adverae
ef feet a unlikely.
Feed Mldit ea percent ef body weight »«a elpnlf leantly higher In the
treated flah en June 0, 14, and 1$. Only Coleoptera, Olptera, Epheaier-
eptere, TrIchoptora, and terreatrial lneecta occurred regularly In the
diet. The twiaber of Dlptera. Ephwwaroptera, and Trlchoptera Increased
In the at aeach contenta ef flah freai the treated a tree® on and fel low-
ing the date af apray application.
In site tonicity teats Indicated no mortality of the yeung-ef-the-year
brook trout aa a reault ef apraylng.
(continued)

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EPA REGION t (continue)
Stat*
Water-body
HPS pollutant
IiipKii en tquitlc biota
S«
ME (con.) Mitliiiiilnn	Forestry activltiea
Electrefiehing technique* were usod to collect fiah.
Emwe »tudr
Hvlbert, 1977
(epreylng carbaryl (Sevin-4-
ell) for ipruce budwort
control)
Brtin ACh£ levefe wore depressed In brook trout end mIma after
apraylng. The Magnitude an4 duration of the depreealono, up to 40
Hours poataprey, appeared to bo releted to concentration of Sevln
)n the voter.
ACHE activity level# returned to preapray values In leost aalaonlde
by 192 hours poataprey.
Creotljr Increased feeding «aa evident In the 24-h poat-aprey aalnonld
atoeech seeplea, and larval Olptera, EphoMoroptera, and Pleceptera
were the «ajer »rgini«ai consumed.
After 96 h poataprey, lawature Inaecta were not the *e]or conyonont
of the trout atoiach contents, and total atomach content voliae
returned to presprsy level*.
Poataprey aalaon atoeacha contained larval Ephesiaroptera, Tr I chop tore,
Olptore, and Pleceptera. The far goat numbers and volume of theae
•rfaniaaa »aa preient In the 24* and 4$-k poatapray eel lections.
Macro I nvertebratea wore samp led using drift wati.
A large numbar of Invertebrates drifted shortly after Savin was
sprayed and was predominantly the Olptore Slaail tua and eeny
Ephomaroptere and Trlcheptera.
(centInued)

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SiiU	Vstorbody	HPS petlvUni
ME (c«n) Crawford, IC Bftd	Forestry iciiviii**
VaiU, ME »iU«	(offncts of cloorcutting)
Crawford, IC	Foraatry KlIvUtM
(«m	»irnw (offocts of cloarcuttlng)
•nd ono c I*»rcut
«ir«Mi)
Wbito, IC sltas
(on* roforonco tinm
and om clMrcvl
EPA REGION 1 (continued)
Impacts on aquatic biota	S<
Aqvatlc plants (gloss si Ida iMpUi)	Martin, Noft,
and Fodoror,
CI oar c«# t tiroMO tandad to produco higkar dona It loo of algoo (3 to	1991
0 iiaos k'lphor) than rofaranca at roasts.
Hatvjr growihi of algaa wart also viiibU on tht bottosi of claarcvt
atroaaw but Mvar in roforonco atraaota.
Qraan sign (CMorophyto) doalnatad In c I oar cut stroaais (M-OSI),
•haraot dlatoaa (Baccllariophycoao) doaintUd olgal coI Iactions In
roforonco atraam ((f-WI).
Fifty porcont of itraaa battoo In cloarcot otraawa woo covorod by
floworlitg plants; roforonco stroooi etvartgo was 10% or loss.
MacroInvorUbrataa (boo tMflor)
Cloarcut straaais In Main* had lilghor donsitlos (40t009/a )*as com-
parod to tKoao In Vansont or Hon Naapsblra.
Logging csoaod • significant Incroaao In rnialara of aacrolnvartakritas.
Macro I nvorUbrsta donsitlos woro $ tlisos Klghar ot cloorcwt slt*s than
st rofaranet atraans.
At Vat to claorcut *1to( 34 tana voro col loctod as coaparad to 24 ta«s
at tHo roforonco siiaf wfillo at Crawford ctosrcwt olio, 37 tax a voro
col loctod as cwpsrad to 41 at tHo roforonco alto. This dlfforonco waa
not algnlflcant.
MayfIIns (Ephaa^rsptara) had algnlfIcontly Mghor donsitlos In efnareut
stroaa*.
Mo of foe t of claarcaitlng an Olptora donaitloa cow Id bo conclydod,
altttowgh Ephaawroptors ond Olptora woro priaarl ly rosponstblo for
Incraaaaa In Inaact donslty at cloarcut altos.

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Stat*
UA	Ctma Riv«r at	Urfeoti runoff
CrMnfi«Mt MA
Stctiod 1 - wptirtM
control
SUtiod»lr»t,
LeOlonc, and
M»croin««rUbrtUt were collected ualng Heater-Oendy awltiplate	Color, 1983
f«Rpl«ra over 39-46 daya.
Loases of s»croinvertebretea ot atetlena 2 and 3 were higher than
those ot Station I (control).
Station* 2 and 1 were 7 and 2 ttmoa a»r« Halting than Station 1.
Macroinvertebrate total* for the 3 Inaoct ordora (Ephawaroptora,
Plocoptora, and Trlchoptora) wore 110, 14, and 40, reepectively, for
Statlona 1, 2, and 3.
Survival at Station 1 waa 6W (Epheoeroptere), S2X (Plocoptora), and
I2K (TrIchoptora).
Survival at Station 2 wa 4% (Ephe«ereptere), IX (Plocoptora), and
22ft (Trlchoptora).
Survival at Station 3 taa II (Cphaaaroptara), Hf% (Plocoptora), and
471 (Trlchoptora).
Dlveralty at tho control waa 1.6 (dry portoda), l.f (rain), and
2.# (snow).
Dtvorolty at Station 2 waa 1.1 (dry periods), 1.1 (rain), and 1.4
(enow) . Tit la Indlcatoa that runoff la responsible for channel
tonicity during atorse.
Diversity at Siatian 3 waa f.l (dry periods), 1.0 (rsln), and 1.0
(snow).
Moavy aaatel contont (cedatiim, copper, load, and sine) of Station 2
apoclmana waa Mghoai for rain or anew periods. Tho control valuoa
woro alallar for wot or dry portoda.
At Station 2 Trlchoptora (Hydropaycha) Incroaaod body concentretIona
of hoavy aatala by a factor of 10 In wot portoda va. dry porlods.
Plocoptora and Ephaaaeroptora aoldoa» trlptod tholr body concontrotlona.
At Station 3 tho aaao Inaoct ordors had tho ssias rsngoa In hoavy
aalals, but tho dry porlod valuoa woro higher than wot porlod
veluee, augfoailng dlfforont t«Mtf«a of up toko.
At Station 2, aatal lacrosses woro sssocisted directly with runoff,
whllo at Station 3 toalclty may havo originated froai tho flno particle
fraction of runoff.
(continued)

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EPA REGION 1 (continued)
StaU	VtUrbody	Nonpolnt vourc*	iMpacit on aquatic bioU	Sowrc#
UA (con.) Croon Rivor	Urbon runoff	llocrobonthic lnv«rUbriUs aampling using rock-f 1I l*d iriiflcUl	Pratt, Color,
(0	1 control and	substrata baskots showd thot ligtilfleint dlffaroncos «il«U4 botwoon	snd Codfroy,
6 downitrow urbsn i1i«9	U»o control snd urban itormUr rvnoff-inpicUd stations.	1961
ovaluatod for 1 yaar)
Control	Spocloa dlvoralty from nonurban »lt« was conalatontty high throughout
i-yoor study ^orlod. This c)U hsd s Urgo and stsblo tpsclot count
(f * 91*3) couplod arlth high ovonnoss valuo (* »	.
Dlptora, Ephoworoptere, and TrIchoptora prodowlnatod. 0*or 00X of tho
206 apoclos ld«nt)flod bolongod to thoao thrao Insoct ordors. Plocop-
tora Mrs varlabia In nuabir and Gastropoda and 01 Igochaata ioro althor
aboont or vorjr raro.
Urban runoff	S«voraI tronds In tho dasmstraasi runoff statlona oara notod with
(StatIana 2-0)	ro*p*ct to tho «acro I nvortobrata cooMunlty.
Murtar af total apocloa docroaaod fro* 206 (control) to 1M-1J0 far
runoff stations.
A v or ago count gar col loctton ganoral Ijr dacroaasd with tho axcoptlon
of Station 2 (63) froai 61 (control) to 66-31 for runoff stations.
Avoraga col loctton also ganarat ly docraasod with tho axcapti an af
Station 2 (410+40) froia 360±40 (control) to )l*t64 to 190*32
for runoff atattana.
Spocloa dtvarsity docroaaod froai 4.40 (control) to 4.29-6*01 for
runoff stotlono.
Evonnoos docraaaad froai 0.62 (control) to 0.62-0.67 for runoff
atatIons.
A tawsnaailc ahlft In siacrafauno doailnanca also accurrod; Dlptoron
abundanco Incroaaod at runof f atatlona (S0-76S) as coaiparod to 471
(contra! and runoff Station 2)«
Tanonoailc groups Indlcatlvo af claan aator vara algnlf I cant I y toaa
abundant.
Ephwaaroptore docraaaad to 1-13S froai 26-309 at tho upstroa* control
and runoff Station 2.
Placaptora docroaaod to 0.6-3X froai 0-10X at tha upatroaai control and
runoff Station 2.
(contlnuod)

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SUU	VtUrMjf	Nonpoini tourc*
fc (con.) Ctma R• vor	Urban runoff
(Slot)on* 2-6)
EPA REGION t (continuod)
Impacts on aquatic biota	Sourco
Trlchoptora docroasod to 2.7-6.4% frooi 11,9-12.6* it tho upitrtM	Pratt, Color,
control ami runoff Station 2.	and Codfroy,
Gastropods incroasod to 24* Iron M at tho upatroa* control and
runoff Station 2.
OllflochMts incroaaod to 16* from I.2S-0.TI at tho opstroaa control
and runoff Station 2.
InUr«ittMt ahoclt-loading of tho ajritM »• wall aa low flow porloda
that sight croato a poraistoat strosa on booth I c organisms m/ bo
roipofltlbU for rMulti.
Authors attributo progrosslvo doc11no in divsritty in tho
atrotch of tho Croon ftlvor studlod to OMtonuating factors of pollu-
tioA frost urban runoff.
1961

-------
suu
A (con.)
Watorbody
fiwMniic Rlv«r
•siu»ry
Nonpoint sourco
AgricuIturaI iciUHloa
EPA REGION 1 (continuod)
Impact* on aquatic biota
Two group* of »lnUr floundor (Psoudopjourpnoctoa oworicoiiut)—migra-
tory adult* (ogoa 9 yoira and oldor) and roaidont juvonlios--woro
¦ton! to rod for DOT, DOE, hoptochlor, hoptochlor opoxido, and diofdrin
In thoir tlaouoo.
Sourco
Smith and Colo,
197#
Rot1dont juvonlI o«
Roaldont juvonlto* woro waod to atMai soosonol poatlcldo roslduo
changoa In tho ostuory.
Maximum oipoouro of juvonlloa to 00T occurrod In Iato spring and «ai
likoly to bo aiMciaiod with tncroosod spring runoff from a^r I cul-
tural Iond*.
Maximum ODE Concontratlon In tissuoo occurrod In wlntor months, oug*
gotting a cyclic pottorn of DDT oxposuro in spring with aubtoquont
brook down to ODE ovor tho noxt • month*.
Tho pottorn of hoptochlor ond hoptochlor opoxido uptoko by jwvontlos
dlfforod from tho DOT-DOE cyclo, with maximum hoptochlor roalduoo
prooont In tho wlntor aiontha ond tho brookdown occurring lots than 2
months Iator.
Monism* oxposuro to hoptochlor coincided with a mldwintor thow, during
which aurfocm runoff was aubatontlal.
Dloldrln woo prosont In smolI quontltlos throughout tho yosr, but
oahlbltod no dtocornlblo pottorn.
Migratory odults
Adults hsd roducsd oirposuro to DOT by bolng sbsont from tho ostuory in
1st* spring ond suaaaor, but hod oqual oxposuro to hoptochlor whllo
prosont In tho oatuary In foil ond wlntor.
Adulta showod significantly towor DOC roslduos, but domonstrstod hopto-
chlor roilduos sTmllor to thoso of juvonllos.
Tho outhors hypothoslxod thst ovorlsn concontrstlon* of chlorlnotod
hydrocorbon postlcldos, whilo only 1.27 ppm, may hsvo csusod tho high
larval mortollty at final yolk soc obsorption.

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SUti
VaUrbod|r
Norrit Brook
(Hubbird Brook
VtUrih«4)
Nonpolnt tourc*
Acid deposition
(•RptriMMUi icldlficttifl
UpH4)
EPA REGION 1 (continued)
Impecte on squatic biota	Source
Micro invertebrates were collected with i cylindrical box simpler end	Fiance, 1979
dip nets. Emergence of aquatic Inaocta ••• measured using covered
trope.
Emergence phenology of Eehamarot le funeral is was not altered by
acidification.
Numbers of g. funeral Is emerging did not differ significantly from
those at the central site or fram pre-ecldlfication baseline values.
All other Ephemeroptere wore eliminated or severely reduced In the
acidified xone.
Larvae of funeral la «ar« aignifleantIy amaller (approximately
29X) In total body length then counterparts In the reference atream
after S aontlia e*poaure.
Wecruitmant of the new cohort Into the acidified zone was severely
reduced.
Populations of (. funeral la In permanently ecldlfled atreama would
moat likely be eliminated through recruitment failure.
(continued)

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State	l»Urbod|	Nonpoint tourc*
HH (con.) Vkrr*n, Ml tit*	Forattry activities
(2 r«(»r««ct streams	(effects of clearcuttlng)
end 1 ctMfcut iU«m)
EPA REGION 1 (continued)
Inpieta on iquilie bieti	Source
Aquatic plants (gloss slide tMpl«r)	Martin, Noel,
end Federer,
Cloorcut at reams tended to product deneities of algae 1*10 tlmea	1901
hlgh«r then these produced by reference streame.
Heavy growth ef el gee woo visible on the bottom of cloorcut
ttriwi but never on the bottom of reference etreama.
Creen olgoe (Chlorophyta) deolntUd In cleorcwt itreiw (39-9SX),
eheroos diatoms (Bscc11orIophyceee) dominated algal collections
In reference streams (Sf-9SS).
Ho flowering plonta were observed st Nee Hampshire altos.
MocroInvertobrstes (box sampler)
Cloorcut atreema In Nee Hoepahire hod a significant Increaoe In the
nuaber of macroInvertebrates.
MscroInvertebrate densities wore 2*19 tliass higher st clesrcvt
site Mian et reference streeaw.
At th*» Werren cloorcut site, 14 tone were collected oo compered to
21-71 toss st the reference sites. The cutover strsam had slgnlfl~
cent I y more te*e then the reference stresses.
The Dlptere were found In higher densities In clear cut stress* then
st reference sites; however, no offset of cleorcuttlno on Olpters
ess concluded. Of the Increased Dlptere* MX were ChTrenomldee.
Soma Ephomoroptora ef the fsal ly Leptophlebi I doe and the genus
Eshsmorol Is oloo odded to the Increase In numbers of mscroin verte-
brates st elesreut sites.

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EPA HE CI ON | (continued)
SUU
VT
ViUrMy
Monpolnt sourco
Jofws Brook tlU
(2 r«Ur«nc« itr«
and I ctaarcot
F»rMiry activities
of cl«*rcuitiAg)
Impacta on aquatic biota
Aquatic plants (glass illtfo ssmplar)
Claarcut lira in tandad to prodwco dansitlas of algao 3 to 10 tints
higher than thoao at reference atreems.
Heavy growth of alga* was visible on the bottom of the ciaarcvt
atream but never an Uia battels of tha rofaranca straama.
Oraan algae (Chlorophyte) dominated In claarcut stress* (39-96X),
whereaa dlateme (Becclloriophyceee) doainiUd algal eollactiona In
rafaranca straaaw (M-I6I).
No flowering plants vara obsarvad at Vanssnt sitos.
Hacra t nver tobratea (ban seeptar)
Claarcut strsast In Varment had a significant Incraasa In aacro-
i nvertebratea.
Sourca
Martin, Neat,
and Fedarer,
1981
MacroInvartabrsta donsitlas wara 1-9 times higher at tha closrcut
sits than at tha rafarsnca straasa.
At tha Jonas Brooh claarcut alts, 4f taia wara col lac tad aa c ompered
to 23-41 at tha rafaranca sitos. This dlffaranca was not significant.
Tha Incraasa In tatsl niabars of aserolnvartobratas st tha claarcvt
straaaw was dua primarily to tha Ephsmsroptora (BeetIa).

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EPA REGION 2

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$t»U	ViUrMjr	Nanpelftt aourc«
NJ	Shabaltunir Crook	Urban runoff
(Morcor County)	(2 control itUt ind
4 runoff sitoa coMparod)
Control, Ualft brinch
(2 altos)
Urban runoff, Woti branch
(4 altos)
EPA REGION 2
lapicU an aquatic biota	Saurca
Sa«pla collection for this study «a« conductod for I yoar froai	Carlo and
August l»7d to Juno 19M.	Mcintosh» 19M
Bsiiihis. BS?c®i!s»#cSsfecs4si
Using natural aubatrata collection, algnlf leant I jr hlgUr tana rlchnass
(11 - 21 taxa cot lactad) and aignlfIcantly higher papulation dansIty
vara found at control altos than at po11uUd sites. TrIchoptare,
Coleoptara, Ephaeereptere, and Dlptera predominated,
farlphTten cu—unltloa
Uaing artificial aubatrata collection, Caamarua fp. (««ph 1 pod) composed
BEX of taia collected.
Oenthlc —croinvartatrataa
Using natural substrsta collactlon, trand at 4 urban runoff sltaa was
toward: (1) decreaee In la
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Stitv	Wstorbodjr	Nonpot
NJ (con.) Hamilton Marsh	Urban runoff
(1 control iroi)	(stons iriin)
Hamilton Marsh
(1 tiora drain)
Voodbur/ Crook Marsh
(2 storm drains)
EPA REGION 2 (contlnuod)
I tap acts on iquitic biota	S<
Tha offocts of various niirogM ceapounds, photphoregt, ind 5 hoavy	Simpson «t ol.,
Mtili (ciAaiiM, coppor$ nlckol, load, ind zinc) from storsi drain	1993
runoff on J tidal norshos vara svoivaUd.
Nitfojon concontrotiono In vogtUiloo worn hlghoat In Juno for oil
sraas, bub poak standing stacks wara racordad In July ar Saptambar,
indicating continuad daatand far nitrogon vol I Into tno lumior.
Phosphorous concantrations in vogototlon wara highoat in Juno for
Woodbury Crook Marsh and Hoot I ton Marsh control oroo; Hasi I ton
Marsh oiipor iswntal oroo paakad In Juno ond Saptambor. Oomond for
phosphorous contlnuad volI Into growing soason.
Haail I ton Maroh control oroo that rocotvod no NPS po( lution showad
llttlo monthly vorls.tion In nocrophyto hoovy aoUl concantrations.
Moon pooh stondlng stocks of motalo occorrod stisuItanoousIy with
posk standing crop roluos.
Although Hosil (ton Marsh control rocolvod no mats's frost NPS
dlochorgoo, pooh otonding atocfco of oil laotolo wara oo high or
highor than tho too iltss rocolvlng storm drsin runoff.
No c I oar amtol concontr ot I on pottorn osmrgad for tho Woodbury Crook
Morsh oxcopt for eaAijwK, which woo olwayo oxportod.
Hosil Iton Maroh oxporImontoI oroo hod olgnlf Jcantly highor concon-
trstions of oil «ototo In Soptooibor mocrophyto somploo (9 to 5 tlmoa
highor than Juno to July voluos) .
Soil lood eoncontrotlono noor dischorgos ot tho Hosil Iton Export-
wants I alto ond Woodbury Croak Maroh alto woro slgnlf Icsntly highor
thon lood lovolo ot si too forthor from ttom drsint.
Rotontlon of nutrionts (nitrogon compounds ond phosphorus compounds)
ond hoovy siotslo during tho ausaaor and foil cloarly bonoflta tho
uppor Doloworo Rivor ostoory by roduclng nutrlonto ond motol
ovallobiIIty» proclooly whon tho ootuory lo moot stroosod.

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EPA REGION 2 (continued)
StiU	Vatarbody	Nonpoint aourc*	Iapscii on aquatic biota
NY	Cantral Long Island Landfill faachlng	This iMjr ••••••ad iK« acopa for growth (SFC) ind«x aa a «oaauro of	Malson, 1987
Sound	(disposal of harbor dradga	aublathal offocta of dradgad laatarloI on tha blua aaisaal (MytiI us
apolls aff-ahara)	aduHf). Tha SFG Maasuras of physiological rasponsa of niHtit mi
studlad In tho laboratory, Latar, tha SFG lnda» was coaiparad for
wuaaala aspaaad In tha laboratory and thoaa found In a fiald alto.
Laboratory atudy
Mussal* vara axpoaad for 2§ daya to • (rafaranca sad t mant), II, and
3IX of BRH (Black Rock Harbor, ftrldgapart, CT) dradga aaUritl. SFG
and ahall growth vara aiaasurad during aiiposura. Tha SFC Inda*
dacraasad alth Incraaslng concentration of BftH dradga awtarlal and
with duration of aiipasurs. Uwaaala fro* tha BRH-cantaaiinatad tanks
alao ahoaad llttla ahall growth. Good correlation waa seen between
ahall growth and SFG inda*.
Field studr
Mussels froai a claan rafaranca population In lowar Narraganaatt Bay
(CT) vara col lac tad # sorted, bagged, and laoorad 1 m off tha bottoai
at 4 locations at a Cantral Long Island Sound dradga apell duepslte.
CNTR - Can tar af tha ait#
4006 - 490 a aaat af tha alta on tha frlnga on tha disposal wound
10ME - 10N ai aaat af tha alta away froai tha dtsposst mound
KEFS - appro*iaatiiy $ km aowth af tha CMTft out* af tha araa af
Influence af laound.
SFG index aasmriiiwts wars wads at Monthly Intervals for % months,
than quarterly, far 1 yasr.
SFG •aaaurewanta an museels fraai tha dradga alta atatlana shewed llttla
dlffaranca seong atatlana aftar 1 month. Muaaala daplayad at tha 400E
atatlon during dumping «ar« lost (theae would have received tha largast
data).
Tha first collection that Includad muasals fro* all 4 field stations
waa 2 months paatdIapassI. A aaial I reduction la claaranca rata waa
observed In aunals from tha CNTR station coiaparad to thoaa froai tha
10NC and RCFS atatlana. Tha SFG index waa alao lowar at tha CNTR
atation than at tha athar I station*.
Mussels cal Iacted t and 4 months postdisposel ahawad no dlffarancaa In
SFG Indaa ar Individual physiologies! parasiatars meeaured.
Tha flald data Indlcata aa claar ralatlonahlp botwaan SFG and tissue
rasiduaa. Tha as ti Ma tad naxisM flald e«posura (•-• *g/L) waa epprox-
Imately half that af tha lowast laboratory BRH exposure (l.S mg/L)
producing an adverae affact.
(continued)

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Stat*
Wotorbody
KY (con.) Temporery frMlivaUr Acid deposition
ponds on Connecticut
Hill
(Tonpliins County)
High Mibrjronic 65* (pH S and 4.5).
Mortality was tee in all pN rengeo during early embryonic developMint
through late gestrulatleit. Mortality Increased at neurutation, at
late atagea of gill development, end at hatching.
Developmental ebnormelItlea included atunted oil Is, swell Inn neer
Heart, failure ef yolk plug retraction, and tight ceiling of embryea.
Data suggest that pM la the most critical environmental variable.
Temporary panda are Important breeding sites for s number of species
of frogs, teeds, end aelamendere, and these amphiblana may be the most
iamedietely and directly affected by acid rain.
(continued)

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Stat*	VaUrbody	Honpolfti sourc*
NT (con.)	Bey Mttiiry Agricultural activities
(Suffolk County)	(9* If couraa runoff)
EPA REGION 2 (continued)
Imp acta on aquatic biota	Sourca
Adult killifiah (Fyndyfys h*Uroclj(vs) «tr« colItcUd by seine and	Weis and ialar
traps at two sites naar Southampton, NY.	1964
Gravid females Mr« stripped af their 099s, and the 099s wnre ferti-
lised by stilt from stripped males.
Each clutch wae divided Into untreated controls and e*perlmantal 099s
do»ed with f.ffi ppa aaHg. This concontratlon was an effective terato-
ganlc doaa in previous work with kllllflah. Oorsal fin rays war#
counted bacausa thla psrameter was found to ba ralatad to embryonic
tolerance. Embryoe wara ecored by tha uaa of a craniofacial Index
(CFI), cardiovascular Index (CVI), and a akalatal Indew (SKI).
In 1N2, an unusually haavy rainfall occurrad In Juna (11 in. In ana
waakand) just prior to Inltiatfen af tha atudy. Kllllflah embryo* from
sI to A (naar a golf couraa) exhibited a akawad distribution toward tha
talarant and af tha seal*. Although tha CfI did not differ signifi-
cantly batwaan 1991 and 1992, It did differ slgnlfIcsntly batwaan 1999
and 1992* as did tha SKI and CVI distributions.
Embryoe from tha site B population (central) exhibited CFI, CVIf and
SKI dlstr I but lone comparable with theae of Mbr/oa from the 1991 popu-
lation at site A, but mlgniflcmtttlg different from the 1993 site A
population's. The tolerance ef population A greatly Increased In 1992,
while the tolerance af papulation 0 in 1992 was stellar to that of
population A tn 1991. Surviving larvae and embryos ef population A
ware significantly sore msHg-tolerant than those of population B.
Analysis af arganschlerlne pesticide residues and mateIa In both fish
and aadlaftnt show aubatantlal Increases In site A when cowpsred to the
unlmpacted central site.
Site A (lapseted site) adjacent te a gelf couraa received nunereue pestl-
cidea to sislnteift fairways and greens, and the 11-ln. rain event in June
was the probable cause of chesilcals being washed Into the water at
site A. The unusual rain event was aasoclsted with a fish kill In a
nearby town.
(continued)

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WtWbodji
Ctrmnt Rim Mtrili
•djtcwt to Cr««t
South B.y
(Suffolk County)
NM^oini toiirct
Agrlcvltvril acilvliU
ut«, DOT)
EPA REGION 2 (continood)
In^scti on	biota
Thl« study ovsluatod Mny trophic lovola of orgmliat In • MltMrili	Voodvtll,
•eoiyaiMi, Including plonk ton, mcroinvtrUbrtU*, fish, ond cornlv-	ffurator, ond
orous Mtbirdt.	ItiMton, 1967
Sodlmont rttldM concontrotlono of DDT rongod froot 3-32 Ib/ocro, with
tho hi ghost rosldooo in tho wppor 4 cm of soil. DOT concontrotlono
docroosod with nil dopth, «h)U DDE concontrotlono lncrooood.
DDT rotidMi showod • progrooslon according to both olio ond trophic
lovol; Isrgor orgonlsao ond hlghor cornIvoros hod grootor concontro-
tlono than natll«r orgonisam ot lowor trophic lovola.
To to I DDT roalduos r on god ovor 10^ from 0,04 ppm for plankton to
TS ppm for corn!vorooo oooblrdo.
Carnivorous birds havo concontrotlono of DOT approximately 1 million
tlnas groator than that of woviUr.
Tho ahlft In ralatlvo proportions of 00Tt DOE, ond D00 with progroooton
In trophic loval la atao conspicuous. OrganIomo containing high concon-
trotlono of OOT oro comaon ot lowor trophic lovolo; ot hlghor trophic
lovols, moat raalduoa oro DDE.
Roductlona during tho post docodo hsvo occwrrod In Iocs' morah popula-
tions of ahrlaqp, oayhlpodo, oumht floundor (?tC*ii?hU»yf dontatus),
blua croba CCal linoctoo sapidus). spring psapara (Hjfii croc I for),
Fowlor's toad (Mo woodhousol fowlorl), ond woodcock (Phi I oho to minor) .
Analyoos of vatar havo llttlo mooning whon ovolooting tho offocto of
porslatont pootlcldoo on animal populotlons.

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EPA REGION 3

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Stat*	WfeUrbody
M>	Upp«r CfMt»p*«k« Bay
Nonpoint tourct
A^rlculUril »cliv)tU«
(runoff incMing h«rb}c(4«if
••diianii, ami nutrlMt tnrich
Mftt)
EPA REGION 3
Ia^acit on aquatic biota	Sourca
THIt papar ovaIuatod ihrevglt laboratory ind fiald data tha potaibU	Katap at al.,
cauaos far tha daclina »i> awbaar^ad vaacwlar plants In Chaaapaaka Bay.	1963
Mora than !• apaclaa havo daclinad in abundanca in tha uppar aatuary
alnca tha *)d-196t'f IncltfdiAf; P»tiiofl>tow parfol}>tui, P. pactlnatua,
yiHlOirii	Zanni^hal lia PflustrT#, Ry^il —fltTwa. Zoatara
M/jna, and MyrlophyI I ma »icitm (an axotlc apaclaa).
Horblclda affacta
Atraiiaa and llnuron (harbtcldaa) wara taatad for thair phytotoxlclty
to P, porfgllatus and M* fplcatuia. At 6-19 ppb (tha uppar I ialt af
harblclda concantrationa occurring In aait astuarina shallows), a
10-3M lasa af photosynthosla would ba aipactad. Photoaynthatic
racovary occurrod within 1-2 woaks altar Initial aiposura daspita
continuad praaanca of harblcida.
Susoaodad aadlwant affacta
Concantrationa of auspandad aadlsiants (aaatan) of tan Incraasa in
Chaaapaaka Bay froa 29-1M a^/t/wi thin 1-2 h dua to nodarata (S-10
m/%) aaaaar wlnda. Chlaraphyll § concantrationa typically ranga fraai
6-IS ^j/L ovor a tidal cycta and ara not inf Iwancad by wind.
Thaaa 2 coaaaon axcuralons in aaston and chlorophyll a would raault in
about KM and M raductlana, raspactlvaly, in tha PAR (phytosynthatl-
cally actlva radiation) it M ca dapth.
Most light attanuatlan was associated with Inorganic part Icy I a tas and
othor Aonchlorophylloui organic*.
Dapth distribution of SAV stay hava baan raatrlctad dua to raducad PAR
avallabl11ty.
Nutrlont awrlchisnt
Ex partmantal ponds wara traatad with •, M, 61, and 12# JtgM Inorganic
nltrogan (60X NH4«; MX N03") with N:P atomic ratios of 10:1. Tha
M-/lgM dooa was a<|ul
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EPA REQION 9 (continued)
Nonpeint source	m tquailc bloii	So«rc«
Agricultural iciivUtM	SuMMfi	Kemp *i at.,
(runoff tnclvdinf k»rbicld«f,	1963
MdiMntt, ia4 miiritni enrich- FUld obtvrvaiioni tn4 Historical r«cer^« all suggest that nutrlvnt
want)	enrIchewnt end Increased turbidity associated with agricultural prac-
tices probsbly p ley ad Major ralea In the decline of SAV In the upper
Chesapeake Bay.
Herbicide runoff say represent an ephemeralIjr and locaMjr Important
stress, hut Its contribution to the general dleeff of SAV haa been
ailnlaial •
(continued)

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Stat#
Nanpoint source
If) (con.) Ceorgea CrMh	Mining »ciiv)ti«t
(AHogany County)	(cool plU rvnoff)
Station U - control
Station IB - receive*
Km rwnoff M m
low»ifo»a from coal
pi to*
Station IIA - receives
rwnoff from adjacent
coat ^IIm
Station IIB - receives
runoff from adjacent
coal pilM
EPA REGION 3 (continued)
lispecta on aquatic biota
Macroinvertebrate c««wnitjr waa aampfed with T-sampler and artificial
avbatrete sampler*
Control
Tho control atation recelved no coal atorage or Mining wastes, but
did have a high organic lood.
The aocrobenthoa wore primarily tyblficid worsts and chlronomid larvae
Species diversity at the control eaa low because of the numerical
dominance of these teo tana*
Spec lea richness was also relatively low (S to 6 tana).
Co«l ranoff i)t»»
4 to 6 tana nrt preMut at raoaff alia (IB), bat thay vara praaaot
in vary taw nwabara. Tha frWatff «i|ilaptaran (Sjtiif) and
chiranaarid larvaa aara pradaarinant in artificial substrata aaaplara.
Stat1 an tl\ aaa dwrMtarltW by a graatar auatar af apaciaa but by
vary law danaltlaa. 2 U Iff tana aara praaant In aaat t-aanplaa,
inciting Um anly aayfliaa and draponf I laa ca I lac tad.
Station 118 vaa charactarIlad by having vary laa apaciaa richnaaa
(M taia), divaraity, and danaity initially. Evan faaar aacrain-
vartabrataa aara eal lac tod In tha aacand tHpla, and na laacrainvar-
tabrataa vara praaant In tha third aaaipla.

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SitU	ilUrb«d|	N»np«Ui aetirc*
PA	Several M]*r Mi*r- Htntiif activities
•Mt Utroughoui Uw (acid nine runoff)
• tat*
(Monongehela,
Vough i itghany ,
Klaklatinitaa, Clarion,
Vast breach af Um
Seaqushsnns, SasUrt,
Mahanay, Catewlaae,
Hescopsch , U^f*r
Schuylkl 11)
EPA REGION 3 (continued)
{¦pacts on aquatic biota	Source
I.	Flal» bloassav testlna	Butler at al.p
1971
A rapid bloaaaey far acid water using changes In caver and activity
af fish was studied. The bloeasajr waa determined to be unsuitable
far the aatablIshawnt af eater quality criteria.
II.	Flah - flaid population studies
Fishes wore collected uslaf Ratenana and alectrefIshlng techniques
throughout Ponnay I v an I a te determine the effect of different levels af
acid siine drainage (pH) an the presence ar absence af fish pepulatiens.
Cosaaon flah species were absent share there eaa sevare acid nine
drainage.
Freai a llat af 116 flah species fa and In Pennsylvania, M spsclas
exhibited mso tolerance to lea pH af l.i te 4.1, The a pec lea and
the laaast pit af water In which they vera found ara shewn below:
•SLAJ
Chain pickerel (ft** a]gar)
Oolden ahlner (Notwalgonyi crvaoleucaa)
Milte sucker (Catosteams c»—irsonl)
Brown bullhead (Ictaluroa nabulosua)
Puayklnsood (Laioals albbosas)
«!L4,I
Creek chub sucker Brlattw sblonaus)
Lorgsawuth basa (Microstorus aalaialdaal
>H.C-9
•rook trout (SalvolInus fontinalla)
pH 12
Creek chub (5*98tilt* ttrowcilllfan)
(continued)

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Stat*
Witarbody
(con.) Stiwrtl aajar oatar-
shada UiroughMt tin
stat*
(Manongahola,
Yaogh i nghany,
Kiskiainitaa, Clarion,
Wast branch of tha
Saatara,
Mahanay, Cataalaaa,
Naacopack, UM«r
SchvyIkltI)
Mining activltiaa
(acid ain* runoff)
EPA REGION a (continued)
Iapacta on aquatic kiott	Satire*
aH S.S	Butlar at al.
1973
Yallow parch (Porca flavaacana)
e»Ll,«
Blantnos* ninnoo (flawphaIff notf Uif )
Blacknoa* daco (WMnlchtkua atratuluat
tBiJ
¦roan trout f So lap trutta)
Eaatorn nodalnno* (Wr| (j»« »,+
»'• '—fray (Ichthyoayics M*11 >»¦)
Stonarsl lar (Canaoatcna in on In*)
SI Ivor J aw al«»w (frlcnato toccata!
HI vor etwk (Hoc on I» nlcroooaon)
CeMion ahlnar (M^tragif carnyin»>
SIl»*r ahInor (Hotraaia ehaioaoglf)
Keayface ah inor IHatroali rakol Iw)
Miaic aklnor (Notroais
Mag auckar CHyaontol iw n lar I canal
Rack baas (Aafcisclits*
Snai laaoth baa* (Mlcraatoroa dalaaltnl)
Graaaaid* dartar fEttmoatoaa blannlaldna)
Fantall dartar fEtfcooataaa fIabaIlara)
Johnny dartar fEthaostoaa nlarua)
Bandod dartar (Ethaaataaa lanala)
¦laekald* dartar fParctna —cyl»ta>
cH-ta
Cutlipa alnnan 
-------
Stat*	V»Urb«dy	Nonpolnt sourc*
PA (con.) Sovoral mm)or nUr- Mining activities
•Ixdi Urough««t tho (acid anno runoff)
•Ut*
(Monongeke I b,
totigh I lighwy ,
Kiskianni taa, Clarion.
iHi branch of Um
SuiquakinM, SntK>,
Makanoy, Cataolaaa,
Moacapacfc, Uppar
Schuylkill)
EPA REGION 9 (continued)
Inpacta on aquatic kiota	Source
SI Ivory xinnow (Hydrognathua nucha11 a)	Butlor ot ¦!.,
Bigeyo chub (Mjfbopaif agbloei)	1973
Stroaallno chub (Hybopaia Jlwlalllrt
SI Ivor chub (Hjfbopa ja atororiana)
Hornyhoad chub (Nkw|| blfluttatya)
Coaaoly ahtnor (Hotropia aaoonuf)
Satinfln ahinor (Hotropif anaIoa^anga)
Eaiorald afclnor fNotrpp 1 a other ln» idea)
Bridle eh I nor (Notropia feifronatuf)
Blgaouth ahinor fHgtropIl rforiiila)
Swa I lowtai I ahinor fHotrwi* arocno)
Sand ah I nor (Notroala ftraaalnfua)
Sou thorn radbof?y doco fWw« inua erythrooaator)
Fatheed aiinnow (Plaiayhf jfa arowolaa)
Qu i 11 back (Sarplod^a c»»rlnua)
Laagam author fC»t»aUm ca^ojtoaiuj)
Si Ivor redherae MwoiUia anlauruai)
Black rodharao fkkmoatoiaa duquoanol)
Ooldon rodhoraa fMonoatoaia omikrurwa)
Shortheed rodhoraa (Moitoato— locrolooldotuia)
¦kite catfIah (Ictaturuo catwa)
Black bwl I hood Hctalurua ma Iff)
Vol loo bullhoad (Isialsruj n,t*!!t)
Channel catf lab (Ittf [Km wwlttw)
Stonocat (ffefcfrsi
Tadpole at^toa Woturua flTTlnua)
Flathead catfIah (PIlodlctla >1l»arla)
Trout-porch (Pore goal a ialw««wcaal
Burbot (UU lota)
Bandod It If I If Tab (Fondulua dlaahanua)
MuaMlchofl (Eljn^vljn b.tor9?1ltua)
Brook allvoroldo (Labidp»th*p cl££jt!«f)
Fouraplne atlcklebeck (Aaoltoa ouadracua)
Brook atlckloback (Cjtjeoa Inconatana)
•ar-muth (IjMgii milsmt!)
Bluoglll tLocal Ia —crochlrua)
Mil to cranio ff«a»«la annul aria)
Black (raffia (fsasii niflroaiocu latua)
Bluobroaao dortor (Etkooata— cawuruai)
Spotted darter (EMnsifaSf m&tsts*)
Tippicanoe dartor (Ethooatowa tlaolcanoo)
(continued)

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SUU	VaUrbody	MaftfoUi i««rc«
PA (cm.) S«w«l Mjtr MUr- Mining activities
•M» throughout Uw (t«M mIm rwwff)
•uu
(M»Aon9»li«Ut
Yooghinghony,
KitliiiniiiiUi, Cltfl«nf
>»st branch of the
Suaquofcanno, SvaUra,
MiKanoy,
Hxcapoclt, U^pif
ScHvytkill)
EPA REGION 9 (contlnood)
Ificil on a«|uatlc blot*	Swrct
LoyrcH ([Vcjn| Cfprt^fi)	Bwtfar at il.,
Cfitmtvl tfsrUr (PtcIm c»p»>M^l)	IP7J
LongHoad 4trtor fPtrdw —croctoht 1 >)
SMafd terUr (ffrflQf t«]UU)
Vaiioyo (HimHitQ !i ylkfff)
FrMkvtUr druai (A>lo^li>dtM> ar»wwln»)
All M«cl«t >hw> In Um «My iwt collected 1«i fish tvrvtjrf bitmn
19S7 »nd 1171.
MIm «cld drtlntft liti Mv*rtl| ifftcUd flal* ypwUilofti In
nvtrtl major «raUraK«di In fwmtylvanti,
Total acidity. pH, and prabably haavy aatala ara all Invalvod la
tko toalc action of alna acid dratnago on flak popfUiioiia. Na
Information was obtalnod an concantrat 1 ana af matat 11c I ana In
tboaa diachargaa, tot cancorrant roadlnga af pM aa lav aa 4.f
and total acidity aa loo aa IK ppm ara sufficient to account for
the caafUts laao af flat* papalattoaa at about Ml af tho atatlona
OKaaiinod wKaro no f lahoa ooro praaant.
Ill- Aewatlc In—eta bloaasa» Us ting
TKo aadlan toloranca I lalta ware dotonalnod for I aquatic Inaect
apacloa to loo lovola of pH, Toot apacloa oaro cKaaaw an tKa
baa la of Mr olda occorronca. Cantlneaea-f loo bleasaay aystaaa
ooro oaedj how v or, no valwea ooro validated In flold oiiperlawnta*

-------
SUU	IbUrkodjf	Nonpoint imirc*
VA	Construction activities
(>Wt—nl from highwoy
construction)
Tributary of Totler
Crook
(Albersarle County)
IHIirwn Run
(Spotsylvania Caeoty)
¦a tli Crook
(Aland County)
Tributary of North
Anno River
(OrMft County)
liUimws Run
(Spotsylvania County)
EPA REGION 3 (continued)
Inpacts on aquatic biota	Source
Conor*I auaaaory	Reed, 1977
For both aiecretnvertebratea and fish. a reduction In diversity (nuaber
of apociaa) and danalty (nwsber of organ 1 m) occurred aftor exposure
to increaaed >11 tat I on and aedis«ntatioa.
Reductions In density ooro significant. Although not oignlflcont,
thoro «¦ a tread toarsrd rsductlon of d1 vara 1 ty doonstreasi froal
construction activities.
Singular cssf arlaona of upatroeai m4 downatreaa cc—unities were
usoful, but tho valuo of satltlple oboorvotlons boforo, during, on4
aftor conatructlon ooro aaro uaoful.
Mocrol nvortobrotoa
Mocrolnvortobroto »aaf IIng was ca»
-------
SUU	VtUrMi	Monpolnt satire*
VA (can.) Bach Cra*h	CMttraetiM actlvltlaa
(Bath County)	(tWiMut from highway
construction)
David Craak
(.•4 wara faund at tha cantral alt*, ahll* 16 apactaa, Ml indlvldwala,
and a 01 af I.Tf a*ra faund at tha iwpactod aita. Fawar apactaa and
faaar Indlvldwala aara callactad at th* IsfacUd aita paatcanatrwctlan.
Af tar canstructto* atoppsd, th* cantral sit* eantalnad 12 fish spaclaa,
11 Indlvldwala. and a 01 af 0.04, whll* th* downstraa* alt* eantalnad anly
7 ff*elM, 71 Individuals, snd a 01 af 0.62. This r*pr*s*nts SSX faaar
apactaa and 42ft faaar arganlaaa.
Aft*r canatrwctlaa r*c*v*ry th* cantral alt* eantalnad ¦ apaclaa, 17
Indlvldwala, and a 01 af 0.67, whlla tha Isysctad alt* cantaln*d 7
apactaa, S7 Indlvldwala, and a 01 af f.N. Na significant dlffaranc*
accwrrad In th* alt*a paatcanatrwctlan.
A(tor constrwction atappad, an wpatraasi cantral aita eantalnad IS
apaclaa, 27S Indlvldwala, and a 01 af f,II, whlla th* daanstraaa
lapsetad alt* eantalnad IS apactaa, It* Indlvldwala, and a 01 af 0.76.
Thara aaa no chang* in tha nissbar af apacl**, hut 42ft faaar arganlaaa
app*arad st th* i*pact*d aita.
Af tar construct ion atappad, an vpstraaoi cantral aita eantalnad 12
apaclaa, 161 Indlvldwala, and a 01 af 0.76; tha dawnatraaai Iapsetod alt*
contained 11 spact*a, IM Indlvldwala, and a 01 af 6.66. Thia rapr*aanta
HI f*a*r sp*clas and 121 fawar arganlaaa at tha Isipactad aita.
(cantlnuad)

-------
SUU	VaUrbody	Nsnpstnt M«irc«
VA (con.) A 9mm 11 17-icrt	Cons true t Ion sctlvitlos
rocrootlonol loko	(M^lamii runoff fro*
(Chostorf iald County) sitos)
CPA REGION 3 (continued)
acts on •qwtlic bioio
$Mpl Ing occurrod dvrtnf Jtnutr; and fobrutrjr 1972 prior to construc-
tion sctivltios ond gyring Jonuary and Fobruory 1973 after construc-
tion sctfvltles were initUUd In June 1972.
Incident radiation and temperature vetoes vere coeparoble during
both winter iMpting porio^t, •< voro wind velocities.
Subsurface rod lot I on and seccHt tflic valwot were rodiicod by hilf
•in! voro fewest ot the loapl Ing olio l«Bodletely offshore fro« tlio
construction oroo.
Algal standing crop (total oitrMUbl* chlorophyI1) snd phytoplenkton
prieory productivity (^COj up toko) were 2 to 9 tlaos loss In 197)
then In 1972.
CHesrical nutrlonts varied loss than productivity vetwee. Og
values ond pH wort lower In 1973. NH)-M Incroosod twofold, possibly
duo to Imm runoff ond aedisientetleo. PO4-P, SI02» and Kordnoss «I so
Incroosod.
THo Incroosod nutr lonts should hove st Ism Is tod Uo algal productivity;
however, production Instosd docrossod iasa 2 to 1 tisaa during the
winter period.
Totsl niMnbor of algal ganoro wss roducod frosi 24 to 16.
Significant shift in rolotivo doel nonce of cor tain algaa tana occurrod
Havlcula and Olnobrvon dlsappoarod and vara raplscad by Chrysephytes.
Mouaootla (a fltsssntw graon algaa) grow wall along tlio Iekashore
prior to conatruction but disappaarad aftor construction.
$t!99*$!f*he# Mil toclonlusu and PffaljM alaa disappeared after
constructlon.

-------
(>UrM|i	Nanpaint IMrc*
Tygart Lrt*	Mining activltlaa
(k)4 ain* 4r«lm|a)
EPA REGION 3 (continued)
Impacts on aquatic blot*	Saurca
Flah survaya vara can due tad over a par-lad of 1 year (Auguat 1900 -	Benson, 1970
August 1907) using gilt nata, trMMI nuts, and Retanona. Data frem
these aurvaya were compared ta fish survey data frost 1947 - 1949 and
fro* 1909.
Brown bullheada (Ictalurua naheleaua) predominated In all yeara.
¦ lue gill	—crgctilrnf) , pumpkinseed sunflsh (Lag wis albbosss) #
and Isrgsaouth baaa (Mj crop tariff salmoides) ara rapreeantad in tha
currant and pravieua aurvaya.
Tha ahlta sucker (CatostamMS 		raonl) sas relatively abundant In
aarljr avrvajra, but anly 1 specimen m col lactad In tha currant study.
Substantial numbers af ahlta crapplaa ffaaail» annularIa> aura faund In
tha 1947 - 1940 atudy, but aavara papaIattan dacllna raaultad In Iatar
stadias.
Wian fish population cempoaltiea was compered ta • central pand camps
aitlan, gal dan shi aar s tNotaailaanus crvsoleucss) Mid black crappla
ffasa«i« nlnrsmarulatusl aara abaant ar rara In Tygart Lska.
Pollution bjr acid alas drainage appaara ta ba raspanslbla far paar
atanding crapa in Tygart Lab a.
(continued)

-------
StiU
WV (con.)
MUriody
Lick CfMk
(Poono C«Mi|)
Nonpoiftt tourc*
Construction octlvitloa
(>»M»mnt of lapKit of
Mdiawit irmt^ort and airnw
cbannol relocation atiocitU^
v)Ui liighwajr construct ion)
9 con Wo I altos
Turtle Crufc
(Boom Cowty)
4 lopoct «IU«
•TotoI count m Total
Conoric count * Total
of otimImm per inflo.
of different Qonora per tmpli
EPA ACCIQN J (continued)
Iwpocta on oquotlc biota	Sourco
Thlt study voa condwctod for o 2-foar perled from Sep to«ber 197)	Chiaholsi end
to Naveafeer 197S.	Downs, 1979
BonUilc InvofUbratoa
Eph—aroftfo, Trlcho^Ura, Colooptora, and Di^tora prodoolnatod.
Divorilty indea ranged frao 2.14-9.19, generic count from 9-19, and
total count froai 29-177.•
fentH* Iwvfr^fbrt^a
EfKoaorofUra, Dl^Ura, and TrlehofUra predoailneted.
Diversity index ranged froa l.ll-i.41, gonarlc count froa 1-16, and
total count froai 2*249.
Massive aedlaient transport and chafMol rolocation along Turtlo Crook
generated by construction ectivities destroyed or eeverely damajad
Um bontltic Invertebrate ca—unltjr.
Oroatost da—ga (19 aootht aftor conatructlan began) wee obaorvod In
yppor atroosi roocKoa whore gradient was greatest and tributary Input
af bentblc organlaaia waa leeat. Downatroasi raacboa stro loaa af foe tod;
cor tain orgenTaaw woro preferentially eliminated.
ftepopuletion and organlasi dlveralf Icetlen of old and now chennele of
Turtlo Crook occurred quickly. Within 1 yeor aftor conatructlan waa
coop I o tod and vegetation bod atabl 11 tod and roducod rolooao of eedlawmt,
tbo popuIatian and dlveralfIcatlan af bontblc Invertebrates of Turtlo
Crook a I toa woro a I ail lor to tboao of Lick Crook (tbo control). Mod I on
diversity of Turtlo Crook waa 2.92 (Lick Crook, 2.39). Organlaai drift
and inflew frost undaa^god trlbutarloo woro tbo oojor ststheda by which
Turtlo Crook waa ropopulatod.			
(continuod)

-------
EPA REGION 3 (continued)
suu
Waterbody
Nonpolni source
laptcii on aquatic blot*
Source
Wt (con.) Cheat Lake
Mining »ciivH)«i
(acid nine ^raln«9«)
A 2-year study of productivity In on acid lake.
DtCotU and
Pro® ton, 19M
The I the itatlMt were considerably nor# acidic In 10TI thin In 1976.
ftecfcwater arua were the reverse of the lake atationa.
There «ea no apring aaaaow ef alftl growth In the take. VirtueIty
• II annual priaary production took plac* froai Jialy to October.
In 1971, despite the feet that backwater stations were leas acidic
than the lake station, product!** was much hither (2 to 4 tinea) at
the lake etatlene.
I* 197$, data are reversed. The backwater atat I ana were audi —ra
productive than the lake statlans.
rl discontinuities In the backwater atat Ions caui*d ecological Inate-
111 ty that decreased tbe activity *f th* phytoptankton wltkavt
drastically lowering the bleaaaa.
(continued)

-------
EPA RCCION 3 (continued)
SUU
tftf (con.)
ViUrbo^jr
4 lirMM III the
For now EipatimaU)
Fortsi AMr Parmt,
Nonpoint KHirca
Forestry Activities
(•»M«MMt of the 4iff«r«nc*l
In boothic fiuM et a control
alto, cleercut «it« with
•tr«ao buffer cone, »nd clear-
cut liU with only herbaceous
cover)
srglng
luptcii on equatic biota
Benthlc	were col l«ct«d using en EcIimh dredge, and
inMCti were captured In floating traps.
Tho control ••terahed stream contain^ tKo highest total nuabtft
(69,4m) and total bloa»aa of Invertebrates (14 g/M?). TKo wsterahed
atroaai with buffer ahade cono tas inUnwdiit* (total numtoars 44,790
and 1.4 g/a^ biosass), and tho oaterahed with herbaceous cover «aa
lowest (total nuatsra 12,411 and 6.4 g/a^ bioaiaaa) .
Diptara and Pelecypede ordora accounted for 9(-9lS of total bioaan
In tho mir pondi.
Tho nuabor of aaarglng aquatic insects traa ),72f for tho control attt,
!,|34 for tho buffer ahado zone site, and only 71 for the herbaceous
cover site. Various sllvlclde residual effects could explstn the
loo numbers of aquatic fauns st the herbaceous cover site.
Lee and
me


-------
EPA REGION 4

-------
VaUrbodjr
$»itiMrah««
to Alligator Horbor
(Frtnlilin ond Wofcullo
Covnii*>)
Nonpoint tourc*
AgrIcwItur o I tci'iviliM
(pooticldo oproy progrom to
control d«pf I Im)
EPA REGION 4
Impact* on aquatic biota	Soorco
DOT woo loot oppllod to FronUin County booch orooo In 1966; howovor,	Koonig,
high concontrotlona of pp-DOT poralotod in th« uppor 2 cm of moroh	Uvingoton, ond
••4i«ont. Fiold oboorvotlono on bluv crobo (ColjInoctoo oopjdyf) woro Crlpo, 1976
m4« bleakly frooi Octobor to Oocombor 1673 in both DOT-contaioiwotod
ond control (unoproyod) ooltoioroh oitoo.
tthon loortolitioo occurred In OOT-conta«»inotod ooltoioroh alto*, bluo
crobo woro colloctod for tioouo roolduo onotyolo. Control iiU crobo
woro oloo colloctod for rooiduo oftolytU.
Bluo crab owrtolltioo ©ccurrod In tho DOT~conto«lnot*d population aiAul-
tonoouoly with o docroooo In woUr tooporoturo, whorooo no aoriolltlM
woro obaorvod In control populotlono.
Although tioowo roolduoo of 00£, 000, ond OOT voro highly vorloblo ooong
crobo frooi tho OOT-contoo^notod Mirth orooo, thojr voro In oil coooo
highor thon thooo found In erobo fro* control loorofi orooo.
Moribund crobo frooi tho DOT-contoo^notod aorih apparontty locfcod
•qvlllbriiM ond voro> oithor troiooring or In on o»tro«oly torpid ototo.
Burrowing bohovior oojr hovo boon oltorod by OOT or lto notobo11too.

-------
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Weterbo4f ,	Nonpoint source	Ii^kU on iquitle bioti_	Sowrc»
21 watersheds in the	Urban runoff General conclusions en (necrolnvertebrete coMaunlty changes wore	Sen It e et *1.,
Atlanta metrepeHtan	(urban developstant land use) based on artificial substrate staplers.	1991
tret
(including North	Streem communities did see* ie serve es on Integrator of streem
AtI onto. Oecttur,	conditions through ti«e, apparently due to the differential sons I-
t.tthonie, Lawrence-	ilvity of species to pollutente end differing species replacement
ville, end Logenvllle)	times.
The diversity Indev wee ef Iiwited value In our iMlyses. Looking si
number of total tasa provided better reaulta.
The concept ef hierarchical diversity la e useful one and Ita use
feve ua some inal aht Into klw tananoaric Uv«I si «Mch uaaful
nforwtlsn cm ba cktalnW for klsaonlUrlnf program*.
Faalljr dlvaraity jut tnforowtiv* as apaclaa dlvaralty.
Tha mtarahada aalactad fall lata 2 catagarlaa baaad mi tha
parcantapa af da»alo>nnt »a. vagatatad araa; tin blalaglcal
claaalfIcntlan largaly fall Into thaaa 2 praopa-
Urban davalopaant aHauld ataar claar af tha atraawa tbaaaalvaa and
thalr aaMclaM riparian vafatatlan and an	«h«u14 ba aada
ta rataIn aubatantlva aaaunta af vagatatlan throogKogt tha watarahad.
All highly urban I >ad atraaiM Mr* vary ^ajriM blalagleally.
Tha claanaat urban atraMa waa In a naa (
-------
SUU	WiUrbody	Nonpoint sourco
CA (con.)	ItUn^ CtuiUr
Big CtmIi
(Waro County)	Control
Hocklobornoy Crook Agricultural sctlvltios
(Piorco County)	(phosphorus lovols high movqIi
to support nwlssnco slgso
growth)
And or ton Irmch -	Forostry sctlvltios
(Brsntloy CffKtt/) , (logging)
EPA REGION 4 (contlnuod)
Inpscts on squstic blots	$<
This study oss conducted for 2 yosrs from July 1981 to July 1903.	Cook ot si.,
1963
ForIphyton
21 dlstoM gonors «tr» colloctod; totsI chlorophyll <1.0 «gfwfr.
¥t«ts • 0 vscSsferitef
161 spoclos woro col loctod (9tfN spoclsions); Ephostoroptors,
Trtchoptora, snd Olptors pro4osrinstod; tubificld Mrs donslty oss
high for s nstursl sroo.
FUh
14 spoctos woro colloctod (143 opoclwono); bluoglll sunflsh (IodqsIs
s>scroch1ryf) «ss 3M of tots I.
Portshyton
19 distots gonors woro colloctod; totoI chlorophyll 1-23 mg/rn^.
223 spoclos woro col loctod (4I#M7 sptclstnt); Ephosioroptora snd
TrIchoptors loo density; Isopod gonors (Asollus) sbundsnt; considorod
fscuttstlvo to organic pollution.
Tublflcld snd nsldld osnas woro rolstlvoly comma; considorod toloront
to organic pollution and sodl«ontatloft.
EU b
2# spocios woro col loctod (221 spoclioons); filar (Contrsrchus wscroo torus )
«ss 20* of totsl.
fftiehjfiSQ
11 dlsto* gonoro woro colloctod; totsl chlorophyll 1-2 mg/*?.
Mscro jnyirifbr||f|
130 spoclos col loctod (7M spoclmsns); fow Ephoaoroptora spoclos;
Aaphipod goftus (Crsftgon») common, considorod fscultstlvo to orgsnlc
pollution. Spoclos Tntolorsnt of orgsnlc pollution woro ralstlvoly cuMiiun.
f\*h
6 spoclos woro colloctod (12 spoclsions-—not fully ssoplod). Brown
bullhosd (Ictflyruf Qfbtfl$syf) ws# 33X of totsl.
(conti nuod)

-------
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
&t»to
WiUrbedy
No«|
I«picit on t^uttte blot*
Source
OA (con.) Sm Itl»nd CluiUr
Boiloy Bronch
(War# County)
Urbon runoff
(phoipkorut, nitnU, ind
niiriU lovolf high onough to
support ngitanct oIqoo growth)
Poriphyton
17 4Uto« ponoro «oro eoHteUd; total chlorophyll 1-6# mQ/w&.
Cook ot • I.
1993
MfSCtln*»rt+br»Vf|
71 if«cU« ««r« col l*ct*d (M4 opoci«ono); no Epho«oroptoro or
PltcopUri Mr* colloct«d; to«lc-pol lutlon-otro»»
-------
SUU	VaUrbo^i	Nonpoini tourc*
CA (eon.) ftidgo V*M«y CtuiUr
S*w^ C^oofc
(VhiifUld County) Control
littlo Crook
(tfllkor County)
Agrlculturol ictlvliioi
(•r^tnici, lodimiAt, ond
p«9tici4«9)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
iMpocto on tqutllc bi«U	Sourco
Cook «t ol.,
1993
P#r!phy|>on
23 gonoro of dittoM coll«cU4; total chlorophyll <3 iwqfm?,
liocro | nvortohro tof
2i4 opocSoo «oro colloctod (7,239 ip«e]aon»). Pfocoptoro,
Epho*oroptoro, ond TrieofUrt woro tho prt^ooinint fium of cool,
cloon*w»tor lirtwu. Mony pollutlon~oonoitivo (««dlaoflt ond orgonlco)
opocioo woro prooont.
fill!
14 opocioo Mr* col toe tod (933 •poclnon*); 2 opoclo* aecounUd for 63*
of totol--Coooo •Mnor (Hotropto «oonocopholuf) ond otonorollor
(CowoootoM IfiSSliSES)*
Eiciebiian
21 o«n*r* of 41 atom Mr*	total chlorophjrll 1-2S Mg/a2.
«MSr?i nv.r
346 opocioo ooro col loctod (12,Kf •pocImom); Plocoptoro, Epho*»roptoro,
ond Trlchoptoro prodo«olnotod. Mono of tho cloon-wotor Trlchoptoro
found ot tho control otto ooro prooont; only pol lutont-toloront fora»o
ooro colloctod. Tho ilto mi oovoroly Jmpoctod by pollution. THo
donolty of McrplnvtrUiritoi mi 2*3 tlon thot ot tHo control olto.
Plocoptoro oonottlvo to poottcldoo occurrod ot only 26% of tHo nwmbor
found ot tho control olto.
fith
23 opocioo ooro col loctod (764 ip*ciiofti); 2 opocioo occountod for 9(1
of tho totol. Coooo oh I nor	«#on*?ophfjy») ond otonorollor
(Co«pip9$tOMO inoMlyw) woro tho lorgoot popolotiono of flih n o rooult
of high poriphyton ond Mcroinvortobroto populationi.
(continued)

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SUU	WiUrbody	Nonpoini aourco
, GA (con.) Rldgo Valloy Cluster
Kings Crook
(Floyd County)	Fortitry icilvilitt
(s#4iMnUtion from logging
and road construction)
Moraoloy Croolt
(Floyd County)
Urban runoff
(aodtwont, high orginlet, ond
phoaphorua favoI•)
EPA REGION 4 (continuod)
I«pocta on aquatic bioU	S<
Coofc ot *1. a
1063
Por I phy ton
29 gonora of diatom woro col I oc tod; total chlorophyll <1 to 7.# ag/a?.
Macro I »vortobratoa
226 apocloa woro eo Hoc tod (7,712 apoclwona). Plocoptora, Ephomoroptoro,
ond Trlehoptora woro pradoa»lnant. Sodlaiant-aonal tl vo apocloa woro
roducod In nuaUr.
Fi«h
18 apocloa woro col loctod (766 apoclwona); 2 apocloa accounted for 66V
of tho total. 6andod ocolpln (Cottuy carol Inao), atonorollor (Ca«wpoatoo>o
anowolgai), ond Cooaa ah I nor (Hotroola naonocoohaiua) docroaaod of tor
logging oporatlona Incroaaod.
ParJph/£pn
26 gonoro of diatom woro col loctod; polIwtod-wator apoc las woro coupon
In all aaaiploa; total chlorophyll 1-97 wg/at*.
MacroInvortobratoa
224 apocloa woro col loctod (4#066 apoclaona). Plocoptoro, Ephaworoptora,
and Trlehoptora woro prodoailnant. Only pollutlon-tolorant apocloa ooro
9ound. 6# fowor apocloa woro found than woro found ot tho control alto.
Organic pollutlon-tolorant Dlptoro woro comon (27.4* of totol); noldld
ond tublflcld aaria woro alao common.
Eish
10 apocloa woro col loctod (606 apoctmna){ 2 apocloa, atonorollor
(Cmpof torn twotua) ond rainbow ohinor IWotroola chroaoawa)
accounted for 66X of tho total.
(cantlnuod)

-------
Stat*
GA (cm.)
Waterbody
PUdwowt Cluster
C«bt« Brincli
(Green County)	Centre!
Little Study CreeV Agricultural sctlvltfes
'(*sIten Count/)	(rediment end •rg*ntc»)
Little Creefc	Forestry icilvltiti
. (Jasper end fuirna (aedlment losd)
Countlea)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Im^acti en aquatic biota	Source
Thle study «ai conducted fer 2 years froe August 1M1 to August IMS. CTA, Inc., IMS
Per)oh*ton
Averaoe trichrMntie chlorophyll § 9.33 eg/m2; 114 4l«t«a species
Identified; 9 dominant spec lea accounted for I7.9X of the total.
Macro1nvertobrstes
Dlptera and Trlchoptere were dominant with Cpheworopters, Coleeptere,
and Plecoptere preeent In leaaer amounts.
Fish
7 apecles (60S specimens)
PMiehjfton
Average trIchromatic chlorophyll § 2.27 mg/m?j 12# diatom species
Identified; 21 domlnsnt species sccounted fer 97.OX of the tots I.
MscroInvertebrates
Dlptera were dominant with leaaer amounts of Trtchopters present.
Fish
19 apecles (379 specimens).
Periohyton
Trichromatic chlorophyll 9 #.70 mg/m2; 109 diatom species Identified)
19 dominant apeclaa accounted for 92.91 of the total.
Dlptera were dominant with leaser amounts of Trlchoptera, Cphamoropters,
and Plecoptera preeent.
Aquatic moss habitat ass completely eliminated by forestry activity (clear
cutting).
Elf*
29 apecles (1,139 spec lawns); Increased sediment rm4uc04 habitat and
Invertebrate food eources.
(continued)

-------
SktU HtUrMgr	Nonpo1nt aogrce
CA (con.) Pitdmonl ClnUr	Urban runoff
Brooklyn Crook
(Clerhe County)
Blue Rldgo/Upland
Cluater
Aialcalola Crook/	Control
Salth Croak
(Dmw Count/)
Wit to Crook
(Mil to County)
Agricultural acttvltlea
(iWloMit iM organic* from
H«t«ro land)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)		
on aquatic blete		Sourco	
Porlptivton	CTA, Inc., 1M3
Average trichromatic chlorophyll | 1.4# nig/ai2; perlphyton i^mIm wor»
Indicative of • atreeeed ayateai. Olatoaa ca—mnlty we a dominated by
pellutlon-tolerant apocloa. Only 9$ ipaclti Identified; IS apecle*
occounted for 6VS of the totol.
MocroInvortobrotoa
Diptora nro predominant In apeclea; Ollgochoete were predominant In
nuwtara¦
Floh
S apocloa (111 apeclmena).
PerIah»ton
Average trIchrometie chlorophyll f (,U ag/a^j M d 1 ateei apocloa
IdentTfled; 6 dominant apocloa accounted for MS of tile totol.
MocraInvortobratoa
Aquatic awaa habitat contained mmny apocloa. A largo nuadiar of epocl-
mmnm wore Intolerant to eediamnt and organic loading.
Flfh
7 apocloa (17B ipeclatna).
P«rlphi
Avorago trlchraaiotIc chlorophyll ¦ concentration 4 tiara ihm central
(1.B1 mg/a^)| M diatom apocloa Identified. 14 dominant apocloa
accounted for 19% of the totol.
MacroInvortobratoa
A reduction In Plocoptera occurred. Sea* aquatic aioaa habitat and
aaaocleted Invertebrete populatlona remelned intact. Sediawnt-lntolorant
apocloa wore reduced. Sodime«it-tolerant warm-water apocloa were doailnant.
EJfh
12 apocloa (SM apeclmena).
(continued)

-------
Stat*	Wetorbody	Nonpotnt sourco
d> (con.) Blv* Ridpt/Upltn^
Clustor
Johot Brincfi	F'orcitrjr ictivltUi
(IgMpkin CovWty)	(••4l«*ni lo»d from ro*d
construction)
Flat Crook	Urbon runoff
(Hoi I County)	(High orgonlc lood)
Col f CouUI fidm
Cfuotor
Littlo Stwrooon	Control
Crook
(Boo H«!l County)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Impocto on vquotic blots	Sonret
CTA. Inc., \99%
?ffjphyton
Avori^o trlchrowotlc cKloropfcjrM | 0.S9 mg/m?; 136 ^iitoo opoclo*
Idontlfiod; I dominant ipKioi occountod for 761 of tho totil.
MocroIn»ortobroto»
Totol nwfcir «f apoclo* woro rodwcod (Trlchoptor*, E^Howoroptoro,
Pfocoptor*, ond Olptoro pradowlnant). Aquatic molt hibtUt ond itiocl-
•tod Invortobrifco ••oooblofo voro grootly roducod,
Eith
T apocloa (212 apacliaana); iWlniit raducod dtMltjf.
f*tieh*t90
Trichroa*tlc chloropfcjr 11 I M tlan control ttrtM (f.f ma/w2); M
dlaton apocl*f 14*4*11 f M; II 4o*i)nant apocloa mcmdM for 0M
of tlx total. WltucHi wit. • nctfiliW Indicator apacloa for
organic pollution, oaa ]t,4l of tha UUI.
Doaalnant pol lutlan-totorant apocloa of 011DOctiMta and Olptara Mr*
prtiMt. No aquatic mom* habitat or aaaocTatod lnvortabratoa oora
praaont.
Flat.
• apocloa (• ipaclawa) .
Porlplwten
Avorogo trichromatic chforophjr 11 f 4.42 ag/a2; M dlatoai apocloa
identified; 12 daaiinant apoc lea accounted for H.M of Um total.
M»
-------
$UU	Waterbody	Nenpalni source
OA (con.) Gulf Coititl Plain*
CluiUr
Camp Crttk	Agricultural leiiviiin
(Ooofy County)	(a^iawflt iittf organic*)
B«avtr CrMk	AgrIcultural actlvltlaa
(Macon County)	(aedlment and •rgiftlci)
Htir^ Cr««li	Afrleultunl ictUHUf
(Tlfton County}	(sediment)
CPA REGION 4 (continued)
Iiapicti on iquiilc blot*	Source
CTA, Inc., 1993
P?rlptiyt$f!
Avtript trichromatic chlorophyll | 2.22 mQ/w?; 197 dlitoa ip«cUa
Ucntlfltd; 14 dominant apecleo accounted for IS.2V of the total.
MacroInvertobratea
Dlptera wero dominant (4i.ll)t with Trlchaptera accounting far 99.fX.
Sediment- and orgenlc-toleront apeclea constituted virtually all
the Trlchoptera collection.
Plah
22 apeclea <192 apeclmana); good fishery; aiaat diver ae fauna.
Porlohyton
Average tr(chromatic chlorophyll | 1,94 mg/m?; Chlorophytea (Volyon)
and Eugtenophytea were dominant; 99 diatom apoclea Identified; 19
dominant apeclea accounted fer 93.7* of the total.
MacroInver tobratea
Chlranomldao, Trlchoptera, and Ephsmaroptore predominated.
Fish
IS spec I •• (119 apeclaione); hlgh-turbldlty water.
Perlahvton
Average trichromatic chlorophyll f 9.94 ag/a^; 99 dlatoai apeclea Iden-
tified; 11 dominant apeclea accounted for 79.1% of the total.
Mayrplnyfcteferfttgt
Chlronomldee, 01tgochaeta, laapeda, Pelecfpoda, Ephemaroptero,
Slmullldae, end Ptychopterldae were dominant. Law riuaAara of
Indlvlduola were callected.
fish
11 apeclea (191 apeclmena); highly atreaaed anvlromaont.
(continued)

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S to to	Wo tor* body
CA (con.) Culf Contal Plolno
CtutUr
Woo Rlvor
(Tifton County)
Nonp«iftt tour
Urbon runoff
(High organic load)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
I«p»cii on »9u»tic blot*	Sourco
P«rIphoton	CTA, Inc., 1993
Avorogo tr Ichrowotlc chlorophyll • 0.36 «ghigh primry produc-
tivity; 96 41«tM	I don 11 f iod; 11 dooilnont ipocloa occountod
for SN of tho total.
MiyrolwvorUbriUi
Slwul Udoo, ChlronoaUM, Cphwroptoro , Ollgochooto, Polocypoda, and
TrIchoptor* prodowtnatod. Spoclaa found woro to Ioront to organic load*
Ing ttroM anvlrownit.
Elffe
11 tptcif ((60 sp#cta*Ai); rapldanttal land uoo prod ooil no tod.

-------
Stato	WtUrbe^jf	HPS pol lutant
MC	Urban runoff
(tiom aaUr)
Smt«n Crook
UptirtM control
•	ito co«pir«4 to
do«nstr«iM urbon
•	•to
(Aahovfffo, MC)
Control tiU:
Fourot fo Cro*li
(Dovldaon County)
Urbon runoff flUt:
Siloa Crowfc
(Wlnaton-Solow)
Tor Brtflcti .
(Vlnoton-Solom)
flgeonliouee Branch
Hochy Oroncti
(RaUipfc)
CPA REGION 4 (continuod)
Iwpocto on oquotlc bloto	Sourco
ComparI•enof upatroom or rurol_control ototlon to urbon iUr« wat+r	Oudo( tonat,
runoff ototlon yaina "Kiel** motbod for wcrw UUnl. ond Nolo cumunlo^ ond Ui« Chlronoeildo# fCMronoiwuo opp.
Ond Crlcotoouo opp.)
9onorol coo>wontf pn vrbyn_pol lutlon of 4 Plodwont urbon runoff ilU»
i> co«o>r»d to i control Piedmont oft#
Urbon altna contoln«d only 0-13 ton* oo cowpornd to 36-44 ton* it
tbw control tiU. THIo ll aioro thon o Ml roductlon, whlcti would
cloaolfy oil urbon otudy otroow oo Mv«r«ly atrooo*d.
A High porcontofo of 01lgocbo«to ond pol lutlon-tolwront Cfilronowldo#
onro proo«nt. Thost t groupo roproa^nt >991 of tho to to I organ (omo
col Ioctod ot urbon ottoa, ond only 171 ot U»o control olt«.
Ephomoroptoro , Plocoptoro, TrlefttpUra, ond Co loop tor a woro not Juot
rnducod but wwro oboont co«plot«ly froai urbon oltpo.
(continued)

-------
stot*
WC (con.)
W»Urb«<|y
Fourwi l« Crf«li
(control)
Urban runoff «iU»:
Nonpoint aourco
UrVtn runoff
(•tor* wotor)
Soto* Craak
(Wln»ton-Sola»)
Tor Branch t
(Wl naton-So loot)
^ i Qoonhoucia Qranch
(Rol«i0h)
Rocky Branch ,
(^•(•igh)1
CPA REGION 4 (continued)
Inf»cit on aquatic biota
Aoooclatad cauMi of poor vator quality ot wrbin litoi Mjr Inclydo:
*	Sodiaofit fro* quarry dlscHirp* (AoHavllla)
*	Orgonic pollution fro* crack* In oping •••or linos (A«h«vllU,
Vinaton-SilM, and Chorlotto)
•	11 lag*I to*lc discharge* (Durham, Rolaljh, Vifi«twt*Sil«M, and
Chorlotto)
•	So^ImoaI fro* atraaoi bank araolon (RiUlgli)
Will* dtochargo p»r*lt I}*)to *oy b* *ot, «ator quality ooooaa*ant
by *acro)nvartabrata *a*pllng ravaalt Uiit atraawa ara not maatlnf
watar quality oaala "to pravlda for tha pratactlon and propagation
af f lob, oho I If tah# and wlldlifo.*

-------
SttU
VcttrMy
HPS pellutmi
NC (con.) Sovwrual l« Cr«*li
(Or»ng« County)
ContirveiSen icilvltiM
(Hiphwi; runoff fro*
InitriUU 1-86)
EPA REGION 4 (contlnuod)
Impacta on aquatic biota	Sourco
•	flold monitoring progriM waa conducted it tho I-18/StvtnnlU Cr«#li	Cupula ot »t,f
•	it« In North CorelIna. Tho Mghway/rocolring wator Interaction •!	IMS
this »IU con b« choractertiod n a Mijor inUritlU (26,WW vohlcloa
pwr do/) pasting through a prlmorlly foroatod rural region. Runoff )t
discharged Into both h«i4w«Ur tributaries and tho twin itrowi channel.
Again, • rural design with flueh-ahoulder, greasy-ditch drelnege wee
wood. In addition to runoff pollutant loeda, troetod eenltery weete*
wetor discHerges to the receiving we tor froa too roat aroa ostondod-
•oration packago plente alao contributed poUutonta.
Only a ataall percentage of tho total oatorahod pollutant load til con-
tributed by I-W renoff. Tho right of way (ROW) comprised only 2.U of
tho total oatorahod aroa.
Tho roaulta of eionthly baaotIno and wot weather ovont (T dlacrete
ovonta) too?ling surveya domonatratod llttlo offoct froai 1-96 runoff
on atroom water quality. Although cortoIn paramotora had eleveted
concontratlona at a atatIon cloao to runoff discharge polnta compered
to control atetlona, tho aognltudo of thla impact wee not eevere.
Nolthor wator quality atandarda for tho State of North Carolina nor
water quality criteria iaauoa by EPA ooro owcoodod during thoao ovonta
at thla station. Furthorworo, thoao concontratlona woro roducod to
background lovola through dllutlon/aodlmontotlon at tho downatroaa*
atatlon.
1-06 runoff did not cauao high occomu I at I ana of pollutonta In tho aodl-
MHita. Although cor tain paromotora at tlaoa Hod hlghor coneontratlana
at Influenced atationa co«parad ta controla, thoro waa na consistency
botwoon surveys, botwoon all Influoncod atationa, or even botwaan
ropllcatoa at a given atatlon and aurvey.
Tho highway had no do toe tab lo offoct on tl>o mecrolnvertebretea of
Severn* Ilo Crook. Tho te*e colloctod and tholr abundonco ahaoad na
rocognltablo tronda, either qua IItotlvely (Hester-Dendy sewptea) or
quantItatIvoIy (Surbor aamploa), that would augooat a highway Influ-
ence. Authora do tonal nod moon donalty (gra
-------
EPA R£CION 4 (conttnuod)
StaU
NC (con.)
WtUrbodjr
Booch FUti Crook
Hon
Impicts on oquotlc blot*
Construction sctlvltios
(runoff fro* ocld rock wood In
rood flit for hlghwsy con-
struction)
Fish survoyo by oloctroshocklng indlcotod tfiot no brook trout
(SfiyoMnof fontinolts) or othor fUk woro protont 1.9 b« do«flltr«Mi
from s construction rood-fill sit*.
An Instroom oiporimont shoood thst 99 control trout (hold In bsskots
upstroom of conotruction olto) ourvivod 2 dsys In situ snd 3 additional
months In tho laborotory. Tho If fish hold downstroom of construction
olto oxhlbltod Iff! mortality in 49 hours ot pH 4.6-4.0.
Survlvsl of tho shovol noood salsmswdsr (toyrponsthus ximgrotus) vss
IMS sft#r 7 days it tho upstroom slto (pH 0.0-7.2) hut wis 4H it tho
downotroom slto (pN 4.I-4.9).
Control subjocto woro lost In s flash floodf howovor, 42 dsys sftor
ouposuro bsgin, 9IX of downstroom sslamandora woro dosd.
Sourco
Hucksboo,
Goodyoor, snd
Jonos, 197S
Wo Ihoc Prong Rlvor
Noturolly occurring scld crook
(stroam bodrock oroslon ond
loochlng)
Brook trout In control trtbutory (pH f.2-4.t) hod survival of 99% snd
JfW st 2 oltos ovor o 14-day porlod. Brook trout ot Volkor Prong
ft Ivor si too (pH 4.M.I) hod survlvsl of 2fl ond MX.
All dood fish had gill hyporplssls (s symptom of both line and
olualnus poisoning). This woo furthor ovldonco of tho loochlng of
scld rocks concomitant with tho rolooso of solublo motsI* snd dopros-
sIon of pN.
(contlftuod)

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State
MC (con.) S«|th Crt^i	Lend uae compariaons between
(Granville County)'	f'oreated (control), egricul-
.tural, ind urban runoff altos
Oevit'a Cradle troth
(FrmMIn County)'
March Creek
(Vske County)
CPA REGION 4 (continued)
Impocte on squstlc blots
ttecrolnvertebrete	North Cirollm
Division of
Collection* were mode by the kick Method.	Environmental
Management,
Refettve to the forested control (Smith Creek), th« igrlcuUvnl	1996
streem (Devil's Crodle Creek) hod slgnlflesntly lower tone rlchneoo
for moot Intolerant groups, Ephemeroptere, Pleeeptere, end Trlckop-
tera. tower tax a rlchntH woe alao observed for Odonota, MtgilopUri,
end CoIooptora, although some ef these were net ilgnlflcint. Theoe
decline! were offaet by Increeeea In Molluece end OHgocheete.
Much greater decline* In Uia rIchoose were observed et the urben
•Ite (March Creek) as coopered te both the control and egr(cultural
alto. Significant declines were aeon In ell • Ineecte group* and
In the Crustacea. Only the Ollgochaetea Increased In diversity.
The ebaerved reductions In tana rlchneaa Indicate woderate stress at
the agricultural alto and aovere atreas st the urbsn alto.
Total teae richness was reduced by 4-161 at the agricultural site and
46-62* at the urban alto. Oreotor reductions were aeon for the
Ephemeroptere, Fleeoptore, and Trtcheptera (Intolerant groupa) tana
rlchneaa: 47-49* at the agricultural site and 74-91* at the urban alto.
Density (abundance) values usually mirrored the pettorn ebaerved for
tana rlchneaa with aovereI exceptions. Densities sf Ephemeroptere and
Plecoptera were lower at the agricultural site than at the control alto;
however, no decline In Trtcheptera density waa aeon. Rather, Co Iooptora
declined. Chlrenomldee and 01Igochaeta denoltlee tncreeaed at both
the urban and agricultural sites. June densities st the sgrlculturs!
site wore the highest meaeured, while the control and urban denaltlea
wore highest In November.
Based on yearly average denaltlea, the central site waa ft,919, the agrt*
cultural site was 5,999, and the urban alto waa 979.
Cuwaunlty structure at the control alto was Ephemeroptere (19-46*),
Dlptere (24-29*), and Trtcheptera (19*16*). At the agricultural alto,
dominance ewltched from lntelerent- Ephemeroptere te teleront Olptera
(St*). . At the urban site, Olptera snd 01Igochaeta comprised 79* pf
Invortebrete fsuna.
Agricultural runoff eppeare to hove less Impsct on the equatic biota
than urban runoff. Many Intolerant groups are eliminated at the egrt-
culturel alto, but are portlolly compensated for by an Increeee In
more pellution-tolerent spec tee.
(continued)

-------
Stat*
V»Urb«d;
Noi
NC (con.) S«iili Crook	Lind um coMpirltonc botwoon
(Gronvilto County)	for««Ud (control), agricul-
tural, ond urbon runoff alto
Dovll'i Cradlo Crook
(Frmhlin County)
March Crook
(Wiho County)
(con.)
EPA REGION 4 (continuod)
Imp octo on aquatic biota
land uao la cloarly • aojor factor influMcinj tho dovolopmont of
tho mocrolnvortobrato cooaaunlty.
Ell*
Colloctlona woro aiodo by roUnoM, oloctroahocklng, and aolnlng.
Both tho control and agricultural »IUi had high apocloa rlchnoaa (19),
aubatantlal nwbara of 0mo flah, and 3 to 4 dartor/auckor apocloa.
Sfl^itly bottor wotor quality woo Indicotod at tho control alto by
tho protonco of 2 roro ap«cUa--tK« Eaatorn iwdaitnnoo (VJbwbro
fejg*aoa) ond tho Carol Ino dartor (Ethooato—a col Mai . Tho agricultural
alto flah community Indleatod only minor onvtromaontol lioacta.
Floh woro gonorolly largor at tho agricultural alto, probably bono-
fitting froai tho groator amounto of Invortohratoa ond portphyton.
tho floh coMMMitiy at tho urbon olio m charactorIiod by loo opocloo
rlchnoaa, lov atandtng crop, ond tho aboonco of ony aonaltivo opocloo.
North CorolIna
Olvlaion of
EnvlroMontal
UanogOMont,
1909
(conttnuod)

-------
suu
NC (coo.)
CullawKaa Creak
Foreatry leiivitiM
(••dSawnt)
Consiruciion activities
(raaldential)
Agricultural actlvitt«i
(Urtillm runoff fro«
p»$twr«»)
EPA REGION 4 (c«niinu*4)
Inpe
So
9 riff I# ir«»«	Zoa« 1 (no inorganic or organic Input*,
Zona 7 (sedimentation only), ani Zona ) (aadlinontatlon and nutriant
•nriclwant). Stream Inaact population* wero monitored with a circular
Meaa •amplor from March to October 1979.
A total af 04 apeciea; 12 flocvpUra, 10 Tr I chop tor a, S Cofeoptara,
17 EpKameroptera, and 10 Olptara.
Lowly, 1902
Zona.2
A total af 5# apeciea; 9 Pleceptera, 12 TrIchoptora, I ColoopUra,
12 Ephemeroptera, and 10 Olptara.
Zona 3
A total of M apocioa; 0 Pleceptera, 10 TrlcKoptara, I Celeaptara,
10 Ephamereptera, and 0 DlpUri.
There «ai a algnlflcant diffaranca In niwbar af apaclaa between tKa
control (Zone 1) and pollutod Zonae 2 and 9, •• wall aa between Zanaa
2 and 9.
Dlvoralty, apaclaa rtcKnaea, denalty, and bloaaaa af S ardara
(Pleceptera, TrlcKoptera, and CpliMaroptari) vara algnlf Icantly
graatar in Zona 1.
TKa denalty and bloatit af Olptara vara algnlficantljr graatar In
Zona 3, but na diffaranca wee found In apaclaa rlchneae af Olptara
between tf»a other 2 tanaa.
Turbidity* auapandod load, and bad load vara found to kava algnlfl-
cant Influences an apaclaa rlcbnaaa ond dIveraIty af tKa Inaact
community but not on denalty dua ta larga nu4ara af cKlrenomlda
In tAitai receiving sedimentation.
Many af tKa Inaaeta col lactad In Zanaa 2 and ) vara found to Kave
a haivjr buildup af Inorganic partlclaa an tKalr body aorfacee ind
raaplratory itrvcUrai.
Addition af n(tr«U« ond phosphate*, In aaaecletle* with eedlmante-
tlon, raaultad in growth af tKa fllamenteus bacterium Sphaaratllua
natana an tKa Inaect'a body and raaplratary aurfacaa, which avantually
smothered tKo Inaact,
(contlnuad)

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SUU	W*torbody	Nonpoint source
NC (con.) Sandhill Cluster	Agricultural activities
Bone* Fork	(««^ia»At)
Rochy Ford Branch
Bella Creek	Coapirlion of control, well-
(Rlchaond County)	managed, and poorly M»mg«d
agricultural altea
Piedmont Cluater
01 in Creeli
Buffalo Shoals
Little Creek
(Iredell County)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Impacts on aquatic biota		Source
Uacroinvertekratea were collected by *Klck# method.	Lenat, 1994
Bones Fork (control) hod lower tana richness for Cphemeropterat but
higher tana richneas for Trlchoptera and Chlronomldse than the 2
agricultural sites. Numrlc composition wss stsble. A diverse
Olpters assemblage (mostly Chlronomldee) was 93X of density.
Plecopters did not decline in August sample.
Rocky Ford Branch (wetl-eonoged) was numarlcally dominated by
Ephemeroptera (5®*)» kui waa otherwise similar to the control.
Numeric composition waa relatively atable. Ta«a richneas was compar-
able to that at the control. Plecoptero, the most pestlclde-sensltlve
group, declined to IX of fauna In August.
Bells Creek (poorly managed) tana richness for Trlchoptera, Odonata,
and Chlronomldee eaa consistently low. The tana richneas value waa
IS* leas than that at the central. Nusiorlcal composition was the least
stable. Density wee dominated by Plecoptera In January, Ephemeroptera-
Dlptere In Uoy, and by Caleaptera In Auguat. A peatlclde-tolerant
Coleoptera (Stenolmls op.) waa tolerant at thla station. Plecoptera,
the most pestIctde-sensi11ve group, declined to IX of fauna In Auguat.
01 In Creek (control) hod the highest tana richneas for Ephoaierepteraft
Olptero (Chlronomldee), and Trlchoptera, Density values at the control
olte were atable.
Buffalo Shoals (we11-managed) was characterlted by severe reductions
In tana richneas for pel lutlen-tntoferont groupo—Ephomeroptera,
Plecoptera, and Coleoptera. Variations In density were grester than
st the control site] considerable vsrlstlen occurred between dates.
Trlchoptera Increased In spring snd ausmer sample. The tsaa richneas
value was 2)X leoo then thot ot the control site.
Little Creek (poorly menoged) waa characterlsed by aevere reductlona
in taxa rlchnesa for pellutlon-lntolerant groups-~Ephomoroptera,
Plecoptero, Trlchoptera, and Coleoptera. Varlatlena in density were
higher thsn st the other two stations. The tons richneas vsfue wos
39X loss than that at the control.
(continued)

-------
$uto
Wotorbody
NC (icon.) Mounttln Out tor	Agrlculturol icilvUIti
Bm Tf#t Crook	(itd'iMnt)
Cono Crook
A»»rjf Crt«ti	Compartton of control, •oil-
(Buncooibo County) monogod, ond poorly anonogod
ogr I cu I two I olio*
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
I«p»eii on aqvtilc bloto	Sourco
Lonot, IM4
Boo Troo Crook (control) hod « to«o rieHntn comporoblo to thft ot tKo
••M-MiAipod «lt§ (Cino Crook). £pKo*ooroptoro, Dlptoro (CMronoolrfto),
in4 TrlcKoptoro prodomlnotod. TKo donoity voluo woo molt ftlblo ot
tho control lite.
Con* Crook (wol l-monogod) olto woo vory »S«M«r In tm rlch«o»f to tho
control olto; tooo rlcKnooo doc11nod only for Plocoptoro. TKo donoity
voluo ¦»! Ion itftbl* tKon ot tKo control olto.
Avory Crook (poorly (oonogod) otto woo cKoroctorltod by • rodvctlon In
toxo ricliMM for EpKomoroptoro, Plocoptoro, ond TrIcKloptoro. To*o
ricKnoif woo rodvcod 61 •• cooporod to tKot ot tKo control olto. SKIfto
In domtnonco woro grootoot ot tKlo olto.
ConoroI trondo ovtf tKroo clwtUfi
To to I ond ivorigo to wo rlcKnooo for «oU*MR«fod ilroon olto* woro
olwoyo grootor thon ot poorly ma»qo4 otroom oltoo.
Toxo rlcKnooo ot vol I-wonogod ilt«i (9llcK<*ond ond Bwcowbi Cowntloo)
oxcoodod tKot ot tKo control olto. TKo Incroooo woo duo to tKo croo~
tton of • otoblo oond can—unity.
Avorogo donolty woe MgKor ot 4 of tKo 6 ogrlewItwrol oltoo it
co*porod to ot tKo control olto, but dlfforod olgnlftcontly only for
Buncoobo County. Dovolopoiont of otoblo oond cooawunltioo during loo
flow porlodo con Inflwonco donolty.
Stoblllty of bontKtc coowvnltloo dlfforod olgnlfIcontly ot poorly
Minogod oltoo oo cowporod to ot wol l-oon ond control oltoo.
Intoforont to*o doc11nod ot oil tKroo poorly monogod oltoo but ot
only ono wo 11-wonogod olto.
In oil tKroo cluotoro, tKoro woro moro anIquo opocloo ot tKo control
oltoo tKon ot tKo ogrIculturol oltoo; o moon of 92 to«o oppoorod ot
control oltoo vorovo 19*21 tono ot ogrlcvlturolly otrooood oltoo.
TKIo dlfforonco woo olgnlflcont.
Plocoptoro, EpKooioroptoro, ond TrlcKoptoro woro o*ot oovoroly offoctod
by rwnoff.
Lorgo tomporol oKlfto In tooonooric cooipoo 111 on (X obvndonco)
occurrod ot ogrIcufturoffy otrooood oltoo.
(contlnwod*

-------
SifU
NC (con.)
VtUrMf
ItovnUin ClviUr
Bm TrM Crook
Cirt* Crttk
Avory CtmIi
(Buncombe County)
Nenpolnt tourco
Agricultural activifci**
(••diMnt)
Coolerl«on of control, vol I
•ono9od, ond poorly Mn«9«4
agricultural otto*
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Iwpoct* on oquotlc bloto	Sourco
Stability »f banthic coaNunity gr««Ur at control aitoo.	1964
Toco favorwd by egriculturol runoff Included colloctor-gtthorora,
•eripori, »nd filtor foodora.
(continued)

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{ suu
MC (con.)
Unid«ntifi«d urban
stroa«is
Urbin runof f
(small urban
)
Cofdsboro 1^
2«
OrMfivi If# jb
2C
*1l*on	1^
9C
Dunn	1^
2C
Bravard I*»
2e
Ash+boro 1^
2C
3C
Morganton 1
2 «
•I OMgochMU/DipUM.
^Control upitr««« lit*.
CDovntif^M liU.
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Impacts on aquatic biota	Sourca
Macroinvartabrata samp las vara cot lacUd by tha Kick nat mathod.	Lanst and
t»g\ tion, 1M1
T.».

Blotlc

RicKn«ai
D«n»liv
Ind«*
* 0/0*
88
768
2.0
66
24
406
S.S
00
»
160
3.1
66
24
372
3.7
06
20
104
I.I
01
8
76
4.7
00
34
226
1.1
60
It
190
3.6
07
36
110
2.3
22
24
06
2.7
21
41
310
2.0
23
20
102
3.0
20
23
276
2.0
21
H
1,446
1.0
0
SB
113
1.3
(4
Summary
TKo blolofflcat coawunltir aavoraly lirttMd at most tlUa r#calvtnf
urban runoff. Taaa rlchnasa at all dowiatrsaa alUa *aa loa (0-21 Ux»),
an avarapa raductian af 4(1 rstailv* ta tfco upstraam control. Donalty
valuaa sHo* no claar trssd batwaan ilia fWa city sltas. Rtinaff iIUi
•ay hava dansltlai Mfhor or laoar than ths control, tlatlc lndo«
valuaa Incraatsd	units at all dawiatraaa altas. THa flcdaant
and mountain cttUa bad ganarsl ly I a war blotlc Inda* vilust, auggtstlni
lasa aavoro vaUr quality problama. THa fraatoat doc I Inoa In tana rlchnstl
war* associated with raductlona In tha Trlchaptora and Olptara. TKs
throa Ollgoehaat+a that Inersaisd In nwmbora at all davnstraam statlana
vara L isnodri I us Mfs»)sUrl. L. Igdakemlanys and Half ap. Pol lutlon-
tolarant spaclas pradamlnatod at tha poUvtod doanstraam urban iltsi.
Effacta ««r« moat savora In tba caaatal plain atraams aa camparad ta
tha mountain atraams ar Plsdmont straams. Hu^off offsets warp ralatad
to tho slca af tKa city far Pladmont and aountatn atroamo. Tho largar
tho city, tha ««rao tho offacta af runoff an tKo macrolnvortobrato coasaunlty.
(cantinuod)

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VaUrbody
SpaI"hour Cr«*li and
Vtrrtor Cro+fc
(Caldtfotl County)
Nonpoint aourco
Highway construction
(sodlswnt from road construc-
tion)
Spiidhdur Station Si (control)
Stations S2 »nd S3 (Impact)
Warrior Station VI (control)
Stations W2 and W3 (Impact)
EPA REGION 4 (continuod)
iMptcii on aquatic biota	Soorco
Bonthic Invortobrato taapUt co Hoc tod by "Kick* faothod ahowod a	Lonat, Ponroso,
roduction in avorago dona it/ at Stations S3 and V2 »nd W3; howovor,	and Eagloaon,
th«r« was an unospoctod incroaao In donalty at $2, a channolliod aroa.	1981
Rainfall groator than S cm was aaaoclatod with roducod donaitios at
S2 and S3 which woro 99% and 6X of tho control SI donsity. Rainfall
vaa a good prodlctor of donalty only at Station S3, tho aroa of
grootoat aodlsiontation.
Bonthic donsltios at Spalnhour and Warrlar Crook woro high at sodlawk-
atrosaod aroaa only during low flow porloda bocauao of high porlphyton
growths. Mobitat roduction la of groator liaportonco In predicting
apocios richnosa than habitat chango.
Ephomoroptoro Incroaaod at aodimont-impacted atatlons (S2» SI, and V3) .
Thia )ncrosso colncldod villi low rainfall and dovolopaont of atablo
aand cunmunity. Eohoa»rolla	Baotla ap.» and Psoudocloon op.
woro roaponalblo for tho Incroaaod donalty.
Roactlon of bonthic coaaaunlty la dapandont on stability of habitat
(aand awbatratoa) which dopondo on flow. During high flow porloda, aand
aubatrato becomes an unau)table habitat for alt bonthic apocioa aa a
roauft of reduced available habitat aroa.
(continued)

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SUU	WvUrbody
NC (con.) , Ntut* Riv«r
Nonpolnt a»urc«
Agricultural ictlviti«i
(fertiliser runoff, ••diaont
•rolion, feedlot runoff, »nd
urbtn runoff)
tPA REGION 4 (continued)
In^icti on iquatic b)«ti	Source
Prom both nutritive (inorganic N and P) and productivity ^«r#ptc-	Poor I, 1M7
tlvea, the Lower House River exhibit* both eutrophic and hypereu-
trophic characteristics, nlalng concern with respect to poor voter
quality conditions often acconpanylng such "advancad" itatai. Over-
all, trophic itaUi reveal distinct aeaaonal ai tall aa year-te-year
variation. Aa ia common aaonf tsmpsrsto river and lake acatyataai,
while ambient nutrient levela aay remain extremely high all year,
primary productivity and resultant phytoplanliton blomeaa accumula-
tion a (Including blooma) can vary dramatically on a aoaaonal bsela.
Surface prlmory productivity	rang* from a wintertime and oarly
aprlira lee of leaa than S ma C> *k (which by biological etandarde
would reflect aligotrepMc conditions) is ratoa In tRcan of 900 mg
C*m #h in I at* spring and iimnt aaothi (futrophlc to hyporeu-
trophic cendlttona). TRIa troaandova ranga 1a largely governed by
physical factor# auch aa light (PAK) availability, ambient tampere-
tuna and, perhapa moat Importantly, discharge end reaultant flushing
retee af thla river. A good example a# flushing rate* dictating
production rates can be aaan during alseable late aprlng and early
auawer rainfall and High runoff eventa. Such avaata Invariably
enhance dlachergo and r«aid*«iea time of phytoplanbton communltlos.
The ahorter the realdance time, the leaa opportunity oslato for
phytoptankton ca—unities to dovalop approclablo bloaau, ilnca tha
Inherent cell doubling reteo are ecIIpsed by abort water roaldanco
tlmaa. Aa a reault, blomeaa dovalapment la curtallod, and rolatlvoly
few phytopIanliton col la aro reapenalblo for obaorvod primary produc-
tivity ratoa aa wall aa chlorophyll a cantent. Oramotlc "dilution*
Impacta on theee poremetera were obaorvod dvrlfig rainy aprlng and
mld-auwaer men tha In 1991 (prlawry productivity In late Auguat waa
aa lew aa 6 mg C*m~ *h~ jt 1M2 (primary productivity In mid to lot*
July waa l-l mg C*a» *H >,^1994 (which had a vary wet auavaar In
vhlch ratoa of l-lf ao C*a *h were roportod), aa vol I aa I a to
Auguat in IMC (when tropical atorm activity lowered the productivity
to loaa than 21 mg C#ai *h ').
In contreat, dvrina dry aprlng and aummer perleda of law dlacharge
and long wator re*Tdonee tlaar ph/toplanbtan productivity and biomaao
can rapidly dovolop, alnco during theee perlode nutrient aupplloa
appear plontifvl, tamparatura and light condition* aro noar optimal,
and long roaldonco time* onauro that coll dlvlalon rotoa compenaato
for flushing (dilution). In theao poriada, phytoplankton coll dlvl-
alon aeomingfy prellferetee In an uncontrollobfo fa»hlon, being
IImlted only by nutrlent avolloblllty and/or Intermittent fluahlng
eventa. Such condltiona ultimately leed to the development end
dominance by blue greon algol nwlaance apeclea, which monlfoat
thomaalvoa aa aurfaco blooaw (acuma) optimizing worm, atagnant,
nutrient and PAR rich cendltlona while cempotltlvoly shading avb*
(continued)

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SttU	Waterbody
NC (con.) Nmi« Rivtr
Noo|
A grl cultural actlvitlea
(f«rtitii*r runoff,
troiion, f**dlot runoff, and
urban runoff)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Inficla on aquatic blot*	Sourco
ourface nonbuojront and ofUn aor« dtiltibU chlorophycean and	Peer I, 1997
ditto* ap«ei«i. Thar* If little doubt that ItngtHy residence
times favor bloom development, elnee the atajor tana reaponaible for
auch blooma (M. aervigjnof*, Anpfeaenf spp., Aphanifomanon fj$a agyae)
e«hibit jrovUi ratea and doubling tinea (even during optimal growth
condltlona) that are a I over than atore deatreble eukaryotea. A
lengthy realdonee therefore "buya time" for theae blue-green a Igee
to develop; once development haa taken place, the maintenance of
warm, nutrient and radiant energy-rich conditional all of which are
effectively exploited by theae aorfece-dwellore, represents inaur-
ance for bloom proliferation and maintenance. When enemlned In
concert, the physics I, cMcal and blstlc data presented far 1969
typify optimal nutritive and phyalcal condition#, aa well at the
proper sequence in which auch conditions muat occur, naadad for
meaaive nuiaance bloom development.
No alngle feature, auch aa nutrient atatua, temperature, discharge
(and roaultant fluahlng), can by	dictate whether or not
nuiaance blooma will occur In any given year. Whereat It la well-
known, from hydrocorral data and field observation, that blooma
develop only during porelatent low dlacharge, long realdonee, stag-
nant condltlona, theae cendltlona were prevalent during at leeat
9 yeara (IMS, 19M, 1M6). Such amenable phyalcal condltlona were
moat extreme and peralatent In IMS and 1996. Deaplte auch aeemingly
Ideal bloom condltlona, nuiaance blue-green algal bloaieoe develop-
ment waa lower In theae yeara than virtually all other yeara eiaaM
between 1991-1996. Cleorly, theae ebaervetiena point te both addi-
tional regulatory conditions, Including synergistic Interactions of
low discharge end long retention tlaai with nutritive feetora aa
playing critical relea In bleom development.
Both the magnitudes and timing af late winter - early aprlng nutrient,
and apeclflcslly nitrogen, lending play crucial relea In dictating
whether or not nulssnce blooms will manIfeat theawelvee in eubaequent
mid to late summer months. Nutrient addltlsn and dilution bloeeaays
etrengly aupparted the fact that evceaalve (with reapect te phyto-
pi ank ton nutrient requirements) nutrient loedlng exists In yesrs
featuring high aprlng runoff and discharge. Theae aame aaaaya ahowed
that, while enhanced nutrient loading might periodically expoae phyto-
pfankton to eitceeslve nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton nutrient
uptake In perloda Immediately fallowing runoff evente effectively
uahera in perloda of nttrogen-1lmlted growth. To aoaie entent, the
amount of nutrient overloading that oeeure during spring montha
dictatea how long It will take for nitrogen llmltetlon to aet In
once diacharge haa receded. It haa been eatImated that water reei-
donce time* In the lower Neuae River downatreem of Klnaton can vary
(continued)

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Stste	ViUrttody
NC (con.) Mouse River
Nonpoint source
AgrIcuftursl iftivitt**
(<*riilSf«r runoff, t«JI
•resIon, feedlot runoff,
urbin runoff)
FPA RtCHlN 4 (continued)
Inpicil on oqustlc biota	Sourco
from I«i9 thtn 1 —It (during storm-runoff events) to •» ipuc^ •»	Poerl, 1W7
3-4 Montht (Paerl 1993; Chelation «t al. IM6) (during drought*
itrUhan ptriodt), Such highly changeable hydrological condition®
aro by and largo r««poniibU for a groat doal of fluctuation In
phyaicel, nutritive, and biological charactorletlca. Furthermore,
rapid changes to physical ond chswlcol conditions, such as the
onset of a relatively dry period following messlve discharge and
nutrient loading ovento, can lead to conditions where exceedingly
high nutrient looda reaoin In the system long enough to overlap
with proper phyoleal conditions for bloom development. Thlo
appeirt to have been the caae in 1963, when within ft 1-1/2 month
period (early April-Hid June), record-high NOj" loading over-
topped with sudden decreases In discharge, leaving m stresble
NOj" 'pulse* residing In the lower Neuse River at this ti«a,
During this same perT»d( kf. seruglnoss developed ea a dominant
phytoplonfcter; thlo blomoss development ultlmetely proliferated
itself oa aurfoce bloome eo the river further stagnated during
July*Septombor.
Collectively, nutrient loading end blosstsy results strongly
Impftcote Inorganic nitrogen evelleblllty as s key repulstory
factor in M, soryglnoss bloom development; both nutrient addition
ond dilution bioesaeye Indicated that Inorgonlc nitrogen was
consistently the most limiting phy top I snlt ten nutrient. Therefore,
constreints on its Input would be the most effective step in
reversing both goners I trends in eutrophlcotlon ss welt es bloom
development of this ergenlem. In the previous paragraphs, evidence
was presented pointing to tho strong linhsge between oteetsivs
spring fosdlng of Inorgonlc nitrogen end subsequent nuisance
blooms, particularly during hot and persistently dry summer
months. taking Into conslderetlon additional evidence that In
some bloom yeors (spec!fIce!ly 1999), excessive Inorganic nltrogwn
loading tooW piece during epring and early ounmer montha, and
that M. seri#glnpss is capable of optlmlting Its growth under
these conditions. It would teem appropriate to restrict Inor-
ganic nitrogen loading during such months ss well os subsequent
simmer end foil months. Dilution blossssys revested thst, during	. .
high dlschsrge periods In the spring of 1993, Inorgonlc nltrogon
svsilsblltty evceeded phytop lank ton demends by approvlaistety SM.
In subsequent nonblooie years, eaceso svollability ronged from
• to spproKiinotely 79V. Accordingly, It la recommended thet o
baa In-wide effort aimed et reducing spring (and summer) Inorgonlc
nitrogen loading by st lesst 39X (of syeroge yeorly loodlng
values) be considered for effective control of U. oeruglnpse
blooms. Such reductions occurred through natural means In 1991
snd 1989, largely duo to very dry spring monthsi leading to
(continued)

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Agricultural ictivltUi
(f»rtllll«r runoff, ••diMni
erosion, feedlot runoff, and
urban runoff)
EPA REGION 4 (continued)
Impacts on aquatic biota	Source
decreased nonpoint aourco loading. Tha roaults of those docraaaaa	Paerl, 1907
In aprlnp Inorganic nitrogen loading vara evident In th« phytoplank-
ton €OMwnlii«i which developed and dominated ensuing iwwar months;
M. Mruginotf wsa virtually absent from such comauniiiat in both
ytiri, despite the fact that phyalcal (flow, temperature, Irradiance)
conditiona ««r« very favorable for blooai development. Additional
•vidtnca for tho linkage of ralnfalI-madiated nutrient loading to
M. !«ruflin;f§ bloom devolopmsnt caat during the writing of thla
report, when, following • break In the drought of 1996, appreciable
rainfall arrived In the Neuae River Basin In September. Theae rain-
fall events were substantial enough to enhence both discharge (flow)
and nutrient (eapeclally MOj") leading algnlfIcantly. River dis-
charge and flow conditions returned to typical auaaaer levels by early
October. As flow rates decreased, M. aeruginosa blooais developed near
Vencebor© and New Bern by mid-October, Theae blooms peralated for at
leaat 2 weeka until additional rainfall In late October fluahed the
bloom populations out of the lower Neuae River. Subsequent decreases
In river water temperature by Novamber negated further bloom activity.
Thua, even though the entire eumner af 1990 exhibited flow conditions
favorable for M.	bloom development, It wasn't until appre-
ciable rainfall, accompanied by enhanced nutrient loading, that auch
blooma finally began to appear. Fortunately, favorable bloom condl-
tlona occurred late enough in the fall to aveld nuisance conditions.
(continued)

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Sill*
NC (con.)
WiUrM;
Co« Cr««lt
(H*n^«r«en County)
Nonpoint aourco
Agricultural ictlyltUa
(pMticirf* runoff fro* ippla
orchir^i)
Station 1
(up at root* control)
Station 2
(rocolvlng 9«m ap^U orehtrd
runoff)
Station 3
(rocoiving primarily lppl«
orchard rvnoff)
EPA R€GION 4 (c«nlinv«4)
w acta on aquatic biota	Si
P«nrof« ond
Lonot, 1M?
EpHomoroptoro (67*), 11 apocto*; Plocoptoro (2V)f 1 ipacUt;
Trlchopttra (IX), ) apocioa; Dlptora (6*)» • apocloa} Colooptora (SI),
7 apoc)•«. Sovorol poIlutlon-aonaitIvo tin »oro found only »t tho
control alto: nayfliaa (Epoorua »p.,	tCJ-?oydatwa), atonofly
*P>)« *n^ coddlaflloa (Plpjocirona w^«iti, Rhracophl If
•p.). Ta«a richn«t« waa Mgh««t{ donalty waa uiutiljr Hlghoat.
Epfcomoroptora (MX), 10 ap^ctoa; Plocoptoro ((*), Trlchoptora (7*),
3 apocloa; Dlptora (41), 2 apocloa; Colooptora (?*), 2 apocloa. Tarn
rlchnoa* was aoiaahot roducod froai control valuo. Spocloa donalty
oxcoodod control in April-May 1977 porlod, but loo# than control
during May I977-Morch 1970. Station waa periodically atroaaod.
Ephaairoptora (4SX), 9 apocloa; Plocoptoro (0X); Trlchoptoro (13V),
1 apocloa; Oipitri (2X), 2 apocloa; Colooptora (131), 2 apocloa*
Tolorant apocloa Inctwdod mayfly (fghooiorojla cotaoba)» bootIo
(Opt loaorvyt ova 1. caddlafly	*P')» •"d fHaa
(Cricotopua blclnctua and Orthocladlua obwwbratiii) •
Tana rlchnoaa ••• aovoroly roducod from control vafuoa; donalty vm
groat Iy roducod and «n oapoclolly loo from Saptaabar 1977 to January
1979. tho doc I\no voc poaalbly llnkod to olovatod ondrln concontra-
ttona found in aodlmont from Jaiwafy to March 1979. 5tot I on oaMbltod
chronic ttroaa.

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EPA REGION 4 (continued)
WtUrbod/	Nenpoint source	Inptcia on »qv»tic blot*	Source
Lynn Branch	Mining tctivltUt fiJjh ^°* •'*»
Cong Brinch	(itrip-ailning runoff) 1970
Crooked CrMk	FUN woro by •l«ctr»9k«elring i*chni9V«l coupled wlih block
(mi It lt.S)	n«t*. Strtim Mr# d«aii>»i*d by th« crook chub (Somotljys
(control «IU«)	stromacyfstus). ThU species	found at every tUiion; however, lit
sbundsnce *•» uv«r«l)f r»iiricUd at »it«i ia^»ct«d by liltiilon. Othor
Crooked Crook	species prosont Included the fathead minnow (FjffBlil.!*? prl>») and
(oiile 16.7)	tho blacknose doco (Whlnichthys itritului) •
Unnvmod tributary of
Crookod Crook	Several nonatream species blueglll (Lopomii Mcr«$hlrv«), •pottod beaa
Crookod Crook	(MicroptofUf Pynctyjstuf), and Uio Isrgomouth bass (l*icropteryf
(•»» le IS.~) '	**r« coIlected at tho iwp«ct«d altos; however, tho coI loc-
(acld-mined altos)	ttons dfd not Indicate any reproduction for tho Introduced specfea.
(Fentress County)	Fish aaaemblagea In the atreama differ, and these difference* teem to be
related to atrlp-mlne tnputa Into tho baaln.
MacroInyortobratoa
Macrolnvertebroteo were collected by 1-ft' Surbor ssmpfers. Mscroben-
thic blomoss varied little unong the vorloua alto*, with the oftceptton of
the Mine-impacted site en Crooked Creek (ot mile 16.7). The large varia-
tion In blomass at thl* station probably revolted from • shifting,
unstable, eroding aubstrate. Another mine*Impacted site (Crooked Creek,
mile 1(.9) exhibited the lowest me*n quantity of insect blomass.
PorJphjton
Perlphyton eas collected on glasa slides et all stations. Tho Crooked
Creek control atatton contained the hlgheat algal blomsaa primarily
because there was lesa erosion at the contra! site*. These *it*a had
la** erosion becawae there was leaa suspended metter to scour away the
algal communities and because the forest conepy waa more epen, allowing
greater Incident radiation. The mine-Impacted sites contained tHe lowest
algal blomass.

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EPA REGION 5

-------
WiUrbody
Nonpvint lourc*
Fob tttv«r
Three alte*;
1.	At Elgin belo* a
tawll flood control
dam with coablood
Industrial,
•nd ttem-viUr
•fflutntl.
2.	A pond lociUd
doenatreew of Elgin
on » «ld-cHtnn«l
island (taUr from
ground aeepege end
flooding of rlvor).
3.	At Algonquin no
significant Indus-
trial or 000*90
diacharge) .•
Urbon runof f end sewage
trxiwnt facility discharge
(heavy mot*It)
EPA REGION S
Impact* on aquatic blot®
Significantly higher concentretions of cadialurn and load were found at Andoraon and
the Elgin aito In algae and benthlc insects.	Broeer, 1979
Cidaiim and load occurrod at concentration* in crayfish Qrconecte*
y|rMI| aaaociatod with environmental Input concentration*.
Coppor and line were traco aiotala that were rogwlatod by creyflah
Irrespective of onvlronaontol concentration.
Qltfo and viscera contoinod tlto highest concentration of cidniiMi,
coppor, and tine.
The oxoalieleton contained the Mgheat concentration of lead.
Uuacle concentrat I on* of the Heavy *etsls were general ly lower than
other tissue*.
Cr*yfl*h ere good b)a«aenltorIng organias* to •*•*•• cidalwa end lead
pellution.
Source
(continued)

-------
Watorbody	Honpatnt iourc«
Fox Riv*r at Algonquin	Urbin runoff
(control) and '	(hM«y Mtlll)
Elgin (runoff liU)
CPA REGION % (continued)
Impact* on aquatic blot*
Blot* v«r« antlyit^ for hoavy motalo. Dotrltua md a I goo woro
cot toetod In grab »Nf lot. Ilocrolnvortobratoa woro col Ioctod by
Surbor not.
Th« 4 roUIi itudlid foil Into two ciUforUt; coppor and flue
•ro iiiontiil olooowti and componanta of Mtiilo-iniyoii; eid»liN
ond lood oro blologlcolIjr non-oaaontlal ond con bo highly to«lc.
Thoro Mn no algnlflcont dlfforoncoa In coppor »r i Inc concon-
tratlona botwoon ipicUt thai woro ^niMt at both ifUi.
VitKin ilUt only tho cruatacoana and damaolfly nyaph (Argja)
havo atgnlf Icantly gmUr copp«r concontrat lona eoaf»arMU
othor biota.
In Cruatacoa, tho crayfish QrgmnUf cippar In tho porphyrin
ring of homocyonln moy account lor thai* high concontratlona.
Significantly dlfforont paifcarni of cad* I ma and fine concentration
••ro found within and botwoon alto*.
toad and cadmium concontratlona woro gooorafly hlghor at Elgin
for apocloa coonon to both altoo.
Tho Myf ly nymph, Mowaoonla. ond chlronoaald larvao col loctod
around a ama11 boot launch riap at Algonquin hod otgnlfIcontly
hlghor load concontratlona than othor Invortobratoa at tho aamo
alio. Juvonilo bfacb bullhoada colloctod at tho boot ramp alto
alao had hlghor load concontrotlona than othor flah apoclwa at
tho alto.
Thoro waa a gradod docroaao In cadmium and load body burdona from
horblvoroa to hlghor trophic lovola.
Lood ond cadmium may occumulato to a groator dogroo In organlama
whoro onvlronmontal concontratlona aro hlghor, but woro not found
to domonatrato trophic angnlfIcatlon.

-------
Stat*	VaUrbody	Hon
IL (con.) Illinois Rlv«r	Agricultural actlvltte*
(cropland, paatura, ind aoma
voodlMd, «nd toa* aewage
dlvoriion frow Chicago tinea
1909)
Moumoo Hivar	Agricultural ictUlti««
(Ml of river baatn t^rlcwl-
terel and 2 *mH urben areea
of Toledo and Fort Wayne)
EPA REGION 6 (continue)
Impacts on aquatic biota
140 apaciea from 27 flih families vara collected.
Richeat tana vero:
CjrprlnidM (41 spaclaa)
Pare idee (19 spaclaa)
Catoatomidee (19 species)
Centrerchldae (14 ip«cUt)
Water divaraioA from Lake Iflchlgon hea had the groatoat effect on flah
apaclot. In 19Mf 111 of fraahaatar commercial flah catch tit ff«o
tho Illinoia Klvar; In 1990 thoro Is virtually no flahary.
01 of apeclaa declining (9 apeclaa)
61* of apeciea locally e*tlnct or preeent In Isolated rofwgoa (92
apeclaa)
2SI of apaclaa stable (31 apaclot)
BS of apocloa Increealng In nuabor or googrophlc range (7 apaclaa)
SX of apeciea Introduced (7 apeclaa)
Largest decline In floh populetlone (73*) occurred In mldrtver reachea,
followed by • MX doc 11no In flah apocloa In both headwatar and largo
river roachoa.
Inaectlverea, herblvoraa, earnlvorea, and plenklverea ahooed aiara
apocloa dacraoaing than Increaalng. Omnlvorea had alallar percentages
af apaclaa doclining ond Increasing.
Hobltot degradation hod tha groataat Impact on flah populatlana.
99 apocloa of flah ooro collected.
Richest teia «aro:
Cyprlnldse (29 apocloa);
Porcldaa (16 apeciea);
Cetoatemtdee (11 apocloa);
Centrachldae (12 apocloa);
Spoclaa composItIan haa changed algnlfIcantIjr alnca 1959. Drainaga
of tho Block Scamp couaad the docllno of many commercially valuable
apocloa (laualial lunge (§998 9f!9Vli!98X}( northern pike [||$v luciut),
I oka sturgeon (A$lpenfer fyivascana], welleye f$tlieatodoln vItreumf.
erne11mouth baaa (Ujcr^pterua dolomteui)) ond Incroaaa In loaa
valuable apaclaa (quillback carp euciier [Cargiodaa cyprinya), glitard
ahad (pqroioea copodianum). froahoatar dram [AfIodlnetus grtmnjonej,
buffalo Hctlobua ap.)> carp fCyprinua csrploj).
Source
Kerr, Tath, and
Dudley, 1999
(continued)

-------
Stitt	WaUrbody
IL (con.) Meumee Riv«r
Nenpoint tourca
Apr leuItvrtI icilvitlt>
(9«* of rWor bast" agricu
tur»l and 2 ip»H urban in
of To Iado and Port
EPA REGION 6 (eontinuod)
Impact* on aquatic blot*
17* of apaclaa dtcMnlng (17 tpoeitt)	Karr, Toth, »nd
27% of ipocUi focatly •«tlnci or proaont In laofatod r«f«0«t	DudUy, 199$
(27 apoda*)
Ifil of apaclaa «t*bU (94 *p«ci#t)
10V of apaclaa (ncrtitlng In nuobtrt or g«o0raphle ranga (19 iptelti)
11* of apaclaa Introduce (11 apaclaa)
H*«d«at«r iir«»M hiv« ivff*r«d (fMUtt d«cl fnoa In flafc population*
(60% of 29 apacia»), follo*«d by ml dr War araas (44% of 94 iptcUt),
and lastly by largo rlvar araaa (only 31V of 16 ap»claa).
IniMttvorst, twblvaraa, and top carnlvoraa d*c 11 nod (41-WI).
Minblvorof aHo«*d 109X lncraaaa and omnlvaraa lncroaaod In aadtva-
atiod rivora. Fauna shifted moat In mad lumbal tad rlv*ra.
Sourco

-------
CPA REGION 6 (continued)
StiU
VtUrM}
Not
Impacts on iquaiic biota
S<
IN
Eigt* CrMk
(HMilioA, Boom
Hoodriciit, »nd
Marion CountSos)
A^ricwltvrtl iciivitiot
(conpariion of l»nd us*
((¦poets on thr«* »»Ur»hod»)
From 1978 through 1969 fish and McroinvortobrcU cui'inunlties were	Common et ol.
inod from throe vitorihodi rtnging from predominately forested (Rattle- 1993
tniko Crook) to progressive!y moro hesvlly igriciflturil (Stotts Crook
[S0X cropland; 3SX forest) snd EigU Creefc (70% cropland; MX forest)).
Stotta Creefc
(Morgan and Johnson
Counties)
In addition to biotlc comnunliUs, riparian vegetstional patterns,
stroam aiorphology, and habitat were oaaminod. Thoso Investigation
were coordlnatod with concomltont atudios on land us* and soil loss
simulation studios.
Rattlesnake Creek
(Owen County).
Fish surveys
Fish populattona at 14 altos were samplod twice eech aummer with an
•loctrlc aelne. Estlmatos of stsndtng crop, obtained by the Ootury
method, and sovsral community paramotors were examined in rotation to
tho intensity of agricultural developsmnt.
Standing crop esttmatea of flah were not. In th*m**lves, of groat
valus in evaluating chronic agricultural offocts. Oepreaslons in
standing crop occurred In roaponao to sporadic Influences by anlaisf
feed lots and also to • chronic problem downstream from a chemical
recycling plant and landfill.
Stsnding crop and the proportion of plactvorea (contrarchIds) end
Insect Ivoros appear to best Indicate the eatent to which suatsInod
agriculture sffects the fish community. Moderate agriculture per-
mit# an e>panaion ef the atandlng crop while smlntalnlng good popu-
lations of aunflah, crepple, end bass. Heavy agriculture ultl-
siately causes greet declines In centrarchlds and catoatomlda, and an
expansion of osmlverea, detrltlverea, and herbivores, first in
smaller stream# and then progressing downstreom.
A statistically significant negative relationship waa found between
percent cropland In watershed* and percent placlvore* and Inaeetl-
vores (I P«I) In the fish cesi*unltl**« The Amount of cropland It* aub-
watersheds accounted for SIX of the variation In % P*I In Eagle Creek
end IIX in Stotts Creek. Statistically slgnflcsnt negstlve relation-
ships *lse occurred between percent cropland and swan depth and between
percent cropland and Inaect diversity.
¥*ct9jnyortobrateftydlof
Three Surber **mpl*s of macrolnvertebrstes were collected monthly from
Msy through October. 8leamaa was not a reliable Indicator of envlron-
mental condition*, but diversity based upon density of Insect famlllea
ws* useful.
The best collecting stations generally yielded from 19 }a 79 Inaect
families. Chironomida were asjor components of all locations during
May and June, but declined In Importance In July and August in the
•good" sites while remoinlng abundant in the "poor" sites. TrIchop-
tors, especially Hydropsychtdae, becomo the dominant insect group
following the decline in Chlronomldae.
(continued)

-------
suto
WiUrbodjf
Nonpoint tourc*
IN (con.) Eoglo Crook
(H«milion, Boon*,
Mondrlcfcs, »nd Morion
CouniUt)
Scotts CrMk
(Vorpin ind Johnson
Countios)
RaUlttnili* Croob
(Owon County)
Agricultural icilvltitf
(co«i|>iriaon of I»nd ut«
•<"P>ct9 of thro* «»Ur«h»
EPA REGION 6 (conitnuod)
[notcil on tquiiic biots	Sourco
Polnt-ioore# disturboncoo oltorod tho tv«ono«lc composition by oll«l-	Gtovtton «i si.,
noting or it««rljr roduclng uiutlljf unco—won fo*OMos ond tbo ovoralt	IMS
dlvortity, whllo incroiing nu«b«r« of CMronoMldi*, Oligochsota, ond
Nomotods. Hosvy sgrlculturo lod to I doprossion In donslty of non-
cMronomld tna«cta.
Rteovtry freo a slngls avont rapid, «hH« chronic dopraaslon* In
tho Mcr«1nv«rUbraU community occurrod In oroas of high sgrlcultursl
utl 11 iitioi).
Tho proooneo of a vtQ«Ullv« buffor botrasn •grlevtiufll flolds.
Including graiod pasturos, rosldontlsl trMi, or Midowt ond • itraao
I* vory la^oriini to tho stroaa MoiyiUn. Tho swat tor tho •tr^ko tho
«oro important la this buffor strip.

-------
EPA REGION 6 (continued)
StiU
V«Urboppb	to
control Si*utlldoo lorvoo)
Thlo otudy woo conducted for 1 yoor from July 1972 to July 1973.
ftlfflo lnv»rUbriUt woro ollowod to colontto irtifidil wbitfiUf
for 90 doyo. 2 control and 2 trootod ititloni voro OKO<*tn*d.
ElwU ond
Hirtung, 1976
Chongeo In opocloo dtvorslty Mr* coiaporoblo to IndWIduol populo-
tion cKmmi. After doolng, div«r«lty docrooood bocouoo of roducod
•p«ciM rTchnooo ond r*d«e*d popwlotlon d«n«itlu. Boot I >
J ntorco J_orJ • » J*v)(«nt, for loot o ftltsJtfo, A]i«Sien[» op.,
l!?P*Cll *P«» mn^ HjfolofI§ |(tfca populetlono woro ttmporirily
roduc*d.	||Uc|	not ©boorvod In dosod rlffloo for 9
Month* of tho linaontj) pootlcldo dosing porlod.
^opuliiloM of Nydr^ur^hf mrw» ond foowootopoycho op. woro Initiolly
roducod but rocovorod rop I dl jr. Dm«H; of most InvtrUbriitt roturnod
to prodoilnf lovolo within 3# dojro.
Bottom InvtrUbrtU collection* oahlblted looo variability In ip«cU«
dlvorolty thin irtlflcUl plot* «Mpl«rt.
Th« cowiunlty rooponoo (•• «t»tur«4 by opoeloo diversity) Indlcotnd
that tho «othoxychlor dosing rooulted In no oubotontlol cboogo In
diversity.

-------
SUl*
WaUrbody
NvHpoliii luurc*
IM (con.) North Branch Cr«*k	Agricultursl activities
Bltcliftoof RU«r	(orgtftlc Mt*ri|t)
Cir'ibov Rivtr
(•II of th« pristine
sites studied were
Iocsted in deciduous
forests)
I PA RtKION f, frnnUnued)
Impocts on oquotlc blvlt	*j»ui c«
North Brsnch Creek, in addition to having the highest alksllnitjr	Krueger snd
end nitrstes, hsd the highest f Ine-psrtJcIs proportion* in the	Voters, 1903
substrste, s quslliy probsbty relsted to its slover current velocity.
Since, of the three streets. North Brsnch Creeli wo* ths only stressi
nesr sny igriculturil ires, it is pesslble thst sgricultursl orptnic
input, sccueulsted in the fine sedlaents, wss sn lmpertent fsctor in
the higher tenthic production.
Tots I fish itsndinp stocks sppesred to hsvs s positive association
with both Invertebrste herblvore-detr1tivore end cornlvore produc-
tion. Caribou river, which hsd the Ioeest fnvertebroto production
for both trophic level*, else hsd the lowest fish standing stock.
Slellsrly, the Blsckhoof River ess inter—Jjete end North Brsnch
Creek m« highest for these estlswtes. Since Most of the fish
species In these stromas utilize benthos for food. It Is not sn
unexpected result thet the production by the I seer trophic level
(Invertebrstes) wss positively sssocleted vith stsndlng stock of s
higher trophic level (fish). The results of the present study
eophsslce the role of Invertebrste food production In determining
fish bioMii; the omkIisuni sttsinsble fish itsndlnf stock Is
probsbly set by invertebrste production but ssy be regulsted st
seete lower level by ether fsctors such ss space.
(continued)

-------
Stilt	V»Urbody
IM	North Branch trM
-------
St«i«	VtoUrMy	Nonpoint lourc*
IM (con.) Cotioiwoo^ Rivtr	Agricultural
(Lyon County)	(•»•#•• (lomiirMa offocta
natural atroam	of channolizatton and i^ricul
tural dralnogo dovolop«aont)
HiglwiUr Croofc
(Cottonwool County)
natural itr«M
Fort Rldgoly Crwofc
(N»collnt and R«r>v)l|«
Countioa) aodifi«4
str«aa
ftams*r Croofc
(K«4to»4 County)
aodifitd itraaa
CPA REGION $ (continue)
Intact* on aquatic biota		Sourco
Mocroinvortobrato aaaiploa woro coIloctod with a Surbor aamplor.	ftflaroh ami
Vatora, 19M
Ton ptrcant of all eoapirtaoM of bonthlc InvtrttbraU populations
Indicatod a dlfforonco botwoon natural and taodlfiod strosai pairs,
and Individual natural and aiodlflod atraa—a d J fforod in	than
20% of tKair e«apirli«f»i. ,Th« too aodiflad atrosaia, Fort Rldgoly
and ffaattjf, woro dlfforont In 4% of tho conpar-iaona and thw natural
atr«a«af HlgliMUr and Cottonwood, difforod in about 2#X. Thoao
rosulta rofloct tho Inhoront variability in taaplN froia Mall ateoaai
ocoayatama whllo at tho oaaw tlai taphailllng tho liallirlty botaaan
tho two pairs.
Ovtr tfc* 21-oonth study porlod, ann abundanco, bloaioaa, and drift
of total tnoocts and total bonthoa woro slaillar In all atriam, and
aionthly aaant of thoao aioosoroa ahawod fow significant di fforoncoa
batwaan natural and aiodif Iod pairs. Tho abondaneo, bliaiti, and
drift of total nonlnaoct Invortobrotoo, abundanco and blomaaa of
two ffdoalnaot tnaoct ordora (Trlchoptoro and CaUapUft) t and
drift of Plocoptoro vorlod olgnlfIcantly sawwg atraaaia. With tho
oxcoptton of noninaoct and ploco#tor an drift, all nooauroa woro
grootor in natural than In mad if tod strosaw, although diffornncos
botwoon atroama within ooch typo alto occurrod. Tho abundanco of
dlptoron Insocts, wfiieh accauntod far 4i«6M af all faunas, was
atari lar among all strosais.
frovtoualy publlahod atudloa provldo a sufficient baa)a to concludo
that If agricultural drainaga dovolapnant had roaultod In lovola af
ailtatlon and turbidity which would bo Major lopacta on bowthIc
orgonloma, tho two aiodifiod itroaai Invoattgotod would havo bad
dopauporato lavartobrato aniatlagN •« comparad with tho natural
atraana. (Inductions In fauna ahould bo oapaclally sppsront for Uxa
that irt into I or ant af auch condltlona: Paoudocloaan op., Hydropaychldao,
Sjau[iiM sp.# Phyfa fly rIns, Ffrlaiia ap.f Polocypod*, and «th«rs. Tho
proaont ropulta Indiesto cloarly that this waa not tho caao.
In gawaral toraia, tho bonthlc Invortobroto fa unaa af M»o four atudy
•traama ooro atari Isr. Ovor tho ontiro atudy porIod, and with fow
oacopttons on a monthly baaia, numorleal abundanco*, blomaaa, and
drift ratoa ooro alaillar. Spoctoa dlvoralty aa roproaontod by tho
numbor of taia oncountorod and tho distribution abundance among tHoai
waa similar for oil atraama (Hlghwotor 1.13, Cottonwood S.gS, Fort
Ridgoly 4.99, Ramaoy 4.gg). Bocawao allt and turbidity woro alaillar
in all atroo«a# thoao did nat appoar to bo couasl factors dlfforon-
tl a I fy affocting tho bonthoa In tho two modlflod atraaaia aa ccapTod
with tho natural atraaaia. In fact, tho alaillar turbidity lovola
found in oil atrooma probably accauntod for tho alaillarity In bonthoa
and drift among all atraaaia.
(conttnuod)

-------
SUU	VtUrbody
UN (con.) Cottonwood R?vor
(Lyon County)
Natural tirtM
HighwaUr Cr««lc
(Cottonwool Count/)
nttwrii ilr«M
Fort Ridgoly Crook
(NieelUt tnd Rwtvlllo
Count!o») modift«d
•t room
ftawsoy Crook
(Rodwood (ovnty)
mod i f iod »tr*M
CPA REGION S (continued)
Nonpoint sourco
Agr(cultural ictivItioa
(••«••• d9«niir«»A offocta of
ch»nn«liiition and igricul-
tural drainapo dovolopmont)
Impact* on aquatic biota
WhiU Ui* 4 study sirtMW voro gowaraI ly tU'ilar, thoro »or« a nuoibor
of statistically significant difforoncoa botwan natural and sodlliad
stroasi pairs. Kornvtr, thoso difforoncoa voro primarily a rosult of
invortobrato nuwbors, bloatia, or drift rotos bting oncoptionat In
om strooai compared with tho othor throo. Alao# In wo at instancoa in
vhicli difforoncoa voro found botwoon natural and aedlfSo4 ttr«*N pllri,
thoro voro olso difforoncoa oithin pain.
Tho 6 algniflcont difforoncoa )n total drift rato CAIlocapnta ap.f
Stononoaio sp., Tlpula ap., HyoloIJa aitoco, ond PKyaa artist) oHoood
that In aach tnstonco rotoa «aro groaUr Tn siodlftod than natural
Sourco
Harsh ond
if a tors, 1999
Downstroo* roachoa of aiodlfiod atraama did not tiparitfica 41fforont
rogiiao* of ollt ond turbidity loading cowparod with tho natural
atraaoa. Oifforoncoa in bonthle invortobrato faunaa botwoow atraaoa
voro priawrlly attributoblo to local difforoncoa In aubatrato and
othor sito-spociffc factors rothor than agricultural octlvltloa.

-------
suu
VI (con.) Wimhbiw Lake
(J«fUr»on County)
Construction activities
(highna; runoff from Inter-
state 1-94)
EPA REGION & (continued)
Impacts on iqgfttie bioU	S<
A Mold study was conducted at th« 1-94 site In Wisconsin. Lower	Oupuli et tl.,
Nwaahbift toko is o rwlatlvoly smII (271 scro [110 ho]) toko of glaeisl 1996
origin Iocatod in o watershed whoso predominant Isnd usos were undevel-
oped tnd low-density restdentisl. A major intorstot* highway (1-94)
passes directly ovor tho northorn portion of tho lilts. Tho highway
design Is primarily flush-shoufdor, grassy-ditch drsinogo throughout
tho right of way (ROW) within tho direct tributary aroo of tho lake's
watorahed. Thoro is a	(9.49-kw) curbed bridge dock with diroct
to lako scuppor drain stormwater discharges. Traffic velum* at tho a 11*
woo awderete ()Sl9ff vehicles por day).
Pollutant load* from sources othor than highway runoff woro predominant.
Tho HOW accounted far about 9 percent of the diroct tirbutery drainage
aroo, and froa #.92 to S percent (depending en the pollutant) ef the
pollutant load to the lake from all aourcoa.
Runoff pollutants are well dteperaed and dlluted by lake water or
rapidly settle out, preventing water quality degradation, even In near-
shore oroas. Stote atenderda were not exceeded during these eventa aa
the result af 1-94 runoff loads.
No water quality effects occurred at » result of highway salting. Pro-
longed (or even short-term) soft stratification waa not observed In
profundal areas of the lalto during winter aonths oven though approxi-
siotoly 2t tono of salt were applied to the 1-94 ROW within the site and
high salt concentrations were Miivrsd In the runoff.
Ofrect discharge of highway runoff frost the bridge deck scupper drains
caused a local Tied Increaae in sietale and aalto Tn nearshore sediments
end cetteile. The ultisuite Impact of thoae accumulations Is uncertain.
However, It can be Inferrod from tho quarterly benthos sampIing and in
sjty flow-through bloassaya that the Impact la minimal.
Metal concentrations found In cattails collected from marshy areas neer
scupper drains decreased to background lovolt within 66 ft (31 s) of
the input point. Oete Indicated that doiclng salts were not aa effec-
tively retained in the cattail marsh aa the metala. Cattails collected
from the site did not display a tonic response to eleveted motels and
aalt levels.
Qualitative sampling of bonthic Invertebrates st Lower Nomahbln Lake
indicated little effect of highway runoff. Although several tana con-
sidered facultative to intolerant of pollution (fredriceHa, Stena^ron,
and $tenonema) were found exclusively ot control stations, other taxa
considered intolerant were found either exclusively at highway-influenced
atationa or at both control and influenced atatlona (CnaIlagai. Amnlcola,
Hydrecsrina, and Oaphnie).
Field microcosm e*perliaente using S Indigenous specie* snd 1 trans-
planted species (Oaphnia magna) showed thot highway runoff had minimal
impact on these test species. The species were exposed for epproxixtttely
3 weeks in both highway runoff-influenced snd control ststions.
(continued)

-------
SUU	ff»Urb«4y
*1	Sugtr CtmIi
(Walworth County)
Nonpoln
Construction actlvitios
(runoff fro* rural hl9hvi|)
CPA REGION S (conttnood)
Imp •eta on aquatic biota
Tho Wisconsin Hlghvajr IS s I to Is roprosontatl vo of aany rural higfcttjf/
rocoivlng wator inUractlont; i.a., low traffic volu^a (7*409 vohlclas/
4ajr), f lush-shoufdor highway doaign, and a pradominantly agricultural
watorshod.
Sourca
Cupula
1966
it a I.,
Annual pollutant loadinga froai tho highway right, of way (WW) coapr)»«^
a vory 9A»11 porcontogo of tha total watorahod loada (0.03 to 0.30% of
tho atroam load doponding on tho pollutant). Tho ROW occountod for only
1.6X of tho total watorahod aroa.
Wator quality impacta fro* highway runoff during ato rat ovonta woro not
apparent. Stata wator quality standards «ar« not oscaadad aa • roault
of Highway IB runoff, nor woro EPA acuto (IS-min) crltorla. Modion wot
woothor load concontrotlona at all atatlono woro bolow tho EPA chronic
crltorlon; howovor, so v or a I dtacroto sss^los froat highway-influoncod
atationa oncoadad this cr i tor ion.
Stroaai aodismnta I Ifcowloo did not contain conalatontly o I ova tod eon-
contratlons of runoff-roIitad pollutanta such aa hatvjr aatolf.
Mot*Is concontrotlona In cattails and willow aampf oa tofcon from Sugar
Croolr woro not olovatod at runoff-lnfluoncod stations rolstivo to
control stations or roportod background l»«slt from uncontamlnatod
aroas. Salt concentrations hsd no opparont offoct on tho hoalth or
growth of olthor cattail or willow samp las In apt to of olovatod eoneon*
trstions whon cowparod to control stations and background valuo* ropor tod
In tho lltoroturo.
Thoro was no substantial ovidoftea that longitudinal variations In
abundonco, d*stribution, and campaoltlon of tho bonthlc Invortobroto
fauna col loctod on Hostor-Oondy samp tors woro attributablo to runoff
frost Wisconsin Stato Highway IS. ftathor, thoso variations woro
attributed aialnly to Intrinsic phyalcal-chomlcal characteristics of
tho stroom (i.o., turbidity, aubatrato, and curront voloclty).
Tho offocts of highway runoff on *ocroinvortobrsto aamplIng woro
minimal. Statlatfcal dlfforoncoa botwoon runoff-l«fluoncod stations
ond controls woro rolotod moro to ocooyatoia conditions (curront* tub*
strata, ate.) than to wator quality, tho authora do to rm I nod tho moan
donslty (g/*i*), blomoss, rlchnoss, snd blotlc Indo* for mocro Invortobroto
aamplaa.
Tho offocts of highway runoff from Wisconsin Stato Highway IS on
por iphy ton communit ios of Sugar Croofc woro ailnlaisl. Thoro woro saw
instancos whoro tho control station hod groator swan sionthly donsltioa
than atationa affoetod by highway runoff. Howovor, thoro woro many
Instancos whoro tho control had lowor donsitlos thon tho othor ststions.
Mumbor of tasa col loctod ovor tho 1-yoar aampllng porlod woro almllar
botwoon atationa. This similarity of moan sosthiy and moan annual dons-
itlos snd divorsity botwoon atationa auggoata no, or vory llttlo, toxic
offocts of highway runoff on stroaai porIphyton In Sugar Croofc.
(contlnuod)

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SUU	Wa Urbedy
•I (con.) Imp«k« CrMlr
Hen^oifli Mure*
Agricultural activities
(aadi «*nUti«« In	of
brook trout, Salvollnus
fontiml fs)
CPA REGION 6 (coniinu^)
Impact* on »<|M»tie biota	Soorco
Laboratory oxporinont on »»rd#nc» of olovlno	Mawalo a#*<4
"	Coblo, 1976
Sand inhlblUd awarponco; tU porcontago o' fry oawrglnf docraaaod
tigdificintty with iitcr««i)n0 *»»d composition.
ftold oxporiaionta ufing artificial and naturat rodda
Fowir nonviablo 099a or doad fry v*r« found in artificial rodda
(241 sand) as cosiporod «itk natural rodda (31% sand). Uoro nonwl-
ablo Oftfli and doad fry vara found tn natural rodda.
Cuarponcs of broofc trout la lliroljr to bo rodvcod froa» apawning
gravol containing Roro tKan 79% aond.
(continued)

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SUU	VtUrMy	Hoi
VI (con,) Eip*ri«»nUl pendi	Aprieulturtt icilviiiAi
ffmr L«k« Nag«wtcl<* (Di^oUifiiM •ndoihill
horbicido ir»>U»>ii tor
McropltyU control)
EPA REGION fe (continued)
tm^Ceit on oqootic kSoit	Sowrco
Tho hArblel^t-iN»UJ pond Kid tho gr»»U«i iM^linkton dMlUy,	S«rn«( 1976
but botN ^ond* O"hlbltod tho ii«m ov«ril I t rondo in tbtmdonco in^
ponorlc eO«^o*liiort.
Thor« Ml no ilpnitleftni difforonc* In th* Cop«p«dl (Cyclopoldo
ond Ctlonotdo)	ih« control ond horblctdo trootod pond for
•ny «Dnth» soMplod.
Tho chlorophyll § contont of tho trootod pond docrooood to noorfy
soro 2 doyo poottr»oUowti ho««v*rf 4 doyo poottrootmont tho
chlorophyll | eoncontrotlon hod roturnod to protrootmont lovolo.
(conttnuod)

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EPA REGION 6 (continued)
SUU
Wotorbody
Nonpoint tourc*
lMp«ci« on tqvailc bloto
Sourco
ttl (con.) Sugar Crook
(W»f»orth County)
CoAiirveiion octlwitloa
(higk**y runoff from furil
roadway «lth «om •99»el»t«ti»r»l tciiviiUt)
MtcroinvtrUbrtUa ««r« C9ll«cM »lth a Surbor- tMpUf,
Siliion 1 (control)
$•!th' lAd
Kaatort 1993
48 totot tons
1# taxa of PlM^Urft, TrIchoptora, ond Co loop tor*; 90S apoclwona
collocUd. 19.6 9"? yoorly arlthmotlc moan btomoaa. Lirg«ii ny«6if
of taao and porcontago of aonaitlvo organ lama.
Station 3 (alight runoff)
40 totol ton*
7 Ui» of Ptocoptoro, TrlcHootoro, Colooptor*, ond Ofptoro; 179
t|Mclo»f>i coIIoctod. 8.2 |«irl| »rlt)MMi)c moon
Docrooaod porcontogoa of Trlchoptora, Colooptoro, »nd Slmutlldoo.
Doproaaod donoltloa ond bio«*M of pollutlon-aonaltlvo fivm.
StotlofL.I («oodoroto runoff)
44 totol tOKO
6 tana of PtccopUri, Trlchoptoro, Co loop tort, and Ofptoro; 69S
•pocl«ono colloctod. 10.8 g"« yoorly •rlthMile moan bioooii.
Sim) lor apocloa compoaltlon to control vltK allghtly Mghor porcont-
•go of chlronoaildao ond almulUdao.
Station 4 (hoovy runoff)
40 totol tOKO
11 ton* of Ptocoptoro, Trlchootoro, Colooptoro. ond Dlptora; 3,009
tpociMni colloctod. 02.2 g~* yoorly irithoitic otin blooit*.
D«ip)io having hoivioat runoff, thli ototlon hod 2nd hlghoat nuwfear
of Una, htghoat b)oMii ond hlghtit porcontogo of oonaltlvo orgontoM.
OonorolCoowonto
Phyalcol itrtao choractorlotlco (o.g., •ubatrattaai ond eorront) ot
Station 4 mojr havo maakod tho offocta of highway runoff on tho
bonthlc eaMMiniijf. Roaulti auggoat dlaruptlon of b
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EPA REGION 6

-------
St»U	ViUrbody
NM	M>mbr«f Rlvor
(Cr#r»t Count/)
Nonpoint tourct
Hydro*odificotion octlvlttoo
(irr'lpition tfivtriion ond
•xt»nf)y« Uvn conitrucilon)
EPA REGION 6
Iapsctt on •qvttk bioti	SwfCt
Bontbic Mcroinv«rUbriUt ««r« col ItcUd quontitotivoiy using • cir- Jocobi ond
cut«r	Pottff# 1H4
At 3 sMipl ing tlUi, 69 tin of Mcr»invtrUbr»Ul woro idontifiod.
Sowploo ««rt colloctod in Iforcti ond July 19M.
Oiv«nitjr U4ic»» (Sbonnon-Woovor) »nd th» blotic condition indoa (8CI)
of Wingot ond Uongu* (1979) woro colculotod. Tho SCI lo cilcviaUd ll
tho ratio of ih« prodictod biologietl coowunlty (CTQp) to tKo ictwii
biological cMmtnity (CTQ#) i iM. A h)gh-guolity •nvirimont li Indi-
cated by • CTQ# lost thin 00 ond i 0CI grootor thoi* 99; • ao^iriUly
dogrodod lAvirpmntnt by o CTQ of 01-T4 ond I 6CI of 70-00; ond • poor-
quility MvirofMont by o CTQt grootor tbon 7S ond • 0CI till Uwi 70.
Tho prodictod coMounity totoronco qwoti«it» (CTQ^ ¦ 00) for oil ottoo
indicotod • looor qvtllty oyoto* tbon tho boo I prodictod for high-
quo) ity coldwotor fiohory otroomo (CTQp * $1). Thto m ooiniy dvo to
uniform rubblo oubotroto found throughout tho itrom.
Tho CTQft of M for tho upitroio lit* indicotod o dooininc* of •tniHUi
Mcrolnvortobroto toao typical of coldwotor ptrooao* THo BC1 (110) oloo
indicotod o high-quolty community.
Tho quolity do tor »i nod from tho 0C1 docrooood »t ill downotroo* oltoo.
Chonnol aiodlfScoiiono hovo oltorod tho otroo* onvironotnt by roducing
oubotroto hotorogonotty. In addition, loo immot flow roto», couplod
with conopy looo, llvootocb groilng, ond poooiblo ooptlc-toob foohogo
•wy bo roaponoiblo for towporfttwro, coltfono, ind totol phoophoruo
o«coodonco«.
(contlnuod)

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Stmt*	W»i«rbod/	Nonpoini i«urc«
NM	Mor# l)iv*r	Agricultural ieiivli<««
(Uori County)	(livtiioch griiing)
EPA REGION 6 (continued)
on •quelle b)«t*	S«
Benthic Microinv«rt«brit«t ««r* cottKi^ it»vi»r) end the bletlc con^ltiwi Indes
(DC!) of Wingst and Mangun (19/0) were calculated.
The BCI ia calculated at the ratio o9 tbt predicted biological cow-
muni tjr (CTQ~) to the actual biological community (CTQt) • 109. A high-
quality onvTronsmnt la Indicated by a CTQ| lees then M and a BCI
greater than 90; a moderately degraded environment by a CTQ# of 01*74
and a BCI of 76-99; and a poor-quelIty Mvironatni by a CTQ. greater
than 76 and a BCI leaa than 76.
The predicted coa—unity tolerance quotienta (CTQ*) based en physical
chemical criteria Indicated high-quality habltata at all altea (60-63),
The actual CTQ. shoved that Moderately tolerant to tolerant organlama
dominated the benthos at all altea (06.0 • 00.4). This fIndlng,
coupled with the lee BCI (01.9 • 76), Indicated that water quality aay
be the central ling factor regarding the macro Invertebrate ceemmlty.
Ephemeroptera t TrIchoptore, and Blptere dominated the benthos at all
altea.
frown*trearn Increeaea In total Inorgenle nitrogen concentration mey be
attributable to cumuletlve effects ef cattle grating, agriculture.
Irrigation, and enalte dlapoaal systems.
(centlnued>

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St* to	Wotorbody
NM (coft.) Cottill* Crook
(hH^MUri to «owik
4 liilloM nonitorod)
Stations I and 4
up»tr«»M controls
SUtions 9 ond 1)
downstroo* of oki
Monpoint oourco
Construction ictiviti«a
(•hi rood ond pork *119 lot
runoff)
AgrJ colturoJ octivitlos
(cottlo griiing)
• roo
EPA RECION « (continuod)
Iaftci* m oquottc bsoto	Sowrco
s«offco, 1997
Mthic Mcr»)nvsrUbf«Uf rart col loctod quo I Itot Woljr by tho
trivoliA0 kick-ocroon otothod ond qu«ntlUtiv«i| using 0 circular
•Mplor during Fobruory 1987.
Stations
1	4	9	11
Numbor of
ta»	?•	22	29	19
To to I 		
organ?***/*! 2M1	2190	1811	^«4«
Bci	n#. 4 .... iial 1M.1
WiUo Cost! Ho Crook hot oacollont ootor quollty, pork tug lot ond
rood runoff (olong with unotoblo otrooot honks) couo*d ait nor probloaos
by tncroooing totol dlosolvod oolldo (TPS), totol ouopondod oolldo
(TSS), ond turbidity. In odditis*, phoophorv* concentration*
Incrooood oo o result of cittU-gfaiing octlvltloo.
Hhllo tho wotor quollty of Cost!Ilo Crook It oicollont, the nuwbor
of toio, totol nuwkor of orgonis*s/*K, ond tho fclotlc condition lndt«
(SCI) oil decreased progressively from tho heodootors to tho aouth of
tho crook. This trond ouggooto condition* oro bolng slightly degraded
from runoff frow o ski ores, streooi bonk erosten, ond «ottlo-gro«ing
activities.

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EPA REGION 7

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Waterbody	Non^oUt »ourc«
EipvriMAUl pon4i	Agricultural ictiviiS*!
n«ir UarMc*, KS	(pesticide runoff)
Two ^ondi r«c«iv«4 20 ^9/L
•ir«(in«; two ponds received
SM ftg/t airailnt; and 2 panda
9«r**d 09 control*
EPA REGION 7
Impscts on o^uotic bists
A 4-month study ••• conducted In 6 experimental panda to Monitor Uio	dsMsysl and
effects of strtlUt (2 coAC«Air»ilons) In phytoplsnkton, loofUnkUn, KvttU, 199#
aquatic plant*, ond 3 fp«cl«l of fish (btu«giH sunfSsh,
*9frgfh|r(|9j channel catfiih, IfivJyritf	*n* iliwr< ahsd,
Ppr«9W
Phytoplsnkton biomaaa In M9-^lg/l ttraitn* ponds declined MV«rilf«N
below Uvtla found In the other ponds during Um first If dsys of ill*
study. After 24 days biomsss returned to levtlt found In the other
ponds but woo domlnsted by resistant species* Doc I ines In bl«oiu
were not observed In the	atrsilne-treeted pond* or In the
control*.
The ooti Immediate impact of photooynthetlc Inhibitor* ouch »v atraflne
In aquatic coewfiltlM li on the plants. C-I4 uptake dec I )iM9 within
a fat hour*.
C-14 uptake by the phy top lank ton ctmnlty eapeaed to IM Jlg/l atratine
aignificantly declined to SX of control pond rotoa. At day 24 rates
returned to control pond rotes with the ostoblIshnwt of resistant
species.
Phytoplonkton apeclea distribution waa altered particularly In the W-
pv/l atraiIne-treated ponds. Ttirfjryt linlnys ind ?*rl4ioLyi? ifiSJfl-
opicuum were rere or abaent after 2 daya e»peaure (SM ^oA)# while no
such doc I Ineo were notod in the 2#-/Jg/L panda,
Phytoplonkton aucceaalon in the 3 treatment groupa waa highly varteble,
and «iay in part have been related to leoplenkton reaponsea to the
atreglne.
Tho roalatanco of aome apecleo ef phytoplonkton to the effects ef
straxlne on photeayntheals wss suggested by the successions! responses
of cortsin species.
! f nk ton
Tho saoplsnkton community wss dominated st the beginning of esch
study by the Cledocerona Dlophenofomo brochyyrym end several species
of cyclopoid copepods, principally Trepfc/clepf prpsinus
Zooplankton ntimbera declined between days 2 through 19 postsppllestiont
following tho decline In phytoplonkton.
(continued)

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Wsterbody
Not
Eip«rin»nUI ponds
i»»»f Lswrence, Kintii
Agrl Cultursf ACiivtti*!
(pesticide runoff)
T«o ponds rtctivcd 20 ftg/L
•iriiln«; two ponds received
600 /lg/l itrnln*, and 2
pond* served »i controls.
EPA REGION 7 (continued)
Impacts on squatic bioto			Source	
P»p!»ni| PV.Im and	IfrrjiiiVstl e*perlenced algnttlcififc	doMoyeltes and
population dtcllnaa In the CM ^g/L ¦irallM-ir«iUd pond. Both	Kettle, 19M
species eshlblted • rsdvctlon In tHo tots! nusiber of young produced
•nd th# dally production of young. At 79 /feA straxlne Daohnla
e»h»blted tHo sune pattern of reduction, but SlfiSSfihllvi reduction#
wore not significant.
Herbivorous xooptontiton experienced both direct toxic effect* of
otroiine •nd Indirect effects of reduced food ovellebtIIty.
p»«r#phx>*f
fi Iswmtow algae end siecroph/tea romolned roro In ell ponds ihrwigli-
out the study.
Invfr^rf^a
Little effect on the benthlc Invertehrete cowanunlty «»t demonstrated.
No siortellty occurred In the eocrolnvertebrstes monitored.
£]»*»
No significant difference wss found In sertlliiy of Leoomls. PefMw,
•nd I$t«lyrj|f In the control and 21 /Ig/L strailne~eaposed group*.
Reduced flah growth was noted In the Ml /Jg/L atrsxlno-treated ponds
for fish species es percent leas growth (length ins) then controls
(tn*»Ls w*( Oftrosgwo 31X, end Ic|s Iurus I6X) .

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St*U	Wsterbody	Nonpoint source
KS (Con.) Cottonwood River	Agriculturtl »ctiviil««
(Chtse end Lyon	(feedlot runoff)
Counties)
EM»U
(control)
Cottonwood Falls
Wvit Emporii
Soden's Crov«
Neosho Ripidi
(runoff afftcltd
•ite»)
CPA REGION 7 (continued)
I*pects on iquttic biota
Uccroiftv«rt«^r«U CMnwnliy changes during ond ift*r doiurt of 2
feedlots were notod In the river from 1909 to 1971.
Ouring 1960-69, 02 MpariU taae were identified. At all stationa,
EpKoiaropUri, DipUra (Chironosridae), and Coleoptero (Elaldae)
pr*4o«iniUd. During 1970-71, OS MptriU Ua» were Identified.
Tho difference between control- ond effluent-affected ititioni
decreased. A docroooo In Dlptero (Chlrenaialdee) ond on Increase
In EphtMropio occurred it ill ototlono.
Most diverse tin (Si species) occurred with highest ipeclet divers
It/ in 1900-09 (2.00 m compared to 2.02 - 2.70 for Isipect sites).
Differences in species composition among station* were not greet
(321 of tasa occurred st oil ststlons).
A marked tendency for the nusfeer of U»« to decrease downstreem woo
Influenced by the station distance bole* feedloi ond eccisauleti ve
orgonic load froa feedloto, municlpel, and natural source*.
Species diversity during 1970-1971 atwdy (period when 2 feedloto
closed) wss higher at all ststlons than during 1900-09 survey.
Mosulto of this study provided evidence that runoff frost large
commercial feedloto had an sdverse effect on the envlronewntel
quality of the Cottonwood River ond demonstrated that the effect
contlnuea even after water quality returns to sccepteble levels.
Recovery is repid once the level of envlrenmentel stress Is reduced

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EPA REGION 1 (continued)
V«t«rbody	Nonpoint source	laptcil on iqvtiic ki«U		 	
All rivers coni«ln«d	Mining ictlvltlM	Cole «t el„#
within ih» Cttrli '	(ic)d «in« drt'itfgm Including	1973
Nitioml Fornt of	Uid, line, copper, and silver
the Missouri Oierka	4iich»rg««)
Upper B«t Fork	Typical of • clean Otarli itrtia, Uodtat season kl»OM of »I|W
(control)	occur rod, which woro cloaely followed by tko appearance of c«aivmt
erganiems throughout the year.
Bee Fork	A p«ral«ttAt dlit«K»CM«ii met developed In lot* spring, which wot
(impact aito)	Mcowrigtd by nutriento derived from «(ao wetero. A tUlM dloUa
(Cye^olTa) mi tho predominant Mnuaf elth a variety of other
dietema ond aeverol goners of yll—ontiMi algae that varied aosaan-
ally alao present. Tho ebsence of aonjr consumora wee typical af
the control aito. Nemetedee and roilfera wore tho greeteat pari ef
consumers. Manganese concentrations were elevated at this site and
wore probably aaaecleted with the high density end diversity of the
diatom community.
No*Is Crook	Concontrotlono of heovy motels In olgee (Including Pytomopftsn ep.
(impact site)	and Cjadophora ap.) were greotost at aitea neareat the tailing panda
from mill oporatlona.
Strothor Crook	In generalf toad, tine, copper, mengeneae, and cadmium wore not con-
(Hoavy impact site)	contrated in aquatic biota (crayfish, tadpoles, snails, smell fish).

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EPA REGION 8

-------
State	Waterbody
CO	Cool Cr*»tr
(Gunnison County)
Nonpoint source
Mining icilviiUt
(odd nin« driin«g« -
recovery of btologicol COOT*
munlty ifUr ippllcation of
flocculotion-ceegulet ion
technology In May 1901)
CPA REGION 0
Impecto on iqvitic biete	Sourco
Oroinege from Keyetone Uino (U»4, line, end copper mine) for 40 yeoro Todd ot •!.,
rendered the lower ooctlon of Cool Crooli blologlcoHy deed.	1902
Boforo co«MAC«»ont of tfoUont feclllty, pH woo •itroooljr low (I.I)
ond concentration* of 0 heavy metal* »oro In tonic rmjt (cadmium, 131
fig/1} copper, 1,4W )*g/L; load, 400 Jtg/L; Iron, 4S,000/Ig/L; mengeneae,
40,000 Jlg/L; ond sine, tS,000 Jlg/L ot tKo dlecherge).
After treotment, concentrations v*r« c»4n)uo, 0.S> Jlg/L; copper, 70
/Jg/L; lead, <10 /tg/L; Iron, 4M ^/L; mangeneee, 1M /tf/L; ond line,
900 /Ig/L at Uili dlecherge.
6 month* of tor focMlty Initiation tKere woo rep Id recoton Izotten hy
benthlc laocro Invertebrate* collected In Surber iMpler,
At the control lUtlon, IT tasa were col lected prior to operation of the *
plont «Ith 0 toiio collected ot dlochorge etetlona. Three dltchorfe ftt-
II on# hod 21, 24, ond 21 tone, respectively, after 0 month*, end hod 17,
23, ond 24 toso of tor 12 aontho of plont eperotlono. Species competition
chonged oftor plont operation.
Olpterono, prlnclpolly chlronomldae, which ore metal-tolerant, ear* 0SV
of invertebrates collected In 1001 ot etetion nearest to facility.
In 1002, SIX of Invertebroteo were Plecoptero (firtfitfJl frontollo
dominotlng). This shift woo indicative of Improving )n-stream environ*
montol conditions.
At downotreom stotlons to facility, Ephamaropterana predominated
(?if!fdoclpesn op., flhlthrononp r$bu|t|( ond ^tyryt longlmpnup with
some Trlchoptera (Arctopsycho grf.njllj).
Ei*h
Fioh wore collected by electroshocklng. Prior to plont atartup,
brook trout (SoIvoI[nji; fo«tlf?>Ml) wore found only upotreem of the ocld
mine drainage oreo.
2 months oftor stsrtup, downstreom stations showed presence of
brook trout, white sucker (Cfo£$(|oms#f {(jmgrigfl)), tnd brown trout
(Sslmo trutto).
Most specimens were tho young of the year brook trout, Indicating
Improved water quality.

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CPA RECION 8 (continued)
I Sl»t» '	W»t*rbody 1	No
Muddy Creek	Agricultural »ctlvititi	Ptrlphyton production «•> Monliortd en	•ttktfcrtU. Sa«^l«ri Ingmen, Weber,
(Ciicid* Cofchty)	(««diwnt)	allowed to collect temple* for 2 weeka. ltocr»li>»#rUfcr»t# basket	BaMa, IW
aemplera were weed ever S week* to men I tor thla coewnily.
Algi*
Below tho confluence of Sun Creek (neturel etreem) end Ifciddy Creeb
(«edif)«4 by receiving Irrigation «it«r), S genera of green algae
(wrfic* col lectlona), • genera (eldviier) ( end 8 genere (bottom),
disappeared from samplers. Wtnjf of Umm genera wore c#lIacted
further downstream,
IHftS**
Several diatom epeclea Increeeed at atatlena In the Muddy River which
bad a higher turbidity and arganle lead tben tba Sun River. Tbaaa
epeclee Included = 0Ut«9t xyJscr*.	afittf S- t»L'"«raa.
N.	N. ylrlAlIli •>' Njtlfshjt jlMlp»l|. Only «M
iiatw jtcrMwd—Achn.ntK.. wi nut I ¦¦liw (on* that jr.f.r. a tab I .
aubatrata).
Tho void left by A. mlnutisaimf wee ftllad with several nitrogen*laving
tsve, better adapted to the meaotrapblc and unateble bottom downatreem
from Muddy Creek. The decline In the total tana below Muddy Creek
reflects the physical impact of auapended eel Ida, while the Increeae
In total ta*a farther downatreem la a function of environmental varia-
bility and perhapa modest nutrient enrichment.
MacroInyortebratee
Olptere, Trlchoptere, and Ephemeroptera accounted for 94S of all
smcroinvertebrates et eech stetten. Thwre wee no significant differ-
ence in the relative importance of these three major orders suggesting
biological recovery st tho downstrosm stations.
Hydropsjfch#, Choumstopsjchep Stynon+mo. end Hep£egenl$ Increaaed at
the two downatreem stations. The presence of these 4 apecies Indicatea
that the large concentrstions of Inorganic suspended solids In Muddy
Creek do not interfere with feeding. There was a significant decline
In tho numbor of organlsma colonising the ssmplers st the Muddy Creek
confluence station end tho on# downstream of thet. An Increase of
*12g ag/l suspended solids resulted In en III decrees* In numbers of
Invertebretee. Tho diversity Index value wee highest for the Muddy
River atstion. Although this was the most polluted by sediment. The
euthors suggest care must be eaercised in the Interpretetlen of tho
rosults. First, colonisation of artificial aubatrata aamplera la by
(continued)

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SiaU	W*Urbody	NonpoJnt aourco
UT (con.) Muddy Cc##l»	Agrlculturi
(Cs»c«4« County)	(••dimont)
EPA REGION 8 (continued)
Imptcta on »^uati« biota	Sourco
chinet ind tha divoraity doponda on tho itiQt of community auccoaaion. Ingmo, Woboc,
Tho confluonco atatlon may harbor a transitlonol fauna composed of	ond Bahta, 1904
rtpr«t«niitivM of both tho Sun ond Muddy HJvor. Tho highor divoralty
could bo • ipittiMy limitod artifact of thla admistwra. Midgoa voro
lio/od only to family ind countod at ono gonua. It It pooalblo fooor
apoctot «or« actually proaont at tho conflutnc* of Muddy Croak. Tha
author* concludo that mooayraa of diatom and macrotnvortobrato dlvor-
a • ty provod ta bo unroliablo aa indieatora of biological impact of
••diaont and Inorganic conatftuonta.
(continued)

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EPA REGION 8 (continued)
Stato	V»i*rb«dy
MT (coa.) BluMiUr Cr»«li
(Carbon County)
S stations (I-V)
ftsmpfod from hoad-
wator ar«i to down-
lirtiM conffuonca
»»th tho Clark* Fork
flivor
Hon
Agricultural ictlviilti
(««din»nt)
Impacts on aquatic biota
FlaH aampllng waa conducted using oloctroflahlng couplod with
btocknots at thrao 4,0M-ft2 aoctlona at aach station.
Ovor a 2-yoar poriod, nadlan aodlwont concentration* wrt 19, 70,
167, 106, and 919 pfm for stations 1 to V, rospoctivol/.
A progrosalvo downstroa* docroaao occurred In vaUr tanyaratuf In
tho wintor and a progrosalvo 
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EPA REGION • (continued)
ViUrbodjf	Nonpo'ini source	Impact* on	blot*	Source
take Oahe end Uli«	Agrievlturtl ictiviii**	EKp*rim»ni«l field study ruulit ln
-------
EPA REGION 9

-------
siiU
Source
The iurf>ioM ian4 crab (EMr]t§ inifogi) «it collected along the	Burnett, 1971
California coast at 19 beach eress and analyzed for rtiiduM of DOT,
DOE, and 000.
Pesk concentrations of total DOT mt« observed In EmaHts col lac tod
at the mouth of San Frenctsco Boy, In the vicinity of Monterey Bay,
aid off the Pa Ios Verdea Peninsula. The moat dramatic concentrations
occurred In Emsr Hs collected off the Paloa Verdea Penlnauls.
The Sin Francisco Bay and Monterey Bay peaks are attributed to drain-
age from adjacent agricultural areas; the San Joaquin ond Sacramento
Valleys drain Into San Francisco Be/ and the Salinas Vsllejr dralna
Into Monterey Bay.
The most dramatic peak *sa sttrIbuted to the Los Angelas Caunty Sewer
outfall, which receives effluent from the Montrose Chemlcol Compeny,
the sole menufacturer of DOT In the United States.
Bottom sediments sppetr to be a major reservoir fer DOT residues that
may bscoma available fer biological uptake when these sediments are
stirred up.
No edverae affects of DOT In Emorlta analoao were reported.
CA	Pacific Ocean Inahore	Agricultural activities
eaters from the mouth	(pesticide runoff and point-
of San Francisco Bay	source sewsge outfall)
to Los Angeles
(continued)

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CPA REGION 9 (continued)
SiaU	WiUrbo^jr	Honpoini louret	Impacts on iqgiile bloil	. S<
CA (eon.)	Forestry iciivitin	EicH liudjr atr«M monitorod for throo luamri boforo, during, and Burnt, 1972
(logging and road construction) aftor olthor logging or rood construction.
Fish woro capiurtd using wloctroshoeklng by tho slnglo-conaus, siork-
ond-rocovory Mtkod or by tho two-catch rowval mothod.
flumwf Loko Crook	Wstor quality rowolnod within limits tolorstod by sslmonld popula-
tions aftor closrcutting In blocks.
Smn Incrosso OX) In flno aodlsMis occurrod aftor logging, but this
was not s significant chango.
Blotsoss of salstonlds wss slightly lowor during logging and Incroaaod
aftor logging. Tho 19S Incroaso In sftlsonid blo*nass was within tho
rsngo of nstural variation for unloggod California stroaots.
Yoorllng and ofdor trout woro fowor aftor logging but young-of-tho-
jroar woro isoro abundant.
All ago groups of stoolhoad trout (Salsa gairdnor[) and cutthroat
trout (Salso cjorfcj) had longor moan fongtha aftor tho logotng.
Sculptas (Coitus sp.) also Incroaaod tn btoaaas aftor logging.
South Fork Yagor Crook	No sbnorwalItloa In wstor quality woro dotoct*d aftor logging. Car*
was tafcon to loiva buffor atrip around stroaai.
Sosa Incroaso (S.(X) In flno aodtsiont occurrod oftor logging, bi«t this
wss primarily assoclatod with an upstroaia col laps# of • troo-jam-a^d-
rock barrlar.
Flab populatlona Incroaaod aftor logging. Tho blosaas of att ago
groups of atooIhoad trout Incroaaod and tholr moan longths woro
longor aftor tho loMins. Tho 1MK Incroaso In blooioss wss groator
than tho notural varlstioft In unloggod atroasia.
Sculpln snd throosplno stickloback (Csstorostous aculootus) docroaaod
aftor logging.
tittlo North Fork	No obnorsiol Ittos In wator quality woro do toe tod oftor l«Mlftf; how-
Noyo ftlvor	ovor, bvlldotor activity groatly Incroaaod strosm turbidity.
Thoro woo s significant 11.351 Incraaso In flno sodlmont aftor logging
activities.
Fish populstlons docrossod ss wotorahod snd stroom dlsturbsncos progrossod.
(contlnuod)

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StaU
WlUrbody
H0<
CA (con.) I titfo North Fork	Forttiry tctlviiUy	SiMlhMd trout populations rt««iA«d about tho imm but th« trout ooro Burnt, 1072
Nojro ftivor (con.)	(logging ond rood construction) amallor ifUr legging. Tho bloiwii doeroatod 02* ind this docroaaa
»M grootor thin that of unloggod ttr«Hii.
Scwi^Sn sbvndanco 4«cr«t««d ooch tlno tho atroo* bod bocamo hoavlly
til tod but tho tculpin quickly roeevorod.
Somo obnorstol itloa In «iUr quality woro dotoctod tfUr logging and
awjor road conitruction thich rolocatod port of tho atroo* bod. TMa
si to tho Moit sovoroly iiapsctod by forostry ictlvltiat. Moot of
tho fill slopos and stroaai bonks ooro fortlliiod with uros ond ooodod
with annual ryo graaa.
Olssolvod oaygon droppod to S ppm In ioao pool* during logging eomporod
to 10 pps In undiaturbod itroasi. Tho drop in diaaol*od axygon ma dua
to daeaylng alath.
Thoro was a significant ineraoit (141) In f Ino sodimont oftor logging
octlvltioa.
Logging *oa dotrlmontol to tho atraao aocrainvartobratoa although
conditions fovorod Diptoro ond flocoptoro. Incroasos in thoso 2
lottor groups offoot tosoos In othor ts«a causing o 12M incroaso
In daniitjr lanodiatol/ of tor rood building ond fortl 11 istlon. Within
2 yoars, tho bonthos Incroaaod 37®* ovor pro logging lovols.
Epho*oroptoro took longor to rocovor thon soat insoct ordors.
Trichoptoro rocovorod ropldlv and along «ith Pfocoptors and Dlptora
mado up tho majority of tho bonthos. Trlchoptoro drift incroasod
moat aftor road construction—hy 471 tho flrat yoar and 100* tho 2nd
yoar.
Salsionid populations docroiaod lawodiatoly aftor raad conatructfon.
ftocovory bogan tho following aprlng and tho aalmanld blomaaa tat
only 20* fowor thon prodisturbanco blomass lovola. All ago groups
of aalao^ida had graator jaooh longtha aftor road construction. Rood
construction May havo roducod tho total yiold of aalnon and trout Malta.
Tho population of young-of-tho-yoar atoofhoad trout docroasod ISt, oldor
stoolhosd trout docrooood I4X ond coho aaliaon docroaaod Ml. . Thoao
ratot aro highor than would bo ospoctod for unloggod atroaiM. Stickloback
bioMoaa fluctustod oidoly during tho atudy, shooing an ovorall Incroaao
aftor rood construction.
South Fork Caspar
Crook
(coftt)ftuod)

-------
stato
C* (con.)
WiUrbody
0? Northern California ror«tirjr •c(}vUi«t
(«ff»€is of togging	md
without ftr«M«id« buffwr
strips)
Indian Crook (C)
UpN'" Four Bit (C)
Ie»«r Four Bit (L)
Two Bit Crook (I)
EPA REGION 9 (continued)
laficti on i^uiiic biota
M«cr»Sny«rUbr»U sampling was mo do with a modified Surbor , tamp I or
RmoIIi fro* Loggod (L) and Control (C) atraaws.
Sourco
Ernwrt, Nofrbold,
and *oby, 197?
North Fork Cofpar (C)
Coppor •B* (C)
Coppor	(I)
Coot Branch Lights (C)
Uppor Taylor (C)
Lowor Taylor (L)
Uppor Now York (C)
Carnop Crook (C)
Mid Now York (I )
Now York Tributary (L)
Total


organisms
Shannon
Chirononirfa*
(No./«2)
d 1 vara i t/
(No,/«^J
384a
2.17
1221
3884
2.4S
1904
S14E
1.94
2G90
3332
2.08
1437
1424
1.92
16S
748
1.79
237
10887
1.17
6929
04®
2. SI
1M
111#
2.70
2€1
2174
2.2*
1049
2332
2.7S
610
1174
2.23
•72
3676
1.77
2230
1408
1.00
M2
(eontlnuadj

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Stat*
CA (con.)
EPA REGION 9 (continued)
Watorbody
Hon
lapacta on aquatic biota
62 Northern California Forostry activities
atroams	(•ff«ct« of logging with and
without itr«amid« boffor
str ips)
South Fork Hoy* (C)
North Fork South Fork Noyo (C)
Haro CrMh (N)
R«iulU from Control (C), Wido (V), and Narrow (N) Buffa
Total
organlaata
GM
914
700
Shannon
djv+ralty
2.44
2.20
2.04
Chironoalda*
(No./w2)
29
20
Sourco
Ernan, Nawbold,
and ftobr, 1977
Fall CrMli (CJ	1114	2.OS	300
Upper Packsaddl* (C)	16/8	2.2S	144
Low PackaaddU (N)	2640	2. IS	1M2
Fall (in* •• abova) (C)	1144	2.05	Ml
North PackaaddU (C)	769	2.16	29S
Knopki Crook (N)	3T8	2.77	58
Soar Crook (C)	2049	2.M	399
llppor DoollttU (C)	2349	2.M	299
low Ooelittla (W)	1231	2.77	233
Cub Cr<*v (C)	2064	l.M	329
McCaah Craah (C)	1689	2.ST	183
Roger a Crook (W)	649	2.94	99
frying Crook (*)	1239	2.49	422
Big Crook (C)	S02	2.60	92
Murpby Crook (C)	1239	2.90	102
Callahan Crook (*)	1134	2.90	9S
Cordon Crook (N)	1689	1.7S	279
Haakall Crook (C)	970	2.00	101
Uppor Chapman (C)	9S0	2.7S	209
Looor Chapoan (*)	1314	2.SI	S60
(continued)

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EPA REGION 9 (continued)
SUit
ViUrbody
Not
Impacts on iqgiiSc blot#
S<
CA (con.) 62 Horth»rn Cftllfornii Pertiiry activities
Diversity mi itQniflcintly lovtr in iht logged air«««« thi« In the
Ermin, Newbold
snd Roby, 1977
sir«Ms
(effects of fogging with snd
without stresmside buffor
strips)
01
controls.
idtng
control in 4 of 6 esses.
Oivvrtitf of wldo bufforstrlp streams was as high or higher than
corresponding control.
There vat • positive correlation (Spearman's r*6.71) between buffer
eldth and diversity.
At logged sites CMronomldao, Baetls and Naeouro, were consistently
more abundant than at control sites.
Diversity af streams logged over II yeera earlier significantly
lower than dlveralty In control streams.
(continued)

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Stat*	Walorbody
CA	M northern California
from co**Ui
to laid-olowatlon
Slorro Novodo
Mountains
Nonpoini sourco
Foroatry act Wit)oa
(logging)
EPA REGION 9
Impacts on aquatic biota	Sourco
Th« McrolnvvrUbrit* cowmnI ty (col Ioctod In modi f tod Surbor	Ncvbold, Era»«,
aooplora) *ai utod to ovalwato offocta of logging U control, bwfforod and Roby, 1080
(narrow buffor iono <30 a and oida buffor tona ^30 •), and loggod
watorahod streams. Logging occurrod 1-S .yoara prior to ooeroinvorto-
brato aamp Iing.
Shannon divoralty indicoa woro aignifIcontly Iooor at Coggod altoa than
at control oitoa. Tho nuaibor of tana colloctod oaa not • ignlfIcantly
Iooor ot loggod altoa. TK« loo divoralty oppoara to bo a rosult of
hlgbor donaitloa of Baatja, Nomoura, and Chironooldao at loggod altoa.
Total donflty of a»eroinyarUbriUi oaa lilghor at loggod altoa than at
control altoa.
Effoctlvonoaa of buffor atrip protoctlon
Uolng Eucfidoon diatancoa, thoro woo a aignifIcont offoct of logging on
narroo bufforod atroawa. logging oltK o oldo buffor tono of protoctlon
produced no aaaturibU offocta on laocroinvortobratoa as cooparod to con--
trol orooa.
Shannon divoralty Indicoa »or« Iooor at 9 of 4 narroo buffor tono
strooais than at tho rospoctlvo control*, but tho trond ••• not algnifi-
cant. At oido buffor tono atroaiao, divoralty gavo no' Indication of
logging offocta.
lifting Kruakal-Wal Ita, (nonparoootric ono-wajr ANOVA) phowod tho atroooo
at loggod altoa ooro aigniflcantly Iooor in divoralty thin In oldo
buffor rono or control otrooma. Narroo buffor tono atroaiaa could noi
bo distlnggiahod fro* tho othor groupa.
(continuod)

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$taU	Watcrbody	Noftpoint tovrc*
CA (con.) Cqyata Craak	Urban runoff
EPA REGION • (continued)			
lapicit on	kbtt		 „		
A l-y«»r want taring iMy conductod to «im«« M»# ^«ct» of
urban runoff an i)t« biota a# Coyato Crook.	Niaam, 1662
61ftKfWW
Ttaaua aaaiptoa af tha laoaqu I taf i ah (Qgw^Vf jt vfft*J.9)» f I lnwnUui
ilflia	»p.)# crayflah (PfKtiiifM siltklDf «»ttoll
plant (Typhp •*•) *+*<> analy*ad far hoavy mUI« at 9 MiHirbtii and
I urban runoff aitoa.
toad cancantratlona mt# panarolly highor in algaa, crayflah, w»4
cattail* (by a factor af 2-B, ralatlva ta tha carroaponding non-
urban alto) »hi(t toad cancantratlona U fliH did not •>•« ta
dlffar whan comparing urban and nan-urban alt**. Cancantratlona
of load In biota oacaadad wator concontrationa by o factor of Iff.
Zinc concontrationa ooro groatar by I factor of throo In vrbin va.
non-urban alto taaflai for algao and cattaila, but woro cawparabfa
far crayflah and flah. Concontratlon of ilitc In blata oacaadad
¦atar cancantratlana by a factar af IN.
Ei2h-fioetfLc(!9!!f
In nanurban roachoa of Coyoto Croak natlvo fioh apocloa tandad to
prodoalnoto. Of 2,979 apaclaani calloctod, MX woro hitch (Lavinja
tEilistyda), 27* throaapino atickloback, (foat+raytfup aculoatwf),
12* SacraManto auckor (Catoatoawf 9£tid*9t*lll)* M prickly acufpln
(C?ttyf 9fpor)r 41 Sacrawonta blackflah (Qr^hodon ailcralopldotua).
2% California roach (Mofparplsysifa yyawaa^rIqual ¦ which nada up I9X
nativo apacia* and 11* Intraducad apocloa.
In urban raachaa 7* of flahoa woro nativo apocloa and 93S aoro
Introducod apocloa Including 67* laoaqultofIah fCfwbyaia ifflolf).
21* fathaad oinnawa (Plwahalat aramptapl. and 2* throadfIn ahad
(Qerofowa paton^naf).
6««thjs M%crolnyprJt«br»(9f
Col taction* aoro aada with both natural and artificial aubatrato
aaaiplara.
Tho abundanca and dlvoralty af taxa gonorally aoro groator In tho
nonurbanliad aoctiona of tho crook. Bonthoa at cantral atatlana
con*i*t*d primarily af awphipod* and a dlvaraa aaaambtaga af aquatic
Inaacta. Togathar, thoao group* mado up 66* af tha bonthoa calloctod
Claan vatar form including tha ainphipod, Mydflji liltSli •ayfllaa,
coddiafliaa, black flioa, cranaflioa, aldorflioa, and rlfflo baatlaa
•ara abundant.
(continued)

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CPA REGION 9 (continued)
Stato	V»Urbo4)r	Non^lni Mure*	Impacts on aquatic biota	Sowrco
CA (con.) Cojroto Crook (con.) Urban runoff	Bon tHo a at tho urban runoff stations conalstod a Imoat oftclualvoly	fltt and
(97* of all bonthoa) of pollutlon-toloront oligochaoto worsts	Botoman, 1992
(tubificida).
Total numbor of bonthic tana woro 2 to 9 for urban stations and
t to 30 for nonurbsn altos.
Control co—aonta - Somo potontlslly harmful concontrations of
ommonio, nitratoa, phosphorus, and morcury do occur In Coyoto Crbok
In both tho nonurban and urban roachoa. Wator quality critorla In
tho urban aroa that aro jonorally oncssdod Includod dlaaolvod
osygon, coppor, load, and tine. Chanjos In tho stroosi substrato
alao occur aa a roault of slit ond dobrla from urban runoff. Thoao
varioua conditiona aro roaponstblo for docIino In spocios dlVorsity
ond abundonco In tho urbon roachoa of Coyoto Crook.

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EPA REGION 10

-------
Nydroatodlficotlon •ctUSii**
(Crinitic t^iawnt «•« addod
ortSficiolty to oiaailoto
b»nli alimpago.)
H/dro*odlftcatlon actlvltloa
(Crmltlc	«m Mmiilly
cImm^ froaa iom riff*# irui
and coaptrW U imdMnt^
(control) irMi. CImm4
•r««i Mr* 2IX lofcoddod by
aand by Um lui aoaipllng 4«U
(46 <6oyo ifUr cloaning].)
CPk REGION 10
lapicii on i^uattc biota	Sourco ¦
Aquatic Inoocto ooro colloctod by I.WiV bottom tMf l«r« ot 2 doya	Bjornn ot il.,
boforo m/td 1, 3, 14, and 23 dayo following oodiaioftt addition.	1977
Tho artificially addod udlaoAt did not k»v« i lignificanl i«Mdi«U
or long-tor* iayact on tho bonthlc tnaoct canwunlty oacopt for o
corrolatian botwoon laioct donaity and laval of cobblo Iwboddadwoai
for Ephanaroptara and tho Trlchoptoro (Brachycontrua op.).
Eatromo rongoa in aubstroto ptrMoUrt ooro not proaont uftdor tho
toot conditlono; thoroforo, Koapp Crook raaulta oro atoro roatrlctod
in applicability than thoao of Elk Crook.
Donalty and dlvoraity of bonthic Invortobroto cwmn 1 ty waro odvoraoly
affoctod whoft largo aaounta of oodiaiont woro proaont In rlfflo aroaa
(l.o.. >2/3 cobblo iwboddodnoao In Elk Crook). Prodominant ladiaani
woo fIno aand (<6.36 aa dioaotar).
Sod i moo tod atroawbods with cobbloa a»r* thin 2/3 Imboddod In aand
advoraoly offoctod tho bonthic tnaoct coa—nnlty bocawao aand tonda to
rootrlct aubourfoco hobitotion by aanjf Inoocto and to roduco paraoa-
b11i ty. Cobbloa Imboddod In cooroor oodiaonto gonorolly oupport a
richly divoroo Inooet cooaaunlty. Largo pobbloo and cobblo (6.4-12,) cia
dlaaiotor) unimboddod or partially iadtoddod provldo good riff (o'habitat
for inoocto.
Af tor 46 day a, tho total nuabar of iaaocio on tho aanwaM| cloonod
plota «aa 1.6 tl«oo tho niaabor on tho control (uncloonod) ploto.
Tho numb or of ipocUi on cloonod plota woo 1.6 tl»oa tho miadiqr on
uncloonod plota.
Ephawroptoro and Plocoptoro conotltutod oara tkort 691 of Uio Inoocto
on tfco cloanod plota.
Poor iiaoo a»ra Ephoawroptoro and 6 tlaioa aara A)Ioporlp op..
(Plocoptoro) oppoorod on tho cloonod ploto.
All Ephoiaoroptoro hod grootor donoltloo on tho cloonod ploto thon on
tho hoovily •odimofftod control ploto. fthlthrooono robuata «oo 16 tiwoo
Moro abundant on cloonod ploto.
(contlnood)

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1UU
10 («n.)
Vai«fb«d)i
Ell. trooIt
EPA REGION 10 (continuad)
Won
Impacts on	biota
Hydra**d)f Scat'ion activltloa
(Granitic aodinant «as Manually
cl«a.)	3 ond 19 day a aftor 9r* addition of aod**tant.
Flah donaltloa In pooIa woro affoetod by aodtaont addition, but bonthle
Invartobrato danaltlaa rawlnad rolitUol; una I torod. Tho Mount of
covor for flah docrooaod. Tho voluno of poo la docroaaod with to^latni
addition to 49% tho original volumo, and flah danaltjr docraaaod by 38*.
Flah apactaa Includad Chlnaafc ulaaft, a tooIhoad trout, and aountatn
whlto f lah ffrotwlaa >111 lamaanl).
ftaductlon af flah aaa duo moro ta paaf voluaia and sroaa of pro far rod
dopth far tha ftih.
(continued)

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CPA RECION 10 (continued)
Situ
V«Urbo4)r
Nonpoint tovrc*
Impacts on squitic blsta
Source
10 (ton.) Emerald CrMk
Mining
(••diiMntaiion from gtrn*i
mi n i ng)
Riffle lna*cti *«r« tMipUtf with basket iM^kra end 4riftMi« con-
currently to determine If the riffU insects successfully passed
through long, low-velocity sandy runs.
iMdtkt and ;
Bruaven, 1976
The control dr If trie t waa positioned Immediately upstreas of a riffle
area. Oriftnets A, 8, and C were set in the riffle zone end progres-
sively downstream from the control net.
The control driftnot consistently collected higher numbers of species*
higher totsl number* of Individuate, and higher drift density than any
of the riffle are* nets.
Basket sample counts at the altos showed counts at the control sits
Increased during esch successive sampling period while counts at alte 8
were higher than at A or C.
Or Ift and basket colonitetion results Indicated appreciable downstream
movement (drifting end crawling) by Inwects on a sandy substrate
despite lee current velocities.
The dsalMAt *drlft* species were net the dominant "basket* species,
fphemerel ls heewba and Optioaorvua afriatyf (weak swimmers) were the
dominant drift species In July. In August, Centrooti I urn ap. end
Basket seeplea were frequently celentted by Insecta cowmen to the
I— is d I ate basket ares (Chlronomldee and Controptl Mum ap.) or fttreng
swimmer a (Controptl I lum ap., Beetle trlcaudatus. and EshiwifeMi
•IH^Ue).
The combination of eapeaure to current and Instability of san^ gralna
Is believed responsible for restricting upstream awvement by Insects
on sendjr reaches of Emerald Creek end other streams having keavy sand
depealtlen.

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SitU	Watorbody	Nonpoint lovrc
OR	Flynn Croofc	Forestry icilvUiti
(Lincoln County)	(logging)
Ooor Crook
(Lincoln County)
Noodlo Branch
(Lincoln County)
EPA REGION 10 (eontinuod)
lmpicti on tquiile bioia
FJyn^ Crook oatorahpd (not loggod)	Manamonn and
Phlnnoy, 1973
FiluMfttoui algaa ooro novor ob«orvo4 in tho «troM during tho
•ampling poriod. Poriphyton iwipling ihowod 3 dominant apocioa In
1066; Achnanthpa UncfoliU, Cocconpla pj.ftcontul*, and E«notl_a if cm.
In 1M7, tM^iot C. p(»contMf• Ucmm soeowhet «oro d««in«ni4		
Door Crook vaUrfM (patch cut)
Fltowentoue »lgio ooro novor obaorvod in tho tiroM during fclw aampllng
poriod. Poriphyton ••mpUng a howod tho to** 3 dominant apociaa ft* In
Flynn Crook; A. UncMjftii, £. alocontula. and ircuf. A. IfwctoliU
pradomlnatod in wintor and aprlng 1066 ond C. aIacontuIf prodowl notod
In iiianar and fall. In 1967, imn gonoral trand; howovor, §. arcuo
vat moro abundant.
NgadlpBranch jvatorahod (eloarcwt)
Abundant growth of Sphaorot!iya natanf colonlrod oil avatlabla mud
and ilaah in iho atroM. In tho aunnor, Chlorophyto formod a aai
ovor aaat of tKo pool artaa, Spoelot lncludod ^hlamydomonat ap.,
Pr»p?tf>§jdi* |j«Mr|||, Spiroayra grillilHQff Md fotraaoora ap.,
and tKo Cyanophyta apocioa Anaboona ifflwla and Oacl11atorla
amphibia.
PortpKyten aaaf Itng ahooad 4 apocioa woro dominant In 1966.
A. lancoolata docroaaod In iumnot pud Incroaood In fall. (. alaeontvlo
folloood a patiorn almlfar to thai of Poor Crook but rapidly docIiftod In
Saptambar and ramalnod tharo far tha roaalndor af tho atvdv porlod.
(. felacon^ulf via roplacod a* a dominant apocioa by Hlttachla palaa la
Augoat through Octobor and |nmo|li arcua la Saptambar and 0ctabor. In
1067, with incroaolng itroam tomporaturoa, (. plpcpntulp bocama vory
dominant aa did Sjrnodra ranpffti and Aghnan|hpf
Primary productivity af tha claarcut atraam vii hlgh+r aftor logging.
Sourco
(contlnood)

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EPA REGION 10 (continued)
Stat*	WtUrbodjr	Nonpoint aouri
Off (con.) Fl/nn Cr«t)c*control Pprtitr/ activities
(Lincoln County)	(logging)
Deer CrMk —
26* of t«Ur«h«d
log9«d
(L incoln Count/)
Noadlo Brmch"
entirely cloarcwt
(Lincoln County)
Impacts on aquatic biota	Soerce
Water temperature of three Sainton and trout atreams in Oregon were	Itingler and
monitored for a period of 12 month* bog inning 2 yesrs after their	Hill, 1976
r«*p«ctiv* watersheds Had boon subjected to total clearcutting,
ataggered logging, and no logging activities (control). Intragravel
temperatures were monitored by thermographic probes burlod 26 cm
deep in artificial and natural redds. Intragravel water was sampled
through standpipes to determine oaygen concentrations.
Both mean temperature and diel fluctuations in temperature within
the redd gravel Increased in relation to the estent of spawning.
Mean surface temperatures between January and June were 9.0, 1.3, and
7,6 #C for Needle Branch, Deer Creek, and Flynn Creek, respectively.
Almost no temperature gradient existed in the control stream and the
gradient in the partially logged watershed straam was relatival/ amall.
Dissolved oaygen concentration In radds of the clearcut stream were
consistently lower than in the partially logged watershed atream«
Needle Branch redds contained 2M leaa 0} than Deer Creek.
An increase in suspended sedisient In the stream water has boon
documantod for the clearest stream.
Decreases In dissolved ev/gen In the clearcut stream were evidently
cauaed by Increased levels of fine sediment In the grovel. Nylon
fly trap collections of cohe salmon fry (Qncorhynchus ki_ayt$h)
showed that survival to eaiergence was not serlousl/ affected by
changea In the Intragravel environment* The population of resi-
dent cutthroat trout (Salmg clarki) has been reduced by 13* ef It*
pre-logging level. The reduction baa peraiated through • /ears
following legging and may be rotated to the observedchengea in
the intragravel wator.
The difference In reaponaes ef the eutthrest end cohe populations
auggeata that oelmonld apecteo differ In their ability to withstand
an altered environment.

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StlU	WaUrbodjf
WA	Lilt* Vishlfigion
Nonpoint
Urban runoff
(h«ivy MU(t)
EPA REGION 16 (continued)
Impacts on	biota	.Source
Three »IUt Hr« chosen for MRvlinfi «iU SO (tUra 4r»ln)t lit* CSO Stlnpon »a4
(comblfNH *«w«r overflow) outfsll, snd t control lit* with no h««vy	Eaton, 1903
mot*I inputs, The tost creyflsh, Poclffftlcuf IpniuscOlua were
pieced for 14 days at ono of the thro# sites.
Highest tissue mercury Uv«ls v*r« found in tMoainal Mtel«.
Cadmium concentrations were highasi In the vltcara.
Copper concontrattona were highest In the viscera, fpi lowed by the
exoskeleton and sbdomtnel muse I*.
Lead concantratlena wore highest In the exoskoleton folioood by the
vIseers.
Tissue lead concontrattona mere significantly less In the feoele In
Muscle, eKOsketeton end the vtiele body. There was no tignTflca'nl
difference between the stona drain end combined sewer overflew site
crey fish.

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Appendix D
Annotated Bibliography

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Tit 'e: Patterns of Trace Metal Accumulation in Crayfish Populations
Author(s): R. V. Anderson and J. E. Brower
Publication date: 1-978
Published by: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicoloqy,
20:120-127
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
The study of the occurrence and effects of heavy metals in aquatic sys-
tems has increased and an excellent review has been presented by leland et al.
(1974). Much of the information available on freshwater invertebrates, how-
ever, deals with lethal concentrations or the determination of tolerance
limits. There are relatively few studies of heavy metals in freshwater inver-
tebrates from field studies, and these studies usually involve only, a descrip-
tive survey of the metal concentrations (Mathis and Cummings, 1973; Namminga
et al., 1974; Anderson, 1977). Gale et al. (1973) reported concentrations of
Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Cd in crayfish from Missouri's lead belt and indicated
some of the effects of the variation of these metals in the environment on
their concentration in organisms. Vermeer (1972), working with crayfish, and
Nehring (1976), working with insect nymphs, indicated these organisms could be
used in the field to monitor heavy metal inputs. Our study investigated
concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in three populations of the crayfish,
Orconectes virilis (Hagen). Two of the populations were collected at the same
location but at sampling sites with different inputs of the trace metals. The
third population was from a site on the same river but where metal input was
low. These sites allowed an evaluation of the effects of different sublethal
environmental concentrations on accumulation and concentration of the metals
in crayfish. Various tissue concentrations from crayfish at the high input
site were also examined to determine if -particular body parts were sites of
accumulation.
D-3
Region 5: IL

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Title: Distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the Biota of Two Freshwater
Sites with Different Trace Metal Inputs
Author(s): R. V. Anderson, W. S. Vinikour, and J. E. Brower
Publication date: 1978
Published by: Holarctic Ecology, 1:377-384
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Scandinavian Society Oikos
Munksgaard
35 Noerre Soegade
OK-1370
Copenhagen K
Denmark
Abstract:
Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were determined in the abiotic and
biotic components at two Fox River sites in Illinois. Analysis of the metals
was completed on solutions of wet-ashed or dry-ashed samples with a single-
beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Despite different inputs of the
trace metals, no significant differences in the concentration of Cu or Zn
occurred in the biota between the two sites. This was postulated to be due to
physiological control of these metals. However, Cd and Pb concentrations were
higher in the biota and substrate at the high-input site. No accumulation of
Cd or Pb occurred at higher trophic levels. Cu and Zn concentrations were
similar for all biota with the exception of crayfish and snails, which had
higher Cu and Zn concentrations, respectively.
D-4
Region 5: IL

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Title: Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems
Author(s): A. C. Benke, G. E. Willeke, F. K. Parrish, and D. L. Stites
Publication date: November 1981
Published by: School of Biology, Environmental Resources Center, Georgia
Institute of Technology
Number of pages: 64 pp.
Report number(s): ERC 07-81
Available from: School of Biology
Environmental Resources Center
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332
Abstract:
The effects of urbanization on 21 stream ecosystems (with 1- to 3-mi2
watersheds) were studied in the Atlanta area. Watersheds varied from 3 to
100% green space, from 0 to 98% residential-commercial, and with house densi-
ties from 0 to 941/mi2. The primary index of stream quality was community
composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates. Two independent sampling methods
were used to assess their respective efficiencies: (1) modified Hester-Dendy
artificial substrate samplers, collecting all animals retained by a 0.3-mm
sieve, and (2) time-standardized qualitative collections made by two investi-
gators for 40 man-minutes.
Standard water chemistry measures showed little relationship to degree of
urbanization, although conductivity, hardness, and orthophosphate were some-
what higher in urbanized streams. None of the water chemistry parameters
indicated any major degree of pollution.
Using artificial substrate samplers, the mean number of species per samp-
ler varied across streams from 8.8 to 30; mean number of families from 3.8 to
16. However, species diversity varied only from 1.37 to 2.43. There was a
significant relationship between urbanization and number of species (and fami-
lies), but there was none with species (or family) diversity. The apparent
reason for the surprising lack of relationship between urbanization and diver-
sity was that evenin undisturbed streams with a high number of species, a
very uneven distribution of species (resulting from retention of-very abundant
species less than 4 mm in lehgth)_can result in.a low diversity value. Thus, ;
a diversity index appears to be less useful than simply considering number of
taxa when analyzing aquatic communities in which individuals vary in size
(biomass) by several orders of magnitude.
The number of taxa qualitatively collected from each stream was reason-
ably consistent on three different dates (June, August, November). While
there was a methodological bias against collecting small animals, the mean
Region 4: GA
D-5

-------
Benke et al., 1981 (con.)
number of species collected per date varied across streams from 3 to 23.
There was a highly significant relationship between urbanization and number of
species (and number of families), suggesting that identifying animals to the
family level is sufficient in assessing differing degrees of stress in
streams.
Multivariate analyses were performed using numbers of families found in
each order as the variables. Cluster analysis helped distinguish three major
groups of streams: clean, intermediate, and degraded. Using these three
groupings, discriminant function analysis identified the orders Plecoptera,
Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Coleoptera as the most discriminating vari-
ables. Discriminant analysis using urbanization parameters for these three
groups showed that high percentages of land in residential use, low per-
centages in green space, and high house densities were associated with
degraded streams.
D-6
Region 4: GA

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'Title: Investigation of Acid Mine Drainage Effects on Reservoir Fishery
Populations
Author(s): A. Benson
Publication date; April 1976
Published by: West Virginia University
Number of pages: 145 pp.
Report number(s): EPA 600/2-76-107; PB-252-703
Available from: Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, DC 20240
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
A 1imnological, water quality and quantity and lake fluction, transpar-
ency, and ice cover study was made of the Tygart Lake, West Virginia, and its
tributaries. The watershed of this lake has been extensively mined for coal,
and acid mine drainage (AMD) is discharged throughout the area. The signifi-
cant sources of AMD were found to be the Tygart River and Sandy Creek. Net
changes in lake depth were 14-16 meters, and the maximum change 22 meters.
Transparency depth ranged from 0.1 m in December to 7.5 m in the summer. The
major factors related to the development of acidity gradients in Tygart Lake
were found to be (1) hydrological characteristics including inflow, outflow,
and the operational interaction between the inflow and outflow resulting in
storage or drawdown, (2) thermal relationships including the spring and the
winter thermal minimum, and (3) water chemistry, including the existing chemi-
cal stratification or its lack at the beginning of a seasonal period and the
chemical quality of inflow.
D-7
Region 3: WV

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Title: Transport of Granitic Sediment in Streams and Its Effect on Insects
and Fish
Author(s): T. C. Bjornn, M. A. Brusven, M._ P. Molnau, J. H. Milligan,
R. A. Klan.t, E. Chacho, and C. Schaye
Publication date: September 1977
Published by: University of Idaho, College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range
Sciences
Number of pages: 43 pp.
Report number(s): Bulletin Number 17
Available from: Office of Water Research and Technology
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, DC 20240
Abstract:
We assessed the transport of granitic bedload sediment (<6.35 mm diam-
eter) in streams flowing through central Idaho mountain valleys and the
effects of the sediment on juvenile salmonids and aquatic insects. We meas-
ured bedload sediment transported in the streams during the spring snowmelt
runoff and the summer lowflow periods for 2 years to test the applicability of
the Meyer-Peter, Muller equation for estimating such transport. In both years
the streams transported all the sediment available, including that under the
armor layer of the stream bottom in the first year. The modified Meyer-Peter,
Muller equation proved accurate in estimating the transport capacity of such
streams using measurements of slope, hydraulic radius, and mean diameter of
streambed material.
In artificial stream channels, benthic insect density in fully sedimented
riffles (>2/3 cobble imbeddedness) was one-half that in unsedimented riffles,
but the abundance of drifting insects in the sedimented channels was not sig-
nificantly smaller. In a natural stream riffle, benthic insects were 1.5
times more abundant in a plot cleaned of sediment, with mayflies and stone-
flies 4 and 8 times more abundant, respectively. Riffle beetles (Elmidae)
were more abundant in the uncleaned plot.
During both summer and winter, fewer fish remained in the artificial
stream channels where sediment was added .to the pools. The interstices
between the large rocks in the pools provided essential cover-necessary to
maintain large densities of fish. Fish in sedimented channels exhibited hier-
archical behavior, while those in unsedimented channels were territorial in
behavior. In small natural pools (100 to 200 m?), a loss in pool volume or in
area deeper than 0.3 m from additions of sediment .resulted in a proportional
decrease in fish numbers. Ve did not, however, find significant correlations
between riffle sedimentation and fish density in the two natural streams we
studied. Fish abundance was significantly correlated with insect drift'
D-8
Region 10: ID

-------
B.jornn et al., 1977 (con.)
abundance in one stream, but not in the other. The amounts of sediment in the
two streams studied did not have an obvious adverse effect on the abundance of
fish or the insect drift on which they feed.
D-9
Region 10: ID

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Title: DDT Residues: Distribution of Concentrations in Emerita
analoqa (Stimpson) Along Coastal California
Author(s): R. Burnett
Publication date: 1971
Published by: Science, 174:606-608
Number of pages: 3 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Association for the Advancement of Science
1333 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
Abstract:
The total concentrations (tDDT) of DDT [l,l,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlor-
ophenyl)ethane], DDD [1,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], and DDE
[1,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] in Emerita analoqa from 19
California beaches reflect tDDT contamination nearby. Animals near the Los
Angeles County sewer outfall contain over 45 times as much tDDT as animals
near major agricultural drainage areas. Sediments near the outfall probably
contain over 100 metric tons of tDDT—a reservoir for input into marine orga-
nisms. The effluent from a plant that manufactures DDT is a probable source.
D-10
Region 9: CA

-------
Title: Some Effects of Logging and Associated Road Corvstruction on Northern
California Streams
Autnor(s): J. W. Burns
Publication date: January 1972
Published by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 101(1):1-17
Number of pages: 17 pp.
Report nuinber(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
The effects of logging and associated road construction on four Cali-
fornia trout and salmon streams were investigated from 1966 through 1969.
This study included measurements of streambed sedimentation, water quality,
fish food abundance, and stream nursery capacity. Logging was found to be
compatible with anadromous fish production when adequate attention was given
to stream protection and channel clearance. The carrying capacities for juve-
nile salmonids of some stream sections were increased when high temperatures,
low dissolved oxygen concentrations, and adverse sedimentation did not accom-
pany the logging. Extensive use of bulldozers on steep slopes for road build-
ing and in stream channels during debris removal caused excessive streambed
sedimentation in narrow streams. Sustained logging prolonged adverse condi-
tions in one stream and delayed stream recovery. Other aspects of logging on
anadromous fish production on the Pacific Coast are discussed.
D-ll
Region 9: CA

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Title: Msh and Food Organisms in Acid Mine Waters of Pennsylvania
Author(s): R. L. Butler, E. L. Cooper, D. C. Hales, C. C. Wagner,
W. G. Kimmel, and J. K. Crawford
Publication date: February 1973
Published by: Department of Biology and Cooperative Fisheries Unit,
Pennsylvania State University
Number of p-aqes: 157 pp.
Report number(s): EPA-R3-73-032; PB 221-515
Available from: National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
The three parts of this project relate respectively to the three objec-
tives: (1) to develop a rapid and nonlethal bioassay for acid water using
changes in utilization of cover and activity of fish, (2) to determine the
effect of different levels of acid mine drainage on the presence or absence of
fish populations in the watersheds of Pennsylvania, and (3) to determine the
median tolerance limits to low levels of pH of five aquatic insects chosen on
the basis of their wide occurrence and common association in soft-water
streams. Analysis of variance revealed there was no relationship between
cover utilization and pH levels or between activity and pH levels for four
species of fish (smallmouth bass, longnose dace, rock bass, and brook trout).
The failure of cover utilization and activity to reflect changes in water
quality conditions makes this bioassay technique as tested unsuitable for the
establishment of water quality criteria.
In part II of the project it was found that common fish species normally
distributed over several watersheds were absent where there was severe acid
mine drainage. Of the 116 species of fishes found, 10 species exhibited some
tolerance to acid mine drainage (values of pH 5.5 or less). An additional 38
species were found at pH values between 5.6 and 6.4, with the remaining 68
species at pH levels above 6.4. Severe degradation occurred at pH levels
between 4.5 and 5.6.
In part III all five aquatic species survived exposure for 4 days to pH
levels from 6,5 to 4.0. The 96-hour TLm values ranged from 3.31 for the most
sensitive animal, Stenonema sp., to 1.72 for the most tolerant insect,
Niqronia fasciata.
D-12
Region 3: PA

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Title: Stress and Recovery of Aquatic Organisms as Related to Highway
Construction Along Turtle Creek, Boone County, West Virginia
Author(s): J. L. Chisholm and S. C. Downs
Publication date: 1978
Published by: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey
Number of pages: 40 pp.
Report number(s): Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2055; Stock No. 024-
001-03045-4
Available from: U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
Abstract:
During and after construction of Appalachian Corridor G (a divided, four-
lane highway), five benthic invertebrate samples were collected at each of
four sites on Turtle Creek, and, for comparative purposes, three samples were
collected at each of two sites on Lick Creek, an adjacent undisturbed stream.
Diversity index, generic count, and total count initially indicated severe
depletion or destruction of the benthos of Turtle Creek, but within 1 year
after highway construction was completed, the benthic community of Turtle
Creek was similar to that of Lick Creek. The greatest degradation occurred
near the headwaters of Turtle Creek because of erratic movement of sediment
resulting from high streamflow velocity. Diversity indices ranged from 0 to
3.41 near the headwaters in the original channel, but only from 0.94 to 2.42
farther downstream in a freshly cut channel. The final samples from Turtle
Creek, which were similar to those taken from Lick Creek at the same time, had
generic counts of 10 at the most upstream site and 16 near the mouth. A total
of 147 organisms was found near the headwaters, whereas a total of 668 was
found near the mouth of the stream. The total number of organisms collected
at each site was proportional to the drainage area upstream from the site. As
a result of tributary inflow from unaltered drainage areas and organism drift,
rapid repopulation and stabilization of the benthic community occurred. Chan-
nel relocation, bank recontouring, and reseeding also accelerated the recovery
of the benthic community.
D-13
Reg i on 3: VIV

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Title: Biological and Chemical Assessment of Nonpoint Source Population in
Georgia: Ridge-Valley and Sea Island Streams
Author(s): W. L. Cook, F. Parrish, J. D. Satterfield, W. 6. Nolan, and
P. E. Gaffney
Publication date: November 1983
Published by: Georgia State University
Number of pages: 175 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Department of Biology
Georgia State University
Atlanta, GA 30303
Abstract:
This report presents a portion of the Nonpoint Source Impact Assessment
Study of the State of Georgia. The goal of this study was to determine the
extent and magnitude of the impact of nonpoint sources of pollution on water
quality in Georgia. This report is mainly concerned with the influences of
nonpoint sources of pollution on changes in the biology and chemistry of
streams.
Two major physiographic regions of the State of Georgia were selected for
the study. Four streams in the Ridge and Valley Province (Cluster I) in
Northwestern Georgia representing streams near agriculture, forestry, and
urban activities were compared with a control stream. The Ridge and Valley
Province has weathered, leached, and acidic soils that have a low water perme-
ability. Steep slopes and soils with high clay content cause a high erodibil-
ity factor. Four other streams in the Sea Island Province (Cluster V) of
Southeastern Georgia were similarly compared. Streams in Sea Island Province
have low degree of slope, sandy soils, highly permeable soil, and acid soil
with a low erodibility potential.
Approximately twice monthly between 1981 and 1983, water in the streams
was measured for temperature, flow volume, ammonia, nitrite-nitrates, phos-
phorus, alkalinity, turbidity, color, conductivity, biological oxygen demand
(BOD), pH, total residue, total,organic carbon, hardness, and most probable
number (MPN) fecal coliforms. Approximately every quarter from 1981 to 1983,
the streams were measured for fecal aTlifbrms ^(obtained by the MFC method),
trace metals in the stream, macroinvertebrates"", periphyton, and fishes.
Measurement of trace metals in fish tissue was also made.
In the Ridge and Valley Province, as well as the Sea Island Cluster, the
urban stream was the most polluted, followed by the agricultural stream.
These streams differed the most biologically and chemically from those condi-
tions present in the control" streams. The high fecal coliform counts would
make the urban stream waters a potential biohazard.
D-14
Region 4: GA

-------
Cook et aV. ,.1983 (con.)
The forestry stream diverged the least from the conditions found in the
control streams. The northern forestry stream was most affected by deforesta-
tion, causing an increase in siltation and a drastic (although temporary)
shift in the biota. "The nonpopous clay soils, steep slope, and poor manage-
ment of cutting, exacerbated the effects of deforestation. The forestry
stream in the southern part was not altered by deforestation because of good
management,, porous soil, and natural buffer zones.
This study stressed the importance of comparing measurements to a control
stream in the same physiographic region because physical, chemical, and bio-
logical parameters are not comparable in different geographical regions. For
example, the dissolved oxygen levels and pH values in the control stream in
North Georgia are closer numerically to those of the urban stream in South
Georgia than to the control stream in South Georgia. However, these differ-
ences are not indicative of differences in stream quality but rather in the
above parameters. Therefore, comparison of the two numerically would lead to
erroneous interpretations of the conditions of the stream.
Nonpoint source pollution is present in streams in the Ridge and Valley
Province. The high slopes and nonporous soil lead to rapid runoff of pollut-
ants into the stream. Nonpoint source pollution in the Sea Island Cluster was
directly proportional to the accessibility of the pollutants to the water.
Except for the area around the urban stream, natural buffer zones of vegeta-
tion and porous sandy soil will trap the majority of pollutants.
0-15
Region 4: GA

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Title: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Forest Spraying of Carbaryl
(Sevin-4-0il ) on Stream Invertebrates
Author ,): D. L. Courtemanch and K. E. Gibbs
Publication date: 1980
Published by: Canadian Entomologist, 112:271-276
Number of pages: - 6 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Entomological Society of Canada
1320 Carling Avenue
Ottawa K1Z 7K9
Ontario
Canada
Abstract:
The effect on stream invertebrates of carbaryl (Seven-4-oil) applied at a
rate of 840 g A.I./ha for spruce budworm suppression in Maine was studied.
Three streams in each of three different treatment areas were monitored:
streams in areas sprayed with carbaryl for the first time, streams in areas
sprayed two consecutive years, and streams in unsprayed areas.
Initial postspray response was an increase in drift up to 170x in treated
streams. Benthos samples showed significant declines among Plecoptera, Epnem-
eroptera, and Trichoptera on subsequent sampling dates. Plecoptera did not
repopulate any treated stream by 60 days after treatment. Streams treatec for
the second consecutive year had very low prespray Plecoptera populations com-
pared with those unexposed to carbaryl. Diptera, with the exception of Mj_cro-
tendipes, and Oligochaeta were unaffected.
0-16
Region : M£

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Title: Strip-Mine Drainage Aquatic Impact Assessment
Author(s): D. B. Cox, R. P. Betson_, W. C.- Barr, J. B. Crossman, and
R. J. Ruane
Publication date: February 1979
Published by: Division of Natural Resources Services, Tennessee Valley
Authority
Number of pages: 85 pp.
Report number(s): EPA-600/7-79-036; TVA/ONR-79/11; PB80-133192
Available from: National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
This research program is aimed to demonstrate methodologies for predict-
ing the impact of strip mining on downstream biotic communities.
To accomplish this objective and provide data for model verification,
sampling programs were initiated at contour- and area-type mining operations.
These programs included streamflow and rainfall gaging at both types of mines
and surveys of fisheries, periphyton, and macrobenthos at area-mined sites.
Preliminary findings of these field studies indicate that: (1) drainages
from mined areas are alkaline rather than acid, and (2) calcium and magnesium
concentrations increase as a result of mining in almost every instance. Fur-
thermore, values for iron and sulfate increase in some areas, but not in
others, whereas values for trace metals are generally low in all areas. The
predominant fish in small Cumberland Plateau streams is the creek chub (Semo-
ti1 us atromaculatus), and its primary food source is aquatic invertebrates,
including midge larvae, springtails, and aquatic mites.
Several model components have been developed, including a water quality
model for nonpoint sources, a continuous streamflow model, and a storm hydro-
graph model. Other model components being developed or evaluated include
additional small-basin water quality models, water quality and quantity rout-
ing models, a low-trophic-level stream biota model, and a fisheries resource
model.
D-17
Region 4: TN

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Title; Georgia Nonpoint Source Impact Assessment Study: Blue Ridge/Upland
Georgia Cluster, PiedmorTt ~CTarter, and-Gulf Coastal Plain-Cluster
(Final Project Report)
Author(s): CTA, Inc., Environmental and Energy Consultants
Publication date: November 1983
Published by: State of Georgia
Number of pages: 314 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Environmental Protection Division CTA, Inc.
Department of Natural Resources or 1955 Cliff Valley Way,
State of Georgia	NE, #220
Atlanta, GA 30029
Abstract:
The impacts of urban, agricultural, and forestry land uses on stream bio-
logical systems were assessed in the Blue Ridge/Upland Georgia, Piedmont, and
Gulf Coastal Plain areas. Fourteen primary sites were sampled over 10 sea-
sonal surveys from August 1981 through August 1983. Major study components
included habitat composition, conventional water quality analyses, macroinver-
tebrates, periphyton, fish, and pesticide/herbicide/metal contamination in the
sediments, water column, and fish tissues.
The results of the study indicated that impacts of land use were greatest
in the urban basins. Beneficial uses were impaired or denied in all three
urban basins. Fish communities were essentially absent in two basins and
reduced in the third. The indigenous macroinvertebrate community was altered
by the effects of land use and was replaced by a pollution-tolerant, faculta-
tive assemblage. The periphyton community structure of the urban basins was
highly dissimilar to the periphyton community of the control basins and was
dominated by species known to create taste and odor problems in water. Accu-
mulation of organic compounds and metals over background conditions was
observed in urban streams. Elevated coliform densities were also characteris-
tic of urban basins. Forestry activities had severe impacts associated with
sedimentation and hydrologic modifications and also had resultant habitat
alterations. Oirect impacts of these alterations were the elimination or
drastic reduction of indigenous fish and macroinvertebrate species. The
degree of impact from forestry land uses was not as severe as impacts from
urban land uses. A wide range of impacts was documented in the agricultural
basins. The primary mechanisms of habitat alterations were by sedimentation,
removal of riparian vegetation, and hydrologic modifications. Elevated con-
centrations of metals were occasionally found. Beneficial uses were impaired
but not denied at any of the agricultural sites.
D-18
Region 4: GA

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CTA, Inc., 1983 (con.)
Coupled with conventional water quality data, the extensive use of bio-
logical indicators provided an accurate measure of the extent of biotic commu-
nity alterations and other environmefital damages due to land use activities.
The effects of Tand use activities were generally most pronounced in the Blue
Ridge/Upland Georgia Cluster, moderate in the Piedmont Cluster, and reduced in
the Gulf Coastal Plain Cluster. The: reduction of discernible impacts in the
latter area was primarily due to the'naturally occurring low flows, low dis-
solved oxygen, and limited habitat diversity associated with the small coastal
plain streams.
0-19
Region 4: GA

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Title: Phytoplankton Productivity of an Acidic Lake
Author(s): J. DeCosta and C. Preston
Publication date: 1980
Published by: Hydrobioloqia. 70:39-49
Number of pages: 11 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Center
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht
The Netherlands
Abstract:
The phytoplankton productivity over 2 years in a lake heavily loaded by
acid mine drainage was very low. Algal assays indicated that below pH 5.5 the
water, if buffered and fertilized with phosphorus, resulted in log growth.
Above pH 5.5 algal log growth could be induced with phosphorus addition only.
However, an in situ bag experiment was done in the lake and immediate bloom
conditions of the indigenous algae resulted from phosphorus addition only,
despite pH values below 5.
D-20
Reg i on 3: WV

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Ti11 e: Herbicides in Kansas Waters—Evaluations of the Effects of
Agricultural Runoff and Aquatic Weed Control on Aquatic Food
Chains
Author(s): F. deNoyelles and 0. Kettle
Publfcation date; December 1980
Published by: Kansas Water Resources Research Institute
Number of pages: 38 pp.
Report number(s): W8206304 0WRTA-092-Kan(l); PB82-256504
Available from: Office of Water Research and Technology
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, DC 20240
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
Experimental ponds were used to study the effects of an agricultural
herbicide on aquatic food chains. Atrazine, one of the most heavily used
herbicides in Midwest agriculture, was added to ponds and the ensuing
responses were followed through 4 months. With single 20-/*g/L and 500-/jg/L
additions to the ponds, effects were recorded throughout the food chain.
After 1 day of exposure, rates of phytoplankton photosynthesis declined at
both levels, with the higher level causing an almost complete inhibition.
Phytoplankton succession was altered within a few days at both levels, with
resistant species increasing in abundance. The actual resistance of these
species to atrazine, which is known to be a photosynthetic inhibitor affecting
a wide variety of plants, was verified in the laboratory. The grazing zoo-
plankton were also affected within the first few weeks of exposure as their
phytoplankton food source was altered. The growth of aquatic flowering plants
was also reduced at both levels. Some members of the aquatic food chain were
unaffected, particularly the benthic insects, although effects were recorded
at the highest level of these food chains, the fish. Of the three types of
fish (bluegill sunfish, channel catfish, gizzard shad) originally stocked in
the ponds, all survived but with reduced growth at the 500-/«g/L level. The
only fish to reproduce in the ponds, bluegill sunfish, showed greatly reduced
numbers of progeny at both levels. The concentrations of atrazine in the
ponds were monitored, showing its persistence with 75% of the original concen-
tration present after 114 days. In Midwest waters concentrations of 500 /ig/L
are recorded in waters directly associated with agricultural operations, such
as irrigation waters, while 20 pg/L is at the high extreme of concentrations
found more widespread. Though data from monitoring atrazine concentrations in
natural habitats are sparce, 1 /
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deNoyelles et al.. 1980 (con.)
also demonstrated reductions in ptiytopTankton photosynthesis. This indicates
the possibility, awaiting further demonstration, that even at common concen-
trations atrazine may be affecting phytoplankton photosynthesis in many Mid-
west waters. Other herbicides studied in this"project included five other
triazine herbicides (propazine, metribuzin, terbutryn, cyanazine,: simazine),
which in the laboratory were similar to atrazine in the intensity of reducing
phytoplankton photosynthesis. In the state of Kansas triazine herbicides
accounted for one-third of the total herbicide usage in 1978.
D-22
Region 7: KS

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fit lei—Water Qua1ity Degradation in Urban Streams of-the Southeast: Will
Non-Point Source Controls Make Any Difference? [h: Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Urban Storm Runoff (University of
Kentucky, Lexington, KY, July 23-26), pp. 151-159.
Author(s): A. M. Duda, D. R. Lenat, and D." Penrose
Publication date: 1979
i
Published by: North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
Number of pages: 9 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development
Division of Environmental Management
512 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
Abstract:
A methodology is presented for using aquatic biological monitoring to
assess whether the water quality impact of urban stormwater runoff is severe
enough to warrant abatement. Sampling was conducted in seven urban streams in
four North Carolina cities.
Biological communities indicative of grossly degraded water quality were
found in each urban steam reach compared to upstream or adjacent rural control
stations. Traditional measurements of water chemistry were compared to the
biological results.
Observations were made concerning the sources of water pollution in the
seven urban watersheds. While no major point sources were known to exist,
numerous unrecorded sources of pollution--other than urban washoff--may have
contributed to the problem.
Three general types of urban streams were identified: the inner city
stream, the suburban stream, and the receiving stream. If enough funding was
expended, biological integrity might be restored to suburban and receiving
streams. However, the cost of discovering unrecorded urban sources of pollu-
tion through monitoring and the economic (and political) costs of requiring
pollution abatement may make the restoration of biological integrity an unat-
tainable goal in inner-city urban streams.
D-23
Region 4: NC'

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Title: Effects of Highway Runoff on Receiving Waters,	Volume II—Research
Report
Author(s): T Dupuis, J. Kaster, P. Bertram, J. Meyer,	M. Smith, and
N. Kobriger
Pub!ication date: August 1985
Published by: Rexnord, Inc.
Number of pages: 406 pp.
Report number(s): FHWA/RD-84/063, Volume II—Research Report; PB86-228202
Avai Table from: National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
Results of comprehensive field monitoring programs at three sites are
reported in this volume. One stream site (WI Hwy 15/Sugar Creek) and one lake
site (I-94/Lower Nemahbin Lake) were located in southeastern Wisconsin. The
third site (1-85/Sevenmile Creek) was located in the Piedmont region of North
Carolina.
Monitoring at each site was conducted for 1 year. The scope of these
programs included meteorological and hydrological monitoring, runoff, and
receiving water quality sampling during both dry and wet weather, and sedi-
ment, benthic macroinvertebrate, and macrophyte sampling.
The results of extensive bioassay testing are also included in this
volume. Runoff samples from both urban and rural highways were used with a
variety of test organisms.
D-24
Region
Region
4: NC
5: WI

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Title: "Effects' of Methoxychlor on Riffle Invertebrate Populations- and
Communities
Autnor(s): P. J. Eisele and R. Hartung
Putilication date: 1976
Published by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 105(5):628-633
Number of pages: 6 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
A study was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of a toxicant on
interacting stream invertebrate populations in the Raisin River, MI. The
study involved the continuous dosing of a small stream at 0.2 pq/L methox-
ychlor for over 1 year. Invertebrate populations were monitored by artificial
substrate and bottom sample collections of riffle invertebrates.
Most invertebrate populations experienced some reduction due to the
stream dosing. Some taxa (baetids and plecopterans) were affected as
reflected by population reductions in dosed areas. Many taxa (hydropsychids,
simulids, and aeschnids) were temporarily affected, experiencing initial popu-
lation reductions in dosed areas but then recovering to control levels. Other
taxa (chironomids and elmids) were not affected by the pesticide dosing.
The riffle invertebrate community colonizing artificial substrates expe-
rienced a temporary decrease in diversity through both reduced richness and
evenness. Diversity was not decreased in bottom sample collections. In gen-
eral, most long-term effects were minor in comparison to naturally occurring
phenomena such as flooding.
0-25
Region 5:
MI

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Title: Evaluation of Streamside Bufferstrips for Protecting Aquatic
Organisms
Authc:-(s^): D. C. Erraan, J. D. Newbold, and K.- B. Roby
Publication date; September 1977
Published by: California Water Resources Center
Number of pages: 48 pp.
Report number(s): Contribution No. 165
Available from: California Water Resources Center
University of California
Davis, CA 95616
Abstract:
An evaluation of logging impacts on streams was based on an extensive
survey during 1975 of 62 northern California streams. Streams had been:
(1) logged without stream protection measures, (2) logged with protective
bufferstrips, (3) affected by localized disturbances (such as logging road
stream crossings), or (4) were unaffected streams.
Benthic invertebrate communities of disturbed and undisturbed streams
were compared by diversity index and ecological distance. 8enthic inverte-
brate communities from streams logged without protective measures were signif-
icantly different from communities of unlogged (control) streams based on both
diversity and ecological distance. Logging impacts were detected also in
streams with buffer widths of less than approximately 30 m. Streams with
bufferstrips wider than 30 m did not display logging impacts. There was a
direct correlation between increases in an index of diversity and increases in
buffer width, and hence probably the degree of stream protection increased
with buffer widths up to 30 m.
Invertebrate communities of logged or disturbed streams had a lower
diversity index and higher populations than unlogged streams. Increased popu-
lations were primarily in three taxa--Baetis, Nemoura, and Chironomidae.
Communities in localized disturbances were significantly different from
control stream sections. The differences were qualitative (i.e., different
taxa) and thus contrast with the differences noted in logged or narrow buf-
fered streams.
Stream invertebrates were far more effective in discerning logging
impacts than the physical and chemical parameters measured. Variation among
watersheds and sampling error contributed to the failure of physical or chemi-
cal measures to detect logging impacts. Measurements of over 20 environmental
variables from the streams are included, and give an excellent catalogue of
both disturbed and natural stream conditions in northern California.
D-26
Region 9: CA

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Title: Effects of pH on the Biology and Distribution of Ephemerella funerafis
(Ephemeroptera)
Author(s): S. B. Fiance
Pub!ication date;1978
Published by: Oikos, 31:332-339
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Scandinavian Society Oikos
Munksgaard
35 Noerre Soegade
DK-1370
Copenhagen K
Denmark
Abstract:
The life history, emergence, sex ratio, fecundity, food habits, microhab-
itat, distributional pattern, and effects of experimental acidification on the
emergence, growth, and recruitment of Ephemerella (Eurylophella) funeral is
McD. are reported. funeralis is the only member of the Ephemerel1idae yet
known to have a 2-year 1ife cycle. Emergence of adults was recorded from 1
June to 11 July in the Hubbard Brook watershed. Larval sex ratio from all
study sites was approximately one male for every eight females. Sex ratio of
adults was found to be site dependent, with males increasing in representation
as stream size decreased. The average number of eggs per female was 1,853 +
S.E. 87. Facultative parthenogenesis is indicated by the successful develop-
ment of 53% of 381 eggs taken from an unmated female subimago. Larvae were
found in accumulations of organic matter in slower flowing portions of streams
and also in permanent woodland pools. Gut contents of larvae were predomi-
nantly composed of detritus and decomposing higher plant matter, especially
leaves and fungal growth of submerged wood. funeral is appears to decrease
in abundance with decreasing stream pH and decreasing organic matter. The
experimental acidification of Norris Brook [New Hampshire] had no effect on
the emergence of adults but caused a decrease in growth and nearly eliminated
recruitment of the new cohort. A direct relationship between pH and the abun-
dance of funeral is in the Hubbard Brook watershed is indicated by the
results.
D-27
Regi.on 1: NH

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Title: Aquatic Organisms and Heavy Metals in Missouri's New Lead Belt _
Author(s): N. L, Gale,- B. G. Wixson, M. G. Hardie, and J. C~. Jennett
Publication date; August 1973
Published by: Water Resources Bulletin, 9(4):673-688
Number of pages: 16 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Water Resources Association
4104 Ohms Lane, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Abstract:
The New Lead Belt of southeastern Missouri has recently become the larg-
est lead-producing region of the world. The impact of this rapid development
on the previously rural and undeveloped region of the Missouri Ozarks is the
subject of a continuing interdisciplinary study. Since the industrial devel-
opment began, there have been a number of nuisance biological blooms in sev-
eral of the small streams receiving effluent from the mines and mills. The
major constituents of the problem algal growth were identified and found to
include: CIadophora, Oscillatoria, Mouqeotia, Zyqnema, Spiroqyra, CymbeHa,
and a variety of other stalked and nonstalked diatoms. Secondary blooms of
Sphaerotilus were observed to reach problem proportions in some streams, par-
ticularly in the autumn. Finely ground rock flour and mineral particles
escaping from tailings dams were found to be trapped by the stream vegetation.
Concentrations of lead, zinc, copper, and manganese in the algal and bacterial
mats were found to be inversely related to distance downstream from the tail-
ings dams. Consumer organisms, including crayfish, snails, aquatic insects,
tadpoles, minnows, and larger sunfish were analyzed to determine the extent of
dissemination and concentration of the heavy metals through food chains. Pre-
liminary results indicated insignificant concentrations of heavy metals in
those consumer organisms studied, though in at least one problem stream the
normal consumer organisms mentioned were markedly reduced in numbers.
D-28
Region 7:
MO

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Title: Effects of Agriculture on Stream-Fauna in Central Indiana
Author(s): J. R. Gammon, M. 0. Johnson, C.-E. Mays, D. A. Schiappa,
W. L. Fisher, and B. L. Pearman
Publication date: April 1983
Published by: Department of Zoology, DePauw University
Number of pages: 87 pp.
Report number(s): EPA-600/3-83-020; PB83-188755
Available from: Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Corvallis, OR 97333
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
From 1978 through 1980 the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities
of three stream systems in Central Indiana were examined. The objective of
this study was to describe the organization of these communities in relation
to different land uses. The influence of agriculture on the 14 stream seg-
ments ranged from virtually none to intense, and included some drainage from
animal feed lots. The results of the study suggest the pattern of change
caused by the increasing development of agriculture in small watershed
streams. Initially agriculture may lead to an expanded biomass of fish and
macroinvertebrates without causing a large compositional reorganization.
However, chironomids assume a dominant role for the macroinvertebrates, while
other benthic groups become secondary in importance. These benthic changes
appear to occur without strongly influencing the fish community, except for an
increase in standing crop. Further development of agricultural stresses
causes a sudden, pronounced shift in the composition of the fish community.
Communities dominated by insectivores and piscivores (centrarchids in these
streams) are converted to communities dominated by omnivores, herbivores, and
detritivores. This alteration may occur with little or no change in standing
crop biomass. At this stage the density of nonchironomid insect larvae
becomes reduced. The near-stream riparian part of the watershed is vital to
the maintenance of healthy aquatic communities, acting as a buffer between
plowed fields and farm animals and the aquatic system.
D-29
Region 5: IN

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Title: Distribution of Benthic Macro invertebrates in a Stream Exposed to
Urban Runoff
Author(s): H. L. Garie and A. Mcintosh
Publication date: 1986
"Pub! ished by: Water Resources Bulletin, 22(3):447-455
Number of pages: 9 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Water Resources Association
4104 Ohms Lane, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Abstract:
A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted
at eight sites along Shabakunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New
Jersey, which receives urban runoff. The relationship between changes in
substrate composition and the nature of the benthic macroinvertebrate commu-
nity has been examined. Organisms were collected seasonally from natural
substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for inverte-
brate collection proved unsuccessful, because the population on the samplers
was not representative of that in the stream bed.
Number of total benthic macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13
in relatively undeveloped upstream areas to 4 below heavily developed areas,
while population density decreased simultaneously in the same areas. Periphy-
ton samples collected from natural substrates were analyzed for selected heavy
metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported from
substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and changes in these values
are discussed with regard to charges in benthic macroinvertebrate distribu-
tion .
D-30
Region 2:
NJ

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Title: Effect of an Aerial Application of Carbaryl on "Brook Trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis)
Author(s): T. A. Haines
Publication date: 1581
Published by: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicoloqy,
_____ ,
Number of pages: 9 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
The eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) is a serious eco-
nomic pest in the spruce-fir forests of northeastern North America. In the
United States the major problem area is northern and western Maine. From 1954
to 1979, 6 different major chemicals and at least 21 experimental chemicals
were applied on up to 3.5 million acres annually in attempts to control the
budworm. The early use of DDT for this purpose caused extensive losses of
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis
Mitchill) (Kerswill, 1967). Consequently, DDT was replaced by carbamate or
organophosphorus compounds. Use of these compounds has not resulted in visi-
ble fish mortalities (Kerswill and Edwards, 1969), but sublethal effects may
occur.
From 1975 to 1980 the most widely used chemical for spruce budworm con-
trol in Maine was a carbamate, carbaryl (Sevin-4-oil), usually applied at the
rate of 1 lb of active ingredient (A.I.) per acre. Such applications have
been shown to increase downstream drift of aquatic invertebrates, and depress
population densities of some species of aquatic invertebrates (Courtemanch and
Gibbs, 1978) and to depress brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in fish
(Hulbert, 1976; Marancik, 1976)! In the present study an experimental area
was established in which the carbaryl was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb
A.I./acre in two applications spaced 7 days apart. The study was conducted to
evaluate the effect of this split application on brook trout mortality, condi-
tion factor, food, and brain AChE activity.
D-31
Region 1: ME

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Title: Effects-of Logging on Periphyton in Coastal Streams of Oregon
Author(s): E. W. Hansmann and H. K..Phinney
Publication date: 1973
Published by: Ecology, 54(1):194-199
Number of pages: 6 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Allen Press, Inc.
1041 New Hampshire Street
P.O. Box 368
Lawrence, KS 66044
Abstract:
Changes in the stream algal flora were observed during a multidiscipli-
nary logging study of small watersheds in Oregon- Clearcut logging was
applied to one watershed of 71 ha, while a second watershed of 304 ha was
patchcut, leaving a buffer-strip of vegetation along the stream channel. A
third watershed of 203 ha was not logged but remained as a control. Prelog-
ging and postlogging oxygen levels, temperature, and sedimentation loads were
analyzed. Access roads were built in 1963, and logging was completed in 1966.
Analysis of the algal communities of the three watershed streams prior to
the logging operation of 1966 indicated that the conrnuinities were predomi-
nantly a periphyton type composed mainly of diatoms. Immediately following
the yarding operation of the clearcut watershed, large quantities of Sphaero-
tilus natans colonized all debris and mud in the stream, and a change in the
algal flora appeared to take place. Large mats of green algae were observed
colonizing all mud and slash. Results from gass substrates indicate that some
changes may have taken place in the diatom community.
D-32
Reg i or. 10: OR

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Title: Environmental Influences on Early Development and Year-Class Strength
of Northern Pike in Lakes-Oahe and Sharpe, South Dakota
Author(s)-: T. J. Hassler
Publication date: 1970
Published by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 2:369-375
Number of pages: 7 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
Survival of artifically fertilized ova and larvae of northern pike (Esox
lucius) was estimated from embryos held in natural spawning areas in Lake Oahe
and Lake Sharpe, two main stem Missouri River reservoirs. Mortalities
approaching 100% during early embryonic development were associated with sud-
den drops in water temperature below 10 °C or prolonged temperatures near
5 °C. Silt deposition of 1.0 mm per day was associated with mortality of 97%
or above. After hatching, available food appeared to be a more important
factor in survival than temperature change or silt deposition.
Estimates of year-class strength of northern pike in the two reservoirs
suggest that large year classes were associated with stable to rising water
level and temperature, flooded vegetation, and calm weather during the spawn-
ing season. Small year classes have been associated with abrupt water temper-
ature fluctuations, dropping water level, and high silt deposits.
D-33
Region 8: SD

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Title: Influence of Sand in Redds on Survival and Emergence of Brook Trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis)
Author(s): D. A. Hausle and D. W. Coble
Publication date: 1976
Published by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 15(1):57-63
Number of pages: 7 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
Alevins of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were buried in laboratory
troughs in spawning gravel containing 0 to 25% sand. Sand slowed emergence
and reduced the number of fry emerging. Weight of fry was not related to
proportion of sand in the gravel, but was related to time; the fry were heavi-
est near the time of peak emergence and lighter before and after the peak.
Survival was estimated to be 84% from egg deposition to hatching for brook
trout in Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin, and 70% from hatching to emergence, pro-
viding a total estimate for survival from egg deposition to emergence of 59%.
D-34
Region 5: WI

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Title: Acid Rock in the Great Smokies: Unanticipated Impact on Aquatic
Biota of Road Construction in Regions of Sulfide Mineralization"
Author(s): J. W. Huckabee, C. P. Goodyear, and R. D. Jones-
Publication date: 1975
Published by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 104:677-684
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MO 20814
Abstract:
After the completion of a highway construction project in Great Smoky
Mountains National Park (North Carolina) in 1963, a fish kill was noted in a
small stream draining an area of roadbed fill. After 10 years, the stream
remained devoid of fish for at least 8 km downstream from the fill. The down-
stream water had a pH of 4.5 to 5.9; upstream from the fill the pH was 6.5 to
7.0. The rock material in the fill contains iron sulfide minerals. Other
streams in the area flowing on the sulfide-rich rocks also showed low pH val-
ues. Survivability tests and stream surveys showed that brook trout cannot
tolerate conditions in the stream below the road fill or in a stream flowing
over natural outcrops of the same rock used in construction of the road fill.
Native salamanders were also adversely affected downstream from the road fill.
Chemical analyses of stream water and leaching tests indicated that lowered pH
and increased sulfate and metals concentrations derived from the leaching of
the sulfide-rich rocks were responsible for the trout and salamander mortali-
ties.
D-35
Region 4: NC

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Title: Mattawamkeag River Studies, II. Effects of Sevin, a Spruce Budworm
Insecticide on Fish and Invertebrates in the Mattawamkeag River in
1976
Author(s): P. J. Hulbert
Publication date: December 1977
Published by: Department of Zoology, University of Maine
Number of pages: 29 pp.
Report number(s): FWS Contract 14-16-008-842, Final Report
Available from: University of Maine
Migratory Fish Research Institute and Maine
Cooperative Fishery Research Unit
Orono, ME 04473
Abstract:
Aerial applications of insecticides have been periodically employed over
the last two decades to limit damage inflicted by the spruce budworm (Choris-
toneura fumiferana) on spruce-fir forests in Maine. Although overall impacts
are poorly understood, investigations into some of the effects of these pesti-
cides on nontarget fauna, including fish and stream macroinvertebrates, have
been accomplished. Effects of DDT applications on brook trout growth and
abundance in six streams were reported by Warner and Fenderson (1962). More
recently, pesticides that are less persistent and less toxic to fish have been
used in Maine. Marancik (1976) examined the effects of several pesticides,
including Sevin-4-oil, on brain acetylcholinesterase activity levels in seve-
ral fish species.
In 1976, headwater areas of the East and West Branches of the Mattawam-
keag River were included in the Maine Bureau of Forestry's 9-mi 11 ion-hectare
operational spruce budworm control program. The insecticide Sevin-4 was pre-
pared at 0.84 kg/ha, diluted with kerosene, and sprayed from aircraft at
2.25 L/ha. Sevin-4-oil was the principal pesticide used in the operational
spray program. The Mattawamkeag River system was being studied as potential
habitat for anadromous Atlantic salmon. The overlapping of the spruce budworm
control program with headwater areas of the Mattawamkeag River provided the
impetus for a separate investigation into some effects of the pesticide appli-
cation on fish populations. The principal objectives of this study were:
(1)	To determine background pesticide residue concentrations in
prespray fish samples.
(2)	To determine changes in brain acetylcholinesterase levels over
an extended postspray period in several fish species.
D-36
Region 1: ME

-------
Hulbert, 1977 (con.)
(3)	To compare growth of salmonids in sprayed and unsprayed streams
during the summer.
(4)	To determine if major changes in macroinvertebrate fish food
populations occurred after pesticide application.
D-37
Reg ion 1:
ME

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Title; The Effects of Muddy Creek on the Biology of the Lower Sun River
Author(s): 6. L. Ingman, E. E. Weber, and L. L> Bahls
Publication date: January 1984
Published by: Water Quality Bureau, Montana Department of Health and
Environmental Sciences^
Number of pages: 74 pp.
Report number(s): (Not available)
Available from: Water Quality Bureau
Environmental Sciences Division
Montana Department of Health
and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building
Helena, MT 59620
Abstract:
Muddy Creek is Montana's worst water quality problem. Every year Muddy
Creek dumps more than 200,000 tons of sediment and nutrients into the Sun and
Missouri rivers west of Great Falls, Montana. The extremely high sediment and
nutrient production of Muddy Creek is attributed to accelerated channel ero-
sion caused by hydraulic overloading from unused irrigation water and return
flows from the Greenfields Irrigation District.
In September and October of 1980 the Water Quality Bureau, Montana
Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, conducted a comprehensive
assessment of the impacts of Muddy Creek silt and nutrients on water quality
and aquatic life in the Sun River. The study was designed to (1) determine
the nature and severity of impacts on Sun River biology, (2) determine the
downstream extent of biological impairment in the Sun River, and (3) establish
Muddy Cjre^k as the cause of impairment.
Samples were collected at one station above and three stations below
Muddy Creek over a 5-week period. Measurements were made of 22 water quality
and biological variables in five areas: suspended solids and water clarity,
concentrations of algal nutrients, periphyton (algae) production, periphyton
community structure, and macroinvertebrate (insect) community structure, all
on artificial substrates. Standard methods and procedures sanctioned by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were used throughout the study.
Concentrations of sediment and nutrients in the Sun River below Muddy
Creek were two to nine times higher than they were above the confluence, and
water clarity below was less than a quarter of what it was above Muddy Creek.
The attenuation of light by particles of sediment practically curtailed the
growth of algae on the bottom of the Sun River for a short distance below its
D-38
Region 8:
Ml

-------
Ingman et al.. 1984 (con.)
confluence with MuddyCreek. As current velocity slowed, most of the sediment
settled and the water cleared at the station farthest downstream, 11.-7 mi
below Muddy Creek. Here algae production recovered and surpassed that meas-
ured at the control station 2.1 mi above the confluence of the Sun River and
Muddy Creek, presumably because of nutrient enrichment from Muddy Creek.
Nutrient loving blue-green algae were much more common below Muddy Creek than
they were above.
The Muddy Creek sediment plume initially reduced the number of fish food
(macroinvertebrate) organisms colonizing artificial substrates in the Sun
River by almost 85%. Like the algae, the macroinvertebrates also recovered,
and at the station farthest downstream numbers surpassed those recorded
upstream from Muddy Creek. However, suitable natural substrates for both
algae and invertebrates may be limited in the lower Sun River.
Measures of diatom and macroinvertebrate diversity in the Sun River
proved to be unreliable as indicators of the biological impact of the princi-
pal pollutants contained in the Muddy Creek plume, namely sediment and inor-
ganic nutrients. Computed for both diatoms and macroinvertebrates, Shannon's
diversity index (d) and equitability (e) indicated that the cleanest, least
polluted water was to be found in the Sun River at the station just below its
confluence with Muddy Creek. These findings point out the danger in relying
on biological diversity alone as a measure of water quality.
Based on the findings of this study, the Sun River is not likely to sup-
port a good fishery for the first 2.0 mi below Muddy Creek. During the peak
of the irrigation season when the sediment contribution of Muddy Creek is much
larger, conditions for aquatic life will be worse, at times extending the
impact zone all the way to the Missouri River at Great Falls.
D-39
Region 8: MI

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Title: Water Quality and BentMc Macroinvertebrate Survey of the Mimbres
River, March 14 and July 9-10, 1984
Author(s): G. 2. Jacobi and D. U. Potter
Publication date: October 1984
Published by: New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
Number of pages: 21 pp.
Report number(s): EID/SWQ-84/6
Available from: Surveillance and Standards Section
Surface Water Quality Bureau
New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
P.O. Box 968
Harold Runnels Building
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
Abstract:
The Surveillance and Standards Section conducted a 1-day reconnaissance
survey in March and a 2-day intensive survey in July on the Mimbres River in
Grant County, New Mexico. The study area encompassed a 20-mi reach of the
upper Mimbres River beginning 1 mi downstream from San Lorenzo on private land
and extending to 1/2 mi upstream from Cooney Campground in the Gila National
Forest. Water quality and biological data were collected in order to:
(1) examine water quality problems reported by the New Mexico Water Quality
Control Commission (1982), (2) determine if designated instream uses such as
fisheries could be limited by water quality (NMWQCC, 1975), and (3) determine
if the present fishery-use designation of the Mimbres River upstream from the
town of Mimbres (i.e., high quality coldwater fishery) is appropriate (NMWQCC,
1981). Significant instream water quality violations have been observed for
temperature, total phosphorus, pH, organic carbon, and fecal coliform bacteria
concentrations at the U.S. Geological Survey gaging station east of the town
of Mimbres (NMWQCC, 1982).
D-40
Region 6: NM

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Title: Fish Communities of Midwestern Rivers: A History of Degradat+on
Author(s): J. R. Karr7 L. A. Toth, and 0. R. Dudley
Pub1ication date: 1985
Published by: Bioscience, 35(2):90-95
Number of pages: 6 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Allen Press, Inc.
1041 New Hampshire Street
P.O. Box 368
Lawrence, KS 66044
Abstract:
As human populations have grown, water resource quality has declined.
Since 1850, 67% of the fish species from the Illinois River and 44% from the
Maumee River have become less abundant or have disappeared. Reversing such
trends demands innovative approaches to water resource management.
0-41
Region 5: II

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Title: Decline of Submerged-Vascular Plants in Upper Chesapeake Bay:
Summary of Results Concerning Possible Causes
Author(s): W. M. Kemp,-R. R. Twilley, J. C. Stevenson, W. R. Boynton, and
0. C. Means
Publication date: 1983
Published by: Journal of the Marine Technology Society, 17(2):78-89
Number of pages: 12 pp.
Report number(s):. (Not applicable)
Available from: Allen Press, Inc.
1041 New Hampshire Street
P.O. Box 368
Lawrence, KS 66044
Abstract:
This paper provides a summary and synthesis of research conducted to
investigate possible causes of the decline in abundance of submerged aguatic
vegetation (SAV) in upper Chesapeake Bay beginning in the late 1960s. Three
factors were emphasized in this study: runoff of agricultural herbicides;
erosional inputs of fine-grain sediments; nutrient enrichment and associated
algal growth. Widespread use of herbicides in the estuarine watershed
occurred contemporaneous with the SAV loss; however, extensive sampling of
estuarine water and sediments during 1980 and 1981 revealed that typical bay
concentrations of herbicides (primarily atrazine) rarely exceeded 2 ppb. On
two occasions relatively high values (20-45 ppb) were observed for brief (2-
to 4-h) periods in a small cove following runoff events. Short (2- to 6-h)
and long (4- to 6-wk) term experiments indicated that ephemeral phytotoxic
effects would be expected in response to these highest herbicide concentra-
tions followed by rapid recovery. However, normal concentrations (<5 ppb) had
little measurable effect on plants. Historical increases in turbidity have
been documented for some bay tributaries since the 1940s. During our study,
light (PAR) attenuation by suspended fine-grain sediments contributed more to
total turbidity in bay shallows (<1.5 m) than did phytoplankton chlorophyll
a. Diel cycles of PAR available in SAV beds indicated that plant photosynthe-
sis was light-limited for much of the day, and PAR often fell below the com-
pensation level (lc) needed for minimal plant growth. Although some SAV
species exhibited considerable ability to adapt to reduced light by such
mechanisms as increased pigmentation and stem elongation, increased turbidity
has probably reduced overall depth distribution of SAV markedly. Effects of
the continual increase in nutrient enrichment of the bay (documented since
1930) were tested by experimentally fertilizing pond mesocosms at levels com-
mon to the upper estuary. Moderate to high nutrient loadings resulted in
significant increases in growth
of epiphytic and planktonic algae and decreases in SAV production, as well as
premature seasonal senescence of fertilized plant populations. Direct meas-
D-42
Region 3: MD

-------
Kemp et al., 1983 (con.)
urements demonstrated "the inhibitory effect of epiphytic growth on SAV photo-
synthesis, due largely to light attenuation. The results of these various
experiments were synthesized into an ecosystem simulation model, which demon-
strated the relative -potential contributions of the three factors to SAV
declines, where nutrients > sediments > herbicides. Other factors and mechan-
isms are also discussed along with possible resource management options.
D-43
Region 3: MD

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Title: Blue Crab Mortality:- Interaction of Temperature and DDT Residues
Author(s): C. C. Koenig, R. J. Livingston and C* R. Cripe
Publication date: 1976
Published by: Archives of Environmental Contamination Toxicoloqy,
4(1):119-128
Number of pages: 10 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
Serial observations of DDT-contaminated and uncontaminated salt marshes
in the northern Gulf of Mexico were made in November and December, 1973. Blue
crab (Cal1inectes sapidus) mortalities observed in the DOT-contaminated marsh
during this period were correlated with reduced daily temperature minima. Gas
chromatographic analysis of hepatopancreas and swimmeret muscle tissue of dead
and dying crabs revealed total DDT residue concentrations as high as 39.0 ppm
and 1.43 ppm, respectively. It is suggested that the DDT body burdens and
reduced temperatures interact to produce acutely toxic effects. Several phy-
siological and behavioral mechanisms are proposed.
D-44
Region 4: Ft

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Title: Annual Production of Macroinvertebrates in Three Streams of
Different Water Quality
Auti.or(s): C. C. Krueger and T. F. Waters
Publication date: 1983
Published by: Ecology, 64(4):840-850
Number of pages: 11 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Allen Press, Inc.
1041 New Hampshire Street
P.O. Box 368
Lawrence, KS 66044
Abstract:
Macroinvertebrate annual production was estimated in three Minnesota
streams that differed in watershed geologic origin and in total alkalinity.
Annual mean alkalinities (as CaC03) in the Caribou River, Blackhoof River, and
North Branch Creek were 34, 83, and 245 mg/L, respectively. Annual production
by herbivore-detritivore invertebrates was lowest in the Caribou River (wet
mass: 27.0 g/m2, intermediate in the Blackhoof River (36.9 g/m2), and highest
in North Branch Creek (119.6 g/m2). Estimates of annual production by inver-
tebrate carnivores followed the same pattern: lowest in the Caribou River
(5.5 g/m2), intermediate in the Blackhoof River (6.5 g/m2), and highest in
North Branch Creek (12.8 g/m2). These estimates of annual production were
positively associated with alkalinity, nitrates, and fish standing stocks.
Reg ion 5: MN
0-45

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Title: -Some Thermal and Biological Effects of Forest Cutting in West Virginia
Author(s): R. Lee and D. E. Samuel
Publication date: 1976
Published by: Journal of Environmental Quality, 5(4):362-366
Number of pages: 5pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Society of Agronomy, Inc.-
677 South Segoe Road
Madison, WI 53711
Abstract:
Water temperature, benthic fauna, and aquatic insect emergence were
observed in four small watersheds to document the effects of forest cutting.
During the summer months, complete cutting caused mean temperature increases
>4 °C and maximum temperature increases >9 °C. The changes diminished to
about one-half after 3 years of natural hardwood regeneration. Complete cut-
ting more than tripled the mean weekly range of stream temperature during
summer, and decreased mean minimum temperatures during winter months by about
2 °C. Two orders, Diptera and Pelecypoda, accounted for most of the benthic
biomass in watershed weir ponds; the former predominated in clearcut watershed
ponds, and the latter in a control (forested area) pond. The control pond
produced by far the highest total numbers and biomass of benthic fauna, and
the greatest numbers of aquatic insects.
0-46
Reg ion 3: WV

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Title: Modification of Benthic Insect-Communities in Polluted Streams:
Combined Effects of Sedimentation and Nutrient Enrichment
'Author(s): A. D. Lemly
Publication date: 1982
Published by: Hydrobioloqia, 87:229-245
Number of pages: 17 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Center
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht
The Netherlands
Abstract:
Responses of the benthic insect community of a southern Appalachian trout
stream [North Carolina] to inorganic sedimentation and nutrient enrichment
were monitored over a period of 8 months. Entry of pollutants from point
sources established differentially polluted zones, allowing an assessment of
impacts due to sedimentation alone and in association with elevated nutrient
levels. Input of sediment resulted in a significant increase in bed load and
decrease of pH at the substrate-water interference (P <0.05). The zone
receiving nutrient runoff from livestock pasture exhibited elevated levels of
nitrate and phosphate, but available data indicated such concentrations to be
quite low. Species richness, diversity, and total biomass of filter feeding
Trichoptera and Diptera, predaceous Plecoptera, and certain Ephemeroptera were
significantly reduced in the polluted zones. Inorganic sedimentation, operat-
ing indirectly through disruption of feeding and filling of interstitial
spaces, was considered to be the primary factor affecting filter feeding taxa.
Decomposition of compounds associated with materials in the bed load may
depress pH and eliminate acid sensitive species of Plecoptera and Ephemerop-
tera. Such processes of acidification may be particularly important to Appa-
lachian streams since the pH of regional surface waters is characteristically
acidic prior to sedimentation. Accumulation of particles on body surfaces and
respiratory structures, perhaps as a function of wax and mucous secretion or
surface electrical properties, appears to be the major direct effect of inor-
ganic sedimentation on stream insects. Growths of the filamentous bacterium
Sphaeroti1 us natans were also frequently associated with silted individuals in
the zone receiving nutrient addition. Distribution of the bacterium suggested
that silted substrates, perhaps as related to the presence of iron compounds,
are required for colonization in dilute nutrient solutions. The primary
effect of Sphaerotilus colonies appears to be augmentation of particle accumu-
lation through net formation by bacterial filaments. Data indicate that inor-
ganic sedimentation and nutrient addition operate synergistically, eliminating
a significantly greater number of taxa than exposure to one pollutant alone.
0-47
Region 4:
NC

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Title: Agriculture and Stream Water Qua!ity: A Biological Evaluation of
Erosion-Control Practices
Author(s): D. R. Lenat
Publication date: 1984
Published by: Environmental Management, 8(4) -.334-344
Number of pages: 11 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Environmental Mangement
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
Agricultural runoff affects many streams in North Carolina. However,
there is little information about either its effect on stream biota or any
political mitigation by erosion control practices. In this study, benthic
macroinvertebrates were sampled in three different geographic areas of North
Carolina, comparing control watersheds with wel1-managed and poorly managed
watersheds. Agricultural streams were characterized by lower taxa richness
(especially for intolerant groups) and low stability. These effects were most
evident at the poorly managed sites. Sedimentation was the apparent major
problem, but some changes at agricultural sites implied water quality prob-
lems. The groups most intolerant of agricultural runoff were Ephemeroptera,
plecoptera, and Trichoptera. Tolerant species were usually filter-feeders or
algal grazers, suggesting a modification of the food web by addition of par-
ticulate organic matter and nutrients. This study clearly indicates that
agricultural runoff can severely impact stream biota. However, this impact
can be greatly mitigated by currently recommended erosion control practices.
0-48
Region 4: NC

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Title: Ecological -Effects of Urban Runoff on North Carolina Streams
Author(s): D. Lenat and K. Eagleson
Publication date: 1981
Published by: North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
Number of pages: 22 pp.
Report number(s): Biological Series #104
Available from: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development
Division of Environmental Management
Water Quality Section
512 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
Abstract (from p. 2 of "Introduction"):
The Biological Monitoring Group prior to this study had studied urban
streams in five North Carolina cities (Penrose et al.( 1980; Duda et al.,
1979). These studies included data on eight streams in Asheville, Winston-
Salem, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Durham. Although these cities are located in
different geographic areas, the results were remarkably uniform.
Taxa richness (S) values were severely reduced in comparison with control
data. Reduction in S was always greater than 50% (the criterion for severe
stress) and usually near 70%. The average density (N) showed a similar reduc-
tion. The parallel reduction in both N and S suggested the presence of toxic
materials. This hypothesis was reinforced by the very high variability of
density estimates. High densities of pollution-tolerant organisms were occa-
sionally recorded. The abrupt disappearance of these populations in succeed-
ing sample periods suggested "slugs" of toxic materials originating from
spills, sporadic discharges, or runoff. Chemical data from streams in the
Winston-Salem area has shown Zn, Pb, and Hg to be present in high concentra-
tions.
The biotic index values were extremely high for all streams, indicating
"very poor" conditions. Intolerant macroinvertebrate groups (Ephemeroptera,
Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Coleoptera) were not just reduced in number; they
were usually absent. Tolerant Chironomidae and Oligochaeta generally composed
greater than 90% of the total fauna. Many of these organisms are associated
with high organic loading. However, densities were usually well below that
expected for a case of simple organic pollution. Most dominant organisms are
also sediment tolerant.
Data from 1978 and 1979 suggested that urban streams were grossly pol-
luted by a combination of toxic materials, organics and sediment. Chemical
sampling, by itself, might easily underestimate the severity of the problems,
because many pollutants show extreme temporal variability.
D-49
Region 4: NC

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Lenat and Eaqleson. 1981 (con.)
The studies described above were all conducted on "large" cities (1.980
populations of 53,000-311,000). Could these same results be expected in smal-
ler North Carolina towns? To answer this question, urban streams were sampled
in seven small (1980 populations of 5,000-35,000) cities: Brevard, Asheboro,
Morganton, Goldsboro, 'Greenville, Wilson, and Dunn.
0-50
Region 4: NC

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Title: Variable Effects of Sediment Addition on Stream Benthos
Author(s): 0. R. Lenat, D. L. Penrose, and-K. W. Eagleso.n
Publication date: 1981
Published by: Hydrobioloqia, 79:187-194
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Center
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht
The Netherlands
Abstract:
Two upper Piedmont streams in North Carolina were studied to determine
the effects of road construction, especially sediment inputs. Benthic macro-
invertebrate data suggest that the stream community responded to sediment
additions in two different ways. Under high flow conditions the benthic fauna
occurred mainly on rocky substrates. As sediment was added to a stream the
area of available rock habitat decreased, with a corresponding decrease in
benthic density. There was, however, little change in community structure.
Under low flow conditions, stable-sand areas may have supported high densities
of certain taxa. Density of the benthic macroinvertebrates in these areas may
have been much greater than the density recorded in control areas, and there
were distinct changes in community structure.
D-51
Region 4: NC

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Title: Effects of Sand Sedimentation on Colonization of Stream Insects
Author(s): R. J. Luedtke .arrd M. A. Brusven
Publication date: September 1976
Published by: Journal' of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 33(9):
1881-1886
Number of pages!: 6 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Fisheries and Oceans
Scientific Information and Publication Branch
200 Kent Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6
Canada
Abstract:
Driftnets, basket samplers, and artificial streams were used to investi-
gate the influence of heavy sand accumulations on insect drift, colonization,
and upstream movements in Emerald Creek, northern Idaho. Most riffle insects
successfully passed through low-velocity, sandy reaches 80 m long. Upstream
movements on sand were impeded by flows as low as 12 cm/s, except for the
heavily cased caddisfly Dicosmoecus sp.
D-52"
Region 10: ID

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Title: Effects of Agricultural Drainage Development in_Benthic Invertebrates
in Undisturbed Downstream Reaches
Author(s): P. C. Marsh and T. F. Waters
Publication date: 1980
Pub 1ished by: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 109:213-223
Number of pages: li pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
The downstream effects of channelization and agricultural drainage devel-
opment were evaluated in southwestern Minnesota by comparing benthic inverte-
brate populations in streams heavily modified by channelization and agricul-
tural drainage development in upstream areas with those not so modified.
Physicochemical characteristics, as well as invertebrate populations, were
observed in relatively undisturbed downstream reaches. Turbidity, total alka-
linity, and timing of discharge were similar in all streams. Species composi-
tions of benthic invertebrates were similar in all streams, and there were no
significant differences in total, seasonal, or monthly levels of standing
stock in either numbers or biomass between modified and unmodified streams.
Invertebrate drift, both insects and total invertebrates, was similar in all
streams. Some differences in individual taxa were observed, but these were
related to localized differences between streams, rather than to drainage
development. Specific differences included higher numbers in drift of the
snail Physa qyrina and the amphipod Hyalella azteca in one modified stream,
apparently the result of more suitable upstream habitat in drainage ditches.
It was concluded that, in these agricultural areas, the impact of upstream
drainage development on benthic invertebrates in natural downstream reaches
was negligible.
D-53
Region 5:

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Title: Effect of Forest Clearcutting in New England on Stream-Water
Chemistry and Biology
Author(s): C. W. Martin, D. S. Noel, and C. A. Federer
Publication date: July 1981
Published by: Water Resource Research Center, University of New Hampshire
Number of pages: 76 pp.
Report number(s): Research Report #34 (14-34-0001-8031)
Available from: Northeastern Forest Experiment Station
U.S. Forest Service
Durham, NH 03824
Abstract:
Changes in stream chemistry following clearcutting were sought in 56
streams at 15 locations throughout New England (Maine, New Hampshire, and
Vermont). Streams draining clearcut areas were compared with nearby streams
in uncut watersheds over periods of up to 2 years. In general, concentrations
of all elements studied (inorganic N, SO4 - S, CI, Ca, Mg, K, Na), as well as
pH and specific conductivity, varied as much among uncut streams at a location
as between uncut and cutover streams. However, at most locations, at least
one of these variables differed between uncut and cutover streams. The great-
est differences occurred with nitrogen in northern hardwood forests in the
White Mountains of New Hampshire. At four of the locations the effect of
cutting on algae and invertebrates in the streams were also examined. Both
algal and invertebrate densities were greater in cutover streams by factors of
2 to 4, probably because of increased light and temperature. The taxonomic
composition of both algal and invertebrate populations was also changed by
cutting. Partial cuts and sufficiently wide buffer strips can minimize both
chemical and biological changes.
D-54
Region 1: ME, NH, VT

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Title: An In Situ Assessment of the Acute Toxicity of Urban Runoff to
Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Autnor(s): C. Medeiros, R. LeBlanc, and R. A. Coler
Publication date: 1*983
Published by:5 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2:119-126
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Pergamon Press, Inc.
Journals Division
Maxwell House
Fairview Park
Elmsford, NY 10523
Abstract:
Colonized Hester-Dendy substrates were deployed for 96 h in an urban
river reach, storm drain channel, and a control site (in Massachusetts) to
assess the toxicity of urban runoff. The mean macroinvertebrate diversity
during rain events was reduced from 1.7 at the control station to 1.0 at both
urban stations. Snowmelt exerted the same effect on river substrate diver-
sity, but only reduced channel values from 2.0 to 1.4. During periods of no
runoff, however, mean channel and control diversities remained the same (1.5),
while river values dropped to 0.8. Similarly, substrate population densities
during rain were, respectively, two and seven times more limiting for the
storm drain channel and river reach stations. The same trend was evident in
heavy metals uptake, indicating that dry weather toxicity in urban river
reaches originates from the sediments. Runoff, then, serves to reduce toxic-
ity during input, but increases it over the long run.
0-55
Region 1:

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Title: A Comparison of the Physiological Condition of the Blue Mussel
Mytilus edulis, After Laboratory and Field Exposure to a Dredged
Material
Author(s): W. C. Nelson
Publication date: 1987
Published by: Pollution Physiology of Estuarine Organisms (W. B. Vernberg,
A. Calabrese, F. Thurberg, and T. J. Vernberg, eds.), the Belle
W. Baruch Library,. No. 17, pp. 185-205, Columbia: University
of South Carolina Press.
Number of pages: 21 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: University of South Carolina Press
Columbia, SC 29208
Abstract:
The scope for growth (SFG) of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) was meas-
ured after exposure to Black Rock Harbor (BRH) dredged material in the labora-
tory and the field. A laboratory system was used to provide constant exposure
levels, ranging from 0 to 10 mg/L of suspended BRH sediment. Results indi-
cated that concentrations as low as 1.5 mg/L BRH material reduced SFG, clear-
ance rates, and shell growth. In the field, mussels were placed along a
transect from the center of the disposal mound to a clean area that was dis-
tant from the disposal mound. The estimated maximum BRH exposure in the field
(0.8 mg/L) produced no apparent reduction in the SFG of mussels collected 1 m
above the bottom at the field sites. The level of BRH material estimated to
affect SFG in field-exposed mussels (>0.8 mg/L) was within the range estimated
from laboratory experiments (0-1.5 mg/L).
D-56
Region 2: NY

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Title: Effects of Logging on Macro-invertebrates in Streams With and Without
Buffer Strips
Author(s): J. D. Newbold, D. C. Erman, and K. B. Roby
Publication date: 1980
Published bv: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,
37:1076-1085 1
Number of pages: 10 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Canadian Government Publishing Centre
Supply & Services Canada
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0S9
Canada
Abstract:
The impact of logging with and without buffer strip protection on stream
macroinvertebrates was examined through comparisons of community structure in
commercially logged and control watersheds throughout northern California. A
nonparametric test of community dissimilarities within matched blocks of two
control and one or two treated stations showed significant (P <0.05) logging
effects on unprotected streams when Euclidean distance and mutual information
were used as dissimilarity indices, but rot when chord distance was used.
Shannon diversity in unprotected streams was lower (P <0.01) than in control
(unlogged) streams; densities of total macroinvertebrate fauna and of Chirono-
midae, Baetis, and Nemoura were higher in unprotected streams than in controls
(P <0.0?T Streams with narrow buffer strips (<30 m) showed significant
effects by the Euclidean distance test, but diversity varied widely and was
not significantly different from that in either unprotected or control
streams. Macroinvertebrate communities in streams with wide buffers (>30 m)
could not be distinguished from those of controls by either Euclidean distance
or diversity; however, diversity in wide-buffered streams was significantly
greater than in streams without buffer strips, indicating effective protection
from logging effects.
D-57
Region 9: CA

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Title: Effect of Land Use on the Biota of-Piedmont Streams: Comparisons of
Forested, Agricultural and Urban Watersheds
Author(s): North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
Publication date: June 1986
Published by: North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
Number of pages: 51 pp.
Report number(s): Biological Series 109
Available from: North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development
Division of Environmental Management
Water Quality Section
512 North Salisbury Street
Raleigh, NC 27611
Abstract:
Studies of nonpoint source runoff in North Carolina have documented the
impact of many different types of land disturbance: agriculture, silvicul-
ture, construction, mining and urbanization (Lenat et al.( 1979; Penrose et
al., 1980). Two of these types of nonpoint runoff, agricultural and urban,
were found to be a major problem in North Carolina streams. Agricultural
runoff is of concern because of the extensive areas of cropland and pasture in
North Carolina. Much of the agricultural land has been subject to severe
erosion, contributing up to 67% of the eroded soil (North Carolina DEM, 1978).
Urban areas constitute only a minor percentage of the land area in our state,
but urban runoff has been associated with very severe pollution problems.
D-58
Region A:
NC

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Title: Dynamrcs of Blue-Green Algal (Microcystis aeruginosa) Blooms in the
Lower Neuse River, North Carolina: Causative Factors and Potential
Controls
Author(s): H. W. Paerl
Pub!ication dat-e: April 1987
Published by: Water Resources Research Institute of the University of
North Carolina
Number of pages: 166 pp;
Report number(s): UNC-WRRI-87-229
Available from: Water Resources Research Institute
of the University of North Carolina
North Carolina State University
225 Page Hall
P.O. Box 7912
Raleigh, NC 27695
Abstract:
The Neuse River Basin has over the past several decades supported some of
North Carolina's most diverse and intense urban, rural, and agricultural
development and growth. As such, both water use and nutrient-rich waste dis-
charge have increased substantially in the Neuse River and its tributaries.
Contemporaneously, symptoms of accelerated eutrophication, including summer-
fall nuisance blue-green algal (Microcystis aeruginosa) blooms, have charac-
terized the lower portions of this economically and recreationally important
river. Perhaps the most alarming feature of the river's advanced trophic
state is periodic winter-spring-early summer hypereutrophy, when magnitudes of
both nitrogen and phosphorus loading can exceed resident phytoplankton growth
requirements. Obviously, such characteristics represent an undesirable situa-
tion when viewed from both management and recreational/fishing resource/use
perspectives.
With the need for a proper understanding of the complex interplay of
nutritive and physical characteristics responsible for current eutrophication
and associated water quality degradation, the following study, attempting to
link the physiological ecology of nuisance blue-green algal blooms to environ-
mental features making the lower Neuse River susceptible to such blooms, was
initiated in 1981. Both field and laboratory monitoring efforts and experi-
ments were carried out on a continuous basis until 1986 in order to assess the
linkage between periodicity and magnitudes of nutrient inputs (loadings) as
well as amenable physical conditions (water discharge, flow temperature, irra-
diance) responsible for bloom development and persistence during hydroloaic-
ally diverse years. Clearly, it can be seen that variable hydrological condi-
tions, particularly evident as wet vs. dry spring-summer months, play a cru-
cial role in determining bloom potentials in respective years. Both adequate
D-59
Region 4: NC

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Paerl. 1987 (con.)
nutri;. t (specifically nitrogen) loading during wet spring months as well as
subsequent low-discharge (low-flushing) conditions in summer-fall months play
joint roles in dictating the magnitudes and persistence of blooms. Optimal
bloom development occurred in 1983, a year which featured both excessive
winter-spring nutrient loading as well as dry, low-discharge summer months.
Other years, such a 1982 and 1984, featured adquate (excessive) spring nutri-
ent loading; however, continued high discharge in summer-fall months negated
bloom potentials. Conversely, 1985 and 1986, while exhibiting record droughts
and resultant extensive low summer discharge conditions, failed to support
detectable nuisance blooms. These years also yielded extremely dry, low-
discharge spring periods, thus minimizing associated nutrient loading during
the months of February-May. Consequently, inadequate (for subsequent M. aeru-
ginosa bloom development) nutrient loading took place in these years.
Appropriate constraints on nutrient inputs appear to be the only manage-
able option for eliminating bloom potentials. Accordingly, it is suggested
that minimal input constraints (30% for N and 50% for P) formulated in this
study, as well as proper timing of input constraints, be considered as a
"first approach" for addressing current water quality problems on the lower
Neuse River.
D-60
Region 4: NC

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Title: Effects of Apple Orchard Runoff on the Aquatic Macrofauna of a
Mountain Stream
Author(s): D. L. Penrose and 0. R. Lenat
Publication date: 1982
Published by: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
11:383-388
Number of pages: 5 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
As part of a statewide evaluation of the impact of nonpoint sources of
water pollution (relevant to Section 208 of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act Amendments of 1972), a study was conducted to determine the effects
of surface runoff from apple orchards. It was conducted by the Biological
Monitoring Group of the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
using aquatic macroinvertebrates as assessment organisms. Both taxa richness
and total numbers were reduced below the orchards, particularly during two
pesticide application periods. Results indicate chronically severe stress
conditions at the most downstream site and periodic stress, followed by recov-
ery, at an upstream site. Several taxa were especially susceptible to apple
orchard runoff, including Epeorus (Iron) sp. and all Plecoptera.
D-61
Region.4; NC

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Title: Effects on a Trout Stream of Sediment from Agricultural Practices
Author(s); J. C. Peters
Publication date: 1967
Published by: Journal of Wildlife Management, 31(4):805-812
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Allen Press, Inc.
1041 New Hampshire Street
P.O. Box 368
Lawrence, KS 66044
Abstract:
The effects of sedimentation rates, stream discharge, and water tempera-
ture were studied in Bluewater Creek, Montana. Trout of all ages were abun-
dant where sediment concentrations or loads were low (range in daily load
0.2-11 tons) and stream discharge stable (range in mean daily discharge
10-12.0 cfs). Few trout were found where sediment concentrations or loads
were high (range in daily load 2-1,800 tons) and discharge erratic (range in
mean daily discharge 4-485 cfs). Water temperatures were higher than desir-
able for trout above 80 aF for more than 3 hours on summer days) in areas of
the stream influenced by irrigation surface return flow. The best survival of
trout eggs (97% survival) was found where stream discharge was stable and
sediment concentrations were low.
D-62
Region 8: MT

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Title: Sources of Urban Runoff Pollution and Its Effects on an Urban Creek
Author(s): R. Pitt and M. Bozeman
Publication date: December 1982
Pub!ishedby: Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH
Number of pages: 141 pp.
Report number(s): EPA-600/S2-82-Q90;PB 83-111-021
Available from: National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Abstract:
Sources and impacts of urban runoff were studied for the Coyote Creek
near San Jose, California. The 3-year monitoring study included three tasks:
(1)	identifying and describing important sources of urban runoff pollutants;
(2)	describing the effects of those pollutants on water and sediment quality,
aquatic organisms, and associated beneficial uses of the creek; and
(3)	assessing potential measures for controlling the problem pollutants in
urban runoff.
Results indicated that various urban runoff constituents (especially
organics and heavy metals) may be responsible for many of the adverse biologi-
cal conditions observed in Coyote Creek. But adequate control of pollutants
would require extremely high removals that would be difficult as well as
costly to achieve.
0-63
Region 9:
CA

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Ti11e: Acid Precipitation and Embryonic Mortality of Spotted Salamanders,
Ambystoma maculatum
Author(s): F. H. Pough
Publication date: 1976
Published by: Science. 192:68-70
Number of pages: 3 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Association for the Advancement of Science
1333 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
Abstract:
Spotted salamanders breed in temporary pools formed in early spring by
melted snow and rain. Many of these pools reflect the low pH of precipitation
in the northeastern United States (as in New York). Egg mortality is low as
(<1%) in pools near neutrality, but high (>60%) in pools more acid than pH 6.
Developmental anomalies and the embryonic stage at which death occurs are the
same in field situations as at corresponding pH's in laboratory experiments.
D-64
Region 2: MY

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Title; Ecological Effects of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Benthic
Macroinvertebrates Inhabiting the Green River, Massachusetts
Autnor(s): J. M. Pratt, R. A., Coler, and P. J. Godfrey
Publication date: 1931
Published by: Hydrobiologia, 83:29-42
Number of pages: 14 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Distribution Center
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht
The Netherlands
Abstract:
Although it has been demonstrated that urban stormwater can alter the
quality of receiving waters, the corresponding impact on aquatic biota remains
essentially undocumented. A year-long intensive study, therefore, was imple-
mented to monitor and describe the ecological effects exerted by urban runoff
on benthic macroinvertebrates.
Rock-filled, basket-type artificial substrates deployed periodically in
nonurban and urban river reaches yielded collections of macroinvertebrates
that furnished data for: (1) species diversity (the Brillouin index, H),
(2) hierarchical diversity, (3) major taxa composition, and (4) collection
dissimilarity at the species level.
The overall results from these four analytical procedures strongly indi-
cate that the macrobenthic community became progressively disrupted downstream
in the urban reach. The high degree of correspondence between the known
sources of urban runoff and the observed effects on the benthic community are
forceful arguments that urban runoff is the causal agent of disruption. The
impact is not confined to periods following heavy rains. Instead the pollut-
ants appear to remain in the system. The stress imposed by them was most
acute during the summer low flow and was probably localized in or near the
stream bed.
To assess the impact of urban runoff on an aquatic ecosystem, physical,
chemical, and biological monitoring should routinely consider the stream bed
microzone. Urban runoff pollutant loading standards must take into account
the apparent long-term residence of pollutants in the substrate and the asso-
ciated stress of summer low flows.
0-65
Reg ion
MA

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] i11 e: Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Structure in a GreaT Pla~l7Tf Stream -
Receiving Feedlot Runoff
Author(s): C. W. Prophet and N. L. Edwards
Publication date: June 1973
Published by: Water Resources Bulletin, 9(3):583-589
Number of pages; 7 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Water Resources Association
4104 Ohms Lane, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Abstract:
The effect of feedlot runoff on the environmental quality of the Cotton-
wood River in east central Kansas was evaluated by analysis of community
structure of benthic macroinvertebrates using the species diversity index (d).
The benthic fauna along the study reach was dominated by mayflies, cad-
disflies, midges, riffle beetles, and the pelecypod, Sphaerium. Sixty-five
taxa were identified during the study; the benthic fauna was most abundant
during the 1968-1969 segment of the study. However, the mean d per station
indicated the river was subject to moderate environmental stress, and d's of
those stations immediately downstream from feedlots were significantly lower
than the d at the control station. There was a significant increase in d's
during the 1970-1971 segment of the study, following the closing of two feed-
lots. The results indicate periodic feedlot runoff had a continuing adverse
effect on the environmental quality of the river, but recovery was rapid as
the organic load on the river was reduced.
D-66
Region 7: KS

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Title: Stream Community Response to Road Construction Sediments
Aut^T(s): J. R. Reed
Pub!ication date: June 1977
Published by: Virginia Water Research Center
Number of pages: 61 pp.
Report number(s): Bulletin 97
Available from: Virginia Water Research Center
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 24061
Abstract:
This study investigated how aquatic macrobenthic and fish communities
responded to the effects of si 1 tation from highway construction. Community
response was evaluated on the basis of community diversity and changes in the
numbers of organisms and/or species. An innovative computer program was used
to calculate the diversity indices, using the sequential comparison technique.
The primary response observed among the macrobenthic and fish communities
was a reduction both in numbers of species and in organisms downstream from
the construction. Responses of the macrobenthic community ranged from a
reduction of 23% in numbers of species and 66% in numbers of organisms (based
upon single comparisons) to a 40% reduction of species and an 85% reduction of
organisms (based upon several observations of the same population). Single
comparisons of fish communities showed reductions of approximately 20% in
numbers of species and 40% in numbers of organisms. The diversity index also
demonstrated a statistically significant long-term change in aquatic community
structure, but was less meaningful for indicating initial effects or making
single comparisons.
Findings suggest that drift is a major physical response of macrobenthos
to increased si1 tation, and may be a primary mechanism for repopulating
stressed habitats. This is contrary to the commonly held hypothesis that
smothering is a major effect, and should be tested in further investigations.
Fishes apparently vacated areas of increased siltation, but were able'to repo-
pulate such areas within 12 months after construction activities stopped,
depending upon the stream's cleansing ability. In this connection, stream
flow rate and gradient are significant factors.
In general, this study found that erosion-control measures as they com-
monly are applied in highway construction are of limited value in preventing
damages to stream communities, especially in the early construction stages.
This indicates a need for more comprehensive and particularly more timely
application of appropriate erosion-control techniques.
0-67
Region 3: VA

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Title: Effects of Logging on Water Temperature and Dissolved Qxygen_j_n
Spawning-Beds
Author(s): N. H. Ringler and J. D. Hall
Publication date: 1925
Published by: " Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 104(1):111-121
Number of pages: 11 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Fisheries Society
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Suite 110
Bethesda, MD 20814
Abstract:
The temperature and dissolved oxygen content of intragravel water were
measured in three Oregon coastal streams between June 1968 and June 1969. In
1966, the watershed of one stream had been completely clearcut, and that of a
second stream partially clearcut in staggered settings. A third watershed was
left unlogged.
Clearcut logging resulted in increased temperature of intragravel water
in salmon and trout spawning beds and decreased concentrations of dissolved
oxygen. The changes were related largely to reduced forest cover over the
stream surface and to deposition of fine sediment in the gravel.
No serious reduction in survival to emergence of coho salmon occurred
along with the observed changes in temperature or dissolved oxygen. A
decrease in the resident population of cutthroat trout after logging may have
been related to these changes.
0-68
Reg ion 10: OR

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T i ti e: Effects of Sedimentation on the Algal Flora of a Small Recreational
Impoundment
Author(s): G. L. Samsel, Jr.
Publication date: December 1973
Published by: Water Resources Bulletin, 9(6):1145-1152
i
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Water Resources Association
4104 Ohms Lane, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Abstract:
Investigations were initiated to evaluate the effects of sedimentation on
the algal composition, primary productivity rates, and chemical nutrient con-
centrations of a 17-acre recreational impoundment in central Virginia. Com-
parisons during the winter seasons of 1972 and 1973 indicated that as a result
of sedimentation (from lakefront home construction) the total numbers of algal
genera in the lake decreased, from 24 to 16, productivity as measured by 14-«
and total extractable chlorophyll decreased two-fold, and several impor- 2
tant nutrients (i.e., NH4 + -N, SiO2, and PO4-P) increased significantly.
D-69
Region 3r VA

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T4tie: Effects of Dipotassium Endothall on the Zooplankton and Water Qualily
of a Small Pond
Author(s); S. L. Serns
Publication date: December 1975
Published by: Water Resources Bulletin. 11(6):1221-31
Number of pages: 11 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Water Resources Association
4104 Ohms Lane, Suite 203
Minneapolis, MN 55435
Abstract:
Zooplankton samples and dissolved oxygen-temperature readings and water
samples were taken from a treatment and control pond (in Wisconsin) on 41 and
42 separate occasions-,- respectively, both before and after the application of
5.0 mg/L (A.I.) dipotassium endothall to the 0.31-ha treatment pond on May 31,
1973. Seasonal fluctuations in the density of Cladocera and Copepoda coin-
cided quite closely in both ponds and were similar to the fluctuations
reported in the literature to be typical of temperate region ponds and lakes.
An apparent seasonal shift in generic composition from Daphnia spp. in May to
Ceriodaphnia spp. in June to Chydorus spp. from July/early September occurred
in both ponds and is thought to be at least partially due to fish predation.
No apparent changes in species composition or generic densities of Cladocerans
was noted in the treatment pond that did not also occur in the control pond.
There were no noticeable effects of the dipotassium endothall on either the
Calanoida or Cyclopoida suborders of Copepoda. A later pulse, of Ostracoda in
the treatment pond, when compared to the control, may have been due to the
dipotassium endothall or to a combination of the effects of the herbicide on
the macrophytes and the method of sampling. A decrease in dissolved oxygen
below saturation, occurring in the treated pond from 3 to 21 days after treat-
ment, was attributed to an increase in biological oxygen demand associated
with weed-kill. There was no noticeable increase in plant nutrients (N and P)
in the treated pond following herbicide application, nor were there any appar-
ent changes in the other chemical parameters studied.
D-70
Region 5}
WI

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Title:
-Rule of Delaware River Freshwater
Nutrients and Heavy Metals
Tidal Wetlands in the Retention of
Author(s): R. L. Simpson, J?. E. Good, R. Walker, and B. R. Frasco
Publication date: 1963
Published by: Journal of Environmental Quality, 12(1):41-48
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: American Society of Agronomy, Inc.
677 South Segoe Road
Madison, WI 53711
Abstract:
Tidal cycle budgets for June, July, August, September, and November 1979
showed that inorganic N was imported to the wetland from the Delaware River, .
(in New "Jersey) early in the growing season and exported late in the growing
season. Nitrate and organic nitrogen were imported following macrophyte die-
back. Reactive P was never lost from the marsh, and was actually imported on
three dates. Total P was imported in July, September, and November, but
otherwise exported. The metal present in the lowest concentration, Cd, was
always exported; Ni, Cu, and Zn were imported on all but one date. Lead was
imported late in the growing season and following macrophyte dieback. Non-
point-source inputs of Pb exceeded inputs from tidal waters.
The vegetation played a major role in the retention of N, P, Cu, Pb, and
NT entering the wetland through the growing season. The litter retained sig-
nificant quantities of all heavy metals following macrophyte dieback, but it
serves only as a temporary storage vehicle because rates of decomposition are
high. The soil showed no definite seasonal, pattern of nutrient or heavy metal
.retention. Elevated Pb levels occurred at sjtes.near storm drains, reflecting
the rapid sedimentatiorr*and reten+i-on of-^Jiis metal as storm waters entered
the wetland. It is concluded that freshwater tidal wetlands play an iiffportant
seasonal role in reducing nutrient and heavy metal loading in the upper Dela-
ware* River estuary.
0-71
:Region 2: NJ

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Title; Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide Residues in Winter Flounder,
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from the Weweantic River Estuary,
Massachusetts
Author(s): R. M. Smith and C. F. Cole
Publication date: 1970
Published by. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
27(12):2374-2380
Number of pages: 7 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Fisheries and Oceans
Scientific Information and Publication Branch
200 Kent Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0E6
Canada
Abstract:
Residues of DOT, heptachlor, and dieldrin were found in tissues of winter
flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), from the Weweantic River
estuary, Massachusetts, during 1966 and 1967. In nonmigratory juveniles,
seasonal accumulation patterns were demonstrated for DOT, heptachlor, and two
related breakdown products, DDE and heptachlor epoxide. Peak concentrations
of the parent compounds were more closely associated with high runoff condi-
tions than any specific application in the estuarine drainage. Dieldrin was
present uniformly throughout the year.
Migratory adult flounder, present only between October and May, contained
heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide levels similar to juveniles, but signifi-
cantly less DDE. Adult female flounder sequentially concentrated DDT, DDE,
and heptachlor epoxide in their ripening ovaries as the spawning season
approached.
D-72
Region 1: M-

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Title: Effect of Rural Highway Runoff on Stream Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Author(s): M. E. Smith and-0. L. Kaster
Publication date: 1983
Published by: Environmental Pollution (Series A), 32:157-170
Number of paqes: 14 pp.
k
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Elsevier Science Publishers
Journal Information Center
52 Vanderbilt Avenue
New York, NY 10017
Abstract:
The impact of rural highway runoff on benthic macroinvertebrate abundance
and composition was studied on a southeastern Wisconsin stream during 1980 and
1981. The study suggests minimal effect on stream macroinvertebrates by rural
highway runoff from roadways of 7,000-8,000 vehicles per day traffic volume.
Differences in mean annual numbers and biomass between the control (4,155 m'S
10.5 gm"2) and the station receiving slight highway runoff (2,611 m-2,
5.2 gm~2), presumably resulted from slower current and siltation at the
latter. The station that received the greatest amount of runoff had higher
mean annual numbers (13,291 m-2) and biomass (62.2 gnr2) than the control.
Increased current and better substratum were probably responsible for masking
potential highway effects at this station. Another station with intermediate
amounts of highway runoff had similar annual mean numbers (4,642 m-2) and
biomass (10.6 gm-2) to the control. Similar values for richness were found
between stations. Pollution-sensitive fauna were approximately half as abun-
dant at the station with intermediate amounts of highway runoff, suggesting
possible slight runoff influence.
0-73
Reg i on 5: - • I

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Title: Water Quality Survey of the Mora River, Mora County, New Mexico,
July 21-24, 1986
Author(s): L. R. Smolka
Publication date: December 1986
Published by: New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
Number of pages: 29 pp.
Report number(s): EID/SWQ-86/19
Available from: Surveillance and Standards Section
Surface Water Quality Bureau
New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
P.O. Box 968, Runnels Building
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
Abstract:
During tne period of July 21-24, 1986, the Surveillance and Standards
Section conducted a 4-day survey of a 60-mi reach of the Mora River and one of
its major tributaries, Coyote Creek. The reach surveyed is found in water
quality standard segments 2-305 and 2-306. The objectives of the survey were:
(1) to assess the water quality of this reach of the Mora River, (2) to ascer-
tain what effects, if any, the effluent from the Mora wastewater lagoons have
on the water quality of the Mora River, (3) to determine whether water qual ity
standards are being attained in segments 2-305 and 2-306, and (4) to evaluate
the biological integrity of this reach by inventorying the macroinvertebrate
community. Chemical, physical, and biological data collected during this
survey are presented and discussed in this report.
D-74
Reg i on 6: NM

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Title: Intensive Water Quaiitv Survey of Costilla Creek and Its Tributaries,
Taos County, New Mexico, February 23-26,- 1987
Aut' 'r-(s): L. R. Smolka
Publication date: November 1987
Published by: New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
Number of pages: 19 pp.
Report number(s): EID/SWQ-87/3
Available from: Surveillance and Standards Section
Surface Water Quality Bureau
New Mexico Environmental Improvement Division
P.O. Box 968
Harold Runnels Building
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
Abstract:
During the week of February 23, 1987, the Surveillance and Standards
Section conducted a 4-day water quality survey along an 18-mi reach of Cos-
tilla Creek including its major tributaries, Commanche, Latir, Cordova, and
Ute creeks. In addition, water quality data collected during the fall of
1986, March 31, 1987, and April 1, 1987 were also included in the survey data
base. The river reach is located in water quality segment 2-120. The objec-
tives of the survey were: (1) to assess"the water quality of this reach of
Costilla Creek, (2) to ascertain what effects, if any, the Rio Costilla Ski
area has on the water quality of Costilla and Cordova creeks, (3) to determine
whether water quality standards are being attained in segment 2-120, and
(4) to evaluate the biological integrity of this reach by inventorying the
macroinvertebrate community. Chemical, physical, and biological data col-
lected during this survey are presented and discussed in this report.
D-75
Region 6: NM

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Ti tie: Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Copper in the Crayfish
(Pacifasticus leniuscuius) Obtained from a Lake Receiving Urban Runoff
Author(s): M. D. Stinson and D. L. Eaton
Publication date: 1983
Published by: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
12:693-700
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
175 Fifth Avenue
New York, NY 10010
Abstract:
Commercially caught crayfish (Pacifasticus leniuscuius) were placed in a
municipal lake (in Washington State) below a combined sewer overflow outfall
and a storm drain outfall associated with elevated sediment metal concentra-
tions. Abdominal muscle, viscera, and exoskeleton from each crayfish were
analyzed for mercury, cadmium, lead, and copper. Crayfish metal concentra-
tions for each sampling site were evaluated relative to unexposed samples from
the commercial catch and samples held in the laboratory. Results indicated
that: (1) mercury accumulated in muscle tissue, highest cadmium concentra-
tions were in the viscera, and highest lead concentrations were in the exo-
skeleton, (2) uptake of copper is well-regulated by the organism at nontoxic
water concentrations, and (3) viscera concentrations of cadmium, lead, and
copper tended to be higher and more variable than in muscle tissue. A signif-
icant correlation was found between body weight and muscle mercury concentra-
tion. Relative to allowable limits for metals in foods, there was not suffi-
cient accumulation of any metal to indicate that a significant health hazard
would result from consumption of these organisms. These data indicate that
analysis of trace metals in various body parts of P^ leniuscuius may be a
useful biological indicator of trace metal pollution of freshwater lakes and
streams.
D-76
Region 10:
WA

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Title: Effects of Coal Prte Rcmcff on Stream Quality and Macro-Invertebrate
Communities
Author(s): M. C. Swift
Publication date: September 1982
Published by: Water Resources Research Center, University of Maryland
Number of pages: 50 pp.
Report number(s): Technical Report No. 68
Available from: Water Resources Research Center
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
Abstract:
Samples of coal pile runoff and Georges Creek water and macrobenthos
above and below two coal storage areas along Georges Creek, Allegany County,
Maryland, were collected during the summer, fall, and winter of 1982 and 1983.
Coal pile runoff was collected under high and low flow conditions. Water
samples were analyzed for Hg, Zn, As, Fe, Mn, AT, SO?2, pH, filterable and
nonfilterable residue, conductivity, and acidity.
Leachate from coal piles along Georges Creek contains high concentrations
of heavy metals, particularly manganese, aluminum, and zinc. Iron and sulfate
are very high and the pH ranges from 1.4 to 3.1. Because of dilution, Georges
Creek water has much lower concentrations of metals, iron, and sulfate and a
pH of about 7.0.
The distribution of macrobenthos in Georges Creek shows the effects of
both runoff from coal storage piles and periodic drought. Brillouin's diver-
sity index values were low even in areas that did not dry up. Densities of
tubificid worms and chironomid larvae were very high above the coal storage
areas where organic inputs were high. At all the rest of the sampling sta-
tions, macroinvertebrate densities were very low.
Where coal pile runoff enters Georges Creek, it compounds the effects of
periodic drought and further stresses the aquatic community.
0-77
Region 3:
MD

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Title: Recovery of a Colorado Stream Affected by Acid Mine Drainage
In: Issues and. Technology in the Management of Impacted Western
Wildlife, Proceedings of a National Symposium, Steamboat Springs,
Colorado, November 15-17, 1982, pp. 220-227
Author(s): J. W. Todd, J. Woodling, D. W. Reiser; and G. Andes
Publication date: 1982
Published by: Thorne Ecological Institute
Number of pages: 8 pp.
Report number(s): Technical Publication No. 14
Available from: Thorne Ecological Institute
4860 Riverbend Road
Boulder, CO 80301
Abstract:
The lower segment of Coal Creek, located in Gunnison County, Colorado,
and flowing through the town of Crested Butte, Colorado, was biologically dead
for approximately 40 years because of acid mine drainage from the Keystone
Mine. Mine drainage was highly acidic (pH <3.6) and contained levels of
metals acutely toxic to fish. In May 1981, a wastewater treatment plant using
flocculation-coagulation technology was placed in operation at the mine site.
A study was undertaken to determine changes in water quality and to monitor
benthic invertebrate and fish populations following startup of the plant. Two
months after startup, brook trout and brown trout were found in the previously
affected segment of Coal Creek. Four months later, aquatic macroinvertebrates^
had recolonized the previously impacted segment of the creek. Sixteen months'*
after plant startup, macroinvertebrate taxa were typical of clean high moun-
tain streams, and several age classes of brook trout and brown trout were
distributed throughout the formerly dead stream segment.
D-78
Region 8: CO

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Title: A Rapid Change in Methyl mercury Tolerance in a Population of
Killifish, Fundulus hetero(TT"itus, from a G6~lf^ Course Pond
Author(s): J. S. Weis and P. Weis
Pub1ication date: 1984
Published by: Marine Environmental Research, 13:231-245"
Number of pages: 15 pp.
Report number(s): (Not applicable)
Available from: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
Crown House
Linton Road
Barking Essex IG11 8JU
England
Abstract:
Embryos of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from Bullhead Bay, Southamp-
ton, New York, showed considerable variation in tolerance to methylmercury
(meHg) in 1980, 1981, and 1983, in that some females produced eggs that were
tolerant to the teratological effects of 0-05 ppm, while other females pro-
duced susceptible eggs. However, in 1982, over 40% of the females produced
clutches of nonviable eggs (which could not be tested for meHg tolerance) and
those fish that produced viable eggs generally produced tolerant ones. After
hatching, the larvae were also more tolerant. Accompanying the shift in meHg
tolerance was a trend of increasing fin ray count of the females, a parameter
which has previously been correlated with the production of more tolerant
embryos. In 1982 a nearby population exhibited a distribution of embryonic
and larval tolerance and fin ray count comparable with that of the first popu-
lation in the other years.
We hypothesize that the unusually high rainfall in June 1982 caused an
inflow of pesticides and heavy metals from a golf course adjacent to the first
site, and that the contaminants were responsible for the striking changes in
reproductive success and meHg tolerance. Residues of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides were found in fish of the first, but not of the second, popula-
tion. The variability in the original population may have permitted a segment
of it to withstand the inflow of pollutants, while the susceptible individuals
produced nonviable eggs. This may have been the cause of the rapid shift of
overall tolerance in the population.
D-79
Region 2: NY

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Title*- DDT Residues in an East Coast Estuary: A Case of Biological
Concentration of a Persistent Insecticide
Author(s): G. M. Woodwell, C. F. Wurster, and P. A. Isaacson
Publication date: 1967
Published by: Science, 156:821-824
Number of pages: 4 pp.
Report number(s)i (Not applicable)
Available from: American Association for the Advancement of Science
1333 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20005
Abstract:
DDT residues in the soil of an extensive salt marsh on the south shore of
Long Island averaged more than 13 lb/acre (15 kg/ha); the maximum was
32 lb/acre (36 kg/ha). A systematic sampling of various organisms from the
vicinity showed concentrations of DDT increasing with trophic level througn
more than three orders of magnitude from 0.04 ppm in plankton to 75 ppm in a
ringbi1 led gull. Highest concentrations occurred in scavenging and carnivor-
ous fish and birds, although birds had 10 to 100 times more than fish. These
concentrations approach those in animals dying from DDT poisoning, which sug-
gests that natural populations in this area are now being affected, possibly
limited, many by DDT residues. Similar concentrations have been reported
elsewhere in North America.
D-80
Region 2: Ni

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